Energy Efficiency in Local Government Operations

Clean Energy Strategies for Local Governments Energy Efficiency in Local Government
Facilities and Operations
6.1 Energy Efficiency in Local Government Facilities and

Operations
Part Two: Clean Energy Strategies for Local Governments
6.0 Energy Efficiency 7.0 8.0 9.0
Energy Transportation Urban
6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 Supply Planning
Energy Efficiency Energy Energy Energy Building Energy- and
in Local Efficiency in Efficiency Efficiency in Codes for Efficient Design
Government Affordable in K-12 Municipal Energy Product
Facilities and Housing Schools Water Efficiency Procurement
Operations Facilities
6.1.1 Overview
Energy can account for as much as 10

percent of a local government’s annual The National Action Plan for Energy Efficiency and
operating budget (U.S. DOE, 2005c; Vision for 2025: Achieving All Cost-Effective Energy
Efficiency by 2025
U.S. Census, 2007), a proportion that is
likely to grow as energy prices rise. As The National Action Plan for Energy Efficiency (Action Plan)
President-elect Obama noted when recognizes that improving energy efficiency in our homes,
businesses, schools, governments, and industries—which
introducing his economic recovery plan consume more than 70 percent of the natural gas and
in December 2008, reducing energy use electricity needs in the country—is one of the most
in public buildings could save constructive, cost-effective ways to address our nation’s
energy challenges. The Action Plan, developed in July 2006 by
American taxpayers billions of dollars more than 50 leading organizations representing key
each year. Furthermore, he said, “It will stakeholder perspectives, describes policy recommendations
put people back to work.” for creating a sustainable, aggressive national commitment to
energy efficiency through gas and electric utilities, utility
regulators, and partner organizations.
Improving the energy efficiency of
municipal facilities and operations is a In 2007, Action Plan leaders defined a vision that provides the
cost-effective strategy to help stimulate framework for implementing the Action Plan. This Vision
establishes a goal of achieving all cost-effective energy
the economy, create jobs, expand efficiency by 2025; describes 10 implementation goals for
markets for energy-efficient states, utilities, and other stakeholders; describes what 2025
technologies, and reduce emissions of might look like if the goal is achieved; and provides a means
for measuring progress.
air pollutants and greenhouse gases
(GHGs). (U.S. EPA, 2008g; U.S. EPA, The Action Plan documents the importance of lead-by-example
2006b). Local governments can also (LBE) strategies in its “Vision for 2025" report. The Vision
identifies LBE as a critical component of achieving the long-
lead by example through improving term goal of fully developing all cost-effective energy efficiency
energy efficiency in their own resources in the United States by 2025. Local governments are
operations, motivating the private participating in the Action Plan Sector Collaborative to identify
opportunities within their sector.
sector and other stakeholders to follow
suit. Engaging the private sector in For more information about the Action Plan, visit:
municipal energy efficiency http://www.epa.gov/cleanenergy/energy-
programs/napee/resources/vision2025.html.
improvements can also leverage a
greater pool of expertise, providing
opportunities for education and Sources: National Action Plan for Energy Efficiency 2007 and
National Action Plan for Energy Efficiency 2008.
outreach, and fostering a community-
wide discussion about saving energy, money, and the environment.
Draft June 2, 2009 1

This section provides guidance on planning, designing, and implementing an energy efficiency
improvement program for municipal operations; engaging stakeholders; and identifying
investment and financing options. Case studies and real-world examples are dispersed
throughout, with two detailed case studies presented in Section 6.1.10. A compilation of
examples and information resources is provided in Table 6.1.5, Energy Efficiency in Local
Government Facilities and Operations: Examples and Information Resources.
6.1.2 Benefits of Energy Efficiency in Local Government Facilities and

Operations
Improving energy efficiency in local government facilities and operations can produce energy,
environmental, economic, and other benefits, including:
• Reduce energy costs. Significant cost savings Energy Consumption in Government

can be achieved by improving energy efficiency Buildings
in existing buildings, leasing energy-efficient This table presents average annual energy use by
buildings, and designing new buildings to be federal, state, and local government-owned
energy efficient. Improving energy efficiency in commercial buildings (any building that is not
residential, manufacturing or industrial, or
municipal operations such as drinking water agricultural).*
systems and wastewater treatment plants
End Use Consumption As Percentage
represents another opportunity for large cost (Trillion Btu) of Whole
savings. Space heating 498 36
Lighting 294 21
For a typical office building, energy represents
30 percent of the variable costs and constitutes Water heating 239 17
the single largest controllable operating cost Miscellaneous 94 8
(National Action Plan for Energy Efficiency, Office 78 6
2008). The text box at right shows how energy equipment
is used in a typical government building. Space cooling 75 5
Ventilation 42 3
Similarly, wastewater plants and drinking water
systems can account for up to one-third of a Cooking 28 2
municipality’s total energy bill. A 10 percent Refrigeration 22 2
reduction in U.S. drinking water and Total 1,370 100
wastewater systems costs would collectively
save approximately $400 million and 5 billion * Data from the 2003 Commercial Buildings Energy
Consumption Survey (CBECS) conducted by the Energy
kWh annually (U.S. EPA, 2009). Information Administration (EIA). The CBECS is currently
conducted quadrennially. Data collection for the 2007
CBECS was conducted between February and September
The lifetime energy cost savings produced by 2008. Preliminary survey results are scheduled for release
an energy-efficient building, when compared in mid-2009..
with a conventional one, can reach millions of Source: U.S. DOE, 2006d.
dollars. The potential energy savings in
government buildings can be significant. For example:
- Energy cost savings on the order of 35 percent or more are possible for many existing
buildings (U.S. EPA, 2008g).

In Story County, Iowa, where the county has designed or substantially renovated
three government buildings to improve energy efficiency, energy consumption in the
three buildings ranges between 40 and 45 percent less than conventional buildings
(NACo, 2007).
- Many new and renovated buildings designed for energy efficiency offer energy cost
savings of as much as 50 percent when compared with conventional buildings (U.S. EPA,
2008d).
- The average office building can reduce energy costs by 10 to 30 percent through low-cost
energy efficiency measures and operational adjustments. At an average energy cost of
$2.00 per square foot, that equates to savings of 20 to 60 cents per square foot—or
$20,000 to $60,000 for a 100,000 square foot building.
- Buildings that have achieved the ENERGY STAR label for superior energy efficiency
use 40 percent less energy than average buildings and offer savings of about $0.50 per
square foot per year in lower energy costs, based on a conservative estimate (U.S. EPA,
2008d; U.S. EPA, 2006e). 1
• Increase economic benefits through job creation Fayetteville, Arkansas—Reduced

and market development. Investing in energy Energy Costs
efficiency can stimulate the local economy and In 2007, Fayetteville, Arkansas, created an
encourage development of energy efficiency Office of Sustainability to coordinate energy
service markets. According to the Department of and environmental programs aimed at
reducing utility costs and environmental
Energy (DOE), approximately 60 percent of impacts. Under this mandate, the office
energy efficiency investments are put toward labor coordinated an energy use assessment as
costs and half of all energy-efficient equipment is part of a comprehensive government GHG
emissions inventory.
purchased from local suppliers (U.S. DOE, 2004).
Across the nation, energy efficiency technologies The office followed this assessment by
initiating an energy consumption reduction
and services are estimated to have created more competition among 17 government facilities.
than eight million jobs in 2006 (ASES, 2007). In addition, 10 government facilities were
incorporated into an energy performance
contract and each completed a range of
The City of New York contributes funding for energy efficiency projects. These energy
Sustainable South Bronx (SSBx), an efficiency investments are producing an
environmental justice organization that works annual return of more than $400,000.
to prepare “green collar” workers through its Sources: ICLEI, 2008b; Fayetteville, 2008.
Bronx Environmental Stewardship Training
(B.E.S.T.) program. This 14- to 16-week program provides training in areas such as green
roof installation and maintenance, environmental restoration, and hazardous waste clean
up. Students receive several key certifications and are assisted with job placement. Now
in its fifth year of operation, the B.E.S.T. program has more than 100 graduates, of whom
1
A review of the financial benefits of ENERGY STAR labeled office buildings found that in buildings that
earned the label for six consecutive years, energy efficiency in the sixth year is on average 20 percent greater
than in the first year, an indication of the persistence of energy savings over multiple years (U.S. EPA, 2006e).

over 80 percent are employed and 15 percent have gone on to higher education
(Sustainable South Bronx, 2009).
• Reduce GHG emissions and other environmental impacts. Improving energy efficiency in
government buildings and operations can help reduce GHG emissions and criteria air
pollutants by decreasing consumption of fossil fuel-based energy. Fossil fuel combustion for
electricity generation accounts for 40 percent of the nation’s carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions,
a principal GHG, and 67 percent and 23 percent of the nation’s sulfur dioxide (SO2) and
nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions, respectively, which can lead to smog, acid rain, and trace
amounts of airborne particulate matter that can cause respiratory problems for many people
(U.S. EPA, 2008f; U.S. EPA, 2008h).2
St. Paul, Minnesota, has partnered with its electric utility to retrofit heating and cooling
systems, purchase ENERGY STAR qualified products, replace street lighting and traffic
signals, and implement other energy efficiency improvements. These activities have
saved the city nearly $8 million in energy costs annually and reduced its annual CO2
emissions by more than 81,000 tons, equivalent to the annual emissions of 13,000 cars
(St. Paul, 2007).
Reducing energy consumption can also contribute to other local government environmental
objectives, such as resource conservation. For example, installing an ENERGY STAR
qualified energy-efficient dishwasher in an office kitchen to reduce energy costs can also
help reduce water utility bills and decrease the amount of used water that enters the
wastewater system (U.S. EPA and U.S. DOE, 2008b).
• Improve indoor air quality and productivity in energy-efficient and green buildings. Energy
efficiency upgrades can improve occupant health by enhancing indoor air quality. Installing
energy recovery ventilation equipment, for example, can reduce infiltration of air
contaminants from outdoors while significantly reducing heating, ventilation, and air
conditioning (HVAC) energy loads (U.S. EPA, 2003c). One study on building performance
found that the average reduction in illness as a result of improving air quality in buildings is
approximately 40 percent (Carnegie Mellon, 2005).
Enhanced indoor air quality, along with well-designed lighting, greater use of day lighting,
and comfortable heating, cooling, and ventilation, can improve employee comfort and reduce
fatigue, accidents, absenteeism, turnover, and health costs⎯all of which can contribute to
better employee morale and improved productivity in energy-efficient buildings (U.S. EPA,
2008i).
• Demonstrate leadership. Local governments can also set an example by improving energy
efficiency in their facilities and operations. In particular, investing in energy efficiency
epitomizes responsible government stewardship of tax dollars. Many local governments are
improving energy efficiency in taxpayer-funded facilities that are frequently visited by the
2
According to EPA, energy use in commercial and industrial facilities accounts for nearly 50 percent of all
U.S. GHG emissions (U.S. EPA, 2008f).

public, such as city halls and public libraries. These improvements not only reassure
constituents that tax dollars are being spent wisely, they also serve to showcase real-world
applications of energy-efficient technologies.
In 2004, Seattle, Washington, opened its new public library that incorporates energy
efficiency features, including energy-efficient lighting and ventilation systems, a high-
performance building envelope, and energy-efficient mechanical equipment and
appliances, as well as various green building features, such as water conservation and use
of low-toxic materials. Because the facility provides excellent demonstration
opportunities (approximately 8,000 patrons visit the library daily), the city has installed
signage and an information kiosk, featured the building’s sustainable features on a special
Web site, and conducts public tours to explain the facility’s energy and environmental
benefits and the benefits of energy efficiency and green building in general. In addition,
materials developed for children and teens educate library users on the health and
conservation benefits of building sustainably (Seattle, 2008).
• Engaging the community. An even broader impact on emissions can be made by expanding
efforts beyond government buildings and operations. Programs that not only educate the
public of the benefits of energy efficiency, but also provide tangible assistance in the form of
tax incentives and funding opportunities, have been effective in communities across the
country. Residential and business sectors both provide good target opportunities.
In 2007, the mayor of Louisville, Kentucky, signed on as an ENERGY STAR partner

and took the ENERGY STAR Challenge, setting a goal to reduce energy use in
Louisville by 10 percent or more by the year 2010. During two days of kickoff meetings,
the mayor and city staff met with city leaders, managers of city-operated facilities,
private sector building owners and operators, and important local businesses to provide
background information on the ENERGY STAR program for buildings and to share best
practices for achieving energy efficiency improvements with ENERGY STAR tools and
resources. As a result of these efforts, local commercial real estate associations joined
Louisville Metro Government to form the Louisville Energy Alliance, which in 2009
launched the Louisville Kilowatt Crackdown, a year-long competition to promote and
recognize commercial building energy efficiency by benchmarking and tracking building
energy use via the ENERGY STAR Portfolio Manager. The city has also incorporated
the ENERGY STAR Challenge into its Go Green Louisville! campaign, an initiative to
“go green and save green” by adopting sustainable practices (U.S. EPA, 2009b).
6.1.3 Planning and Design Approaches to Energy Efficiency in Local

Government Facilities and Operations
This section describes approaches for planning and designing projects and programs to improve
energy efficiency in local government facilities and operations. These approaches can help local
governments achieve the range of benefits described in Section 6.1.2, Benefits of Energy
Efficiency in Local Government Facilities and Operations. Specifically, this section addresses:
• Improving energy efficiency in existing and new local government facilities.

• Incorporating energy efficiency in new and Figure 6.1.1. Overview of ENERGY STAR
renovated “green” buildings. Guidelines for Energy Management
• Improving energy efficiency in local

government operations.
Improving Energy Efficiency in Existing

and New Local Government Facilities
The most effective way to reduce energy

consumption in local government buildings is to
engage in a portfolio-wide, systematic approach
for improving energy efficiency in owned and
leased building space, and to incorporate energy
efficiency into the design of new and renovated
buildings. A portfolio-wide approach not only
The ENERGY STAR Guidelines for Energy
results in greater total reductions in local Management present a seven-step approach to
government energy costs and GHG emissions, but achieving superior energy management and
also enables local governments to offset the costs savings across a portfolio of buildings.
of more substantial energy efficiency projects in Step 1. Make Commitment
buildings that have higher upfront costs with the • Establish an Energy Team
savings from projects in other buildings. In • Institute an Energy Policy
addition, adopting a portfolio-wide approach can Step 2. Assess Performance
help local governments generate greater • Collect and Manage Data
momentum for energy efficiency activities • Establish Baselines and Benchmark
generally, which can lead to sustained • Analyze Data and Conduct Technical
Assessments and Audits
implementation and continued savings.
Step 3. Set Goals
A good place to start for local governments is • Estimate Potential for Improvement
• Establish Portfolio-wide Goals
EPA’s ENERGY STAR program, which has
developed a systematic approach for achieving Step 4. Create Action Plan
superior energy management in existing buildings. • Define Building Technical Measures and
This approach, summarized in the Guidelines for Targets
• Determine Roles and Resources
Energy Management and in Figure 6.1.1 (at right),
Overview of ENERGY STAR Guidelines for Step 5. Implement Action Plan
Energy Management, involves seven steps: • Create a Communication Plan, Raise

Awareness, Build Capacity, and Motivate
• Track and Monitor Progress
• Step 1. Make Commitment
Step 6. Evaluate Progress
• Step 2. Assess Performance
• Step 3. Set Goals • Measure Results
• Review Action Plan
• Step 4. Create Action Plan
• Step 5. Implement Action Plan Step 7. Recognize Achievements
• Step 6. Evaluate Progress • Internal Recognition

• External Recognition
• Step 7. Recognize Achievements
Source:
http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=guidelines
This section provides information on key .guidelines_index.
strategies for each of these steps. While the

primary focus of this section is to describe an overall approach for improving energy efficiency
in a portfolio of existing buildings, the basic concepts can be applied to planning and designing
energy-efficient new and renovated buildings. Tools and resources for addressing energy
efficiency in these projects are identified in this section. The planning and design approach for
improving energy efficiency in local government facilities (described in this section) is also one
of the most important components of a successful green buildings program (described in the
following section, Energy Efficiency in Green Buildings).
While this section describes an approach for implementing a comprehensive portfolio-wide

efficiency strategy, there are cases where sufficient resources (e.g., funding and personnel
resources) are not available. In these instances, local governments can apply the concepts to one
or a few government buildings. Experiences from such demonstration projects can then be used
to make the case for further energy efficiency improvements, and subsequently can be applied to
a broader building portfolio when additional support and/or resources become available.
Table 6.1.1, ENERGY STAR Program Resources, summarizes the many tools and resources
available to local governments as they plan and implement energy efficiency improvements in
existing and new buildings.
Table 6.1.1. ENERGY STAR Program Resources

Title/Description Web Site
ENERGY STAR Tools and Guidance for Existing and New Buildings
Guidelines for Energy Management. EPA provides the seven-step Guidelines for http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm
Energy Management to assist in developing and implementing energy efficiency ?c=guidelines.guidelines_index
action plans.
Guidelines for Energy Management Assessment Matrices. EPA has developed http://www.energystar.gov/ia/busines
an assessment matrix to help energy managers determine if their organization’s s/guidelines/assessment_matrix.xls
energy management practices are consistent with the Guidelines for Energy http://www.energystar.gov/ia/busines
Management. A second matrix allows energy managers to compare current energy s/guidelines/Facility_Energy_Assess
management practices to the Guidelines for Energy Management at the site- ment_Matrix.xls
specific facility level.
Portfolio Manager. Local governments can use the ENERGY STAR Portfolio http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm
Manager tool to measure and track the energy intensity of their buildings, ?c=evaluate_performance.bus_portf
normalized for weather and square footage. For certain building types, Portfolio oliomanager
Manager can be used to rate building performance on a scale of 1 to 100 relative to
similar buildings nationwide, enabling facility managers to assess their own
facilities and identify priority energy efficiency improvements.
ENERGY STAR Label. Buildings that achieve a rating of 75 or higher using http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm
Portfolio Manager, and are professionally verified to meet current indoor ?c=evaluate_performance.bus_portf
environment standards, are eligible to apply for the ENERGY STAR label. The oliomanager_intro
ENERGY STAR label is available for office buildings, schools, hospitals,
courthouses, and other facilities.
Profiles of ENERGY STAR Labeled Buildings and Plants. EPA has compiled http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm
profiles of ENERGY STAR labeled government buildings, accessible at its Web ?fuseaction=labeled_buildings.show
page, ENERGY STAR Labeled Buildings and Plants. BuildingSearch
Building Upgrade Manual. The ENERGY STAR Building Upgrade Manual http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm
describes a five-step systematic approach to improving energy efficiency in existing ?c=business.bus_upgrade_manual
buildings, including recommissioning/commissioning, lighting, supplemental load
reductions, fan systems upgrades, and heating and cooling system upgrades.

