Automated teller machine

Mohammed Ishtiaq Zubair(03-08-5017)

Mohammed Abdul Taufeeq (03-08-5028)
Mohammed irfan ahmed ullah (03-08-5023)

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S.no Contents Page no
1 Abstract 3
2 Problem statement 4
3 Proposed system 5
4 SRS of ATM
5 About UML 18
6 CLASS DIAGRAM 56
7 USE CASE DIAGRAM 58
8 SEQUENCE DIAGRAM 61
9 COLLABORATION DIAGRAM 62
10 ACTIVITY DIAGRAM 64
11 SWIMLANE DIAGRAM 66
12 STATE CHART DIAGRAM 69
13 COMPONENT DIAGRAM 71
14 DEPLOYMENT DIAGRAM 73

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 ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION:

An automated teller machine (ATM) or automatic banking machine (ABM) is a

computerised telecommunications device that provides the clients of a financial
institution with access to financial transactions in a public space without the need for a
cashier, human clerk or bank teller. On most modern ATMs, the customer is identified by
inserting a plastic ATM card with a magnetic stripe or a plastic smart card with a chip,
that contains a unique card number and some security information such as an expiration
date or CVVC (CVV). Authentication is provided by the customer entering apersonal
identification number (PIN).

ATM is known as Automated Teller Machine which basically deals with

transactions between a bank and its account holder.

ATM as the name states it is an automatic machine which connects to the

bank server to make transactions easily and efficiently.

The important features of ATM are as follows:-

1. An ATM machine can be accessed 24*7 hrs.

2. Whenever an account holder makes transactions using ATM ,all these
transactions are reflected back(updated) to his current account.
3. Every account holder who has an ATM card as provided by the bank is
given a distinct pass code to access that particular ATM machine.
4. This process works faster than a normal bank transaction which gives a lot
of overhead.
5. This kind of transaction is much more secure than the normal transaction.
6. An account holder can access his/her account from any ATM located in
the city or state irrespective of the name of the bank.

However, the main disadvantage concerned with this ATM is that an

account holder can withdraw a credit of limited amount.
.

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 PROBLEM STATEMENT
When they came into being, ATMs were treated to be a boon for the general
public. There was no need to stand in queues in banks to withdraw money,
no need to go the branch for years even to get a cheque deposited, cash
deposited or for getting the cheque book issued.

1. When ATM were first developed there were only few ATM’s and
people had to travel long distance to access ATM.
2. People who were not familiar to the ATM machines they faced a lot
of problems for accessing it.
3. There were many security issues faced before ATM was introduced
and after its introduction some security issues were solved.
4. Some ATMs display the message “Your request cannot be processed
now”, the meaning of which has to be interpreted by the customer
only. It can mean that the ATM does not have sufficient funds, or that
your account has some problem, or it may also mean that the server of
the bank is not working.
5. The servers of the banks working so slowly that it is difficult to
understand if the problem is with the machine or the banks's server.

PROPOSED SYSTEM
The following features should be added for a proposed system:

1. An account holder should be able to deposit amount in his/her account through

ATM.
2. An account holder should be able to transfer funds from his/her account to any
person located anywhere in the world.
3. An account holder should be able to check his recent or past bank statements
e.g. Online credit card purchases .
4. An account holder should be provided with ‘foreign currency exchange software’
so that the customer can exchange currency depending on his needs.
5. An ATM should be equipped with a security system which should scan the thumb
impression of the account holder after he had entered the pin code. This will make
ATM transaction more secure.

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 1.INTRODUCTION

1.1 Purpose:

This document describes the software requirements for an automated teller

machine network.ATM, It is intended for the designer, developer and
maintainer of the ATM.

1.2 Scope:

The function of the ATM is to support a computerized banking network.

1.3 Overview:
The remainder of this document is organized as follows :There will be some
definitions of important terms. section 2 contains a general description of the
ATM. Section 3 identifies the specific functional requirements,the external
interfaces and performance requirements of the ATM.

1.4 Definitions:
Account:

A single account in a bank against which transactions can be applied.

Accounts maybe of various types with at least checking and savings.A
customer can hold more than one account.

ATM:

A station that allows customers to enter their own transactions using cash
cards as identification.The ATM interacts with the customer to gather
transaction information sends the transaction information to the central
computer for validation and processing and dispenses cash to the customer.
We assume that an ATM need not operate independently of the network.
Bank:

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A financial institution that holds accounts for customers and that issues cash
cards authorizing access to accounts over the ATM network.
Bank computer:

The computer owned by a bank that interfaces with the ATM network and
the banks own cashier stations. A bank may actually have its own internal
network of computers to process accounts but we are only concerned with
the one that interacts with the network.

Cash Card:

A card assigned to a bank customer that authorizes access to accounts using

an ATM machine. Each card contains a bank code and a card number coded
in accordance with national standards on credit cards and cash cards.The
bank code uniquely identifies the bank within the consortium, The card
number determines the accounts that the card can access. A card does not
necessarily access all of a customer’s accounts. Each cashcard is owned by a
single customer but multiple copies of it may exist, so the possibility of
simultaneous use of the same card from different machines must be
considered.

Customer:

The holder of one or more accounts in a bank. A customer can consist of one
or more persons or corporations. the correspondence is not relevant to this
problem.The same person holding an account at a different bank is
considered a different customer.

Transaction:

A single integral request for operations on the accounts of a single customer.

