Performance Based Design by Ashraf H.

NonlinearAnalysis&PerformanceBasedDesign
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CALCULATED vs MEASURED
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ENERGY DISSIPATION
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IMPLICIT NONLINEAR BEHAVIOR
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STEEL STRESS STRAIN RELATIONSHIPS
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INELASTIC WORK DONE!
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CAPACITY DESIGN
STRONG COLUMNS & WEAK BEAMS IN FRAMES

REDUCED BEAM SECTIONS
LINK BEAMS IN ECCENTRICALLY BRACED FRAMES
BUCKLING RESISTANT BRACES AS FUSES
RUBBER-LEAD BASE ISOLATORS
HINGED BRIDGE COLUMNS
HINGES AT THE BASE LEVEL OF SHEAR WALLS
ROCKING FOUNDATIONS
OVERDESIGNED COUPLING BEAMS
OTHER SACRIFICIAL ELEMENTS
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STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS
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MOMENT ROTATION RELATIONSHIP
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IDEALIZED MOMENT ROTATION
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PERFORMANCE LEVELS
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IDEALIZED FORCE DEFORMATION CURVE
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ASCE 41 BEAM MODEL
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17
ASCE 41 ASSESSMENT OPTIONS

LinearStaticAnalysis
LinearDynamicAnalysis
(ResponseSpectrumorTimeHistoryAnalysis)
NonlinearStaticAnalysis
(PushoverAnalysis)
NonlinearDynamicTimeHistoryAnalysis
(NDI orFNA)
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STRENGTH vs DEFORMATION
ELASTICSTRENGTHDESIGN KEYSTEPS
CHOSEDESIGNCODEANDEARTHQUAKELOADS
DESIGNCHECKPARAMETERSSTRESS/BEAMMOMENT
GETALLOWABLESTRESSES/ULTIMATE PHIFACTORS
CALCULATESTRESSES LOADFACTORS(STRSTH)
CALCULATESTRESSRATIOS
INELASTICDEFORMATIONBASEDDESIGN KEYSTEPS
CHOSEPERFORMANCELEVELANDDESIGNLOADS ASCE 41
DEMANDCAPACITYMEASURES DRIFT/HINGEROTATION/SHEAR
GETDEFORMATIONANDFORCECAPACITIES
CALCULATEDEFORMATIONANDFORCEDEMANDS(RSORTH)
CALCULATED/CRATIOS LIMITSTATES
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STRUCTURE and MEMBERS
Forastructure,F=load,D=deflection.
Foracomponent,Fdependsonthecomponenttype,Disthe
correspondingdeformation.
Thecomponent FDrelationshipsmustbeknown.
Thestructure FDrelationshipisobtainedbystructuralanalysis.
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FRAME COMPONENTS
Foreachcomponenttypeweneed:
ReasonablyaccuratenonlinearFDrelationships.
Reasonabledeformationand/orstrengthcapacities.
Wemustchooserealisticdemandcapacitymeasures,anditmustbe
feasibletocalculatethedemandvalues.
Thebestmodelisthesimplestmodelthatwilldothejob.
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F-D RELATIONSHIP
Force (F)
Strain
Hardening
Ultimate
strength Ductile limit
Strength loss
Residual strength
First yield
Initially
linear
Complete failure
Deformation (D)
Hysteresis loop
Stiffness, strength and ductile limit may

all degrade under cyclic deformation
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DUCTILITY
LATERAL
LOAD
Brittle
Partially Ductile
Ductile
DRIFT
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ASCE 41 - DUCTILE AND BRITTLE
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FORCE AND DEFORMATION CONTROL
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BACKBONE CURVE
Monotonic F-D relationship
Hysteresis loops
from experiment.
Relationship allowing
for cyclic deformation
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HYSTERESIS LOOP MODELS
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STRENGTH DEGRADATION
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ASCE 41 DEFORMATION CAPACITIES
Thiscanbeusedforcomponentsofalltypes.
Itcanbeusedifexperimentalresultsareavailable.
ASCE41givescapacitiesformanydifferentcomponents.
Forbeamsandcolumns,ASCE41givescapacitiesonlyforthechord
rotationmodel.
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BEAM END ROTATION MODEL
Mi
Mi or Mj
Mj
i or j
Zero length hinges

