DOCONEN2 PESONE

EC 422 502

21) 101 635

TIT1E

INSTITUTION

Implementation of the Individualized Education

Program. A Teacher's Perspective.
Delaware State Dept, of Public Instruction, Dover.:
Mid-East Regional lesourceeCenter, Washington,
D. Cu

SPONS AGENCY

Bureau of Education for the Handicapped' (DHEW/OE),

Washington, D.C.

PUB DATE
CONTRACT

79

NOTE.

EDRS ?RICE
DESCRIPTORS

IDENTIFIERS

300-77-0482
247p.; For related material, see EC 122 500-501.
MF01/PC10 Plus Postage.
Behavioral Objectives: Check Lists; tompliance
(Legal); *Educational Legislation; Educational Needs;
*Educational Oblectives: Elementary Secondary
Education: *Evaluation Methods: Federal Legislation;
Guideline's: *Handicapped Children; *Individualized
Programs: Parent Participation; *Program Development:
Task Analysis: Teaching Procedures
Education for All Handicapped Children Act

ABSTRACT

Guidelines foc the implementation of individualized

education programs (IEPs) for handicapped children are provided. An
introductory section details the mandates of Public Law 94-142 (the
Education for All %andicapped Children Act) and defines the
components of the IEP and a list of 11 exceptionalities. Section 2discusses assessment, including areas of atsessment, definitions of
60 terms, teacher competencies which aid assessment, and observation
as an assessment tool. Four sample assessment forms are included. The
writing of annual goals and behavioral objectives and the deyelopment
of task analysis are described in the third section. Planning
instructional strategies, in areas such as individualizing the
program and managing assignments, is the topic of the fourth section.
'.The final section examines strategies and processes for reevaluation
and provides samples of checklists and examples of IEPs. Extensive
appendixes incltde material it the areas of tests, checklists, and
inventories: learning; management and behavior: and parent input in
tke IEP process. (PHR)

***********************************************************************
Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made
from the original document.
***********************************************************************

U.S. DE ARTIMINT OP NEALTN.

EDUCATION A WILPARI
NATIONM. INSTITUTE OP
EDUCATION

THIS DOCUMENT HAS SEEN OIFPRO.

DUCED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED FROM
THE PERSON OR ORGANIZATION ORIGIN
ATING IT POINTS OF vIEW OR OPINIONS
STATED DO NOT NECESSARILY REPRE.
SENT OFFICIAL NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF
EDUCATION POSITION OR POLICY

IMPLEMENTATION OF THE INDIVIDUALIZED EDUCATION:pROGRAM:

A TEACHER'S PERSPECTIVE

developed
by
Emily J. Crandall
Educational Program Specialist, MERRC
and the

Mid-East Rega.onal Resource Center

George Washington University.
Washington, D.C.
in
cooperation
with the

Exceptional Children/Special Programs Division

Department of Public Instruction'
Dover, Delaware 19901

"PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE THIS

MAI4RIAL HAS BEEN GRANTED BY
.. ),

/7)

TO THE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES

INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC)."

et,

COVER DESTGN - Ken Fussell

"This project CUADEPA14) has been funded with federal

funds (Education ortRe Handicapped Act, P.L. 91-230,
Title VI, Part C, as amended) from the Department of
Health, Educationt.and Welfare under United States Office
of Education contract number 300-77-0482. 'The'contents of
this publication do not necessarily refldet the views or
policies of the Department of Health, Education, and
Welfare, nor does mention of trade names, commercial
products or organizations imply endorsement of such by
U.S. Government."
2

f4;

Acknowledgements
The production of this handboOk has indeed been a
rewarding experience. Special appreciation is extended
to the many typists who contributed their time and efforts:
.Mary Lynn Perry, Amy Green, Mary Moore, Harriet Gitlitz,
Mary Ellen Marvin, Corrine Willis and Margaret Sweitzer
of the Mid-East Regional Resource Center.
Special thanks are extended:

.to Carol Holland for her untiFing efforts toward the

printing of this document.
.to the'authors of various articles.

.to those persons who read and critiqued the handbook

for the linal draft - Steve Godowsky, Delaware Department
of Public Instruction; Henry Johnson, North Carolina
Department of Public Instruction; Robert Ingram, West
Virginia Department of Education; Connie Castrogiovanni
and Mary Ellen Marvin.
IA

Emily J. Crardall
Mid-rast RRC
1979

State of Delaware Department of Public Instruction

Kenneth C. Madden
State Superintendent

William B. Keene
Deputy Superintendent
Randall L. Broyles
Assistant Superintendent of
Public Instruction,

Instruconal Services
Howard E.-Row
Assistant Superintendent of
Public Instruction,
Auxiliary Services
John J. Ryan
Assistant Superintendent of
Public Instruction,
Administrative Services
Carl M. Haltom
State.Director,
Exceptional Children/
Special Programs Division
Connie I. Allen
Supervisor,
Exceptional Children Programs
Richard L. Connell
Supervisor,
Exceptional Children Programs

Edward T. Dillon
Supervisorl
Exceptional Children Programs
Steven Godowsky
Supervisor,
Exceptional Children Programs
Helen Holleger
Supervisor,
Exceptional Children Programs
,4

Barbara Humphreys
State Specialist,
Exceptional Children Programs

Thomas Pledgie
Supervisor,
Exceptional Children Programs

Mary V. Lauderbaugh
Supervisor
Direction Service Center
Dolores Pittelli
State Specialist,
Direction Service Center

,.

iii

PREFACE
4

Dear Teachers:
CA

Before your arms are extended in despair

over the planning and writing of individualized
\ educational programs, certain assumptions should
be clarified:
,

1)

The purpdse of the'IEP is not to cause,

teachers to "wade through paper";

2)

IEPs do not need to have "pages and

pages of-aitailed writing";

3)

All of the good things you have been

doing for children are needed in
implementing ex program for children;

4)

fThe IEP is not something new - it is

a plan designed to fit _the needs of
an individual child;

5)

The mere writin 'of an IEP does not

insure success ul programming.

Your task then, will be to translate

information into ?erformance objectives and
program experiences whIgh will increase the
opportunity of Meetirukheeds of children.
You will then document your planning, your
continual assessment of needs, the hard.work
of shaping behavior, and the model of self
that you portray in moving exceptional
children from levels of dependence to levels
of independence.
It ls hoped that this document will help
reinforce many of the good things teachers
do for children.
Good luck!

s".

"

iv

TABLE OF CONTENTS
.Acknowledgements
iii

Preface

iv

Table of Contents
Chapter. I:

Introduction.

Public Law 94-142

The IEP in Action

Various Exceptionalities (Definitions)

Chapter II:

13

Assessment

Purposes

13

Present Performance Level

14

Ecological Assessment

20

Terms

22
''27

Teacher Competencies Which Aid Assessment

Observation (References)

30

Guide Sheets

33

Goals and Objectives .

38

Chapter III:

39

WritO.ng Annual Goals (References)

Writing Behavioral Objectives (References)

42

53

Task Analysis (References)

Chapter IV:

62

Instruction

Individualizing the Program

63

Planning the Instructional Sequence

68

Managing Assignments and Instruction

72

Suggestlons for Teaching:

Modifications

75

Chaptei IV:

Instruction (continued)

General Tips fot Instruction OOOOOOO

88

92

Individualizing Tips
Chaptex V:

98

Re-evaluation

Strategies

102

Processes

104

Checklist

106

110

Sample IEPs

APPENDICES
A.

B.

Tests, Checklists, Inventories

127.

Rules for Administering Standardized Tests .

149

Assessment Measures

151

Diagnostic/Testing/IEP Materials

153

Learning

178
1

Terms Related to Learning

178

Learning Styles

184

Styles of Learning and Behavioral Objectives

C.

D.

188

Management/Behavior

199

Glossairy of Terms

201

Principles of Behavior

205

Classroom Managemept Tips

213

References

215

Parent Input in the IEP Process

216

Annotated References

219

CHAPTER 1
41,1

woo 4'

INTRODUCTION

Teachers have been assigned the task of assisting in the

writing of the individualized educational p4ogram and supervising the implementation of the IEP. The general goal of
this booklet is to aid the teacher in the implementation pro7
cess by:
-providing an overview of P.L. 94-142
-providing strategies and resources to.aid in the assessment and evaluation process;
-providing support in programming for the IEP based on
learning'goals and objectives;
-correlating individualized activities, materia ls, and
strategies to simplify the ongoing.instructional
program;
- providing mainstreaming strategies that are humanistic
in design yell as competent inoperatiork;
-providing org. izational strategies and individualized
material selections-that address multi-level, multisensory planning.
The overall goal, the:Iris to provide programming services to
children in order to-meet prescribed goals of the individual,ized educational program. When we talk about handicapped
*children we're implying-a consideration for all children., All
children have similar needs and.de'velop similarly. The concept of providing adequate educational opportunities for all
children means that an individual child is considered in relation to wherever he is along a continuumwhatever his handicapping condition might be. An experienced teacher, Charmaine
Ciardi (MERRC), clarified these terms:

"normal" - what someone else decided everyone else should

be
"handicapped" - what someone else decided everyone else
shouldn't be
"special child" - every child I know
"regular education" - I don't* know, do you?
An Attempt, then, will be made to consider programming
for children. The following pages will address the major
points of P.L. 94-142 as well as the issues ok Implementing
the classthe IEP with specific concentration on the role of
'room teacher.

4.

2
V.

Public Law 94-142

The Education for Allaandica ed Children Act has been

'

both acc a me an enounced or to poss

e impact and ,influence on the structure of educational systems affecting exceptional children. The law specifies certain steps and processes. as now mihdatory for the implementation of an individual
child's instructional program. However, the exact wording of
the law,ankregulations has caused cqnsiderable confusion for
educators whb, in conjunction with parents, must develop the
procedures that will put "theory into ,practice". This law,
enacted November 29, 1975, is an extension and revision of P.L.
91-2304 Education of the Handicapped Act and P.t. 93-380, the
Education Amendments of..1974. Public T.
94-142 can be viewed
as havinOthree main parts:
1) It is a right to educittion bill
providing children and ioarents with procedural protection; 2).
it is a management bill, setting forth relationships between
the federal, state and local governments for the management of
gervice delivery; and 3) it is a finance bill which provides
honey contingent upon the 4ove being approprigtelyoddressed.

P.L. 94-142 guarantees certain procedural safeguards to

protect the'rights of children and parrs. These safeguards
include:
1.

-7
A Free Appropriate Public Education made available to all'
exceptional children between the aged of 3 and 21. Priority

will be given fo thosewexceptional children receiving no

education and then to the most severely impaired within
each diqability who are receiving an inadequate. education.
"Child Find" will be a part of this safeguard.

Oa.

2.

Due Process - This is a series of steps which assure the

right of the parent and'child to be fully informed and
included in decision-making at all steps in identification,
screening, evaluation, placement, instruction and reevaluation. Thete procedures apply'in any and all decisions
concerning the handicapped child's schooling and require
prior consultation with the child's parents or guardian.
Nondiscriminatory Testing. - This includes the assurance
that special education pfacement will be decided on the
basis'of evaluation, materials and ptacedures appropriate
for such purposes, and that no single test or procedure
will be used as the sole criterion Mt. placement.
The
test and other evaluation materials that are used in
placing exceptional children should be admjmistered in
such a way as not to be racfally or culturally discriMin#,'
atory and presented in the native tongue of the

4.

Least Restrictive Environment - This provides t4e'aseUrance

that exceptional children will be educated wth non-.
exceptional children to the maximum extent appropriate.
Exceptional children should, be placed in separate or special
classes or schools onlyawhen thednature or severity of the

/0

,
exceptionality is such tOat education in regular classes
cannot be achieved satisfactorily.
1ConfidentiaIitya. Th*s provides the assurance that any.
ormat on contained in school records:will not
leased without the permission of the parent.

5.

ro ram - This is a written

s eve ope y sc ool officials, teachers,
-parnt or guardiah and the child which includes thechild's
present achievemenit level, the long'and short-range annual
goals, the extent\of-participation in regular Rrograms, a
jameline' of the service provisions and a plan or schedule
"for checking the progress of the child and the achievements
Or needs for revisions.
.
Individual zed
at
sta ement

6.

tidational

Public Law 94-14

,

How'

Areas Addressed
1.

Unseryed ana Underserved

,Exceptionalities

2,
3.

Identification/Location
Assessment

4.

Placement

Prioritiiation of Free
Appropriate Public
Education
1Child'Find/
Non-biased Appraisal
Least Restrictive
Environment
Individualized Educational
Program
Related Services Provisions
.

'Evaluation/Programming.

5.

7.

Corrective/Supportive
Services
Limitations/ScheduleS

8.

Parental.Rights

9.

Child. Protection

//'

10.

Full Service Goa,'

Timelines/Monitoring,
i

Confidentiality/Due Process
Surrogate Parents
Funding Formula
Personnel Development

V,.

.ts

OV

The'ultimate goal, then is to provia4 a Iree appropriate

public education to all exceptional children. With the enact*lent of the legislation, the approval of the final regulations
and the provision of funds to state and local education agenpart of the planning has been addressed for an
cies only
appropriate public education. Perhaps the most important area
of focus is the implementation of the'IEP by teacherfs) and
parents.

/7

The IEP in Action'

II(

Many teachers have been awed by the term:Individualized

Educational Program, Oe requirements of mhich must be viewed
on at least two levels, the Oministrative development plan
and the individual plan which make the Total Service Plan.
The Administrative Development Plan includes procedural
requirements of:
Appraisal (i.e.,'identification, screening, assessment,
instruments/procedures, training/development, evaluation/
monitoring);
4

IEP.Development (i.e., team development, program development, specifjm 'components, monitoring, management,
procedural safffiguards, parental involvemenct);
Placement Ci.e., 'team develoPment, services continuum,
guidelines, mainstreaming procedures, personnel development, resource coordlnation, communi.ty involvementy
materials, facilitiesp, speeipl serviceg, Monitoring
and evaluationl;

Implementation of the IEP (i.e., planning, personnel

development, reliIia-iiivices, methodology, management/
evaluation, parental involvement);
.

Evaluation-pf-Child Performance (i.e., procedural

safeguards, coordination of services, materials,
information systems, resources/instructional media,
adminlstrative planning);
Review for IEP (i.e., procedural deVelopment, planning,
guidelines/ policy deveilopment/revisiOns, traihing,
management);
These six areas are a 1:4Irt of 4 Total Service Plan.

The Indl,ydual Plan for IEP implementation involves the

teacher oh-thi-more ,specific ldvel of daily interactions and
includes objectives, strategies,,procedures and.activitiesk
fon a Total Service Plan.
The individual plan, with which this document is concerned,
offers nothing new, no magical formulas, no novel recipesy
no bag of tricks,-not even new terminology. It does,
however, offer something competent teachers have always
used -, "common sense" programming.

It

Fears can be replaced,with confidence in knowing%that

kids have not undergone a metamorphosis because of the
passagOof a law. All of the workable theoretical designs,
strategies, techniques, procedures, etc.l.that have proven of
value are still exigent, they will only be transferred from
"heads to papers and forms*.
Components of the IEP

The first step in implementing a plan is understanding

the plan. The individualized eaucational plan requires:
1.

The child's present performance level -- which is an

indication of these functions,
-cognitive
-social/emotional
-medical
-motor

- perceptu 1

-adaptive
-language

ehavior.

Annual Goals - These are general statements of long range

expectancles based on the performanc'e-level, -prioritized
needs as ascertained from assessment data, parental
'input, and teacher appraisal. Aread of attention_and.
guidelines of expectations are addressea.
.3.

4.

St

5.

es - These,are measurable statements

Short-term Ob
base on.t e ann a goals. They are determined br
diagnostic inquiries and become the major focus of
*.
implementation.

Specific Educational Services - are those services which

are related to the achievement of the annual goals
(Without regard to availability) and are needed to meet
unique needs. They include: transportation, speech,
psychological services, counseling, therapy, physical
education, medical services, recreation, or any other
developmental, supportive or-corrective service deemed
necessary to implement an IEP.
Extent of Regular Classroom Participatk2g - 'Phis is
based oWthi7principle of "normalizitIdfilr. The extent
to which the environment is the least restrictive will
determine the placement and/or participation of an
atypical child in the regular setting.

6.' Pro ected Dates of Initiation and Duration of Servists

7.

Evaluation Criteria - Determination of goal accomplishment is (at least) annually assessed: ,schedules and
procedures for review are noted.

o's

'

I.

Flow of Activities for an 1EP

The process of implementing.an individualized educational
program (as shown in Figure 1) includes the following steps:
1.
2.
3.

Assessment
Goals
Objectives
3.1 Sequence of Skills
3.2 Task Analysis
Instructional Media And Materials
Instruction
Review
Evaluation
.

4.
5.
6.

7.

1.

Assessment

The initial assessment of a referred student is conducted

by a team in accordance with state guidelines.. This initial
assessment4rovides itfOrmation for pupil placement-and
subsequent instruction; howeverithe classroom teacher needs
additional informatiod for programming purposes and design.
*
The assessment section that follows will delineate tests,
procedures and tips that may aid the teacher in gaining
additional information.
2.

Goals

These are defined and prioritized for identifying the

instructional format and sequence. The goals describe the
'intent of the instructional program.
3.

Ob ectives

These are
is expected to
The objectives
'are a specific
achieved.
3.1

measurable statements of what the student

accomplish within the school year period.
are related to the annual goals in that they
account of the manner in which goals will be

Sequente of Skills

These are guidelines for determining the instructional

procedures for achieving the objectives.

'65

7
0
a

3.2

Task Analysis

This is a process through which the objectives are

broken into components and developmentally sequenced
according to prerequisite skills.
4.
t

Instructional Media/Materials

These considerations aid in the broad range of programming

in order to supplement direct teacher instruction. The selections would include: print (books, workbooks); auditory
materials (tapes, cassettes7 records); visual materials (films;
filmstrips, slides); manipulative materials (toys, games,
devices); and specialized equipment.
5.

Instruction

This is an on-going development which includes all phases

of pkogramming in order to implement the individualized eduIt includes cyclical assessment procedures
cational program.
for skill and behavioral development, identification of specific
needs, teaching for re-evaluation of progress, and re-defining
educational needs.
6.

Review

On the teacher .level this procedure would include an

updating of the iristructional plan for ascertaining student
progress. The instructional plan (as outlined) can be
revised to concur with prescribed needs.
7.

Evaluation

The effectiveness of the prescribed plan is tested.

Behavioral objectives are measured to ascertain achievement
of goals.
The following pages will review the components of the
IEP process by briefly defining each area involved and suggesting means by which the component can be implemented.

Definitions of the various exceptionalities as

found in the Administrative Manual for Programs for
Exceptional Children, Exceptional. Children/Special
Fa74rams bivision, Delaware Department of Public
Instru:tion are included for your further information.

Various Exceptionalities

Many children who have special needs can1function (pits

w311 in the regular classroom. Adjustments and/or supplemental changes may have to be made in order that individual
needs are attended.
The law identifies "handicapped" children as those
children who because of certain impairments need special
educational and related services. 'These impairments are:
1. Visual Impairment.

The child's sensory visual impairment is such that he

or she cannot develop his educational potential without
special service); and materials.
a.

A blind chtld is one who has a visual acuity of

20/200 or lfiss in the better eye, with best
correction, or a peripheral field so contraOted
that the widest diameter of such field subtends
an angular distance no greater than 20 degrees.
(Ophthalmologist or Optometrist)

b.

A partially sighted child is one who has a visual

acuity between 20/70 and 20/200 in the better eye
with beet correction, who has a disease of the
eye or body that seriously affects vision.
(Ophthalmologist or Optometrist)

2. Hearing Impairment.

An impairment within the auditory system which slaY

interfere with, or preclude, the ability'to consistently and appropriately interpret spoken language through
audition. A child may be considered for a hearing
impaired instructional unit if the auditory impairment
hinders educational progress in a regular educational
program. However, admission to or the establishMent
of a hearin im air-ia unit must Ile consistent wiirSect on I
E. Aud ologist)
3. Physical Impairment.
The child exhibits a physical or health impairme4t, of
such extent that it interferes significantly wit4 has/
her learning and/or requires adaptation of the physical
plant. Under this definition are crippling impairments
resulting from interference with the normal fuscitions
of the bones, joints, or muscles (orthopedically
handicapped), or due to lack of complete developMegt,or
injury to the central nervous system (neurologically
impaired).
(Physician)

4b Speech and/or Language Impairment.

The child exhibits aCdisorder of oral communication

exhibited in articulation, voice, rhythm, or verbal
language to such a degree that it interferes with
self-expression, ability to comprehend the child's
speech, or causes the child to become maladjusted.
(Speech.and Language Therapist)
5. Learnin% Disability.

The child exhibits a disorder in one or more of the

basic psychological processes involved in understanding
or in using language, spoken or written, which my
manifest itself in an imperfect ability to listen,
think, speak, ,read, write or spell, or to do mathematical calculations. The term includes such conditions as perceptual handicaps, brain injury, minimal
brain disfunction, dyslexia, and developmental
aphasia. The term does'not include children who have
learning problems which are primarily the result of
visual, hearing, or motor handicaps, of mental retardation, of emotional disturbance, or of environme-ntal,
(Psychologist)
cultural, or economic disadvantage.
A multi-disciplinary evaluation team may determine
that a child has a learning disability if:
a. The child does not achieve commensurate with his
or her age and ability levels in one ot more of
the areas listed below in this section, when
prcmided with learning experiences appropriate
for the child's age and ability levels,
b. The team finda that a child has_a severe
discrepancy between achievement and
intellectual ability in one or more of the
following areas:
b-1
b-2
b-3
b-4
b-5
b-6
b-7

Oral expression
Listening comprehension
Wtitten expression
Basic reading,skill
Reading comprehension
Mathematics calculation
Mathematics reasoning

c. The team may not identify a child as having a

learning disability if the severe discrepancy
between ability and achievement is primarily the
result of:
c-1 A visual, hearing or motor handicap
c-2 Mental retardation
c-3 Emotional disturbance
c-4 Environmental,,tultural or economic disadvantage

10

6. Social or Emotional Maladlustment.

a
4

The'child exhibits behavior representative of conflict

between self and environment repeatedly and over, time
to such an extent and-duration that it significantly
affects the learning process.
a. Acting out behavior such as unpredicted and
unprovoked hitting, agreseive, end-disiu-ptive
behaviors.

b. Withdrawing behavior such as absence of speech,

depression, impulsive and obseisive behaviors.
c. Defensive behaviors such as compulsive eating,
manipulation, or running away from home or
school.

d. Disorganized behaviors such as out-of-touch with

reality, self-abusive behavior, lack of self
control.
(Psychologist and/or Psychiatrist)
7. Mental Retardation
Eligibility is based upon the principal of the American
Association of Mental Deficiency (AAMD) definition:
"Mental retardation refers to subaverage general
intellectual functioning which originates in\the
developmental period.and is associated with impairment
in adaptive behavior." All student assessment for*
level of retardation and educational'placement, must
be considered in relation to the assebsed functioning
level in adaptive behavior and the level of intellectual functioning. Certification of eligibility shall
be determined by an individual psychological evaluation of subaverage general intelligence and
adaptive behavior as defined by the AAMD. Examples
are:

a. Educable mentally handicapped shall range between

5 and 50 I.Q. points inc us ve. Maturation`and
development up to age 5 may be described as
limited or popr social awareness, fair motor
development, ability to talk and communicate, need
for greater self-help skills, manageable with
moderate supervision. Training and development
from 6 to 21: *Able to learn functional academic
skills; cannot learn general high school subjects.
(psychologist)

'A.

13.

7.

Mental Retardation (continued)

b.

c.

Trainable mentally handicapped shall range between

55 ana 5 /4. points, Maturation anddevelopment
from 0 to age 5: Speech is minimal; little or no
communiOation skills; generally unable to perform
independently. Training and development from 6 to
Can learn to talk andcommunicatevcan. learn
21:
elementary health habitsvcannot learn functional
academic skills; profits from'systematic habit
(Psychologist)
training.
Severely mentally handicapped shall be in the range
below 35 I.Q. points. Maturation and development
from 0,to age 5: Gross retardation; minimal
capacity for functioning in sensori-motor areas;
needs nursing care. Tra1Wing and development frok
6 through 20 inclusive: Some motor development
present; is incapable of being trained in total
self-care, socialization or economic usefulness
and needs continued help in taking care of personal
needs.

8.

(Psychologist)

Autistic
Autistic children are those who have been determined
by individual psychological or psychiatric examination'
to have the specific disability of autism. The
behavioral manifestations of autism include some
combination of the following: Inability to use
language for appropriate communication, a history of
inability to relate appropriately to other individuals
and continued impairment in social iriteraction from
"infancy or early childhood, an obsession to maintain
sameness, a preoccupation with objects and/or
inappropriate use of objects', extreme repistance to
controls, and/or exhibition of peculiar motoric
(Psychologist/
mannerisms4k.nd motility patterns.
Psychiatrist)

9.

Gifted or Talented
"Gifted or talented person" means a person.in the
chronological age group four through twenty years
inclusive, who by virtue of certain outstanding
abilities is capable of a high performance in an
identified field. Such an individual, identified by
professionally qualified persons, may require differentiated educational programs or services beyond
those normally provided by the regular school program
in order to realize his or her full contribution to
self And society. A person capable of high performance
as herein defined includes one with demonstrated
achievement and/or potential ability in any of the
following areas, singularly or in combination:

1n
.

12

9.

Gifted or Talented (continued)

a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
10.

General intellectual ability

Specific academic aptitude
Creative .or productive thinking
Leadership ability
Visual and Performing'arts ability
Psychomotor ability

Deaf-Blind
"Diaf-Blind" means concomitant hearing and visual
impairment, the combination of which cquses such severe
communication and other developmental and educational
problems that they cannot.be accolmbdated in special
education programs solely for deaf or blind children
or other Ilandicapping conditions without specialized
and unique_intervention techniques indigenous to the
dual impairments. Additional handicaps of a physical,
mental and emotional nature frequently accbmpany a
deaf-blind impairment and require.services, related to
the condition(s).
.

11.

Complex or Rare

A "complex or rare" handicapped person is defined as

a person in the chronological age group four through
twenty years inclusive who is found to suffer from
two or moreoof the defined handicaps, or who is so
severely afflicted by a single-handicap, that the
total impact of the condition meanS that hi or she
cannot benefit from the regularly offered free'
appropriate public educational programs.
0

When an individual has -a handicapping condition(s) 'that

is so severe or complex that no program can be provided with Levels I through VII of the statewide
continuum of services available through the districts
or any other public agency, the individual will be
eligible for'cons/deration by the State Level Placement Committee who may retommend a unique or alternative program as documented by certification checklist.
(Section IV).

13

CHAPTER 2
0

ASSESSMENT
Assessment, as it is used in this book, includes
Identification, Screening and Evaluation. It includes
4as well the ongoing, informal assessment utilized by the
classroom teacher to monitor and Reevaluate the progress
of the child and the effectiveness of the 1.E.P.
Assessment Purposes

1. .To analyze and interpret

academic, social, physical,
and environmental strengths
and weaknesses;
.To provide a framework
for individualized planning
relative to writing annual
goals;

-Not to provide information

to "Fill-In" the /EP forms;

3.

To provide.a continual
mechanism for planning
instructional strategies;

-sot to provide a rigid

statiohary diagnosis
which is not subject to
change;

4.

To aid in providing
placement that will
promote child growth;

-Not to "Pin a label" for

federal dollarsf

To provide remediation
information for programming
purposes, the "What to do";

..-Not to gather etiological

6.

To relate information on
intra/inter individual
differences;

-Not to compare children to

each other for the attainment of unrellistic goals;

7.

To provide as much information to.the_teacher

as may be available. This
will'assist her evaluation
of herNN..
efforts;

-Not to verify or validate

the teacher's account-

To proviA0a more than a

cursory "LOok" at a
child's total-,being.

-Not to exclude highly

trained educators,
psychologists and other
specialists in the
diagnostic process.

2.

5.

-Not to report isolated

scores oefindings;

data or list teaching

techniques;

14

Present Performance Level and the Assessment Process

a

The task of ascertaining the present level of performance is One in which knowledge of a child's developfunctional and attainment level is extracted for
ments
placement and programming information. Knowledge of
the performance level aids in determining what is known
and what is needed to promote growth (where the chircris and where she/he can be taken). The behavioral
objectives section discusses "what is needed to get him/her
,

there".

Information relevant to present perfermance level can

be ascertained from previous data thaenay be found in the
cumulative folder (and/or othtr information sources). This
data will aid in determining what is known and what additional
information is needed. New information can be determinea
?Font tests, assessment data, observations, inteviews, etc.
Previous data may be glicited from:
- school record/anecdotal records

-psychological reports
- medical reports

-developmental history/scales
- eduCational specialists reports
-language/speech evaluations
-previous teacher interviews
-conferences with previous student
principal, nurse,
contacts
counselor, parents, referring teacher)
behavioral evaluations
In order to diagnose and prescribe for "what is needed" a
comprehensive assessment of the following areas is necessary:
-educational
-physical and-emotional strengths and weaknesses
-general achievement for estimating grawth,
assessing strengths and weaknesses and level of
achievement.

These areas can be further delineated:

- educational progress in specific areas
- achievement in subject areas

-learning/cognitive style
-social/adaptive behavior
- emotional predisposition
-psychological status

92

15

-medical assemsment
-physical assessment
-motor/perceptual-motor
7general cognitive assessmen.
-language assessment

In order to establish the present performance level a

compleie assessment of the child's abilities and disabilities arenecessaty.
Assessment must refer to the exceptional child's probs..
lems in A way that has direct implications'for the prescripotion of possible remediation strategies. The ultimate goal'
of assesSment Joe to bring a child from a level of dependence
to A level of independence.

The evaluator engages in assessmeht in order to determine

certain capabilities of an individual without prejudging the
individual based on the category assigned to him/her bY
virtue of an apparent deficit or dysfunction. The intent
is to know more than A label.
(1)
(2)
(3)

Where is the present functioning level?

What will be the objective?
How will the objectives be met?

These questions aid in pinpointing the effect of the

child's impairment and in designating appropriate approaches
for amelioration. The behavior that impedes development is
identified and other behaviors are activated that accelerate
growth..

Diffetehtiation-bas been made between testihg amid

assessment. Testing refers to the exposure of 'an individual
to a predetermined device in order'to measure/analyzet
'diagnode the skill, knowledge, intelligence, capacities,
aptitudes or any other characterization for factual
'idefitification. Assessment, however,,refers to the
ahalyzation and compilation of test results into some
.concldsion for prescription and amelioration. It is,
then,.an evaluative appraisal of a child's general
performance.

Donald Cross at the University of Kentucky has suc-n

cinctly grouped the purposes of assessment as:
.-administrative - usually for recording or comparative
. purposes;

-diagnostic - this categorization sometimes-assists

in placement but does not specify performahce levels
or how to teach skills to the child;
-placement - used as an aid .for appropriate grouping,
retention and promotion; 6

-4;

16

$1

-statistical - the gathering of data for administrators, superintendents-i-principalst supervisors,

etc. for a variety of .functions (i.e.r4eeting
guidelines, funding, tax purposes).
-child find - (most critical) :t.:7gathering of
---radritilftifIn for- chil-usei_
4.

-d

-7-

.inalyzation of streil4t4-6-and-weaknesses;

.implications for educgtional programming;

Atrategies for reMediation;
.knowledge in specific areas;
.learning styles;.

.plan for individualization;

-orientation to tasks - tests for specific identjfiers

of strengths and weaknesses revealed in a functionalbreakdown (e.g., tasks related to areas to be tested);
-task analyzation - a determihatibn of sequential,_
instructional pro'gramming, materials and strategies
needed for success.
This information related to the aistimption that assess..
ment does not cease with the establishment of the present
performance level; continual, on-going purposes are established aria a vehicle for program _improvement is initiated.
7

Additional purposes for assessment have been cited

by John Salvia and James Ysseldyke in Assessment in Special
and Remedial Education:
-(generally) the provision of information to assist
im making decisions regarding educational development;

-identification of significant differences (positively

or negatively) through screening;
-placement;
-program planning to help in deciding what and how
It is also an aid
to teach groups and indiviudals.
in individualization;
-program evaluation (rather than the student) is
compared for effectiveness;
-monitoring of the individual progress of students
is used as ah indicator of growth or non-growth.
The purposes and/or uses of assessment data are
If
dependent upon the specific communication needl.
there are non inherent "messages" in the information
obtained, there has been time wasted in the acquisition
of the information.

17

4.

There is a'need for:

-a thorough knowledge of the 'child's current

intellectual and adaptfve behavioks:
-the conditions under which and situatio s in which
these behaviors are demonstrated;
ent
7.-the responses the child has learned up to c
.
point;
-the responses the child is capable of
ing either
in his.
through maturational training or chan
milieu;
-knowledgd of what prevents the child from achieving
tasks (-iabe., sensory or physical limitations).

Other purposes of assessments may include:

-qualifiable and quantifiable scores which can

aid in meamingful programming;
--remediation information for prescriptive'referencei;
-inforthation regarding developmental
levels of .
.
individual skills;
linfc'mation regarding descriplers-of-behavioral
patternsi
-knowledge of skills which may be crneralizable to
several curricular areas
-guide for evaluation planning;.
7-satisfaction of IEP requirements.
A

Some suggested areas of assessment might include:.

1.

Educational Assessment
v

-academic skills "(general)

-strength areas
-weak areas
-style of learnin4

.
4

.modaslity (ies)

.attention levels
.motivators/reinforcers
.learning environment

typical assignments.
o

.productive levels
.feedback mechanism
-vocational skill level

2.

Cognitive ..a.U11.2.EADI

-intelligence level
-disciimination
-general information
:
'ON.

-vocabulary development
-comprehension/geqiett-ing
-relationships
-abstractions
-perception testi
.auditory
.tactile

I-

;15 ,.

.visual

-problem solving
.

3.

Language Assessaent,

-receptive/expressive level
-gestures/ncn-verbal responses"
-dominant language
4

1;

Beha

oral Social Emotional Assessment

havioral observation'
.occurence (when)
.duration
.frequency
.ehvironMent (Where)
-self-concept
-self-help skills
-interperSonai skills
"-adaptive behavior

1*
;!'

.school

.interpersonal relations
2.!

.selffthelp

-attitude and feelings/affedtive Areas

-developmental sequence
(psychological/physical)
-value system
<tw,
k

5.

Physical.Development
-psychomotor (general)
-gross/fine mo,tor
-sensory imPairments.
-physical impairments
-health related behaviors
-general health (medical)'

"

-general vision, hearing,opeech

,t

.3

If we believe assessment'to be a continual process

for ascertaining needs and programming for the amelioration
of problems, it becoMes encumbent upon us to use effective,
dynamic techniques in gathering information, observing,
performance$, recording findings and programming based
on our findings. One method for gatherIng this information
is through the use of tests.
-

-2 6

19

r`.

Certain*information Ault be obtained from any test

The reapon for choosing one test.Over another 'depends
upon the kinds of behavior sampled by a specific instrument
(i.e., recall, retigirara, drawing, pointing, etc.).
Another reason might be the ease of error analysis (i.e.,
consistency of failure,. kinds of items failed, patterns).
Inlle seek to extract information that'will reveal learning
characteristics, levelb of functioning, modality preferences,
etc. r just the confirmation of the .existence of a problem.
Once a problem is identified and delineated or areas of
weaknesses are diagnosed, ip6cific findings are interpreted
based-on the -amassed information. After'the,extraction of
assessment information, the data must be compiled into
usable gorm. Needed skills should be prioritized and-goals
and objectives written.
.

three criteria for diagnosing difficulties 'are:

how much a child can learn; 2) the circumstances under
which a child canlearn;' and 3) the ffiaterials needed for
-learning. Environmental variables and task requirement's
are included in these criteria.
0
A systemapic/organizational schema might be devised
should
be
involved
to aid or clef* the parameters of what
in the assessment prodess. Rather'than develop one Viodel
as opOosed to another a brief discription of currently used
models will be delineated.

Diagnostic7Prescriptive Teaching
The diagnostic-preicriitive teaching model.is a model
Which is based on the assumption that children who are
experiencing learning difficulties can be diagnosed to
determine their strengths and weaknesses and intervention
technqiues can be:prescribed (i.e.,. goals, methods, strategies, materials, etc.) based on a specific diagnosis. The
process involves the establishmeht of objectives (behaviors
to bel assessed and developed); 'a diagnosis of objectives
atta ed; the writing of a prescription based on student
cap ilities; and a criterion measurement for objective
attainment.
two assessment models utilize the diagnostic-prescriptive
philosophy, the ability-training model and t e task-analysis

..

The ability-training-model's primary purpose is-to

identify those components in the diagnostic process (i.e,
strengths,.abilities, etc.) in order to intervenes, compensate
or remediate based on the gathered data in the psychomotor,
cognitive, psycholinguistic, or perceptual areas.'

20

Task analysis models use a behavioral approach and

require the assessment of observable skills and behavibrs.
Complex instructional goals are task analyzed (mdken into,
Subskills) and specific skills that are coMponents of the,
goals are identified as intervention strategies!. The intent"
of the task analysisois to ideniify "skill-development"
weaknesses and. design interventions to remediate the'
weaknesseii
-

Diagnostic-Remedial Process
B. Bateman^his outlined several principles involved in
programming for specific learners:
.

the determination of the existence of a problem;

a description of the problem;
an analyzation of the problem;
a formulation of the educational hypothesis.
Ecological Assessment
,?

There are inherent weaknisses in both systems; however

there are strengths which can be extracted. Ronald Eaves
and Phillip McLaughlin have pinpointed some of the weaknesses
in the two models and proposes a syNtematic assessment approach
which sorts the many attributes, strengths, skills and weakinesses of the child and his environment into a broadbased
clinical assessment, This approach assesses the child and
environmental data.
Eaves and McLaughlin propose seven methods that can be
used by assessors to collect information about a child 'and
.his environment.
0
1.

Inspection of Previously Collected Data - using the school

files/records for information.

2.

Informal Consultation - an unstructured informationgathering procedure used to find out information not
previously known from resources.

3.

Structured Interviews - requires advanced planning

of purposes and interview guidelines. Information
about areas of difficulty and previously gathered
data.

4.

Screening Devices - these can be in the form of

questionnaires, rating scales, inventories, checklists,
etc.

5.

Standardized Teats - provides samples of the child's

behavior for comparative measures and further inquiry.

98

21

6.

Non-standardized Tests - similar to standardized test

with the exception of the use .of normative data for
comparative- purposes and validity and/or, reliability
is questionable.-

Observation - a sampling of behavior based on spontaneous

EsSiTivalceis in the natural environment.