We only specified that ATMs must dispense cash but we should not
preclude the possibility of printing checks or accepting cash or checks. We
may also want to provide the edibility to operate on accounts of different
customers although it is not required yet.The different operations must
balance properly.

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1.5 REFRENCES
http://user.it.uu.se/~johanb/kurser/DS-DV/HT02/Project/frs-example.html
http://user.it.uu.se/~johanb/kurser/DS-DV/HT02/Project/frs-example.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_teller_machine

2.General Purpose Descriptions

2.1 Product Perspective:

An automated teller machine (ATM) is a computerized

telecommunications device that provides the customers of a financial
institution with access to financial transactions in a public space without the
need for a human clerk or bank teller. On most modern ATMs, the customer
is identified by inserting a plastic ATM card with a magnetic stripe or a
plastic smartcard with a chip, that contains a unique card number and some
security information, such as an expiration date or CVC (CVV). Security is
provided by the customer entering a personal identification number (PIN).

2.2 Product Functions:

Using an ATM, customers can access their bank accounts in order to make
cash withdrawals (or credit card cash advances) and check their account
balances.
The functions of the system are:
1. Login
2. Get Balance Information
3. Withdraw Cash
4. Transfer Funds

2.3 User Characteristics

There are several users of the ATM network
- Customer
The customer interacts with the ATM network via the ATM.It must be very
easy for them to use the ATM. They should be supported by the system in
every possible way.
- Maintainer
It should be easy to maintain the whole system. The maintainer should be
the only person that is allowed to connect a new ATM to the network.

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2.4 Abbreviations
Throughout this document the following abbreviations are used
k is the maximum withdrawal per day and account
m is the maximum withdrawal per transaction
n is the minimum cash in the ATM to permit a transaction
t is the total fund in the ATM at start of day

3.Specific Requirements

3.1 Functional Requirements

The functional requirements are organized in two sections .First

requirements of the ATM and second requirements of the bank.

Requirements of the ATM:

Functional requirement 1
 Description

Initialize parameters t_k_m_n

 Input

ATM is initialized with t dollars k_m_n are entered

 Processing

Storing the parameters

 Output

Parameters are set

Functional requirement 2
 Description

If no cash card is in the ATM the system should display initial display.
Functional requirement 3
 Description

If the ATM is running out of money no card should be accepted.An error

message is displayed.
 Input

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 A card is entered
 Processing

The amount of cash is less than t.

 Output

Display an error message .Return cash card.

Authorization

The authorization starts after a customer has entered his card in the ATM.

Functional requirement 4
 Description

The ATM has to check if the entered card is a valid cash card.
 Input

Customer enters the cash card

 Processing

Check if it is a valid cash card. It will be valid if

1. the information on the card can be read.

2.it is not expired

 Output

Display error message and return cash card if it is invalid.

Functional requirement 5

 Description

If the cash card is valid,the ATM should read the serial number and bank code.
 Input

Valid cash card.

 Processing

Read the serial number.

 Output

Initiate authorization dialog.

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Functional requirement 6
 Description

The serial number should be logged.

 Input

Serial number from cash card

 Processing

Log the number.

 Output

Update to log file.

Functional requirement 7
 Description

Authorization dialog: The user is requested to enter his password. The ATM
verifies the bank code and password with the bank computer.
 Input

Password from user, bank code from cash card.

 Processing

Send serial number and password to bank computer, receive response from
bank.
 Output

Accept or reject authorization from bank.

Functional requirement 8
 Description

Different negative answers from bank computer for authorization dialog.

 Input

Response from bank or authorization dialog:

- “bad password” if the password was wrong.

- “bad bank code” if the cash card of the bank is not supported
by the ATM. - “bad account” if there are problems with
the account.

 Processing

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 If the ATM gets any of these messages from the bank computer the card will be
ejected and the user will get the relevant error message.
 Output

Card is ejected and error message is displayed.

Functional requirement 9

 Description

If password and serial number are ok , the authorization process is finished.

 Input

The ATM gets accept from the bank computer from authorization process.
 Processing

Finishing authorization.
 Output

Start transaction dialog.

Functional requirement 10

 Description

If a card was entered more than three times in a row at any ATM and the
password was wrong each time, the card is kept by the ATM. A message will be
displayed that the customer should call the bank.

 Input

Entering a wrong password for the fourth time in succession

 Processing

Initiate authorization process. Response from bank computer is to keep the card.
 Output

Display error message that the customer should call the bank.

Functions
These are the requirements for the different functions the ATM should provide after
authorization.

Functional requirement 11

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  Description

The kind of transactions the ATM offers is : withdrawal

 Input

Authorization successfully completed. Enter the amount to withdraw.

 Processing

Amount entered is compared with m.

 Output

Amount of money to be dispensed is displayed. Begin initial withdrawal

sequence.

Functional requirement 12

 Description

Initial withdrawal sequence If it is too much withdrawal redo the transaction.

 Input

Customer has entered the amount of money

 Processing

Error if the amount is greater than m.

 Output

Start transaction or re-initiate transaction dialog if the amount is not within the
pre-defined transaction policy.

Functional requirement 13

 Description

Perform transaction.
 Input

Initial withdrawal sequence successful

 Processing

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 Send request to the bank computer.
 Output

Wait for response from the bank computer.

Functional requirement 14
 Description

If the transaction is successful, the money is dispensed.