M
Elastic
Plastic (hinge)
Elastic beam
Total
rotation
Plastic
rotation
Elastic
rotation
Similar at
this end
Current
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PLASTIC HINGE MODEL
Itisassumedthatallinelasticdeformationisconcentratedinzero
lengthplastichinges.
ThedeformationmeasureforD/Cishingerotation.
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PLASTIC ZONE MODEL
Theinelasticbehavioroccursinfinitelengthplasticzones.
Actualplasticzonesusuallychangelength,butmodelsthathave
variablelengthsaretoocomplex.
ThedeformationmeasureforD/Ccanbe:
Averagecurvatureinplasticzone.
Rotationoverplasticzone(=averagecurvaturex
plastic
zonelength).
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ASCE 41 CHORD ROTATION CAPACITIES
IO
LS
CP
Steel Beam
p/y = 1
p/y = 6
p/y = 8
RC Beam
Low shear
High shear
p = 0.01
p = 0.005
p = 0.02
p = 0.01
p = 0.025
p = 0.02
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COLUMNAXIALBENDINGMODEL
Mj
P
V
P
P
or
M
V
Mi
P
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STEELCOLUMNAXIALBENDING
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CONCRETECOLUMNAXIALBENDING
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SHEAR HINGE MODEL
Node
Elastic beam
Zero-length
shear "hinge"
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PANEL ZONE ELEMENT
Deformation,D=springrotation=shearstraininpanelzone.
Force,F=momentinspring=momenttransferredfrombeamto
columnelements.
Also,F=(panelzonehorizontalshearforce)x(beamdepth).
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BUCKLING-RESTRAINED BRACE
TheBRB elementincludesisotropichardening.
TheDCmeasureisaxialdeformation.
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BEAM/COLUMN FIBER MODEL
Thecrosssectionisrepresentedbyanumberofuniaxialfibers.
TheM relationshipfollowsfromthefiberproperties,areasandlocations.
Stressstrainrelationshipsreflecttheeffectsofconfinement
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WALL FIBER MODEL
Steel
fibers
Concrete
fibers
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ALTERNATIVE MEASURE - STRAIN
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NONLINEAR SOLUTION SCHEMES
iteration
2
iteration
1 2 3 4 56
NEWTON RAPHSON
ITERATION
CONSTANTSTIFFNESS
ITERATION
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CIRCULAR FREQUENCY
+Y
Radius, R
-Y
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THE D, V & A RELATIONSHIP

u
.
Slope = ut1
t1
.
u
.
ut1
..
Slope = ut1
t1
t1
..
u
..
ut1
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UNDAMPED FREE VIBRATION
&& + ku = 0
mu
ut = u0 cos(t)
k
where =
m
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RESPONSE MAXIMA
ut = u0 cos(t)
u&t = u0 sin(t)
u&&t = u0 cos(t)
2
&u& max = 2u max

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BASIC DYNAMICS WITH DAMPING

&& + Cu& + Ku = 0
Mu
t
&& + Cu& + Ku = Mu
&&
Mu
g
&u& + 2u& + 2u = u
&&
g
M
C
K
&&
u
g
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RESPONSE FROM GROUND MOTION

&&
ug
u + 2u& + u = A + Bt = &&
2
..
ug
2
..
ug2
t1
..
ug1
t2
Time t
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DAMPED RESPONSE
u& t =
e
+
ut =
{ [u& t
1
B
] cos d t
2
1
B
B
[A 2ut (u& t + 2 )] sin d t } + 2
1
1
d
{ [ut
A
2B
+
] cos d t
2
3
A B(22 1)
1
d t }
+
+
[u& t + ut
]
sin
1
1
d
2
A
2B Bt
+[
+
]
2
3
2
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SDOF DAMPED RESPONSE
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RESPONSE SPECTRUM GENERATION