Other'proponents ofthe ecological approach cite the

fact that the environmental learner affects and is affected
by his environment. Information can be extracted by observing or collecting data through:
- initial descriptive information,
- teacher expectancy
-behavioral descriptions
.present data
.past data
.environmental descriptions

An assessment, then, provides some of the information

needed to determine what and how to teach a student. After
the data is collected, a determination.of the student's
needs are decided. Realistic goals are written and sequenced,
followed by the writing of,short-term objectives.
Inter-individual Differences/Comparisons
Results of a group test, such as the-Stanford Achievement, give information about how the performance of an
individual, class or group compares to some ideal peer
performance. This peer performance, the comparative point
'Of reference, delineates the interindividual differendes/
Inter
comparisions between an indiviaual, grodP or .caass.
refers to a comparison between soUP4 and test.
Some methods bY which inter-individual differences may
be assessed include:
-Standardized tests
-.Achievement tests

-Developmental scales
- Formal tests
- Intelligence test
- Norm-referenced.tests-

-Teacher made tests

- Developmental tests (screening)

22

/ntra-individual Differences/Comparisons
Looking only at the individual and making'-comparisons
based upon scime expeCted performance of that individual,
Intra refers
is an intraindividual difference or comparison.
.to the differences within an individual or within-riliecific
The comparison/differences are relative only to that
test.
Self being the comparative point of reference,
individual.
peer performance is not considered. This method of comparipon
is widely used in special education..
Some methods by Which intra-individual 'differences may.
be assessed include:

-Diagnostic tests
-Informal tests
-Interviews
-Inventories
-Observations
-Questionnaires
-Rating scales
-Checklists
-Teacher made tests

Assessment Terms
Achievement Test - A test which measures what and/or
the amount a student has learned.
2.

Ass4ssment - Includes information gathered under Identilication, Sweep Screening, Screening', Evaluation and
ongoing classroom assessment.
Basal - Relating to the point or level at which the
iliE5ct is assumed to have achieved knowledge pr skills
below that level or that level prior to the first error,
mistake, failure.

4.

Ceiling - That level at which an individual can no

Ionger make (correct responsee or progress.
It is
assumed that no correct responses will occur beyond
that'point or level.

5.

Chronological Age - Refers to the actual birth age in

year4 and months.

6.

Construct Validity - The extent to which a test measures

the trait or variable for which it was designed.

7.

Content Validity - Indicates the extent to which a

test covers-(iUrficiently) a representative sample
of the behavior for which it was designed.

30

23
S.

8.

Correlation - The degree to which a relatiOnship

excsisAmtween structures, 'characteristics, processes,
scores 9ati different sets. of scoreg.

9:

Criterion -:A-stan4ard upon which a judgement of decision

may be based; a leviI-of. performanoe.

10.

Criterion-Referenced - The,measurement of a specific

itliFialTaliWZMIlls relative to specific objectives.

11.

Criterion-Referenced Tests- A test whichMeasures

dkills relative to specific objectives. , These teSt4
relate to component tasks required-or identified with
a specific objective. They yield information about
task deficiencies, thus comparing a child to his own
potentialities.

12.

Developmental Scales'- Presentation of a series of

sequence& items or tasks which represent levels of
skill acquisition'which are arranged in the order of
acquisition.

13.

DiagnoM.s - An investigation or analysis of the cause

or nature of a condition, situation or problem.

14.

Diagnostic Tests - A test which identifies or distinguishes problems ot patterns of errors. Provides in
depth a measure of skills and abilities that lead
toward remediation.

15.

Entry Level - That point at which teaching or learning

a skill Is proposed; that point of entrance within a
sequence of skills.

16.

Educational Objectives- (Same as instructional,

,behavioral 'objective) A statement describing th3
intent Of learning, the behavior the learner will
exhibit upon comPletion of the learning, the conditions under which the learning will occur, and
the criteria for measuring the mastery of the
instruction.

17.

Equivalent Form - A substituted test which has similar

format, conteA, level of difficulty, and scoring
interpretation.

18.

Evaluation - The gathering and analyzation of factual

information of test results concerning abilities,
characteristics, and other variables which lead to
a diagnosis, conclusion, and/or remediation.

19.

The point at which represilntative skills

Exit Level
have been acquired.

;4.

20.

Formal Assessment - A highly structured process whereby

formal/standardized tests are used in the appraisal of
skill acquisition or to ascertain pupil progress.

21.

Formal Tests - Those tests which are standardized and

ENEGIFEWO in a specified manner, procedures for

.

administering, scoring, and interpreting results are

detailed and eke the same irregardless of the tester
(to retain validity and reliability).

22.

Frustration Level - That level of Skill development

Creadingl at whiCh a ohild'is performing with 75%
mastery. Difficulty is usually apparent.

23.

Grade Ex ectanc - The expected adAdemic grade level

aaed on a c ronoIogical age.

24.

In-Depth Teiting - More than-a screening* or"peripheral

testing. ,Strengths, weaknesses, styles, etc., are
ascertainod determining the existence ot a problem.

75.

Informal Testing - An unstructured testing which does

not use standardized tests; use of standardized test
within miles, directions and guidelines for administration are modified; teacher-made tests designed to
assess specific skills.

26.

Intelligence Quotient - A numevicalmeasure of

mental or Intellectual, development. The intelligence
quotient is computed by using ratio of the mental age
divided by the chronological age, multiplied' by 100.

IQ sig MA/CA 100.

27.

Intelligehce Test -*A test designed to measure mental

capacity or one's ability to learn.

28.

Inter-individual - A comparison betWeen groups or tests

to some average performance; comparison of one to peers
(as a reference point).

29.

Interview Techniques - A formal or informal consultation

to evaluate aptitude or progress of a student.

30.

Intra-individual - Concept of comparing a person to himself-within an individual or within a specific test

relative to the individual (self is the reference point).
Peers are not compared.

31.

Inventory
possesses.

32.

Item Analysis - The analyzation of individual items

'from assessment devices/tests; a noting of items pasied/
failed, and the abilities measured.

A screening or noting of skills a child

32

,25

33.

Language Age - An assessment of the development level

of language skills or age functioning of language
abilities.
-4

34.

Maitery Scale -.An equal interval scale refl,pcting

changes in task proficiency.

35.

Mastery Test -,A. test that aids in determining the

extent to which a skill, concept, etc., has been
mastered.

36.

Mean - A statistical term representing an (average of

iirlscores obtained from a gimen population. It is
obtained by adding quantities together and dividing
by their number.

37.

Median - The middle score in a set of ranked scores;

ENE-Eddle number in a given series, an even number
lie above and below the median.

38.

Mental.Age - The level of intellectual functioning

or.development expressed in equivalents of age
(Chronological); an expected intellectual pinCtioning.

39.

Modalit .- The preferred manner of receiving sensory

imu a ion (i.e., tactile, auditory,'visual).

40.

Mode - That score that occurs most frequently in a

sibecificdistribution.-'

41.

Non-Standardized Test - A test using an unstructured

method of.adminrstration.

42.

gagyn - An authoritative, average or designated standard

Fjr-EYpical/specific_ performance of a given-population.

43

Noreference Test - A test which compares one to a

g %ten population; a test whose items arepredetermined

tO be within the capabilities of a majority,
44.

Obletmation - A structured or unstructured assessment/

tilting technique that attends to visually noticing a
Child, extracting information based on observing certain
Characteristics or behaviors and recording the information
tO aid in programming.

45.

terSentile - A statistical term which is an indication

Orany of the points dividing a range of data into 100
equal intervals and indicating the percentage of a
distribution falling below or equal to it; number or
percentage of children with the same or lower scores on.
a test instrument.

4.

;'`C;rt
.

It

At'

26
A test designed to measure the level of
or knowledge and.skills given before a
program is implemented. A post-test is given,after
implementation.'

46.

Pre-test

47.

Profile d- A numerical or graphic depiction of abilities,

IBEriViMent which can be expressed in scores,'equivalent.
scoret, developmental or academic ages.

48.

Program Evaluation - An examinatione-jUdgement, or.

d'escription of. the effectiveness of a given objective,

program, 'idea, etc.

49.

e;V

Questionnaire - An assessment techniques which uses a

systematic series of questions prepared to gather
information for analysis.

50. 'RaMdom Sample.- A chance .or representative selection

from a large population in which each member of the
population-has:an equal opportunity for selection.'

51.

Rating Scale - A scai6 with a grading or rank which

ecsnormation and classifies it in some order.

I.

52.

Raw Score - The number of correct responsesi usually,

the firn.score from initial scoring.

53.

Reliability -The degree of stability and the yielding

of-the same-reUults over"times the yielding of the'
same test 'score given twos testing adm$,nistrations.

54.

Scaled Scores - A means of converting raw scores from

different tests into a distribution of scores for
direct compariron.

55.

Social Age - A term used in social devices to give

comparative mental ages.

56.

Standard ErrOr of Measurement*- A measure of the amount

of error to be expected in a given score. The amaller
the standard error, the greater the accuracy of,the
test scores.

57.

Standard Deviation - A statistical concept that is a

measure of the variability of the scores in a distribution.

58.

Stapdardized Test - A test which is administered with

pre-determinants. Specific requirements for administration are included.

59.

Validit - The ability of a test to measure what it

purpor s to measure.

60.

Variance - The extent of deviation from the mean.

34

VY.
r-

41!Wiot

'1??.

4k

-.1

27

"

Assessment Competencies
,.

The following.statements emphasize the diOerse skilli

which would aid the teacher'in assessing.for.programmatic
purposes. No single pe;son is expected to be proficient
in all areas.
1: -Ability to compare Content and.intent of formal
And inforMal tests.
Proficiency-in the administration of'specific
2.
test instruments fova given Population.(
3.. 'proficiency in the use of informal techhigUes
-whAph reflect intent:of: standardizWa6010.00.
-for use in writing specific bhavioral,ohjeeitvest.
Skill in, designing and struatlking -operational
4.
'objectives based on the traiilatiOn of*OSessmint
2data.
proficiency in interpreting/structuring.plans
5.
based.on various assessment techniques.represented
\
by various models.
if
'

-standardized test
7criterion referenced tests
-physical/otgahic tests
-developmental tests /

Proficiency in the identification of appropriate

instruments specific to a given diicipliA0 for
singular or interdiscipline models.
Skill in interpreting dynamic,information relating
7.
to logistical considerations for asleissMent.-.
Proficiency In ascertaining progress in educational
8.
skill areas and in assessing strengths and weaknesses.
Proficiency in.the identificaiion of behavioral
9.
characteristics.of a specific population.
Proficiency in determining learning styles for
10.
programmatic coneiderations.
Skill is the use of periodic review for determining
11.
progressive systematic recording for growth.
Consideration of the dynamic informatiop included in
12.
the appraisal process and techniques for."working
through" behaviors that give distorted profiles
-(i.e, attention spans, conflicts, distractibility,
withdrawal, etc.)
Consideration of ecological factors.for appraisal
13.
process.
Skill in the use of task, analysis foesequencing
14.
skills and providing test items matched with specific
6.

tasks.

28
3

15.

Skill in the.use of the following informal strategies

to extract pertinent information:
.parental interviews
..observation.
cumulative records
. questionnaires
. checklists
language samples
.inventories

.interviews
.rating Scales
odevelopmental scales
.anecdotal records
.informal diagnostic
inventories
.informal tests
.teacher-made tests

Synthesizing Information fromAssessment Data

Some general-questions aiise-related to prograMmatic
4onsiderationi.after a child has been assessed. Much.of
the information extracted by the medical profession,
therapists, Audiologists, psychologists, =Aar specialists,
etc., has implicatiofis.for the classroom teacher.

r-

0 Information4rovided by these sources may vary in

the dirict impacit.on the child in the classroom, and
the resulting adjustments that would be required in the
instructional program. Following is a list of certain
considerations which may prove useful to you as a teacher
of an.exceptional4child.
.

-treatable problems caused by medical aberratd.ons;

7physical problems which'could be corrected by specific
appliances (0.4., hearing.aid, glasses);
- medical causes'for behaviopal problemsv.
-specific management prOblems that may contribute to
medical difficulties and possible strategies to ensue;
- necessary restrictions involving play activities;
- specific management or programming techniques required
for certain medical observations;
- learning problems that may be expected from medications;
-specialized disciplinary techniques needed to change
behavior problems,-emotional states that contribute to medical problems;
-predictors of articulation skills, stuttering, language
development, voice disorders, aphasia, etc.;
-diagnostic processes fundamental to communication
disorders;
-conditions which maintain undesirable behaviors;
- functional relationships leading to effective treatment;
- description of specific reinforcers;
-precautions necessary in movement;
-independent head control and adequate eye contact for use
of educational materials; level of presentation;
- balance and use of limbs;
- necessary positioning adaptations;
-adaptive equipment that might be needed;
-activities that could worsen condition, precalitionsto
consider;
.

._

36

ta,..tc..Ait-w

400er,A,'420
0.v4adtti,11'n4v..

'

V-

;
I

2.9

.:.4ictivities that could strengtheh physidal condition;

":..itprogramlatio:adaptations ;leaded;
-.iresourcei necessary to facilitate learning and.adjustment;

rmalor.programatic_strengths;
!'-!environmentii:changes needed for program'adjustment;
.-deficit4rsa :fOr.considerations;
-implicationsvfor curriculdr'adjustmenta;0
,

-other -services. thatluight facilitate groWth;.

-immediate training. recommendations;
-degree of hOaring loss and environmental adaptations.'
necessary;
:

-effect of hearing loss on programming'conaiderations;

-appropriate.follow-up procedures.nee4ed,--type of claSsroom to bi considered apprdpriate for '"

mainstreaming considerations;
-effect on speech.and/or lanquage developmeqt.
-

"

Informal assessment procedures provide the teacher with

specific information and indications of functioning levels4:
learning styles, social behaviors, learning processes,
preferred,motivational strategies, and progiamMing paths.
There are many advantageathat can be extracted-from informal
assessment data:
'

-allows for pro4ramming strategiCs to bi institutedi

-weaknesses and strengths can be pitipointed more
accurately;
-practical information is extracted;
-formal tests can be complemented;.
-can take less time than preparing for formal tests;
-allows the teacher to see the student in a variety of
situations;
-points to the need for an understanding of learning
sequences;
-qUick intervention can occur, from the informal data.

The following strategies can be used to extract data

that will be invaluable for writing goals and objectives for
the IEP. These strategies may also be used as a means of
providing continuous programming information a0 amending
the ZEP accordingly.
- parental input

semi-structured

-graphs'
-profiles
-exhibits
-logs
- 4uestionnaires
-charts
-informal tests

.highly structured

- case studies

-anecdotal records
- autobiographies, biographies
- cUMUlative records

- observations

.unstructuPed

-games
-interviews

- conferences
'-checklists

3
7,e ?

At

,
oo,.

30
,

.problejn-

-rating scales
-discussions
.score cards
. self-rating devices
.tape recordings
.sociometric procedures
evaluation of reactions

'

situation tests

time Studies

.log,-diaries
.personal records
.1picture

interpretation
.other projective
techniques

OBSERKATION AS AN ASSESSMENT TOOL

Assessment may be viewed as a promos for testing.

hypotheses. Hypotheses are first geneplited from observation.
.It is the initial clues picked up during observation(s)
of student behavior that give rise to more structured
follow-up in the form of asseshment in specific arOas.
Hence it becomes clear why observation is necessary, 'um
*data derived is used, and that it require* certain skills.

.
.

I.

Certain factors' need to be consideted in'using.

observation techniques. FirSt the setting and its structure::
needs to be .taken into account in observing student be-.
By using the natural envtronment yOu tend to get
havior.
a relevant picture of the child. A quebtion that needs
to be raised is to what extent ts the situation (limiting)
the,child's behavior? 'What environmental factors influence. .
behavior?

Another issue that influences observation is the degree

of interactiqp.between the child and the observer. What
does your presence do-to limit/inhibit, or otherwise affect
the child? Can he perform with the observer present? Does
he perform, or not do things with the observer Present that
might other-wise happen?

The internal processess within the child also need

to be addressed. Are there factors, emotional or physical,
that are impacting on the child's behavior? As both an
observer and a participant, trust should be established
with the child so that a true picture canibe obtained.
Physically, any anomalies need to be noted.
In considering behavior, academic or social/emotional,
there are quantifiable and qualifiable aspects. Quantifiable
behaviors may include IQ scores, Frostig scores, math scores/and the number of timdt a child calls out in class. Agfect,
general cognitive style, and psychological learning style
are qualifiable behaviors. Assessment will need to reflect
a balance between quantifiable and qualifiable issues of
behavior.

38

4-.!;

lb,
....

;.,
-;-,";:

.,

.,

:"..
-...

ef:,..,,,,.......::"-........

-........

...

!..

-..--,,,

---..-..."--2.-----_,_,,,

:tte
.if

4,

or.

',1:1:
t....4

In usin :observation, the liegree'(issue of quality)

and'frequency (how often) of'behavior needs to be obtained.
Behavior maY also be ,observed for its dynamic'nature (change
qualities).versus static: (standard, unchanging)"qualities*
1.1'N

3'ise

Observation will fall into two categories: systematic

In nonsystematic observation the observer
and nonsystematic.

,wiTh record general behaviors (academic, environment/child,

teacher/child, child/child) in an anecdotal format. Chu)
needs to be careffil that the records aren't subjectively
written. Por example - "Johnny's paper is messy" rod*Ot
better be stated as "Johnny erased his paebr .80 that it had
3 tears ini

In tems of systematic observation, 'specific behaviors

are observed that have been definid so that others are clear
as to what, is being viewed. Stating that a child is silly
might better be defined as the child is giggly, making faces,
making noiees. Here specific behaviors are clearly delineated.
sociated with systematic observation ar*specific4echniques.
me samples are used in which specific behavior(s) are observed
er days, in an attempt tp delineate patterns. .0ne can also
serve at other times in an attempt to verify patterns or
sir inconsistencies. Rating scales and checklists may
lso be used for observation of behavior. Rating scales will
ndicate absence or presence of specific behaviors* Either
mmeraal or'teachermmade checklists .or rating.scales can
e employed* The advantages to using teacher made tools
include their low cost and applicability to the 'current
classroom setting.
,

It should be remembered that biases will influence

observations. We see'what we-want to see.' One needs to be
aware of-self-fulfilling prophesies that might impact on observations. It's incumbent on the observer to be aware of
perional and professional biasei so that objective observations maY result.
.

.Sone useful references are:

Observation
t..

Beegle,-C.W. and Brandt, R.M. (Eds.) Observational Methods in

the :ClaSstoom. Washingtora ASCD, 1973*
.

Carr011vAL, Guriskr, G., Hinsdale, K. and McIntlqe, K.

Cultura3.y Appropriate Assessnent: A Source Bobk for"
ract t oners. Los ErTygrarTialmalawwiraga----Resource Center, 1977.

4r;

32

Cartwright:10K. and .Cartwright, j.P.

DeVelopang ObserVatin

Skills. *New York: McGraw Hill, 1974.

DiagnoSingS:s.aiiroom
Fox, Re, Luszki, M.D., and Schmuck,
Learnilig Environment. Chicago: SRA, 1966.
.

Peter, L.J. Corilpetencies for Teaching_ 'Individual InstrUctiOn.

Belmont, California: Wadsworth, 1972.

Salvia , J. anft Yegieildyke J. E . Assessment:

Remedial Edlicamta... Boston: H ug on
Stalling, J. Learnin
Wadtworth, 1

to Look.

Belmont, California:
Its

Explorations in* el4ardom

(Eds.)
Stubbs, M. and Delanont,
'tN
Observatiron. London: Wiley, 1973.

Wallace, G. and Larsen, S.C. EdUcational Assessment '''

Learniny Problems: Testing for Teadhing. Boston: Allyn

lacon,

978.

ObserVation Of Pupil
Weinberg, R.Ai and Woio4, F.H.
and Teachers in Maiffstream'and S e ia sducatiou bettin 84
nneapo s:
ternatxVe trateg

II

41.4

1,

t,-% ."-

.#

.,

33

The following examples are included as outlines or guides

to assist the teacher in compiling and organizing the assessment data.

REFERRAL FORM FOR'CHILD STUDY

TEM4 EVAILUATION

Child's Name

Date of Birth

Dateof Referral

Chronological Age

Giade

Address

Mo.

Yr.

Referring Teacher
Phone'

Parent's Name
I.

MEDICAL BACKGROUND
A.. -Allergies
B.

Medidations
ci

C.

Hospitalizations

D.

Vision

E.

Hearing

F.

Has child been seen by a specialist? Yes

If yes, Who

When
Where
For what reason
II.

PROBLEM AREAS LEADING TO REFERRAL

Comments

Check

Reading:
Math
Motor Coordination
Fine/Handwriting
-

No

34

Referral Form For Child Study Team Evaluation (continued).

Gross

Spelling
Language

Xmotional Development
Following Directions
Others
III.

PREVIOUS TEST RESULTS

Intelligence

Name of Test

Score

Date

Score

Date'

Achievement
C")

Name of Test
Others
IV.

ATTACH PERTINENT CLASSWORK SAMPLES

:

4-

42

Own'
35

--OUTLINE FOR COMPREHENSIVE EDUCATIONAi EVALUATION

SCHOOL:
GRADE:
MATE TESTED:EXAMINER:

NAME OF CHILD:
DATE OF BIRTH:
AGE:

REASON FOR REFERRAL

BEHAVIOR IN TESTING SITUATION

TESTS ADMINISTERED
TEST FINDINGS AND RESULTS

LEARNING STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES

VI.
VII .
VII I .

SUMMARY
RECOMMENDAT IONS

SPECIF IC EDUCAT IONAL RECOMMENDATIONS(instructional

strategies,
suggested
materials)

13

36

DATE

For the year 19

STUDENT DATA:
Name:
Grades
Type of Class:
Birthdate:

School:
Parents:
Address:
Phone:

SCHOOL HISTORY:
Dates in Class'
mo/yr to mo/yr

Type of Class

Grade
EVALUATION HISTORY:

Date Evaluated

By Whom

SUMMARY OF DIAGNOSIS:

PROGRAM PLAN:

Child Study Team Members Present

-;;

'

;IP

37

Date of Staffing,

CHILD STUDY TEAM STAFFING SUMMARY

N

C4Id's Name

C.A.

Grade

Staffing Participants:

Test Results:
Intelligence:

Achievement:

Weaknesses

Learnini, Strengths
a

Recommendations for placement:

Specific Educational Recommendations:

Signature of Recorder

'''""4"%04,"0

'r4

."

'

'

"

1,

36

CHAPTER 3

GOALS AND OBJECTIVES

There are various modes and procedures used-to structl.

generally, and techniques have been developed:and refined to
aid specifically, in the'aChievement of objectives
Appropriate objectives and teaching strategies, may,beapplied to
facilitate learning when an.attempt to_understanVthe process.
oflearning. is pursued.
Before attempting to list,requisites for writing goals
and objectives, it might be important to look:at learning in
genetal. To understand witz a specific objective should-be
written must beiattended-tei be ore an attempt is made W
.write goals and.objeCtivei. Forhia reason the readerls.
urged to consider the material in.Appendix B for bickground.:
on learning theories and, styles.
.

The achieimment of annual goals is dependent upon the

quality of the goal content, procedures used in the acquisition
process and the evaluation of schema prepared to ascertain
-attainment.
The process through which activities flow in the
attainment of goals include:
preparation of Objectives - elements included from the
assessment data and-translated from other pertinent
informatidn.
Anal sis and Se uence of Skills - Use of task analysis and
sequential p ann ng for skill acquisition.
Development of Instruction and Materials - Strategies for
program development; materials needed based on learning style,
need, strengths, weaknesses, etc.
Iastruction - Strategies used to aid students' acquisition
of skills.
Review/Feedback - Information used to provide information in
cyclical fashion in order to reprogram for goal achievement.

'

k;ic-

''Z"zVt$P-40poW*-41*-fw04
.

39'

Writing Annuaf Goals

Annual goals are general descriptions of educational
performances in specific skill areas to be achieved within
a one year period. These general statements desribe .1) the
area of attention: 2) guidelines for expected attainMent;
3) and, a measureable framework for the writing of "specific
or short-term objectives.
Annual goals Should be written in a way that the ,criteria'
for defining the performance will address. and lend credence
to the-followingf 'a.

actions of students which indicate.aphievement

of the goal;
a .basis for separating achievement.of:gOal'and
non-achievement;
'basis for recognition of goal achievement;
an ideal representation of the achieved goal
through terminal behavior (exhibition df
competence).
.

b.

c.
d.

The assignment of goals is derived from the assessment

of the present level of performance. Goals, alone, are not
measureable because they describe the intent of-performance.
Objectifts,(derived from goalr) describe the intent'in
measureible\terms. The goal, however, must'be written in a
way.that alipws for measureable objectiveS to b written.
-7

'atlifils Should be appropriate for the learner; they:should

requite a change in behavior; needs should be correlated to

the number of goals used;-and they should be,realistically
achieveable by the end of the school year. Realistic goals
for a severely exceptional child will not approximate goals
for a mildly impaired child. Limited improvement in overall
functioning, however, may be achieveable. The position on_:
the developmental scale, then, will aid in the determination
of goals.
1.

RevieW the present level of educational performance.

Include all measurement and evaluation data.
0
-0

Review the assessment data including test.results,

observation input, records, scales, interviews,
questionnaires, etc.
3.

Compare the information obtained with_the developmental

level of the child.
Review the data and proceed to determine what the child
can do and what the intention or mipectations are.

5.

Write the goal based an the Collected .data. Ask if there

are indicators to show what is to be accomplished, how
and when it will be achieved.

1)7

4.

.40,

6.

Determine how narrow or how global the goal should be by,

identifiying oldsters of behaviors that are related.

7.

Check to assure that the goals are not so vague that

problems will occur in the translation to short-term
objectives,

8.

Ch6ck to see if change in the child's behavior can be

dateOted from the goal statements",

9.

Prioritize the goal (from the most important to the

least important),
.

10. Make a list of observable performances that would form

an operational definition of the goal (an aid in
evaluation/measurement).
11. Review the steps.
Some, examples of goals written in ths manner mAght
include:

- John will dress himself properly by putting on inner

,and outer clothing.
- Mary will improve her in-seat behavior when given
assignments.by the teacher by staying in her seat,
raising her hand before speaking and attending to
the assignment.
- Bob will assemble parts of a carburetor and name
the parts and functions.
- John will learn to lay a brick wall and verbalize the
steps.

- Sally will be able to compute foUr different types of

story problems in arithmetic.
Goals, then, provide the direction in which we wish
performance to occur and should be Written in order to
sat!sfy questions of achievement; Goals reflect expectations
for the child's growth.
To begin individualizing a program, implementing an IEP
or engaging.in daily instruction one should be cogntaant of
what is to be achieved, how it should be achieved and an
evaluative measure of achievement. Translated for IEP development one would:
1.

2.
3.

Prepare meaningful goals and objectives.

Develop lessons and materials to implement the
objectives.
Determine the extent to which the objectives were
met and use the feedback to improve the program.

48

.011

41

Goals are only'a part-Of the-IEP procees - a very

-important part. Thers'is no'magical number to include;
'hoWiver,.there Shouidim &Match between needs and
abilities With the goals developed..

To reiterate the Methodology of writing goals would

serve no.useful-purpOse since Much taw been- writtenvrather,
some edditional,-selected references are:-

Goals

Blomberg, Isabel E. _Goalltetting

Publications, 1976:
Kemp, Jerrold B.
' Course Develo

Waterford Conn.: Croft

:Instructional .Designs_ A-Plan----torileit-and---nt. Belibni, Ca.: Pearon Publishers, Inc...

Hager Robert F. and Pipe, Peter. Analyzing Performance

Problems or. 'You. Really Ought& Wanner. Belmont, Ca.:.
Pearon PuIlisherse.Inc.
Mager, Robert F. Goal Analysis.
Publishers, Inc., 1972

Belmont, Ca.: Pearon

Mager, Robert F. Measuring Instructional Intent or_Got

a Match. Belmont, .Ca.: Pearon Publishers, Inc., 1/73
Goalguide: A Minlcourse in
Padensky, H.R. and Gibson, J.
Writing Goals and Behavioral Obfectives torlpecial
bducaEion. Ban franolsco: Pearon Publishers, Inc.,. 1975.

Pipe, Peter. Objectives - Tool for Chang*.

Pearon Publishers, inc., 1975

Belmont, Ca.:

Popham, W. James and Baker, Eva L. Establishing Instructional

Goals. Englewood Cliffs, .N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1910.

42

Behavioral objectives are specific explanations of a

goal statement. Magerhas defined an objective as a statement
that is descriptive of an intended outcome of instruction.
It defines the terminal behaviOr expected of a learner by
stating what the learner will be doing while demonstrating
achievement, the conditions under which.the behaviorwill
occur, and the criteria of acceptable performance.
Behavioral/performance objectives aid the teacher in
planning instruction, gmiding performance-and providing
acceptable measure for evaluating -the cognitive (knowledge
and intellectual) skills, affective (attitudes and values),
and psychomotor (movement related to Mentaltactivities)
domains.
4 .
A teacher exerts untold physical, Imental7end emotiOnil'
_energy during the process of teaching; reasonably, a conduit
t'o express the'results of expended energies is needed. The
manifestations-of these effOrts can be expressed end measured
in.student behavior; hencevbehavioral/perfOrmance objectives:
Many writers of books on behavioral objectivewohave said
"there is no basis for teaching if you don't Inowl'what tci
teach.. Orl'if you don't.know where you're going, you don't
know the beat way to get there."

Goal statements specify intents --behavioral objectives

interpret these goals in precise terms'. Several components
are included in the translation of goals into short-term
statements.
Objectives include:
-the person doing the action;
-the behavioral task (stated in action terms);
-the object of,the action (product of the behavior);
-conditions under which the task will bq accomplished;
-criteria of acceptable evidence of task achievement.

BEHAVIORAL OBJECTIVES
THE STUDENT
(Doer of)

WILL LABEL
(Behavioral)

Action
BY WRITING (FROM MEMORY)
(Conditions)

Task

"PARTS OF A MALE" DIAGRAM

(Product or Object)
of Action

AT LEAST TEN PARTS

(Standard of Achievement)

The above list can be shortened to include three

a behavior or performance, the conditions, the
components:
criteria for evaluation.
,

43'..
0

Behavior/PerforMance,
7

'1

The short...term objective must inclUde a description o4

the expected performance that determined whether an objective
has been achieved. Thid achievement should be observable,
so it can be'measured objectively. .Precise terms are used
to specify the observable behavior (no "dead man" criteria):
.

TRACE
POINT
WRITE

CIRCLE
SAY
HOP

READ
DRAW
SMILE

The behavior or performance task specifi, s What the

,student will do as a result'of instruction. Their'
behavioiinginimances should always be expreOsed by the
use of verbs which show action (see Behavioral TermsY;

COnditions
.

Conditions specify what will be imposed* what the

student will or will not be given while demonstrating the

Condition0 may indicate:

- desired behavior to show mastery.

-what can be used or providedu

- conditions under which behavior will CCUr;
-what\will bo denied;
-how the behavior will be achieved;
-Vaiructional variables Which can be' aanipulated by
g,
the teaoher.
Conditione\can be stated in a variety of ways:
-given a liet of cities.

- from memory...
- without the aid or use of...
- using the number line

-after reading the following and

given four wrl.tten questions...

Educational media and materials or methodology can be

provided for the sutdent as a condition of expressing mastery:
equipment.
places
instructions
objects
people

informtion

charts
references
books
examples
positions
environment

'

4,:i

t:.

4 4

Conditions can be imposed that specify the:circumstances

under which the itudent will be observed while performing,the
tasks:
,

Imeking alone
writing
listening

Jumping
speaking
viewing

Enough description should be included in the objective

in order that everyone will know what is expected of the
student.
The intent,is then communicated to thin% reading
the objective._

Criteriat

;.

This component indicates the level 0 acceptable

performance ot how well the teacher-wishes the student to
perform. The criteriajs the standardby which performance
is. evaluated, the yarditickAw which achievement.of the
objective is assessed '(Mager,. 1975). This atandatd
dicates when the studeht has achieved the task at a satinfactorli Mil. It indicates a minimum of'acceptab/elerformance. Instruction can then be tested against this level
to determine if the.intent of the goal has been Obielied.
.

Criteria can be deicribed in terms of timec accuracy

and duration. A criterion should be chOsen that :matches
the behavior to be demonstrated. For examge if the desire-is to improve the speed of readingr thetimi can.be measured
orrarper minute.' /f
in words per minute with less thin
accuracr is the measure the criterion can, be expressed-using
If duration is the measure, the length Of tiMe
percentages.

for the performanarEEFEe considered, e.g., torOree %Wass.

If a chain of behaviors is .to be performed, A -minium nimber
of trials from a naximum.number.might be consideted as the
criterion.--

Standards can be,expressed.in many ways.

might include:
- within ten minutes

-all must be accurate within

one minute
.P
-without any errors
-with no more than two
incorrect
-without a need for
repetition
- as well as described in
checklist
- three out of four correct
-90% accuracy

Some examples

... ,
0

V.

':'q,.."..'''' ..:''''-'-'

.'.'....,kiat'qi'..:. -:':-'.."
..

-, ',

Me."..efe44,44.

..

..

45
0'

Objectives should.be measured frequently to ascertain

maitety or 'the need for. more 'effective teaching techniques.

Most teachers are faMiliar with the componenti needed

in writing good objectives. A bibliography i provided for
.

'additional. study:
3.

40ne quick way of writing Objectives would be to list the

annUa.l'gopl and write the applicable phrases under.the cortect
heading. 'Example:'
ANNUAL GOAL
BEHAVIORAL OBJECTIVE
BEHAVIORS

CONDITIMIS

CRITERIA

Examples of IMMO shor.t term objectives might be:

.Without the aid of manipulatives, the itudentewill,write

the sums of the following with ten out of twelve cortect.
.0n a number line, the child will:write numbers fromftone
to ten.
'.Given an oral description, the child will draw a figure
with at .least stx parts.

The instructional/behavioral objective will be the

mechanism by whiCh.annual goals are achieved. They Will
IL
be 'listed in sequence (prioritized) and contain behaviors,
6ohOitions and criteria for evaluation. Dillman and RahMlow
(1972) leave listed other points for specifying ahd clarifying
objectives from the idea stage of each objective to the final
.

.levels of specificity
.principal performance
4
.overt behavior
.method and process
4evaluation or.perprmance criteria
relevant conditions
.appropriate reading level and vocabulary.

Behavioral objectives, are classed in the psychomotor,

cognitive or affective domains and can be categorized
according o levels cf learninv, therefore, a knowledge
of What the learner is to do will benefit both the child
#r''and the teacher and provide a basis for evaluating an
individualized educational program. ,,

53

el....!':.

'4;.....

46
0

.
Objectives Are Remetetstiye 'of the' Claritx
Between eInstructional Intent 'and-Practice
..

Objectiyeg Don't

21112211.121.22

-Present general%instructional criteria (should

assist instruction)
..

-Represent an end not a means

-Describe the performance

or behavior of student
(or change in behavior)
-bescribe conditions
under which terminal
behavior is performed

\'

aypving:objectiv
-Specify-teacher be1avior
(ndt princiOal per ormance

41

-Speeify teaching poihts

(learning activitiee for

skill)

-Include the level of

performance

-Present 'a number, ofl

possible alternativei'
A
to the goal

-tlaiify instructional

'1

ink:lent

-Involve teachers in the,

methods as well as the
evaluation process
-Restrict ambiguity and
litre student-directed
.

e."V:=

!-Preclude the use of

nebulous teraut if
*followed by a descriptioe.'

of the desired performance

(i.e., understanding,
comprehension).

-Produce measurable results

-Provide for participation
and feedback.

-Provide a plan of action

-7

-Ptovide standardA of
acceptable performance

-Providing appropriate
vocabulary and/or
reading level.

47

Clue Words. in.ObJectives\

1.

Anal ze - to find the main ideas and s ow importa.Ace

an d re .ationships

2.

Compare - to show both the similarities and differences

Construct - to make or gorm by combining parts by

aii767-writing, etc.
Contrast - to compare by showing the- 4ifferences
5.

ttiticize - to make a judgement or give a reaioned

3Frara76f something including both good and bad points

64

Define - to give a formal or precise'meaning by dis-.

Triglashing a word from related terms

7.

Describe - tO write a detailed account, give a verbal

RETTIFW-or represent by a figure or model of something

9.

Dia ram - to make a graph, chart or drawing that can

exp a n through the use of labels and/or explanations

9.

Differentiate -` to .show unlikeness, differences

10:

Discuss - to describe by giving-details, pros and

EUEFIlif a given concept

11.

Enumerate - to name an4/or list

12.

Evaluate - to give an opinion, judgement, or an

:expert s opinion of the truth or importance of a
concept. It may include advantages and disadvantages.

13.

Group'- to assemble objects, ideas, concepts, etc.,

as a unit with common qualities

14.

Identiiy - to determine the sameness of quality and

distinguishing features of something

15.

Illustrate - to explain or clarify by concrete examples,

compar sons cor analogies

16.

Inter ret - to give the meaning of something by using

examp es and personal comments to clarify

17.

Justify - to give a statement of personal reasons for

a statement or conclusion

19.

List - to.produce a numbered list of words, sentences

or comments

48

19.

Locate -.to determine or indicate the Owe, site,

ITEM of something
20.

Match - p) place in a set items possessing equal

BrEiimonizing attributes

21.

Ou4ine - to give a/general summary with a series of

main Ideas supported by secondary ideas to show the
organization of ideas

22.

Predict - to foretell, or 6.:Lare in advance-on the

ralaTlif observation, readon or experiment

23.

Prove - to show by argument or logic that a concept is

true; to ascertain the validity of by evidence or.
demonstration

24.

Relate - to show the connections between things by

inabilshing a logical or causal reference

25.

Review - to give a survey or summary in which important

parts are criticized

4.
-16.

Select - to choose from a number or group by preference

with regard to specific characteristics

27.

State - to describe the main points in precise terms,

usually in formal, brief, clear sentences without
details

28.

Summarize - to give a brief, condensed account of the

main idea without details

29.

Translate - to change from one state, form or appearance

to anot er; transcribe into one's own or another's
language

49

Writing Behavioral Objectives

Terts to Include

To analyze
To choOosel
-To compar*
.To construpt
To contrast
To criticize
To define
To describe
To diagram
To differentiate
To discuss
To draw
To enumerate'
To evaluate
To formulate
To group
To identify
To illustrate
To integrate
To itemize
To interpret
To justify
To list
To locate
To match
To name
To Aarganize
To outline
To plan
To point
To predict
To prove
To relate
To review
To select
To solve
To state
To summarize
To trace
To translate
To write

Terms 'to Avoid

To accOmplish
To accuaint
To ac,uire
-To apply
To appreciate
To ascertain
To assert
To attempt
To be aware
To believe
To combine
To communicate
To comprehend
To conceive
To consider
To cultivate
To develop
To discover
To educate
To enlighten
To experience
To familiarize
To feel
To gain insight
To guide
To have hindsight
To impart
To inform
To improve
To. keep abreast
To know
To learn
To master
To note
To observe
To perceive
\\
To plan
To realize
To recall
To recognize
To represent
To reveal
To think
To try
To understand

-, 41 ),

50

Developing and Writing the Objective

These steps may aid in preparing objectives that are
useful and evaluative:
/

1.

Decide (from assessment data) the traits, OOOOOOOO

and competencies you wish the student.to posAess AA
a result of instruction.

2.

Compare the data with thegoals 'you have wrirtten.

3.