 Input

ATM gets message that transaction succeeded from the bank computer.
 Processing

ATM prints receipt updates ‘t’ and ejects the card. Dialog Customer should take
the card.
 Output

After the Customer has taken the card the money is dispensed.

Functional requirement 15

 Description

If the money is dispensed and the amount is logged.

 Input

The number of $20 bills requested is dispensed to the customer.

 Processing

Log the amount of money against the serial number of the card.
 Output

Amount logged together with the serial number. Response sent to bank for
money dispensed.

Functional requirement 16

 Description

If the transaction is not successful an error message should be displayed. The

card should be ejected.
 Input

ATM gets message ” transaction not successful” from the bank computer.
 Processing
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 ATM displays error message. Dialog : Customer should take the card.
 Output

Eject card.

Requirements of the bank computer for the ATM:

Authorization:
The bank computer gets a request from the ATM to verify an account.

Functional requirement 1

 Description

The bank computer checks if the the bank code is valid. A bank
code is valid if the cash card was issued by the bank.
 Input

Request from the ATM to verify card Serial number and

password.
 Processing

Check if the cash card was issued by the bank.

 Output

Valid or invalid bank code.

Functional requirement 2

 Description

If it is not a valid bank code, the bank computer will send a

message to the ATM.
 Input

I invalid bank code.

 Processing

Process message.

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  Output

The bank computer sends the message “bad bank code” to the
ATM.

Functional requirement 3

 Description

The bank computer checks if the password is valid for a valid

cash card.
 Input

Request from the ATM to verify password.

 Processing

Check password of the customer.

 Output

Valid or invalid password.

Functional requirement 4

 Description

If it is not a valid password, the bank computer will send a message to the
ATM.
 Input

Invalid password
 Processing

Process message. Update count for invalid password for the account.
 Output

The bank computer sends the message “bad password” to the ATM.

Functional requirement 5

 Description

If it is a valid cash card and a valid password but there are problems with the
account , the bank will send a message to the ATM that there are problems.
 Input

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 Valid cash card and password
 Processing

Process message
 Output

The bank sends message “bad account” to the ATM.

Functional requirement 6

 Description

If it is a valid cash card , a valid password and there are no problems with the
account the bank computer will send a message to the ATM that everything is ok.
 Input

Valid cash card, password and account

 Processing

Process message.
 Output

Send “account ok” to the ATM.

Transaction:
The bank computer gets a request to process a transaction from the ATM.

Functional requirement 7

 Description

After a request the bank computer processes the transaction.

 Input

Request to process a transaction on an account and amount

‘m’ to withdraw.
 Processing

Process transaction together with the software of the bank

Update ‘k’ for amount
 Output

If transaction succeeded, the bank computer sends the

message “transaction succeeded” to the ATM. If not it will send
“transaction failed” .

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Functional requirement 8

 Description

Update account after money is dispensed

 Input

Response from ATM about money dispensed.

 Processing

Updates account
 Output

New account record.

Functional requirement 9

 Description

Each bank has a limit k for each account about the amount of
money that is available via cash card each day/monthly.
 Input

Request to process transaction.

 Processing

Check if the amount of money doesn’t exceed k.

 Output

If the amount exceeds the limit ,the transaction will fail.

Functional requirement 10

 Description

The bank only provides security for their own computer and their own
software.

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 UNIFIED MODELING LANGUAGE
Introduction:

The unified modeling language(UML)is a standard language for writing software blue
prints.
The UML is a language for

 Visualizing
 Specifying
 Constructing
 Documenting

The artifacts of a software system:

UML is a language that provides vocabulary and the rules for combing words in that
vocabulary for the purpose of communication.

A modeling language is a language whose vocabulary and rules focus on the concept
and physical representation of a system.
Vocabulary and rules of a language tell us how to create
and real well formed models, but they don’t tell you what model
you should create and when should create them.

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VISUALIZING

The UML is more than just a bunch of graphical symbols. In UML each symbol has well
defined semantics. In this manner one developer can write a model in the UML and
another developer or even another tools can interpret the model unambiguously.

SPECIFYING

UML is used fro specifying means building models that are precise,unambiguous and
complete.
UML addresses the specification of all the important analysis,design and implementation
decisions that must be made in developing and deploying a software intensive system.

CONSTRUCTING

UML is not a visual programming language but its models can be directly connected to a
variety of programminglanguages.
This means that it is possible to map from a model in the
UML to a programming language such as java, c++ or VisualBasic or even to tables in a
relational database or the persistent store of an object-oriented database.
This mapping permits forward engineering. The generation
of code from a UML model into a programming language.
The reverse engineering is also possible you can reconstruct a model from an
implementation back into the UML.

DOCUMENTING

UML is a language for Documenting. A software organization produces all sorts of

artifacts in addition to raw executable code. These artifacts include Requirements,
Architecture, Design, Source code, Project plans ,Test, Prototype, Release.
Such artifacts are not only the deliverables of a project, they are also critical in
controlling, measuring and communicating about a system during its development and
after its deployment.

Conceptual model of the UML:

To understand the UML, we need to form a conceptual model of the language and this
requires learning three major elements.
The UML Basic Building Blocks.
The Rules that direct how those building blocks may be put together.
Some common mechanisms that apply throughout the UML.