Table 6.1.1. ENERGY STAR Program Resources

Target Finder. Target Finder lets a user establish an energy performance target http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm
for a design project or major building renovation based on similar building types ?c=new_bldg_design.bus_target_fin
and desired energy performance. By entering the project’s estimated energy der
consumption, users can then compare the estimated energy use with the target to
see if the project will achieve its goal.
“Designed to Earn the Energy Star” Label. Building designs that achieve a http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm
rating of 75 or higher using the ENERGY STAR Target Finder tool are eligible to ?c=new_bldg_design.new_bldg_desi
receive the “Designed to Earn the ENERGY STAR” designation. These buildings gn_benefits
can apply for the ENERGY STAR label if they remain in the top quarter of the
rating scale after one year of operation.
Target Finder Opportunities Flowchart. EPA helps architects and engineers http://www.energystar.gov/ia/busines
integrate ENERGY STAR into the design process with this flowchart. s/tools_resources/new_bldg_design/
Design_process_flow_diagram_1014
04.pdf
Integrated Energy Design Guidance. EPA provides guidance on planning and https://www.energystar.gov/index.cf
designing buildings that integrate energy efficiency improvements. This guidance m?c=new_bldg_design.new_bldg_de
includes information on how to use tools such as Target Finder to design buildings sign_guidance
that achieve energy performance goals.
Integrated Energy Design Guidance Checklist. EPA provides a checklist that http://www.energystar.gov/ia/busines
highlights components in the design process that can lead to ENERGY STAR s/tools_resources/new_bldg_design/
labeling. BuildingDesignGuidanceChecklist_1
01904.pdf
ENERGY STAR Financial Calculators
Cash Flow Opportunity Calculator. This tool can be used to determine how http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm
much new energy-efficient equipment can be purchased based on estimated cost ?c=assess_value.financial_tools
savings; determine whether equipment should be purchased now using financing
or if it is better to wait and use cash from a future year’s budget; and determine
whether money is being lost by waiting for lower interest rates.
Financial Value Calculator. This tool presents energy efficiency investment http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm
opportunities in terms of key financial metrics. It can be used to determine how ?c=assess_value.financial_tools
energy efficiency improvements can affect organizational profit margins and returns
on investments.
Building Upgrade Value Calculator. This calculator can be used to estimate the http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm
financial benefits of improving energy efficiency in office buildings. ?c=assess_value.financial_tools
Additional ENERGY STAR Resources and Tools
ENERGY STAR for Government. This Web site provides resources for state and http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm
local governments to use as they plan energy efficiency activities, including energy ?c=government.bus_government
management guidelines, information on financing options, and tools and resources
to measure and track energy use.
The ENERGY STAR Challenge. The ENERGY STAR Challenge—Build a Better http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm
World 10% at a Time program calls on governments, schools, and businesses ?c=challenge.bus_challenge
across the country to identify energy efficiency improvements in their facilities and
improve energy efficiency by 10 percent or more. EPA estimates that if each
building owner accepts this challenge, by 2015 Americans would save about $10
billion and reduce GHG emissions by more than 20 million metric tons of carbon
equivalent—equivalent to the emissions from 15 million vehicles.
ENERGY STAR Free Online Training. ENERGY STAR offers free online training http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm
sessions on a variety of energy performance topics. ?c=business.bus_internet_presentati
ons
Off the Charts. Off the Charts is EPA’s ENERGY STAR e-newsletter on energy http://www.energystar.gov/ia/busines
management developments and activities. s/guidelines/assess_value/Off_the_C
harts_Summer_2007.pdf

Step 1: Make Commitments
Committing to a policy for improving energy efficiency in a specified portfolio of buildings is an

important first step for ensuring success. This step involves: 1) identifying a team of qualified
personnel to initiate and lead the energy policy development process; and 2) instituting and
committing to an energy policy based on the team’s guidance and recommendations.
• Use a team approach. Identifying a team of qualified and experienced personnel from across
agencies to initiate and lead the policy development process helps to ensure that efficiency
programs are carefully crafted. Bringing together a team of interested individuals with
diverse backgrounds in local government operations also serves to ensure that energy
efficiency programs receive broad support.
In 2007, the mayor of Fort Wayne, Sector Collaborative on Energy Efficiency:

Indiana, issued an executive order that Local Government Commitments to Energy
created a local government energy Efficiency
policy. The policy stated that the “City The Sector Collaborative on Energy Efficiency
of Fort Wayne will include the basic Accomplishments and Next Steps report describes
tenet of energy conservation, energy major findings of the Sector Collaborative for Energy
Efficiency through July 2008, including key findings
efficiency, and use of renewable energy on energy efficiency barriers and potential
systems in all city operations and opportunities. Based on these findings, a number of
planning,” including management and Sector Collaborative participants and interested
parties have adopted sector-specific commitments
design of city facilities. The executive to improve energy efficiency.
order also expanded the purview of the For local governments, this commitment includes a
existing City Green Team (comprised of pledge that the participant will undertake one or
the directors of nearly 20 government more of the following initiatives:
agencies), giving it additional • Conduct energy benchmarking for all
responsibility to promote the energy properties greater than 5,000 square feet.
policy, track and report on the status of • Implement all cost-effective strategies to
its implementation, and develop plans to improve energy efficiency.
achieve a set of specific energy • Create and/or increase energy efficiency
efficiency and renewable energy goals, education and awareness within and outside
including reducing energy consumption each organization.
per square foot in local government • Pursue bulk purchasing of energy-efficient
facilities by 10 percent by 2010 and 35 products and services.
percent by 2015, based on 2003 levels • Support expanded efficiency program
(Fort Wayne, 2008). offerings across states and utilities.
• Support development of standardized
In addition to using a team approach for electronic utility billing data access by large
developing the overall local government customers for benchmarking.
efficiency policy, a team approach should • Explore energy efficiency programs offered by
be applied within individual facilities. At federal, state, and local agencies and sector-
based associations.
the building level, upgrading and designing
energy-efficient buildings requires all Source: National Action Plan for Energy Efficiency,
2008.
project team members to be involved early

in the pre-design stages, when the project’s energy performance targets are set to ensure that
future decisions will be made with the project intentions intact. The team works together to
identify information needs and share knowledge of each building system to achieve optimal
integration. For more information on using a team approach to continually develop and
improve an overall local government energy efficiency program, see Section 6.1.6,
Implementation Strategies.
• Establish and commit to an energy policy. Based on input from the energy policy team, the
next step is to formalize the local government’s commitment to improving energy efficiency.
Instituting an energy policy that clearly states a local government’s objectives can help
secure support from elected officials and buy-in from local government agencies. In addition,
committing to a formalized energy policy facilitates accurate and useful tracking of the
impacts of energy efficiency programs in terms of energy and dollars saved and greenhouse
gas emissions avoided. (For more information on tracking, see Establish and Maintain a
Tracking System on page 22.)
Many local governments have included in their energy policies a range of commitments to
specific actions that can eventually lead to easier and more effective implementation of
energy efficiency programs. These commitments include:
- Improving energy efficiency across an entire portfolio. Many local governments have
adopted energy policies that include commitments to reducing energy consumption in
their facilities by a specific percentage portfolio-wide. These commitments provide a
clear objective toward which progress can be continually measured.
As a participant in the ENERGY STAR Challenge, Fort Worth, Texas, has

pledged to reduce the energy consumption of its portfolio of buildings by 10
percent or more. Officials are benchmarking all city buildings in Portfolio
Manager and using data from this tool to make decisions about energy upgrades
and operations within their buildings. They are also incorporating energy
efficiency best practices into new building designs. City officials are leading by
example and demonstrating to local government agencies and businesses that
they too can reduce their energy consumption while continuing to deliver quality
services (Fort Worth, 2008).
- Using life-cycle cost analysis. Because local governments are concerned with long-
term—as well as short-term—benefits and costs, they are well positioned to adopt life-
cycle cost analyses when making decisions about purchasing energy-using products.
Traditional methods for assessing project cost-effectiveness typically focus on the initial
design and construction costs in the short-term. The life-cycle cost of a product or service
is the sum of the present values of the costs of investment, capital, installation, energy,
operation, maintenance, and disposal over the life of the product (U.S. DOE, 2003).
Because life-cycle cost analysis reveals whether energy efficiency investments are cost-
effective over the long run, it can be an important feature of an overall energy policy.
Some local governments use life-cycle cost analyses to prioritize energy efficiency
activities and energy-efficient products based on comparative simple payback periods.

Common applications of life-cycle cost analysis employed by local governments include

analyses of efficiency targets for civic buildings, machinery, electronic equipment for the
office, infrastructure such as that associated with public transportation, land use planning,
and regulations for residential and commercial building projects. Life-cycle cost analysis
can be particularly useful when evaluating high-cost infrastructure and renewable energy
opportunities (Union of British Columbia Municipalities, 2009).
In 2008, Alexandria, Virginia, adopted an eco-city environmental charter to

promote energy and environmental initiatives throughout the city. To help
implement activities under this charter, the city created an energy committee.
Among other activities, the Energy Committee has established a goal of reducing
energy use in local government facilities by 3 percent per square foot per year
through 2015, for a total reduction of 20 percent below 2007 levels. To ensure
that this goal is met, the committee resolved to take several energy efficiency
actions, including using life-cycle cost analysis to ensure that the lifetime costs of
not implementing energy efficiency projects are considered (Alexandria, 2008).
In 2008, Cobb County, Georgia’s, board of commissioners approved a policy

drafted by the county purchasing department that enables the department to use
life-cycle cost analysis when purchasing products, such as energy-efficient
appliances. Historically, the department had been required to accept lowest-bid
offers for purchases of $1,000 or more, which would have precluded purchases of
some energy-efficient products (Cobb County, 2008).
- Tracking results of energy efficiency initiatives. Tracking results of initiatives is a

powerful tool to underscore their efficacy and promote public awareness. Tracked results
can also be used as a rationale for obtaining additional funding or for gaining public
support for a broader portfolio of programs.
In 2006, the City of Santa Monica, California, updated its Sustainable City Plan to
include a comprehensive set of indicators and targets to achieve the overall
intergenerational sustainability goal for the city. The indicators identify the
measurable data categories used to evaluate annual progress toward the targets.
Energy use per capita is used to measure both resource conservation and avoided
GHG emission targets. The city releases an annual report card with grades based
on changes in the indicators and on citizen efforts (Santa Monica, 2009).
- Purchasing energy-efficient products. Some local governments are making a procurement

policy for efficient products an explicit part of their energy policy. Purchasing energy-
efficient products can make comprehensive energy efficiency upgrades more cost-
effective by reducing building energy loads (and the size of the systems needed to meet
those loads), typically by as much as 5 to 10 percent (LBNL, 2002). Table 6.1.2
summarizes the potential energy and CO2 savings associated with purchasing energy-
efficient products for five product categories. More information and local government
examples on energy-efficient product procurement is provided in Section 6.6 of the
Guide, Energy-Efficient Product Procurement.

Table 6.1.2. Estimated Energy Cost and CO2 Savings from a Sample of ENERGY STAR
Productsa
Annual CO2 Life-Cycle Life-Cycle
Annual Energy Lifetime
Action Savings Energy Cost CO2 Savings
Cost Savings (Years)
(Tons) Savings (Tons)
Replace 5,000 computers and monitors
with ENERGY STAR qualified products $400,000 2,200 4 $1,450,000 13,600
and activate power management
Replace 10 conventional commercial
dishwashers with ENERGY STAR $11,500 400 10 $128,000b 6,000
qualified products
Replace 50 conventional vending
machines with ENERGY STAR qualified $7,500 64 14 $79,200 890
products
Replace 100 conventional water coolers
$3,300 28 10 $26,500 280
with ENERGY STAR qualified coolers
Replace 50 color laser printers with
$660 6 5 $3,000 28
ENERGY STAR qualified printers
a
Figures obtained from calculators on the ENERGY STAR Purchasing & Procurement Web site http://www.energystar.gov/purchasing
using default settings and an electricity rate of 9.039¢ per kWh. Annual costs exclude the initial purchase price and installation cost. All
costs are discounted over the product’s lifetime using a real discount rate of 4 percent.
b
Value includes water savings.
- Ensuring energy efficiency is a key component of green building programs. Energy

efficiency can be integrated with other green buildings measures to achieve additional
energy, environmental, indoor air quality, and water savings benefits. Designing for
superior energy performance is often the first step in green building and can improve
environmental performance and overall cost-effectiveness of a green building strategy
(U.S. EPA, 2003c; U.S. EPA, 2006d). Many local governments require energy-efficient
performance as a feature of their green building policies. See the following section on
Energy Efficiency in Green Buildings for additional information.
In 2006, the Washington, D.C., city council passed legislation requiring all
publicly-owned and publicly financed buildings be designed to meet LEED-Silver
certification standards for environmental performance. To ensure that these
buildings achieve optimal energy performance, the legislation includes a
requirement that buildings also be designed to earn the ENERGY STAR rating
using EPA’s Target Finder, and to be benchmarked annually using ENERGY
STAR Portfolio Manager. To ensure compliance with these requirements, the
legislation mandates reviews by a government agency or a certified third party.
The green building program is guided by a Green Building Advisory Committee
(Washington, D.C., 2006).
Steps 2 and 3: Assess Baseline Energy Performance and Set Goals
After making a commitment, the next two steps to improve energy efficiency across a portfolio
of buildings are to assess baseline energy performance and set goals. Assessing energy

performance involves looking at how energy is used in existing buildings and identifying priority
opportunities to improve energy efficiency. Setting goals, on the other hand, involves looking at
potential savings in new and renovated buildings as well as existing ones.
Assess Baseline Energy Performance in Existing Buildings
Understanding the impacts of improvements in energy efficiency in existing buildings requires

periodically reviewing a building’s energy performance by comparing its energy consumption to
its baseline energy consumption (established at a specified time in the past). Key approaches for
assessing baseline building energy performance in existing buildings include:
• Use available, standardized tools for baseline energy consumption assessments.

Standardized tools can be used to help assess baseline energy performance and track building
energy data. For example, EPA’s ENERGY STAR Portfolio Manager is an online tool that
can be used to assess baseline energy performance in existing buildings and compile data
across a portfolio of buildings (U.S. EPA, 2008).
Cambridge, Massachusetts, tracks energy consumption for all publicly owned buildings
in the city, including schools, fire stations, and libraries. The city imports energy
consumption data from the local utility, NStar, into software that was designed
specifically for Cambridge’s use. The software compiles data to then plug into ENERGY
STAR’s Portfolio Manager each month, allowing for frequent updates on the city’s
progress (ICLEI, 2009).
• Benchmark buildings. Benchmarking involves comparing a building’s energy performance to

the performance of similar buildings across the country. For certain building types, EPA
provides an energy performance rating in Portfolio Manager to compare buildings
nationwide on a scale of 1 to 100. For example, a rating of 75 means that the evaluated
building performs better than 75 percent of similar buildings nationwide. This information
can help local governments prioritize buildings for energy efficiency investments and/or a
comprehensive energy audit (see the next bullet, below).
• Conduct technical assessments and audits. In addition to establishing baseline energy

performance and determining a building’s relative performance compared to its peers, a
thorough energy performance assessment includes comparing the actual performance of a
building’s systems and equipment with its designed performance level or the performance
level of top-performing technologies. These technical assessments can be conducted as part
of a whole-building energy audit conducted by an energy professional and used to identify
priority energy efficiency investments.
Many local governments have incorporated these energy audits into energy performance
contracts, which are contracts that offer a one-stop process for purchasing, installing,
maintaining, and often financing energy-efficiency upgrades at no upfront cost. EPA has
developed a directory of energy professionals, energy service companies (ESCOs), and other
companies that can provide local governments with expert advice and technical assistance on

conducting energy audits and entering energy performance contracts. 3 For more information
on energy performance contracting, see Section 6.1.7, Upfront Investment and Financing.
In Bangor, Maine, the city government worked with an ESCO to conduct an energy audit
of its facilities in 2007. The audit surveyed local government buildings and provided
recommended energy efficiency measures with estimated energy cost savings. The
contractor provided an itemized list of feasible energy efficiency upgrades for each of the
city’s buildings. While the cost to initially upgrade properties was approximated at $1.5
million, the operational and energy savings over a 20-year period are projected to be $4.3
million, a net savings to taxpayers of $2.8 million (Bangor, 2007).
Set Goals for Existing and New Building Portfolios
Local governments can establish portfolio-wide energy efficiency goals for existing and new
buildings to help maintain momentum for energy management activities, guide daily decision-
making, and track and measure progress. For existing buildings, these portfolio-wide goals can
be based on the results of the baseline energy performance assessment and the priority
investments identified through that process. For new buildings, goals can be based on output
from energy performance projection tools and best practices.
Key considerations for setting goals for improving portfolio-wide energy efficiency in buildings
include:
• Consider potential savings. Assessing potential energy savings helps to determine

appropriate portfolio-wide energy efficiency goals that are clear and measurable. Local
governments can use information collected during energy performance assessments and
technical audits to determine potential energy savings from priority investments. Local
governments can also evaluate a building’s benchmarking results to estimate potential
savings based on the energy performance of similar buildings.
For new and renovated buildings, local governments can consider the potential savings of
each new or renovated building by using tools such as the ENERGY STAR Target Finder to
set energy performance targets and assess building designs (e.g., local governments can aim
for each new or renovated building to achieve a specific energy performance rating using
Target Finder). In addition, local governments can consider the savings achieved by similar
organizations. EPA estimates that most new and renovated buildings can achieve energy
savings on the order of 30 percent as compared to conventional buildings (U.S. EPA, 2008d).
• Determine appropriate scope. Goals for improving energy efficiency across a portfolio of
buildings can be established at different levels, ranging from sub-agency and agency level up
to portfolio-wide goals. These goals can also be established over varying time periods. Many
local governments have established both short-term and long-term goals for improving
3
See http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=spp_res.pt_spps for a directory of energy service and product
providers.

energy efficiency in buildings that can lead to quick cost savings that continue to accrue far
into the future.
Goals for improving energy efficiency in a portfolio of local government buildings can be part of
a larger goal that incorporates multiple clean energy activities. For example, energy efficiency
goals can be part of a broader goal for reducing local government GHG emissions.
Step 4: Create an Action Plan
A regularly updated action plan can serve as a roadmap toward meeting portfolio-wide energy
efficiency goals by systematically improving energy efficiency in existing buildings and
designing energy-efficient new and renovated buildings. Creating an action plan involves
establishing energy performance targets for each building, identifying the technical measures that
can help meet that performance target, identifying resources necessary to implement the action
plan, and determining the responsibilities of internal and external parties.
Action plans for improving energy efficiency are sometimes created in response to a local
government mandate. Such mandates, including executive orders and city council resolutions,
can clearly articulate the purpose of the action plan and can identify key personnel to be involved
in creating the plan. More information on mechanisms that can be used to initiate energy
efficiency programs is provided in Section 6.1.5, Program Initiation Mechanisms.
A resolution passed by the Montgomery County, Maryland, county council in 2008

directed the county Sustainability Working Group to develop an energy baseline, energy
unit savings plan, and energy cost savings plan for each county building by January 2009.
Each building’s energy cost savings plan must include a plan to use an energy
performance contract where cost-effective. The resolution also directed the Sustainability
Working Group to annually report to the county executive and county council on steps
taken to implement these plans (Montgomery County, 2008).
In New York City, the mayor issued an executive order in October 2007 directing the city
government to reduce its GHG emissions by 30 percent by 2017, based on 2006
emissions levels, by improving energy efficiency in its facilities and operations. The
order established a steering committee to develop short- and long-term plans for reducing
the city’s energy consumption. The steering committee’s long-term plan demonstrates
that while the cost of achieving the 30 percent GHG reduction goal will be high
(approximately $2.3 million), it is expected that the city will break even on its investment
in five years due to the projected energy cost savings (New York City, 2008).
Local governments looking for information to help them prepare an action plan can obtain
information on best practices from other organizations that have improved energy efficiency in
their facilities. For example, ENERGY STAR Labeled Buildings and Plants is an EPA-maintained
list of the more than 4,000 buildings that have earned the ENERGY STAR label for energy
performance (U.S. EPA, 2008k). In addition, many ESCOs have experience with proven
technical energy efficiency measures and can incorporate these measures into an action plan
through the energy performance contracting process. EPA has developed a directory of service

product providers that can provide local governments with expert advice and technical assistance
on entering energy performance contracts. 4
Key strategies for creating an action plan include:
Develop whole building energy performance

Energy Performance Targets Lead to
targets
“Designed to Earn the ENERGY
STAR” Label
Once a local government has evaluated its portfolio’s
The Poudre School District in Fort Collins,
performance and set portfolio-wide goals, it can Colorado, used the ENERGY STAR Target
establish energy performance targets for each existing Finder when designing its new Operations
and new building. Establishing energy performance Building. By adjusting the design throughout
the process, the design team was able to
targets for each building allows local governments to produce a design that repeatedly achieved
clearly articulate to building occupants and other key projected ratings in the 80s and earned the
personnel the expected results of energy efficiency designation “Designed to Earn the ENERGY
STAR.” Completed in 2002, the building
investments in each facility, and enables local earned the ENERGY STAR label after one
governments to track progress and measure results. year, and in 2005 achieved a perfect rating.
Whole building energy performance measurements Sources: U.S. EPA, 2008b; U.S. EPA, 2008n.
can be developed for existing buildings using EPA’s
ENERGY STAR Portfolio Manager tool, which enables users to identify baseline energy
performance and set targets based on EPA’s national energy performance rating system (U.S.
EPA, 2008). For new buildings, a tool called the ENERGY STAR Target Finder can be used to
set whole building performance targets (U.S. EPA, 2008b). For building types not covered by
these tools, EPA has developed a list of reference energy performance targets based on national
averages. 5
Use a staged approach to identify technical measures for improving energy efficiency
A staged approach is a systematic method to gradually improve energy efficiency in existing

buildings and incorporate energy efficiency in new and renovated buildings, which can lead to
greater overall energy cost savings. This approach starts with steps that are cost-effective and
feasible for the near term and follows with longer-term projects, so that decision-makers can
gradually implement energy efficiency. The sections below provide information on using a
staged approach in existing and new facilities, including a number of resources that offer
guidance on selecting technical measures to incorporate into energy efficiency action plans.
• Using a Staged Approach in Existing Buildings. For existing buildings, a staged approach
that sequences building upgrades in a logical, systems-oriented way, can lead to the greatest
energy savings for the available budget. When following this approach, local governments
4
See http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=spp_res.pt_spps for a directory of energy service providers. For
more information on performance contracting, see Section 6.1.7, Upfront Investment and Financing.
5
For more information, see
http://www.energystar.gov/ia/business/tools_resources/new_bldg_design/2003_CBECSPerformanceTargetsTa
ble.pdf

can identify appropriate technical measures for each step in the process, which are most
likely to improve energy efficiency in a cost-effective way.
EPA recommends using a five-stage approach to upgrading facilities (see the text box on
page 18 for a more detailed description of this approach). This approach includes the
following stages:
1. Conduct retrocommissioning.
2. Install energy-efficient lighting.
3. Reduce supplemental loads (e.g., by purchasing ENERGY STAR labeled
Figure 6.1.2. Benefits of Using a Staged Approach to Implementing Energy Efficiency

Upgrades in an Office Building (250,000 ft2)
Sequence of 1st 2nd 3rd Cooling Reduction in
Upgrade Upgrade Upgrade Upgrade Capacity Cooling Capacity
Measures (Tons) (%)
Good HVAC O&M Lighting 760 0%
Better O&M HVAC Lighting 752 1%
Best O&M Lighting HVAC 722 5%
equipment).
4. Install fan system upgrades.
5. Install heating and cooling system upgrades.
Figure 6.1.2 illustrates the benefits of implementing energy efficiency upgrades based on several
of these EPA-recommended stages. As shown in the figure, cooling capacity can be reduced by
up to 5 percent for a typical office building when implementing HVAC measures after upgrading
operations and maintenance (O&M) practices and improving lighting system efficiency. The
figure also shows that implementing upgrades in appropriate stages reduces the overall cooling
capacity needed, which can enable local governments to purchase “right-sized“ equipment.
“Right-sized“ equipment is sized to meet the necessary load after efficiency measures are
implemented, as opposed to oversized equipment that serves the load, but at a higher upfront
cost. Figure 6.1.3 illustrates how implementing upgrades in a staged fashion can reduce a
building’s energy loads and result in an overall energy consumption reduction of 30 percent
(National Action Plan for Energy Efficiency, 2008).
Energy efficiency upgrade and design guidance materials are helpful for identifying and
prioritizing technical measures to incorporate into a local government’s energy efficiency action
plan. For example, the ENERGY STAR Building Upgrade Manual provides guidance on using
the staged approach for upgrading existing buildings (see the text box regarding the staged
approach on page 18).