With a clear.view of the child'i learning style.

and needs in the cognitiVe, psychototor and/or,
affective domain, select the- Area of prioritx,,
(from goals) and-content area.
'

',1!

Select an'appropriate behavioral term from:the.

cognitive, psychomotor.or aifictivechecklist.
Be certain the verb is compatible with.the:ohild'ir
Ability to perform and is measurable.
5.

'

5.

Include tha learning conditions or ciitiarpetances

under whia the task or 'behavior is to.bia ',Performed
Include the conditions.under which'
or accomplished.

the child will be observed while performing the

task.
At4

6.

Write the acceptable level of performance which

indicates when the task has been satisfactorily
achieved. This is a minimum level of evaluation.
This standard can be expressed,in time, accuracyf
percentages, duration, etc.

7. ,Check your objective to-test the com atibilit of

the objective with student need, ability, learning
style, learning rate, amount of pressure, motivation, physical environment required and time
required.
8.

Note if your objective can be read by another person

and interpreted correctly:
conditions for testing
measurable behavior
totally clear evaluation criteria

51.

liwooriling "the Obieotive

The individualized educational program has added to

"paper:teaks" in which teachersjrust engage (admitted)-.
-One writer-said, "It.i hard to smile through tears,"%bitt,
-.there-are:advantages of keeping a' record Of .changes in
behavior (or lac( of change in behavior). The. Portage.
Project. Parent Guide givevan-excelleat example of the need
The goal., of course, is
for recOrding result's of dietin
s-done.in
order to know if the
to lose:. weight. Measurement
Almared.dhenge Is-taking place. The measurement may be in
the following forms:
.

1. :estimation of the amount of."extra". fabricin a specific article of clothing

scales for detecting weight'loss'
2.
recording of baseline data to assure the
3.
weight loss with comparison over a, time period..

An analogous relationship exists_between the Portage

Project's diet story and measuring the ,effeativeness of
the prescribed goals and objectives of the IEP. The
testing Otchildren can be a relatively easy task;.the
followwup,assessment, which involves the sorting of test
results, intiFirariFatements, developmental diagnoses,
ratings from scales, etc. is,perhaps the most important
part of extracting meaning and planning an intervention
program:.

Once the program is operative a teacher would wish to

see the "fruits of his/her labor". Documentation of progress
(or lack of progress) will subsequently aid the teacher,
student and parentsito assist in revising the IEP.

52

Sone additional, selected references are:

Dillmant Caroline, M. and Rahmlow, Harold F. Writing

Instructional-Objectives. Belmont,.ca.: Fearon
Publishers, Inc., 1912.
-

Mager, Robert F. Developing Attitudes toward Learning:'

Belmont, Ca.: Fearon PUblishers, Inc.,
Mager, Robert F. and Pipe, Peter. 'Pinta Si
problems or 'You Really Oughta Wanna
Pearon Publisheria, inc., 1970.

Pre arih
Robert F.
Belipont, Ca.: Fearon

Mager

InstruCtiOnal Ob ectives.''
ers, nc.

Pipe, Peter. Ob actives - Tool for Chan* e

s erg, fac.,
Ca.: Fearon

Kibler, Robert.

Behavioral

PerfOrMance

Belmont,

Qbjectives'afld.;Iflstruti'On.

Sanders, Morris.* Classroom Questions:*

What' Kinds?

The Uses of Ihstructional'ObirtiVes:

Popham, James'. W.
Belmont, Ca.: Fearon tiblrshers,
A personal Perspective,.
Inc., 1973.
Weigand, James, E., Ed. Developing Teacher Competencies.
Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall, Inc., 1971.

11L'Y

fga

.1*

'`

-"

- - -

; 53

-14110.211.114.4
-

..;

Task ilialysis

-and

!.

When 1004.01111)10 adiscatiOnalassemient

progrataminti-iCOnakOrktholevOften

00glecitedrtoOls that

enAbleelaopcd teaChort0.teach.bet.terperOpiterarOkittiatic.
teacher to inject gicme NsciencefinWtheyteachinCproneas,
and helps the Ayingwbyftthe-leat-OP-theftpints tetiOhOr.avoid

so many crash landings. 'We prespOpthat:pre-sryideteacher

educati9n40r9graMe 40.0 least:one-sy0eMWid,:$0.-Wvice

program a year 001a*, exhi4rt.the-206,00and.dtillprac#0eteachers.and teadhersin the-lige .ahdraititity of:;task analysis.
If that is the caste,* reading.the.neA-COuple of pages can be

a turnoff, buto.maybeit VouldnItkwt tcrdo a littlechetk.

If you ire willing', anewer-fief011bwing.ten questiqns
the 'answers are obvious to you and you feel no need.to-turn
to the key at-the end of-the explanation.to chedk yourself,West lavie. BUT....if..YoU'have some curiosity about whether
,
you are correct in your choice of ihawers, or dorkft. know
from Adam if you areeven close--;read it.

Task Analysis: Pte and Pott Test

1.

When petforming a-task analysis, what three basic

actions must one consider with all necessary subtasks?
b)

a)
c)

Task analysis directs one's attention primarily tos

a) the child; b) the teacher; 9) the objective;
d) the environment.
.

3.

Circle the true statement:

a) Task analysis is a standardized diagnostic procedure.

that yields valid diagnoitic information.
.b) Task analysis is an informal diagnostic procedureN'
which-does not guarantee,validity.
4.

All steps in a task analysis should be stated in words

that represent:
a) observable Joehaviors; b) processes;
c) relationships.

5.

What is the formula for describing the necessary subplus

tasks?

5.

Task analysis is used in determining which mental

processes are involved in an objective.
True or False

,1'.00' .'f.,:),',V. : ',..'

Ofito,.0.;.7,.. ':'

:',...'.4.".f

,;.,.,..,:fti

Ttli.`i.,4?:..-.V.I.....!.1....c..1..,...f.:.!...z,

,A.:, ;4.7. virs;,".;,..1..;,:i.,...

.,,,.- #

.;

,i,,.<4;,..6...;.:.."".F.:,

' t',t ,,,e.

'

3..

.<

54

A child was given' the fpllowing courandt

"Ryan,4put

on your, pants,"
7.

Which of the following:Would not appear in a task

analysis of this objective:
,

\-

a) can attend to.the task;

b ) can Out one foot into the.leg-h014 of hii pantst-,
c) can discriminate between-hit right and left leg;
d) can pull his pants from ankle, to calf of his leg.

Which of the following woul:knot appear-in a task

analytis of this objectival

a) 'can pull pants from calves to kneasi

b) can pull pants from knees to midthighs;

c) can pull pants from groin to waist; \.
d) can repeat thedirections: "Ryan, pUt on, your pants.
9.. Which of the following would not ippear4n a task
analysis of this objective:_
a)
b)
c)
d)
10.

can
can
can
can

identify waist, knees and legs;

attind to the task; .
graip his pints;
pull his pants from mid-thigh to groin.

To use task analysis diagnostically, you:

a) analyze the'child's intellectual ability;
b) construct a checklist with a test item for each
subtest;
c) deter:Una the child's best'input or outOut mode;
d) gather information ragarding other diagnostic
workups completed,by physicians, social workers,
physical therapists, etc.

Task analysis is an informal diagnostic technique that

helps us gather the information that assists our decisions
about what specific tasks to teach the learner.
One of the basic principles of teaching any child with
mild to severe learning problems, is that the learhing taeks
we present to him should be broken,down into small, sequen-.
tial steps. Breaking tasks or objectives into small,
sequential steps is task analysis. 'Barbara Bateman, in
"The Essentials of Teaching," describes task amalysis "as
the process of a) isolating, h) describing and c) siequenckm all necessary subtaska which, when the child has
mastered them, wilLenable him to perform the objective"
(Bateman, 1971, pi 33). Teachers, consultants and so forth
use task analysis as both a diagnostic and remedial tool.

62

"74.1. p',?, 4:fr.*1

;
33

-n

f.
.:4

In this Oplanationt we will explore...the use pf task-analysis

at-a diagnostic techOque.
1_
To use taisk .gnaXysig"diggPOStically,:you a) specify'an
-instructional objective- the. Child..its having difficulty-meet=ing; b) break it intoloubiasks; -0) construct a checklist with
a test:item for-each csubta0k; d) -adminiiter the checklist;
4and e) teach the child the subtaake he.doesti't know._ When
.

7itthe child iivable to do-411 thsubtasks

that.are.part -of
iv
the objective, he should,be able to complete. the objective.
..
.

There are two_things to 'remember when-youiredoing task

analysis. First, pretend you are eAltrict behaviorist,. You
are interested.only in behaviors yoU' can observe=-thOse that'
-.can be seen, heard, measured, or- counted.;YoU Should not
attempt_to make inferences about.what goes on "inside" the
child. tor example,' let's.not ties a term like "vieual discrimination." _A.term like, that doesn'ttellvs. much,- There
are many definitions 'of "Visual discriminatiOn,,". tt is hard
to measure or calculate the extent,ofthe'prOblem-in the
area when it isArtated as "visUal discrimination." However,
'if we state the term in more observable languags.such as "can
match a teaspoon with another teaspoon vben.a #ablespoon. is
present," then we can see the Child perfoorthat task.
We've changed a statement-of a taskIrom soMethifig'we were
gueesing went on "inside" the childks:brainYtO a, task that
Sol concentrate 2filx on "the observable subis observable.
tasks the child.needs to do in ()id-ft to complete the objec-,
Ask yourself questions-liket"Does thechild 'need to
tive.
do this sUbtask.to meet the .objective?" or' "Ielt eomething
I can see,' hear, count, ofmeasureZ" It will'also_be helpful
to remember that when we're trying to do a talk' analysis
using observable behaviors we' can use this formulas
.

Action verb plus object.

For example, an action verb is "pick up" and an Object

/
"Matches" Ppictures" is another example.. The
is -"Kleenex."
,

second point to remember when using task analysis is to conEiREFite on the objective you're trying to teach 'the child.
At this time, we don't need to concentrate on the child
Xf you did consider a specific child each time you
himself.
task analyzed an objective, it would greatly increase the
amount of time needed to do task analysis. It would mean
that each time you taught thee objective to a child with a
different handicapping condition, you would have to reanalyze the objective. It makes more sense to decide what
tasks are involved in the objective that the child must complete in order to finish the objective. Then, when it is
time to teach the child the objective, modify only the subtasks that are necessary to change in order to individualize
for the child's handicapping condition.

63

'.,73,

kfs:;;.:
.;t.;1:...

t- '

1.1

',..Aev

56

In,the following pages, we are going to apply task

analysis to &specific nowacademic task and diScUite it we.
will uses' the-example a prewacademic-taSk of:the Sort a ,
person would be teachiig toa sverly,' Multiple handicapped
child. While task analysis is an effective infOrmal diagnOstic and prescriptive Rrogramming'technigue to use with any
child, ihere is an enormous lack of appropriate.and readily
available diagnostics for that_partidular group of childrn.
Remember though, the process is the same when you analyse sny
task--only the objective or task being analysed varies. It
will be helpful to keep in mind that: a).taak analysis involves isolating, describing and sequencing'SubtaskSf.h) task
analysis is action verb plus object; an4 c) task analysis in-

volves 11 observable behavior.

Let's say we'vanted a.child to remove his Ling pants completely withdut assistance. Re couldn't do it so we decided
to gather some informal diagnostic information about .why he
couldn't by using task analysis.- Our objective:As-that Peter
Will completely remove long pants with an elastic waist, without assistance, when given the commands "Peter, take off your
pants." Thei.task analysis of removing long pants is:
a) Attendk to the teacher and task.
b) Grasps waist band of pants with hands.
c) Pulls pants from waist to groin.
d) Pulls pants from groin to mid-thighs.
e). Pulls pants from mid-thighs to knees.
f) Pulls pants from knees to calve's.
g) Pulls p&nts from.calves to ankles.
h) sits down:
i) Graps one pant leg.
j) Pulls the pants from one -ankle and foot.
k) Pulls the pants from the other ankle and foot.
,

This coMpletes the first and second steps of task analysis.

We have listed a specific objective we want the child to achieve
and broken it into small subtasks. The third step is to construct a checklist with a test item for each-subtask.
Task Analysis

a) attends to teacher and

task
b) grasps waist band of
pants with hands

-c

Check
looks at teacher for. 30 seconds
while teacher demonstrates task;
knows where' waist band is;
grasps waist band
.

57

If we wanted to check to see if the child was attending

to the teacher and task, we would first define what attending
was in observable terms. Let's say it meant looking at the
teacher for 30 seconds without looking away while the teacher
says: "Peter, take off your pants" and demonstrates the task
for him. By defining it in this way, we could,teach him to
attend because he would needtto do this subtask in order to
complete the objective. A way to check to see if he could
grasp "the waist band of his pants would be to see if he could
grasp and if he knew where the waist band of his pants was.
To check out the remaining subtasks, you could remove
the child's pants completely except for the subtask you are
checking. For example, you would start with his pants at
his waist then say: "Peter, take eff your.pants." You would
pull them down to his knees allowing the child to finish.
If he cah complete that subtask, you would check to see if
he couiaremove the pants from his mid-thighs. If he could
nott'you would know that you might have to teach him how.
However, don't stop checking the subtasks just because you
find one he can't do. Check to see if he could remove his
pants if they were at his groin. For some reason, he may JI;le
able to do this yet not be able tO remove them from his midthighs. ,If you found this to be true, you wouldn't need to
teach him how to remove them from his mid-thighs. By checking the subtasks in this manner, you would determine which
subtailks MUst be taught in order for the child to achieve
this self-help skill. The entry behavior of "attending" is
It is a good idea tO always list
almost always included.
this, where appropriate, because it is so important for the
completion of every objective and unless we list it we often
forget to check to see if the child does attend.
When you're teaching the subtasks to the child that he
didn't know, remember to check for generalization. Some-'
times, When you're teaching a child one subtask, he may,
So, after teaching the
learn ithother.one automatically.
first eabtask, administer the test item from the checklist
for the ?Wit subtask you're going to teach him before startIt won't take long and it may
ing to teach it to him.
prevent you from teaching the child something he already
knows.

Chapter 3 of "The Essentials of Teaching" provides

excellaht background and depth to an understanding of task
analySis. Some points the chapter makes are:
1.

tn all teaching, it is important to begin instruction

on thil appropriate level of task difficulty. A
thorough task analysis enables the teacher to determine quite precisely where to begin instruction.

(13!)

,7111f011*.w.v.s...,

58
9

2.

Task analysis provides an efficient means for assessing

what skills the child needs ta learn to complete the
objective.

3.

The uses of task analysis include:

a) Assessing Entering Behavior

A meaningful aissessment of enteringJDehavior requires

that the teacher:

1) specify instructional:objectives for the

tasks to be taught;

2) list the essential subskills and/or prerequisites to each task;

3) construct a brief checklist of test items
represent:.ng the subskilla;
911

4) administer this checklist to the students.

This procedure rather than relying on normative tests,

interviews, or other so-called diagnostic data will
provide the teacher with a meaningful assessment of
content-related entering behaviors (Bateman, 1971,
pp. 42-43) .

b) Grouping-for Instruction, and

*

1) The teacher makes a brief checklist of the 10

or 15 specific educational objectives considered
most vital for the children to be working toward
during the first portion.of the school year.
These objectives might include such specificsoas
reading maps, solving long division Rroblems, or
writing.
2) The teacher conducts a sample lesson pertinent
to each of the iterps on the checklist, keeping
the entire group tagether for the sample lesson.
3) On the basis of the childrens' responses to the
lesson, the children who have the most to learn
before reaching objective can be readily identified and formed into a group. The second sample
lesson can assist the teacher in finding the
next group. This procedure could be used to
select as many groups as necessary, remembering
that when it begins to be difficult to make
discriminations among the remaining children
they can probably be grouped together, at least
temporarily.
fl

J6

S.

59
t
S.

4) Often we must remind ourselves that some children

will come to us with entering behaviors already
nigher on some7task ladders than we have envisioned
for most of the group after instruction. If a
...
child can write a ninth-grade level composition
in the fifth grade, it would be inappropriate and
unethical for us to require him to punctuate sentences in a fifth-grade workbook. Such samplelessons as we are processing for grouping purposes
'should also be u4pd to find those children for
whom no additional instruction on a task ladder is
Such children ran then-be shifted to
appropriate.
more advanced work, perhaps by individualized initruction or by being Moved to a. higher grade
(Bateman, 1971, p. 44).
c) Rsadiness

In any discussion of entering behavior, the term

"readiness" is bound to arise. Our contemporary society
is quick to coin new terms whenever they seem helpful or
otherwise catch our fancy. Thus, our dictionaries get
thicker each year. We are somewhat less quick to drop
terms that have lost whatever utility they may have Once
"Readiness" may be A prime,candidate for the lost.had.
Everyone
utility file, should we ever construct one.
is always ready to learn whatever comes on the next rung
If Robert is on
of any task ladder we might constiuct.
rung 17 of the self-dressing ladder, he is ready for
If Mary is on rung 1, she is ready for rung
rung 18.
Since schools have traditionally begun their rela2.
tionship with children at age five or six rather than
at birth, we have not 'extended our ladders down into
the skills and concepts ordinarily learned prior to
Sb, in effect, our school reading ladders
school.
(and most other task ladders, too) begin at step 1()
(or any other number we prefer) rather than stlep 1.
When a child comes to us at age six and is ontrung 4,
instead of ten,cwe have tended to say he."isnit ready
for reading.',.. What we'really mean is that wei haven't
thought about how to teach rungs l'through 9 ;and so we

aren't ready for him! He has further to climb than

most of our six year'olds to reach the instrOctional
objective of being able "to say the appropriate spoken .
equivalent for visually presented groups of English
letters." Therefore', he is the one who is Tost in need

Quoted material from Barbara Bateman's Essentials of

Teaching, Dimensions Publishing Co. Permission to reprint
is krom Arlyce House, Adapt Press.

kiL)

60

of teaching. And yet he is the one most frequently.told

to wait a year until he is ready! If a child is to
catch up with others who are ahead of him, we must teach
him more and.faster (Bateman, 1971, pp. 4-46).

With this for background, it's your turn io perform some

task analysis. After you are finished, you should compare
your task analysis to some'previously prepared. There are not
necessarily any currect answers. We ask you to cbmpare yours
to others 4n case you have left out something or vice versa.
'Or, if you aren't sure of the correct sequence, looking at' how
someone else did it may help you. Please try to use common
words when you task analyze tasks. By using common terms, we
can more easily understand what everyone means. Remember the
rules of task analysis.
1. 'It is isOlating, describing, and aequencing subtasks.
2.
It is action verb plug; object.
It involves pnlyobservable.behavior.
3.
Doing task analysis may seem tedious or difficult but tark
analysis does become easier and quicker to do the more you.do '
Sere are some shortcuts to note to make the use of this
it.
tool less time-cpsuming.
,

1.

Although you usually task analyie-iosti objectives you

beach a child, you need to only thdroughly task analyze
those objectives he is having problems achieving.
Save every task analysIs you do. Another child may have
problems with that task or one similar to it.

#.

3.

Teachers in a building could Make a file of all the task

analyses they have done. Then, before doing one, you
could check the file to see if that task had already,
If you did put all the.task analyses in
been analyzed.
a file, it would be important to agree on a common set of
terms first.

4.

There are some books available that contain the analyses

of many-tasks that other professionals have written. However/ even when these 'are available, you have to know the
process of.task analyiis. For example, every child will
not learn the tasks in the same sequence and some of the
tasks in the-book may have to be broken down even further
If you don't know how to do this, the
for some children.
book won't beof much use to you.

This explanation of task analysis has been largely derived

from information presented in papers by Robbie King and Anne R.
Sanford, "The Essentials of Teaching" by Barbara Bateman and
especially from the Task Analysis module of "Informal Diagnosis
and Prescriptive Programming," a workShop manual distributed
by the Mid-West Regional Resourc Center.

OS

61

s.

Task Answer Key

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

10.

a) isolate, b) describe, c) sequence

c) EET763ective
b) informal diagnostic procedure
a) observable behavior
action verb plus object
false
c) discriminates between right and left leg
d) repeat directions
a) can identify
b) construct a checklist

Some additional, selected references are:

Task Analysis
Bateman, B. "Three Approaches to Diagnosis and Educational
Planning for Children with Learning Disabilities."
Therapy Quarterly, 1967, 11, 215-222.

Dimensions PublishBateman, B. .The Essentials of Teaching.

ing Co., San Rafael, California, 94903.
Englemann, Siegfried. Preventing Failure in the Primary
Grades. S.R.A., Chicago, Illinois, 1969.

Espich, James E. and Williams, Bill. Developing Programmeq

Instructional Materials. Fearon Publishers, Palo Alto,
California, 1967.
Mager, Robert F. Preparing Instructional Objectives.
Publishers, Inc., Pilo Alto, California, 1)68.

Fearon

Popham, W. James and Baker, Eva L. Systematic Instruction.

Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood: Cliffs, New Jerii77-r)-70.

Effective Teachin : A Guide to Dia nosticValett, R.

s ers, Palc.
Prescri t ve as Ana ys s. Fearon Pu
A to, Caiffornia, 1970.
Wheeler, A. and Fox, W. Behavior Modification: A Teacher's
Guide to Writing Instructional Objectives. H&H Enterprizes, Kansas, 1912.

Worell, Judith and Nelson, C. Michael. Managing Instructional Problems. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York,

MT.

62

CHAPTER 4,

INSTRUCTION

After assessing the needs, strengths, weaknesses, task

requirements, etc., the teacher makes major decisigns concerning what to teach in order that objectives may be implemented
and Rig-to teach the iden ified content. This sequence in the
indiTinualized educationa4 program refers to "how do I get
him/her there." A discr,pancy exists between what is already
known (before instructiolh) and what the student knows after
instruction.
This discrepancy can be identified as the instructional component.
Teachers must ask1 themselves not only "How do I get him/
her there" but' what are the best strategies to implement in
"getting him/her there." Other concerns ine.udet
1.

2.

'Plannin
t ve.

se uenCes to accomplish the behavioral objec-

Consideringthe conditions under which the learning will

occur.
Tfiis consideration will depend upon;
the needs/requirements/level of the student;
the environmental requirements (i.e., style,
abilities, structure of the learning, etc.);.
competencies of the teacher.

3.

Designing the learning environment for optimal interaction.

4.

Considering the materials that complement the method

and rein orce concepts and learning styles, abilities,
etc.

5.

Considering the motivators for interest.

6.

Implementing the plan or design.

Each area of the IEP has always been addressed by teachers

heretofore; however, the goals and objectives were perhaps the
only recorded elements of a plan. With the focus on IEP per
se, it has become almost impossible to converge on those areas
in which the teacher has the greatest impact--deily classroom
programming. The numerous forms, writing, checking,

63

monitoring, likraluation and administrative requirements have

produced an aiSathy, disillusionment and a biased attitudinal
It then becomes the responsibility of the.teacher to
set.
plan a realistic design for meeting the needs of exceptional
children.

One design for administering a program which maximizes

the potent:ial of every child is through individualization.

ETILLIALailig_24A2sagLLIE
In order to meet the varying needs of children within the
least restrictive environment, educators have come to a consensual agreement. The varied and numerous arrangements made
for classifying, typifying, and grouping for instruction have
resulted in diverse as well as homogeneous arrangements (i.e.,
exceptional conditions, developmental levels, age, test scores,
The cognizance of heterogeneity, uniqueness, learning
etc.).
differences, interests, life styles, varying modalities, needs
and developmental levels have provided the integral elraments
for implementing an individual program. The commonality of
each strategy is the freeing from group pacing, and competition;
hence, the emphasis is on individual interest and need, attending to learning styles and modalities, and moving a learner toward his optimum potential through a personalized process.

A program can have numerous strategies for considering

goals, interests, modalities, abilities, motivation, strengths,
weaknesses and other pertinent assessment data. The implication of such a program is that teachers, pupils, administration,
f&lulty, community and parents become a part of the learning
structure. The teacher and resource persons simply coordinate
ankfacilitate the process of programming, thus guiding instructic., diagnosing, evaluating, prescribing and consulting for
each learner.
A student-centered philosophy focusing on the learning
process produces inherent desires in educators to plan and
execute meaningful, effective and systematic programs. When
teachers are included in a plan for instituting change for
children, when non-threatening approaches are detailed, and
when the process of individualizing makes the job of facilitation an easier task, then, productive interaction of teacher
and program become a meaningful alternative.
Individualization of instruction, then, is a process of
gearing the instructional program to meet the needs, interests, and abilities of individual pupils. The nature of the
subject, needs of the pupil, and the purpose of the learning
activity will determine the approach to be utilized.

64

The most important objective of individualization is to

release the potential in the individual learner. Individualization might help expand this potential through a personalized
educative process:
1.

The emphasis is on the student, the teacher, and the

interactive process.

2.

The process of individualization occurs when a teacher

recognizes and responds to the emotional reactions and
the academic achievements (the learner is a whole person).

3.

Individualization considers the uniqueness of perceptions, values, concepts, and needs of the individual
student.

4.

Learning opportunities are tailored to enhance individuality.

5.

Awareness of individual demand and sensitivity to needs\

lend commitment and purpose to the process.

Children do not learn passively, at the same rate, at

the same time, with the same modality, and at the same age.
Each child is unique; thus, a personalized program should
promote this uniqueness.
The State of Vermont has developed a student-centered
philosophy of education which includes an integrated set of
principles.
The emphasis is based on the learning process as
opposed to the teaching process:
1.

Education should be based upon the individual's strong

inherent desire to learn and make sense of his environment.

2.

Educators should strive to maintain the individuality

and originality of the learner.

3.

Emphasis should be upon a child's own way of learning

through the discovery and exploration of real experiences.

child's perception of the learning process should be

iUSted to his own concept of reality.
5.

A child should be allowed to work according to his own

abilities.

6.

Expectations of childrens' progress should be individualized.

65
1

Instructional Strategies

Critical in the implementation

instructional plan-is the selection
tional strategies. The teacher has
range of options from which choices
may include:

of an individualized
of appropriate instrucavailable to him/her a
can be made. Choices
-N

Visual stimuli/cues presented to aid in task success

-

drawing while talking

depicting a model of subject
pantomiming tasks while talking
using pictures, objects
using other concrete materials (i.e.,
films, filmstrips, slides, video-tapes,
etc.)

Verbal cues/direction
-

specific verbal directions

specific suggestions
taped directions
verbal instruction

Nonverbal cues
- pantomiming directions or request

- gestures reflecting intent

- body posturing

Manual direction
- physical manipulation through task
- physical assistance for approximation of task
- partial guidance with verbal cues
- repeating and practice

The listed designs may take the form of:

direct instruction
lectures
supervised practice
audio-visual aids
questions/answers

examples
modeling
molding
explanations
demonstrations

de2endent
,The effective use of the above is, of course,
correlated
upon "teacher skill." Effectiveness is, perhaps,
with the following:

Deviation from the prescribed design providing a

greater flexibility for teacher and child

66

Ample time spent in direct instruction.

The effective use of praise and reward systems.
The use of parents as teachers and helpers.
The ability to elicit oral responses from students

The emphasis on not covering materials predetermined

as requisite but mastery of a skill.
Time spent drilling and allowing students to practice
the skill for mastery.
In addition, several suppositions must be addressed in
order to design those activities which address instructional
strategies.
3

1.

Performance Level Established

It can
sequence if
havioral or
the desired
2.

be frustrating to try to teach an instructional

the learner doesn't have the developmental, beattention skills (prerequisites) to implement
task.

Ascertainment of Differences and Learning Styles

It should be known which instructional approach will

complement the cognitive, affective, or psychomotor style of
the learner.
3.

Maintenance of Catalivit for Learnin%

Some form of motivation should be considered in each instructional sequence. The promotion of a positive attitudinal
stance toward the learning may be achieved through:
subject selection
environmental stimulaaon
learner input (physical involvement)
valuing exercises
tangible rewards
reinforcement techniques
games, materials, problems, etc.
feedback strategies
intrinsic rewards
4.

Sequence and Task Analyzation of Skills

Skills may be sequenced according to the developmental

and acquisition level of students. The organization of skills
using a hierarchial approach allows for the identification of
the simplest skills needed to enter a task.

67

Demonstration of skila Throu h Sensor

5.

Cue

This method allows the student to know the expected,putcome of the learning and/or behaviors to be exhibited.
Modeling, physical manipulation, providing a sample, etc.,
would allow the student to know what to do or how to perform.
Student Feedback

6.

This protess allows the student to actively participate

This task allows attenin performing the .desired behavior.
It also allows
tion to be focused (continually) on the task.
the student constant feedback on his performance.
Teacher Attention to Performance

7.

The awareness of child performance allows for corredtive

interVention in order to eliminate incorrect behaviors and
promotes qualitative performances. The child is allowed to
engage in the desired task with attention given at crigcal
times.

Ac uisition and Practice of New Behaviors

8.

Reinforcement of new learning is attended.

Teacher Mana ement Techni ues

9.

Guiding instruction depends upon the general management

skills of the teacher. The ability to organize, plan and
execute instruction is closely related to general efficiency
of program development.
A list of key aspects for'an effective instructional program has been given to aid teachers in Strategies for Teaching
the Mentally Retarded (Payne, Palloway, et al., 1977). These
include:
1.

Flexibility - the ability to use a variety of approaches

for meeting specific needs.

Variety - the ability to present instruction through a

variety of methods with a maintenance of interest.
3.

Motivation - the ability to provide children with a reason to learn with tangible and social reinforcement.

4.

Structure - the ability to provide needed direction,

organization, and teaching.

6.

Success - the ability to provide opportunity for

The Teacher - the ability to provide needed strategies

and results.
.00
1.

68

Planning the Instructional Sequence

It cannot be said too frequently that the IEP process
requires a qualitative teacher. Nothing "new" has developed
or been proposed for teaching the acquisition of a skill or
the movement of an,individual from a level of dependence to
a level of independence (something good teachers have always
done).

The instructional sequence does not begin with direct

instruction. The following guide may aid in the development
of systematic sequencing of the instructional format:

40

Review of annual goals;

Review of specific objectives;
Refinement by assessment strategies;
Analyzation of results;
Preparation of intervention plan;
Preparation of instructional materials;
Implementation of plan;
Progress checks/assessments;
Charting/profiling of progress;
Review/adjustment of intervention plan;
Evaluation of plancoordination of cyclical process.

1.

REvZ7W OF GOALS

Retain thrust of "why"

Mediate between what isAnd

what should be
Reinforce general agreement

2.

Visually profile components of

objectives:

REVIEW OF SPECIFIC
OBJECTIVES

- behavior
- conditions
- criteria

Review applicability

69

Obtain more information about the

strengths and weaknesses of'
student(s)
4

3.

REFINEMENT OF

ASSESSMENT STRATEGIES

Pinpoint where student(sY may be

developmentally for proposed
planning
Decide:

Motivator to be used
Learning modality considerations
Reinforcers to be used

4.

Review specific content, match

according to results

ANALYZE RESULTS
Review where student is, to
pinpoint sequence of next step
in process

Note teacher behavior

Review previous skill (if any)

Review of method to be used for

instruction
^.

5.

PREPARATION
OF PLAN

-A-

demonstrating
direct instruction
supervised practice
explaining/examples
modeling
audio-visual aids
guiding responses

Attention-getting devices, plans

Followup/appropriate practice
plans
Prepare feedback plans

70

Decide level of skill

- acquisition
- proficiency
- maintenance

6.

PREPARATION OF
MATERIALS

Decide efficacy of material

Provide materials that compliment
sensory input/output modality
Decide Reinforcement Technique
- learning stations
- training packages
- etc.

Use:

7.

IMPLEMENTATION
OF PLAN

specific teacher behaviors

specific teaching technique(s)
positive motivators, reinforcers
specific media and materials
student verbal input
student practice skills

Supervise practice

Provide corrective feedback

Continue monitoring progress at

specific skill level
8.
0

Decide followup format:

PROGRESS CHECKS/
ASSESSMENT

9.

CHART/PROFILE
PROGRESS

demonstration
modeling
mixed practice
drill

Keep adequate records of progress

Construct mechanism for child
to realize progress
.3)

71

Continue ,to review previous

Walls taught
10.

Continue to assess skill development*level

REVIEW/ADJUSTMENT
OF PLAN

NoteAiscrepancies
1

Change plan if needed

Provide visual evaluation

techniques for determining
skill acquisition

11.

EVALUATION
OF PLAN

Review criteria of objective

Provide other appropriate
followup practices

12.

BEGIN THE CYCLE

AGAIN

Do all of the good things that

worked

Managin2, Assignments and Instruction

Managing classroom instruction and activities requires

skill, patience and thorough knowledge of the needs of individual children. The recordkeeping required of the IEP
process demands a discovery of simplified planning. A few
suggestions are offered to help the general planning of
assignments and instruction.
Use of Folders

The invention of the folder (any kind) was a blessing to

These simple objects can perform many space-saving/
teachers.
time-saving "miracles." Here are some suggestions:
1.

2.

Place captions on outside cover of folder and make

learning activity pockets (numbered and sequenced).
Set up learning .stations with large (commercial)
pockets which can hold from three to four folders.
Number the folders (in sequential order) for specific
assignments.

0'

72..

Make individu!ll folders (with child's name) for daily

'work assignments. Individual assignments cap be
place4 in folder and child knows to remove assigned

paper,Oitho4t help-from teadher Mike

\

4.

Separate multi-level asSignments in specific skill

areas bi placing sets in individual folders.

5.

Make an IEP folder which holds and/or records progress

sheets.

6.

Use folders to hold puzzles.

or instructions on front.

7.

Place dittoed assignments along with a tape for a daily

lesson (one in which the teacher can't be physically
present).

8.

Use folder for special assignments.

individual project when assigned.

19.

Have specific markings

Child does

Devise "Substitute Folder" system. Place assignments

in folder that the child caa use when teacher is out
of building.

Devise "Tutoring Folder" which can be used to help

develop skills. nis gives specific instructions and
suggested activities for the volunteer or "cross-age"

2.0.

tutor.
\

Use folders to hold word cards, math cards, counters

or practice materials that are used daily.

73

12.

Hang folders in accessible places for sheets (reinforcement) or activities which can be done independently.

13.

"Parent Helper Folders" can be used AS an "envelope"

.between parents and teachers. The sk$11 to be reinforced,
at home is placed in folder and "sent" between home and

school.

Use of Learning Centea

These centers help supplement the daily instruct.ional
program. Many books' are available for setting up centers.
Here are a few techniques to add ,t9 the "Save the Teacher
Club":
1.

Don't change the complete station at a center., Set

it up so that titles, captions, etc., .are general
enough to be left up for several assignments (e.g.,
Word Fun, Dictionaryitis, Workshop Magic, etc.).
Animal pictures, children, etc., can "hold" folders
or assignments to be done by the child.

2.

Set up stations that reflect thorough planning.- If

a child can do the assignment(s) in five minutes, Ws
probably not worth the hours of setting it up.

3.

Set up stations that are mul i-level, multi-sensory

and simple to change. ,Not nly should "paper assign-P
ments" be used, but also ma ipulative devices.

4.

Set up some stations that plromote independence. Allow

children to help themselve (i.e., turning filmstrip,
\using language master/ etc.).

5.

Set up some "reward" stations. A prize can be given

for engaging in individualized activities that the
child needs.

6.

Integrate the use of stations wiAin the general

instructional program. Systematic planning can help
(children #'s 1 and 2 at 9:45; Group 3 at 1:30 at the
Language Center, etc.).

Use of Home Study Sheets

These sheets allow the teacher to do preplanning when
groups or specific children are involved.

41.

74

2.12of Chalkboard Flan

.This plan is a visual device to help itructure the day.

.These general areas can be.specialized, but the parameteri

are set for teacher and child structuxe.

Room Organization
%. Many books and suggestions are available for .structuring
the physical environment. Some tips are:

Provide an instruction area near a,chalkboard,

',racks, etc.

,2.

3.

.ProvIde a quiet area where a child can be alone, (with

'and without choice).

Provide a space for recording of up materials which

reflect:

profiles
checklists
charts
goals/Objectives

L,

etc.

Provide an individualized conference area. 'This is a

spot that is "special." The teacher devotes a set
limit of time with'each student at that particular
area.
He/she "belongs" to th"at student and should not
,,be disturbed for a certain length of time (5-7 minutes).
5.

Place chairs, tables, mats in such a way that the

arrangements are conducive to small group teaching
if necessary. .This helps to control movement by
large groups.

{1

75

Suggestions for Teaching:

Modifications and Adaptations

The previous sections have discussed concepts, models and

approaches applicable to the general learner. Additional modifications and adaptations syecific to an area of exceptionality
need to be considered when planning an instructional programs
The modifications listed below shoUld be considered general teaching activities which could have relevance -in a
particular class situation. However, the activities are examples and should not be viewed as an all-inclusive list for
any specific handicapping area.

Visual Impairment
Assumption:

Special and/or supplemental materials will be

needed to compensate for visual problems.

Implementation:
.1.

A typewriter and tape recorder are uecessities.

2.

Use mobility training to insure independence.

3.

Use very large (primary) type for materials to be read.

4.

Use the auditory and tactile channels for learning

and/or assignments.

5.

Use the overhead projector regularly (to enlarge type,

pictures;.

6.

Read aloud to the student; or provide a "buady".to

aid in reading.

7.

Have student close the eyes and listen whan annoyed or

distracted by extraneous visual stimuli.

b.

Use magnifiers.

9.

Use talking books and magnifiers.

10.

Use zweitory signals as much as possible.

11.

Teach class to aid student by identifying themselves

and objects.

12.

Allow the child to do many things for her/nimself.

13.

Arrange the env.lronment in order to encourage movemeut

and familiarity.

76

14.

Always try to respond (in some way) to.requests.

15.

Explain, the environment in whicil the student is moved,

then drill in responding through movement to-VOice
.commands

16(.
1

Read aloud to tkle child, have quest,ions answered,

sections retold.

17.

Use the language master machine for spelling, math,

giving directions, etc.

18.

1,lay "texture" and "what's in the bag" games to

strengthen tactual awareness.

19.

Have descriptions and interpretations of auditory or

tactile stimuli.

20.

Use a phonic approach to spelling and other reading

activities.

21.

Build concept by analogous relationship items.

22.

Use puzzles that are large for finger tracing.

23.

Use objects for sorting to teach "same and different"

concepts.

24.

Encourage the verbalizatioa of ideas.

25.

Teach word association cues in order to strengthen memory.

26.

Use kinesthetic teaching aids such as tactiform

pictures, symbols, letters, raised maps and globes.

27.

Use kinesthetic approaches when they lend themselves to

the acquisition of a skill, suchas char.tdes, pantomiming,
etc.

28.

Use choral reading as an activity to encourage class

inclusion.

EVELTILDRESIant
Assumptions:

The degree of hearing loss will influence the

program changes. Student may be distracted
easily by extraneous noises. May appear
frustrated.

Implementation:
1.

Face the'ciass or student when speaking.

2.

Aid your speech through body language (i.e., gestures

pointing, illustrations, etc.).

3.

Speak clearly and slowly (avoid exaggerated lip movements).

4.

Use vAual aids that will assist in presenting ideas,

' concepts, etc.