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As UML describes the real time systems it is very important to make a conceptual model
and then proceed gradually. Conceptual model of UML can be mastered by learning the
following three major elements:

UML building blocks

Rules to connect the building blocks

Common mechanisms of UML
This chapter describes all the UML building blocks. The building blocks of UML can be
defined as:

 Things
 Relationships
 Diagrams

Things:

Things are the most important building blocks of UML. Things can be:

 Structural
 Behavioral
 Grouping
 Annotational

Structural things:
The Structural things define the static part of the model. They represent physical and
conceptual elements. Following are the brief descriptions of the structural things.

Class:

Class represents set of objects having similar responsibilities.

Interface:

Interface defines a set of operations which specify the responsibility of a class.

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Collaboration:

Collaboration defines interaction between elements.

Use case:

Use case represents a set of actions performed by a system for a specific goal.

Component:

Component describes physical part of a system.

Node:

A node can be defined as a physical element that exists at run time.

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Behavioral things:

A behavioral thing consists of the dynamic parts of UML models. Following are the
behavioral things:

Interaction:

Interaction is defined as a behavior that consists of a group of messages exchanged

among elements to accomplish a specific task.

State machine:

State machine is useful when the state of an object in its life cycle is important. It defines
the sequence of states an object goes through in response to events. Events are external
factors responsible for state change.

Grouping things:

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Grouping things can be defined as a mechanism to group elements of a UML model
together. There is only one grouping thing available.

Package:

Package is the only one grouping thing available for gathering structural and behavioral
things.

Annotational things:

Annotational things can be defined as a mechanism to capture remarks, descriptions, and

comments of UML model elements. Note is the only one Annotational thing available.

Note:

A note is used to render comments, constraints etc of an UML element.

RELATIONSHIP IN UML

Relationship is another most important building block of UML. It shows how elements
are associated with each other and this association describes the functionality of an
application.
There are four kinds of relationships available.

Dependency:

Dependency is a relationship between two things in which change in one element also
affects the other one.

Association:

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Association is basically a set of links that connects elements of an UML model. It also
describes how many objects are taking part in that relationship.

Generalization:

Generalization can be defined as a relationship which connects a specialized element with

a generalized element. It basically describes inheritance relationship in the world of
objects.

Realization:

Realization can be defined as a relationship in which two elements are connected. One
element describes some responsibility which is not implemented and the other one
implements them. This relationship exists in case of interfaces.

UML DIAGRAMS:
UML diagrams are the ultimate output of the entire discussion. All the elements,
relationships are used to make a complete UML diagram and the diagram represents a
system.
The visual effect of the UML diagram is the most important part of the entire process. All
the other elements are used to make it a complete one.
UML includes the following nine diagrams and the details are described in the following
chapters.

 Class diagram
 Object diagram
 Use case diagram
 Sequence diagram
 Collaboration diagram

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  Activity diagram
 Statechart diagram
 Deployment diagram
 Component diagram

We would discuss all these diagrams in subsequent chapters of this tutorial.

ARCHITECTURE OF UML
Any real world system is used by different users. The users can be developers, testers,
business people, analysts and many more. So before designing a system the architecture
is made with different perspectives in mind. The most important part is to visualize the
system from different viewer.s perspective. The better we understand the better we make
the system.
UML plays an important role in defining different perspectives of a system. These
perspectives are:

 Design
 Implementation
 Process
 Deployment

And the centre is the Use Case view which connects all these four. A Use case represents
the functionality of the system. So the other perspectives are connected with use case.

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Design of a system consists of classes, interfaces and collaboration. UML provides class
diagram, object diagram to support this.

Implementation defines the components assembled together to make a complete

physical system. UML component diagram is used to support implementation
perspective.

Process defines the flow of the system. So the same elements as used in Design are also
used to support this perspective.

Deployment represents the physical nodes of the system that forms the hardware. UML
deployment diagram is used to support this perspective.

CLASS DIAGRAM
Overview:

The class diagram is a static diagram. It represents the static view of an application. Class
diagram is not only used for visualizing, describing and documenting different aspects of
a system but also for constructing executable code of the software application.
The class diagram describes the attributes and operations of a class and also the
constraints imposed on the system. The class diagrams are widely used in the modelling
of object oriented systems because they are the only UML diagrams which can be
mapped directly with object oriented languages.
The class diagram shows a collection of classes, interfaces, associations, collaborations
and constraints. It is also known as a structural diagram.

Purpose:

The purpose of the class diagram is to model the static view of an application. The class
diagrams are the only diagrams which can be directly mapped with object oriented
languages and thus widely used at the time of construction.

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The UML diagrams like activity diagram, sequence diagram can only give the sequence
flow of the application but class diagram is a bit different. So it is the most popular UML
diagram in the coder community.
So the purpose of the class diagram can be summarized as:
 Analysis and design of the static view of an application.
 Describe responsibilities of a system.
 Base for component and deployment diagrams.
 Forward and reverse engineering.

How to draw Class Diagram?