Earthquake Record
0.20
16
0.00
-0.20
DISPL, in.
-0.40
0.00
4.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
TIME, SECONDS
5.00
6.00
T= 0.6 sec
DISPLACEMENT, inches
GROUND ACC, g
0.40
2.00
0.00
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
0
-2.00
-4.00
0.00
10
PERIOD, Seconds
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
DISPL, in.
T= 2.0 sec
8.00
4.00
0.00
-4.00
-8.00
0.00
Displacement
Response Spectrum
5% damping
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
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SPECTRAL PARAMETERS
DISPLACEMENT, in.
16
PSV = Sd
PSa = PSv
12
0
0
10
PERIOD, sec
1.00
ACCELERATION, g
VELOCITY, in/sec
40
30
20
10
0.80
0.60
0.40
0.20
0.00
10
PERIOD, sec
PERIOD, sec
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10
SpectralAcceleration,Sa
2.0Seconds
1.0Seconds
RSCurve
0.5Seconds
ADRSCurve
SpectralAcceleration,Sa
THE ADRS SPECTRUM
Period,T
SpectralDisplacement, Sd
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THE ADRS SPECTRUM
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ASCE 7 RESPONSE SPECTRUM
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PUSHOVER
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THE LINEAR PUSHOVER
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EQUIVALENT LINEARIZATION
Howfartopush?TheTargetPoint!
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DISPLACEMENT MODIFICATION
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DISPLACEMENT MODIFICATION
CalculatingtheTargetDisplacement
2
C0 C1 C2 Sa Te
/(4 )
2
C0Relatesspectraltoroofdisplacement
C1 Modifierforinelasticdisplacement
C2 Modifierforhysteresisloopshape
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LOAD CONTROL AND DISPLACEMENT CONTROL
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P-DELTA ANALYSIS
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P-DELTA DEGRADES STRENGTH
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P-DELTA EFFECTS ON F-D CURVES
P- effects may reduce the drift at which the

"worst" component reaches its ductile limit.
STRUCTURE
STRENGTH
P- effects will reduce the drift at

which the structure loses strength.
The "over-ductility" is reduced,
and is more uncertain.
DRIFT
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THE FAST NONLINEAR ANALYSIS METHOD (FNA)
NON LINEAR FRAME AND SHEAR WALL HINGES

BASE ISOLATORS (RUBBER & FRICTION)
STRUCTURAL DAMPERS
STRUCTURAL UPLIFT
STRUCTURAL POUNDING
BUCKLING RESTRAINED BRACES
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RITZ VECTORS
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FNA KEY POINT
TheRitzmodesgeneratedbythe
nonlineardeformationloadsareused
tomodifythebasicstructuralmodes
wheneverthenonlinearelementsgo
nonlinear.
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ARTIFICIAL EARTHQUAKES
CREATING HISTORIES TO MATCH A SPECTRUM

FREQUENCY CONTENTS OF EARTHQUAKES
FOURIER TRANSFORMS
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ARTIFICIAL EARTHQUAKES
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MESH REFINEMENT
71
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APPROXIMATING BENDING BEHAVIOR
Thisisforacouplingbeam.Aslenderpierissimilar.
72
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ACCURACY OF MESH REFINEMENT
73
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PIER / SPANDREL MODELS
74
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STRAIN & ROTATION MEASURES
75
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STRAIN CONCENTRATION STUDY
Comparecalculatedstrainsandrotationsforthe3cases.
76
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STRAIN CONCENTRATION STUDY
No. of
elems
Roof
drift
Strain in bottom
element
Strain over story

height
Rotation over
story height
2.32%
2.39%
2.39%
1.99%
2.32%
3.66%
2.36%
1.97%
2.32%
4.17%
2.35%
1.96%
Thestrainoverthestoryheightisinsensitivetothenumberofelements.
Also,therotationoverthestoryheightisinsensitivetothenumberofelements.
ThereforethesearegoodchoicesforD/Cmeasures.
77
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DISCONTINUOUS SHEAR WALLS
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PIER AND SPANDREL FIBER MODELS
Vertical and horizontal fiber models
79
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RAYLEIGH DAMPING
TheM dampersconnectthemassestotheground.Theyexert
externaldampingforces.Unitsof are1/T.
The K dampersactinparallelwiththeelements.Theyexertinternal
dampingforces.Unitsof areT.
ThedampingmatrixisC =M +K.
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80
RAYLEIGH DAMPING
Forlinearanalysis,thecoefficients and canbechosentogiveessentially