5.

Limit amount of external noise; allow student(s) to

work in quiet areas or use headphones if necessary.

6.

Pair the student with a normal hearing student.

7.

Allow for a minimum of distractions.

8.

Provide visual cues for directions (i.e., on, off, left,

etc.).

Use simple sentences and pictures/aids (to facilitate

language) and constant explanations.
10.

Use repetition and time to allow for visual and/or

tactile processing of a concept.

11.

Encourage the expression of language in some form.

12.

Se consistent in presentation of concepts (e.g., consistent use of cat instead of kit, kitty, kitten, etc.).

78

,Physical Impairment
AssumRtions:

Adaptations to classrooms are needed to deal

with physical limitations. The pervasiveness
of different conditions may affect each child
in a different way.

Implementation:
1.

Make environmental changes, that are advantageous to the

student for accessibility.

2.

If limited use of the limbs exists, pa,irr the student

with a peer.

3.

Get as mmch information as possible on the physical

disabllity.

4.

Use media and material adaptations

recorders, etc.).

(e.g., typewriter,

5.

Place material at heights that are advantageous to the

student.

6.

Modify the equipment to accommodate the student needs

(despite the exceptionality).

7.

Provide an adequate time period to get to/from class,

take care of needs and get assignments completed.

8.

Use audio-visual aids to compensate for the exceptionality.

9.

Allow associative activities by modifying the situation

to accommodate the exceptionality.

10.

Provide time to compensate for physical restraints, thus

promoting independence.

11.

Bring situations, group activities, etc., to the child

if he is physically unable to come to the situation.

12.

Use the vocational education department to modify equipment needed.

13.

Help students set realistic goals.

14.

Use the vocational counselors.

79

gy

15.

Allow peers to become sensitized to the exceptional.

16.

Move from simple skills to more complex ones.

17.

Use students' ideas to increase program participation.

16.

Reward class participation.

19.

Limit written materials if necessary.

20.

Pair the student with a non-exceptional student to

provide support.

21.

Adapt the environment Is much as possible to accommodate

the exceptional.

22.

Help the child to verbalize his needs and to help care

for her/himself.

23.

Use the time of remission of the impairment to

capitalize on important teaching activities.

24.

Help build the self-concept of the health impaired zhild.

25.

Remove the pressure of demands upon students that he/she

is unable to attain; praise the level of attainment.

Speech and/or Language Impairment

Assumptions:

Oral expressions are able to affect performance.

Rejection is felt quickly.

Implementation:
1.

AL:tention must be given to student's self concept.

2.

Provide an atmosphere wherein the student will be

comfortable.

3.

Allow the student to listen and imitate a good model or

p.rovide a compensatory speech pattern.

4.

Allow for success in another discipline to compensate

for problems in speech.

5.

nevote attention to the child when he/she is speaking.

6.

Use a one-to-one setting as much as possible.

80

Reduce extraneous pressures on student(s).

8.

Don't call attention to the student's problems or

ridicule him/her:

9.

Work with therapist and reinforce activities, skills,

concepts suggested and used by therapist.

10.

Reinforce receptive language with expectation for the

expressive.
Provide visual, tactile and other experiences that
don't always require the use of verbal interaction
(multi-sensory approaches).

12.

Work with parents to reinforce activities at home and

at school.

13.

Allow the child it have a partner to help reinforce

patterns learned in therapy.

Learning Disability
aleumptign:

Many behaviors interfere with learning.

Implementation:
1.

Become aware of the type of disability (if possible)

the rtudent possesses.

2.

Become aware of the behaviors that interfere with

learning.

3.

Find the best modality and supplement regular materialst

4.

Reinforce behaviors that are conducive to learning

(find out reinforcement needed).

5.

Use high interest materials.

6.

Use visual cues to accompany assignments that may be

oral.

7.

Use strategies from the concrete to the abstract.

8.

Use words within the child's vocabulary level rather

than arbitrary word lists.

9.

If using manual communicFtion techniques, pair the

gestures with simple concrete words.

81

10.

Allow the child time to point to the objects or things

that can be shown if he is unable to verbalize his intent.

11.

Record any progress (or lack of it).

12.

Don't demand more of the child when he is attempting

his best, reinforce, praise, etc.

13.

Alweys capitalize on the child's strength.

14.

Utlize mainipulative devices (initially) to provide a

basis for speech.

15.

Use yes and no questions to extract language.

16.

Play records or read stories for sounl differentiation

(raising of hand, patting feetx etc.)

17.

Begin with one step directions and lengthen the requirements,

18.

Play sequence games to enhance receptive language.

19.

Play description games (one child describes object,

other child chooses).

20.

Strengthen memory by saying lists of numbers or alphabets,

and having them repeated.

21,

Have children act out parts of stories.

22.

Promote singing games and/or records that require

following directions.

2?.

Role play situations for older students which help them

become functional (i.e., interviewer, employer, etc.).

24.

Use "shoW and tell" activities.

25.

Have children create their own stories and poems.

Social or Emotional Malad'ustment

Assumption:

This label should not connote retardation.

Implementationt
extraneous materials or distractions.

1,

Remaly(

2.

Minimize failure throlugh reinforcement.

82

3.

Provide a "buddy" for the shy student.

4.

Respect and support the child.

5.

Allow the student to understand the correlation of

behavior and its consequences.

6.

Provide many opportunities for success.

7.

Minimize frustration by having periods of learning

based on attention span and skill level.

8.

Provide for the student to have the medical counseling

services he/she needs.

9.

Provide systematic schedules for the child rather than

changes that promote confusion.

10.

Use learning strategies that are appropriate for the

skill level of the child and promote success.

11.

Provide adequate reinforcers that pramote conformity.

12.

Be consistent in your management of the child's behavior.

13.

Observe the behavior 'during periods of streis and note

the preceding and provoking behavior.

14.

Progressively increase the group size for aggressiVe

)children as they develop the ability to handle the
skill or social area.

15.

Use appropriate cues to accompany assignments.

16.

Limit amount of external noise; allow student(s) to

work in quiet areas or use headphones if necessarysand
limit the amount of visual distraction.

17.

Use programmed materials.

18.

Task-analyze skills.

19.

Maintain a climate of support and positively reinforce

attempts at successful completion of tasks.

20.

If using manual communication techniques, pair the

gestures with simple concrete words.

21.

Don't demand more of the child when he is attempting

his best; reinforce, praise, etc.

83

22.

Always capitalize on the child's strength.

23.

Utilize manipulative devices (initially) to provide a

basis for speech.

24.

Become aware of the type of disability (if possible)

the student possesses.

25.

Become aware of the behaviors that interfere with

learning.

26.

Find the best modality for teaching the child and

supplement the regular materials.

'

Mental Retardation (Mentally Handicapped)

Assumptions:

There is a need for concrete experience rather

than abstractions. Repetitions are necessary.

Implementation:
--11re programmed materia -a.
\i

1/

2.

Task-analyze all skills.

3.

Commercial materials should be modified.

4.

School day and programs should be systematized

(repetition).

5.

Use audio-visual aids.

6.

Give rsinforcement and reassurances often.

7.

Maintain a climate of support and positively reinforce

attempts at successful completion of tasks.

8.

Allow additional

9.

Use materials and/or books which are specifically

designed for slow learners.

time fo l.

t.he student to complete work.

10.

Adapt environment so each child can be included.

11.

Continually communicate your pleasure with and praise

for the child.

12.

Use concrete examples and modeling of the expected before making demands.

13.

Explain things as they happen to allow for processing

of the abstract with the concrete.

84

14.

Encourage independence.

Gifted

621Hutkolp

Acceptance and valuing of the uniqueness of

perceptions, achievement capacity and intellectual curiosity aid in the development of
independence.

Implementation:
1.

Identify by multiple meaas:

o
o
o
o
o
o
o

assessment of intelligence
achievement
creativity/divergent thinking
anecodotal records
biographical data
checklists, behavioral scales
superior ability in one or more academic content
areas
.

2.

Reward varied talents.

3.

Help students recognize value of talents.

4.

Develop creative acceptance of student's limitations.

5.

Develop pride in achievement.

6.

Reduce isolation of the gifted.

.7.

Exploit opportunities of the moment.

8.

Allow chances to use what is learned with student's

best abilities and "hks/her" way.

9.

Develop intellectual curiosity by promoting purposep

for learning.

10.

Build imagery bank, investigate and explore varied

means of materials presentation.

11.

Develop key phrases for evaluation.

on the right track (not you)),

12.

Allow time for observation and examination of the

unusual.

(When are "we"

85

13.

Allow for questioning, intellectual curiosity,'

inquisitiveness and exploration.

14.

Allow for creating, brainstorminTand "free-wheeling.

15.

Provide emotional support and empathy for ego-involvement'*

Hobbies

16.

Allow for diversity of interests and abilities.

and p0ficiency in art forma are sought.

17.

Provide individualized work, freedom of movement and

actiont. there is a need for invention.

18.

Provide for early mastery of basic skills. Allow for

the building of basic competencies in major interest
. areas.

19.

Aid:in the development of social relationships.

20.

Allow for alternatives in presenting assignments.

is a willingness for complexity.

21.

Present material that promotes abstraction, conceptualization, synthesis, evaluation and analysis rather than
memorization, recall and translation.

22.

Provide problem-solving situations that allow for

reasoning, logic, implications and consequences.
(Concentrate more on the why, rather than merely on
the what.)

There

For All Children

Assumption:

There are general characteristics inherent in

all learning.
ft

amlementation:
1.

Help children by providing a good model of skill to

be taught.

2.

Help adapt the environment to the activity in order

that a variety of children with specific exceptionalities can be included.

9.;

86

3.

Encourage the children'to do as much for themselves as

they can.

4.

Work with parents to reinforce both home and school

activities.

5.

Remember to praise and build the self-concept of each

child.

6.

Use a;variety of approaches to.teach a specific skill.

7.

Coordinate teacher'efforts with the'efforts of the

iuxiliary staff persons.

8.

9.

Allow introductions of skills on a concrete level to

insure that the children will understand what and how
the learning will take place.
Don't allow the exceptionality of'the child to bringv.,
out the "gql. humor man syndrome" (keeping the child
happy at exp nse of real needs).

10.

Use concrete, multi-sensory, multi-cultural experiences

to ,keep interest present.

11..

Set standards for the exceptional child just as you

would for a non-exceptional child.

12.

Use community experiences (field trips) to enrich your

program.

13.

Don't beafraid to try new or different techniques if,

something is not working.

14.

Integrate motcric activities within other approaches.

15.

Use music to supplement activities.

16.

Provide multi-sensory/multi-cultural material input.

17.

Provide for evaluation and feedback before a program

fails.

18.

Involve parents in the day-to-day activities of the

child's program.

19.

Teach pupils to follow directions (incorporate good

listening skills).

20.

Take cues from the child's needs rather than general

curriculum dictation.

87'

p.

t.

21.

Provide a humanistic milieu for the child and promote

a climate of support.

22.

Always consider the state pt readiness for an activity.

23.

Consider the type of disability rather than just the

area of disability.
t.

98

General Tips for Instruction

-/

1.

Remember to present concrete experiences rather than

abstractions in the teaching of a skill.

2.

Retention of concepts can be enhanced by Verbal.associations and labeling.

3.

Overlearning and repetition of a'skill can help the

retarded acquire, ma4ter, and retain ch. Skill.

4.

Drawing a child's at ention to specific relevancies or

attending to specific features of a:stimulus can be used.

5.

Ingtruction should be presented without extraneous

Vmuli that promote distractibility (use cubicles,
verhead projectors, etc.).

'LS

,.;

6.

POesenting material from the easy to the difficult enh*ces transfer of learning.

7.

tequencing of facts and concepts helps children retain

the learning.

,
,

8.

Modeling as a teaching technique can prom te desirable

,behaviors and skill acquisition.
.

A variety of methods for presenting materials (as well

as reinforcing a skill) should be used.
10.

Try to include the exceptional child in activities enjoyed by other class members.
,

11.

Using multi-sensory approaches may aid in the acquisition of a skill.

12.

Coordinate and reinforce the skills of the classroom

program and the resource program.

13.

Using simple explanations (sentences) can help to

clarify concepts if a concrete example is not available.

14.

Using whatevei strengths a child possesses can aid in

the exploration of additional strengths.

15.

Using peers to help reinforce skills will be a help to

the exceptilonal child and the peer.

t-

89

Tips for Teaching

P

Regardless of the specific exceptionality, a particular

child may rely on one modality more than another (visual vs.
Depending on the individual
auditory) in the learning process.
needs of the learner, the following recommendations may prove
useful.
Visual Learners (Auditory Problems)
1.

Write directions as a reminder.

2.

Model the skill to be taught.

3.

Show movies, slides, filmstrips, or use pictures for

conceptual development.

4.

Allow student to use visual approaches to reading

(i.e., whole word, configurktions). The visual learner
using a phont-ic approach. Other intensive methods will
have to be usec. to use sound/symbol association.

5.

Use "families of words" to help in discrimination of

short and/or long vowel sounds.

Don't expect great success in tasks that require

memori.d.ation such as poems, numbers, addresses.

7.

This kind of learner will show serious spelling probReferences will have to be individually planned
lems.
as aids.

8.

Try allowing the child to read more silently than

orally.

Drill the student using sequential tasks (e.g., A-B-CDo repeat).

10.

Use rebus stories as an aid.

11.

Use charts, maps, experience stories to help with

encoding.

12.

Use dictation exercises often.

13.

Give oral directions for a visual stimulus (e.g., find

).
the word

14.

Try to show differences in ideas as a teaching point

(e.g., tricycle, automobile).

15.

Reinforce time concepts (e.g., tomorrow, today).

9/

90

16.

Teach association skill intensely (e.g., opposites).

17.

Use stories "in the round" for sequencing.

18.

Use analogous relationship pictures and proceed to words.

19.

Use "imitation" games.

20.

Try talking to child in a stat(i.onary position rather

than while moving.

21.

Try to screen out excess noise while the child is working.

Auditory Learners (Visual Problems)

1.

Give ample time for visual assignments.

2.

Give auditory clues a1Ong with visual presentations.

3.

Positively reinforce for modification techniques involving attention span and/or hyperactivity.

4.

Make/use markers and liners as guides or-papers and/or

reading materials.

5.

Give exercises differentiating figure-ground.

6.

Reinforce discrimination (visual) in lessons.

7.

Avoid extraneous visual stimuli.

8.

Sometimes test using auditory responsas.

9.

Use puzzles beginning with a few pieces and proceed

using more.

10.

Allow tracing objects/letters, writing in sand, and

other tactile methods to reinforce the visu41 learning.

11.

Encourage the use of the phonetic approach to reading.

12.

When giving written assignments be ,certain to space

well and keep the paper simple and uncrowded.

13.

Give visual tracking exercises.

14.

Allow the child to tell stories and have them copied as

he/she talks (e.g., experience stories, others).

15.

Encourage cutting of pictures and make words to

pictures.

match

91

16.

Use colored chalk to separate chalkboard assignments.

17.

Allow the child to be seated near the chalkboard for

copying.

18.

Use the tape recorder and a "buddy" to interpret/aid

assignments.

19.

Use records for stories with a followup assignment.

20.

Use movement activities to enhance teaching.

21.

Promote the observance of.simple environmental stimuli.

22.

Reinfor6e concepts of shape, size.

23.

Model visually while giving auditory directions.

24.

Have the child write or draw pictures from dictation

or description.

25.

Try to engage child in visual games (e.g., Follow the

Leader, Do What I Do, etc.).

26.

Encourage picture interpretation.

27.

Play games such as "Show and Hide," have child tell two
things'he saw in picture.

28.

Present auditory stimulus and simultaneously present

visual stimulus.

29.

Use a "window" to block other words while reading or

use book marker.

30.

Don't overcrowd words, pictures on papers or boards.

31.

Experiment with visual tracking exercises.

32.

Reinforce a phonetic approach to reading.

33.

Color cue papers to aid discrimination.

34.

Use dictation of single letters or underlined words

within words to aid discrimination.

35.

Give tests orally.

36.

Continue training in perceptual forms.

92
.&

Individualizing Tips

A multitude of methods and approaches for individualizing

an instructional program have been presented for your "synthesis"
and ultimate use. Practical tips for classroom management are
also included, and selection of appropriate program management
techniquespwill.depend on the child(ren) involved and the style
of instruction with which a particular teacher is .most comfortable.
The list is not intended to be a
inclusive and as you
read through it, you may want to inclu
a
itional suggestions
of your own.
1.

Collect magazine for many curricular area assignments.

2.

Plan work by making work folders for children.

3.

Collect scope and sequence charts, math or reading

skills charts; cut and paste relevant sections for
sequential development steps.

4.

Plan some work according to the amount of time spent with

individual children.
Self-directed children can be given
three-day assignments; others one-day assignments.

5.

When visiting the bookroom, select several books from

different series rather than a book for each child from
the same series.

6.

Prepare file cards.of the following:

physical education motor activities

pictures
arithmetic problems
reading assignments in specific skills areas An
sequential order
dictionary skills
writing skills
book sharing ideas
thinking activities
creative drawing ideas
recipes for cooking
language tasks
Air activities
collection ideas
newspaper ideas
7.

Provide a time during the week for special interest

time.

8.

Color code cards so that children can identify the level

of difficulty.

93

9.

Provide partners for children to answer questions,

read directions, tutor, listen and direct.

10.

Have children dictate and write stories for reading

instead of attempting to always use traditional texts.

11.

Allow the child to use his own (known) words to create

his sight vocabulary in reading.

12.

Teach children to create daily records (diaries) in

order to spark interest in writing. They can write
about what they do, books they like, etc.

13.

Allow children to write their own poems in addition to

learning poems written by others.

14.

Allow children to write notes, cards and letters to

family, friends and classmates.

15.

Allow children to share products, books, etc., from

home to stimulate language.

16.

Devise a schedule whereby each ,child has a private time

with the teacher. No one can interrupt during the
private time.

17.

Schedule arithmetic problems around,those devised by

the children or practical ideas that will aid the
children in solving everyday problems.

18.

Provide activities that are high in personal interest.

19.

Involve the child in program planning.

20.

Prepare learning stations or learning lolders with

multi-level assignments in order that several children
can use a variation of the same material.

21.

Prepare "Reward Stations" that have "prizes" for completion.

22.

Use the following techniques for getting shy children

to talk:
responding to tapes (record responses)
reverse interviewing
explaining answers/assignments to the teacher or
partner
repeating messages from parents
acting as class messenger
"talking" schedules
sharing person,41 objects
findings areas of interest and report orally

9 4

23.

Buy blank,,filmstrip and have children make their own.

24.

Buy blank slide material, have children share assignments by showing their own slides.

25.

Allow children to help prepare their own schedules of

work and the time in which to complete the work.

95

Generil,Instructional Practices

1.

Keep assignments, lessons, instruction meaningful.

2.

Always begin with what the student knows when planning

instructional activities.
,

3.

Continually evaluate your instruction.

4.

Individualize the pacing of instruction.

5.

Always praise and encourage.

6.

Provide immediate feedback and return assignments.

7.

Allow students to help in planning activities and

share in the instructional format.

8.

-Supplement your instructional activiites with outside

resources (i.e., speakers, trips, agencies).

9.

Use many supplemental aids, ideas to develop a skill

(not just paper work).

10.

Always respond to students in a positive manner when

they have addressed a part of the instructional proSeek their participation.
gram.

11.

Stop using any technique (given sufficient time) if

it is not successful.

12.

Watch for signs of boredom.

13.

Demonstrate concepts to be learned.

14.

Establish (fith students) purposes of instruction or

activities.

15.

Give simple concise directions that are understood

(give gestures or signs if necessary).

16.

Teach for success, lower pre-requisite skills if

necessary.

17.

Organize and systematically reach for transfer of

learning.

18.

Provide short practice periods.

96

19., Encourage, accept, and value all contributions.

.

20.

Provide Many opportunities for acquiring a skill.

21.

Consider the type of disability when selecting instructional plans (sensation, imagery, etc.).

22.

Teach to the level of interest and organize for active

participation.

23.

Make instruction and aasignments fun for the child. If

a child enjoys what he is learning, interest wilt increase.

24.

Show patience but be forceful in encouraging success.

25..

Emphasize both the verbdl and non-verbal teaching

strategies.

26.

Allow for group activities if this reinforces skill to

be taught.

27.

Organize and supervise each lesson period.

discipline. Be firm and fair.

28.

Include the exceptional in activities by modifying or

adapting the program.

29.

Involve motor activi

30.

Use clarification techniques for any new words, concepts,

Demand"good

ss whenever possalle.

etc.
31.

Use a variety of techniques such as role play to help

students.

32.

Use repetition and practice in teaching skills.

33.

Use multi-sensory materials and techniques where applicable (always teach through the best sensory mode).

34.

Use a variety of presentation modes to present

Materials.

3L..

Capitalize on student ideas.

36.

Involve parents in followup and homework activities.

Parents can help to reinforce what you've taught.

37.

Provide routine in going from one activity to another.

Children need to establish patterns from daily expecLack of preciseness might lead to wasted time,
tancies.
chaotic transition periods.

194

97

38.

Use music airing the course of the day or, as a transition

mgchanism. Music sometimes acts as an indefinable me6hanism which produces positive results.

39.

Think of tle energy,

Siudy levels and plan accordingly.
motivational levels and differences of children during
youx planning sessions. Consider the child's tolerance
level or "saturation point."

40.

Use task analysis.

41.

Let "slower" children %fork in

Use grouping patterns.
pairs or teams with "faster" children (read, study,
discuss, playing games, etc.).

42.

Use games. Teach skills through the use of games.

provides challenge.

43.

This assures him/her a sense

Use a child's strengths.
'of success. AEI can do some things well.

This helps Ansure success.

44.

Teaching to &child's
Don't overtest (formally).
strengths sometimes builds the needed confidence for
success.

45.

Provide a humanistic xii1ieu.

46.

Emphasize both verbal and non-verbal learning.

ing to deficits alone is a limited technique.

This

Acceptance and valuing .

childrenjmomote a sup ortive,climate for learning.

19.:5

Teach-

CHAPTER 5.

REEVALUATION

L ws are unable'to mandate qualitative individualized

Teache'rs are realizing that the efeducati nal programs.
forts t ey expend daily will have more meaning when they
have some mechanism through which they can.dosument a,child's
progress '(or lack'of it),-assess their interactive-reirles,
evaluate instructIonal techniques, and assess the general
impact and effectiNeness of the goals and objectives.
The acknowledgement of a need for an eValuative mechanism as a helpful resource might aid in bringing about
qualitative progrdMming for exceptional dhildreri rather than
present a conception of a negafive accountability 'device for
documenting student attainment levels.
Reevaluation can be defined as a process for determining if vals, and objectives have been met. It is a m0.0.anism far identifying the effectiveness of the preKribed
It enables the teach&
goals, objectives and instruction.
to find the discrepancies between projected expectancies
It allows for appraisal and significant
and actual results'.
study of:
2
propriateness of the-placement;
ppropriateness of the goals and objectives;
the attainment or non-atainment of goals and
obj ctives:
s for /6hanges in programmatic procedures;
evide
to which techniques matched:,
the exte

the
the

needs
styles
levels
interests
skills

the kinds of services received (if any) and the

appropriateness of such services;
the need for altering any educational tasks/
procedures;
the priority development of skills as assessed by
needs;

concise information relevant to additianal planning;

the conditions which produced the positive or
negative influential factors;
the problem areas that Must be attended;
programmatic strengths and weaknesses.
Teachers will indeed wish to know what works aild what
does not work in order to revise, review and reprogram. A

WI

ft

I.
.9 9

summarization of the "whys" of evaluation WOUld 'include the

following questions:
1.

Was a problem prOperly identified?

AO'
.

2; Was a proPei 151acement made?

3.

Were goals and.objectivesfadequately chosen and written?

4.

Weie management ait instructional techniques adequate?

5.

Were goals and. objectives achieved?

.'

6. -Are there measures'for the grqwth rate?

7.

Was information gathered in a number of ways?

8.

Were.formal and informal evaluation techniques used?

9.

Were objectives continually modified?

.,'

10.

Were objectives in'the affective domain considered?

11.

Were the objectives chosen from the sequenced group

those objectives that were-prio4tized as the most
impOrtant?

12.

Were the evaluation strategies designed to test objective achievement or reading abil.i,ty.

13.

Were recording devXces adequate for charting progress?

14.

Were prerequisite s

15.

Were the steps small enough to achieve the objective?

16.

Were the appropriate materials applied to instructional

provisions?

identified and implemented?

'

17.

Were the special services implemented in time to be

useful?

18.

Were there reasonable instructional strategies to im1

plement objectives?

19.

Hcw could the strategies be changed?

20.

What other gains occurred in areas which were not included in the specified objectives?

21.

Was the IEP followed by the teacher(s)?

22,

100

What revisiOns are necessary to provide adequate

achievement of goals and objectives?

.-

The reevaluation can,be considered twofold. Formative

or process evaluation, that which continues throughout the
year4asse3ses the efficacy of the program as designed for
specrlic children. Summativelbr product eyaluation can be
considered the annual'review of the entire program process.
The effectiveness of the IEP must be considered on both
levels.
The daily monitoring of the IEP can be characterized
as, process evaluation. Methods by which this may be done
"include:

precision teaching
charts
anecdotal records
Ieacher-made tests
other criterion-referenced tests
continuous review
-progress charts and graphs (visual)
t input from teachers (subjective views)
reevaluation of student progress in terms of
prescribed goals and objectives
complement of materials and other resources for
achieving goals arid objectives
profile sheets with color codes
coded sheets
objective sheets with checks
listing of goals, objectives and a checklist
methods
These suggestions may aid in achievement of a systematic
plan for Continuous e-aluation of the IEP process.

`a.

1 9,!ii

101

Another method by which reevaluation can be con sidered

,includes the usiOlof norm-referenced devices and criterionreferenced devices for assessing the effectiveness of instruction and/or mastery of objectives.
,

Norm-referenced.evaluation refe.rs to a process designed

to ascertain a child's preference in relation to performances
of other children on a given test (normative group). It is a
relative comparison to the manner in which others performed.
Example,:

Johnny Jones completed more addition problems than did

other students.
There is no definitive statement of the quality of the
performance, maximum achievement ability, etc. Mastery crio.
terion is not generally specified or projected outcomes defined.
Criterion-referenced evaluation refers to a process designep to compare a child only to himself in relation to whether
or not levels of expectancy (standards) were achieved. Mhe
predetermination of objectives and mastery of the objectives
usually form the criteria for evaluation.
.

(Stated objective with criteria.) Given a doll, the student will identify by writing the name of each part that can
bend with at least five correct.
Test:

Here is a doll.

Name each part that can bend.

IA ascertaining an evaluation criteria for the mastery of

objectives, teachers might consider:

preassessment strategies needed

concurrent needs for assessing progress
modification needs for instruction
influential entrance competencies (factor that
affect learning)
style of teacher
instruction for specific (individual) st dents
zyclical changes for nonachievement of--objectives
summative and formative evaluation data
management of instructional strategies for goal
achievement
consideration of learning style with evaluative
criteria

102

Reevaluation Strategies
1.

Use
many techniquos for evaluating the goals and
objectives:

rating scales
profiles
checklists
observations (formal, informal)
tes.ks

interviews
presentations
2.

Record a child's best responses to the evaluation

measu2b.

3..

Include some type of formative evaluation strategies in

order that goals and objectives are evaluated regularly
and changes can be made early.

4.

Apply evaluation procedures which are directly related

to what was specified in the goals and objectives.
Allow
for observability.

5.

Try not to invalidate tests by the "practice effect"

(using the teat until the child becomes familiar with
items).

6.

Allow daily evaluations to occur simultaneously with

instruction.
This may aid in evaluating those behaviors directly related to objectives.

7.

Use accuracy, duration and rate or frequency as measures

to help define mastery.

8.

Don't be afraid to use teacher observations and feelings

in evaluating a child's progress.

9.

Don't think changing goals is necessary if strategies

and techniques for meeting goals were ineffective.

10.

Continually review the overall plan for 'a child in

assesaing progress.

11.

Use product or summative evaluation as a measure of

assessing olierall performance.

12.

Look for needed adjustments in one of the following:

goal or objective statements strategies, timelines,
materials, instruction, resources, implementors.

13.

Insure success for moving the child from one "stage"

to another by instituting changes early (if necessary).

120

103

14.

Use some of these techniques for process evaluation:

autobiographies, anecdotal records, conferences, checklists, interviews, graphs, drills, rating scales, discussions, gamesi work samples, exhibits, records,
observations, logs, profiles, essays, charts, case
studies, questionnaires, psychometric tests.

104

Reevaluation Processes
rormative Emphasis
Ongoing evaluation of goal
achievement/effectiveness

Methods

Precision teaching
Criterion-referenced tests

Description of specific
problem areas

Charts/logs

Error locations

Profile sheets

Feasibility checks

Teacher-made tests

Teacher interactive style

Continuous review

Materials effectiveness

Questionnaires

Evidence
changes

Anecdotal records

for programming

Cumulative records
Technique matching
Checklists

Conditions producing
positive results
Recording/reporting
changes

Interviews
Drill

Classroom interaction
Identification of
prerequisite skills

Observation

Special service evaluation

Teacher reports

Strategy changes

Interviews

Revisions (in IEP) needed

Medical reports
Parent input
Developmental scales

105

Reevaluation Processes
Summative Emphasi,s

Methods

Learning gains

Student records

Extent of goal achievement

Followup questionnaires

Student satisfaction

Interviews

Teacher satisfaction

Teacher reports

Parent satisfaction

Achievement tests

Effect of material use

Cost benefit analysis

Costs factors

Cumulative records

Tests characteristica

questionnaires

Extent of test use

Psychological reports

Evidence
changes

for programmatic

Student followup checklists

Services evaluation

Matching of techniques
Profiles, graphs

Alteration of procedures
Conference plans
Relevant information
for future planning

Method/material review

Placement evaluation

Standardized tests

Comparison of management
techniques
Evaluation of recording
system
Appropriateness of
instrnction
Other gains

IEP revisions needed

Schedule changes

106

Dai1yln?2q1LInillg212Ealechllst
It may be beneficial for the classroom teacher to design
a checklist for evaluating the ongoing instructional program.
The checklist can help the teachcr to stay "on target" and
may, in addition, aid the teacher in making adjustments in
the following areas:

1.1

teaching style
pinpointing needs
emotional adaptations
learning styles
establisNing rapport
discipline techniques
grouping patterns
work assignments
goal/objective focus
scheduling
recording
conference planning
material preparation
general interactive skills
reporting
audio-visual equipment needs
peer interaction techniques
general programming

A teacher's checklist can bring closure to the efforts

of assessing general classroom dynamics. Your very own
evaluation check may be prepared to incorporate your needs.
Make any adaptations/changes in the following guide.

107

Date(s)

Class

yes/no

Teacher Behavior
1.

Gaye at least five smiles.

2.

Did not yell (inside classroom).

3.

Acted/reacted with respect to every child.

4.

Positively reinforced responses.

5.

Showed (visible) acceptance for the atypical

child.

6.

Observed peer interaction.

7.

Observed the manner in which students

responded positively to voice quality.

8.

Presented alternatives to students when

confronted with indecision.

9.

Promoted a climate of warmth while saying

"no."
A

10.

Laughed at your mistakes.

11.

Exhibited an empathetic and suppoktive

attitude.

Instruction
1.

Wrote clear objectives for lesson(s).

2.

Clearly defined taak(s) of objective.

3.

Provided appropriate adtivities.for tasks.

4.

Began lesson(s) with a motivating technique.

5.

Provided a multi-sensory approach for

achieving task.

molomamilo1.11101

108

6.

Had materials and lesson prepared before

beginning instruction.

7.

Task(s) followed logically/sequentially

from previous lesson. .

8.

Assured task was understood by student(s).

9.

Group tasks provided a maximum of participation.

10.

Adequate reinforcement/practice was provided.

0

11.

A myriad of experiences were planned for skill

maintenance or the next sequential skill.

12.

Provided a feedback mechanism for instruction.

Discipline
1.

Did not publicly discipline a student(s).

2.

Remained clam when student(s) overreacted.;,

3.

Established a reward system for appropriate

behavior.

4.

Responded to emotional needs of.student.

5.

Allowed other students to aid in the discipline.

6.

Allowed child to explain actions.

7 Showed trust and understanding.

8.

Explained teacher actions to avoid confusion.

9.

Sent a "nice note" home.

10.
11.

Set high expectations for the class.

Touched, hugged, gave personal attention (if

-appropriate).

Staff/Faculty/Parents
1.

Shared a new ideal technique, book, story,

paper.

2.

Exchanged students or allowed an exchange of

ideas.

1 16

.1111110.

109
t.1

3.

Gathered input on a tough decision.

4.

Gave someone a pleasant smile.

5.

eook an "extra step"to contact a parent.

6.

Did not reject a child sent from a peer's

classroom.
.

7.

Asked a peer how a technique, idea or strategy

could be used.
0

SAMPLE

DISTRICT INDIVIDUALIZED EDUCATION PROGRAM PLAN

SCHOOL:

GRADE

Date of Birth:

Date cf
Program Entry

The IEP planning committee

has reviewed all pertinent
data and determined that
placement will be
recommended.
Total % of Time:

Name

LEARNING
STRENGTHS/
MODALITIES

I. PRESENT LEVELS
OF PERFORMANCE

Date of Meeting:

Participants in Meeting:
Representative of
district/Agency
Child's teacher(s)
Child's parent(s)
Other individuals (identify)

STUDENT

Date of Next Review

WEAKNESS
MODALITIES

Pre Post

Word
Recolnition
Reading
Comprehension

Agency

Spellint
Math
General
Information

Regular

IRI

Special
Education

Social
Adantation

Hours per week of special

education for State unit
funding

Other s
11.

II. ANNUAL
GOALS

III. SHORT TERM

OBJECTIVAS

SPECIFIC SPECIAL
EDUCATION AND
CRITERIA AND
EVALUATION PROCEDURES RELATED SERVICES

Dates
Begin End

MATERIALS

0 tional

STAFF
RESPONSIBILITIES

Page

of

NEW CASTLE COUNTY SCHOOL DISTRICT

SPECIAL EDUCATION PROGRAMS AND SERVICES
INDIVIDUALIZED EDUCATIONAL PROGRAM
Age

Student
Parents/Guardians

D.O.B.

School

Grade
TelepiriTa

Address

Area

Orignal Date of Entry

PARTICIPANTS IN MEETING:

Representative of district/agency

Date Servic

Date of.fteting

Date of
Next Review

Begin

Teacher(s)
Parents(s)

Other-Individuals:
0

Name

Position

Name

Position

Name

Position

Name

Position

The IDENTIFICATION, PLACEMENT, REVIEW, and DISMISSAL COMMITTEE has reviewed all pertinent data and determined that placement will be Level I,
II, III, IV (circle one).
This IPRD COMMITTEE recommends Level V, VI (circle one), to be approved by Area IPRD.
This IPRD recommends Level
Yu, Tin, IX (circle one), to be approved by District IPRD.
Primary Exceptionality
Secondary Exceptiodality
NUMEER of HOURS/WEEK IN:

SPECIAL EDUCATION
Subject Areas:

Present Levels of Performance:

Learning StreAgths

Achievement
Date

Results

Date

Results

Test

Date

Results

Other

Test

NCC - 8.0

RELATED SERVICES
Areas:

Test DATA

Aptitude
Test

REGULAR
Subject Areas

Copy 1 - Parent, 2 - Audit File, 3 - Cumulative Folder, 4 - Special Education Teacher,

5 - Area Special Educaticm Office, 6 7 District Special EdumatiCe Office

Learning Weaknesses

tk

1.1

of

Page
Student:

Annual Goal:

,?4

r,

Short-Term
Objectives.

Criteria and
Evaluation Procedures

Instructional Methods/
Activities/Materials

Specific
Educationar.
Services

Staff
Responsibilities
Position
Name
,

143

Dates
BegiF-r--End

..-

...
.

.
..

,.

N
.

-,.

%Iratlivamm

d
I-

0
0

..
a

,.

q
.

)-

19'

PARENT'S SMATURE
LIT - 8.0

TEACHER'S SIGNATURE

Copy I - Parent, 2 - Audit File, 3 - Cumulatixe Folder, 4 - Special Education Teacher;

- Ltstsict Special Edlication Office
- Aro.
vmmr4 1 Educaticn Offic

.
123

INDIVIDUALIZED EDUCATIONAL PROGRAM

TOTAL SERVICE PLAN
Program Location:Dover. Del. Grade Level:1St
Birth
Date: / 4
Smith
Age:7
Child's Name: Mary
Telephone:
Address:
Parents/Guardians: Mr.,./MFESlith
t to uniferstand. Uses
ict---F-TWelZariff
Present Lelia is of Performance: HaS cleft
She shows a need
language ap ropriately.
0.

Student Strengths: Learns easily; relates well to

others; good midTtory skills.

Student Weaknesses: Has articulation problems1

making speech hard to understand.
Iftdication (if any):
Reason:

Annual Review:
Initial PlacementsRegUlar class/resource
IPRD COMMITTEE RECOMMENDATIONS
:Cleftpalatecausingarticul.pmb%econdary
Exceptionality (ies ) :
Primary Exceptionality
through auditory training; -2) To increase sound
Major Goals (in order
identification through articulatory mechanisms; 3) To model normal language Patterris using socialization skills.

Date Prepared:9711/78

ofpricaTaT:1Thentfysounds

With teacher as model Mary will:

1) Contrast soft with strong
blowing patterns when presented
by teacher model 8 out of 10 tries
2) Contrast nasal airflow with
mouth airflow 8 out of 10 times
3) Combine airflowAThonotionon demand
Parent/Guardian Approval:

Yes

No

Educational and/or Related

Service(s) Required to meet
Stated Objective(s)
Transpoiiiiion by private
contractor to/from home
Speech therapist

Recommended Person(s) Responsible For

Providing Basic Service
Hours
2/p/d

kii5iiii-iiiEher

1/p/d

Classroom teacher
Speech therapist

IPRD Comm ttee Mem ers:

Date
Signature
Implied Consent if parent/guardian unavailable to sign:

Yes

No

Committee Chairman:

Title of Authorized Agency Representative

Authorized Representative
Date of Verification: / /
No
Yes
Resident District:
Due Process Hearing Requested:
/
/
Date of Request:
Signature.

Signature

Signature
Title

124

1 0 ;::

'
I.

Form PLP

NEW CASTL.E COUNTY CONSOR.TIUM

Regional Intensive Learning Centers

SPECIALIST'S SUMMARY OF PRESENT LEVELS OF PERFORMANCE FOR

*TESTS ADMINISTERED
Informal Reading Inventory
Mann-Suiter Screening
Peabody Individual Achievement Test
Criterion Test of Basic Skills
I.
Letter Recognition
II-D Consonants (aud-voc)
Detroit Test of Learning Aptitude
GRW Sound-Symbol Tests

STRENGTHF

Doss 7 /16/70DATE:11/9

/77

RESULTS
Levels: InstructiTriiiiiReadiness, Listening Capacity: 1st gr.
Math: 5-54 Reading Recognition: 6-0, Spelling: 6-8

Lower Case & Capital ketter - Instructional Level

Letter Discrtmination - Frustration
60% of Consonant Sounds Known
Visual Att. Span (obj.) M.A. 5-6; Auditory Att. Span.(sent.)
M.A., 3-3, Sound Recognition M.A. 5-8; Sound Symbol Assoc.
M.A. 4-10.