Class diagrams are the most popular UML diagrams used for construction of software
applications. So it is very important to learn the drawing procedure of class diagram.
Class diagrams have lot of properties to consider while drawing but here the diagram will
be considered from a top level view.
Class diagram is basically a graphical representation of the static view of the system and
represents different aspects of the application. So a collection of class diagrams represent
the whole system.
The following points should be remembered while drawing a class diagram:
The name of the class diagram should be meaningful to describe the aspect of the system.
Each element and their relationships should be identified in advance.
Responsibility (attributes and methods) of each class should be clearly identified.
For each class minimum number of properties should be specified. Because unnecessary
properties will make the diagram complicated.
Use notes when ever required to describe some aspect of the diagram. Because at the end
of the drawing it should be understandable to the developer/coder.
Finally, before making the final version, the diagram should be drawn on plain paper and
rework as many times as possible to make it correct.
Now the following diagram is an example of an Order System of an application. So it
describes a particular aspect of the entire application.
First of all Order and Customer are identified as the two elements of the system and they
have a one to many relationship because a customer can have multiple orders.
We would keep Order class is an abstract class and it has two concrete classes
(inheritance relationship) SpecialOrder and NormalOrder.
The two inherited classes have all the properties as the Order class. In addition they have
additional functions like dispatch () and receive ().
So the following class diagram has been drawn considering all the points mentioned
above:

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Where to use Class Diagrams?

Class diagram is a static diagram and it is used to model static view of a system. The
static view describes the vocabulary of the system.
Class diagram is also considered as the foundation for component and deployment
diagrams. Class diagrams are not only used to visualize the static view of the system but
they are also used to construct the executable code for forward and reverse engineering of
any system.
Generally UML diagrams are not directly mapped with any object oriented programming
languages but the class diagram is an exception.
Class diagram clearly shows the mapping with object oriented languages like Java, C++
etc. So from practical experience class diagram is generally used for construction
purpose.
 So in a brief, class diagrams are used for:
 Describing the static view of the system.
 Showing the collaboration among the elements of the static view.
 Describing the functionalities performed by the system.
 Construction of software applications using object oriented languages.

OBJECT DIAGRAM

Object diagram shows a set of objects and there relationships.Object diagram

represents static snapshot of instances of the things found in class diagram.

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 These diagrams addresses static design view or static process view of a system.

USE CASE DIAGRAM

Overview:

To model a system the most important aspect is to capture the dynamic behaviour. To
clarify a bit in details, dynamic behaviour means the behaviour of the system when it is
running /operating.
So only static behaviour is not sufficient to model a system rather dynamic behaviour is
more important than static behaviour. In UML there are five diagrams available to model
dynamic nature and use case diagram is one of them. Now as we have to discuss that the
use case diagram is dynamic in nature there should be some internal or external factors
for making the interaction.
These internal and external agents are known as actors. So use case diagrams are consists
of actors, use cases and their relationships. The diagram is used to model the
system/subsystem of an application. A single use case diagram captures a particular
functionality of a system.
So to model the entire system numbers of use case diagrams are used.

Purpose:

The purpose of use case diagram is to capture the dynamic aspect of a system. But this
definition is too generic to describe the purpose.
Because other four diagrams (activity, sequence, collaboration and Statechart) are also
having the same purpose. So we will look into some specific purpose which will
distinguish it from other four diagrams.
Use case diagrams are used to gather the requirements of a system including internal and
external influences. These requirements are mostly design requirements. So when a
system is analyzed to gather its functionalities use cases are prepared and actors are
identified.
Now when the initial task is complete use case diagrams are modelled to present the
outside view.
So in brief, the purposes of use case diagrams can be as follows:
 Used to gather requirements of a system.
 Used to get an outside view of a system.
 Identify external and internal factors influencing the system.
 Show the interacting among the requirements are actors.

How to draw Component Diagram?

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Use case diagrams are considered for high level requirement analysis of a system. So
when the requirements of a system are analyzed the functionalities are captured in use
cases.
So we can say that uses cases are nothing but the system functionalities written in an
organized manner. Now the second things which are relevant to the use cases are the
actors. Actors can be defined as something that interacts with the system.
The actors can be human user, some internal applications or may be some external
applications. So in a brief when we are planning to draw an use case diagram we should
have the following items identified.
Functionalities to be represented as an use case
Actors

Relationships among the use cases and actors.

Use case diagrams are drawn to capture the functional requirements of a system. So after
identifying the above items we have to follow the following guidelines to draw an
efficient use case diagram.
The name of a use case is very important. So the name should be chosen in such a way so
that it can identify the functionalities performed.
Give a suitable name for actors.
Show relationships and dependencies clearly in the diagram.
Do not try to include all types of relationships. Because the main purpose of the diagram
is to identify requirements.
Use note when ever required to clarify some important points.
The following is a sample use case diagram representing the order management system.
So if we look into the diagram then we will find three use cases (Order, SpecialOrder and
NormalOrder) and one actor which is customer.
The SpecialOrder and NormalOrder use cases are extended from Order use case. So they
have extends relationship. Another important point is to identify the system boundary
which is shown in the picture. The actor Customer lies outside the system as it is an
external user of the system.

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 INTERACTION DIAGRAM
We have two types of interaction diagrams in UML. One is sequence diagram and the
other is a collaboration diagram. The sequence diagram captures the time sequence of
message flow from one object to another and the collaboration diagram describes the
organization of objects in a system taking part in the message flow.
So the following things are to identified clearly before drawing the interaction diagram:

 Objects taking part in the interaction.

 Message flows among the objects.
 The sequence in which the messages are flowing.
 Object organization.

Following are two interaction diagrams modeling order management system. The first
diagram is a sequence diagram and the second is a collaboration diagram.