constantdampingoverarangeofmodeperiods,asshown.
Apossiblemethodisasfollows:
ChooseTB =0.9timesthefirstmodeperiod.
ChooseTA =0.2timesthefirstmodeperiod.
Calculate and togive5%dampingatthesetwovalues.
Thedampingratioisessentiallyconstantinthefirstfewmodes.
Thedampingratioishigherforthehighermodes.
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81
RAYLEIGH DAMPING
M &u& t + Cu& + Ku = 0
M &u& t + ( M + K ) u
& + Ku = 0
&u& +
Cu
&
M
K
u
M
= 0
&u& + 2 u& + 2u = 0 ; 2 M = C
=
C
2M
C
2M K
M
C
2 KM
M + K
2 KM
= +
2
2
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2 KM
RAYLEIGH DAMPING
HigherModes(high) =
LowerModes(low) =
Toget from & forany =
K
M
; = 2
Toget & fromtwovaluesof1& 2
1 = + 1
2
2
1
2 = + 2
2
2
Solvefor &
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DAMPING COEFFICIENT FROM HYSTERESIS
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DAMPING COEFFICIENT FROM HYSTERESIS
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A BIG THANK YOU!!!
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What are some methods for modeling structural components nonlinearly?

What are some methods for modeling structural components nonlinearly?

What are some options for assessing structures using nonlinear analysis as per ASCE 41?

What are some options for assessing structures using nonlinear analysis as per ASCE 41?

NonlinearAnalysis&PerformanceBasedDesign

IMPLICIT NONLINEAR BEHAVIOR

STEEL STRESS STRAIN RELATIONSHIPS

INELASTIC WORK DONE!

STRONG COLUMNS & WEAK BEAMS IN FRAMES

MOMENT ROTATION RELATIONSHIP

IDEALIZED MOMENT ROTATION

IDEALIZED FORCE DEFORMATION CURVE

ASCE 41 BEAM MODEL

ASCE 41 ASSESSMENT OPTIONS

STRUCTURE and MEMBERS

Stiffness, strength and ductile limit may

ASCE 41 - DUCTILE AND BRITTLE

FORCE AND DEFORMATION CONTROL

Monotonic F-D relationship

HYSTERESIS LOOP MODELS

ASCE 41 DEFORMATION CAPACITIES

BEAM END ROTATION MODEL

Zero length hinges

PLASTIC HINGE MODEL

PLASTIC ZONE MODEL

ASCE 41 CHORD ROTATION CAPACITIES

SHEAR HINGE MODEL

PANEL ZONE ELEMENT

BEAM/COLUMN FIBER MODEL

WALL FIBER MODEL

ALTERNATIVE MEASURE - STRAIN

NONLINEAR SOLUTION SCHEMES

THE D, V & A RELATIONSHIP

UNDAMPED FREE VIBRATION

&u& max = 2u max

BASIC DYNAMICS WITH DAMPING

RESPONSE FROM GROUND MOTION

SDOF DAMPED RESPONSE

RESPONSE SPECTRUM GENERATION

THE ADRS SPECTRUM

THE ADRS SPECTRUM

ASCE 7 RESPONSE SPECTRUM

THE LINEAR PUSHOVER

LOAD CONTROL AND DISPLACEMENT CONTROL

P-DELTA DEGRADES STRENGTH

P-DELTA EFFECTS ON F-D CURVES

P- effects may reduce the drift at which the

P- effects will reduce the drift at

THE FAST NONLINEAR ANALYSIS METHOD (FNA)

NON LINEAR FRAME AND SHEAR WALL HINGES

FNA KEY POINT

CREATING HISTORIES TO MATCH A SPECTRUM

APPROXIMATING BENDING BEHAVIOR

ACCURACY OF MESH REFINEMENT

PIER / SPANDREL MODELS

STRAIN & ROTATION MEASURES

STRAIN CONCENTRATION STUDY

STRAIN CONCENTRATION STUDY