Letter knowledge
Listening capacity at age expectancy
Visual attention span relatively higher than auditory

sta.

WEAKNESSES
Auditory memory
Visual discrimination
Ability to form associations between sound and symbol

RECOMMENDATIONS
Frank has readiness needs: letter discrimination, auditory attention span activities, beginning
consonant sounds. Language-6perience is suggested for left-right orientation, motivation and the
establishment of a very basic sight vocabulary.
Psychologist
Occupational Therapist
Language Therapist
x Educational Diagnostician
*Appropriate PROFILES are contained in ASSESSMENT/EVALUATION folder.
OffirTiture)

.12

Form PLP

NEW CASTL'E C.OUNTY C.ONSORTIUM

Regional Intensive Learning Centers

DOBLIZ__DATE: / /

SPECIALIST'S SUMMARY OF PRESENT 'LEVELS OF PERFORMANCE FOR

*TESTS ADMINISTERED

1. 04 - form A
2.

3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

RESULTS

1.

ITPAC- (3-77)
2.
Test of Auditory Comprehension of Language
Templin-Darley Test of Articulation
G-F-W Memory
G-F-W Discrimination
3.
Boehm (2-77) Test of Basic Concepts
Detroits Testof Learning Aptitude-Memory for
4.
Unrelated Words (2-78)
Hearing within normal limits
Receptive and expressive language show develop5.
mental delay of approximately one year
Visual processing stronger than the auditory
6.
area
,

S VRENGTHS
I:
2.

3.

W EAKNESSES

RS=56; IQ=93;%=35;MA=6-3
PLA=5-6 mean S5=29, preference for the visual and
manual expression (27) auditory reception (28)
memory (24) association (25). Verbal expression
(27) and grammatic closure (19)
AE-6-4; RS=85 problems with personal pronouns,
verb tense, status and noun-verb-number agreement.
Numerous substitutions, distortions and omissions.
t/d, t/k, w/l, s/e, -Id, s/z, ts/s, 1/J, x/ts,
severe difficulty with blends
Recognition: 7%, AE=5-3, Content; 4%, AE=5, AE=5-5;
Sequence: 3%, AE=4-6
Part I, AE=4-8, Errors=min, d/z, r/w, 1, 1/j, d/d,
j/r
..

7. 31/50 *correct
.

8.

AE=4-2

I. Attention difficulties
I. Articulation: unintelligible at times, voluntary tongue movement insufficient.
cvcvc combinations
3. Auditory memory-especially for sequencing unrelated words
4. Auditory discr1m4nation of sounds in initial,' medial, and final positions

Difficulty sequencing

RECOMMENDATIONS

This would include activities emphasizArticulation therapy should be emphasized on /k/ and /g/ sounds.
irig sound discrimination in words. Tongue exercises will be introduced: Receptive And expressive
language activities will be of a secondary emphasis in therapy. Memory activities will be integrated
into areas Aenever possible.
Psychologist
Occupational Therapist
A LanguAge.Therapist
Laucationai Diagnostician

*Appropriate PROFILES are contained in ASSESSMENT/EVALUATION folder.

(Signature)

..,

1.....

.
S.

O.

Form PLP

NEW CAS.TLE COUNTY CONSORTIUM

Regional Intensive Learning Centers

DOB:7 .16.
, 70pAnt 112 /77

SPECIALIST'S SUMMARY OF PRESENT LEVELS OF PERFORMANCE FOR

RESULTS

*TESTS ADMINISTERED
Visual Moth,* Integration - Beery & Buktenica
Purdue Perceptual Motor Survey - Kephart

Reflex Evaluation

Age Equialent - 5.7 delay indicated

Poor balance, pooFillateral integration
postural reflexes\present
very irregular eye tracking
visual-motor delay - poor fine motor skills
Poor cocontraction of neck and arm muscles
primittve posturals reflexes present

STRENGmHS
Gross motor coordination is spont4neous and controlled. Frank is an active child who has confidence
Able to
is his ability to move in space despite his problems. Right eye, hand and foot dominant.
identify all body parts.

1-1

Ch

I.

WEAKNESSE

Eye movements are very irregular.

as ca y unable to visually track an object in space.
Frank
litions and fine motor coordination involving pencil and paper tasks are poor.
Some primitive postural reflexes
has also displayed difficulties crossing the midline of his body.
Frank also has very poor
have not been integrated (effectimuscle. tone and eye-hand coordination).
Frank is unable to
balance and difficulty using two sides of his body together and in alternation.
s
ran
Spatial

identify right and left laterality on himself,.

RECOMMENDATIONS

him to use both sides of his body together Wile

Eye tracking activities should also he stressed along with eye-hand coordination
crossing his midline.
reflexes and improve
Scooter board activities prone and supine should be used to integrate
tasks.
muscle tone. A complete Sensory Integration Test Battery should be administered.
PaychologiSt
A OCC4pational Therapist
Language-Therapist
Educational Diagnostician

--7-1rransoticipaenactivities which require

,

*Appropriate PROFILES are contained in ASSESSMENT/EVALUATION folder.

Form PUP

NEN CA.STLE COUNTY CONSO.RTIUM

Regional Intensive Learning Centers

SPECIALIST'S SUMMARY OF PRESENT LEVELS OF PERFORMANCE FOR

DOB:. 7 /16170pATE;10/31 J77.

111

RESULTS

*TESTS ADMINISTERED
ITPA
PPVT

GFW-discrim
GFW-Selective attn.
WISC-R

3/10/77
3/10/77
4/12/77
4/13/76
2/ 3/78

PLA * 5 yr. 0 mo.

M.A.= 4 yr. 11 mo.
,
55 - very low auditory diicrimination
64 - very low auditory attention skills
VS - 88; PS - 92; Full.Scale IQ - 89

S TRENGTHS
Visual channel appears.strong.

Block design subtest (i.e., visual perception) is good.

W EAKNESSES
He
Frank's auditory association and memory are very low on test scores.
Weak auditory processing.
also has an articulation problem and poor visual motor coordination, as evidenced by both I.T.P.A,
I am of the opinion-that Frank's auditdry processing difficulty
and the Coding subtest of the WISC-R.
is depressing all subtests in the Verbal Scale below his native potential.

RECOMMENDATIONS
I suggest we give Frank intensive auditory training, e.g., games which emphasize auditory associations
Basic
Build in a reward system to encourage Frank's attention while playing these games.
and memory.
skills should be approached bi-modally, i.e. visually and auditorially. We also must pot take Frank's
uati on
a tgligt:Torfly Bringgiipfars' pro n eLVAlug rearnalip imp UTA *Psychologist
bictiutiatliotale gileirraiss.V

*Appropriate PROFILES are contained in ASSESSMENT/EVALUATION folder.

(Signature)

133

Form GO

NEW CASTLE COUNTY CONSORTIUM

I

DOB:

INDIVIDUALIZED EDUCATIONAL PROGRAM FOR

PRIORITIZED LONG-TERM GOAL:

Page
7 46 /7 ODATE:11111EXLANY

1.111.18

(Note: 'Refer to'reverse side for listing of program materials used.)

To provide a successful beginning experience ihoeading.

Criteria
CORRESPONW:NG SHORT-TERM INSIRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES:
Daee
Evaluation
Person(s)
Specific Educ.,
Dates
Responsible Procedures Attained
Seivices
Begin/End
SHORT-TERM OBJECTIVES
1.2 Criterion
Chin
1.1 Classroom
11- I 21.0 When presented with letter names,
Instruction
Test of
Frank will be able to correctly
77 I 7
Basic
discriminate the appropriately
Skills
formed letter.
ilk
90%macc.

2.0 When presented with a consonant

sound, Frahk will correctly identify
/ the letter symbol.
,

1177

2.1 Classroom
Instruction

Chin

89%
2.2 Criterion
Test of
Basic
Skills

2/78

90% acc.

2/78

63%.

3 0 When Frank Os presented with his

s,ight'words; he willbcorrectly
identify them.

1177

3.1 Classroom
Instruction/
Reading
Specialist

Chin/
Glazerman

3.2 List of
sight
words from
LEA
85% att.
72%
,

2/78

134
'PARENT/GUARDIAN SIGNATURE or APPROVAL

DATE:

Form GO

NEW CASTLE COUNTY CONSORqIUM.

Page

NEXT REVIEW
DOB:

INDIVIDUALIZED EDUCATIONALPROGRAMPOR
PRIORITIZED LONG-TERM GOAL:

(Note:

7/16/70DATE:

DATE:

2/78

6/78

Refer to reverse side for listing of program materials used.)

To provide a successful everience in reading by completing the first 2 PP's.

CCIRUSPONDING SHORT-TERM PNSTRUCTEIAL OBJECTIVES:

Specific Eguc.
Services
Begisand
Dates

SHORT-TERM OBJECTIVES

READING

Criteria
Evaluation
Person(s)
Responsible Procedures

Date
Attained

1.0 When presented with a PP list of

words, Frank will be able to
cohlectly identify the,words.

,,...,

2,78

1.1 Classroom
Instruction

Chin

1.2 25 words
HarcourtBrace PP
'90%

2.0 When presented with a PP passage

to be read orally & silently, Frank
will*be able to answer factual and
inferential questions.

2-

78

2.1 Classroom
Instruction
0

Chin

2.2 PP passage
HarcourtBrace
75% acc.

wo.

PARENT/GUARDIAN SIGNATURE OF APPROVAL

DATE:

/ /

FOX= 00

NEW CASTLE COUNTY CONSPORVIUM

DOS:, 7/16/70DATE1 11 fl7

INDIVIDUALIZED EDUCATIONAL PROGRAM FOR

PRIORITIZED LONG-TERM GOAL:

(Note:

Page

NEXT REVIEW
DATE

2,78,

Refer to reverse side for listing of program materials used.)

MATH

To increase math skills by one grade level.

CORRESPONDING SHORT-TERM INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES:

Specific Educ.
Dates
Services
Begin/End
SHOR26.TERM OBJECTIVES
1.0 Given two one-digit nos., Frank can
compute sums to 10.

2.0 Given two one-digit nos. to 10, Frank

will subtract to compute result.

3,0 Given 40 add. & subt. problems as

above, Frank will compute 35 correct
results in 15 minutes:

1177

12- 1.1 Classroom

Instruction
77

Criteria
person(s) Evaluation
Responsible Procedures
Chin

Date
Attained

1.2 Informal
Eve'.

90%
100%
1177

12- 2.1 Classroom

Instruction
77

Chin

2.2 Informal
Eval.

90%
100%
11-

2-

'77

78

3.1 Classroodi

12/77

Chin

Instruction

4.0 Given a calendar and the date, Frank

will be able to find the date on the
calendar.

1177

4.1 Classroom
Instruction

Chin

5.0 Given groups of pennies, nickels, dime

quarters, Frank will be able to identify the coins and their cents value.

1177

5.1 Classroom
Instruction

Chin

3.2 Informal
Eval. Time
Test 35/40
16 min.
39/40
4.2 Informal
Eval,
100%

1-6

1,4

12/77

2/78

5.2 Informal
Evaluation
100%

139

138
PARENT/GUARDIAN SIGNATURE OF APPROvAL

DATE:

/ /

1"1

Form GO

NEW CASTLE COUNTY CONSORTIUM

Page

NEIAny1/78

DOB:

ZRDIVIDUALIZED EDUCATIONALPROGRAMFOR
PRIORITIZED LONG-TERM GOAL:

(Note:

Refer to reverse side for listing of program materials used.)

MATH

To increase math skills by one grade level.

CORRESPONDING SHORT-TERM INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES:

Specific Educ,
Dates
Begin/End
servicea
SHORT-TERM OBJECTIVES
1.0 _Given two one-digit nos., Frank will
able to compute their sums to 20.

2-

2.0 Given a two-digit no. less'than 20,

and a one-digit no., Frank will be
able to subtract with regrouping.

2-

3.0 Given math problems with missing

addends or subtrahends, Frank will be
able to supply the missing no.

2-

4.0 Frank will be able to use the mathemathetical symbols> ,<:, = correctly.

2-

5.0 Frank will be able to write and

identify the numbers from 1-100.

2-

6.0 When given a 3-digit no., Frank will

successfully idertify the ones', tens'
and hundreds' columns.

2-

PARENT/GUARDIAN SIGNATURE OF APPROVAL

2/78

7/16/70DATE:

78

78

Person(s)

Criteria
Evaluation

Msponsible Procedures

1.1 Classroom
Instruction

Chin

1.2 Informal
Eval.
% 90%

2.1 Classroom
Instruction

Chin'

2.2 Informal
.

.78

3.2 Classroom
Instruction

Chin

Date
Attained

Eval.
90%

3.2 Informal
Eval.

90%

78

78

78

4.1 Classroom
Instruction

Chin

5.1 Classroom
Instruction

Chin

6.1 Classroom
Instruction

Chin

4.2 Informal
Eval.
90%

5.2 Informal
Eval.
90% 9/10

6.2 Informal
Eval.
90% 9/10

DATE:

Form GO

NEW CASTLE COUNTY CONSORTIUM

NEXT REVIEW
DOB:

INDIVIDUALIZED EDUCATIONAL PROGRAM FOR

PRIORITIZED LONG-TERM GOAL:

Page 1

(Note:

DATE :. 2/7Q

7 /16/1O DATE : 11 /17

Refer to reverse side for listing of program materials used.)

To improve articulation and discrimination skills.

CORRESPONDING SHORT-TERM INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES:

Specific Educ.
Dates
Services
Begin/End
SHORT-TERM OBJECTIVES
1.0 When given /t/ and a /k/ in isolation
Frank will be able to discriminate
between the sounds

1177

17

1.1 Language
therapy/
Classroom
instruction

SPEECH/LANG. THERAPY

Criteria
Date
Evaluation
Person(s)
'Attained
Responsible Procedures
4

Daly/
Chin

1.2 Oral presentation of /t/

/k/

90% acc. achieved

100%

2.1 Language
therapy/
Classroom
instruction

Daly/
Chin

2.2 When shown

/k/ will say
K correct
90% acc. achieved
1/78
100%

1177

3.1 Language
therapy/
Classroom
instruction

Daly/
Chin

3.2 When given

sight words
90% acc. achieved
1/78
100%

11-

4.1 Language
therapy/
Classroom
instruction

Daly/
Chin

4.2 G.F.W.
memory
sequencing

2.0 When presonted with /k/ Frank will be

able to reproduce correct sound in
nonsense syllables.

11-

1-

77

78

3.0 When presented with sight words beginning with /t/ & /k/ Frank will be able
to correctly pronounce the word
(imitation).
4.0 When presented with 3 unrelated words
Frank will consistently recall them.

PARENT/GUARDIAN SIGNATURE OF APPROVAL

1/78

77 3

DATE:

13

/ /

Form GO

NEW CASTLE COUNTY CONSORT*IUM.

DOB:

INDIVIDUALIZED EDUCATIONALPROGRAMFOR
PRIORITIZED LONG-TERM GOAL:

(Mete:

Page 2
NEXT REVIEW
DATE: 2 /78
7 /16/70DATE: 11 / 77

Refer to reverse side for listing of program materials used.)

To improve articulation and discrimination skills.

CORRESPONZING SHORT-TERM INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES:

Specific Educ.
Dates
Services
SHORT-TERM OBJECTIVES
Begin/End
5.0 When articulating the /g/ sound in
words Frank will correctly articulate
the sound.

1-

6.0 When using the /k/ and /g/ sounds in

sentences Frank will correctly articulate the sounds.

278

7.0 When articulating CVCV 2 syllable

words Frank will improve imitation

2-

78

5.1 Language %
therapy

SPEECH/LANG. THERAPY
Criteria
Person(s) Pialuation
Responsible.Procedures
Daly/
Chin
,,\

6.1 Language
therapy

Daf,;

5.2 Teacher
Test
90% acc.
6.2 Teacher

Chin

TAtacc.
78

7.1 Language
therapy

Daly

7.2 Teacher
Test
90% acc.

8.1 Language
therapy

Daly

8.2 Fokes
S entence
Builder
Kit

skills.

8.0 Frank will complete lessons 1-15 in

the Fokes Sentence Builder Kit to help
develop syntactically correct
sentences.

Date
Attained

1-

78

PARENT/GUARDIAN SIGNATURE OF APPROVAL

114

115

Form GO

'NEW CASTLE COUNTY CONSORTIUM:

NEXT REVIgW,
DOB:

INDIVIDUALIZED EDUCATIONAL PROGRAM FOR

PRIORITIZED LONG-TERM GOAL:

(Note:

DATE: "1 / 78

7/16/70DATE:11 /77

Refer to reverse side for listing of program materials used.)

Improve Sensory Motor IntegrationsICORRESPONDING SHORT-TERM INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES:

Specific Educ.
Dates
Services
Begin/End
SHORT-TERM OBJECTIVES

OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY
6riteria
Date
Evaluation
Person(s)
Attained
Responsible Procedures

1.0

2.0

3.0

5.0

1.2 Purdue
Perceptual.
.Motor Survey

2.1 Occupational
Therapy

Jornlin

2.2 Reflex
Evaluation

3.1 Special
Education
Classroom
Instruction

Jornlin

3.2 Ihformal
observation
achieved

4.1 Occupational
Therapy

Jornlin

5.1 Occupational
Therapy

Jornlin

.1.1 Occupational

77

Therapy

Frank will be able to assume and hold

an extended position while prone and
a flexed position while supine for 5
seconds.

10-1

When given basic geometric form Frank

will be able to cut on the lines and
paste the form on another piece of

10-'1

771

77,

paper.

4.0

Jornlin

When visually tracking an object in a

consistent pattern Frank will be able
to focus on the target for at least 5
seconds:

10-1

Frank will be able to balance on one

foot for 10 seconds.

2-

Frank will be able to identify right

and left directionality on himself.

2-

PARENT/GUARDIAN SIGNATURE OF APPROVAL

78:

781

2/78

-4.2 Purdue
Perceptual
Motor Survey
5.2 Purdue

tt

DATE:_L_Z_

Form GO

NEW CASTLE .COUNTY CONSORT*IUM

INDIVIDUALIZED EDUCATIONAL PROGRAM FOR

PRIORITIZED LONG-TERM GOAL:

(Note:

DOB: 7 /16/70DATE: 11/7

7NEXLANy
bn
IE.

Refer to reverse side for listing of program materials used.)

Improve Sensory Motor Integration

OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY

CORRESPONDING SHOR TERM INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES.

Dates
Specific Educ.
SHORT-TERM OBJECTIVES
Begin/End
Services
6.0

Page 2

Frank will be able to smoothly use two

sides of his body together and in
alternation--rhythmic hopping and
skipping.

2-

78

7.0 When given names of lower case letters, 2Frank will be able to reproduce the
78
letters in cursive writing.

PARENT/GUARD/AN SIGNATURE OF APPROVAL

'Criteria
person(s) EvaluationDate
Responsible Procedures Attained

6.1 Occupational
Therapy

Jorniin

6.2 Purdue

7.1 Classroom
Instruction

Chin

7.2 Criterion
Test 75%
of Basic
Skills

/
at*

. S..

.0
6.1

Form GO

N'EW CASTLE COUNTY CONSQ.RT-sUM

DOB: 7 /16/70DATE:, 2 /7d4EXTANVI

INDIVIDUALIZED EDUCATIONAL PROGRAM FOR

PRIORITIZED LONG-TERM GOAL:

(Note:

age

Refer to reverse side for listing"of progrdm materials used.)

To increise Frank's self-concept.

OORRESPONDING SHORT-TERM INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES:
Specific Educ.
Dates
Services
Begin/End
SHORT-TERM OBJECTIVES

PSYCHOLOGICAL
Person(s)

Criteria
Evaluation

Begismillt Procedures

Date
Attained

1,2 Behavior
Check

1.1 Vocational
Ed/Group
Counselling

Sing/

278

2.1 Counselling

Ceci

2.2 * Time
Sampling
Log

278

3.1 ComputerAssisted
Instruction
Behavior
Modification
Techniques

Ceci

3.2 Behavior
Rating
Scale

Frank will be able to complete'a woodshop assignment without assistance and

display it during group counseling.

2781

2.0

Frank's incidence of self-depreciating

remarks (e.g., "I can't do it" or
"I'm stupid") will decrease by 60%.

3.0

Frank will be able to discuss his

computer math progress in favorable
terms on 50% of occasions.

1.0

Ceci

'List

15

PARENT/GUARDIAN SIGNATURE OF APPROVAL

DATE:

127

APPENDIX A
The folloWing tests, checklists, inventories or suggested
word lists are provided as Ilandy assessment devices which can
be uked.to give the teacher another tool by which hildren's
'needs may be ascertained.
These sheets can be removed 'and replaced as needed.
Included are:

1., Readiness-Inventorx - a checklist which will help determine the stile of readiness for center based programs or
regular classrooms.
2.

Personal Inventorx - a Sentence completion device which

ilf help Finpoint specific-interests and personal.feelings.

3.

Inventory of Reading Interests - a questionnaire which can

be used to gather information on reading interests and
habits.

4.

Inventory of Interests and Activities - an inventory to

help pinpoilA interests.

5.

Teacher's Diagnostic Check Sheet - a reading device which

aids in pinpointing reading strengths and weaknesses.

6.

Dia nostic S ellin Test - a spelling aid which will help

o diagnose spelling p o leas.

7.

Phonics Mastery Test - a phonics test which can be used

to identify strengths and weaknesses in the use of vowels
and consonants.
Checksheet for Independent and Instructional reading
levels.

9.

Ways of Checking Child's Comprehension.

Standardized Tests.

10.

General Rules for Administerin

11.

Assessment Measures Which Can Be Administered b

t ona D agnost c ans.

12.

TmummEELIETEEELMIEEELLYIE.

Educa-

12R

Readiness Inventory

Child's Name:

Dates

Skill Development

sYes

No

Personal Data
1.

2.
3.
4.
5.

Knows name
first
second
Knows mother's name
Knows father's name
.Can tell his/her age
Knows his/her sex

1.11111111110.

01111111IMIND

11

0011/1Max

Fine Motor
Can touch hands/fingers togather at midline,
Can string large beads
Can copy forms (i.e., to X)
Can cut along straight line'
Uses scissors correctly
Can build's tower
6 blocks
8 blocks
10 blocksScribbles
with pencil
7.
Can color within lines
8.
Uses pencil correctly
9.
Can print letters
10.
11.. Can print name
Can do rhythmic writing
12.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

..11111111011

miimOMMO

10.11
IMdgma
41101OMMO

MOIMO

tim1111.

lommwmOm

awwwir

0.11

smilwaISMINO

WEIMOWIP

Gross Motor
1.

2.
3.
4.
5.

Walking
can walk forward on line
can walk backward on line
can walk sideways on line
Can hop on one foot (4-5 hops)
Can jump
Can skip smoothly
Can balance himself/herself one foot
2 seconds
1
4 seconds

.11111.11M

SMIIINOMMIII

0101111111110.1.

11111111111110

1101111

129

Yes

Skill Development

No

6.
7.
8.
9.

Can
Can
Can
Can

throw a ball
catch a ball
do jumpin Jacks
imitate movements

r!tV

Body Zmage
1.

Can identify body parts

4 parts
40
6 parts
8 parts
store

2.

siloomm

'te

ONOWN

t.

IMWMPow

Can draw a person

4-parts
6 parts
8 parts
more
Can point to body parts while naming

miWormw.

amMoilow

Knows and understands (check)

up

out

top

big,

down
right

in

bottom

little

above

few

long

left

over

beside
in front of

under
behind

many
near
out

short
next to
far

Yakal.InEat!altat
1.

Recognizes colors
green

orange

blue

__purple

indigo

___pink

__yellow
2.

black

red

Recognizes shapes
circle
square

_triangle

cross

rectangle

.154

white

mila
ao.i.

Spatial Relitionshia
1.

4101.M..1

NoMIMMia

130

Skill Development
3.

4.

Can mAtch
symbols
pictures
letters
words forms
words
A
numerals
numerals to sets
Can recognize numerals
1

10-

Yes

41=111.11

011.1.1.1111110

more

can count
1-3
1-5
1-10

Auditory Input/Output
1.

Can repeat sequences

0-1
1-3-7
4-5-6-2

2.

3.
4.

can repeat sentences

Can respond to
one-step directions
two-step directions
three-step directions
more
Knows rhyming words
Knows conscnant sounds
initial
medial
final

5.

6.
7.

Can hear vowel sounds in a word

short
long
Can hear number of syllables in a word
Can detect rise and fall of voice

1=111111111016

...0111.

OaNIONIIMMIn

11

*NO

131

Yes

Skill Development

No

Language
1.

Word utterences
one-word

two words

three words

four words

complete simple sentence

complex sentence
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

7.

Has adequate expressive language

Has adequate receptive language
Speaks clearly
Has good listening skills
Comprehends
questions
plurals
adjectives
prepositions
opposites
Can define simple words
complex words

ennwor

IMMOW.,

100.

1411111=1.1

ININ1=10

41~11111.11

Social
1.

Is able to
work alone
in groups

ON1011011.

relate to adults

2.

411111111

1.1.111.1MINIO

relate to peers
follow directions
complete a task
works neatly
Emotional level is usually

WEIMIMMIOMO

1111111.1111110

aggressive

happy

eager to please

angry

explosive

sad

disruptive

withdrawn

frustrated

negative,

__positive
adequate attention span

Jf)
I

132

(Reprinted with Permission)

Personal Inventory
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.

16.
17.
'18.

19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.

Today I feel
When I have to read I
I get angry when
To be grown up
My idea of a good time
I wish my parent0 knew
School is
I can't understand why
I.feel bad when
I wish teachers
I wish my mother
Going to college
To me, books
People think I
I like to read about
On weekends, I
I don't know how
To me, homework
I'll never
I wish people wouldnYt
When I finish high school
I'm afraid
Comic books
When I take my report card home
I'm it best when
Most brothers and sisters
I'd rather read than
When I read math
The future looks
I feel proud when
I wish my father
I like to read when
I would like to be
For me studying
I often worry about
I wish I could
Reading science
I look forward to
I wish someone would help me
I'd read more if

Source:

Im rovement of Reading, Strange-McCullough-Tragler,

Mcraw-il1iblishing Co.

1 5 '7

4,

3,3-3

Inmassz_ILEselidalattuatl
1.- What do you do when you are not in school?
2.

What games do you like to play?

3.

Do you enjoy reading books and magazines?

4.

What kinds of books do you like to read?

'biography
adventure
animal stories
news
legends
horror stories

aviation
poetry
plays
myths
fantasy
other

5.

Name some of the books you have read this past year.
Which did you like best?

6.

Do you get the books you read from home, school,

library, or from ,friends?

7.

What magazines do you read?

8.

Do you like to read newspapers?

9.

Do you like to have someone read to you?

to you?

Why?

Why?

Who reads

10.

Does anyone encourage youlto read durtng your leisure

time?

11.

What kinds of books and stories do you own?

12.

What comics or comic books do you read?

13.

Do you have a library card?

14.

When is your favorite reading time?

When do you use it?

-4

134

Inventory of Interest and Activities

1.

What are some of the things you like to do?

2.

What do you usually do right after school?

3.

What dc you usually do in the evenings, on Saturdays,

on Sundays?

4.

Do you take any special lessons?

5.

Do you belong to a club?

16.

How often do you go to the movies?

7.

Where-Aid you go during the summer?

8.

Have you ever been to a farm, circus, zoo,. museum,

picnic, allgame, carnival, party, camp?

9.

Have you ever taken a trip by boat, train, airplane,

bus, car?
i

10.

Do you ever liiten to the radio?

11.

Which television programs do you see?

12.

What would you like to be when you are grown?

13.

What would your parents like you to be?

14.

Do you have a pet?

would you choose?

15.

Do you have a hobby?

16.

Who are the friends you like to play with at home,and

at school?

Whe4q.

If you could have a pet, what

What?

Inventory of Mental and Physical Health

1.

Who lives at your house?

2.

What happens at home to make you happy?

3.

What happens to make you unhappy?

4.

What happens

at school to make you happy?

f'+*

135

5.

What happens at, school to make you unhappy?

6.

Are you afraid of Anything?

4.

7.

When do.you go to-bed?

6.

'Do you have a room of your own?

9.

Whad did you have for breakfast this morning?

10.

What did you have for dinner last night?

11.

Do you go home for lunch or stay at school?

Inventory of Reading Interest

1.

Do `you have a favorite story,or book?

2.

What comics do you read?

Do you have A library card?

What?

Do you ever use it?

4.

Do you like .or dislike reading?

5.

What would you like to read or learn about?

S.

6.

7.

Do you have trouble in reading?

trouble?

What gives you

If you could have three wishes, what would'they be?

136

Teacher's Dia nostic Check Sheet

Form'III'

C.A.

Name of child
Teacher
I.

II.

R.A.

Grade

Reading Attitude
Yes
No
Does the child withdraw from reading?
1.
Doell he seem to have an emotional
2.
disturbance?
Doei he appear attentive?
3.
4.
DoeS he enjoy reading?
Does he project selftinto reading?
5.
Behavior Status
1.

2.
3.

womo..
MOWN/

4.
5.

6.
7.

.1=1111111101.

8.

III.

MA.A

Does he show self-control?

Is he overly sensitive?
Are his social adjustments satisfactory?
Are there any fears1 or tensions?
Does he seek recognition and reaction
from others?
Is he timid or shy?
Is he cooperative?
Is he aggressive?

Learning Status
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Does he grasp ideas readily

Does he have a good memory span?
Dots he have the ability for
visualization?
Can he follow directions?
Is he imagihative arid does he show
initiative?
i

IV.

Perception
=011101011

---,

V.

1.
2.

Does h) have good vlsion? Glasses?

Does he have patisfactory auditory
acuity?

Comprehension
1.
2.
3.

ONNI

4.
5.

Does he understand what he reads?

Does he remember what he roads?
Does he have the ability to make
judgments?
Is he able to draw conclusio1447
Does he organize what he reads?

137

Yea

NO
6.

iMMalaaa

VI.

m
maMal

mMIMIrop

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Does
Does
Does
Does
Does
Does
Does

he
he
he
he
he
he
he

use contsx4 clues?

make use of picture clues?
use structural analysis?
use configuration clues?
apply pOnsticsprinciples?
sianse itllables?
guess at words?

.2

Physical Aspects of'Reading

1.

momaanso

ommmo.
mommom

2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

7.
moomommo

8.
9.
11.4111.0111N

10.

VIII.

WOrd.Analysis
.

V/I.

Does he *associate what he reads with

his own (experience?

How many fixations does he make per

line?
Does he'haym an accurate return sweep
movement?
_Does ht point as he reads?
Does he move his head?
Axe there any other.bodily movements?
Does he moVe his lips?
Are there any indications of inner
vocalization?
Is the posture good?
Is the book held about 16 inches from
the eyes?
Does he hold the book at the right
angle?

Mechanical Aspects of Reading

.ONIMONIM.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Is he a
Does he
Does he
Does he
Does he
Does he
Does he

word-by-word reader?
make substitutions?
make omissions?
mispronounce words?
have reversals?
repeat words?
make regressions?._

OMOIMME.

IX.
.;

Concentration
1.
2.

Is he able to concentrate?
Is he easily disturbed by other room
c.activities?

3.

4.
5.
6.
7.

Does he show expressions of pleasure

on his face while reading?
Does he lack interest?
Does he have poor study habits?
Does he have a plan for working?
Does he lack perseverance?

138

X.

Reading Rate
No
Yes
1.
ObINIINIMMININD

11.1111MINSIM

1.

11

Does he read,falteringly when he

reads. aloud?

2.

Does he read at an average rate in

silent reading.
%

Teacher's Summarilation
1.

Test given and date

,

Achievement, Intelligence, Visual and Auditory

Hand and Eye Dominance
Interpretation.of Test scores
.

2.

Diagnosis

r-s4

3.%. Amelioration
4.

Progndsis

1.

139

dr
(Reprinted with Permission)
Dia3no5stic Spelling Test

Grade Scoring List:

Below 15 Correct .
.
15-22 Correct
23-29 Correct
.

Below 2nd Grade

ade
Second
Third C.ade
'f

Give List 1 to any pupil whose placement is second or third

grade.

Any pupil who scored above 29 should be given the List 2 test.
List 1
Illustrative Sentence

Word
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

6.
7.
8.
9.

10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.

not
but
get
sit
man
boat
train
time
like
found
down
soon
good
very'
happy
kept
come
what
those
show
much
sing
will
doll
after
sister
toy
say
little
one

would
pretty

He is not here.
Mary iiMere, but Joe is not.
Get the wagon, John.

RE down, please.
Father is a tall man.
We sailed our boat on the lake.
Tom has a new toy train.
It is time to come-Taii.

We liki-ae cream.
We ?Tula our lost ball.

Do REF-fall down.
Our teacher in soon be here.
He is a good boy.
We are very glad to be here.
Jane'is a happy girl.
We kept our shoes dry.
Come to our party.
WHiE is your name?
TRaie are our toys.
,

Migrus the way.

Y-Fiel much better.
We will-iing a new song.
Who will help us?
Make-a-aress for the doll.
We play after school.
My sistelb-irolder than I.
I have a new toy train.
Raz your name clearly.
Tom is little.
I have oFITEEe book.
Would you come with us.
-S-Si-rs a Ereta girl.

140

Any pupil who scores below 9 should be given the List I test.
Grade Scoring List 2: Below 9 Correct
Below 3rd Grade
9 -19 Correct
Third Grade
20-25 Cqrrect
Fourth Grade
26-29 Correct
Fifth Grade
Over 29 Correct
Sixth Grade .
and/or Better
.

List 2

Word
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

flower
mouth

!hoot

stood
while
third
each
class
jump
10.
hit
11.
bite
12.
study
13.
dark
14.
jumped
15.
hitting
16.
studies
darker
17.
18.
jumping
19.
darkest
20.
jumps
21.
biting
22.
afternoon
23.
grandmother
24.
can't
doesn't
25.
26.
night
27.
brought
28.
apple
29./ again
laugh
30.
because
31.
32.
through

Illustrative Sentence
A rose is a flower.
Open your mouth.
Joe went t37inot his new gun.
We
the roof.
We sang wh'le we marched.
We are in il e third grade.
Each child/has a pencil.
Our classis reading.
We lik-i-EO lurip rope.
Hit the ball ard.

Our dog does not bite.

Study yqur lesson..

Thes7 is dark and cloudy.

We uKed rope yesterday.
John/is itting the ball.
He dtudies each day.
Thii-FETE. is darker than that one.
The girls are TWIFTE4 rope now.
This color i,s the darkest of the three.
Mary jumpd rope.
The dog is biting on the bone.
We may play this afternoon.
Our grandmother will visit us.
We can't go with you.
Mary doesn't'like to play.
We pligTS7-617tdoors last night.
Joe brought his lunch to-iCHT5ol.

An agi5M-Mi from the tree.

We
Do
We
We

must come back again.

not laugh at other children.
cannot play because of the rain.
ran through the yard.

Analysis of Spelling Errors

Some clues to the pupil's familiarity with these phonetic

And structural generalizations can be observed by noting
how he spells the common elements.

46

!k.

1414

List 1
Element Tested

Word

3.

not
but
get

5.

man

6.
7.

boat
train

two vowels together

8.

time
like

vowel-consonant-e

10.
11.

found
down

ow-ou spelling of ou sound

12.
13.

soon
good

long and short oo

14.
15.

happy
very

final y as short i

16.
17.

kept
come

c and k spelling of the k sound

18.
19.
20.
21.
22.

what
those
show
much
sing

23.
24.

will
doll

doubled final consonants

25.
26.

aftjt
sister

er spelling

27.

toy

oy spelling of oi sound

28.

say

ay spelling of long a

49.

little

le ending

30.
31.
32.

one
would
pretty

non-phonetic spellings

1.
2.

9.

short vowels

wh, th, sh, ch, and ng spellings

ow spelling of long o

3,42

Lit 2
Element Tested

Word
1.
2.
3.
4.

flower
mouth
shoot
stood

ow-ou spelling of ou sound

er ending, the spelling
long and short oo, sh spelling

5.

while

wh spelling, vowel-consonant-e

6.

third

th spelling, vowel before r

7.

each

ch spelling, two vowels together

8.

class

double final consonant, c

9.

20.
14.
18.

jump
jumps
jumped
jumping

addition of s, ed, ing, j spelling

of soft g sound

10.
15.

hit
hitting

doubling final consonant before

ing

11.
21.

bite
biting

dropping final e before ing

12.
16.

study
studies

changing final y to i before

ending

13.

17.
19.

dark
darker
darkest

er, est endings

22.
23.

afternoon
grandmother

compound words

24.
25.

can't
doesn't

compound words

26.
27.

night
brought

silent gh

28.

apple

le ending

29.
30.
31.
32.

again
laugh
because
through

non-phonetic spellings

Reprinted from r1..actIer's_Guidefortemedian% by

of Webster/
William
McGraw-Hill.

Kottmeyi17714FE-11.peission

143

EhErIkalMt9JELJAPI
Teacher's Guide for 'Administration

Level A
I.

Consonant Sounds*
Directions:

II.

Read the words below (or other words with

underlined sounds). Ask students to record
the first letter of each words next to the
appropriate number on their answer sheets.

1.

Eerson

6.

window

11.

tint

15.

rhythm

2.

belt

7.

forty

12.

sound

16.

lark

3.

mallard

8.

victory

13.

dough

17.

lersey

4.

hunt

9.

mink

14.

ninety

18.

zolk

5.

kick

10.

golden

Consonant
Directions.:

Continue as above except to ask students to

record the first two letters of each word
read.

III.

19.

shoe

23.

what

.20.

church

21.

thing

22.

these

Consonant Blends
Directions:

Continue as above.

24.

blind

29.

sheep

34.

grope

39.

sneak

25.

clock

30.

break

35.

Eractices

40.

mill

26.

flower. 31.

cream

36.

treasure

41.

stamp

27.

grew

32.

drop

37.

scale

42.

sweet

28.

Elump

33.

friend

38.

small

IV. 11311minElements
Directions:

Ask children to write at least two words

which rhyme with the word given.

144

43.

ball

make

44.

45.

get

46.

will

"MOW

* All consonant sounds are represented except 2

Level B
I.

Lone and Short Vowels

Directions:

Read the words (or other words with the

underlined sounds). Ask students to reThe stUdents
cord vowel letter heard.
must write short in,front of the short
vowels, andrEiTi in front of long vowels.
(Correct answers are given in parentheses.)

1.

bid (short i)

4.

lobe

(long o)

7.

bun

2.

jab (short a)

5.

slave (long a)

8.

title (long i)

3.

eve (long e)

6.

prod (short o)

9.

zest (short e)

II.