The Sequence Diagram:

The sequence diagram is having four objects (Customer, Order, SpecialOrder and
NormalOrder).
The following diagram has shown the message sequence for SpecialOrder object and the
same can be used in case of NormalOrder object. Now it is important to understand the

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time sequence of message flows. The message flow is nothing but a method call of an
object.
The first call is sendOrder () which is a method of Order object. The next call is confirm
() which is a method of SpecialOrder object and the last call is Dispatch () which is a
method of SpecialOrder object. So here the diagram is mainly describing the method
calls from one object to another and this is also the actual scenario when the system is
running.

The Collaboration Diagram:

The second interaction diagram is collaboration diagram. It shows the object organization
as shown below. Here in collaboration diagram the method call sequence is indicated by
some numbering technique as shown below. The number indicates how the methods are
called one after another. We have taken the same order management system to describe
the collaboration diagram.
The method calls are similar to that of a sequence diagram. But the difference is that the
sequence diagram does not describe the object organization where as the collaboration
diagram shows the object organization.
Now to choose between these two diagrams the main emphasis is given on the type of
requirement. If the time sequence is important then sequence diagram is used and if
organization is required then collaboration diagram is used.

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Where to use Interaction Diagrams?

We have already discussed that interaction diagrams are used to describe dynamic nature
of a system. Now we will look into the practical scenarios where these diagrams are used.
To understand the practical application we need to understand the basic nature of
sequence and collaboration diagram.
The main purposes of both the diagrams are similar as they are used to capture the
dynamic behaviour of a system. But the specific purposes are more important to clarify
and understood.
Sequence diagrams are used to capture the order of messages flowing from one object to
another. And the collaboration diagrams are used to describe the structural organizations
of the objects taking part in the interaction. A single diagram is not sufficient to describe
the dynamic aspect of an entire system so a set of diagrams are used to capture is as a
whole.
The interaction diagrams are used when we want to understand the message flow and the
structural organization. Now message flow means the sequence of control flow from one
object to another and structural organization means the visual organization of the
elements in a system.
In a brief the following are the usages of interaction diagrams:

 To model flow of control by time sequence.

 To model flow of control by structural organizations.
 For forward engineering.
 For reverse engineering.

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 STATE CHART DIAGRAM
Overview:

The name of the diagram itself clarifies the purpose of the diagram and other details. It
describes different states of a component in a system. The states are specific to a
component/object of a system.
A Statechart diagram describes a state machine. Now to clarify it state machine can be
defined as a machine which defines different states of an object and these states are
controlled by external or internal events.
Activity diagram explained in next chapter, is a special kind of a Statechart diagram. As
Statechart diagram defines states it is used to model lifetime of an object.
Purpose:
Statechart diagram is one of the five UML diagrams used to model dynamic nature of a
system. They define different states of an object during its lifetime. And these states are
changed by events. So Statechart diagrams are useful to model reactive systems. Reactive
systems can be defined as a system that responds to external or internal events.
Statechart diagram describes the flow of control from one state to another state. States are
defined as a condition in which an object exists and it changes when some event is
triggered. So the most important purpose of Statechart diagram is to model life time of an
object from creation to termination.
Statechart diagrams are also used for forward and reverse engineering of a system. But
the main purpose is to model reactive system.
Following are the main purposes of using Statechart diagrams:

 To model dynamic aspect of a system.

 To model life time of a reactive system.
 To describe different states of an object during its life time.
 Define a state machine to model states of an object.

How to draw Component Diagram?

Statechart diagram is used to describe the states of different objects in its life cycle. So
the emphasis is given on the state changes upon some internal or external events. These
states of objects are important to analyze and implement them accurately.
Statechart diagrams are very important for describing the states. States can be identified
as the condition of objects when a particular event occurs.
Before drawing a Statechart diagram we must have clarified the following points:
 Identify important objects to be analyzed.
 Identify the states.
 Identify the events.
The following is an example of a Statechart diagram where the state of Order object is
analyzed.

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The first state is an idle state from where the process starts. The next states are arrived for
events like send request, confirm request, and dispatch order. These events are
responsible for state changes of order object.
During the life cycle of an object (here order object) it goes through the following states
and there may be some abnormal exists also. This abnormal exit may occur due to some
problem in the system. When the entire life cycle is complete it is considered as the
complete transaction as mentioned below.
The initial and final state of an object is also shown below.

Where to use Interaction Diagrams?

From the above discussion we can define the practical applications of a Statechart
diagram. Statechart diagrams are used to model dynamic aspect of a system like other
four diagrams disused in this tutorial. But it has some distinguishing characteristics for
modeling dynamic nature.
Statechart diagram defines the states of a component and these state changes are dynamic
in nature. So its specific purpose is to define state changes triggered by events. Events are
internal or external factors influencing the system.
Statechart diagrams are used to model states and also events operating on the system.
When implementing a system it is very important to clarify different states of an object
during its life time and statechart diagrams are used for this purpose. When these states
and events are identified they are used to model it and these models are used during
implementation of the system.
If we look into the practical implementation of Statechart diagram then it is mainly used
to analyze the object states influenced by events. This analysis is helpful to understand
the system behaviour during its execution.

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So the main usages can be described as:
 To model object states of a system.
 To model reactive system. Reactive system consists of reactive objects.
 To identify events responsible for state changes.
 Forward and reverse engineering.