Overview of EPA Building Upgrade Manual Staged Approach for Improving Energy Performance
The staged approach outlined in the 2008 ENERGY STAR Building Upgrade Manual provides a systematic method for
planning energy efficiency upgrades in buildings that accounts for interactions between building energy systems,
enabling organizations to achieve significant energy savings. This approach involves the following stages:
1. Retrocommissioning: Commissioning is the process of ensuring that a new building is designed, installed,
tested, and capable of being operated and maintained according to the owner’s needs. Commissioning a new
building can produce energy cost savings of $0.02 to $0.19 per square foot (Mills et al., 2004). Commissioning can
also produce non-energy benefits, such as improved occupant comfort and indoor air quality. One study estimates
that the average value of non-energy benefits for every $1 spent on commissioning ranges from $1 to as high as
$2.30 when accounting for energy efficiency rebates. Non-energy benefits resulting from commissioning are
estimated to be $0.50 per square foot (Mills et al., 2004; Jennings and Skumatz, 2006).
Retrocommissioning buildings that were never commissioned is a key step in identifying technical measures for a
staged approach to improving energy efficiency. This process can identify no- and low-cost technical measures for
improving energy efficiency and can result in energy cost savings between $0.11 and $0.72 per square foot (Mills et
al., 2004). Recommissioning is the process of commissioning a building that has already been commissioned.
2. Lighting Upgrade: Improving the energy efficiency of the building’s lighting system can reduce lighting energy
costs. Lighting systems can account for up to 40% of a building’s total energy use. Improving lighting system energy
efficiency can halve lighting energy consumption while improving lighting quality and reducing unwanted heat gain.
Improving lighting system energy efficiency involves the following steps:
• Design light quantity and quality to meet task and occupant needs.
• Maximize lamp and ballast efficiency.
• Install automatic controls to turn off or dim lighting.
• Establish schedules for group re-lamping and fixture cleaning.
• Purchase ENERGY STAR-qualified lighting products.
• Use responsible disposal practices.
3. Supplemental Load Reductions: Purchasing ENERGY STAR-labeled office equipment and improving the
energy efficiency of building envelope components (e.g., installing window films and adding insulation or reflective
roof coating) reduces supplemental load energy consumption. Reducing supplemental loads enables organizations
to install smaller fan, heating, and cooling systems that cost less and use less energy to meet loads.
4. Air Distribution System Upgrades: Air distribution systems account for approximately 7 percent of an office
building’s total energy use. Technical measures, such as properly sizing fan system equipment and converting to a
variable-air-volume system, can significantly reduce air distribution system energy costs. For example, reducing a
fan’s speed by 20% (e.g., by using a variable-speed drive) can reduce the fan’s energy consumption by 50%.
5. Heating and Cooling System Upgrades: Heating and cooling systems typically account for one-fourth of a
building’s energy use. Improving energy efficiency in these systems can produce significant savings. A strategy for
improving heating and cooling system efficiency involves:
• Measure heating and cooling loads.

• Right-size heating and cooling systems.
• Install energy-efficient chillers.
• Upgrade other heating and cooling system components.
• Install variable speed drives on pumps and cooling tower fans.
• Optimize operations.
Source: U.S. EPA, 2008g.
• Using a Staged Approach in New and Renovated Buildings. While the preceding staged
approach makes sense for existing buildings, many local governments follow a different
approach for new buildings. To help local governments design new building systems and
materials as an integral network that will improve energy performance, EPA has developed
the ENERGY STAR Integrated Energy Design Guidance to Design (U.S. EPA, 2008c). This
guidance document can help local governments identify cost-effective energy efficiency

investments that consider the

Figure 6.1.3. Typical Office Building Load Profile
environment, climate, building
orientation, and other features that affect The graphic below illustrates a typical 250,000 ft2 office
building’s load profile for cooling, ventilation, lighting, and
performance in new facilities. It is other energy demand on a summer day in Chicago, Illinois.
important to conduct commissioning
during the construction process and to
continue commissioning through
occupancy to verify that the new
building functions as intended.
For new and renovated buildings, local

governments can also use the Whole
Building Design Guide, a resource
developed with EPA and DOE support
by the National Institute of Building
Implementing a suite of energy efficiency upgrades could
Sciences, which provides information on significantly reduce the building’s energy consumption. The
energy-efficient building design and graphic below illustrates the energy loads for the same
offers numerous case studies, tools, and building after implementing several upgrades, including:
guidance documents (WBDG, 2008). 1. O&M/re-commissioning measures (e.g., optimizing
temperature setpoints, HVAC scheduling, etc.).
2. Lighting measures (CFLs, daylighting controls, etc.).
3. HVAC measures (high efficiency chillers, premium
Secure necessary funding efficiency motors, etc.).
Implementing these upgrades noticeably reduces each
When designing an action plan for energy load. The total resultant energy decrease is
improving energy efficiency in local approximately 30%.
government buildings, it is important to
identify the capital costs of implementing
the action plan and to evaluate funding
opportunities. The following financial tools
are available through EPA’s ENERGY
STAR program to evaluate the investment
required for priority energy efficiency
projects and to help make the financial case
for energy efficiency investments:
• Cash Flow Opportunity Calculator. This

tool can be used to determine how much Source: National Action Plan for Energy Efficiency, 2008.
new energy-efficient equipment can be
purchased based on estimated cost savings, whether equipment should be purchased now
using financing or if it is better to wait and use cash from a future year’s budget, and whether
money is being lost by waiting for lower interest rates. The text box at right provides
additional information on this tool.
• Financial Value Calculator. This tool presents energy efficiency investment opportunities in
terms of key financial metrics. It can be used to determine how energy efficiency

improvements can affect organizational profit margins Cash Flow Opportunity Calculator
and returns on investments 6 .
The ENERGY STAR Cash Flow
Opportunity Calculator is a decision-
• Building Upgrade Value Calculator. This calculator making tool that can be used to influence
can be used to estimate the financial benefits of the timing of energy-efficient product
purchases. The tool can be used to
improving energy efficiency in office buildings 7 . determine:
• The quantity of energy-efficient
Once a local government has determined the size of the equipment that can be purchased and
investment required to implement priority energy financed using anticipated savings;
efficiency upgrades, it can consider a range of financing • Whether it is most cost-effective for
options. Financial assistance for improving energy the purchase to be financed now or to
efficiency in local government buildings can be secured be paid for using future operating
funds; and
through a number of sources. Many states administer
programs that provide incentives to local governments for • The cost of delay: whether money is
being lost while waiting for a lower
investments in energy efficiency, while a number of local interest rate.
governments have identified and secured funding
www.energystar.gov/ia/business/cfo_calcul
resources from external sources. Energy performance ator.xls
contracts, for example, can be used to implement energy Source: U.S. EPA, 2003.
efficiency upgrades at no upfront cost, often through a
financial arrangement with an ESCO. For more
information on funding energy efficiency improvements,
New York City Energy Savings Pilot
see Section 6.1.7, Upfront Investment and Financing. Programs
The New York City Short-Term Action Plan
In cases where local governments do not have sufficient for Reducing Energy Consumption and
resources to improve energy efficiency across a broad Greenhouse Gas Emissions in City
portfolio of buildings, they can concentrate resources to Municipal Buildings and Operations
establishes plans for multiple pilot projects,
systematically improve energy efficiency in one or a few including:
buildings. Experiences from such pilot projects can be
applied to a broader set of buildings when additional • A pilot to audit energy consumption in
10 buildings that will inform a
resources become available. In addition, many local comprehensive project involving
governments have found that implementing pilot projects many city buildings.
and studies can be an effective strategy for gathering • A pilot to apply the LEED-EB rating
information on the benefits and costs of priority system in at least five existing city
investments and can be used to increase public awareness buildings.
of energy efficiency activities. Pilot projects can also help • A pilot to test energy tracking
identify potential full-scale implementation challenges. hardware and software in at least 10
buildings.
Ocean City, New Jersey, began its energy Information gathered through these pilots
will be used to develop a database of
conservation program with a pilot project at its information on city building energy
city hall that involved a range of energy efficiency consumption.
Source: New York City, 2007b.
6
For more information on the Financial Value Calculator, visit:
http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=assess_value.financial_tools
7
For more information on the Building Upgrade Value Calculator, visit:
http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=assess_value.financial_tools

measures, including lighting retrofits, energy use monitoring, and ENERGY STAR
equipment purchases. In addition, the city conducted a number of public education
programs aimed at increasing constituent awareness of local government energy
efficiency activities (Ocean City, 2007).
Steps 5 and 6: Implement the Action Plan and Evaluate Progress
Step 5 of the ENERGY STAR Guidelines for Energy Management, Implement the Action Plan,
involves gaining the support and cooperation of individuals at different levels within the local
government. The Guidelines identify five steps for ensuring the effective implementation of the
action plan:
• Create a communication plan Model Energy Efficiency Program

Impact Evaluation Guide
• Raise awareness
• Build capacity The Model Energy Efficiency Program Impact
Evaluation Guide, developed for the National
• Motivate Action Plan for Energy Efficiency, provides
• Track and monitor detailed information on the processes and
approaches for quantifying energy and
demand savings, and avoided emissions
Section 6.1.6, Implementation Strategies on page 34, resulting from energy efficiency programs.
provides information on strategies that local While the guide focuses on impact
governments have used to address the first four evaluations, it also presents information on
process and market evaluations.
steps, including strategies for gaining buy-in from
key personnel. Source: NAPEE, 2007.

Establish and Maintain a Tracking System
Part of the fifth step in implementing an action plan is the development of a tracking system that
can be used to continuously track and monitor energy use data. Tracking key indicators is critical
for evaluating program progress and begins from the comprehensive assessment of baseline
energy performance through benchmarking and other tools, such as onsite building audits.
Maintaining an effective centralized tracking system involves the following actions:
• Perform regular updates. Data can be collected and incorporated into the tracking system at
regular intervals, typically weekly or monthly. Regular data updates ensure that the system
provides helpful output when it comes time to evaluate program progress.
• Conduct periodic reviews. Periodic reviews of progress made toward meeting interim goals
and milestones can help ensure that an energy program will meet its ultimate performance
goals (as established in Steps 2 and 3, Establish Baseline Energy Performance and Set Goals)
when the energy team conducts a complete program progress evaluation.
• Identify necessary corrective actions. Periodic reviews can also be used to identify corrective
actions the energy team can take before Conducting Impact Evaluations of Energy
a formal program evaluation. Efficiency Programs
Impact evaluations of energy efficiency programs in
Evaluate Progress schools involve determining and quantifying the
benefits of the program. Direct benefits include net
Implementing an action plan for improving energy savings, cost savings, and emission
reductions, while indirect benefits can include other
energy efficiency does not in itself economic, energy system, and environmental impacts
guarantee that a facility will achieve its such as job creation, system reliability, and health
intended energy performance target. Step 6 benefits.
of the ENERGY STAR Guidelines for Evaluations can be conducted at the individual project
Energy Management, Evaluate Progress, level (e.g., an energy-efficient lighting retrofit or a
single school facility) or at the program level (e.g., a
describes a process for evaluating the portfolio of schools across an entire school district).
progress of an energy program using When evaluating an individual project, a process
a
information collected during the tracking called measurement and verification (M&V) is often
used to determine energy savings. The International
and monitoring process described above. Performance Measurement and Verification Protocol
The Guidelines identify two critical steps provides a framework and definitions that can help
involved in evaluating an energy efficiency users develop M&V plans for their projects. It includes
guidance on current best practice techniques available
program: for determining energy savings and verifying the
results of energy efficiency, renewable energy, and
• Measure results. Comparing the water efficiency projects in commercial and industrial
performance of a portfolio of buildings facilities. When evaluating an entire program, savings
from a sample of individual projects can be determined
at the time of evaluation to the baseline using M&V methods and then applied to all of the
performance enables local governments projects in the program.
to determine whether they have met a
Measurement and verification (M&V) is a subset of the
their portfolio-wide goals (see Steps 2 evaluation process that refers to determining the direct
benefits associated with reduced energy demand and/or
and 3, Assess Baseline Energy efficient or cleaner generation at a single project or site (e.g.,
Performance and Set Goals). Measuring an energy-efficient lighting retrofit in a state facility) using one
or more techniques ranging from simple estimates of savings
results involves gathering data on to actual measurements and computer simulations.
energy use and costs from the Sources: IPMVP, 2002; NAPEE, 2007.
continuous tracking system (see Step 5,

Implement the Action Plan) and analyzing these data to determine energy efficiency
achievements. Third-party verification of these data can be a helpful step towards ensuring
that buildings achieve their intended energy performance. Third-party verification by a
certified professional engineer (PE) is also required in order for buildings to become
ENERGY STAR labeled. PE verification offers an unbiased and ethical assessment that
energy savings claims are accurate. 8 Local governments can obtain third-party verification
from a number of sources, including ESCOs and energy service providers. 9 Certified PEs
can sometimes be found within the organization that owns the building, which can avoid the
cost of hiring an outside engineer.
Once the data are compiled and verified, local governments can conduct a formal evaluation
based on established performance metrics and then benchmark their facilities to compare
their achieved energy performance against similar facilities. A number of resources are
available to local governments to help plan and conduct evaluations that analyze the impacts
of their energy efficiency program. For example, the Leadership Group of the National
Action Plan for Energy Efficiency has developed a Model Energy Efficiency Program Impact
Evaluation Guide that identifies a structure and several industry-standard approaches for
calculating the impacts of energy efficiency programs. The guide provides detailed
information on the processes and approaches for quantifying energy and demand savings and
avoided emissions resulting from energy efficiency programs (National Action Plan for
Energy Efficiency, 2007). For more information on conducting evaluations, see the text box
on page 22.
A final step in measuring results involves benchmarking energy performance. As described

under Steps 2 and 3, Assess Baseline Energy Performance and Set Goals, benchmarking can
occur earlier in the energy management process to estimate potential savings in order to help
develop a baseline and set goals. Benchmarking can also be conducted during the evaluation
process. Using EPA’s national energy performance rating scale (e.g., using Portfolio
Manager) allows local governments to:
- Compare their new performance rating to their baseline performance rating,
- Compare their achieved performance against established goals for environmental

performance or financial savings, or
- Compare their achieved energy performance to peers to establish a relative understanding

of where a local government’s performance ranks.
• Review the action plan. Once a local government has determined the results of its energy
efficiency investments, both in terms of energy savings and benchmarking, it can use this
information to evaluate the effectiveness of its action plan. If the results indicate that the
local government did not reach its goals, the local government can consider revising the
8
See http://www.energystar.gov/ia/business/evaluate_performance/pm_pe_guide.pdf for a guide to the role and
benefit of professional engineers as third-party verifiers.
9
See http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c = spp_res.pt_spps for a directory of energy service providers.

action plan (e.g., to focus on implementing

energy efficiency upgrades in additional “Green Buildings”
priority buildings). If the results indicate that Many terms are used to describe buildings that
the local government did reach its goals, the incorporate energy efficiency and other
local government can consider setting higher environmental features, including green buildings,
high performance buildings, and sustainable
goals for achieving greater energy cost buildings, among others. Regardless of the
savings, and revise the action plan definitions, there is often a public perception that
accordingly. energy efficiency and “green” are
interchangeable, and that green buildings are
energy efficient. However, this is not always the
Step 7: Recognize Success case; some “green” buildings are not adequately
energy efficient.
One way to sustain momentum and support for This section uses the term “green building” as an
energy efficiency activities is to obtain all-encompassing description of buildings that
recognition for achieving performance goals. As a incorporate energy efficiency plus other energy
and environmental features where cost effective
complement to opportunities for recognizing and practical, including:
success internally, third-party recognition options
• Renewable energy supply
include:
• Combined heat and power (CHP)
• ENERGY STAR Qualified Buildings. • Sustainable site design that minimizes stress
Buildings achieving an energy performance on the local landscape
rating of 75 or greater are eligible to apply for • Water efficiency and quality
the ENERGY STAR label. Buildings that • Green materials and resources that minimize
have earned the ENERGY STAR label use, on consumption and waste
average, 35 percent less energy as compared • Indoor air quality
to conventional buildings (U.S. EPA, 2008k).
• ENERGY STAR Awards. EPA also provides recognition to organizations that meet important
energy savings milestones, such as improvements of 10 percent, 20 percent, and 30 percent
relative to their initial baselines.
Energy Efficiency in Green Buildings
This section focuses on approaches for ensuring that green building policies and activities are
designed to improve energy efficiency and
EPA WaterSense Label
achieve the associated environmental and
financial benefits that come with combining The EPA WaterSense Program labels products
that meet water efficiency and performance
energy efficiency and other green features. criteria. Labeling criteria have been established
for plumbing fixtures (e.g., toilets and sink
Benefits of Green Buildings faucets), landscape irrigation equipment, and
other commercial products. In general, products
that receive the WaterSense label are 20% more
By incorporating energy efficiency into green water-efficient than conventional products. In
buildings and green building policies, local addition to conserving water, these products can
governments can achieve all of the energy reduce the amount of energy required to deliver
and treat water.
efficiency benefits described in Section 6.1.2,
Benefits of Energy Efficiency in Local Source: U.S. EPA, 2007e.
Government Facilities and Operations. In

particular, the reduced energy costs associated Recycling-Energy Relationship

with incorporating energy efficiency in green
• Recycling one pound of steel saves 5,450
buildings can help local governments achieve Btu of energy, enough to light a 60-watt bulb
overall cost-effectiveness in green building design for over 26 hours.
(U.S. EPA, 2008d; U.S. EPA, 2006e). • Recycling one ton of glass saves the
equivalent of nine gallons of fuel oil.
Green buildings can provide several additional • Recycling aluminum cans requires only 5% of
environmental benefits, including: the energy needed to produce aluminum from
bauxite. Recycling just one can saves
• Lower GHG emissions enough electricity to light a 100-watt bulb for
3½ hours.
• Reduced construction/demolition debris Source: Pennsylvania, 2007.
• Ecosystem protection
• Natural resources conservation
Some green building environmental features can also have secondary energy-saving benefits. For
example, many green buildings incorporate water efficiency measures that reduce water heating
energy consumption while conserving a natural resource (U.S. EPA, 2008i). The benefits of
green buildings depend upon the environmental features incorporated into the designs, which can
depend on the green building rating system (e.g., U.S. Green Building Council’s Leadership in
Energy and Environmental Design, or “LEED”)
and whether the building operates as designed. Green Building and ENERGY STAR
Planning and Design Approach for When upgrading existing buildings or designing new
buildings, local governments are looking to green
Incorporating Energy Efficiency in Green building certification programs such as U.S. Green
Buildings Building Council’s (USGBC) Leadership in Energy
and Environmental Design (LEED) design-based
When planning and designing for green buildings, rating system and the Green Globes rating system.
These rating systems standardize the elements of
local governments can follow the steps outlined in green building by conferring design certification
the preceding section on improving energy based on requirements for 1) energy and
efficiency in local government facilities. atmosphere, 2) site sustainability, 3) water
efficiency, 4) materials and resources, 5) indoor air
Incorporating energy efficiency into green quality, and 6) innovative design process.
buildings can also include the following actions:
Depending upon the rating system, it can be
important to add requirements for energy
• Ensure that energy efficiency is specifically performance, such as achieving EPA’s ENERGY
included in green building policies. Energy STAR program levels. It is also important to require
third-party verification, which is required to earn the
efficiency is a critical element of green ENERGY STAR label on commercial buildings.
building and is a key feature of the design
Some local governments, such as in Denver,
process. Local governments have found that Colorado, are ensuring that green buildings achieve
requiring a combination of energy superior energy performance by adopting policies
performance tools and green building that require local government facilities to meet both
LEED and ENERGY STAR criteria.
approaches from the onset can ensure that new
and renovated buildings meet both energy Sources: LEED, 2005; U.S. EPA, 2008o; Denver,
2008.
performance and environmental criteria. An
increasingly common strategy is to use the EPA’S ENERGY STAR platform in conjunction
with the LEED rating system for green building design. For more information on
incorporating energy efficiency in green building polices, see the text box on page 27.

In Denver, Colorado, the mayor issued an executive order establishing a green

building policy for new construction and major renovations of existing and future
city-owned and operated buildings. In order to maximize the environmental
performance and energy efficiency, the executive order requires municipal
buildings be built and certified to at least the LEED-Silver standard, Designed to
Earn the ENERGY STAR using EPA’s Target Finder, and benchmarked with
ENERGY STAR Portfolio Manager (Denver, 2008).
• Include requirements for third-party verification of energy performance. Third-party

verification is an important step towards ensuring that green buildings are energy-efficient.
While some green building certification only considers a building’s design, third-party
verification of energy performance can determine whether a building is performing as
intended. A number of local governments Energy-Efficient Design versus
have included provisions in their green Performance
building policies requiring third-party While using design standards can be helpful for
verification to confirm that, once they implementing energy efficiency measures in new
become operational, buildings meet the and renovated buildings, not all design standards
guarantee energy-efficient performance. For
energy performance targets established instance, facilities designed to exceed building
during the planning and design phases. energy codes will not necessarily achieve superior
Local governments can obtain third-party energy efficiency, since codes prescribe minimum
design criteria for certain facility components but do
verification from a number of sources, not predict whole building energy performance.
including ESCOs and energy service Studies have shown that exceeding building codes
providers. 10 is not a guarantee of future energy performance.
Source: U.S. EPA, 2006d.
• Use energy efficiency investments to
reduce the cost of using renewable energy sources. Many local governments are improving
the environmental profile of their green buildings by incorporating on-site renewable energy
generation systems into building designs. These systems, however, can have a high upfront
cost. Many local governments have found that reducing energy consumption in green
buildings through energy efficiency allows them to meet their renewable energy goals with
smaller and less expensive generation systems. In addition, the energy cost savings from
energy efficiency investments can be used to offset the cost premiums of using renewable
energy sources. For more information on using on-site renewable energy generation systems,
see Section 7.2, On-site Renewable Energy Generation.
• Consider conducting a demonstration project. When resources and/or support for

implementing a green building policy for local government facilities are limited, local
governments can develop a single green building to serve as a demonstration project. These
projects can be used to showcase the energy efficiency and environmental benefits of green
buildings, while helping to make the case for implementing a portfolio-wide green building
approach as additional support and/or resources become available.
10
See http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=spp_res.pt_spps for a directory of energy service and product
providers.