(short u)

Other Vowel Sounds

Directions:

Read the words, asking students to record

the vowel or vowels which they hear. If
a vowel depends on the consonant which
follows it for its sound, the consonant
should be written after the vowel. Same
sounds can be spelled several ways. Any
(Correct
of these should be accepted.
answers are given in parentheses.)

11.

nook (oo)

14.

jar (ar)

17.

claw (aw)

12.

grouse (oulow)

15.

Troy (oy)

18.

coil (oi)

13.

broom (oo)

16.

whirl (erlirrur)

III.

Syllabication
A.

Directions:

Read the words, asking the students

to write the number of syllables in
(Correct answers are given in
each.
parentheses.)

1.

Atlanta (3)

2.

Lincoln (2)

4.

sedentary (4)

5.

correspondingly (5)

3.

frame (1)

145
. .

B.

1. 2

Read the same words, asking the students

to write for each the number of the
accented syllable.

Directioris:

3. 1

2. 1

Purpose:

1.
2.

5. 3

4. 1

To estimate the child's independent and

instructionalreading levels.
To identify word recognition errors made during
oral reading and to estimate the extent to which
the child actually comprehends what he reads.
Word Reco nition

As the child reads each selection orally, record his

word recognition errors. The child makes a word recognition
error when he repeats, substitutes, omits or needs teacher
assistance in pronouncing words.
Discontinue at the level in which the child mispronounces
or indicates he does not know 5 of the 20 words in a particular
Each correct response is worth five points.
grade level (75%).
After the child reaches the cut-off point .(75%), his oral
readirig level should be started at the highest level in which
he successfully pronounced all (100%) 20 words in the list.
Pre-Primer(cont.)

Pre-Primer

Pre-Primer(cont.)
19.

is

20.

work

1.

for

10.

can

2.

blue

11.

big

3.

car

12.

said

4.

to

13.

green

1.

was

5.

and

14.

look

2.

day

6.

it

15.

play

3.

three

7.

helps

16.

see

4.

farming

stop

17.

there

5.

bus

funny

18.

little

6.

now

8.

0
____

___

Primer

101.

-.

9.

Reprinted with permission from: Silvaroli, Nicholas J.,

Classroom Reading Inventory (Wm. C. Brown Co. Publishers,
1976).

146

Primer(cont.)
7.

read

8.

children

9.

Level 1(cont.)

Level 2(cont.)

nests

11.

corn

10.

cannot

12.

everyone

went

11.

eight

13..

strong

10.

then

12.

trucks

14.

I'm

11.

black

13.

garden

15.

room

12.

barn

14.

drop

16.

blows

13.

trees

.15.

stopping

17.

gray

14.

brown

16.

frog

18.

that's

15.

good

17.

street

19.

throw

16.

into

18.

fireman

20.

roar

17.

she

19.

birthday

18.

something

20.

let's

1.

hour

19.

what

Level 2

2.

senselessi.

20.

saw

1.

stood

3.

turkeys

Level 1

2.

climb

4.

anything

1.

many

3.

isn't

5.

chief

2.

painted

4.

beautiful

6.

foolish

3.

feet

5.

waiting

7.

enough

4.

them

6.

head

8.

either

5.

food

7.

cowboy

9.

chased

6.

tell

8.

high

10.

robe

7.

her

9.

people

11.

crowd

8.

please

mice

12.

crawl

11011101111M110

9.

10.

Level 3

Reprinted with permission from: Silvaroli, Nicholas J.,

Classroom Reading Inventory (Wm. C. Brown Co. Publishers,
1976).

147
Oh

Level 3 (cont.)

Level 4 (cont.)

Level 5

(cont.)

13.

unhappy

16.

settl.prs

19.

salmon

14.

clothes

17.

pitching

20.

briskly

15.

hose

18.

prepared

19.

west

1.

sentinel'

20.

knowledge

2.

mostrils

.16.

ONINNWINNO

pencil

17.

cub

18.

discover

19.

picture

20.

nail

alogarnim

Level 6

Level 5

3.

..march

411111.1M111

whether

4.

sensitive

2.

hymn

5.

calmly

Level 4

3.

sharpness

6.

tangle

1.

spoon

4.

amount

7.

wreath

2.

dozen

5.

shrill.

8.

teamwork
c.

9.

billows

loudly

10.

knights

8.

scientists__

11.

instinct

9.

musical

12.

liberty

10.

considerable

13.

pounce

force

11.

examined

14.

rumored

9.

weather

12.

scarf

15.

strutted

10.

rooster

13.

pacing

16.

dragon

11.

mountains

14.

facing

1111111

17.

hearth

12.

island

15.

oars

011.111

18.

shifted

13.

hook

16.

delicious

19.

customers

14.

guides

17.

octave

20.

blond

15.

moan

18.

terrific

6.

freedom

machine

7.

5.

bound

6.

exercise

7.

disturbed

8.

3.

trail

4..

M MINNIMMEll

0100MON/INIIIIM

asarmnoef....

Onl=lmoll

Reprinted with permission from: Silvaroli, Nicholas J., Classroom Reading Inventory. (Wm. C. Brown Co. Publishers, 1976).

148

f cly_.__.esisinacrGaasornp re hens

ion

1.

Matching pictures and sentences.

2.

Writing answers to definite questions.

3.

Finishing incomplete sentences.

4.

Drawing illustrations of characters, actions, or scenes.

5.

Collecting main points to,be written on the blackboard

and discussed.

6.

Finding key words.

7.

Dramatizing or dramaticiplay.

8.

Discussing and reporting by pupils.

9.

Proving or disproving a statement.

10.

Classifying words which describe a given object, person

or time..

11.

Selecting the part,of the story liked best.

12.

Discussing an important character in the story.

13.

Making outlines.

14.

Selecting the sentence which tells the story best.

15.

Selecting the best title for the story of paragraph.

16.

Telling in what way two characters were alike and in

what way different.

17.

Discriminating between crucial and incidental facts.

the most important part of the story is
a.
Some incidents I like are
b.

149

Standal Tests
Teachers are cautioned against using any single test
as a sole determinant of assessment data. Many tests can
be used to assess the same area of focus. Refer to'BUROS
MENTAL MEASUREMENT YEAR BOOK, TESTS IN PRINT in order to
get an in depth Aescription of a particular test.or for
updated information. In the event contacting the publisher
is necesiary, a listing of theik addresses.is contained
in the appendix of this handboo..
General Rules for Administering Standardized Tests Reprinted with permission from:
0

Teacher Reference Manual for Assessment Instruments for

the Severely Developmentally Impaired. Prepared by the Southwest Regional Resource Center Department of Special Education,
University of utah (Kenneth HarriS Ph.D., Jan Mallet, Ph.D.,
J. Dean Jones,MA1
The degree of*competencies needed in the administration
of standardized tests variesbfrom those tests which require
special courses and extreme sophistication in the'methods
of assessment, to tests which only require being familiar
with the test manual and test materials. Regardless of which
type of test is being administered, some general rules need
to be followed in the administratl.on of standardized tests.
These general rules are:
1. -The tester must be sensitive to the testing con7
ditions. The physical environment should be as
comfortable as possible, with proP'er ventilation,
It should be free of
lighting, temperature, etc.
s many distractions as possible; this is particularly true in assessment of mentally impaired
individuals.
The tester should remember that the most important
responsibility`is in providing., the instructions to
the subject. This is particulrly true in administering standardized tests. The test materials should
be given to each indiviudal exactly as dir4cted in
It is important when assessing severely
the manual.
impaired individuals that the administrator convey
the information needed by the child so the child
understands the expectations of the task. With more
difficult cases the tester may need to modify the
test manual instructions.

150

Many times the standard, directions will provide

opportunities for the subject to ask questions.
Answering of these questions should be open, but
not provide hints or information relatingito the
test materials.

3.

The examiner should assist the subject in maintaining

a high level of motivation. Generally, praise should
be given generously to help maintain the highest
\\level of motivation; this is particularly true in
the assessment of mentally impairedchildren. There
are-occasions, however, when praise can be overdone
and the examiner should be sensitive to these
\\
situations. A campetent'examiner will soon become
aware of the optimum level of encouragement to be
\given when administering-tests.

\4.
%

5.

AThe motivation of the individual is important;

Unless the individual cares about the results, the
Scores will convey inaccurate information about
h4s abilities.

6.

Edtablishing rapport and preparing the subject for

Many times the evaluative
s4uation can produce such a higli degree of anxiety
in:the subject that the scores do not represent his
abilities. Bepoming familiar with the examinee and
helping him adjust to the testing(situation is
important in-securing the best possible results.
*Probably nothing helps more in establishing rapport
than\encouraging the examinee.
'the test are important.

7.

Unde no conditions should an administrator show

dissatisfaction with a response. This may cause
the child to lose *confidence and withdraw.

8.

Not al\l subjects will be cooperative; therefore, it

is mandatory that the examiner be familiar enough
with the testing materials that he can adjust the
testing to the uniqueness of the individual or
situation.

AssestMent Me

LjBtd

Educational

ELssaatt.s_lall
I.

Visual Perception
Informal Visual discrimination of letter/ward forms

Develo mental test of visual - Motor Inte ration

Benton Visual Retention Test
Slingerland Screening for Specific Language Disability'
(selmted sub-sections)1
Detroit Teat of Learning Aptitude
a.
b.

Visual attention span for objects'

Visual attention Span for letters

Motor Free Test of Visual Perception

"(Kin ergarten, 1st gra e on y

Gesell Visual
11.

/1HILYasx_Dm223149.11

We man Tests of Auditor

Discrimin tion

Human Tests of Auditor

Se uentia

We man Tests of Audito

Memor

Memor

S;an

Detroit Test of Learning A titude

a.
b.
c.

Auditory Attention Span (unrelated words)

Auditory Attention Span (relatad,syllable)
Oral Commissions

Informal Tests of Auditory Blending

Slin erland Screening for Specific Language Disability
se ec e su -sect ons
Goldman Fristoe Woodcock Auditor
III.

Skills Batter

Language/Cognition
CarrOw Test of Auditor

Com rehension of Lan ua e

Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test

I.

152

et

,rt

XII,

Language/Cpgnition (continued)

Gesell
a.
b,

Animal Naming
Blocks

Boehis Test of Basic Concepts

a.

Verbal Opposites

Esallt_Rml
Motor

astszsurveofBasth4otorskills
Piaget Right - Left Directionality Test
rec s on

Purdue Perce tual - Motor Survey

Academic Achievement
Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test
Key Math
Criterion Test of Basic Skills

dt1

41.

153

DIAGNOSTIC/TESTING/IEP
MATERIALS

Many of the following materials

are available on loan through the
DELAWARE LEARNING RESOURCE CENTER SYSTEM

Dover .;entral Middle School

Del. Technical & Community Colleye
Richardson Park Elementary School

December, 1978

Compiled by

Eleanor F. Sloan
Margaret Cannon
Doris Workman

154

ACHIEVEMENT/DIAGNOSTIC
AMERICAN SCHOOL ACHIEVEMENT TESTS--Specimen Set
DOV
This battery of tests is designed to measure pupil achievement in
reading, language arts., arithmetic, and social sciences.
Grade: 4-6

0:10,-0:25

Individual

$1.10

Bobbs-Merrill

BASIC SCHOOL SKILLS INVENTORY (BSSI)

DOV DTS R.PK
Identifies problems in areas that will affect a child's later academic sucPess: basic information, self-help, handwriting, oral
communication, reading readiness, number readiness & 'classroom
behavior. Nom.1 referenced and criterion referenced.
Ages: 4-7

0:15-0:20

Individual

$12.96

Follett

BRIGANCE DIAGNOSTIC INVENTORY OF BASIC SKILLS

DOV DTS R.PK
Evaluates more than 200 basic skills in reading readiness, language
arts and mathematics for an immediate developmeatal age equivalent
or grade level performance.
Grade: K-6

Untimed

Individual

$39.95

Curriculum Assoc.

CRITERION TEaT OF BAZIC SKILLS

DOV DTS R.PK
Quick assessment that gives specific criterion referenced feedback
on basic skill objectives and deficits in reading and math abilities.
Test scores can easily be converted to form a profile of strengths
and weaknesse .
Grade: K-8

0:10-0:15

Individual

$17.00

Academic Therapy

DETROIT TESTS OF LEARNING APTITUDE

Day
Thes6 tests evaluate individuals who require an individual intelligence test to verify results on a group test, (-sr because of
emotional or physical problems.
The tests provide specific information about mental traits, motor speed and precision, social
adjustment and 'abilities or dipabilities in learning.
Ages:'3 yrs-Adult

1:00-1:35

Individual

$10.80

Bobbs/Merrill

METRO 1978 METROPOLITAN ACHIEVEMENT TESTS--Specimen Set

DOV DTS
These tests consist of six comparable levels, measuring respective
skills in word knowledge, word discrimination, reading, arithmetic,
language, spelling, and social studies and sciewv.
Grade: 1-12

2:00-4:00

Group

0.00

Psychological Corp.

PEABODY INDIVIDUAL ACHIEVEMENT TEST (PIAT)

DOV DTS R.PK
This test evaluates reading recognition, reading comprehension,
spelliag, mathematics and general information. Two Volumes.
Grade: K-Adult

0:3u-0:45

Individual

$32.00

AGS

155

DTS R.PK
SEQUENTIAL TESTS OF EDUCATIONAL PROGRXSS SERIES II (STEP)
in
This survey group of achievement tests measure broad outcomes
major educational areas: language arts, mathematics, science, and
STEP series tests skill in solving new problems
social studies.
based on learned information.
"

Grade: 3-Adult

1:00-2:00

Group

$0.00

Ed..Test. Ser.
Addison

DOV DTS R.PK

STANFORD ACHIEVEMENT TEST - -Specimen Set each Level
This test battery measures skills in word meaning, paragraph meaning, vocabulary spelling and word-study skills includes 5 different
levels.
Age: 1-9

0:35-1:35

Individual

$3.10

Harcourt

DOV
THE TARC,ASSESSMENT SYSTEM
specific
subFor intervention/programming four major domains with
communication, social
scales within eachk Measures self-help motor,
skills, measurement reformative..
Ages: 3-16

Several
Weeks

Group

$5.95

H & H Enter.

INTELLIGENCE

R.FK
SLOSSON INTELLIGENCE TEST
It
is
This instrument is a brief individual test of intelligence.
teachers who
designed to be used by untrained examiners as well as
Scoring is fairly objectiue
work with both children and adults.
Standards for correct
and can be done during the testing time.
responses are given and are available during testing.
Ages: 2wks-Adult

0:10-0:30

Individual

$12.50

Western Psychological

LANGUAGE

DTS R.PK
ABILITIES
A PSYCHOEDUCATIONAL INVENTORY OF BASIC LEARNING
It has
This instriunent identifies suspected learning disabilities.
examiners
subjecnot been standardized and relies entirely on the
tasks from 53
tive evaluation. The inventory samples educational
basic learning abilities grouped in six major areas of learning:
gross-moter development, sensory motor integration, perceptualskills and socialimotor skills, language development, conceptual
zation.

1
v.

Ages: 2-14

1:00-2:00

Individual

$9.75

Fearon

156

BRIGANCE DIAGNOSTIC INVENTORY OF EARLY DEVELOPMENTSpecimen Set

DOV DTS R.PK
A system for teachers to integrate assessment/diagnosis, record
keeping, objective setting, and comprehensive instructional planning.
Assessment of the following skills: psychomotor, self-help, communicatioh, general knowledge and comprehensive, reading, printing, and
math.
Criterion-referenced.
Ages:.0 -7

Varying timee

$1.00

Curriculum"Assoc.

CIRCUS, LEVEL A, 13, C, AND D--Specimen Set

DTS
Assessment-program to evaluate early childhood curricula and to
diagnose instructional needs of individual children.
Tests general
knowledge, vocabulary, number skillsloperception, attitudes and
interests.
Grade: PreS. -3

Untimed

Ind or Gp.

$7.50ea

Addison

DTS
ESSENTIAL MATH AND LANGUAG7 SKILLS
The program enables teachers to assess individual student readiness
for learning basic mathematical and language concepts; to teach
essential skills and track each student's process.

Ages: 5-12

Untimed

Individual

$75.00

Hubbard

ILLINOIS TEST OF PSYCHOLINGUISTIC ABILITY (ITPA)

DOV DTS R.PK
Test measures auditory decoding, visual decoding, auditory-vocal
association, vocal encoding, automatic-sequential ability, auditoryvocal automatic ability, visual motor association, auditry-vocal
secrtncing ability and visual motor sequencing ability; it also
evaiaates visual auditory and grammatic, closure.
Tes1; requires
prior training.
Grade: 2-10

0:45-1;00

Individual

$58.00

Univ. of :11.
Press

KINDERGARTEN AUDITORY SCREENING TESTS (KAST)

DOV DTS
Screens for problems in auditory perception in 3 areas: discrimination of same or different word pairs, phonemic syntheses, figureground discrimination.
Grade: Late Kearly 1

0:20

Ind.-sm.
group

$12.99

Follett

DOV DTs R.PK

LANGUAGE-STRUCTURED AUDITORY RETENTION SPAN TEST (LARS)
This test indicates the level of auditory short term memory and
detects the presence of a learning disability in recall ability.
It makes Use of an unfamiliar word in an otherwise familiar
sentence.
Ages: 2yr -Adult

0:20

Indlvidual

$7 00

Academic TherapY

157

DOV DTS. R.PK

METRO 1978 METROPOLITAN ACHIEVEMENT TESTS--Specimen Set
They
measure
respecThese tests consist of six comparable levels,
tive skills in word knowledge, word discrimination, reading, arithmetic, language, spelling, social studies, and Science..

Grade: 1-12

Psychol. CorP.

2:00-4:00

DOV DTS R.PK

PEABODY PICTURE VOCABULARY TEST (PPVT)
plates,
each
Vocabulary test utilizes a graduated series of 150
containing four pictures. It requires no reading by examiners.
Grade: 2yr -Adult

0:05-0:10

Individual

$14.00

AGS

DO7 DTS R.PK

SCREENING TEST 'FOR AUDITORY COMPREHENSION OF LANGUAGE
identifying
those
This screening test is an efficient method of
Composed of 25 items,
children in need of more in-depth testing.
it is designed for small, group administration by the classroom
teacher.
Ages; 3-6

0:05-0:10

Group

$4.75

Learning Concepts

DOV
SEQUENCED /NVENTORY OF COMMUNICATION DEVELOPMENT
A diagnostic test, to evaluate communication abilities of normal and
retarded children. Kit includes over 200 toys for administering.

Ages: 4mo-4yr

Untimed

Individual

$125.00

Univ. of Wash.
Press

SEQUENTIAL TESTS OF EDUCATIONAL PROGRESS (STEP) SERIES II

(see above)

SLINGERLAND SCREENING TESTS FOR IDENTIFYING CHILDREN WITH SPECIFIC

DOV DTS R.PK
LEARNING DISABILITY
These tests identify ptobable perceptual motor difficulty: visual,
auditory or kinesthetic.
Grade: 1-5

1:00

Individual
or Group

$30.50

Ed; Pub. Ser.

(for all)

DOV DTS R.PK

SPECIFIC LANGUAGE DISABILITY TEST
Test evaluates perception in visual discrimination, visual memory/
visual to motor coordination, perception in auditory discrimination, auditory-to-visual coordination, and comprehension. All
written sections evaluate handwriting and ability to follow direc,

tions.

Grade: 6-8

0:10-0:15

Individual

$8.75

Ed. Pub. Ser.

TEST FOR AUDITORY COMPREHENSION og LANGUAGE ENGLISH/SPANISH DOV DTS R.PK

Rest
Measure a child's receptive language in English or Spanish.
covers vocabulary, litorphology and syntax.
Agest 3-6

0:10-0:20

Individual

$39.95

Learning Concepts

158

MATH:

ACHIEVEMENT & DIAGNOSTIC

ANALYSIS OF READING SKILLS: READING AND MATHEMATICS- -Specimen Set

DTS
Three short tests designed to provide a means of determining the
most appropriate time for a child to enter reading and mathematics
programs. Directions given in both English and Spanish.
Grade: .reS-1

0:30-0:40

Individual
or Group

$1.80

Houghton Mifflin

BASIC ARITHMETIC SKILL EVALUATION (BASE)

DTS
Allows evaluator to quickly assess each student's arithmetic skills
and deficiencies and to plan a progruiof remediation using tests
and materials from the classroom
Grades 1-8

Varying
times

Inlidual Complete

Imperial Int.
Learning Corp.

.1-8 ($239.)

BRIGANCE DIAGNOSTIC INVENTORY OF EARLY DEVELOPMENT

(see above)

CIRCUS, LEVEL A, B, C, and D

(see above)

CRITERION TEST OF BASIC SKILLS

(see above)

ESSENTIAL MATH AND LANGUAGE SKILLS

(see above)

EVERYDAY SKILLS TESTS (EDST) --Specimen Set

Measures the skills in reading and mathematics necessary for effective participation in today's society. Criterion referenced.

Grade: 6-12

0:30-0:40per test

Group

$5.00

CTB/McGraw

FOUNTAIN VALLEY TEACHER SUPPORT SYSTEM,IN MATHEMATICS--Specimen Sets DTS

Provides self-administered tests on audio tapes which diagnose student deficiencies. Nine strand3 are covered: numbers and operations,
geometry, measurement, application of mathematics statistics.
Grade: K-8

Tapes

Individual Custom Pkgd.

Zweig Assoc.

ILLINOIS TEST OF PSYCHOLINGUISTIC ABILITY (ITPA)

DOV DTS R.PK
Test measures auditory decoding, visual &waling, auditory-vocal
association, vocal encoding, automatic-sequential ability, auditoryvocal automatic ability, visual motor assoclation, auditory-vocal
sequencing ability and visual motor sequencing ability; it also
evaluates visual auditory And grammatic cicqure.
Grade: 2-10

0:45-1:00

Individual

153

$58.00

U. of Ill. Press

159

DOV DTS R.PK

KBYMATH DIAGNOSTIC ARITHMETIC TEST (KEYMATH)
Provides a diagnostic assessment of skill in mathematics. Contains
14 subjects in three major areas: Content (numeration, fractions,
geometry, & Symbols); Operations (addition, subtraccion, multiplication, division, mental computation & numerical reasoning);
halications (Imrd problems, missing elements, money measurement &
time); and Metric (Linemaiy,mass, capacity, area, temperature).
,

Ages: PreS-6

0:30

Individual

$23.65

AGS

METRO 1978 METROPOLITAN ACHIEVEMENT TESTS

(see above)

SEQUENTIAL TESTS OF EDUCATIONAL PROGRESS (STEP) SERIES

(see above)

DOV DTS
STANFORD DIAGNOSTIC MATHEMATICS TESTSpecimen Set
This test is designed on two different grade levels to diagnose
specific weaknesses in working with numbers. Specifically the focus
is on an unaerstanding of properties of the number system and on
computation. It does not deal with problem solving.
Grade: 2-8

Untimed.

Group

$2.90

Harcourt

MISCELLANEOUS

DOV DTS R.PK

ASSESSING THE LEARNING DISABLED: SELECTED INSTRUMENTS
The text briefly describes more than 300 assessment tools applicable
for the evaluation of children and adults with specific learning
disabilities in terms of age applicability, time to administer, and
salient ch zacteristics.
$5.00

Academic Therapy

DOV DTS
BEHAVIOR PROBLEM CHECKLIST
An instrument which the authora believe can provide wider, more'
systematic and more objective information about deivant behavior
than can unaided clinical observation.
Grade: K-4

Untimed

Individual
or Group

Children's Research Center,

Univ. of Ill.

DOV
CLASSROOM SCREENING INSTRUMENTS
AA instrumer to enable any classroom teacher to identify and make
specific learning disa .reasonable differentiation of a child's
abilities.

Grade: PreS-12

Untimed

Group

$15.95/ Learning Pathways

$16.95

160

DEVELOPMENTAL TASK ANALYSIS

Consists of 100 behavioral tasks that are basic to success in
learning. Rating scale from 0 to 3.
Grade: 2-4

Untimed

Individual

$2.55

DTS

Pearon

MATHEMATICS TESTS AVAILABLE IN U.S.

DTS

$1.50

NCTM

$25.00

Gryphon

MATHEMATICS TESTS AND REVIEWS

DTS

THE NEXUS: TEST RESULTS TO INSIGHT FOR REMEDIATION

$6.00

R.PK
Academic'Therapy

MOTOR
A PSYCHOEDUCATIONAL INVENTORY OF BASIC LEARNING ABILITIES
DTS R.PK
This instrument identifies suspected learning disabilities. It has
not been standardised and relies entirely on the examiners subjecThe inventory samples educational tasks from 53
tive evaluation.
basic learning abilities grouped in, six major areas of learning:
gross-motor development, sensory motor integration, perceptual-motor
skills, language development, conceptual skills and,socialixation.
Ages: 2-14

1:00-2:00

Individual

$9.75

Fearon

MOVEMENT SKILLS SURVEY

Developed tip assist in evaluating selectedAmpects of a child's
Sensory-motor and movement skills include comotor developaant.
ordination and rhythm, agility, flexibility, strength, sreed,
balance, endurance, and body awareness. To be used with FrosteryMaslaw-Move-Gxow-Learn Program.
Grade: K-2

Untimed

Individual

$4.89

PERCEPTUAL-MOTOR BEHAVIORS CHECKLIST

Informal checklist fox developing motor skills.
Ages: 3-7

Untimed or timed

Individual

Follett

DOV DTS R.PK

U. of Cal.

R.PK
SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA SENSORY INTEGRATION TEST
These tests detect and determine the nature of sensory integration
They consist of a battery of 17 tests. The tests
dysfunction.
measure visual, tactile, And kinesthettcPercep tion in addition to
several types of motor performance.
Ages: 4-10

1:00-1:15

Individual

$98.50

Western Psychological

161
.4

R.PK
-SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA POSTROTARY NYSTAGMUS
of
A standardized procedure to evaluate the normalcy of the duration
nystagmus following rotation as an indicator of disorders in the

vestibular vete..
Ages: 5-9

5:00

Individual

$39.50

Western Psychological

PERCEPTION/SENSORY
DTS
A PERCEPTUAL TESTING AND LEARNING GUIDE FOR KINDERGARTEN TEACHERS
Also
proA guide for testing and evaluating visual motor skills.
cedures for .teachi.ng_methods that can be used to help children
develop neceSsaryllearning skills.
Grade: IC

Untimed

Winter Haven Lions

Research Found.

Individual
or Group

A PSYCHOEDUCATIONAL INVENTORY OF BASIC LEARNING ABILITIES

(See above)

ANN ARBOR LEARNING INVENTORY

skills,
'Covers visual discrimination, visual motor coordination
sequential memory skills, auditory skills, comprehension skills.
Grade: 2-4

Untimed

Individual

$4.50

Ann Arbor Ptblish.

DOV DTS
AUDITORY MEMORY SPAN TEST
Assesses abil!ty to retain and recall familiar, isolated words
received aurally.

Ages: 5-8

0:05-0:10

Individual

$11.00

Western Psych.
Ser.

DOV DTS
AUDITORY SEQUENTIAL MEMORY TEST
Assesses ability to repeat from immediate memory an increasing
Determines child's readiness for learning to
series of digits.
raad and speak with accuracy. Related to spelling and math.

Ages: 5-8

0:05

CIRCUS. LEVEL A, Be C AND D

(see above)

DETROIT TESTS OF LEARNING APTITUDE

(see above)

Individual

$11.00

Western Psych.
Ser.

162

PERCEPTION/SENSORY
DEVELOPMENTAL TEST OF VISUAL MOTOR INTEGRATION
DCV DTS R.PK
Test detects problemb in visual-motor integration by using geometric
form reproductions in an increasingkorder of difficulty.
.

Grade: 2-8

0:10

Group

$12.35

rollett

ILLINOIS TEST OF PSYCHOLINGUISTIC'ABILITY (ITPA)

(see above)

tat

JORDON LEFT-RIGHT REVERSAL TEST

This test diagnoses neurologicaltreading preblems by measuring the
relative frequency of letter and number reversals.
It determines
at what point these reversals become significant as a minimal neuro7
logical impairment symptom.
Ages: 5-12yrs

0:20

Individual

$3.50

Academic Therapy

LANGUAGE-STRUCTURED AUDITORY RETENTION SPAN TEST (LARS)

(see above)

LINDAMOOD hUDI'PORY CONCEPTUALIZATION,

This,tesi is designed to test measure'auditory perception.

Grade: PreS-adult

Untimed

Individual

$13.95

R.PK

Teaching Resources

MOTOR:FREE VISUAL PERCEPTION TEST--Specimen Set

DOV
This quick and reliable test measures a child's visual-perceptual
abilities without involving any motor component.
Age: 4-8yrs

0:10

Individual. $17.00

Academic Therapy

OLIPHANT AUDITORY DISCRIMINATION MEMORY TEST

This test measures auditory-discrimination ability.
Grade 1-adult

0:05-0:15

Individual
or Group

$1.50.

DOV DTS R.PK

Educators PUb.
Service

OLIPHANT AUDITORY SYNTHESIZING TEST

DOV DTS R.PK
This test assesses the ability to listen to a word spoken in separate
phonemes, and to memo4ze and blend these phonemes in correct sequence in order to assign them a linguistic meaning.
Grade: 1-adult

0:05-0:15

Individual

$1.50

Educators Pub. Ser.

PUPIL RECORD. Cf EDUCATIONAL BEHAVIOR (PREB)

DOV DTS R.pK
This diagnostic inventory evaluates a child's level and pittern of
functioning. Covers gross motor coordination, fine motor skills,
visual motor integration, auditory and visual perception, associatian and generalization, language development, mathematical concepts.
'Grade: PreS -upper primary

.4

Untimed

Individual

$49.95

Teaching Res.

163

Do

DOV DTS R.PK

QUICK NEUROLOGICAL SCREENING TEST (QNST)
It measures sensory loss
This test detects neurological deficits.
emotional and
as well as large and small muscle coordination',
for number con).intellectual prOblems. The QNST evaluates readiness
deficits.
cepts and also identifies auditory and visual perceptual
Grade: Itadult

0:20

Individual .$12.00

Academic Therapy

SLINGERLAND SCREENING TESTS FOR IDENTIFYING CHILDREN WITH SPECIFIC

LANGUAGE DISABILITY
(see above)

DOV
STUDENT DISABILITY SURVEY
beyond
resources
Device to screen school children who need assistance
academics, poor
in regular classroom. Five areas covered are: poor
intellectuality, poor attention, poor classroom involvement, excesiive aggressiveness.
3
Grade: Ungraded

0:03-0:05

Individual

$6.95

Arden Press

--Specimen Set
TEST OF NONVERBAL AUDITORY DISCRIMINATION (TENVAD)
DOV DTS R.PK
discrimination
Identifies primary grade children who have auditory
Five subjects:
problems that'may affect later academic success.
pitch, loudness, rythm, duration, tiMbre.
Grade: K(end)-3

0:15-0:20

Individual
or Group

$2.10

Follett

DOV DTS R.PK

WEPMAN AUDITORY DISCRIMINATION TEST
Easy to
A test for determining auditory discrimination ability.
articulatory speech deadminister and score. Use for predicting
Has phonetic and phonemic
fects and remedial reading problems.
balance.
Ages: 5-8

0:05

Individual

$11.00

Western Psychological

DOV DTS R.PK

WOMAN VISUAL DISCRIMINATION TEST
of ability to discriminate
Easy to administer and interpret measure
skills
between similar visual perceived formh. A test to measure
needed prior to learning to read.
Ages: 5-8

Untimed

Irildpidual

$19.50

Western Psychological

.PRESCHOOL READINESS

FOR KINDERGARTEN TEACHERS

A PERCEPTUAL TESTING AND LEARNING GUIDE
(see above)

S'6
4

164

ACTIVITY LEVEL RATING SCALE

To assist in the psychological assessment of cerebral palsied.
Ages: 2mos-5yrs

Untimed

Individual

pm/
'

K. Ban:ham

Duke Univ.

AULD ADAPTIVE BEHAVIOR SCALEPUBLIC SCHOOL VERSION

DOV
A diagnostic-prescriptive tool used in assessment. Consists of 95
behaviors important in maintaining personal independence in daily
living.

Grade: 2-6

Untimed

,Individual

$10.00

Amer. Assoc, on
Mental Deficiency

AHR's INDIVIDUAL DEVELOPMENT SURVEY--Specimen Set

DOV
To identify possible learning or,behavior problems for the purpose
of remediation or treatment.
$2.00

Priority
Innovations

AMERICAN SCHOOL READING READINESS TEST, REVISED

DOV
Designed as a survey test to determine a child's readiness to learn
to read.

Ages: 5-6

0:30

Group

$6.31 - Bobbs-blerrill

AN INVENTORY OF PRIMARY SKILLS

DTS
Consists of 300 developmental learning tasks categorized in 19.areas
for parents and teachers to use in making observations of those tasks
felt to be important in a child's learning. Also, may be used as a
basis for prescriptive instruction.
Grade: PreS-2

Untimed

Individual

$4.80

Fearon

ANALYSIS OF READING SKILLS: READI1LAND MATHEMATICS

(see above)

ASSESr'ING CHILDREN FOR EARLY PRESCRIPTIVE TEACHING (ACEPT)- -Specimen Set

DTS
Measures experience and skill'development in three major areas.

Ages: 4-7

Untimed

Individual

Economy

BASIC SCHOOL SKILLS INVENTORY (BSSI)

(see above)

BOEHM TEST OF BASIC CONCEPTS

DOV DTS R.PK
A picture test covering 50 basic concepts essential to understanding
oral communications.,
;.

Grade: K-2

0:30

Individual
or Group

$15.45

BRIGAIiii gleaSTIC INVENTORY OF EARLY DEtTTENT

Psychological
Corp.

165

DOV

THE SEMEN DROUIN DEVELOPMENTAL SPOTCHECK

To quickly assess a child's develOpment in everyday situations.
Ages: Birth-5

Cana. Co line Hosp.

Untimed

Pomona, CA 91767

DOV
CALIFORNIA PRESCHOOL SOCIAL COMPETEtiCY SCALES--Specimen Set
A 30 item, teacher's rating scale to obtain objective, numerical
evaluations of social competency.
Ages: 2:6-5.6

Individual

Untimed

$1.50

Consulting Psycho.

CAROLINA DEVELOPMENTAL PROFILE

An aid to determine the educational needs of a child;

Ages: 2-5

Individual

Untimed

$.75

DOV

Kaplan Press

DOV
CHILD DEVELOPMENT ASSESSMENT FORM
Designed to help the teacher and parent observe the child in different areas of development a4d to follow the child's progress.
!

Ages: 3-6

Individual

Mntimed

$.25

Humanics Assoc.

CHILD'S ABILITY PROFILE, FORM A

To indicate a child's placement in mOtor skills, selected discrimi
nation, and social areas. Possible use may be as a quidk instrume t
used during pre-kindergarten. registration.
Ages: 4-5

Individual

Untimed

$4.00

Instructional
.Fair

DI
A, B, C AND D
CIRCUS,
(see above)

DABERON--Specimen Set
To determine a child's readiness for academic learning
Ages: 4-6

Individual

20:0

0.00

DOV

Daberon Research
Portland; Oreg.

'MOV
.DELCO-ELFMAN DEVELOPMENTAL ACHIEVEMENT TEST
It
can
To help determine a child's tiresent level of functioriing.
aid in the preparation of an individual education plan (IEP).

Ages: 6mos-6yrs

Individual

Untimed

Del. Co. Intermedia'te

Unit, Media, PA
,

DEL R.10 LANGUAGE SCREENING TEST ( NGLISH/SPANISH)

The purpose of this test is o identify children with deviant
language skills for age, len. uage and background.

Ages: 3yrs-6yrs limos

Untimed

Individual

.190

$12.60

DOV

National Ed.
Lab. Pub., Inc.

DETROIT TESTS OF LEARNING APTITUDE

(see above)

DEVELOPMENTAL INDICATORS FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF LEARNING (DIAL)

DOV
This screening test detects potential learning problems. Deals
with the multidimensipnal concepts of gross motor, fine motor, communications and concepts. The test presents one stimulus at a time.
Ages: 2-5

Untimed

Individual

$99.50

Dial, Inc.

DEVELOPMENTAL READING
DOV
A diagnose and prescribe reading
keyed to specific behavioral
objectives, not tied to any particul r basal system.'

Grade: PreK-adult $150-$16.00 (depending on level)

Paul Amidon &

Associates, Inc.

'

DEVELOPMENTAL TEST tv InSUAL MOTOR INTEGRATION

(see above)

EARLY CHILDHOOD St.iVEY: A DIAGNOSTIC ASSESSMENT OF LEARNING SKILLS

DTS
The ECS materials evaluate visual perception skills, Auditory perception skills, language cognition and motor skills.
"Grade: K-2

Untimed

Individual

$55.00

ECS, Inc.

FARGO PRESCHOOLS SCREENING TEST

To identify four year olds with potential learning problems
Age: 4yrs

15:00

Indiyidual

DOV

Fargo Public Schools

Fargo, N. Dakota

INITIAL LEARNING ASSESSMENT

DOV R.PK
To ascertain the gross accitisition of a child's abilities in order
than an individual edUcation program can be provided.

Age: Not stated

UnO.med

Individual

$4.75

Academic Therapy

KINDERGARTEN ASSESSMENT PROFILE AN16 SKILLS SURVEY (KAPS)

DTS R.PK
Provides an individual diagnosis and developmental profile of a
child's strengths and, weaknesses.,

Grade: K

Untimed

A.I. DuPont District

Wilmington, DE

Individual
or Group

KINDERGARTEN AUDITORY SCREENING TESTS (KAST)

(see above)

DOV
K/NDERGARTEN EVALUATION OF LEARNING POTENTIAL (KELP)
This instrument evaluates learning potential. Assesses three levels
of learning-association, conceptualization and creative self expres.

sion.

Grade: K

0:30-0:45

Individual

$149.12

1 91

McGraw-Hill

167

DOV
KOHN PROBLEM CHECKLIST & KOHN SOCIAL COMPETENCE SCALE
children
Designed to assess the social-emotional functioning of young
in preschool settings.
Age: 3-6

Untimed

$5.00

Individual

Martin Kohn, Ph.D.

LANGUAGE-STRUCTURED AUDITORY RETENTION SPAN TEST (LABS)

(see abtove)

LINDAMOOD AUDITORY CONCEPTUALIZATION TEST

(see above)

R.PK
METROPOLITAN READINESS TESTS
meaning,
listenThese group administered tests measure ability in word
and copying. A
ing, letter recognition, picture matching, numbers
supplementary section includes a draw-a-man test that measures perceptual maturity and motor control.
Grade: K-1

1:00

$12.15

Group

Harcourt

DOV R.PX
to arrive at a verbal
Scale uses verbal =prehension and memory tests
scale that measures form recognition,
score. Also includes a nonverbal
simple puzzle skills.
'tracing, picture completion, block building, and

MINNESOTA PRESCHOOL ,."7kLE

Ages: 1-6

0:10-0:30

Individual

$43.00

AGS

MOTOR FREE VI.UAL PERCEPTION TEST

(see above)

DOV
NORTHWEST SYNTAX SCREENING TEST
strucsyntactical (grammatical)
To provide rough screening for the
Best used in conture of laaguage, both expressive and receptive.
(articulative, vocabujunction with other speech and language tests
lary comprehension, etc.)

Age: 3yr-7yr llmo

Untimed

Individual

Unknown Northwest Univ.

OCHLOCKNEE FIVE.YEAR OLD SCREENING TEST

This test is designed to quickly assess a child for school and
academic readiness.
Age: Liyrs

Untimed

Individual

$.40

DOV

Southwest GA
Program for
Except. Child.

DOV
PRESCHOOLERS--Specimen Set
PARENT READINESS EVALUATION OF
weaknesses in preDesigned to determine the child's strengths and
requisite skills for formal learning.
Age: 3yi 9mo-5yr 8mo 0:30-0:45 Individual

PEABODY PICTURE VOCABULARY TEST (PPVT)

(see above)

9,2

$2.40

Priority Innov.

168

PORTAGE GUIDE TO EARLY iDUCATION

DOV R.PK
Developed to serve as a guide to teachers, aides, nurses, parents or
others who need t assess a child's behavior and plan realistic
curriculum goals that lead to additional skills.
Age: Birth-6yr

Untimed

Individual

$32.00

Portage Project

PRESCHOOL ATTAINMENT RECORD

DTS
This preschool Scale of development employs the informant-interview
method.
It provides an adsessment of ph,sical, social and intellectual functioning.

Age: 6mo-7yr

0:20-0:30

Individual

$5.00

AGS

PRE-READING SCREENING PROCEDURES TO IDENTIFY FIRST GRADE ACADEMIC NEEDS-Slingerland

DOV DTS R.PK
Test designed to evaluate auditory, visual and kiLesthetic modality
strengths in order to identify children who may have some forM of
dyslexia or specific language disability.
.

Grade: K(end)-1(begin)

Group

$14.00

'Educators Pub. Ser.

PROGRAM FOR PRE-SCHOCL VISUALLY IMPAIRED CHILDREN DEVELOPMENTAL

CHECKLIST
To assess the visually impaired child's functioning within the
normal world.
Age: Birth-5yr

Untimed

Individual N/A

DOV

Connect

THE PUPIL RATING SCALE: SCREENING FOR LEARNING DISABILITIES

DOV
This instrument idttifies learning disabilities by rating these
behavioral areas: a ditory comprehension, spoken language, orientation, motor coordination and personal-social behavior.
It yields
eight different scores.
Age: 7-10yr

0:05-0:10

Individual

Grune & Straticn

PUPIL RECORD OF EDUCATIONAL BEHAVIOR (PREB)

DOV DTS R.PK
This diagnostic inventory evaluates a child's level and pattern of
functioning. Covers gross motor coordination, fine motor skills,
visual motor integration, auditory and visual perception, association and generalization, language developments, mathematical concepts.

Grade: PreS-upper primary Untimed

Individual

$59.95

Teaching Res.

QUICK NEUROLOGICAL SCREENING TEST (QNST)

(see above)

DOV DTS R.PK

SCREENING TEST FOR AUDITORY COMPREHENSION OF LANGUAGE
This screening test is an efficient method of identifyins those children in need of more in-depth testing. Composed of 25 items, it is
designed for small group administration by the classroom teacher.
Ages: 3-6

0:05-0:10

Group

$4.75

93

Learning Concepts

169

SCREENING TEST FOR THE ASSIGNMENT OF REMEDIAL TREATMENTS--Specimen

DOV
Set
To provide dependable information concerning children's performance
in important skill areas essential for learning.
Age: 4yr Gmo-6yr 5mo

1:00

Group

$3.50

Priority Innov.

DOV
SCREENING TEST OF ACADEMIC READINESS (STAR)--Specimen Set
This test is to screen children for early entrance into a program ,
to identify learning problems or social and emotional difficulties
for early referral.

Ages: 4yr 5mo-6yr

1:00

Group

$3.50

Priority Innov.

DOV
SEQUENCED INVENTORY OF COMMUNICATION DEVELOPMENT
A diagnostic test to evaluate communication abilities of normal and
retarded children. Kit includes over 200 toys for administering.

Age: 4mo-4yr

Untimed

Individual

$125.00

U. of Wash. Press

DOV
SIMKOV PERCEPTUAL ORGANIZATION INVENTORY
This inventory identifies children with visual-motor perception
problems.
Grade: PreS -1

020

Group

$7.25

Antof Ed. Supply

ELOSSON INTELLIGENCE TEST

(see above)

THE TARC ASSESSMENT SYSTEM

(see above)

DOV
TEMPLIN-DARLEY TESTS OF ARTICULATION--Specimen Set
Designed to measure a child's articulatory profit' Incry through a
quick screening or diagnostic test.

Age: 3-8yr

Untimed

Individual

$5.75

Univ. of Iowa

DOV DTS R.PK

TEST FOR AUDITORY COMPREHENSION OF LANGUAGE
The purpose of this test is to measure the auditory comprehension
of language structure and, on the basis of the child's performance,
permit assignment of the child to a developmental level of comprehension.
Age: 3-6yr

0:20

Individual

$39.95

Learning Concepts

DOV
VALETT DEVELOPMENT SURVEY OF BASIC LEARNING ABILITIES--Specimen Set
The survey is an aid for teachers and others in evaluation of the
developmental abilities of a child.

ID

Age: 2-7

Untimed

Individual

1 94

$1-25

Consulting Psych.
Press

170

DOV DTS R.PK

VINELAND SOCIAL MATURITY SCALE
The central purpose of this scale is to represent some particular
aspect of the ability to look after ones own needs. Measures such
aspects of social ability as self-direction and social participation.
Grade: 1-adult

Individual

Untimed

AGS

$4.80

DOV
WOODCOCK JOHNSON PSYCHO-EDUCATIONAL BATTERY
This test provides an overview of learning aptitudes, scholastic
achievement, cognitive ability and interest level for student
evaluation.
Age: PreS-adult

Individual

0:20-?

$69.00

Teaching Resources

DOV DTS R.PK

YELLOW BRICK ROAD
Designed to provide insight into strengths and weaknesses of a
child in each area of functioning; enable the early identification
of children for referral and therapy.
Age: 5-6yr

READING:

Individual

1:00

$29.95

Learning Concepts

READING RELATED

READING AND MATHEMATICS

ANALYSIS OF READINESS SKILLS:

(see above)

CRITERION TEST OF BASIC SKILLS

DEVELOPMENTAL READING

(see above)

(see above)

DOV
DURRELL LISTENING READING SERIES--Specimen Set
and
a
parallel
listening
This instrument consists of a reading test
test that measures understanding of the spoken word.

Grade: 1-9

1:10-1:20

EVERYDAY SKILLS TEST (EDST)

Individual

Unknown

Harcourt

(see above)

DTS
FOUNTAIN VALLEY TEACHER SUPPORT SYSTEM IN READING
Measure
student's
mastery
Self-administered tests on audio-tapes.
in fine skill areas: phonetic analysis, structural analysis, vocabulary
development, comprehension and study skills. Cross-referenced to all
major basal programs.

Grade: 1-6

Tapes 8-16 min.

Individual

Custom Pkg.

Zweig Assoc.

DOV
GRAY ORAL READING TEST
Measures
Tests consists of 13 graded passAges in each of four forms.
and assists
growth in oral reading, diagnoses reading difficulties
with pupil placement in grades and grading groups.

Grade: 1-adult

Untimed

Individual

$15.00

Ed. Progress Corp,

171

-NNW-

INDIVIDUALIZED CRITERION REFERENCED TESTING: READING

DOV DTS
Tests learners reading skills against specific objectives. Provides
means for planning individualized reading instruction. Direct correlations to existing basal readers computer scored.
Criterionreferenced.
Grade: 1-8

Untimed.

Individual

METRO 1978 METROPOLITAN ACHIEVEMENT TESTS

$15.00

Ed. Progress. Corp.

(see above)

OBJECTIVES-REFERENCED BANK OF ITEMS AND TESTS READING AND COMMUNICATION

SKILLS OBJECT/VES (ORBIT)--Specimen.Set
DTS
A list of 335 reading skill objectives from which customized, criterion
referenced tests can be produced. Educators choose thi-'1nstructional
objectives they determine kmportant. Criterion referenced.
Grades: K-12

Group

$4.00

CTB/McGraw

PHONICS PROFICIENCY SCALES

DOV R.PK
These scales measure proficiency and Should not be used for teaching
phonics.
The scales are not tests, they merely assess growth and
progress in performing the skills basic to reading and spelling.
Grade: 1-6

0:20-0:40

Individual

$11.00 (both)

Ed. Pub. Ser.

DTS
PRESCRIPTIVE READING INVENTORY--Specimen Set
A criterion referenced testing system that measures student mastery
It is useful for diagnosof reading objectives commonly taught K-6.
ing student's needs in reading and prescribing instructional interventions.

Grade: K-6

Untimed

Group

$10.00

CTB/McGraw

DTS
READING DIAGNOSIS KIT
Gives a description of each diagnostic technique directions for using
the techniques and diagnostic tests that can be copies.

Individual
or Group

Grade: 1-12

$14.95

SEQUENTIAL TESTS OF EDUCATIONAL PROGRESS (STEP) SERIES II

Center for App.

Res. in Ed.
(see above)

DOV DTS R.PK

STANFORD DIAGNOSTIC READING TEST--Specimen Set
This test identifies specific strengths and weaknesses in reading
comprehension, vocabulary syllabication, beginning and ending sounds,
auditory skills, various aspects of phonetic analysis and rate of
reading should be administered in three sessions.
Age: 2-8

1:50-2:00

Individual

$2.90 ea.

1 96

Harcourt

172

DOV
WISCONSIN DESIGN FOR READING DEVELOPMENT--Specimen Set
Tests consist of four individually administered tests at varying
levels of difficulty. First level tests include rhyming words/
shapes, letters and numbers, words and phrases and many other language related subjects. The highest level test includes subjects in
sight vocabulary, silent letters, syllabification, accent, schwa and
possessiveness.
Grade: K-4

0:30-0:40

Individual

WS Ed. System

$6.00

DOV
WOODCOCK JOHNSON PSYCHO-EDUCATIONAL BATTERY
This test provides overview of learning aptitudes, achievement,
cognitive ability and interest level for student evaluation, divided
in three parts.
Age: PreS-adult

0:20-?

Individual

$69.00

Teaching Resources

DOV DTS R.PK

WOODCOCK READING MASTERY TEST mnrxxx30
individual
tests
which
yield separate
This test battery includes five
It's comprised of letter identifiscores as well as a total score.
cation, word attact, word comprehension and passage comprehension.
Tests are criterion referenced. Provides socio-economic adjusted
norms as well as traditional total group norms.

Grade: K-adult

0:20-0:30

Individual

$20.50 (Form A)
$22.00 (Form B)

AGS

SOCIAL ADJUSTMENT/PERSONALITY SCALE

(see above)

A PSYCHOEDUCATIONAL INVENTORY OF BASIC LEARNING ABILITIES

DOV
AAMD ADAPTIVE BEHAVIOR SCALE
Scale consists of 100 individual
Behavior scale for EMH/SEM persons.
explicit items describing skills and habits for daily living.
Ages:

All

Untimed

Individual

$6.00

AMID ADAPTIVE BEHAVIOR SCALE-PUBLIC SCHOOL VERSION

Amer. Assoc. for

Mental Deficiency

(see Above)

ASSESSING CHILDREN FOR EARLY PRESCRIPTIVE TEACHING (ACEPT)

(see above)

DOV
BURKS BEHAVIOR RATING SCALE
Including
excessive
self
blame,
poor
Measures patterns of behavior.
conformity plus 14
ego strength, poor reality contact, poor social
moore.

Grade: PreS-K
& 1-8

Untimed

Individual

$7.95 (ea.)

Arden Press

173

CAINE-LEVINE SOCIAL COMPETENCY SCALESTSpecimen Set

DOV
A 44 item behavioral rating scale to estimate social competence of
the children in the following areas: self-help, initiative, social
skills and communication.
Age: 5-13

Untimed

Individual

$1.75

Consulting Psy.
Press

DEVEREUX CHILD BEHAVIOR RATING SCALE

DOV
This behavior rating scale was developed to enable those persons in
close contact with a child to describe and communicate to others the
;
behaviors that the child is displaying. This scale assesses such areas ;
as basic self-care, attentive power, need for independent mastery,
and four areas related to social functioning.
Age: 8-12

Untimed

Individual

$4.50

Devereux Press

DEVEREUX ELEMEFTARY SCHOOL BEHAVIOR RATING SCALE

DOV
A behavioral measuring device to aid teacher in focusing upon behavioral difficulties affecting academic performance so that
remedial action may be taken.

Grade: Elementary Untimed

Individuai4J4.50

Devereux Press

MEASUREMENT OF SOCIAL COMPETENCE

A manual for the Vineland Social Maturity Scale.
Grade: 1-adult

$9.50

DTS

AGS

THE PUPIL RATING SCALE: SCREENING FOR LEARNING DISABILITIES

(see above)

STUDENT DISABILITY SURVEY (see above)

VINELAND SOCIAL MATURITY SCALE

DOV DTS R.PK
The central purpose of this scale is to represent some particular
aspect of the ability to look Xter one'sown needs. Measures such
aspects of social ability as self-sufficiency, occupational activities, communication, self-direction, and social participation.
Grade: 1-adult

Untimed

Individual

$4.80

AGS

WALKER PROBLEM BEHAVIOR IDENTIFICATION CHECKLIST

DOV DTS R.PK
Fifty statement checklist to quickly identify bheavior problems.
Provides scores for five scales: acting out, withdrawal, distractibility, disturbed peer relations and immaturity.
Grade: 4-6

Untimed

Individual

$10.50

Western Psych.

INDIVIDUALIZED EDUCATION PROGRAM

AAXD ADAPTIVE BEHAVIOR SCALE-PUBLIC SCHOOL VERSION

(see above)

174
.1

Ran(
ACTIVITIES FOR DEVELOPING wpm, PERCEAION
exercises that train
A manual that presents practical and easy-to-do
and develop the visual-perceptual abilities f)f children.
$2.00'

Grade: K-6

CAROLINA DEVELOPMENTAL PROFILE

(see above)

CHILD DEVELOPMENT ASSESSMENT FORM

DABERON

Academic Therapy

(see above)

(see above)

DELCO-ELFMAN DEVELOPMENTAL ACHIEVEMENT TEST

(see above)

DEVELOPMENTAL TEST OF VISUAL MOTOR INTEGRATION

DIAGNOSTIC INVENTORIES:
Grade: 1-5

DIZ-VOSTIC INVENTORIES:
Grade: 1-5

DOV

MATH
0:05-0:10

Individual

Unknown

U. of Oregon

DOV

READING
0:05-0:10

.1

(see above)

Individual

Unknown

U. of Oregon

DTS
EBSCO KIT 1
and Profound and TMR
This kit was developed for teacIlers of Severe
teaching
the IEP.
student, as a resource in developing und
$110.00

EBSCO Curr.
Materials

DOV DTS
EBSCO KIT 2
students
with behavioral
This kit was developed for teachers who have
Resources are provided for the deand attitudinal deficiencies.
velopment of the IEP.
$110.00

EBSCO Curr.
Materials

DOV
EBSCO KIT 3
for the older MR student. ProThis kit was specifically developed
help develop an IEP effectively.
vides the teacher with information to
$110.00

EBSCO Curr.
Materials

FARGO PRESCHOOL SCREENING TEST

learning problems.
To identify four year olds with potential
Age: 4 yrs

15:00

Individual

DOI/

Fargo Public
Sc;iols, Fargo,
N. Dakota

(ora

175

HANOWOK fl DIAGNOSTIC TEACHING

DOV DTS R.PK
Diagnostic handbook focusing on skills in reading, writing, spelling,
arithmetic and language. A "How-To" manual. Used with duplicator
master 'books.

$19.95

Allyn & Bacon

TEACHER'S HANDBOOK OF DIAGNOSTIC INVENTORIES

DOV DTS
Spirit master's covering spelling, reading, handwriting and
arithmetic.
$19.95

Allyn & Bacon

TEACHER'S HANDBOOK OF DIAGNOSTIC SCREENING

DOV DTS
Spirit master's covering auditory, motor, visual and languages
$19.95

Allyn & Bacon

INDIVIDUALIZED EDUCATION PROGRAM (IEP)

DOV DTS R.PK
Planning, Placement, Implementation, and Evaluation forms and folder
for individual program and development.
Grade:

Ungraded

$14.95 kit
._

Mesa Publicatiops

INITIAL LEARNING ASSESSING

DOV R.PK
The purpose of this screening instrument is to ascertain the gross
acquisitions of a child's abilities in order that,an /EP can be
provided.
Grade:

Ungraded

Untimed

Individual

$4.75

Academic Therapy

0-

rNSTRUCTIONAL BASED APPRAISAL SYSTEM (IRAS)

DTS
IBAS is a comprehensive planning and appraisal system for writing
individual education plans, instructional planning and evaluating.
There is continuous assessment of performance integrated into the
program.

Grade: Ungraded

Untimed

Individual

$99.00

Edmark

AN INTRODUCTION TO INDIVIDUALIZED EDUCATION PROGRAM PLANS IN

PENNSYLVANIA: GUIDELINES FOR SCHOOL AGE IEP DEVELOPMENT
DTS
This guide is an introduction to the process of developing individualized education programs for handicapped, gifted and talented
children.

MINNESOTA DEVELOPMENTAL PROGRAMMING SYSTEM

The MDPS is designed to provide persons serving the developmentally
disabled individual with assessment ani programming assistance.

.2()

Outreach Training
Prog., U. of
Minn., St. Paul

176

PORTAG* GUIDE TO EARLY EDUCATION

Islet above)

bTS

POWER READING SYSTEM

enables
Combined diagnostic/prescriptive approach to reading skills
Organized
to cover
the teacher to indikridualize readin0 ihstruction.
word recognition, comprehensioh.-and study.skills.
Individual
or Group

Grade: 1-3

$113.00

BFA

A *PRACTICAL GUIDE TO WRITING GOALS AND OBJECTIVES

$2.50

DOV R.PK
Academic Therapy

k PRIMER ON IEPs FOR HANDICAPPED CHILDREN

DTS
Foundation for
Exceptional
Children

PRESCHOOL ATTAINMENT RECORD

(see above)

DISABILITY IN READING,
REMEDIAL TRAINING FOR CHILDREN WITH SPECIFIC
DOV
SPELLING, PENMANSHIP
Gillingham method used by reading specialists And remedial teachers
Technique is simple
in special classes and for individual tutoring.
approach to phonics.
$17.50

Grade: 1-6,

Ed. Pub. Serv.

DOV
PHONICS DRILL CARDS
with Specific Disability
Goes with "Remedial Training for Children
in Reading, Spelling, Penmanship."
$15.00

Ed. Pub. Serv.

DTS R.PK
SANTA.CLARA INVENTORY OF DEVELOPMENTAL TASKS
readiness
skills
Inventory enables the teacher to assess student's
each child. Tasks are
and cieate an individual development for
coordination, visual
arranged by difficulty into eight areas: motor
memory,
auditory permotor performances, visual perception, visual
and conceptual
ception, auditory memory, language development
development.

Age: PreS-7yrs

Untimed

Individual

$94.50

Zweig

R.PK
PROGRAMMING (STEP)
SEQUENTIAL TESTING AND EDUCATIONAL
input,
phases of sensory
Resource guide to curriculum covering all
sophisticated activities
organization and output, through the highly
expression.
of reading, writing, spelling and artistic
Grade: PreS-6

Untimed

THE TARC ASSESSMENT SYSTEM

(see Above)

$22.50

Academic Therapy

177

VALETT DEVEL6PMENTAL SURVEY OF BASIC LEARNING ABILITIES

(see above)

WRITING INDIVIDUALIZED PROGRAMS: A WORKB0OK FOR LD SPECIALISTS

DOV DTS R.PK
$7.50

CC Publications

178

APPENDIX B
<2,4

LEARNING

Following is a list of the many terms previously

discussed and utilized within the main text. It may be useful to the reader to review these terms periodically and to
add new words and definitions as they become relevant through
everyday experience. A common professional language is
essential to clear communication, which in tuin facilitates
implementation of a successful educational program. c,This
resource for
list is provided in hopes that it may serve as a
the building of a common language and basis of understanding.
Terms Related to Learning.
1.

AcUit - a level of sensory function that refers to

eenness of sight, hearing or. touch.

2.

Agnosia - the inability to comprehend or interpret information that is received through one of the senses:

3.

4.

Analytic Concepts - a type of cognitive style whereby

objects are categorized according to their similar
components or properties.
Assimilation - perceiving and interpretirig new information in terms of existing knowledge and understanding:

5.

Attention - the ability to concentrate or focus on

visualr auditory stimuli for a period of time.

6.

that is
Auditory Channel - pertaining td information
received Through the sense of hearing.

7.

Aversive Conditioning - a form of learning brought about

reinforcer.
througll the use of punishment or a negative

8.

9.

10.

which connotes that

Behavioral Predis osition - a concept
characterone has a ten ency toward certain behavioral
istics given certain environmental conditions.
Behaviorism - a doctrine emphasizing that organismic
activity is a product of conditioning and learning,
observable evidence.
experiences. Emphasis is placed,on
Behavior Modification - a conditioning technique deigiiiia-EiTiafie-a127Br change behavior.

'
179
0,0

11.

Centering - the ability to concentrate'on outstanding

characteristics of an object while excluding other
features.

12.

Classical Conditioning - a learning theory wherein the

subject responds lo a previously neutral stimulus after
it has been effectively paired with a stimulus which
originally produced the respunse.

U.
.

Cognition - intellectual activity of an individual. The

mental processes involving awareness, judgment,-thought
and perception.

14.

Co nitive Dissonance - inconsistency or conflict in

t oug t, actions, eliefs, etc., resulting in a motivi-\
tiGn towards tension reduct.ion.

15.

Cognitive Style - the manner in which one organizes information, solves problems, and learns generally.

16.

Collective Monologue - egocentric communication

characterized by the inability of children to listen
effectively to what others are saying.

17.

Concept - an abstract idealbr mental image formed to

represent an object or idea.

18.

Conformity. - a change in behavior which is in accordance

With some specified standard.

19.

Convergent Thinking - a mental process involved with

4-Mering information relevant to a problem and then
producing-a single response to the problem.

20.

Creativity - a mental process which allaws an individual,

to operate on a body of knowledge and produce a novel
Imaginative skill is involved.
end product or a new form.

21.

Critical Period - a point (usually early stages) at

WHialriETOTITEB-nds of attachment are made.

22.

Deduction - a process of logic whereby one derives

iFiCITIB-Conclusions from general premises through
reasoning.

23.

Defense Mechanism - a behavioral response designed to

enable one to escape anxiety.

14.

Differentiate - to markr see, or show the difference or

distinct characteristics of something.

294

180

25.

26.

Differentiation - the ability to sort out and use

(independently) dif.erent parts of the body in a specific
and controlled manner.
Directionality - the ability to determine the relationiElp between one object in space and another object.
It includes projection of right and left, up and down,
fore and aft, and directions from the body out into
space.

27.

28.

29.

30.

31.

Distractibility - a characteristic often associated with

learning disabilities that refers to the tendency to be
distracted by extraneous stimuli.
Divergent Thinking - a mental operation characterized
by the quantity and quality of different and novel
responses to a problem or idea.
Egocentrism - a style of thinking (in children) that
causes difficulty in seeing other's point of view; a
self-ce4teredness.
Encoding - that part of the communication process involving the translation of an idea into written, motoric or
verbal language.
auditory - ability to recognize meaningFigure Ground:
ful differences and be able to pick out spec!fic tones
and frequencies froia a complex background of sounds.
visual - ability to recognize meaningful
differences in oUTiFEE with varying foreground and backgrounds.
kinesthetic - ability to isolate one
body movement voluntarily from the movement of the entire
body.

32.

33.

34.

35.

Form Perception - the ability to conceive form in all its

parts, put it together as a whole unit and break it again
into individual parts.
Generalization - the tendency, act or process of respondng to a ne ated group of stimuli in a similar manner,
draw conclusions or show the applicability. At a cognitive
level, the ability to find the same generalized properties
of otherwise different stimuli.

Gifted - that quality of an individual who 'makes an extreme y high score on an intelligence test.
Handedness - the choice of the hand or side that leads in

.0

AR

181

36.

Ideational Fluency - refers to the flow and number of

items that an individual can generate.

37.

Identification - the process in which individuals perceive themselves as being alike or similar to other
people and behave accordingly.

38.

Inhibition - the forgetting or blocking out of a learned

response.

39.

Integration - the pulling together and organization of

all the stimuli which contact the organism at a given
moment.
It involves the typing together of present experiences.

40.

Intelligence - a term that encompasses an individual's

proficiency in a variety of mental areas including
problem solving, vocabulary, nutber ability, comprehension, etc.

41.

Introjection - the process of assimilating the attributes

of others or incorporating external values and attitudes
into one'S own ego structure.

42.

Learning - a relatively permanent change in behavior as

a result of experience.

43.

Learning Disabilities - those children who have a disorder in one or more of the basic psychological processes
involved in understanding or in using language, spoken or
written, which disorder may manifest itself in imperfect
ability to listen, think, speak, read, write, spell, or
do mathematical calculations; such disorders include such
conditions as perceptual handicaps, brain injury, minimal
brain dysfunction, dyslexia, and developmental aphasia.

44.

Long-term Memory - a storage system that enables individauals to retain information for relatively long periods
of time.

45.

Modality - the sensory system--auditory, visual, kinesthestic and tactile--through which one receives information.
That system Lhrough which one learns better than
through another.

46.

Negative Transfer - the interference of a previously

learned task with the learning of a new task.

47.

Object Permanenc - the mental ability that enables one

to realize t at o jects exist even if they are out of
the field of vision.

182

48.

49.

50.

51.

52.

53.

54.

55.

56.
57.

58.

Parallel Play - the play exhibited by children between

two and four and characterized by egocentrism which is
expressed in the inability of children to separate themis
selves from their own thoughts; playmate interaction
restricted.
Perception - a unified awareness derived from sensory
processes when a stimulus is presented. It is a sensawith
tion or experience which is combined or integrated
by
stimuli
previous experiences. Perception is controlled
that is received and interpreted, memory, etc.
Perceatual Constancies - the tendency of an object to
remain the same unaii-different viewing conditions.
when
Play - spontaneous behavioral patterns that emerge
activity
solely
for
the
one engages in an unstructured
pleasure that it offers.
Positive Transfer - the condition in which the learning
of one task aidi-in the learning of another.
Prehension - the ability to grasp objects between the
fingers and opposing thumb.
Projective Test - a personality test in which subjects
stimuli
are asked to responC to a standardized set of
and explain what they see. Certain drawing tests are
considered projective.
Regression - a defense mechanism characterized by the
individual's reverting to behavioral responses characteristic of earlier developmental levels.
Reinforcement - the process of strengthening a response.
Repression - the defense mechanism characterized by the
tendency to push from levels of awareness those experanxiety.
ences, thoughts or impulses associated with
Reversal Learning - the tendency to learn the opposite

of what was previously learned.

59.

follow
Role - a pattern of behavior one is expected to
In a given social situation or condition.

60.

Rote Learning - the process of learning by memorization

Without regard to meaning.

61.

organized patterns of thought such as sensory

Schemata
stimuli, objects and events.

461,

183

62.

63.

Self-concept - the manner 4.n which individuals perceive

ihemselves.

Self-esteem - an in4ividual's feeling of personal worthiness.

64.

Short-term Memory - the temporary retention of information (usually 30-60 seconds).

It is affe9ted by interference and interrnption.

65.

Socialization - the process of learning how to adapt in

a socially approved manner in specific environments.

66.

aatial Orientation - tha ability to organize space in

terms 67Urslance, size, position, and direction and to
determine one's physical relationship to his or her environment in.reference to these dimensions.

67.

Symbolic Functioning - an act of reference in which a

mental image is created to stand for something that is
not present.

68.

Transductive Reasoning - reasoning from particular to

particular without generalization.

69.

Trial-and-Error Learning - an individual's attempt-to

find an answer to a problem that has no clear-cut solution.

70.

Verbal Learning - a learning situation that involves the

use of words as either stimuli or as responses.

71.

Visual Channel - all of..the processes involved in the

visual (seeing) aspects of learning, including sensation,
perception, imagery and language.

184

Learning Styles
The following section reiriews key points and considerations when considering a child's specific learning style.
Some methods of learning are more effective, efficient
A child
and appropriate for a given learner than are others.
has preferences for one or more sensory channels in aiding
Input from sensory stimuli, processing,
skill acquisition.
integration and interpretation of sensory data affects the
way a child learns. Information (stimuli) is received through
one or more sensory channels. These are:
1.

Visual - learning through the eyes (seeing).

2.

Auditory - learning through the ears (hearing).

Haptic/tactile - learning by touching dnd manipulating (feeling).

Information is processed according to the impact of Presentation modes on sensory systems; hence, a child's best way
specialist
of learning. Louisa Cook, an educational
Medical
Center has postuSchool Problems Clinic, New England
lated this definition of learning style:
3.

"Learning style is the way or ways a youngester

It refers
learns best, generally and specifically.
to his preferences regarding format of presentation,
it
rate of presentation, and avenue of presentation;
the
refers to the physical environment he prefers,
social conditions he prefers, and the incentives he
needs to put forth his best effort."
Learning can also be expressed through various "output"
is expressed
modalities. The use of the auditory modalities
write or draw as an expresin oral responses; some children
(visual-motor);
still, others
sioiatof the visval modality
haptic modality.
model their responses, thereby preferring the
should include:
Some considerations of learning style
1.

The kind of activities suitable for a given

modality or preference (input, output).

2.

of the
The intellectual capacity and ability
child.

3.

4.

Areas of particular competence and deficits

(i.e., academic, motoric).
The time of greatest productivity (i.e., morning,
noon, evening).

299

185

5.

Deficit area information for remediation purposes.

6.

Attention s an characteristics and schedules.

7.

The reinforcement criteria necessary for performance.

8.

Physical environment needed for optimum growth.

9.

Environmental stimulation needed (level, type).

10.

Motivating forces and expectancies needed for

optimum per ormance.

11.

Preferred instructional activities and assignments.

12.

Teacher attitudinal stances needed for growth.

13.

The use of a variety of techniques within a

preferred modality.

14.

The format of the instructional presentation.

15.

Evaluation modality needed to clearly demonstrate

mastery of a skill.
Intellectually Directed Styles
(Social Approaches)

Learner Characteristics*

Instructional Provisions

Works alone
Works quietly
Visits library
Avoide roleplay
Handled long-term assignments
Completes assignments
Avoids group participation
Avoids extracurricular activities
Persidts at a task

Learning carrells
Frequent library use
Individual assignments
Learning stations
Learning contracts
Learning activity packets
Individual projects
Independent reading activities
Home assignments
Promote group activities
not involving leadership

tbdkner Characteristics adapted from Data Bank Guide

t les Maibstreamin Mildl Handica ed-Stuaents into
Learn&
srooms, E uca Ion Service Center, Reg on XIII,
Ras
Aus rk
f

186

Ealotiona

Learner Characteristics

Instructional Provisions

Chooses ari activities

Carel for plants and animals
Enjoys aesthetic projects
Enjoys informal activities
and performances
Cooperates in projects
Is not contest oriented
Is environmentally stimulated

Plays, creative dramatics

Music.groups
Story telling
Individual/group
Activities for arrangements
Art objects
Riddles

Structured Styles

Time schedules
Tests requiring single
responses or specified
anPwers
Exeeriments with specific
outcomes
Reinforcement, Continuous
checks
Specific examples of
assignments
Systematic scheduling of
assignments
Simple experiments

Needs scheduling
Needs consistency 4n programming
Needs clear directions and
instructions
Engages in convergent thinking
Must be given specific
assignments
Goal-setting must be realistic
Works well with homogeneous
groups
Is satisfied with status quo

Open Structured Styles

Has many interests
Moves from one activity to
another (without completion)
Assignments not done on time
Long-term assignments usually
not done unless deadline
given
Procrastinates
Likes written assignments
carrying out tasks
Difficulty
Needs more structure
Good verbal skills

.e

Puzzles
Riddles
Brain TeaSers
Brainstorming sessions
Discussions/planning
sessions
Written assignments
Short-term reports
Social interaction assignments
Interviews, debates

187

Slowly Paced Styles

Learner Characteristics

'InstruationtI PtoVisions
c.

Works slower than average

"Task incomplete in presc:ibed
time
Needa directions repeated and
given in small steps
Is frustrated by timed tests
and/or assignments
Works with deliberation
May daydream

Simple directions with

realistic assignments
Short-step assignments
No long-term assignments
Use typewriter for scme
written assignments
Use informal tests 4 and
inventories

Rapidly Paced Syles

Works Rapidly
Dislikes proofreading,
checking work.
Enjoys physical activity
Must have enough work to do
Short, intense attention span
Prefers short-term assignments
Is bored with non-challenging,
slow instructional methods

Give speed tests in

mathematics, spelling
Use learning stations,
packages
Use audio-visualapaids
with specific followup
assignments
Make keys for self-checking assignments
Give series of short-term
assignments

Social Styles,

Works well in groups

Leads many activities
Doesn't settle to quiet study
very easily
Has trouble starting tasks
Enjoys "fun" assignments
Learns by watching
Participates in group
activities

Teach through use of game,s

Structure assignments
Get student "started" on
a task
Learning station), packets
Audio-visual aids
Riddles, puzzles
Physical activities

/AI

188

Styles of Learning and Behavioral Objectives

The process of learning as it relates to the young child
has been discussed in terms of main developmental areas
(cognitive, motor, language, social, self help), sensory modes
and learning styles. In addition, the development of a child
can be conceptualized as occurring within three main domains:
the Cognitive, the Psychomotor, and the Affective. This is
another perspective of the learning process that can serve as
a reinforcement and further clarification of the material
previously presented.
Behavioral objectives must be developed before the teacher
considers how he/she will teach whatever. Objectives can be
categorized into three major areii==aircognitivepthe psychomotor and the affective domains. Understanding these areas
leads logically to attention to levels of learning and behavioral output.
The Cognitive Domain

Benjamin Bloom and Associates in .Taxonom of Educational

Objectives have,organized intellectual behavior into a
archy which enables teachers to identify cognitive behaviors,
thus organizing objectives into the type of cognitive behaviors which can be elicited from a learner. The taxonomy
proceeds from simple knowledge to higher levels of complex
mental activity.
These categories are:
Level

Objectives
The student will:

Repeat the poem "The Swing" from memory

wit,hout errors.

KNOWLEDGE

Recognize each animal by pointing and

saying its name when presented with pictures of different animals.
Label by saying the names of ten body
parts when presented with a doll.

189

9biectives

Level

The student will:

Select from ten given selections those

''.which are 1:ound.

(After viewing a filmstrip) distinguish

between correct and incorrect actions of
participants by checking ten correct
eating habits to be used.

COMPREHENSION

Choose those characteristics which exemplify

the male species by matching all of the
pictures given.
The student will:

Calculate to the nearest foot the perimeter

of the classroom by using a yardstick.
III

Estimate the amount of cement needed in

building a patio step without the use of
formal, written arithmetic.

APPLICATION

Construct three examples of a compound,

complex sentence within a 50 word paragraph.
The student will:

State in writing at least five of the

logical fallacies which the author used in,
preienting-hiti argument favoring the use
of the computer.
IV

Diagnose the problem with the electrical

wiring and list possible solutions for
repair without the use of a manual.

ANALYSIS

Resolve the difference between the use of

the following machines in alleviating
pressure by writing a plan for the use of
(List two machines.)
one of the machines.

190

Ob'ectives

Level

The student will:

Devise an original solution to the problem

of transporting water from one container to
another.by drawing without the use of a
manual.

Plan by writing three menus which incorporate the body requirements for balanced
meals without the use of food.charts.

SYNTHESIS
!

a11 (using a recorder) an original tale

whose elements clearly solve tde problem
found in the tale "Brer Rabbit."
The student will:

VI

EVALUATION

Judge the advantage of the

emission control system as
use of a combustion system
control using a minimum of
in a written report.

use of the
compared to the
without emission
three Variables

Estimate the real worth of the dollar on

the foreign mirrency market through the
use of a,..cbecklist containing elements of
consideration.
Predict three out of four weather forecasts
based on charts, graphs, and a film showing
weather conditions.
General Instructional Objectives - Cognitive
(Based on Bloom's Taxonomy of Educaaanal Objectives)
Knowledge

Comprehension

Defines Common Terms

Describes Basic Concepts
Identifies Methods
Labels Specific Parts
Lists Basic Procedures
Names Each Component
Outlines Specific Procedure
Reproduces Basic Design
Selects Appropriate Color
States General Principle

Converts Table of Measurements

Estimates Amount of Money
Explains Specific Reasons
Gives Examples of Principles
Interprets Charts, Graphs
Justifies Methods and Procedures
Predicts Future Consequeftces
Rewrites Written Material
Summarizes Verbal Material
Translates Languages

21

191

Application
Applies Concepts, Theories to New Situations
CoMputes and Solves Mathematical Problems
Constructs Charts and Graphs
Demonstrates Correct Use of Specific Procedure
Manipulates Procedures to Produce Changes
Modifies forMulaS to Produce Desired Results
Operates Object Based on Previous Information
Predicts Outdomes cif Tests
Prepares Overviews
Analysis

Analyzes Organizational Sructure of a Work (Art, Music)

Diagrams Basic Concepts
Differentiates Logic in Reasoning
Discriminates Facts from Inferences
Identifies Unstated Assumptions
Illustrates Relev,...it Components

Outlines Specific Components

PointsiOut Relevant Features
Separitees Irrelevant Data
Subdivides into Component Parts
Synthesis

Categorizes Ideas, Concepts, Theories

Composes Speech, Art Work
Creates--Music, Poems, Stories
Designs Plan for Scrutiny
Formulates New Schemes, Events
Generates Creative Ideas
Integrates Learning from Different Areas,into a Specific Plan
Modifies Existing Ideas, Events
Proposes Various Plans for Experiments'
Reorganizes--Plans, Areas
Revises Rules, Ideas, Plans
Summarizes Pertinent Features of Ideas, Plans, Theories
Evaluation

Appraises the Value of a Concept, Idea, Fact, etc.

Compares/Contraststhe Adequacy of an Idea, Theory, Plan, etc.
Criticizes the Efficacy of a Report, Idea, Plan, etc.
Evaluates the Value of a Work of Art, Music, Writing
Judges'the Logic of an Idea, Event, Plan, Theory, etc.
Justifies.the Value of an Idea, Plan, etc.