Incorporating Energy Efficiency into Green Building Policies

Energy efficiency can be incorporated into green building policies in different ways, depending on the green building
rating system used. Local governments can take the following steps to incorporate energy efficiency into green
building policies.
LEED for Existing Buildings (LEED-EB)
• Require that the actual energy use of buildings meets aggressive energy performance targets, based on the most
energy-efficient existing buildings in the market.
• For building types covered by EPA’s ENERGY STAR Portfolio Manager rating system, the target should be at
least 75, the level at which a building is eligible to earn the ENERGY STAR label. This is more stringent than the
LEED-EB requirement and will result in greater energy efficiency. See Develop Whole Building Performance
Targets under Steps 4 and 5 in Planning and Implementation Strategies for Improving Energy Efficiency in Local
Government Facilities for guidance for building types not covered by Portfolio Manager.
• Strive to achieve the greatest possible quantity of credits in the LEED energy and atmosphere section.
• Once a building has been operating for one year, compare the building’s actual performance to the energy target
used during the design phase and confirm that the building is eligible for the ENERGY STAR, where available.
LEED for New Construction (LEED-NC)
• Require design teams to meet an aggressive energy performance target, based on the most energy-efficient
existing buildings in the market. For building types covered by EPA’s ENERGY STAR Target Finder, the target
should be at least 75, the level at which a building is “Designed to Earn the ENERGY STAR.” See Develop Whole
Building Performance Targets under Steps 4 and 5 in Planning and Implementation Strategies for Improving
Energy Efficiency in Local Government Facilities for guidance for building types not covered by Target Finder.
• Strive to achieve the greatest possible quantity of credits in the LEED energy and atmosphere section.
used during the design phase and confirm that building is eligible for the ENERGY STAR, where available.
Green Globes Rating System for New Buildings or Significant Renovation
• Strive to achieve the highest possible rating using the Green Globes rating system, which requires new building
designs to achieve a rating of 75 (to be eligible for the ENERGY STAR) or better using EPA’s ENERGY STAR
Target Finder. See Develop Whole Building Performance Targets under Steps 4 and 5 in Planning and
Implementation Strategies for Improving Energy Efficiency in Local Government Facilities for more detailed
guidance and strategies for building types not covered by Target Finder.
used during the design phase and confirm that the building is eligible for the ENERGY STAR, where available.
Sources: LEED, 2005; LEED, 2007; U.S. EPA, 2008o; Green Globes, 2008.
Energy Efficiency in Local Government Operations
Many local governments are expanding the scope of their energy efficiency activities to target
opportunities to improve energy efficiency in operations that occur outside local government
facilities. These opportunities include:
• Energy-efficient landscaping. Local governments can achieve building energy load

reductions by landscaping for energy efficiency. According to the Lawrence Berkeley
National Laboratory (LBNL), peak energy demand for air conditioning increases by 1.5 to 2
percent for every 1°F increase in temperature in cities with populations of 100,000 or more
(Akbari et al., 1992). Planting trees and vegetation can significantly reduce building energy
consumption by blocking unwanted sun in the summer, allowing sun in the winter, and
providing a winter wind shield.
Research by LBNL through the EPA Urban Heat Island Pilot Project found that potential
energy cost savings from energy-efficient landscaping and other heat island reduction

measures in Salt Lake City, Utah; Baton Rouge, Louisiana; and Sacramento, California,
could reach $4 million, $15 million, and $26 million, respectively (Konopacki and
Akbari, 2000).
• Energy-efficient street lighting. Many local

governments are retrofitting street lights with Ann Arbor, Michigan—LED Street
Lighting
energy-efficient equipment that reduces
energy, maintenance, and procurement costs, Approximately 25% of Ann Arbor, Michigan’s,
energy budget is spent on traffic signals and
since the fixtures use less energy and require street lighting (8% and 92%, respectively). In its
less frequent maintenance and replacement. 2005-2006 budget, the city established a
Using energy-efficient lamps and proper moratorium on new street lights to reduce energy
costs.
fixture spacing can also reduce local
The city was already saving $49,000 annually in
government capital costs by requiring fewer energy costs from installing LED fixtures in traffic
lighting poles and lamps. In addition, replacing and cross-walk signals beginning in 2000.
inefficient lamps with energy-efficient ones Building on this experience and the success of a
pilot project to test LED streetlights on one city
can often result in reduced glare and improved block, the city is in the process of equipping all
visibility (NYSERDA, 2002). 1,000 downtown streetlights with energy-efficient
LED fixtures. This measure, which is expected to
Medford, Massachusetts, has worked with reduce street lighting energy costs by $100,000
annually, is funded in part through a grant from
its utility to convert the city’s old mercury the Ann Arbor Downtown Development Authority.
vapor lamps to high-pressure sodium ones,
Source: Ann Arbor, 2008.
which are 32 percent more efficient (NCS,
2007).
• Energy-efficient traffic signals. Many local governments are reducing energy costs by
replacing conventional traffic signals with energy-efficient light-emitting diode (LED) traffic
signals. Traffic signals that use LEDs typically consume 80 to 90 percent less energy than
conventional traffic signals, and because traffic signals operate continuously, LED traffic
signals can reduce peak energy demand. In addition, LED traffic lights can have safety and
maintenance benefits because they are less likely to burn out than conventional lights (CAE,
2007).
Keene, New Hampshire—LED Traffic
Retro-fitting 380 traffic signals in Signals
Clackamas County, Oregon, has produced
Keene, New Hampshire, is implementing
annual energy savings of $10,000, which measures to reduce energy consumption and
will offset the costs of the measure within GHG emissions to meet the goals of the ICLEI
four years (NACo, 2007b). Cities for Climate Protection campaign. It has
replaced inefficient traffic signals with energy-
efficient LEDs at a cost of $29,000. The town
• Exterior signage. Exterior signage, such as signs continues to achieve energy cost savings of
with programmable, automatically changing nearly $4,000 annually. A $10,000 rebate from
messages, can be selected based on energy the local utility reduced the cost, enabling the
town to achieve a payback period of five years.
efficiency. Some exterior signs operate on The energy savings translate into 15 tons of
LEDs, making them significantly more efficient CO2 emissions avoided each year, an amount
than conventional signs (Flex Your Power, equal to what 11 acres of pine or fir forests can
sequester in one year.
2008).
Sources: CACP, 2007; U.S. CTC, 2007.
In Seattle, Washington, the municipally

owned utility has offered bonuses to local businesses that use LEDs in exterior
programmable signs (Seattle, 2007).
6.1.4 Key Participants
Local governments are working with a range of participants to plan and implement programs to
improve energy efficiency in their facilities and operations. This section provides information on
the types of participants who are involved in local government efforts to improve energy
efficiency in facilities and operations, and includes descriptions and examples of how each can
contribute unique authority or expertise.
• Mayor or County Executive. Local government executives can provide key support for an
energy efficiency program by mobilizing resources and ensuring program visibility. Many
local government executives have appointed local energy committee members to provide
guidance on improving energy efficiency in local government facilities and operations.
In an effort to make Milwaukee, Wisconsin, the “greenest city” in the country, the mayor
established the Milwaukee Green Team and directed Team workgroups to provide
recommendations on cost-effective opportunities for improving energy efficiency,
reducing environmental impacts, and creating jobs (Milwaukee, 2005).
• City or County Council. In many local

Atlanta Energy Conservation Policy
governments, the city or county council must
approve energy efficiency improvements, In 2002, the Atlanta city council initiated the
Energy Efficiency Project to reduce energy
especially if substantial funding or a change to consumption in city facilities. A comprehensive
existing policies or codes is required. In audit in 2003 revealed potential energy cost
addition, many city and county councils have savings of approximately $455,000 in 2003 and
$367,000 in 2004 and subsequent years.
initiated energy efficiency improvements by Following this audit, the city’s chief operating
establishing policies that require departments to officer drafted a memo that established a goal
reduce energy consumption. Many local of reducing city government energy
consumption by 10 percent by 2010 (based on
government legislative bodies have passed 2001 levels).
resolutions to participate in regional, national,
and international campaigns to improve energy
efficiency and reduce impacts on the climate.
In 2007, the city council of Santa Barbara, California, adopted an energy ordinance that
requires local government facilities to be designed to be 20 percent more energy efficient
than required by the state building energy efficiency standards, which already exceed
national standards by about 20 percent (U.S. DOE, 2008).
• Energy and Environment Staff. Staff who work in energy- and environment-related local
offices can offer unique expertise that facilitates the implementation of a range of energy
efficiency activities, such as identifying priority investments and evaluating the impacts of
energy efficiency improvements.
Arapahoe County, Colorado, hired an energy conservation manager and established an

energy efficiency team to support its involvement in the ENERGY STAR Challenge and
create an energy-conscious culture in the county through education, awareness, and

accountability. Using ENERGY STAR resources and tools, such as Portfolio Manager,
the team has earned the ENERGY STAR for eight of the county’s facilities since 2007.
One administration building has reduced its energy consumption by almost 30 percent,
and an energy performance contract for nine of the county’s buildings achieved verified
savings of more than $900,000 in the first contract year (Arapahoe County, 2008).
Some local governments have designated an energy

Energy Efficiency Champions
manager to coordinate energy efficiency activities,
often as part of a comprehensive clean energy Many local government agencies do not
have staff members assigned specifically
program. This person is often appointed to monitor to energy efficiency activities or have staff
government energy consumption, identify simultaneously assigned to multiple
opportunities for improvement, and engage the programs. Some local governments have
found that identifying an energy efficiency
private sector in energy efficiency initiatives. “champion” can help ensure that energy
efficiency activities are implemented within
Waitsfield, Vermont’s, energy coordinator sits each department. In Atlanta, Georgia, a
coordinator is appointed from each
on the town energy committee, works with the department to oversee implementation of
town planning commission to include energy the Energy Conservation Program.
policies in the town comprehensive plan, Source: Atlanta, 2007.
oversees energy audits of local government
facilities, and coordinates energy efficiency
upgrades (Waitsfield, 2007).
• Local Planners. How and where communities are developed has a significant impact on
eventual energy consumption. Planners, who are responsible for creating the plans that
determine how and where development occurs, often serve as advisors to the policy makers
who develop local energy efficiency policies. Planners can directly affect local energy
consumption through developing energy-efficient building standards, enforcing local
ordinances, and developing long-term plans that address clean energy and climate action
issues, including energy efficiency in local government facilities and operations.
In March 2007, the Epping, New Hampshire, planning board presented an Energy
Efficiency and Sustainable Design Ordinance at a town hall meeting. The ordinance,
which was passed by voters, establishes energy efficiency design requirements for
commercial and government building envelopes, HVAC systems, and other operational
features (e.g., lighting systems) (Epping, 2007).
• Facility Management Teams. Many local governments rely on facility management teams to
ensure that energy efficiency improvements continue to produce results, since these
individuals have considerable hands-on experience with energy-using equipment and are well
positioned to operate and maintain equipment and facilities for energy efficiency. Some local
governments provide training to these teams to assist them in maintaining and operating
equipment and systems in an energy-efficient manner (U.S. EPA, 2008g).
Madison, Wisconsin, adopted city sustainability guidelines that include a requirement

that facility managers be trained in building commissioning (Madison, 2005).

Flower Mound, Texas, has developed a guide to assist its Facility Management Division
in meeting the town’s energy conservation goals (Flower Mound, 2002).
In 2008, the Public Works Facilities Maintenance team in Charlottesville, Virginia,

conducted an energy audit of local government and school district facilities. The team
used this audit to develop a set of recommendations for the city to incorporate into an
energy performance contract with a qualified ESCO. The projects included in the
performance contract (which was completed in October 2008) encompassed 22 municipal
buildings and are expected to produce annual energy cost savings of nearly $220,000
(Charlottesville, 2008).
• Other Local Governments and Regional Entities. Some local governments have enhanced the
effectiveness and public awareness of their energy efficiency programs by working with
other local governments and regional entities. Such partnerships allow local governments to
compare approaches and benefits and share information on potential barriers to
implementation.
The Denver-area Metro Mayors Caucus signed a memorandum of understanding

pledging to work together to reduce energy consumption in local government facilities
and operations, promote energy efficiency and conservation for businesses and
residences, and increase public awareness of clean energy (Metro Mayors Caucus, 2006).
• State Energy Offices. Many local governments have borrowed from state government
experience in planning and implementing energy efficiency programs and often receive
technical and financial assistance from states (U.S. EPA, 2006).
In Nampa, Idaho, local elected officials worked with the Idaho Energy Division to retro-
commission the city hall, which was built in 1980. The Energy Division contracted with
an ESCO to have the facility retro-commissioned, and arranged to have the cost of the
project paid for through the Northwest Energy Efficiency Alliance’s Commissioning in
Public Buildings Program. The project produced annual energy cost savings of
approximately $17,000 (PECI, 2007).
• Utilities and Other Energy Efficiency Program Administrators. Many local governments
have partnered with investor-owned utilities and other energy efficiency program
administrators (e.g., independent or non-profit energy services providers) to obtain technical
assistance for facility managers and building design teams and also to take advantage of
energy efficiency rebates and incentives that many of these utilities offer.
In California, the three largest investor-owned utilities are required by law to include a
system benefits charge on ratepayers’ bills to fund energy efficiency programs that
provide assistance to local governments and customers (California, 2007b).
In New York City, local government agencies have worked with an energy efficiency
program administered by the state-owned New York Power Authority to improve energy
efficiency in local government facilities. The utility offers the city low-cost financing on
energy performance contracts and provides technical assistance on specific projects. The

cumulative savings from this program exceed $14 million across more than 160 projects
throughout the city (New York City, 2004).
In addition, a number of local governments own and manage municipal utilities that are
responsive to local customer interests rather than stakeholders’ interests. In some cases, as in
Ashland, Oregon, municipally owned utilities are required by local law to support local clean
energy activities (Ashland, 2007).
• Energy Service Companies (ESCOs). Many local governments have contracted with ESCOs
to conduct energy audits and perform energy efficiency upgrades on a performance-
contracting basis. Under a performance contract, local governments can often avoid using
capital budgets to pay for the upfront costs of energy efficiency improvements, which are
paid for over time using energy cost savings. For more information on energy performance
contracts, see Section 6.1.7, Upfront Investment and Financing.
Tyler, Texas, entered into a performance contract with an ESCO to upgrade city traffic
signals, implement water efficiency measures, and retrofit the city’s 29 facilities
(including lighting system retrofits, energy management system installations in the city’s
major offices, and air conditioning unit replacements). Within three years these
investments produced a combined savings and increased revenues that exceeded the goal
of $2.3 million (Johnson Controls, 2008).
• Non-profit Organizations. A number of local governments have partnered with non-profit

organizations to plan and implement energy efficiency projects in their facilities and
operations. These organizations can offer local governments technical and financial
assistance and can direct them to information resources.
The Greener Hopkinton Committee in Hopkinton, New Hampshire, performed an initial

energy performance assessment of several town facilities using EPA’s ENERGY STAR
Portfolio Manager. The town will be working with the Jordan Institute, a non-profit
organization that focuses on promoting clean energy, to identify potential energy
efficiency investments to reduce the town’s energy expenditures. The non-profit recently
entered into a project with the New Hampshire Office of Energy and Planning to create a
revolving loan fund for energy efficiency projects in all sectors (initially starting with
school districts and local governments) using grant money from DOE (Hopkinton, 2008;
Jordan Institute, 2008).

6.1.5 Program Initiation Mechanisms

Chicago, Illinois—Mayor’s Agenda
Local governments have employed a variety of The Mayor of Chicago announced his first
mechanisms to initiate programs for improving Environmental Action Agenda in 2005,
energy efficiency in their facilities and committing the city to a number of energy and
environmental goals. The 2006 Agenda
operations. This section provides information on highlights nearly 200 achievements since
a range of these mechanisms, including 2005, including:
descriptions and examples of how participants • Incorporating building energy
have used different types of mechanisms to management systems in all new buildings.
motivate the creation or development of energy • Commissioning four existing facilities.
efficiency programs and policies. • Using the LEED rating system for all new
city facilities, including 22 LEED
certifications.
• Executive Policies or Agendas. Mayors and • Installing green or reflective roofs on all
county executives can have a great deal of facilities undergoing roof repairs.
influence over the creation and development Overall, the city has conducted energy
of energy efficiency programs. Many local efficiency retrofits for more than 15 million
square feet of public facilities, including the city
government executives have initiated energy housing and transit authorities, city colleges,
efficiency programs through executive and the city’s public libraries—the equivalent of
orders and policy agendas. three Sears Towers.
When finished, the project should save $6
In Lansing, Michigan, the mayor issued million annually and eliminate 30,000 tons of
CO2 from entering the atmosphere.
an executive order that directed the city
to improve energy efficiency at the city Source: Chicago, 2006, Chicago Green Action
Plan.
hall and required all city departments to
power-down non-essential electricity use
in all city buildings during non-business hours (Lansing, 2006).
• City or County Council Resolutions. Many city or county councils have initiated energy
efficiency policies via resolutions or bills. City councils in a number of local governments,
such as Baltimore, Maryland; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; and Salt Lake City, Utah, have
established policies requiring that new buildings and major renovations be designed in
accordance with specific energy efficiency performance standards (Baltimore, 2005;
Philadelphia, 2008; Salt Lake City, 2005).
Madison, Wisconsin, used a city council resolution to adopt The Natural Step, a
sustainable development method that promotes energy efficiency. The resolution also
requires that staff be trained in how to implement The Natural Step and how to
commission facilities (Madison, 2005).
• City and County Planning Processes. Many cities and counties have developed energy plans
that guide decision making on energy-related issues. These plans often include
recommendations or requirements to improve energy efficiency in local government facilities
and operations. Other local governments, such as Boulder, Colorado, have incorporated
energy efficiency components into climate change action plans (Boulder, 2006). Local
governments have also used other planning documents, such as land use, transportation, and
waste management plans, as vehicles for establishing energy efficiency goals in their
facilities and operations.

Greensburg, Kansas—Master Plan

Concord, Massachusetts, developed a
In 2007, Greensburg, Kansas, developed a
Comprehensive Sustainable Energy Plan that master plan to rebuild the city after a tornado
proposed recommendations based on model destroyed more than 90 percent of the
energy efficiency programs in other local buildings and infrastructure. In the plan, the
town committed to a comprehensive green
governments (Concord, 2007). approach to rebuilding that focused on energy
efficiency, renewable energy, and sustainable
• Zoning Ordinances. Zoning ordinances determine design.
how and where development can occur. The master plan includes recommendations for
Incorporating energy efficiency as a priority into reexamining the city’s preexisting permitting
processes, zoning ordinances, and building
the zoning process can lead to improved energy codes. Potential policy barriers to more energy
efficiency in community design plans. A number efficient building strategies will be reevaluated
of local governments have adopted ordinances that and opportunities for implementing incentives
will be explored.
mandate energy-efficient street lighting and
require buildings to meet specific energy Greenburg’s master plan has become a model
for building a green city from the ground up.
performance and environmental design criteria. The town has been highlighted in the National
Building Museum in Washington, D.C., as part
White Lake Township, Michigan, has included of the “Green Community: How We Plan,
Design, and Construct the World Between Our
specifications for energy-efficient fixtures for Buildings” exhibit as a model for building and
street lighting in amendments to zoning maintaining a sustainable community.
ordinances (White Lake, 2008). Sources: Greensburg, 2008; BNIM, 2008a;
BNIM, 2008b; BNIM, 2008c.
6.1.6 Implementation Strategies
Local governments have significant opportunities to promote energy efficiency by investing in

their own facilities, promoting participation by community members and constituents, and using
their “bully pulpit” to act as a valuable educator and outreach coordinator for spreading the
positive message about the benefits of energy efficiency. Inherent advantages, however, do not
preclude numerous barriers from potentially hindering effective implementation of all types of
energy efficiency programs. Barriers can be overcome by considering and employing several
useful strategies, such as:
• Engaging management. Enforcing the benefits of energy efficiency through life-cycle cost
analysis, building an experienced interagency team, and creating a well-defined energy
policy or plan can help secure support from elected officials and local government agency
managers.
• Providing adequate information. ENERGY STAR offers many information resources and
case studies for local governments interested in implementing energy efficiency initiatives
(U.S. EPA and DOE, 2008c).
• Utilizing measurement tools and methodologies. Setting up an energy efficiency program can
be daunting, especially for local governments that are making decisions on behalf of their
constituents. Employing effective measurement tools and methodologies can address this
barrier and help make the case to begin or expand energy efficiency programming. ENERGY
STAR offers a number of resources that can help measure progress, including Portfolio
Manager for buildings, which allows building managers to track upgrades and energy savings
resulting from those upgrades.

• Pursuing creative financing options. Local governments, in contrast to the private sector,
often have less access to creative financing structures and mechanisms such as performance
contracting (National Action Plan for Energy Efficiency, 2008), and often face limitations for
use of public funds. However, several funding vehicles and opportunities exist, such as
energy performance contracts, lease-purchase agreements, public bonds, or utility-based
incentives, and are outlined under Financing on pg. 39 of this section.
• Developing political consensus. Local government decisions are often subject to consensus
and therefore can run into barriers brought on by differing opinions or political perspectives,
which can in turn prolong the development or adoption of an energy efficiency program.
However, by incorporating energy efficiency goals into preexisting related initiatives, local
governments can avoid some of the difficulties associated with building political consensus.
Once a local government has initiated a program for improving energy efficiency in its facilities
and operations (see Section 6.1.5, Program Initiation Mechanisms), it can use a number of
specific implementation strategies to strengthen the program and address the barriers identified
above. These strategies can serve two purposes:
• Developing the energy efficiency program to enhance its effectiveness, and

• Engaging the community to leverage additional resources and increase program visibility.
Strategies to help overcome financial obstacles are discussed in Section 6.1.7, Upfront
Investment and Financing.
Implementation Strategies for Developing the Energy Efficiency Program
This section describes implementation strategies that local governments have used to develop
and enhance the benefits of their energy efficiency programs after they have been initiated.
These strategies are similar to those involved in planning and designing the program (see Section
6.1.3, Planning and Design Approaches to Energy Efficiency in Local Government Facilities and
Operations). For example, when planning and designing energy efficiency improvements in
local government facilities, it is important to use a team approach to develop an energy policy
and to create an action plan. Similarly, when implementing the program for improving energy
efficiency in local government facilities, it is important to use a team approach to guide the
continual development, refinement, and successful execution of the program.
• Coordinate energy efficiency programs with climate change goals. Many local governments
are taking active roles in developing climate policy by committing to reduce GHG
emissions. Incorporating energy efficiency activities into their climate policies can help local
governments meet their GHG emission reduction commitments and often reduce the costs of
doing so. In addition, by making the link between climate change and energy efficiency,
local governments are in a better position to gain support for both programs.
• Integrate energy efficiency upgrades with other clean energy objectives. Local governments
have enhanced the benefits of overall clean energy programs by integrating energy efficiency
with other clean energy activities, such as green power purchases. Integrating energy
efficiency with other clean energy activities can help local governments increase the
visibility of their clean energy activities and can increase the cost-effectiveness of an overall

clean energy program by leveraging interactions between activities. For example, local
governments can improve the energy and environmental profile of their electricity supply by
using the continuing energy cost savings from energy efficiency upgrades to purchase larger
percentages of their electricity from green power sources, once the initial costs of the
upgrade are recovered. Combining clean energy activities in this manner can lead to
increased political support for activities that require a larger upfront investment.
Story County, Iowa, was able to recover the cost of installing geothermal energy storage
equipment at a new facility within five years by coupling the installation with technical
energy efficiency measures, including lighting upgrades, water heater retrofits, and
window glazing. Aggregate energy cost savings over the first five years of the building’s
operation were greater than $200,000, which exceeded the cost of purchasing and
installing the geothermal equipment by $25,000 (Story County, 2007).
• Train staff to ensure energy efficiency improvements are sustained. A number of local
governments coordinate training sessions for agency employees and facility maintenance
teams. These sessions can be conducted by the local government, or by external
organizations, such as EPA’s ENERGY STAR program. ENERGY STAR offers free online
training sessions for local governments on a range of topics, including Promoting Energy
Efficiency in Your Community and ENERGY STAR and the LEED Rating System (U.S. EPA,
2008p). 11
• Use a team approach to continually improve the energy efficiency program. Building a team
of individuals with diverse areas of expertise can be a critical step in implementing and
continually developing a successful energy efficiency program.
Many local governments, such as Medford, Massachusetts, have established scoping

teams or energy efficiency advisory committees, to create a forum for discussion to guide
decision-making related to existing energy efficiency programs. Medford’s team
members come from a number of backgrounds, including a meteorologist, a public
relations professional, an IT manager, a utility professional, teachers, students, and a
community organizer, a representative diversity that helps the team plan with most
sectors of the community in mind. To date, the committee has aided in the installation of
a wind turbine at an elementary school, which provides 10 percent of the school’s power
needs, and solar panels for city hall; plans are underway for the installation of an
additional $100,000 in solar panels for city property (Medford Clean Energy Committee,
2008).
Implementation Strategies for Engaging the Community
Local governments have also used implementation strategies that engage the community, the
private sector, and other potential partners. Engaging multiple constituent groups serves to
broaden the reach of the program message and participation, as well as access to ideas and tools.
To help facilitate these partnerships, EPA has developed a Web site that provides information on
11
See http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=government.bus_government_local_training for more information.

how school districts, local governments, and other organizations can leverage community
resources to support energy efficiency programs and promote energy efficiency. 12 The Web site
outlines a five-step process for engaging the community. In addition, it provides examples and
information resources, including a fact sheet on examples of community-wide ENERGY STAR
events and key strategies for working with different types of groups within the community (U.S.
EPA, 2008q).
Local governments can gain access to additional resources and increase the visibility of their
programs for improving energy efficiency by using some of the following strategies:
• Achieve more cost-effective energy efficiency improvements by increasing economies of scale

in purchasing. Making small-scale or piecemeal energy efficiency upgrades can be
beneficial, but may impose higher upfront costs on local governments. Working together
with nearby cities, towns, and counties to aggregate purchases can reduce costs through bulk
discounts. Partnering can also create a network of colleagues for the exchange of ideas and
best practices while helping to coordinate local and regional goals and policies.
• Advance energy efficiency in the private sector. Local governments have generated
community-wide benefits by extending the scope of their energy efficiency activities beyond
their own facilities and operations to assist local businesses and residents in improving
energy efficiency in their buildings. Programs for advancing energy efficiency in the private
sector can include mandatory energy efficiency criteria for new buildings, expedited review
as an incentive for energy-efficient development, and direct financial incentives for
incorporating energy efficiency in facility design. Many local governments offer such
financial incentives for energy efficiency investments, including rebates, low-interest loans,
and fee waivers.
The city council in West Chester, Pennsylvania, unanimously voted to adopt a resolution
that requires new commercial buildings higher than 45 feet to be designed to achieve the
ENERGY STAR and to achieve the ENERGY STAR after one year of operation (West
Chester, 2008).
The county council in Montgomery County, Maryland, passed a resolution in 2008

requiring that beginning in 2010, all newly constructed single-family residences and all
multi-family residences that are eligible to earn the ENERGY STAR rating must achieve
this rating and be certified by a qualified home energy performance rater. The resolution
also directs a Sustainability Working Group to evaluate and report on options for
incentives to assist local residents and businesses improve energy efficiency
(Montgomery County, 2008).
Asheville, North Carolina, waives permit and plan fees for buildings that meet certain
renewable energy and energy efficiency criteria, including a $100 waiver for residential
new homes that are ENERGY STAR qualified (DSIRE, 2007).
12
See http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?fuseaction=challenge_community.showIntroduction for more
information.

• Communicate the benefits of energy efficiency to the public. Effective communication helps
engage and educate local businesses and residents about energy efficiency, which can lead to
broader adoption of energy-efficient practices. Local governments have reached out to
businesses and residents using a variety of strategies, including information sessions and by
challenging the public to meet community-wide
Massachusetts Communities
goals. Compete to Conserve Energy
When the city council of Missoula, In 2007, four Massachusetts towns competed
as part of ENERGY STAR’s “Change a Light,
Montana, adopted an energy efficiency Change the World” campaign. The
policy for new municipal construction, it competition pitted the towns of Rowley and
included directions on communicating the Georgetown against Groveland and
Merrimac. Each of the towns’ municipally-
benefits of improving energy efficiency to owned electric departments encouraged local
the community by posting the results of a businesses and residents to pledge to
municipal energy audit on its Web site and replace inefficient light bulbs with energy-
efficient ones. One town, for example, gained
using a variety of communications media to 75 pledges for a total of 402 bulbs replaced,
explain the reasons for the city’s investment translating to more than $7,000 in annual
in energy efficiency (Missoula, 2007). energy savings.
Source: MMA, 2007.
• Join regional, national, or international efforts.
A number of local governments have joined regional, national, and international efforts to
improve energy efficiency and reduce GHG emissions. For example, the International
Council for Local Environmental Initiatives (ICLEI) Cities for Climate Protection campaign
encourages local governments to reduce energy consumption to achieve GHG emission
reduction goals and provides local governments with information and resources to do so
(ICLEI, 2008).
More than 200 local governments have adopted the ENERGY STAR Challenge to
improve energy efficiency in their buildings by at least 10 percent. The ENERGY STAR
Challenge—Build a Better World 10% at a Time campaign calls on governments,
schools, and businesses across the country Arlington County, Virginia—Short
to identify energy efficiency measures in Payback Periods on Energy Efficiency
their facilities and improve energy Investments
efficiency by 10 percent or more. EPA Through its Arlington Initiative to Reduce
estimates that if each building owner Emissions (AIRE) program, Arlington County,
accepts this challenge, by 2015 Americans Virginia, is generating significant energy cost
savings by investing in energy efficiency in its
would save about $10 billion and reduce facilities and operations. On average, the county’s
GHG emissions by more than 20 million investments in energy efficiency are paid back in
metric tons of carbon equivalent— five years. However, many of its investments have
had high returns on investment, leading to shorter
equivalent to the emissions from 15 payback periods. For example, the county
million vehicles (U.S. EPA, 2008j). implemented a $500 energy efficiency project in
one of its warehouses in 2006 that produced
• Work with neighboring local governments. annual energy cost savings of $10,000. In
Some local governments have increased the addition, a $6,000 lighting system retrofit at a teen
detention facility is producing energy cost savings
visibility of their energy efficiency programs of $4,000 annually (resulting in a payback period
and encouraged broader adoption of energy- of less than two years).
efficient practices in the private sector by Source: Arlington, 2007.
collaborating with neighboring local

governments to leverage public awareness.
Ten local governments in Vermont and the Upper Valley region of New Hampshire
formed “town energy committees” that network to share information about local efforts
to reduce energy consumption (SERG, 2008).
In the Washington, D.C., area, local governments are collaborating with businesses and
residents to improve energy efficiency as part of the Energy Efficiency Partnership of
Greater Washington (Washington, 2007).
6.1.7 Upfront Investment and Financing
This section provides information on the size and payback periods associated with upfront
investments in energy efficiency improvements in local government facilities and operations. It
also identifies several financing opportunities that can help local governments manage the costs
of these investments.
Upfront Investment
Improving energy efficiency in local government facilities and operations is an investment that
earns a return over time. The size and payback period (the length of time required to recoup
upfront costs) of this investment varies depending on the extensiveness of the upgrade and the
resources required. While some energy efficiency improvements require substantial upfront
investment, the costs can often be quickly recovered. Life-cycle cost analysis, which measures
the lifetime costs of design and construction, maintenance and replacement, and other
environmental impacts, reveals the cost-effectiveness of energy efficiency upgrades. For more
information on life-cycle cost analysis, see Section 6.1.3, Planning and Design Approaches to
Energy Efficiency in Local Government Facilities and Operations.
Life-cycle cost analyses can reveal short payback periods for many energy efficiency
investments. Incorporating investments with short payback periods into a comprehensive energy
efficiency upgrade can help reduce the overall payback period for the entire project. For
example, the third stage of the approach for upgrading facilities described in Section 6.1.3
involves reducing supplemental loads by purchasing energy-efficient products. Purchasing these
products, which have short payback periods, can generate significant energy cost savings that
can shorten the payback period for the building upgrade as a whole. Similarly, behavioral
adjustments such as setting thermostats at lower temperatures in the winter can often be
implemented at no cost yet produce significant savings and reduce the payback period of a
comprehensive upgrade. Other measures, such as caulking or sealing seams in building
envelopes, can be implemented at a low cost yet produce substantial savings. Larger retrofits,
such as HVAC system replacement or complete lighting system upgrades, have higher initial
costs but can be cost-effective over the life of the investment. Table 6.1.3, ENERGY STAR
Specification Overviews: Energy Savings and Cost-Effectiveness, illustrates the payback periods
for a variety of energy-efficient commercial-capacity products.
In 2001, Kings County, California, was able to reduce its typical peak energy costs by 10
percent by altering its summer operating schedule to 7 a.m. to 4 p.m. for three months
(Flex Your Power, 2003a).

In addition, using a staged approach to improve energy efficiency (as described in Section 6.1.3)
can sometimes minimize investment costs. Purchasing low-cost energy-efficient products to
reduce energy loads, for example, can mean that energy savings goals can be met using smaller
energy-efficient building systems (e.g., HVAC systems), which can reduce the purchase and
installation costs of the system (U.S. EPA, 2008G).
Table 6.1.3. ENERGY STAR Specification Overviews: Energy Savings and Payback Periods
Percent Energy Savings
Effective Date of Current
Product Category Compared to Payback Period
Specification
Conventional Product
Appliances
Fryers August 2003 15% 12 yearsg
Hot food holding cabinets August 2003 60% 5 yearsh
0 years (typically no retail
Dehumidifiers October 2006 15%
cost premium)
Dishwashers January 2007 33% b
cost premium)
3 years (refrigerators)c
Refrigerators and freezers April 2008 35%
11 years (freezers)d
Room air conditioners November 2005 10% Variablee
0 years (typically no retail cos
Room air cleaners July 2004 45%
premium)
Electronics
Battery charging systems January 2006 35%
cost premium)
Cordless phones November 2006 55%
cost premium)
Combination units July 2005 30%
cost premium)
DVD products January 2003 60%
cost premium)
External power adapters January 2005 35%
cost premium)
Televisions November 2008 25%
cost premium)
Envelope
Roof products December 2007 Not available < 4 years
Windows, doors, and
September 2005 Not available Not available
skylights
Lighting
Compact fluorescent lamps January 2004 75% < 1 yearf
Office Equipment
Computers July 2007 25–50%
cost premium)

Table 6.1.3. ENERGY STAR Specification Overviews: Energy Savings and Payback Periods
Percent Energy Savings
Effective Date of Current
Product Category Compared to Payback Period
Specification
Conventional Product
Copiers April 2007 65%
cost premium)
Monitors July 2007 25%
cost premium)
Multifunction devices April 2007 20%
cost premium)
Printers, fax machines, and 0 years (typically no retail
April 2007 15%
mailing machines cost premium)
Scanners April 2007 50%
cost premium)
Heating and Cooling
Air source heat pumps April 2006 5% < 5 years
Boilers April 2002 5% < 1 year
Ceiling fans September 2006 45%
cost premium)
Furnaces October 2006 15% < 3 years
< 5 years for new
Geothermal heat pumps April 2001 30%
construction
Light commercial HVAC January 2004 5% < 1 year
Ventilating fans October 2003 70%
cost premium)
Other
Water coolers May 2004 45%
cost premium)
April 2004
Vending machines August 2006 (rebuilt 40% < 1 year
machines)
a
ENERGY STAR develops performance-based specifications to determine the most energy-efficient products in a particular product
category. These specifications, which are used as the basis for ENERGY STAR qualification, are developed using a systematic
process that relies on market, engineering, and pollution savings research and input from industry stakeholders. Specifications are
revised periodically to be more stringent, which has the effect of increasing overall market energy efficiency (U.S. EPA, 2007h).
b
U.S. EPA and U.S. DOE, 2009c.
c
U.S. EPA and U.S. DOE, 2009b.
d
U.S. EPA and U.S. DOE, 2009.
e
f
g
U.S. EPA and U.S. DOE, 2009e.
h
U.S. EPA and U.S. DOE, 2009f.
Source: U.S. EPA, 2008l.

Financing
Upfront costs can present a barrier to improving energy efficiency in local government facilities
and operations. However, delaying cost-effective
energy efficiency improvements can also be costly; Costs and Savings of Performance
an activity not undertaken can result in increased Contracting with ESCOs
operating costs. [As described on page 20 in Section In 2004, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
6.1.3, Planning and Design Approaches to Energy conducted a study of the growth of ESCOs over
the preceding decade.
Efficiency in Local Government Facilities and
Operations, local governments can use the According to the survey, the average cost of an
ESCO-executed energy efficiency upgrade at the
ENERGY STAR Cash Flow Opportunity Calculator state and local government level is approximately
to help make decisions about the most effective $2.93 per square foot, and the average
timing of energy-efficient product purchases (U.S. performance contract with an ESCO for state and
local governments is approximately 9.5 years.
EPA, 2003)]. This section describes a variety of The average project costs $980,000 and
financing vehicles and funding sources that local produces energy cost savings of approximately 14
governments can access to address financial kBtu per square foot, which translates into a
median payback period of 8.8 years.
barriers.
Source: LBNL, 2004.
Financial Vehicles
Financing refers to accessing new funds through means such as loans, bonds, energy
performance contracts, lease-purchase agreements, and grants to pay for energy efficiency
upgrades (Zobler and Hatcher, 2008). Financial vehicles can be used to access the sources of
funding described in the subsequent section to Amherst, New York: Working with ESCOs
obtain the capital for energy efficiency upgrades.
Amherst, New York, which has an electricity
Financial vehicles that local governments use to budget of $2.7 million and a total operating budget
finance energy efficiency improvements include: of $100 million, used an energy performance
contract to implement energy efficiency upgrades
in a number of its facilities.
• Energy Performance Contracts. An energy
performance contract is an arrangement with The town entered into a guaranteed savings
agreement with an ESCO that maximized the
an ESCO or energy service provider (ESP) amount of new equipment that could be
that allows a local government to finance purchased from the energy savings. The result
energy-saving capital improvements—usually was a $5.2 million project that included the city's
ice skating rinks, police station, three community
over a 7–15 year term—with no initial capital and recreational centers, four libraries, a
investment by using money saved through museum, and the local wastewater treatment
reduced utility expenditures. Energy facility. The ESCO guaranteed $5 million in
savings on these projects. The actual savings
performance contracts bundle energy-saving exceeded projected savings by 16%.
investments (e.g., energy audits, design and
Source: U.S. EPA, 2004b.
specification of new equipment, ongoing
maintenance, measurement and verification of product performance, indoor air quality
management, and personnel training) and typically offer financing (Zobler and Hatcher,
2008).
An ESCO often provides a guarantee that energy cost savings will meet or exceed annual
payments covering all activity costs. Such guaranteed savings agreements are the most

common type of performance contract in the public sector. 13 If the savings do not occur, the
ESCO pays the difference. Some performance contracts include a reserve fund to cover
potential shortfalls, while others provide security enhancements in the form of performance
bonds or letters of credit. In some instances, performance insurance may be available (Zobler
and Hatcher, 2008).
ESCOs often offer financing as part of the performance contract. However, because ESCOs
are private sector firms that typically borrow at taxable, commercial rates, it is often possible
for a public sector entity to secure better financing arrangements by taking advantage of
lower, tax-exempt interest rates available to
government entities (U.S. EPA, 2003d). Buffalo, New York—Lease-Purchase
Agreement
Compton, California, entered a performance Buffalo, New York, used a $3.5 million tax-
contract to install energy-efficient equipment exempt municipal lease-purchase agreement to
help finance energy efficiency upgrades to 55
in a number of its facilities, including new public buildings, including lighting retrofits,
lighting systems with occupancy sensors, installation of high-efficiency motors, HVAC
street lighting fixtures, chillers, and energy upgrades, and installation of building energy
management systems. The investment is
efficiency management controls. The expected to produce $6.1 million in energy cost
performance contract, which will be paid for savings over a 15-year period, with a payback
with guaranteed energy efficiency savings, is period of less than nine years. After just four
years, Buffalo is saving more than $600,000
expected to produce savings of more than annually in energy costs.
$4.4 million over 15 years (Johnson
Sources: U.S. DOE, undated; NASEO, 2002.
Controls, 2007).
Through the Washington State Department of General Administration, Kent,

Washington, secured an energy performance contract to retrofit the heating system of one
of its buildings and to perform energy efficiency upgrades in its recreational center with
no upfront costs (AWC, 2006b).
The Baltimore Public Works Energy Office used energy performance contracts to install
LED lights in traffic signals and retrofitted 23 city buildings. The costs for these
improvements, estimated to be a combined $11.5 million, are all to be paid from energy
cost savings (Baltimore, 2006).
• Lease-Purchase Agreements. A tax-exempt lease-purchase agreement (also known as a

municipal lease) allows public entities to finance purchases and installation over long-term
periods using operating budget dollars rather than capital budget dollars.
Boulder, Colorado, uses operating budget dollars and capital investment plan funds
(which are designed to automatically fund upgrades at the end of a piece of equipment’s
useful life) to pay for energy-efficient equipment purchased through lease-purchase
agreements (Colorado Energy, 2007).
13. Another type of agreement is an “own-operate” agreement, in which the ESCO maintains ownership of the
facility and sells back its “output” to the state entity.

Lease-purchase agreements typically include “non-appropriation” language that limits

obligations to the current operating budget period. If a local government decides not to
appropriate funds for any year throughout the term, the equipment is returned to the lessor
and the agreement is terminated. Because of this non-appropriation language, lease-purchase
agreements typically do not constitute debt. Under this type of agreement, a local
government makes monthly payments to a lessor (often a financial institution) and assumes
ownership of the equipment at the end of the lease term, which commonly extends no further
than the expected life of the equipment. These payments, which are often less than or equal
to the anticipated savings produced by the energy efficiency improvements, include added
interest. The interest rates that a local government pays under these agreements are typically
lower than the rates under a common lease agreement because a public entity’s payments on
interest are exempt from federal income tax, meaning the lessor can offer reduced rates (U.S.
EPA, 2004).
Unlike bonds, initiating a tax-exempt lease-purchase agreement does not require voter
referendum to approve debt, a process that can delay energy efficiency improvements. Tax-
exempt lease-purchase agreements typically require only internal approval and an attorney’s
letter, a process that can often take one week (as opposed to months or years for bonds).
Local governments can expedite the process by adding energy efficiency projects to existing
tax-exempt lease-purchase agreements. Many local governments have master lease-purchase
agreements in place to finance a range of capital investment projects. Energy-efficient
product procurement can often be added to these agreements without difficulty (U.S. EPA,
2004).
Shenendehowa Central School District in Clinton Park, New York, faced high energy and
maintenance costs in seven aging buildings, due mainly to inefficient equipment. With
constrained budgets and a reluctance to approach taxpayers for additional bond financing,
the school district chose to obtain funds for energy efficiency upgrades from a
commercial lender using a tax-exempt
Westminster, Colorado—Lease-Purchase
lease-purchase agreement for a period of 10 Agreement
years. Repayments were limited to
The city council in Westminster, Colorado, passed
operating budget savings, rather than a resolution in 2005 that authorized the city to
capital budget spending. The agreement enter into a lease-purchase agreement to
allowed the school district to make the purchase and install approximately $2.5 million in
energy-efficient equipment in 21 city facilities. The
necessary upgrades without raising taxes city issued a request for proposals for financing
(U.S. EPA, 2004). bids for the project and the city was able to settle
on a lease-purchase agreement with a low
In addition, many local governments have interest rate of 3.79%. The city council considered
cash-funding the purchase, but determined that
found that the interest rates available through capital improvement budget constraints would
tax-exempt lease-purchase agreements are mean that the project would have to be
typically lower than the rates offered by an implemented piecemeal over 8–12 years.
ESCO. Tax-exempt lease-purchase agreements Source: Westminster, 2005.
can be especially effective when used to
underwrite energy performance contracts that
include guaranteed savings agreements, under which an ESCO agrees to reimburse any
shortfalls in expected energy cost savings.