192

as a classif4pation
V rbs used in objectives can be usedcognitive
domain:
e (under various headings) in the
techn
Levels of Using Verbs
Comprehension

XYJwledge

Arrange
Copy
Define
Label
List
Locate
Match
Memorize
Name
Order
Place

Quote
Recall
Recite
Recognize
Repeat
Say
Select
State
Tell

Pick Out

Classify
Choose
Describe
Discuss
Explain
Express
Identify
Indicate
Locate

RecogOze
Reorganize
Report
Restate
Review
Select
Tell
Translate

Organi-ze

.Press

Application

Analysis

Synthesis'

Evaluation

Apply
Calculate

Analyze
Appraise
Calculate
Categorize
Pgmpare
Contrast
Criticize
Detect
Diagnose
Diagram
Differentiate
Discriminate
Examine
Experiment
Identify
Question
Resolve
Test

Arrange
Assemble
Compose
Create
Design
Devise
Formulate
Invent
Manage
Modify
Organize
Originate
Plan
Prepare
Produce
Propose
Set Up
Verify
Write

Appraise
Argue
Assess
Attach
Choose
Compare
Defend
Estimate
Evaluation
Judgem
Predict
Quality
Rate
Score
Select
Support
Value

Cl.00se

Combine
Construct
Demonstrate
Dramatize
Estimate
Figure
Find
Illustrate
Interpret
Operate
Practice
Schedule
Sketch
Solve
Use

so

fY

193

The Psychomotor Domain

This domain is an area which has as:a focal point the
It deals with the coordination of
neuromuscular. system.
skeletal muscles and physical activities requiring performing,
constructing, manipulating or any related mUscular action be-j
lieved to ensue from prior conscious mental activity. Physical skills relating to athletics, performing arts, speaking,
writing and the manipulating and/or operation of machines are
included. Jerrold E. Kemp and others have suggested a grouping for these activities:
1.

Gross Bodily Movements

arms
shoulders
feet
legs

2.

b.
c.

ifting heavy objects

diving in a pool

Fine Coordination Movements

hand-fingers
hand-eye
hand-ear
hand
eye
foot

3.

Examples:
throwing a ball
a.

Examples:
crocheting
a.
threading a needle
b.
c.
typing
driving a truck
d.
reading music/playing piano
e.

Non-verbal Communication
facial expressions
bodily movements/positions
gestures

4.

Examples:
painting
a.
pantomiming
b.
gesturing directions
c.
showing facial
d.
emotions

Speech Behavior

projecting/producing sound
coordinating sound/gestures
The behaviors in the psychomotor area are essential for
meeting the objectives of the cognitive domain. These behavdescribed and
iors are readily observable; hence, they can be
easily measured.

2,16)

194

E. J. Simpson has provided a starting point for creating

a nystematic mechanism (i.e., taxonomy) for categorizing objectives in the psychomotor domain:
Perception is identified aS the first step in performing a
motor task. This process of becoming aware of objects, qualities, or relations through the sense organs is the focal
point of the situation--interpretation--action chain leading
to a motor activity.
Set involves a preparatory adjustment relating to actions,
processes, experiences or skills. Identified aspects include
physical, mental and emotional dispositions.
Guided Response is characterized as an initial step in the
early development of a motor skill. The abilities that are
components of the more complex skills are emphasized. The
overt behavioral act of one individual under the guidance of
-mother can be defined as a guided response.
Mechanism is an achievement level characterized by confidence
and skfrr in the performance of a task (act). In appropriate
situations, the act becomes an habitual part of possible responses to stimuli.
Com lex Overt Res onse is a level of performance characterized
y comp ex mo or acts that are carried out with smooth, efficient movement patterns while expending a minimum of energy
and titae.

The psychomotor domain, then, can aid teachers in their

progiam planning by viewing movement as an essential area of
objective development.
General Instructional Objectives - Psychomotor

Assembles Specific Model

Builds Tower
Changes Tire Correctly
Cleans Sewing Machine
Composes System
Connects Dots
Constructs Model
Designs Plan by Dxawing
Dismantles Model
Draws Accurate Reproduction
Drills One-Inch Hole
Fastens Hooks
Grinds Seeds, Beans
Grips Handles
Manipulates Temperature
Measures Length

Mends Clothing
Mixes Ingredients
Nails Boards
Operates Mower Safely
Paints Furniture
Performs Dance Correctly
Repairs Electric Tool
Sands Board
Scales Wall
Sets Up Equipment
Sews Seam
Sharpens Blades
Sketches Design
Types at 20 Words Per Minute
Weighs Items
Wraps Sandwiches
Writes Legibly

21 9

195

The AffectiVe Domain

The affective domain is that area of behavior which deals
with attitudes, values, interests, motives, characterizations,
likes and dislikes, appreciations and other emotions.
Affective behaviors are internalized and therefore quite
difficult to measure; hence, behaviors that indicate goal accomplishment must be observed.
Bloom, Krathwohl and Masia have developed a hierarchy of
objectives in the affective domaia, Taxonomy of Educational
Objectives:
Characterizing by a Value

E.

Organizing

D.

Valuing

C.

Responding

B.

A.

A.

Receiving

Receiving

This is receiving or attending to something, thereby

demonstrating awareness of some environmental stimulus which
will be given attention and accepted.
Example:

B.

Student listens to an announced sale.

Select
Share
Accept
Accumulate

Responding

Reception of stimuli causes an active response which may be

voluntary or involuntary. Some form of participation occurs.
Example:

a.

b.

Student obeys traffic regulation

Student volunteers an answer

Active Verbs (responding)

Comply
Approve
Volunteer
Discuss
Follow
Seek
Practice

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196

C.

Valuing

This action is characterized by a willingness to accept

an event, prefer an event and/or be committed to an event
through the expression of a positive attitude.
Example:

a.
b.

Student aids in planning a party and

activities
Student contributes clothing to the
"Needy Basket"

Affective Verbs (valuing)

Help
Assist
Support
Organize
Argue
Protest
Aid
D.

Organizing

The prioritizing of different values, organizing and identifying inter-relationships. New values may be the outcome.
Example:

a.

b.

Student saves money for something special

rather than buy ice cream or go to a movie
Student makes judgments about his responsibilities at home

Affective Verbs (organizing)

Organize
Determine
Compare
Develop
Define
Formulate
E.

Characterization by a Value Complex

This level is characterized by consistent actions in accordance with beliefs/values which affect total behavior and
become a part of ;the total personality.
Example:

a.

b.

Student continues to be actively involved

with scouting
Student refuses to try techniques which
have proven limitations for him/her

Affective Verbs (characterization)

Accept
Continue
Resist
Revise
Avoid
Change

197

These five areas are difficult to assess and should be

refined in.order to find indicator tasks to identify the behaviors.

General Instructional Objectives - Affective

(Based on KrathwohIrs Vraxonomy of Behavioral Objectives)
Receiving.

Accepts Differences in Viewpoints

Asks Questions Concerning Idea, Object, etc.
Attends to Specific Activity
Chooses Specific Item
Follows Instructions
Listens Attentively
Points to Pertinent Features
Replies to Requests
Selects Appropriate Item, Activity, etc.
Shows Awareness of Object, Idea, etc.
Responding

Assists in Performing Activity

Complies with Requests for Participation
Conforms to Rules, Standards
Greets and Shows Interest in_People, Ideas, Objects
Obeys Rules
Participates in Discussions
Pract-ices Skills

Volunteers for Special Activities

Valuing

Completes Specific Assignments

Demonstrates Appreciation for Literature, Art, Music, Drama
Demonstrates Beliefs in Ideas
Follows Examples, Ideas
Forms Strategies to Improve
Initiates Program Activities
Reports Specific Ideas
Proposes Specific Solutions
Shares Specific Ideas
Shows Concern by Proposing Alternatives
Shows Concern for Others
Studies Using Problem-Solving Attitude

22

198

plualzatian,
Accepts Responsibility for Behavior
Adheres to Specific Teachings
Arranges Plans for Expression of Abilities, Beliefs, Interests
Balances Freedom and Responsibilities
Combines Plans Systematically
Formulates Plans, Ideas, etc.
Generalizes .by Accepting Strengths and Weaknesses
Integrates Teachings
Modifies Behavior to Conform
Organizes Approadhes to Solve Problems
Prepares For and Accepts Responsibility
Synthesizes Ideas into Workable Activities

Characterization b a Value or Value Complex

Displays Independence and Self-Reliance
Displays Safety Habits
Influences Others to Engage in "Good" Habits
Maintains Good Citizenship
Performs Safety Conscious Activities
Practices Punctuality, Industry, Self-Discipline
Proposes Cooperation in Activities
Questions and Maintains Objective Approauhes
Uses Objectivity in Solving Problems
Verifies Answers

Each domain is related in that objectives will involve

Successful programming in the cognitive
more than one domain.
and/or psychomotor areas must consider attitudinal development
in order to successfully implement individualized educational
programs.

199

APPENDIX C

MANAGEMENT/BEHAVIOR
Programming is a process of gearing the curriculum,
instruction and interactions to meet needs, interests, and
abilities of individual pupils.
The most important objective of programming is to refease the potential in the
individued learner. Specific planning for each child would
include:
an assessment and considerations ot,the cognitive,
social, psycho-motor, and emotional needs;

consideration of learning styles and performance

levels;

the fostering of positive self-concepts;

provision for physical constraints;
materials and equipment to be used;
evaluation strategies to be used;
opportunities for individual interests/pursuits;
consideration of the uniqueness of perceptions,
values, concepts and sensitivity toneeds;

a variety of strategies for achieving individual/

specific objectives;
organizational strategies to enhance individuality:

Preparation procedures for implementing a program

would involve the combining of humanistic approaches with
competent strategies to include:
the ability to identify interrelated elements of
normal child growth and developm:ent;
the recognition of teacher attitudes as important
variables for pupil success;
the ability to identify goals and objectives from
appropriate assessment actions
skills in assessment and programming
skill in use of task-analysis

294

aa

skill in planning for a variety of abilities and

disabilities:
-

verbal
non-verbal
learning disabilities
other (non-categorical) groups
mobile - immobile

skill in organizing
skill in managing the curriculum for various
developmental levels
1,1the ability to prescribe eotivational strategies

that enhance self-discipline

the ability to prepare/use multi-level, multi-modal,
multi-sensory assignments/materials
skill in using record-keeping techniques
skill in constructing learning stations, packets,
projects, contracts, and other individualized
assignments

strategies for parental program involvement

classroom mainstreaming techniques
skill in providing and using various disciplinary
models and techniques

techniques in using tutors and other multi-age

assistance
skill in providing a variety pf resources in program development (neighborhood, field trips, home
projects, etc.)
a thorough understanding of the psycho-social
implications involved in teaching and learhing
approaches (affective domain-attitudes, emotions)
skill in formally and informally assessing students
and incorporating this skill into programming
skill in the use of flexible grouping patterns
provisions for independent home-based taski and
study

201

skill in the preparation and use of evaluative

strategies for assessment of the IEP;
skill in developing teacher-made materials includa

ing;
-

,44ib.

pupil contracts
specialized projects
educational games
learning stations/centers
learning packages
programmed packages
individualized home/school assignments

skill in the use of parents in the implementation

of the IEP,

skill in providing a milieu which is conducive to

learning
Classroom Management Glossary of Terms
1.

Aberration - A departure from the normal or typical.

2.

Aggression - Hostile actions that cause fear or flight,

or that failing, brings the aggressor into forceful
contact.

3.

Anticipation - The noting of types of stimuli,

behaviors that cause behavioral changes; the behavioral set for specific change.

4.

Antiseptic Bouncing - The removal or restraining of a

child by allowing nim to "save face" with classmates
and sparing the teacher the problem of dealing with
the behavior. The child is removed from the class by
a counselor, social worker, etc.

5.

Approximate - To come close to or nearly correct or

exact.

6.

Avoidance - The presenting of aversive conditions as

a consequence of the child's learning to avoid a
The situation to be avoided is presented
situation.
or paired with an aversive condition.

7.

Behavior Modification - A change in behavior elicited

by reducing aversive behaviors.

26

202

8.

Cognitive Dissonance - Inconsistent or contradictory

cognitions which exist simultaneously for a person,
unclear perceptions usually result.

9.

Compensation - Devotion to a pursuit with increased

vigor tolieWe up for feelings of inadequacy (real or
imagined).

10.

Conflict - Simultaneous functioning of opposing or

EMMY' exclusive impulses, desire or tendencies.

11.

Conversion - The expression of emotional conflicts

FEFEUW-Iiiiscular, sensory or bodily symptoms of disability,malfunctioning or pain.

12.

Counteraction Need - A need, following failure, to

WEIVi74411117iTia-Eo overcome weakness.

13.

Counting - A time limit, wherein expected responses

are recorded.

14.

Cuein - Aiding a child to remember to perform a

speci ic act, at a specific time by a systematically
reminding before the action takes place (rather than
after an incorrect response).

15.

Defense Reaction - Any activity, thought or feeling

designed to close out awareness of an unpleasnat act;
arousing fact; or anything that threatens self-esteem.

16.

Discrimination - Helping a child differentiate one

correct behavior rather than another (under certain
conditions).

17.

Dis lacement - A substitute activity (differing)

resorted to when the usual response to a situation
is blocked or prevented.

18.

Diversion - Distracting the child from objectionable

pursuits by directing his attention toward more desirable activities.

19.

Dynamism - A persisting or enduring mode of behavior

that brings (temporarily) satisfaction or relief of

tension.
20.

Extinction - Stopping an aversive action or behavior

by arranging unrewarding conditions; hence, the child
receives no reinforcement.

29 /

203

21.

Fear Reduction - Gradual exposure to a feared stimulus

or situation is presented to the child to increase
acceptance while the child is comfortable and secure.

22.

Frustration Tolerance - The ability to deal with difficulties thereby achieving goals in the face of
obstacles without giving up.

23.

Hurdle-Help - Relieving frustration and anxiety, of a

child to help him/her solve a problem; misbehavior is
not the focus.

24.

Hypodermic Affection - A sudden additional quantity of

affection which a child not necessarily, warranted but
may aid in controlling an outburst.

25.

Incompatible Alternative - Alleviating a behavior by

rewardirig an alternative behavior that is inconsistent
with the desired behavior or which cannot be performed
at the same time as the undesired behavior (i.e.,
making a child (who litters) the captain of the cleanup committee).

26.

Interest Boosting - A technique of showing interest

in a task the child is performing in order to renew
interest and cause completion of the task.

27.

Intermittent Reinforcement - The gradual or decreased

The child
frequency of rewarding a correct behavior.
is encouraged to continue the desired behavior with
few or no rewards.

28.

Internalization - The adoption of an attitude as one's

'47

own.
29.

Modeling - Allowing a child to observe the performance

of a desired behavior in order that the child will be
able to perform the observed activity.

30.

Negative Reinforcement - Alleviating a behavior by

arranging a way to terminate a mild aversive situation immediately by improving the behavior.

31.

Operant Learnim - A form of learning wherein the

organism becomes progressively more likely to respond
in a given situation with the response which, in
similar situations, has brought about a satisfaction.

32.

Other-Directed Person - One who wishes to be loved and

714Tireid0-1717-Faiis.

-22

204

33.1 Physical Restrainil - Should not imply physical punishment;removing a child from aversive involvement;
holding a child in temper outburst; seizing a child to
The teacher's actions are
remove a dangerous article.
protective rather than counteraggressive.
/

34.

Planned I noring - A conscious, intentional ignoring

Of a behavlr to diminish the frequency of the behavior.

35.

Positive Reinforcement - The rewardjong of a behavioral

performance irB757Eo improve or iitcrease the likelihood of recurrance of the behavior:

36.

Itenot_k_iins, - The removal bf a child from one setting

to a more manageable setting.

37.

Proximity Control - Controlling children's impulses

by direct movement close to the child, touching in a
friendly manner.

38.

Restructuring - The changing of an activity when there

is an obvious lack of interest, restlessness, etc.

39.

Satiation - Alleviating a behavior byIllowing a child

to cont nue (or insist on his continuing) an undesirable behavior until he tires of it.

40.

Self-Actualization - The processes of developing one's

capacities and talents.

41.

Signal Interference - A preventive measure characterized by cues from the teacher to a child .(e.4., stare,
tapping, pointing) in order to help a child gain
control.

42.

Substitution - (operant conditioning) The reinforcement of a previously ineffective reward by pairing it

(presenting) in close proximity before or after presenting an effective reward.

43.

Successive Approximation - The teaching of an unfamiliar skill or behavior and rewarding successive steps
toward the final behavior.

20S

.-

The following information Right be used in planning an

effective management program.
Development of Behavior
1.

Successive Approximattsn - The teaching of an unfamiliar skill or behavior and rewarding successive steps
-toward the final behavior.

Modeling - Allowing a child to observe the performance

of a desired behavior in order that the child will be
able to perform the observed activity.
3.

4.

cati.41/ - Aiding a child to remember to perform a

specific act, at a specific time 'by a systematically
reminding before the action takes place (rather than
after an incorrect,xesponse).
Dis
cor
con
wa

rimination - Helping a child differentiate one

ect be avior rather than another (under certain
itions). Correct appropriate responses are reed.

ILEtasgAlialJatakaE
1.

positive Reinforcement - The rewarding of a behavioral

p=r ormance in order to improve or increase the likelih od of recurrence of tkle behavior.
Maintainance of Behavior

1.

2.

stitution - (operant conditioning) The reinforceent of a previously ineffective reward by pairing it

presenting) in close proximity before or after presenting an effective reward.
Intermittent Reinforcement - The gradual or decreased
frequency of rewarding a correct behavior. The child
is encouraged to continue the desired behavior with
few or no rewards.

Modification of Behavior
1.

Avoidance - The presenting of aversive conditions as

a consequence of the child's learning to avoid a
The situation to be avoided is presented
situation.
or paired with an aversive condition.

23

206

2.

Fear ReductiorPl= Gradual exposure to a. feared stimulus

or situation is presented to t. child to increase
acceptance while the child is comfortable and secure.

Alleviation of Inappropriate Behavior

1.

Satiation - Alleviating a behavior by allowing a child

Tiragaliiue (or insist on his continuing) an undesirable behavior until he tires of it.

2.

Extinction - Stopping an aversive action or behavior

by arranging unrewarding conditions; hence, the child
receives no reinforcument.

3.

Inccempatible Alternative - Alleviating a behavior by

rewarding an alternative behavior that is inconsistent
with the desired behavior or which cannot be performed
at the same time as the undesired behavior (i.e.,
making a child (who litters) the captain of the cleantap committee).

4.

Negative Reinforcement - Allevcating a behavior by

arranging a way to terminate a mild aversive situation
immediately by improving the behavior.
SPECIAL MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES FOR TEACHERS

Hurtior

To really surprise students, try using a little humor.

The teacher's response is usually incompatible with eXpecThis humanistic gesture can relieve pressure and
tations.
show teacher security.

Tape Recorder
Record yourself and analyze the tape on your way home.
Being cognizant of your verbal interactive style can lead
to improvements.

Grandma's Rule
Many behaviors in which a child will engage can be used to
reinforce those behaviors in which he will not readily
The teacher must require thepless preferred
engage.
activity before the more preferred activity is allowed
(must eat your, spinach before dessert).

e>

r-r>

207
Loa,

Silence/Non-verbal Cues
Don't let silence frighten you. This can be_a powerful
stool toward getting attending beh..4vior. Other techniques
include:

placing fingers to lips

looking at watch
holding chin in hands
e staring, looking intently
tapping.foot, finger, pencil
turning away from class
'folding arms
placing handtra hips
shifting wei4bt
snapping, clapping .
cutting off lights
biting lips
stopping abruptly and staring
looking at floor
directing with finger
AP

Ignoring
Behavior that is not reinforced or rewarded will usually
P
diminsh.
Removing Seductive Objects

This is a preventive meaiure. Objects that precipitate

aversive behaviors should be placed "out of sight, out of
mind."
Routines

All classrooms need structure. The amount is dependent/

upon the type of behaviors the children possess. Secur,ity
is needed.bk many children and can be-provided by the /
establishing of routine activities.

This technique is a signal from the teacher to the child

to help the child's control. This technique can be used
to allow .students time to prepare for questions or other
contributions.
Diversion-

Thi,s technique is designed to distract students from

objectionable behavior and directing attention to desirable actions/activities.

208

Subtle Intervention

Many times teachers overreact to many forms of misbehavior.

Drastic measures are sometimes taken when a cold stare
would suffice. The goal is to aid the student to become
more self-directed and to be responsible for his/her own
behavior.
4

Redl's Life-Space Interview Techniques

These techniques give situational assistance or "on the
spot" first-aid attention to misbehavior. The teacher'
assists by manipulating environmental barriers which
thwart pupil progress.

Counting Time
Set limits by expecting certain behavioral responses.
If
you don't get the desired response (without adding,an "or
else"), look at your watch, clock and-say I will take the.
amount of time from you that you are taking from me.
(This
technique should be explained before a situation arises
wherein it is used.)
Peer Pressure

Setting class and individual standards will allow classmates to aid in disciplining themselvei and others.
This
technique should not be used in a hostile manner.
4.

Removal to Reduce Anxiety

Having a child go to the lavatory and put cold water on
his face can help calm him/her and allow the situation to
normalize.
Be certain that removals do not destroy
rapport or self-concept.
Giving Permission
Openly "permitting" a behavior sometimes allows the behavior to become ineffective and children's interests are
If a child wishes to use profanity, tell him/her it
lost.
is fine but it must be done in places where no one can
hear it (except the child).
General Tidbits
1.

Try o understand why a child behaves in a certain

manner.

2.

Vary the levels of interest during lessons.

233

209

3.

Try to empathize rather than criticize unnecessarily.

4.

Learn behaviors that are age-appropriate.

5.

Find something positive to say about a child that

usually gets your negative remarks.

6.

Use interest inventories in order to meet specific

needs.

7.

Use field trips as learning experiences rather than as

a reward for the "good" children.

8.

Allag the class to aid with discipline rather than try

to handle all of the disciplino Imurself.

9.

Try to be humanistic in your approaches.

10.

Rememberlif lessons are not interesting, children will

find something else to bring stimulation.

11.

Don't be afraid to have class standards; the children

can help set them.

12.

Send a note home when the child has done something

positive, Parents appreciate the gesture and the
child will be exceptionally happy that he is reinforced for acting or doing something acceptable.

13.
.

14.

15.

Constantly evaluate and reevaluate your methods,

strategies, and techniques; never be afraid to change
'if something is not working.
Learn to enjoy the children in order not to think of
teaching as drudgery.
Use incomplete stories or situations whereby the
message you wish stressed is incorporated. The
children can supply the best ending.

16.

Use pictures showing good and bad situations. The

children can react in small group or class situations.

17.

Role playing of easy and difficult situations that

children must confront in the classroom, lunchroom,
playground, halls, etc., can be helpful in changing
behavior.

18.

Camera shots of good,behaviors exhibited appropriately

can be helpful.

Pr

234

\,

210

19.

Taping goad things someone said about another can help

build self-concept.

20.

Glasser's circles and other techniques can help children have a responsibility to the group.

21.

Set the kind of example you wish the children to model.

YoU can say that the children should treat you as you
treat them.

Steps to Developing Desired Behavior

1.

Define the behavior in observable/measurable terms.

2.

Determine your objective for change.

3.

Decide haw you will evaluate'and record behavioral

changes and teacher attempts to modify the behavior.

4.

Determine observation and recording length, time, etc.

5.

Gather baseline data in order to show change.

6.

Identify motivators-and reinforcers for the child.

7.

Decide what the reinforcement schedule will be.

8.

Structure the environment for success.

9.

Begin your program/procedure.

10.

Count and record progress.

11.

Chart the progress.

12.

Revied, evaluate and make the necessary revisions.

13.

Maintain the achieved behavior with intermittent reinforcement and the use of intangible rewards (i.e.,
praise, smile, hug, etc.).
Reinforcement for Behavior

Social Reinforcers
Praise:

Good
That's right
Excellent

That's interesting
Thank you
I'm pleased

22,1

11111.-

praise (continued):

Super
Fantastic
Fine
Marvelous
Perfect
Congratulations

That was first class work!

You really pay attention!
That shows a great deal of work!
Now you have the hang of it!
You did a lot of work today!
That's quite an improvement!
I'm very proud of you today!
Nothing can stop you now!
You should show this-to your father!
Show Grandmom your picture!
You really outdid yourself today!
I'm happy to see you working like that!
Boy, your brain is in high gear today!
You're working beautifully today!

Expressions:

Contact:

Smiling
Winking
Nodding
Laughing
Clapping
Blowing Kisses

Touching
Hugging
Hold hand
Sitting in lap
Shaking hand
Patting head/
shoulder

Exactly
Good job
Good thinking
That's clever
I like that
Great
---

Good,feryou
,NotTbad

Walking together
Sitting together
Eating togethek
Playing games
Sharing
Touching elbows

Activity Reinforcers:

Token Reinforcers:

Free Time
Games
Knitting
Trips
Leading
Games
Messengers
Crocheting
Goody Bags
Taking Attendance
Grab Bags
Caring for Plants
Pinatas
Caring for Animals
Answering Telephone
Cleaning Blackboard
Listening to Records
Zxtra Playground Time
Making Bulletin Boards
Caring for AV Equipment
Collecting Cookie Money
Looking for Filmstrips
Helping Custodian
Sitting with Friend
Working in Special Spot
Helping a Friend

Certificates
Points,
Stars
Stamps
Happy Notes
Chips
Coins
Special Colors
Name Pins
Desk Signs
Buttons
Blue Ribbons

36

212

Charting Behavior
Description of behavior:

-......

Date

Time of
Observation

Total Time
Behavior
Occurred

........

.......

-.....

Teacher
Effort

Effectiveness
.3--

i-:......

None

_.

.,
.

,_---_-

..

213

General Classroom Management Tips

Think about:

what you say when you think a child has been "disrespectful" to you (yelling, smark alecky, etc.).
how you handle people who "pick" on other children
(call names, hit, talk about, etc.).
what you say or how you handle a child who gets out
of his seat at inappropriate times.
how you react and what you say when children refuse
to do their work.
what you do or say to children who are unfriendly
and/or disrespectful to others.
how you handle children who are unacceptable to classmates because of body odor or unclean clothes; how is
the class handled?
what you do when you realize you have falsely accused
a child.
what you do or say when you euspect a child has stolen
something.
how you,handle your class members who have been disrespectful to another teacher, custodian, principal,
etc.

what you Bak, how you react when your class has
"really been super."
the kinds of reward systems operating in your classroom.'

the kinds of negative reinforcement tactics employed

and their effectiveness.
how you introduce a child with a specific exceptionality.
how you handle children who laugh at, tease, etc.
those with specific exceptionalities.
how you model the "self" you wish the class to
emulate.

238

214

Things Teachers Do to Make Children Peel Like Somebodies

A.

Trying to understand why the child acts as he does

B.

Having empathy for child and problems

C.

Positive teacher talk

D.

Knowing children's characteristics individuallyand group

E.

Pointing up positive things about children rather than

.dwelling on the negative

F.

Study children first, then vary methods to suit child

G.

More humanistic

H.

More innovative in presentation to motivate children

I.

Use interest inventories and sociograms

J.

Plan leadership and followship activities for children

K.

Take children on trips, to exhibits, etc.

L.

Vlsit child's home

M.

i(raise child for accomplishments--no matter how small

N.

Know when to refer child to proper person or agency when

teacher is unable to handle problem

0.

Consider varying interests when planning school program

P.

Wise use of conferences to help child

Q.

Let's talk it over sessions

R.

Set class standards; revise if necessary

S.

Have pupils write about situation and find possible

solutions

T.

Re-evaluate attitudes, teacher methods, techniques, etc.

U.

Give children a role in decision-making and standardsetting

V.

Use all available resources, human or otherwise, to help

the child
Have fun with children

239

I s.

215

Some additional selected references are:

"Ciske, the Mkt." Iasognigt_k_lheglAggIltalg.

Bakker, Piet.
Long, Morse, and Newman. Belmont,--CA:4-MAWSW*WPW-ZU.,
Ina., 1971.
Brown, George I.
Press, 1971.

Hu_jnanTeachitHumml"Learnin.

Viking

Driekurs, Rudolf; Grunwald, Bernice B.; and Pepper, Floyd C.

Maintainin Sanit in the Classroom; Illustrated Teachin
ow,
sets.m..2251p_21. New 1or : arper an
sFagen, Stanley; Long, Nicholas J.; and'Stevens, Donald J.
Teachin Children Self-Control. Columbus, Ohio: Charles
err 1 Pub. to., 719/5.
Hawley, ,Robert C. and Hawley, Isabel L. A Handbook of Personal
Growth Activities for Classroom Use. AmherA Mass.:
Education Research Associates, 1:071

Klein, Roger D. Behavior Modification in Educational'Settings.,

Springfield: Charles C. Scott, 19/3.

Krumboltz, Helen Brandhorst and Kremboltz, John D.

Children's Behavior. Prentice-Hlal, 1972'.

Charming',

Lyon, Harold C., Jr. r_r_jitci.Fr=leel--F:elis.tx.mLearnilltoLearnir..

0411
Columbus, Ohio: C ar es E. err
Offer, Daniel. The Psychological World of the Teenager: A
Study of Normal Adolescent Bo s. Newlork: gisic Sacs,
.
1069, pp. 193-

pfeiffer, William and Jones, John E.

A Handbook of St uctured

RZCeriela1zwr2_Fijeflt._.=._ettiOrIC'esfOrHUMlg3Trann

Iowa

Iowa: Un vrs ty Assoc ates

rens, 1974.

Values and Teaching:

Rathe, L.; Harmin, M.; and Simone, S.
Working with Values in the Classroom. dolumbus, Ohio:
Merrill, 1966.

"The Concept of the Life Space Interview." In

Redly Fritz.
Conflict in the Classroom. Long, Morse, and Newman:
a
WadsWorth Pub. Co., 1976.
Simon, Sidney B.; Howe, Leland W.; Kirshenbaum, Howard. Values
Clarification: A Handbook of Practical Strate ies for
eac era an Stu ents. New

24 0

216

APPENDIX.D
10

PARENT INPUT IN THE I.E.P. PROCESS

Parents are expected to attend and participate in the
development of the individualized educational program. It
must be a shared responsil4lity (parents and educators) for
implementing, maintaining ihd evaluating efforts of the
school and the home. This sharing might begin with involvement in:

a
_
_IEPAneeting
classroom visits
participation in
parent/teacher meetings
and organizations
reinforcement of skills
areas
identification of legal
''
aid
telephone information
services
volunteer services to
the school
____

_goal_reinforeement._
parent training program
adviSory groups
action projects
classroom assistance
provision of material
remources within communities
parent libraries
parent newsletters
informaticm gathering
techniques

Specific aid can be given by having pareAts:

1.

Talk to children (in quiet friendly voices) about

positiye school activities:

2.

Listen attentively when the child is sharing with the

parent.

3.

Speak clearly using 4esture and simple sentences to

provide a good model for the child.

4.

Reinforce and reward the child for his efforts and

attempts.

5.

Encourage language development through songs, games,

rhymes, stories, make-believe, puppet shows, other
activities.

6.

Play listening and reading games.

7.

Talk about shapes, size, colors and directions when

conversing with the) child.

8. .Allow the child the freedom of expression rather than

anticipating his/her needs.

217

9.

Use rhythmic activities to encourage speech and change

activities.

10.

Allow for fine motor development within the home setting

11.

Aid reinforcement by supplementing praise and'other

methods.

12.

Aid in development of specific children by learning

sequential developmental levels.

13.

List motivators that can add to teacher effectiveness.

14.

Use household items to reinforce specific skills (e.g.i

clothespins, paper bags, boxes, spools, plastic containers, sponges, vegetables tops etc.)

15.

Encourage the use of high e

and building self-esteem.

16.

Respond emphatically, openly and with respect to

children.

17.

Document, chart and record progress in order to evaluate efforts.

18.

Visit museums, public buildings; theatres, etc., to

reinforce skills.

19.

Correlate the school program with reinforcement techniques for home use.

20.

Utilize household items or develop homemade materials

for specific goals and objectives.

21.

ectancy for motivation

Plan learning activities that are age-appropriate

rather than developmentally matched to the chronological age.

22.

Minimize hazards that may occur while promoting independence.

23.

Use regular activities to reinforce or teach (dressing,

mealtimes, etc.).

24.

Study the

25.

Utilize community resources that will accommodate some

aspect of the child's impairment.

exceptional condition of the child in order

to assess its impact onthe development of the child
and the effect on learning.

212

218

26.

Observe the teacher or other trainers in an activity

which can be duplicated and reinforced independently.

27.

Utilize programs-that promote early intervention

strategies axid techn;ques.
C&I

28.

Learn management skills that lead to independence

rather than dependence on 'family members.

29.

Accept the limitations but encourage the child and

-build his confidence.

30.

31.

32.

Request the aid of outside reading materials that will

help render understanding.

Routinize your work with the child but allow the child
to set the pace of the activity.
Encourage and strengthen communication even if a child's
speech is unclear. Don't always interpret for'others,
allow the child to try.

33.

Allow the child to follow simple directions and engage

in social learning situations.

34.

Try to teach the child during periods of relaxation.

35.

Have the child's efforts concentrated on limited stimuli

when teaching. Avoid Vot of distractions.

36.

Learn to role play with the child.

37.

Praise even small successes using physical affection

and verbal praise.

38.

Try using many approaches to help a child learn a

skill. Allow the child to touch, taste, and smell
things.

39. ,Change a technique if one way isn't effective.

Teachers Help Parents by:

helping them understand a child's disability as

well as his assets;
explain that labels don't always communicate the
extent of a disability. A diagnosis may change
with multiple testing situations;

219

explaining the role of parents of exceptional

children;engage in problem-solving processes as
with normal children;
having parents involved in each step of the IEP
process;

writing reports, letters, etc., in clear, concise

language; information void of understanding will not
be useful;
4

sharing reports w

parents or givingtthem copies;

helping to formulate a management program that is'

both realistic and beneficial to parents and child.
1

EdassAna_acmtimal_gliam
The following resources might aid teachers and parents
in providing a more effective educational pla0. (California'.
Regional Resource denter).

a
-\

..

1..

'A:Cu

,,

,..

't 4;

of Kindness: A Book for Parenta oPRetarded

chlaren,

.
.

by Louise Fraser. Seattle, Washington: Special Child

Publications, 1973 ($4.50). Discusses coMmon needs of
the retarded child, and home trainipg in areas such as
Special problems of
feeding, toileting, grooming.
retarded blind, deaf, and autistic children axe also
included. A list of books appropriate for the retarded
child is found in the annotated bibliography.

'A

2.

An Instructional Guide for Parents,

by-Lisa Carambia, and others. Duquesne University,
Pittsburgh, Pa.: Pennsylvania State Dept. of Education, Harrisburg, 1974.. Self-help, communication, .
physical skill activities for severely and profoundly
retarded, and for multiply impaired children.

as.

3.

by Elisabeth McDermott. 'Volta Review, 1971, 73 (3),

Discusses auditory training methods used
pp. 182-5.
in schools and presents activities which parents can
use at home with a hearing impaired child.

/,

2I4

tr

220

Evan Love Is Not Enou h

4.

Children With Handica s

from Parents' Magazine Films, Inc.., New York, 197g

Five filmstrips, cassette tapes, and study guides:,
behavioral and emotional disabilities; educational and
language disabilities; intellectual disabilities;
physical disabilities.

Handlin

5.

the Youn

Cerebral Palsied Child at Homeu

by Nancie Finnie. New York: E.P. Dutton and Co., 1970

Provides a questionnaire on deVelopmental stagei and
activity levels and offers suggestions for movement
- development, carrying, bathing, feeding, etc.
,

6.

Hel
an

Them Grow: A Pictorial Handbook for Parents o

renp
cappe C
NV*

by Jane Blumenfeld, Pearl Thompson, Beverly Vogel.

Suggestions
Nashville: Abingdon Press, 1971 ($2.75).
for teaching basic skills to exceptional children
(self-help; social; communication; sensory and motor
skills).

Isn't It Time He Outgrew This?,

by V. Baldwin, H.D. Fredericks, and G. Brodsky.
StepSpringfield, Illinois: Charles C. Thomas, 1973.
by-step methods for teaching self-help skills to young
children, and to severely impaired youngsters. Techniques for training both academic and motor skills are
This book trains readers in simple
also included.
methods of recording behavior data.
8.

Methods and Aids for Teachin

the Mentall

Retarded,

Minneapolis, Minnesota: T.S.

by Patricia Davis.
Practical
suggestions, games, and
Dennison, 1970.
activities related to developing communiction skills,
number concepts, etc.
8

On Being The Parent of a Handicapped Youth: A Guide

to Enhance t e Self-Image of Physically and Learning
insabled Adolescents and Young Adults,
by Sol Gordon. New ,York, N.Y.: New York Association
for Children with Learning Disabilities, 1973.

10.

P.E.T. Parent Effectiveness Training: The Tested New

MAL_I2_2alaa_1121E2aPIL21.9_11.11,111Etn.

21,5

221,
0

by Thomas Gordon.

N.Y.: Peter H. Wyden, 1970. Teaches

active listening and communication skillscommunicating
personal feeling and conflict resolution.
11.

12.

Physical Education and Recreation for the Visually

Handicapped,
by Charles Buell. AAHPEg Publication-Sales, 1201 16th
St., N.W., Washington, D.C.
20036 ($2.95). This is a
booklet for parents and teachers describing employment
and leisure time activities for visually impaired, and
methods of teaching physical activities. An 'annotated
bibliography of publications andorganizations concerned
with the visually impaired is included.

Practical Advice to Parents: A Guide to Findin

For Handicapped Children and Youth,

Hel

/by CLOSER LOOK, (20 pp), Washington, D.C., 1974.

13.

Prescriptions for Learnin : A Parent's Guide to

Remedial Home Training,
by Robert Valett.
Palo Alto: Fearon, 1970.
($2.75).
Designed for parents of children with learning disabilities, this manual provides a series of programs for
parents to use in identifying their child's skill
level, and suggestions on how to develop, in consultation with the child's teacher, an appropriate training
program. Also included are instructions on how to
construct learning aids, and information on obtaining
educational materials.

14.

Proof of the Pudding,

by Janet Bennett.
Exceptional Parent, 1974, 4 (3),
pp. 7-12. A mother of a retarded-C-17.1d disdusses her
child's development and successful integration into a
regular class.

15.

Something's Wrong With My Child,

by M. Brutten, S. Richardson, and C. Mangel. New York:

Harcourt, Bracel.Jovanovich, 1973. This booL is subtitled "A Parent Book about Children With Learning
Disabilities."' The authors offer guidelines for
parents interacting with professionals and explanations of special class placement, resource room placement or itinerant teacher assistande are given.
Suggestions on how to handle ehe child at home--using
donsistant discipline, not favoring siblings, making

222

clear directions and not overstimulating the home

environment are included.
16.

The Deaf Child in the Public Schools -- A Handbook for

Parentsoft
Interby Lee Kata, and others. Danvil), Illinois:
state Printers and Publishers, i., 1974 ($3.50).
Discusses definitions, causes of deafness, and learning
problems; types of public school programs; teacher
qualifications; integration of deaf children. An
annotated listing of public and private organizations
serving the deaf is also included.
17.

Training the Retarded at Home or In School,

by Earl E. Balthazar. Palo Alto: Consulting Psychologists Press, 1976. This is a manual for parents,
teachers, and home trainers which outlines a systematic
training program in fundamental self care skills and
"Schedules" are probasic social coping behaviors.
vided-to assist parents or other trainers to find
where the child is in his development, and what he
should learn next.

*U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICEo 1979.494'705/6248