• Public Bonds. Bonds are well-suited for energy efficiency projects. Since bonds allow
amortization of capital costs over a multi-year repayment term, they recover their costs
through energy savings over the life of the project.
Alexandria, Virginia, for example, uses public bonds to supplement its capital budget
allocation for its Energy Conservation Fund Tax-Exempt Lease Purchase Agreements and
(U.S. Mayors, 2007). This fund is being Energy Performance Contracting
used to achieve a goal of reducing energy The Miami-Dade County Public School District
consumption in local government facilities financed energy-efficient equipment installations in its
by three percent per year by 2015, for an facilities at a reduced cost by adding guaranteed
savings energy performance contracts with three
overall reduction of 20 percent from 2007 ESCOs to an existing tax-exempt master lease-
levels (Alexandria, 2008). purchase agreement, rather than financing the projects
directly through the ESCOs. Through the master
• State Government Loans, Rebates, and Other lease-purchase agreement, the school district has
invested $9.5 million in energy efficiency. The
Assistance. Some states, such as Oregon and investments produced savings of $3.5 million after just
Maryland, have loan programs to help local three years.
governments finance energy efficiency activities Sources: U.S. EPA, 2003d; U.S. EPA, 2004.
(Oregon, 2006; Maryland Energy
Administration, 2006). These programs often provide financial assistance to local
governments via low-interest loans that can be
paid off using energy cost savings. Other states, Michigan Incentive for ENERGY STAR
Labeling
such as Kansas, help local governments with
energy performance contracting and provide The Michigan Department of Labor & Economic
Growth offers an incentive to any public school,
financing guidance to local agencies (Kansas college, university, local government, or state or
Corporation Commission, 2003). federal agency that has applied for the ENERGY
STAR building label. The incentive covers 50
percent of the professional engineer’s verification
The town of Johnsburg, New York, received fee for the statement of energy performance, with a
technical assistance and a $94,000 incentive maximum incentive of $1,000 for a building’s first
from the New York State Energy Research year of labeling, and a maximum of $500 for a
building that renews its label.
and Development Authority to help pay for
energy efficiency improvements in its new Source: Michigan DLEG, undated.
community center. The investment has saved
the town $24,000 in annual energy costs
(NYSERDA, 2007).
For more information on state financial assistance, see Table 6.1.3, Examples of States
Providing Technical and Financial Assistance
to Local Governments, on page 50. Iowa Energy Bank
The Iowa Energy Bank combines private and public
• Utility Rebates and Other Incentives. A number funds to finance energy efficiency improvements in
of local governments have used rebates or other public schools and local governments. The bank
conducts energy audits and engineering analyses,
financial assistance from utilities to offset the negotiates financing terms with private lenders, and
cost of improving energy efficiency in their uses energy cost savings from previous projects to
facilities. The Database of State Incentives for provide upfront funding.
Renewables and Efficiency provides Source: Iowa, 2006.
information on utility incentives available in

http://www.dsireusa.org/).
The New Jersey Clean Energy Program, funded by the state’s seven electric and natural
gas investor-owned utilities, offers local governments the chance to have a
comprehensive energy audit at low or no cost. Once the audit is complete, a list of cost-
effective energy efficiency recommendations will be generated. Local governments are
eligible for any of the incentives offered to commercial property owners through the
Smart Start Buildings® program, including product rebates and custom incentives. A
multiple measure bonus is available, as well as design and technical assistance,
depending on the size of the project (NJ CEP, 2009).
Funding Sources
Numerous funding sources can support local government energy efficiency investments,
including capital and operating budgets, revolving loan funds, public benefits funds (PBF),
private foundations, and federal tax incentives. These sources can be accessed through the
financial vehicles described above to provide the capital for energy efficiency upgrades. For
example, a revolving loan fund or a state-run PBF can provide funding to a state agency via a
financial vehicle such as a loan or a grant. This section describes how local governments have
used different funding sources.
• Capital Budgets and Operating Budgets. Using capital or operating budgets funds has many
advantages: funding is already on hand, there is no need to negotiate financing arrangements,
and there are no interest payments. Using life-cycle cost accounting to quantify the lower net
capital and future operating costs can help local governments improve the chances of
incorporating energy efficiency into their limited capital budgets (Zobler and Hatcher, 2008).
Many local governments have used a “paid from savings” approach to fund purchases of
energy-efficient products that have cost premiums by reserving energy cost savings
generated from their energy efficiency activities to pay for energy-efficient products.
In 1984, Phoenix, Arizona, established an

Ann Arbor, Michigan—Municipal
energy conservation savings reinvestment
Energy Fund
plan. A reinvestment fund was created using
The Ann Arbor, Michigan, Municipal Energy
money collected from a state oil overcharge. Fund is an excellent example of how energy
Under the reinvestment plan, half the city’s efficiency can pay for itself in the long term.
annual energy cost savings from energy The fund started with an initial payment of
$100,000 per year over five years, capturing
efficiency improvements funded through the 80 percent of the resulting savings for
plan are reinvested in the fund to provide for reinvestment back into new energy-saving
future improvements. The fund has been projects. As these new saving projects grow,
their energy and cost savings increase. By
used to offset the costs of new energy- year five, future investment is based solely
efficient equipment in city buildings (ICLEI, on payment of past projects to finance new
2007). ones. Annual cost savings enabled by the
fund total $142,000 across 60 facilities.
• Revolving Loan Funds. Revolving loan funds are Sources: Ann Arbor, 2007; C40 Cities, 2008.
capital funds that make loans, collect payments,
and re-lend these payments to fund new projects.

The original capitalization can come from many sources, including legal settlements, billing
corrections, or extended bond payments after the end of the bond term. Revolving loan funds
typically offer below-market rates and long-term loans for energy efficiency or renewable
energy projects.
The St. Paul, Minnesota, Energy Conservation Investment Fund was created in 2007
using existing sewer fund balances and energy cost savings from past energy efficiency
improvements. The revolving loan fund will be used to invest $1 million in energy
efficiency upgrades in at least eight government facilities in 2008 and evaluate
opportunities in 40 more (St. Paul, 2008).
Massachusetts —PBF Grants for
• Public Benefits Funds (PBFs). Public benefits Local Governments
funds are state-mandated funds that can be used to The Massachusetts Renewable Energy
support energy efficiency activities. These funds Trust, which is funded by a PBF, administers
are collected through a small required per-kWh a community grant program that provides
matching funds to local governments for
surcharge on customer electricity bills. States renewable energy and energy efficiency
sometimes allow local governments to use these activities. The matching funds are
funds for local energy efficiency activities. proportional to the percentage of renewable
energy credits purchased by the
community’s customers. The town of
In Wisconsin, for example, Focus on Energy, a Northampton used its matching funds to
PBF-funded program sustained by a state install a 10 kW solar array at a public middle
system benefits charge, provides technical and school.
financial assistance to local governments for Source: MTC, 2006.
implementing qualifying energy efficiency
measures (Focus on Energy, 2008). Oshkosh, Wisconsin, used Focus on Energy-issued
rebates to install 2,900 LED traffic signals that collectively save the city $40,000 in
energy costs annually (Focus on Energy, 2003).
• Private Foundations (Grants). Foundations are nonprofit corporations or charitable trusts

that can help fund local government energy efficiency activities. The most common types of
funding include grants and program-related investments (which are usually set up with a
repayment schedule).
The Illinois Clean Energy Community Foundation, for example, administers seven
indoor lighting programs that provide grants to local government entities, including
schools, county courthouses, and public safety facilities, to assist in purchasing and
installing energy-efficient lighting systems (ICECF, 2007).
• Federal Tax Incentives. The Internal Revenue Service Code includes a number of tax
incentives for energy efficiency investments. For example, the Energy Policy Act (EPAct) of
2005 authorizes several financial incentives to support local government energy efficiency
activities, including tax deductions for energy efficiency upgrades in commercial (including
public) facilities at the local level. For buildings that achieve annual energy cost reductions
of 50 percent or greater, EPAct provides for tax deductions of up to $1.80 per square foot off
the cost of installing energy-efficient HVAC systems, building envelope components, and
lighting systems. EPAct allows for the tax savings to be passed on to private designers and
developers in lieu of the public entity. EPAct also created the Low Income Community

14
6.1.8 Working with Federal, State, and Other Programs
Many local governments work with federal, state, and regional agencies and organizations when
planning and developing programs for improving energy efficiency in their facilities and
operations. These entities can also provide information resources and financial and technical
assistance, as described below.
Federal Programs
• U.S. EPA State and Local Climate and Energy Program. This program assists state and local
governments in their clean energy efforts by providing technical assistance, analytical tools,
and outreach support. It includes two programs:
- The Climate and Energy Local Program provides a resource network that supports local
governments’ efforts to use clean energy strategies to advance their community priorities.
- The Climate and Energy State Program supports state efforts to develop and implement
cost-effective clean energy strategies that achieve public health and economic benefits.
Through this partnership program, EPA provides technical assistance tailored to states’
needs.
A key resource for both clean energy-environment programs is the Clean Energy Resources
Database, which provides planning, policy, technical, analytical, and information resources
for state and municipal governments.
Web sites:
http://www.epa.gov/cleanenergy/
http://www.epa.gov/cleanenergy/energy-programs/napee/resources/database.html (Clean
Energy Resources Database)
http://www.epa.gov/cleanenergy/energy-and-you/affect/index.html
(environmental impacts of renewable energy technologies)
• ENERGY STAR. The ENERGY STAR program helps building owners and occupants achieve
superior energy management and realize the cost savings and environmental benefits that can
result. The ENERGY STAR staff and Web site provide targeted information resources,
technical assistance, tools, and communications and outreach support to help state and local
governments improve energy efficiency in facilities throughout the community. (More
information on ENERGY STAR tools and resources for local governments can be found in
Table 6.1.1, ENERGY STAR Program Resources, on page 7.)
Web site: http://www.energystar.gov/
14
See http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=products.pr_tax_credits#s8 for more information on federal tax
incentives for energy efficiency investments.

• DOE Building Technologies Program. The Building Technologies Program partners with
private and public sector organizations to improve building energy efficiency. This program
supports research and development and provides assistance to those interested in building
efficiency through its Web site, which contains tools, guidelines, training information, and
information about accessing financial resources.
Web site: http://www.eere.energy.gov/buildings/
• Whole-Building Design Guide (WBDG). This National Institute of Building Sciences project
provides information on building design, project management, and O&M to designers and
administrators. The WBDG Web site provides information on a broad range of building types
and offers numerous case studies, tools, and guidance documents. A number of federal
agencies, including EPA and DOE, are represented on the WBDG Advisory Committee.
Web site: http://www.wbdg.org/
State Programs
Many states have programs that provide technical and financial assistance for energy efficiency
activities to local governments. This assistance enables state and local agencies to share
information about energy efficiency improvements and help develop consistent clean energy
activities across the state.
Table 6.1.3, Examples of States Providing Technical and Financial Assistance to Local
Governments, provides examples of state programs that support local government energy
efficiency activities.
Table 6.1.3. Examples of States Providing Technical and Financial Assistance to Local
Governments
State Description URL
Technical Assistance
California The California Energy Commission’s (CEC) Energy Partnership http://www.energy.ca.go
Program offers technical assistance to cities, counties, hospitals, and v/efficiency/partnership/i
colleges and universities. The program helps these local groups identify ndex.html
energy efficiency improvements in existing buildings and energy-
efficient options in new construction. The CEC also helps these groups
identify state loans and other financing sources for project installation.
Massachusetts In the Executive Office of Environmental Affairs, the Commonwealth of http://www.mass.gov/?p
Massachusetts has created a Green Communities Division that focuses ageID=eoeeaterminal&L
on providing technical and financial assistance to local governments =5&L0=Home&L1=Ener
and school districts. Areas of particular focus include energy audits, gy%2c+Utilities+%26+Cl
energy information reporting, energy management systems, and ean+Technologies&L2=
energy management committee formation. Funding for the program Renewable+Energy&L3
comes from a variety of sources, including emissions allowance trading =Renewable+Portfolio+S
programs, utility efficiency charges, alternative compliance payments tandard&L4=Green+Co
generated by the state’s renewable portfolio standard, and the state mmunities&sid=Eoeea&
Renewable Energy Trust Fund. b=terminalcontent&f=do
er_rps_gc_green_comm
_div&csid=Eoeea

Table 6.1.3. Examples of States Providing Technical and Financial Assistance to Local
Governments
State Description URL
Oregon Oregon’s Department of Energy provides assistance to public entities http://www.oregon.gov/E
through multiple programs, including the Building Commissioning NERGY/CONS/GOV/go
Program, which helps building managers perform evaluations and vhme.shtml
implement energy cost-saving strategies.
Pennsylvania The Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection maintains a http://www.depweb.state
Web site, Energy Conservation Help for Local Governments, to .pa.us/energy/cwp/view.
assist local governments in improving energy efficiency through asp?a=1379&q=485061
developing energy management plans. In addition, the state and
established a Local Government Greenhouse Gas Pilot Grant Program http://www.depweb.state
to help local governments inventory GHG emissions and develop .pa.us/energy/cwp/view.
energy efficiency and climate action plans. asp?a=1532&q=536497
Texas The Schools/Local Government Energy Program provides services http://www.seco.cpa.stat
to assist in setting up and maintaining effective energy efficiency e.tx.us/sch-gov.htm
programs.
West Virginia The Building Professionals Energy Training Program offers building http://www.energywv.org
code seminars to educate local government officials about the latest /community/code.html
codes and building technologies.
Financial Assistance
California The CEC’s Energy Efficiency Financing Program provides low- http://www.energy.ca.go
interest loans for public schools, public hospitals, and local v/efficiency/financing/ind
governments to fund energy audits and install energy efficiency ex.html
measures.
Iowa The Iowa Energy Bank is an energy management program for public http://www.iowadnr.com/
and nonprofit entities that provides technical and financial assistance energy/ebank/index.html
for building energy efficiency upgrades.
Kansas The Kansas Facility Conservation Improvement Program provides http://www.kcc.state.ks.u
low-interest, tax-exempt energy performance contracting agreements to s/energy/fcip/financing.ht
state and local public agencies. m
Maryland The Jane E. Lawton Conservation Loan Program provides Maryland http://energy.maryland.g
local governments with financial assistance to reduce energy costs. ov/incentives/state-
The program allows energy savings generated by efficiency upgrades local/communityenergylo
to be the major source of loan repayment. an.asp
Missouri Through its Energy Revolving Fund, the Missouri Energy Center http://www.dnr.mo.gov/e
offers low-interest loans for energy efficiency improvements in public nergy/financial/loan.htm
schools, local government, public hospitals, and public water treatment
facilities. The loans are paid back using the energy savings generated
from the project.
New Jersey The New Jersey Clean Energy Program offers financial incentives http://www.njcleanenerg
and low-interest financing to schools and local governments. The y.com/
program combines the traditional rebate program with incentives and
financing, giving schools and local governments the flexibility to
implement cost-effective energy efficiency activities immediately.
North Carolina The North Carolina Division of Pollution Prevention and Environmental http://www.p2pays.org/lo
Assistance administers Local Government Assistance, providing calgov/
technical and financial assistance to local governments on
implementing energy-related and environmental activities.
Tennessee Through its Local Government Energy Loan Program, the http://www.tennessee.go
Tennessee Department of Economic and Community Development v/ecd/CD_local_gov_en
provides low-interest loans to municipal and county governments for ergy_loan.html
energy efficiency improvements.

Other Programs
• ICLEI Local Governments for Sustainability. ICLEI—Local Governments for

Sustainability (ICLEI)—is a membership association of local governments that have
committed to adopting sustainable approaches to addressing climate change and other
environmental threats through a range of activities, including energy efficiency. ICLEI
members receive access to a suite of tools and resources that they can use to plan and
implement their energy efficiency programs, including software with training, technical and
communications assistance, information sharing, best practices, and opportunities for
recognition.
Local Associations:
Web site: http://www.icleiusa.org/ Integrating Energy Efficiency and
Climate Change
• U.S. Conference of Mayors. The USCM The U.S. Conference of Mayors (USCM) and the
Climate Protection Agreement commits National Association of Counties (NACo) have both
passed resolutions supporting EPA’s ENERGY STAR
mayors to reduce GHG emissions in their Challenge to reduce energy consumption in public and
cities to at least 7 percent below 1990 private buildings by 10 percent or more. They promote
levels by 2012. The Climate Protection ENERGY STAR tools and resources to members
working to meet their climate protection and energy
Center provides guidance to mayors on efficiency goals.
leading their cities’ efforts to reduce Sources: NACo, 2005b; U.S. Mayors, 2008.
GHG emissions linked to climate change
and publishes best practices, including
examples of cities that are taking the lead in this effort by improving energy efficiency in
their buildings and operations.
Web site: http://www.usmayors.org/climateprotection/
• National Association of Counties (NACo). The NACo Green Government Initiative

provides local governments with resources on energy and other environmental issues
related to government facilities and operations. Through the initiative, NACo facilitates
information sharing between governments and promotes collaboration with the private
sector. In addition to other publications and information resources, NACo administers a
Green Government Database that enables local governments to search for case studies on
specific topics. Through the ENERGY STAR Courthouse Campaign, NACo provides
assistance to county governments in improving energy efficiency in county courthouses and
other buildings by assisting them in joining EPA’s ENERGY STAR program. In addition to
saving energy costs, improving energy efficiency in county courthouses can be a way of
increasing public awareness of local clean energy activities (NACo, 2008).
Web site:
http://www.naco.org/Content/NavigationMenu/County_Resource_Center/New_Technical_
Assistance/Green_Government_Initiative1/Green_Government_Initiative.htm
• Playbook for Green Buildings and Neighborhoods. The Playbook is an online resource
developed by a team of local government, non-profit organizations, and federal government
agencies that provides local governments with information, strategies, and tools for
building green buildings, neighborhoods, and infrastructure. For each of these three subject

areas, the Playbook provides information to assist local governments in the information
gathering, planning, and implementation stages of their activities.
Web site: http://www.greenplaybook.org/
• Regional Programs. Local governments can often

obtain information and assistance from numerous Association of Washington Cities
other regional programs and initiatives, such as the Local Government Energy Project
Rocky Mountain Climate Organization’s Colorado The Association of Washington Cities’
Climate Agenda (RCMO, 2006), which provide Local Government Energy Project provides
assistance to local governments on energy
resources to local governments for implementing efficiency and energy policy matters. The
energy efficiency activities. In Monterey County, association monitors regional and state
California, several municipalities—as part of the energy policy issues and represents its
constituent cities in state and federal
Association of Bay Area Governments—have energy policy development.
partnered with an investor-owned utility to create
Source: AWC, 2006a.
an energy watch program that administers energy
efficiency services to local residents and
businesses. The program also offers technical consultation for local government buildings
(ABAG, 2007).
Web sites:
http://www.coloradoclimate.org/
http://www.ambag.org/programs/EnergyWatch/munic_pages/additional.html
6.1.9 Case Studies
The following case studies describe two local governments’ comprehensive programs for
improving energy efficiency in their facilities and operations.
Arlington County, Virginia—County Energy Manager and the Fresh AIRE Program
Arlington County, Virginia, has a long-standing commitment to sustainability and has been
investing in energy efficiency since the mid-1990s. The county’s efforts to improve efficiency in
municipal facilities and operations were institutionalized under the Fresh AIRE (Arlington
Initiative to Reduce Emissions) Program, which seeks to reduce county GHG emissions through
a comprehensive suite of actions that also includes investing in renewable energy, using
alternative fuels and high-efficiency vehicles, and planting trees to capture and sequester carbon.
The Fresh AIRE Program strives to not only to change government practices directly, but to also
work to modify practices of residents and businesses by providing incentives and leading by
example (Arlington 2007b; Arlington, 2008a; and Arlington 2008b).
Program Initiation

The Fresh AIRE Program was launched in

Profile: Arlington County, Virginia
January 2007 under the guidance of the county’s
energy manager. The initiative aims to reduce Area: 26 square miles
GHG emissions in county buildings and Population: 206,800 (2008)
operations by 10 percent from 2000 to 2012 Structure: Residents elect a county board, which
through several efforts, but focusing primarily on consists of five members, each serving four-year
energy efficiency improvements. The county has terms. The county also has five constitutional
officers: a sheriff, court clerk, attorney, treasurer,
since expanded the program by endorsing the and commissioner of revenue. The Fresh AIRE
Cool Counties Climate Stabilization Declaration (Arlington Initiative to Reduce Emissions)
and committing to halt growth in community-wide Program is administered by the county’s energy
manager under the Department of Environmental
greenhouse gas emissions by 2010 and pursue Services.
aggressive reductions thereafter (Arlington, 2008a Program Scope: The program is a collaborative
and Arlington 2008b). between county government, businesses,
organizations, and individuals to improve energy
Program Features efficiency and reduce GHG emissions throughout
the community. Program activities include
energy-saving retrofits to county buildings,
To help achieve the goal of reducing GHG installation of LED traffic lights, providing free
emissions from county facilities and operations, a energy audits to residents and businesses,
major component of the Fresh AIRE Program has distributing energy-efficient light bulbs, and
providing tips and resources for promoting
focused on improving municipal energy energy efficiency.
efficiency. Projects have ranged from low- Program Creation: Fresh AIRE was launched in
cost/no-cost measures, such as turning off lights 2007 with the initial goal of reducing the county
and lowering thermostat settings, to longer-term government’s greenhouse gas emissions by 10
percent from 2000 levels by 2012. The program
durable investments in more efficient technology. later expanded to include businesses and
Table 6.1.4, Municipal Energy Efficiency residents.
Investments and Savings for Arlington County, Program Results: From 2000 to 2005, Arlington
VA, illustrates the range of projects the county has County reduced its GHG emissions 2.6 percent,
undertaken and many of the energy reductions in part by reducing its energy use per square foot
in county buildings and facilities by 6 percent
that have been achieved or that are expected in the over the same period. The County Energy
near future once projects are completed. All of the Manager received an EPA Climate Protection
county’s improvements to date have payback Award in 2008 for his success in working toward
efficiency.
periods of no more than five years, providing a 20
percent return on investment each year, with
expected savings every year after (Arlington 2007b).
Arlington County has also partnered with ENERGY STAR and is using Portfolio Manager to
benchmark and assess the energy performance of its buildings. To demonstrate the progress the
county is making under the Fresh AIRE Program and to increase the transparency of the energy
usage and cost of county facilities and operations, the county is publicly disclosing this
information in Building Energy Report Cards for all 67 of its buildings. The first report cards
were released in March 2009 and made available on the Fresh AIRE Web site
(http://www.arlingtonva.us/Departments/Communications/PressReleases/page69193.aspx).
Since the county government’s facilities and operations account for less than 4 percent of the
carbon emissions in Arlington, the county has recognized the need to engage the community in
order to make a larger impact and to achieve broader emissions reduction goals. Through the
Fresh AIRE program, the county has assisted local business and residents in improving energy

efficiency by offering free energy audits, providing information on ENERGY STAR tools and
resources, helping to identify alternative and fuel-efficient transportation options, and
encouraging recycling and water conservation practices (Arlington, 2007c; Arlington, 2008a).
Table 6.1.4. Municipal Energy Efficiency Investments and Savings for Arlington County,
Virginia
Activity Cost Savings
Central Library: Improvements to operations and Not available. Reduced electricity use by 25%,
maintenance procedures and building controls; saving more than $30,000 per year. a
investments in more efficient lighting and equipment.
Madison Community Center: Reinsulated hot water Not available. Reduced natural gas use over 20%,
pipes, improved temperature controls enough to heat six homes for the
a
winter.
Department of Public Works: Upgraded thermostats Not available. Reduced natural gas use by about
in former garage bays. 50%, saving over $10,000 per year. b
Teen Detention Center: Lighting retrofit. $6,000 Reduced electricity use by 30%,
a
saving $4,000 per year.
Justice Center (Courthouse & Detention Center): No upfront cost—county’s Expected to save $480,000 per year
Efficiency improvements to electrical, heating, first energy saving by reducing electricity use by 14%,
cooling, and plumbing systems. Project expected to performance contract for natural gas use by 35%, and water
c
be completed summer 2009. $5.3 million. consumption by 32%.
Traffic Lights: Retrofitting all signalized intersections Not available. Expected to reduce electricity use by
with light-emitting diode (LED) lights. Project 25%, enough to power 250 homes.
expected to be completed by 2010. Longer life expectancy of LED bulbs
than incandescent bulbs also
expected to reduce maintenance
a
costs.
a Arlington, 2007b.
b Arlington, 2009a.
c Arlington, 2009b.
Program Results
From 2000 to 2005, Arlington County reduced its GHG emissions 2.6 percent, in part by
reducing its energy intensity (energy use per square foot) in county buildings and facilities by 6
percent over the same period (Arlington 2007a). The first series of Building Energy Report
Cards compares energy consumption in buildings in 2007 with energy consumption in the same
buildings in 2008 and indicates that energy intensity fell a further 2 percent during that time. The
report cards also reveal that Arlington’s efficiency efforts under the Fresh AIRE Program
reduced energy consumption by more than 900,000 kWh of electricity and more than 15,000
therms of natural gas, saving the county approximately $100,000 even though the winter months
were colder in 2008 than in 2007. As a result, total energy use in all county buildings declined by
slightly less than 1 percent, even though the county added several new buildings and performed
renovations to others (Arlington, 2009c).
Web site: http://www.arlingtonva.us/portals/Topics/Climate.aspx

Phoenix, Arizona—Energy Conservation Program
Initiated during the oil shortage of the late 1970s, the Phoenix Energy Conservation Program has
been tied into a broader sustainability program that includes activities in environmental
leadership, land use, recycling, transportation, water conservation, and historic preservation in
addition to energy efficiency. Overall, the Energy Conservation Program has saved the city
approximately $75 million from the beginning of the program through 2006.
Program Initiation
Profile: Phoenix, Arizona
The Energy Conservation Program was
Area: 515 square miles
initiated when the city hired an energy
manager in 1978 to oversee energy use in Population: 1.5 million
municipal buildings and to identify energy Structure: Residents elect a mayor and eight city
waste. Within one year, the energy manager’s council representatives to four-year terms. The
Phoenix Energy Conservation Program is a
efforts saved the city $150,000. In 1984, the component of the Planning Department’s broader
city established an energy conservation Sustainability Program.
savings reinvestment plan, under which half Program Scope: Energy Conservation Program
of all energy savings are reinvested into a fund activities involve lighting and HVAC retrofits to
to finance future energy efficiency upgrades. existing facilities, design standards for new facilities,
and energy efficiency improvements in local
By 1986, the city was achieving annual energy government operations, including traffic signal
cost savings in excess of $1 million. In 2002, upgrades and energy-efficient water pump
a general plan was established to guide land installations in public parks.
use, environmental, and community planning Program Creation: The program was created in
1978, when the city hired an energy manager to
decisions. As a supplement to this plan, the reduce energy costs in the wake of a national oil
city produced a sustainability program, of shortage.
which the Energy Conservation Program is a Program Results: The Energy Conservation
component (Phoenix, 2007; ICLEI, 2007). Program has saved the city approximately $75
million in energy costs from 1978 to 2006.
Program Features
The city Energy Conservation Program has

evolved over the past two decades. Today, the program includes the following features:
• Energy Efficiency Retrofits for HVAC and Lighting Systems. Phoenix has conducted many
retrofits in municipal buildings, most often including installation of energy-efficient air
conditioning and lighting systems. Other projects have included installing variable speed
drives on air and water distribution systems and energy management systems (ICLEI, 2007;
Phoenix, 2007).
• Building Standards for Municipal Facilities. In 2006, the city revised its policy requiring that
all new city buildings be constructed to meet LEED certification to include that buildings
must now be designed to improve energy performance by 30 percent compared to
conventional buildings (based on ASHRAE Standard 90.1). The policy also includes criteria
for landscape and exterior design, water-efficient landscaping, water use, construction
material waste management, and LEED accreditation for design team members (Phoenix,
2007).

• Energy Management Task Force. In 2001, the city formed an Energy Management Task
Force comprised of representatives from each municipal department. The task force is
responsible for identifying reasonable ways to reduce energy needs in city buildings,
especially during peak summer demand. One of the task force’s accomplishments was the
initiation of an ENERGY STAR purchasing pilot program for city departments that has since
developed into a permanent program (Phoenix, 2007).
• Energy Conservation Savings Reinvestment Fund. Phoenix created this fund in 1984 using
funds collected from a state oil surcharge. Half of all savings from energy conservation
upgrades in local government facilities and operations are returned to this fund to be
reinvested in additional upgrades. The fund has often been used to install energy-efficient air
conditioning and lighting systems (ICLEI, 2007).
Program Results
The Energy Conservation Program has saved the city approximately $75 million in energy costs
from 1978 to 2006. The new building standards, which apply to all city buildings, require
buildings to meet LEED requirements. For certain criteria, the standards require city buildings to
exceed LEED requirements. For example, city buildings must be designed to achieve a 50
percent reduction in water used for landscaping, a 20 percent reduction in indoor water
consumption, and energy cost savings 30 percent greater than the savings achieved by a building
that meets the ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2004 (this exceeds the LEED-required minimum of 14
percent) (Phoenix, 2007).
Web site: http://phoenix.gov/sustainability
6.1.10 Resources
The remainder of this section provides a compendium of information and case study resources
not already featured in previous sections.
Table 6.1.5. Energy Efficiency in Local Government Facilities and Operations: Examples
and Information Resources
Energy Efficiency in Local Government Facilities and Operations
Ada County, Idaho. Ada County, Idaho, began commissioning http://www.naco.org/Content/ContentGroup
its new county courthouse/administration building early in the s/Programs_and_Projects/Environmental1/
design stage and identified 350 energy efficiency upgrades that Energy/CourthouseCampaignCountySpotli
could be implemented before the building became operational. ghts.pdf
The building now uses approximately 40 percent less energy
that the average county office building.
Ann Arbor, Michigan. Ann Arbor established a municipal http://www.c40cities.org/bestpractices/ener
energy fund that has been used to finance energy efficiency gy/annarbor_fund.jsp
improvements in 60 local government facilities since 1998.
Annapolis, Maryland. The Annapolis city council adopted an http://www.ci.annapolis.md.us/upload/imag
energy policy in 2006. es/government/council/Adopted/R3806.pdf

Arlington County, Virginia. The county installed energy- http://www.naco.org/cffiles/ggi/green_counti
efficient lighting in its courthouse in 2005. The measure has es/documents/Arlington%20County%20VA
reduced energy consumption by 8 percent and has a payback %20Fact%20Sheet%20on%20ROI%20Ene
period of less than five years. rgy%20Efficiency%20Paybacks.pdf
Athens County, Georgia. The county is saving 50,000 kWh http://www.naco.org/Content/ContentGroup
annually as a result of replacing 175-watt metal halide lights s/Programs_and_Projects/Environmental1/
with 150-watt high-pressure sodium lights in the parking lot at Energy/CourthouseCampaignCountySpotli
the county courthouse. ghts.pdf
Atlanta, Georgia. The city’s chief operating officer developed a http://www.atlantaga.gov/client_resources/f
set of energy conservation policies and procedures. orms/energy%20conservation/energy%20c
onservation%20policies%20and%20proced
ures.doc
Baltimore, Maryland. The mayor established a goal for all city http://www.baltimorecity.gov/government/pl
departments to reduce energy consumption by 5 to 10 percent. anning/sustainability/
Baltimore, Maryland. Energy conservation efforts in Baltimore http://www.baltimorecity.gov/government/plannin
have reduced the city’s annual energy costs by $500,000. An g/sustainability/
investment of $7 million for energy efficiency measures
(including installations of energy-efficient lighting systems,
variable speed drives, and automated energy management
systems) in 2.3 million square feet of public building space is
expected to increase annual savings to approximately $1
million. Three city buildings have earned the ENERGY STAR
label for their performance.
Barnstable County, Massachusetts. Barnstable County, http://www.naco.org/Content/ContentGroup
Massachusetts, retrofitted the lighting systems in 10 county s/Programs_and_Projects/Environmental1/
buildings in 2003. This measure, which cost $119,000, has Energy/CourthouseCampaignCountySpotli
produced annual energy cost savings of $19,000. ghts.pdf
Berkeley, California. Berkeley developed a comprehensive http://www.ci.berkeley.ca.us/sustainable/go
program for implementing clean energy practices in municipal vernment/successes.html
government operations.
Blue Earth County, Minnesota. The county has received the http://www.naco.org/GreenTemplate.cfm?S
ENERGY STAR label on its 120-year old courthouse and has ection=Energy_and_Green_Buildings&tem
recently begun building a new LEED-certified justice center. plate=/ContentManagement/ContentDispla
y.cfm&ContentID=24881
Broward County, Florida. $8 million in energy efficiency http://www.naco.org/Content/ContentGroup
investments in county facilities has produced annual energy s/Programs_and_Projects/Environmental1/
savings of $1.5 million and reduced annual GHG emissions by Energy/CourthouseCampaignCountySpotli
42 million pounds of CO2. ghts.pdf
Bullhead City, Arizona. The city has installed energy-efficient http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/state_energy_
chillers, lighting systems, and traffic signals, which are saving program/project_brief_detail.cfm/pb_id=437
approximately $100,000 annually in energy costs.
Burlington, Vermont. The Burlington Municipal Development http://www.ci.burlington.vt.us/planning/mdp/
Plan includes descriptions and goals for reducing energy 2006/mdp_2006_energy.pdf
consumption in municipal buildings and operations.

Chicago, Illinois. As part of its “Conserve Chicago Together“ http://egov.cityofchicago.org/webportal/CO
initiative, the city of Chicago has made energy efficiency CWebPortal/COC_EDITORIAL/ActionAgen
improvements to more than 15 million square feet of public da.pdf and
facilities, saving 3,360,995 kWh annually. These investments http://www.chicagoclimateaction.org/pages/
have resulted in estimated cost savings of $6 million annually. where_we_have_been/60.php#Energy
Cincinnati, Ohio. The mayor of Cincinnati established a goal http://www.cincinnati-
for the city to reduce electricity consumption by 1 percent within oh.gov/mayor/downloads/mayor_pdf17104.
one year and 10 percent within four years. pdf
Dakota County, Minnesota. In 2002 Dakota County, http://www.naco.org/Content/ContentGroup
Minnesota, used the county Sustainable Design and s/Programs_and_Projects/Environmental1/
Construction Standards for the new Northern Service Center, Energy/CourthouseCampaignCountySpotli
which has achieved annual energy cost savings in excess of ghts.pdf
$50,000.
Dallas, Texas. Dallas has initiated an energy efficiency http://www.dallascityhall.com/html/energy_
program as part of its environmental management plan. efficency.html
Denver, Colorado. Denver, Colorado, has retrofitted windows
in several municipal fire stations, resulting in a 10-fold increase
in energy efficiency (U.S. Mayors, 2006).
Durham County, North Carolina. Durham County, North http://www.c40cities.org/bestpractices/ener
Carolina, is saving nearly $25,000 in annual energy costs from gy/annarbor_fund.jsp
installing variable speed motors on HVAC equipment in its
buildings (NACo, 2005). Chicago, Illinois, has performed tune-
ups to 50 boilers in city facilities, improving the energy efficiency
of some boilers by as much as 12 percent. These tune-ups,
which cost approximately $12,500 each, have collectively
reduced the city’s natural gas consumption by 5 percent, which
is expected to save nearly $1.65 million in annual energy costs.
Erie County, New York. Erie County is constructing a new http://www.nyserda.org/programs/New_Co
courthouse in the city of Buffalo that will incorporate nstruction/Case_Studies/ErieCountyCourt.p
approximately $100,000 in energy efficiency upgrades. The df
building is expected to achieve energy cost savings of nearly
$39,000 annually, resulting in a payback period of less than four
years.
Grand Rapids, Michigan. In 2006, the city council of Grand http://www.dsireusa.org/documents/Incentiv
Rapids adopted a resolution requiring that new construction and es/MI12R.pdf
major renovations of buildings over 10,000 square feet and
costing more than $1 million or more meet LEED standards.
Green Bay, Wisconsin. The Sustainable Greater Green Bay http://www.ci.green-
initiative has established three principal goals for community bay.wi.us/SGB/energy.html
energy consumption: make energy more affordable through
increasing energy efficiency; make energy cleaner; and
increase the local benefits.
Hillsborough County, Florida. The Hillsborough County Court http://www.naco.org/cffiles/ggi/green_counti
Facilities Improvement Project, which involved constructing a es/documents/Hillsborough%20County%20
new energy-efficient court building and central chilled water FL%20Green%20Initiatives%20Summary.p
plant and utilizing the services of an ESCO, is expected to save df
nearly $700,000 annually.

Hopkinton, New Hampshire. Hopkinton is participating in http://cs.newhampshire.com/blogs/hopkinto
EPA’s New England Community Energy Challenge, a regional n_news/archive/2008/01/23/Town_2C00_-
extension of the ENERGY STAR Challenge. Hopkinton is schools-take-energy_2D00_efficiency-
evaluating energy consumption in its town hall, library, clerk’s pledge.aspx
office, and fire station, and using EPA’s Portfolio Manager to
track energy consumption reductions.
Jackson County, Missouri. The county entered into a http://www.johnsoncontrols.com/publish/etc
performance contract with an ESCO to improve energy /medialib/jci/be/case_studies.Par.0510.File.
efficiency in four public facilities. The project, which involved tmp/JacksonCounty.pdf
lighting retrofits, plumbing upgrades, and installation of an
energy management system, was implemented with no upfront
costs and is being paid for using energy cost savings, which
total approximately $430,000.
Lansing, Michigan. The mayor required that energy efficiency http://apps.cityoflansingmi.com:8000/newse
upgrades be implemented at the city hall. vents/releases/EO_2_press12565.pdf
Las Vegas, Nevada. In 2008, the city council of Las Vegas http://www5.lasvegasnevada.gov/sirepub/c
adopted a resolution committing the city to a sustainable energy ache/2/cmz4pm2jwyiohg55nejb5g45/16325
strategy. Among other things, the strategy lays out several 8606082009091140891.PDF
goals for improving energy efficiency in local government
Lawton, Oklahoma. Lawton passed a local administrative law http://www.cityof.lawton.ok.us/CityCode/Ad
that requires specific energy conservation upgrades in ministrative_Policies/Section_9/1.html
government buildings, including setting thermostats at a
maximum of 65o during cold weather and a minimum of 78o in
warm weather.
Lewiston, Maine. Lewiston is replacing the ceiling at its city hall http://www.nrcm.org/news_detail.asp?news
to reduce energy costs. The initial investment cost the city =2602
approximately $190,000.
Los Angeles County, California. Energy efficiency http://www.naco.org/Content/ContentGroup
improvements in the Long Beach courthouse, which have s/Programs_and_Projects/Environmental1/
included lighting system and HVAC system retrofits, have Energy/CourthouseCampaignCountySpotli
produced annual energy savings of 34 percent (24 percent due ghts.pdf
to energy-efficient lighting and 10 percent due to energy-
efficient HVAC operations).
Lowell, Massachusetts. Lowell has passed a resolution http://www.lowellma.gov/newsitems/CC%2
committing to participate in the U.S. Conference of Mayors’ 0resolution.pdf
Climate Protection Agreement and to become an EPA
ENERGY STAR partner. In addition, the city has committed to
reducing energy consumption in government buildings by 10
percent.
Madison, Wisconsin. Madison adopted sustainability http://www.cityofmadison.com/sustainable_
guidelines that include a mandate for training facility managers design/ and
in commissioning and re-commissioning. http://www.cityofmadison.com/Sustainabilit
y/City/energyProjects/lighting.cfm
McHenry County, Illinois. The county has used Portfolio http://www.naco.org/Content/ContentGroup
Manager to benchmark its administration building. The building, s/Programs_and_Projects/Environmental1/
which incorporates a number of energy efficiency Energy/CourthouseCampaignCountySpotli
improvements, has achieved a rating of 81. ghts.pdf

Medford, Massachusetts. This presentation provides an http://www.cleanairinfo.com/airinnovations/
overview of how Medford developed its energy efficiency 2004/Presentations/Reducing%20Energy%
program and the activities it is implementing. 20Consumption/KimLundgrenLEDs.ppt
Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Milwaukee has entered into a five-year http://www.johnsoncontrols.com/publish/etc
performance contract with an ESCO to improve energy /medialib/jci/be/case_studies.Par.15414.Fil
efficiency in its city hall. The ESCO worked with the city to e.tmp/milwaukeecityhall.pdf
install a Metsys building energy control system.
Minneapolis, Minnesota. In his 2007 budget, the mayor http://www.ci.minneapolis.mn.us/mayor/ne
established a plan for increasing the city’s investment in energy ws/20060928newsmayorbudgetenergyenivr
efficiency and renewable energy. on.asp
Monterey County, California. Monterey County has installed No longer available online.
more than 5,000 energy-efficient light bulbs in the county jail.
This improvement is expected to save the county approximately
$79,000 each year.
New Haven, Connecticut. New Haven’s Energy Conservation http://www.cityofnewhaven.com/Finance/pd
Program, initiated in 1994, has saved the city over $29 million fs/EnergyConserReport8-30-2005.pdf
through 2006.
New York City, New York. New York City established the http://www.nyc.gov/html/om/pdf/energy_tas
ENCORE program to assist government agencies in improving k_force.pdf
energy efficiency and reducing energy consumption. Several of
the city’s agencies participate in the New York Power Authority
Peak Load Management Program.
New York City, New York. In October 2007, the mayor issued http://www.nyc.gov/html/om/pdf/2007/pr383
an executive order directing city government agencies to reduce -07_eo_109.pdf
energy consumption by 30 percent by 2017. The order also
calls for the creation of an energy savings steering committee
and short-term and long-term energy savings plans.
Northampton, Massachusetts. The Northampton Energy http://www.northamptonma.gov/energyreso
Resourses Commission adopted policies and procedures for urces/uploads/basicContentWidget/6341/Or
reducing the city’s energy consumption. dinance%20NERC%2022%20section%205
2-55.doc
Oakland, California. Berkeley and Oakland have collaborated http://www.cityofberkeley.info/news/2002/0

on a project to help small businesses improve their energy 2feb/022002energy.html
efficiency by installing energy-efficient lighting.
Ocean City, New Jersey. Ocean City has established a goal to http://services.ocnj.us/Environment/tabid/11
reduce energy consumption in government buildings by 4/mid/556/dnnprintmode/true/Default.aspx?
between 5 and 10 percent through its energy conservation SkinSrc=%5bG%5dSkins%2f_default%2fN
program. o+Skin&ContainerSrc=%5bG%5dContainer
s%2f_default%2fNo+Container
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Philadelphia established an http://www.phila.gov/energy/development/c
energy conservation initiative that combines the efforts of the onservation/index.html
Municipal Energy Office and the Capital Program Office. The
city produced its own High Performance Building Renovation
Guidelines.

Phoenix, Arizona. Phoenix developed an environmental http://phoenix.gov/sustainability/sustaincity.
sustainability program to complement the city General Plan. pdf
The city’s Energy Conservation Program is part of this initiative.
Pitt County, North Carolina. The county has entered into an http://www.naco.org/Content/ContentGroup
energy performance contract with a goal of reducing energy s/Programs_and_Projects/Environmental1/
costs by $3.7 million from 2006 to 2017. Energy/CourthouseCampaignCountySpotli
ghts.pdf
Redondo Beach, California. Between 2000 and 2001, http://www.fypower.org/pdf/RES171161_B
Redondo Beach, California, installed an energy management PG_LGov1_Conserv.pdf
system to improve the energy efficiency of air conditioner
compressors on rooftop air-handling units in several buildings.
This measure, which costs approximately $500 per installed
unit, resulted in energy savings of about 18 percent for each
unit.
Saco, Maine. The Saco Energy Committee initiated energy http://www.sacomaine.org/news/energy.sht
conservation efforts that include installing compact fluorescent ml
light bulbs (CFL) and high efficiency refrigerators and
computers in city department buildings.
San Diego, California. San Diego committed to reducing 5 MW http://genesis.sannet.gov/infospc/templates
of energy demand through energy efficiency improvements. /esd/pdf/060512_energy.pdf
Southlake, Texas. The city council adopted a comprehensive http://www.seco.cpa.state.tx.us/zzz_sb5-
energy policy in 2002 that directs city departments to reduce tep/sb5southlake.pdf
energy consumption in their facilities by 5 percent annually over
five years.
Stamford, Connecticut. Stamford has been administering an http://www.neep.org/conference/2008/stamford_
energy management program since 1998. In 2005, the city plus.pdf
committed to reducing energy consumption from fossil fuels by
20 percent by 2010. Through 2008, the city has reduced its
energy consumption by 15 percent, and is saving $1.2 million in
energy costs annually.
Syracuse, New York. To help reduce CO2 emissions by 20 http://theclimategroup.org/index.php/reduci
percent by 2010, Syracuse has upgraded 10,000 traffic signals ng_emissions/case_study/syracuse
with LEDs and is performing comprehensive energy audits on
government facilities. These efforts helped reduce the city’s
energy consumption by 20 percent between 2000 and 2006.
Toledo, Ohio. The Municipal Energy Management Program http://www.usmayors.org/uscm/best_practic
was established to improve energy efficiency in local es/bp_volume_2/toledo.htm
government facilities. The program began with a $930,000
lighting system retrofit in seven buildings, paid for through the
city’s capital improvement program and public bonds.

Wilson County, North Carolina. Wilson County, North http://www.facilitiesnet.com/casestudies/det
Carolina, has reduced annual energy costs by $107,000 by ails.asp?GeneralID=627
improving energy efficiency in 10 county buildings. The majority
of the savings are the result of an integrated building energy
management system, which was installed under a performance
contract to control all county buildings. Along with additional
energy efficiency improvements, the energy management
system is helping the county to reduce overall energy use by 15
percent.
Local Government Green Buildings Programs
Arlington, Massachusetts. Arlington passed a resolution in http://www.cleanair-
2003 requiring LEED Silver certification for all new and coolplanet.org/for_communities/LEED_links
renovated town-owned buildings. /ArlingtonLEEDbylaw.doc
Arlington County, Virginia. Arlington County passed a city http://www.arlingtonva.us/Departments/CP
green building ordinance that requires new buildings to be HD/planning/zoning/pdfs/zoa_leeds.pdf#se
designed to comply with LEED standards. arch
Atlanta, Georgia. Atlanta passed a city ordinance requiring that http://www.atlantaga.gov/mayor/energycon
city buildings be designed to meet LEED criteria. servation_sustainabledesign.aspx
Boston, Massachusetts. Boston passed a city ordinance http://www.cityofboston.gov/bra/gbtf/gbtfho
requiring all new local government buildings to be designed to me.asp
meet LEED-Silver standards.
Chicago, Illinois. The Chicago Standard for municipal http://egov.cityofchicago.org/city/webportal/
buildings was developed based on LEED criteria, and is portalContentItemAction.do?contentOID=5
applicable to private sector development. 36910321&contenTypeName=COC_EDIT
ORIAL&topChannelName=Dept&channelId
=0&programId=0&entityName=Environmen
t&deptMainCategoryOID=-536887205
Costa Mesa, California. Costa Mesa has adopted a http://www.ci.costa-

sustainable municipal green policy that includes a requirement mesa.ca.us/departments/green-
that all new municipal facilities be constructed to meet LEED- building/green-bldg.htm
Gold standards.
Denver, Colorado. In 2007, the mayor issued an executive http://www.greenprintdenver.org/green-
order requiring new city building construction and major building-industry/greenprint-goals/
renovations to meet LEED-Silver energy and environmental
criteria and achieve ENERGY STAR qualification.
Frisco, Texas. Frisco has developed a green building program http://www.ci.frisco.tx.us/departments/plann
that includes a public facilities initiative that requires all new ingDevelopment/greenbuilding/Pages/Publi
public facilities to meet LEED-Silver certification. cFacilitiesInitiative.aspx
Los Angeles. Los Angeles has developed a green building http://www.lacity.org/ead/EADWeb-

program that promotes green building practices in the private Sustainable/green_building_program.htm
sector. The city has proposed adopting a policy to require public
facilities to meet energy and environmental criteria.

Mecklenburg County, North Carolina. The county offers http://www.charmeck.org/Departments/LUE
financial incentives for new commercial and residential buildings SA/GreenPermitRebate/Home.htm
that meet LEED or Green Globes standards. Depending on the
level of certification, builders can receive up to $100,000.
Residential builders can receive the incentive if their buildings
meet the ENERGY STAR qualification.
Miami-Dade County, Florida. The county adopted an http://www.co.miami-
ordinance in 2005 to expedite permitting for commercial, dade.fl.us/govaction/matter.asp?matter=05
industrial, and residential buildings that meet green building 2225&file=false&yearFolder=Y2005
standards.
Orinda, California. Orinda is attempting to become the first http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-
municipality in California to design and construct a LEED-Gold- bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2007/09/05/BAF7RT8
certified city hall. 83.DTL
Phoenix, Arizona. Phoenix, along with Scottsdale and Tempe, http://www.greenbuildexpo.org/

Arizona, have collaborated to host a green building exposition
that gave the general public opportunities to interact with over
50 green building product vendors and to view multiple
presentations and demonstrations.
Plano, Texas. Plano has adopted a policy to make new http://www.plano.gov/Departments/Environ
facilities and major renovations meet LEED-Platinum energy mental+Services/GreenLiving/buildings/4po
and environmental criteria. licy.htm
Portland, Oregon. The city of Portland has adopted a green http://www.portlandonline.com/shared/cfm/i

building policy for municipal buildings. mage.cfm?id=112689
San Antonio, Texas. San Antonio requires new municipal http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/state_energy_

facilities to meet the LEED-Silver rating. program/project_brief_detail.cfm/pb_id=115
0
San Diego, California. San Diego has established a number of http://www.sdcounty.ca.gov/dplu/greenbuild

incentive programs to encourage green building and energy ings.html
efficiency in the private sector.
San Francisco, California. San Francisco has adopted LEED- http://www.sfenvironment.org/our_program
Silver criteria for new construction and major renovation of s/topics.html?ssi=8&ti=19
public facilities. In addition, effective in November 2008 the city
adopted green building requirements for private sector facilities.
Scottsdale, Arizona. In 2005, Scottsdale became the first city http://www.scottsdaleaz.gov/greenbuilding/

in the nation to require local government buildings to be LEED
designed to meet LEED-Gold standards.
Somerset County, New Jersey. Somerset County is http://www.naco.org/cffiles/ggi/green_counti
encouraging new public facilities to meet LEED energy and es/documents/Somerset%20County%20NJ
environmental criteria. The county has developed a technical %20The%20Toolkit%20September%20200
toolkit for municipal engineers. 7.pdf

Washington, D.C. In 2006, Washington, D.C., passed http://www.dccouncil.washington.dc.us/ima
legislation requiring new non-residential buildings greater than ges/00001/20061218152322.pdf
10,000 square feet to be designed to achieve 75 points on the
ENERGY STAR Target Finder rating scale and to be verified as
achieving LEED-Silver standards within two years of
occupancy.
Incentives for Energy Efficiency in Residential and Commercial Facilities
Riverhead, New York. Riverhead has decided to reduce the http://www.dsireusa.org/incentives/incentiv
permitting fees associated with installing certain energy e.cfm?Incentive_Code=NY42F&re=1&ee=1
conservation devices on residential and commercial buildings.
Springfield, Missouri. The Springfield municipal utility offers http://www.cityutilities.net/conserve/res_pg
numerous rebates for energy efficiency investments in ms.htm (residential) and
residential and commercial buildings. The utility also offers low- http://www.cityutilities.net/conserve/com_pg
cost energy audits for residential customers. ms.htm (commercial)
Information Resources for Energy Efficiency in Local Government Facilities and Operations
Building Investment Decision Support. This document http://www.aia.org/aiaucmp/groups/ek_publ
provides an overview of the qualitative and quantitative benefits ic/documents/pdf/aiap080050.pdf
of high-performance buildings.
Clean Air, Cool Planet. Clean Air, Cool Planet is a partnership http://www.cleanair-
that works with communities in the Northeast to adopt policies coolplanet.org/for_communities/index.php
that reduce climate change impacts. The Web site offers a
community toolkit that includes case studies of several
communities that have implemented energy efficiency
improvements.
Community Jobs in the Green Economy. The Apollo Alliance http://apolloalliance.org/downloads/resourc
developed this report to outline the community economic es_Community_Jobs_in_the_Green_Econo
benefits of investing in energy efficiency and renewable energy. my.pdf
Counties and Residential Green Building Standards. This http://www.naco.org/GreenTemplate.cfm?S
NACo fact sheet provides information on the benefits of a ection =
number of county and residential green building programs. Energy_and_Green_Buildings&template =
/ContentManagement/ContentDisplay.cfm&
ContentID = 24818
Energy and Environment Best Practices. The U.S. http://usmayors.org/uscm/best_practices/E
Conference of Mayors produces this report each year to andEBP07.pdf
highlight local government initiatives.
Energy Conservation Tips for Local Governments. This list http://www.deq.state.id.us/multimedia_assi
of conservation strategies was developed by the Idaho stance/p2/gov_energy_conserve_fs.pdf
Department of Environmental Quality.
Energy-Efficient Lighting in County Facilities. This NACo http://www.naco.org/GreenTemplate.cfm?S
fact sheet provides information on the benefits and feasibility of ection =
improving energy efficiency in lighting systems in local Energy_and_Green_Buildings&template =
government facilities. /ContentManagement/ContentDisplay.cfm&
ContentID = 24366
Energy Guide: Achieving Energy Efficiency in County http://www.naco.org/Content/ContentGroup
Facilities. This NACo guidance document provides information s/Programs_and_Projects/Environmental1/
to local government on steps they can take to improve energy Energy/AchievingEnergyEfficiencyinCounty
efficiency in their facilities. Facilities.pdf

ENERGY STAR Building Upgrade Manual. This document http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=bu
serves as a guide for planning and implementing facility siness.bus_upgrade_manual
upgrades. The manual provides assistance in developing a
comprehensive energy management strategy.
ENERGY STAR Challenge Training for Local Governments. http://www.energystar.gov/ia/business/gove
ENERGY STAR offers free online training sessions for local rnment/training_sessions.pdf
governments participating in the ENERGY STAR Challenge.
ENERGY STAR Performance Contracting Best Practices. http://www.naesco.org/resources/industry/d
This primer identifies best practices for using ENERGY STAR ocuments/2008-05.pdf
tools and resources in the field of energy performance
contracting.
ENERGY STAR: State and Local Legislation Leveraging http://www.energystar.gov/ia/business/gove
ENERGY STAR. This Web site provides descriptions of several rnment/State_and_Local_Legislation.pdf
state and local governments that have adopted ENERGY STAR
policies for public facilities.
Energy-Aware Planning Guide. This guide, developed by the http://www.energy.ca.gov/energy_aware_g
California Energy Commission with the assistance of uide/index.html
representatives from 49 local governments, identifies energy-
related planning opportunities in land use, transportation,
buildings, water use, and waste management.
Fast Facts on Energy Use. EPA’s ENERGY STAR Challenge http://www.energystar.gov/ia/business/chall
program has developed a fact sheet on national energy enge/learn_more/FastFacts.pdf
consumption and the benefits of participating in the ENERGY
STAR Challenge.
Financing Energy Efficiency Projects. This ENERGY STAR http://www.energystar.gov/ia/business/gove
article describes how energy cost savings can be used to rnment/Financial_Energy_Efficiency_Projec
finance energy-efficiency investments. ts.pdf
Flex Your Power Municipal Best Practices Guide. This guide http://www.fypower.org/bpg/index.html?b =
provides assistance to local governments on improving energy institutional
efficiency and energy conservation. A number of case studies
are available through this Web site.
Florida Green Local Government Standard. A collection of http://www.floridagreenbuilding.org/db/?q=n
local governments joined with the Florida Solar Energy Center ode/5751
to develop this standard, which encompasses community-wide
criteria as well as “in-house” practices.
Guide to Greening Government Through Powerful http://www.naco.org/Content/ContentGroup
Purchasing Decisions. This brochure, produced by the s/Programs_and_Projects/Environmental1/
National Association of Counties, provides a number of Energy/Introduction.pdf
strategies for local governments looking to adopt
environmentally preferable purchasing policies.
A Guide to Greening Your Bottom Line Through a http://www.rmi.org/images/other/GDS/GDS-
Resource-Efficient Office Environment. This City of Portland GrnOfficeGuide.pdf
Office of Sustainable Development guidebook includes helpful
information on behavioral adjustments local governments can
make to reduce building and operations energy consumption.

Guide to Preparing Feasibility Studies. This California http://www.energy.ca.gov/reports/2000-03-
Energy Commission report provides guidance to local 20_400-00-002.PDF
governments in assessing the feasibility of potential energy
efficiency activities.
High Performance Cities. This Apollo Alliance document http://www.cows.org/pdf/econdev/apollo/rp-
serves as a guide to energy-saving policies for local high_perform_cities.pdf
governments and provides multiple case studies.
Historic Building Energy Efficiency Guide. Boulder, http://www.bouldercolorado.gov/index.php?
Colorado, has developed this guide for implementing energy option=com_content&task=view&id=8217&I
efficiency improvements in historic buildings. Energy efficiency temid=22
improvements can be implemented without compromising
historic authenticity and architectural or aesthetic integrity.
Jobs from Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency. This http://www.eesi.org/briefings/2007/Energy
fact sheet provides statistics on the economic and jobs impacts %20&%20Climate/11-8-
of investing in renewable energy and energy efficiency in the 07_green_jobs/EEREJobsFactSheet_11-8-
U.S. 07.pdf
Leading by Example: Streamlining EE in the Local http://www.aceee.org/store/proddetail.cfm?
Government Sector. This ACEEE Summer Study paper CFID=1924939&CFTOKEN=94619300&Ite
describes the Association of Bay Area Government Energy mID=452&CategoryID=4
Watch programs. The paper provides information on energy
efficiency barriers that the programs have encountered and
addressed.
LEED Initiatives in Governments and Schools. This U.S. https://www.usgbc.org/ShowFile.aspx?Doc
Green Building Council Web site provides a list of LEED umentID=691
requirements in governments and schools, including a number
of local government initiatives.
Local Governments: An Overview of Energy Use and http://www.energystar.gov/ia/business/chall
Energy Efficiency Opportunities. EPA has developed this fact enge/learn_more/LocalGovernment.pdf
sheet to provide local governments with an overview of
resources available for improving energy efficiency in their
Municipal Green Building Policies: Strategies for http://www.elistore.org/reports_detail.asp?I
Transforming Building Practices in the Private Sector. This D=11295
report provides descriptions of local government policies for
advancing green building in the private sector by establishing
mandatory green building criteria, providing expedited review,
and offering financial incentives.
National Association of Counties ENERGY STAR http://www.naco.org/Template.cfm?Section
Courthouse Campaign. Through this program, NACo provides = New_Technical_Assistance&template =
assistance to county governments in improving energy /ContentManagement/ContentDisplay.cfm&
performance in county courthouses by using the ENERGY ContentID = 20784
STAR framework.
New Energy for Cities. This report by the Apollo Alliance lays http://apolloalliance.org/downloads/resourc
out a four-part plan for how cities can develop clean energy es_new_energy_cities.pdf
technologies. The report includes a number of case studies.

New York City Long-Term Plan to Reduce Energy http://www.nyc.gov/html/planyc2030/html/pl
Consumption and Greenhouse Gas Emissions from an/energy_reduce-consumption.shtml
Municipal Buildings and Operations. In response to the
mayor’s directive to reduce local government GHG emissions
by 30 percent by 2017 through energy efficiency, a city steering
committee developed this long-term plan that outlines
recommendations, expected costs, and implementation
strategies.
Office Building Energy Use Profile. The National Action Plan http://www.epa.gov/RDEE/documents/sect
for Energy Efficiency has developed a profile of office buildings or-meeting/4bi_officebuilding.pdf
in the U.S. that provides information on average energy
consumption, cost, and end-use figures.
Philadelphia High Performance Building Renovation http://www.phila.gov/pdfs/PhiladelphiaGree
Guidelines. This document provides guidance on 12 major nGuidelines.pdf
project types. Each guideline includes an overview of project
materials, implementation strategies, and benefits.
Planners Handbook for Energy Efficiency and Climate http://www.nhplanning.com/Energy/Data/N
Change. This handbook was developed to provide local HPAMGPlanning.pdf
planners with information and resources on improving energy
efficiency and addressing climate change at the local level
through the planning process.
Reduce Energy Use in Local Government Facilities http://www.fypower.org/bpg/index.html?b=o
Through Conservation Improvements. This Flex Your Power ffices
best practices guide uses examples from various California
local governments to highlight strategies for improving energy
conservation.
Reduce Energy Use in Local Government Facilities http://www.fypower.org/bpg/index.html?b=i
Through Efficiency Improvements. This Flex Your Power nstitutional
best practices guide highlights strategies for improving energy
efficiency in municipal buildings. It draws from the experiences
of selected California local governments.
San Francisco Green Building Task Force Report. The city http://www.fypower.org/pdf/SF_GreenBuildi
and county of San Francisco convened a task force to develop ngTFReport.pdf
recommendations for green building standards in residential
and commercial buildings.
San Francisco Municipal Green Building Compliance http://www.sfenvironment.org/downloads/lib
Guide. This document provides guidance for the design and rary/gbcomplianceguide.pdf
construction of new buildings in San Francisco.
Selected Best Practices for Successful City Energy http://usmayors.org/pressreleases/docume
Initiatives. Prepared for the U.S. Conference of Mayors, this nts/bestenergy2001.pdf
report provides case studies of 14 local governments. The
report highlights diverse approaches to energy-related
initiatives.
A Study of Green Building Programs in Our Nation’s http://www.aia.org/advocacy/local/programs
Communities. The American Institute of Architecture has /AIAS075254
developed this study on local green building programs. The
study includes several case studies of local programs.

Summary of the Financial Benefits of ENERGY STAR http://www.energystar.gov/ia/partners/publi
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environmental features into GSA building designs. The program
Web site includes a number of resources on sustainable design
as well as a set of facilities standards for GSA-designed
buildings.
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Clean Energy Strategies for Local Governments Energy Efficiency in Local Government

Facilities and Operations

6.1 Energy Efficiency in Local Government Facilities and

Energy can account for as much as 10

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6.1.2 Benefits of Energy Efficiency in Local Government Facilities and

• Reduce energy costs. Significant cost savings Energy Consumption in Government

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• Increase economic benefits through job creation Fayetteville, Arkansas—Reduced

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In 2007, the mayor of Louisville, Kentucky, signed on as an ENERGY STAR partner

6.1.3 Planning and Design Approaches to Energy Efficiency in Local

• Improving energy efficiency in existing and new local government facilities.

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• Improving energy efficiency in local

Improving Energy Efficiency in Existing

The most effective way to reduce energy

Energy Management, involves seven steps: • Create a Communication Plan, Raise

• Step 6. Evaluate Progress • Internal Recognition

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While this section describes an approach for implementing a comprehensive portfolio-wide

Table 6.1.1. ENERGY STAR Program Resources

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Table 6.1.1. ENERGY STAR Program Resources

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Step 1: Make Commitments

Committing to a policy for improving energy efficiency in a specified portfolio of buildings is an

In 2007, the mayor of Fort Wayne, Sector Collaborative on Energy Efficiency:

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As a participant in the ENERGY STAR Challenge, Fort Worth, Texas, has

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Common applications of life-cycle cost analysis employed by local governments include

In 2008, Alexandria, Virginia, adopted an eco-city environmental charter to

In 2008, Cobb County, Georgia’s, board of commissioners approved a policy

- Tracking results of energy efficiency initiatives. Tracking results of initiatives is a

- Purchasing energy-efficient products. Some local governments are making a procurement

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- Ensuring energy efficiency is a key component of green building programs. Energy

Steps 2 and 3: Assess Baseline Energy Performance and Set Goals

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Assess Baseline Energy Performance in Existing Buildings

Understanding the impacts of improvements in energy efficiency in existing buildings requires

• Use available, standardized tools for baseline energy consumption assessments.

• Benchmark buildings. Benchmarking involves comparing a building’s energy performance to

• Conduct technical assessments and audits. In addition to establishing baseline energy

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Set Goals for Existing and New Building Portfolios

• Consider potential savings. Assessing potential energy savings helps to determine

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Step 4: Create an Action Plan

A resolution passed by the Montgomery County, Maryland, county council in 2008

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Key strategies for creating an action plan include:

Develop whole building energy performance

A staged approach is a systematic method to gradually improve energy efficiency in existing

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Figure 6.1.2. Benefits of Using a Staged Approach to Implementing Energy Efficiency

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• Measure heating and cooling loads.