ACTIVITY DIAGRAM

Overview:

Activity diagram is another important diagram in UML to describe dynamic aspects of

the system.
Activity diagram is basically a flow chart to represent the flow form one activity to
another activity. The activity can be described as an operation of the system.
So the control flow is drawn from one operation to another. This flow can be sequential,
branched or concurrent. Activity diagrams deals with all type of flow control by using
different elements like fork, join etc.

Purpose:

The basic purposes of activity diagrams are similar to other four diagrams. It captures the
dynamic behaviour of the system. Other four diagrams are used to show the message
flow from one object to another but activity diagram is used to show message flow from
one activity to another.
Activity is a particular operation of the system. Activity diagrams are not only used for
visualizing dynamic nature of a system but they are also used to construct the executable
system by using forward and reverse engineering techniques. The only missing thing in
activity diagram is the message part.
It does not show any message flow from one activity to another. Activity diagram is some
time considered as the flow chart. Although the diagrams looks like a flow chart but it is
not. It shows different flow like parallel, branched, concurrent and single.
So the purposes can be described as:
Draw the activity flow of a system.
Describe the sequence from one activity to another.
Describe the parallel, branched and concurrent flow of the system.
How to draw Component Diagram?
Activity diagrams are mainly used as a flow chart consists of activities performed by the
system. But activity diagram are not exactly a flow chart as they have some additional
capabilities. These additional capabilities include branching, parallel flow, swimlane etc.
Before drawing an activity diagram we must have a clear understanding about the
elements used in activity diagram. The main element of an activity diagram is the activity

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itself. An activity is a function performed by the system. After identifying the activities
we need to understand how they are associated with constraints and conditions.
So before drawing an activity diagram we should identify the following elements:
 Activities
 Association
 Conditions
 Constraints
Once the above mentioned parameters are identified we need to make a mental layout of
the entire flow. This mental layout is then transformed into an activity diagram.
The following is an example of an activity diagram for order management system. In the
diagram four activities are identified which are associated with conditions. One important
point should be clearly understood that an activity diagram cannot be exactly matched
with the code. The activity diagram is made to understand the flow of activities and
mainly used by the business users.
The following diagram is drawn with the four main activities:
 Send order by the customer
 Receipt of the order
 Confirm order
 Dispatch order
After receiving the order request condition checks are performed to check if it is normal
or special order. After the type of order is identified dispatch activity is performed and
that is marked as the termination of the process.

Where to use Interaction Diagrams?

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The basic usage of activity diagram is similar to other four UML diagrams. The specific
usage is to model the control flow from one activity to another. This control flow does
not include messages.
The activity diagram is suitable for modeling the activity flow of the system. An
application can have multiple systems. Activity diagram also captures these systems and
describes flow from one system to another. This specific usage is not available in other
diagrams. These systems can be database, external queues or any other system.
Now we will look into the practical applications of the activity diagram. From the above
discussion it is clear that an activity diagram is drawn from a very high level. So it gives
high level view of a system. This high level view is mainly for business users or any
other person who is not a technical person.
This diagram is used to model the activities which are nothing but business requirements.
So the diagram has more impact on business understanding rather implementation details.
Following are the main usages of activity diagram:
 Modeling work flow by using activities.
 Modeling business requirements.
 High level understanding of the system's functionalities.
 Investigate business requirements at a later stage.

COMPONENT DIAGRAM
Overview:

Component diagrams are different in terms of nature and behaviour. Component

diagrams are used to model physical aspects of a system.
Now the question is what are these physical aspects? Physical aspects are the elements
like executables, libraries, files, documents etc which resides in a node.
So component diagrams are used to visualize the organization and relationships among
components in a system. These diagrams are also used to make executable systems.

Purpose:

Component diagram is a special kind of diagram in UML. The purpose is also different
from all other diagrams discussed so far. It does not describe the functionality of the
system but it describes the components used to make those functionalities.
So from that point component diagrams are used to visualize the physical components in
a system. These components are libraries, packages, files etc.
Component diagrams can also be described as a static implementation view of a system.
Static implementation represents the organization of the components at a particular
moment.
A single component diagram cannot represent the entire system but a collection of
diagrams are used to represent the whole.
So the purpose of the component diagram can be summarized as:

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Visualize the components of a system.
Construct executables by using forward and reverse engineering.
Describe the organization and relationships of the components.

How to draw Component Diagram?

Component diagrams are used to describe the physical artifacts of a system. This artifact
includes files, executables, libraries etc.
So the purpose of this diagram is different, Component diagrams are used during the
implementation phase of an application. But it is prepared well in advance to visualize
the implementation details.
Initially the system is designed using different UML diagrams and then when the artifacts
are ready component diagrams are used to get an idea of the implementation.
This diagram is very important because without it the application cannot be implemented
efficiently. A well prepared component diagram is also important for other aspects like
application performance, maintenance etc.
So before drawing a component diagram the following artifacts are to be identified
clearly:
 Files used in the system.
 Libraries and other artifacts relevant to the application.
 Relationships among the artifacts.
 Now after identifying the artifacts the following points needs to be followed:
 Use a meaningful name to identify the component for which the diagram is to be
drawn.
 Prepare a mental layout before producing using tools.
 Use notes for clarifying important points.
The following is a component diagram for order management system. Here the artifacts
are files. So the diagram shows the files in the application and their relationships. In
actual the component diagram also contains dlls, libraries, folders etc.
In the following diagram four files are identified and their relationships are produced.
Component diagram cannot be matched directly with other UML diagrams discussed so
far. Because it is drawn for completely different purpose.
So the following component diagram has been drawn considering all the points
mentioned above:

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Where to use Component Diagrams?
We have already described that component diagrams are used to visualize the static
implementation view of a system. Component diagrams are special type of UML
diagrams used for different purposes.
These diagrams show the physical components of a system. To clarify it, we can say that
component diagrams describe the organization of the components in a system.
Organization can be further described as the location of the components in a system.
These components are organized in a special way to meet the system requirements.
As we have already discussed those components are libraries, files, executables etc. Now
before implementing the application these components are to be organized. This
component organization is also designed separately as a part of project execution.
Component diagrams are very important from implementation perspective. So the
implementation team of an application should have a proper knowledge of the component
details.
Now the usage of component diagrams can be described as:
 Model the components of a system.
 Model database schema.
 Model executables of an application.
 Model system's source code.

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 DEPLOYMENT DIAGRAM

Overview:

Deployment diagrams are used to visualize the topology of the physical components of a
system where the software components are deployed.
So deployment diagrams are used to describe the static deployment view of a system.
Deployment diagrams consist of nodes and their relationships.

Purpose:

The name Deployment itself describes the purpose of the diagram. Deployment diagrams
are used for describing the hardware components where software components are
deployed. Component diagrams and deployment diagrams are closely related.
Component diagrams are used to describe the components and deployment diagrams
shows how they are deployed in hardware.
UML is mainly designed to focus on software artifacts of a system. But these two
diagrams are special diagrams used to focus on software components and hardware
components.
So most of the UML diagrams are used to handle logical components but deployment
diagrams are made to focus on hardware topology of a system. Deployment diagrams are
used by the system engineers.
 The purpose of deployment diagrams can be described as:
 Visualize hardware topology of a system.
 Describe the hardware components used to deploy software components.
 Describe runtime processing nodes.

How to draw Component Diagram?

Deployment diagram represents the deployment view of a system. It is related to the

component diagram. Because the components are deployed using the deployment
diagrams. A deployment diagram consists of nodes. Nodes are nothing but physical
hardwares used to deploy the application.
Deployment diagrams are useful for system engineers. An efficient deployment diagram
is very important because it controls the following parameters
 Performance
 Scalability
 Maintainability
 Portability
So before drawing a deployment diagram the following artifacts should be identified:
Nodes
Relationships among nodes

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The following deployment diagram is a sample to give an idea of the deployment view of
order management system. Here we have shown nodes as:
 Monitor
 Modem
 Caching server
 Server
The application is assumed to be a web based application which is deployed in a
clustered environment using server 1, server 2 and server 3. The user is connecting to the
application using internet. The control is flowing from the caching server to the clustered
environment.
So the following deployment diagram has been drawn considering all the points
mentioned above:

Where to use Deployment Diagrams?

Deployment diagrams are mainly used by system engineers. These diagrams are used to
describe the physical components (hardwares), their distribution and association.
To clarify it in details we can visualize deployment diagrams as the hardware
components/nodes on which software components reside.
Software applications are developed to model complex business processes. Only efficient
software applications are not sufficient to meet business requirements. Business
requirements can be described as to support increasing number of users, quick response
time etc.

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To meet these types of requirements hardware components should be designed efficiently
and in a cost effective way.
Now a day's software applications are very complex in nature. Software applications can
be stand alone, web based, distributed, mainframe based and many more. So it is very
important to design the hardware components efficiently.
So the usage of deployment diagrams can be described as follows:
 To model the hardware topology of a system.
 To model embedded system.
 To model hardware details for a client/server system.
 To model hardware details of a distributed application.
 Forward and reverse engineering.

UML NOTATIONS
UML notations are the most important elements in modeling. Efficient and appropriate
use of notations is very important for making a complete and meaningful model. The
model is useless unless its purpose is depicted properly.
So learning notations should be emphasized from the very beginning. Different notations
are available for things and relationships. And the UML diagrams are made using the
notations of things and relationships. Extensibility is another important feature which
makes UML more powerful and flexible.
The chapter describes the UML Basic Notations in more details. This is just an extension
to the UML buildling block section I have discussed in previous chapter.
Structural Things:
Graphical notations used in structural things are the most widely used in UML. These are
considered as the nouns of UML models. Following are the list of structural things.
Classes
 Interface
 Collaboration
 Use case
 Active classes
 Components
 Nodes
 Class Notation:
UML class is represented by the diagram shown below. The diagram is divided into
four parts.
 The top section is used to name the class.
 The second one is used to show the attributes of the class.
 The third section is used to describe the operations performed by the class.
 The fourth section is optional to show any additional components.

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Classes are used to represent objects. Objects can be anything having properties and
responsibility.

Object Notation:

The object is represented in the same way as the class. The only difference is the name
which is underlined as shown below..

As object is the actual implementation of a class which is known as the instance of a

class. So it has the same usage as the class.

Interface Notation:

Interface is represented by a circle as shown below. It has a name which is generally

written below the circle.

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Interface is used to describe functionality without implementation. Interface is the just
like a template where you define different functions not the implementation. When a
class implements the interface it also implements the functionality as per the requirement.

Collaboration Notation:

Collaboration is represented by a dotted eclipse as shown below. It has a name written

inside the eclipse.

Collaboration represents responsibilities. Generally responsibilities are in a group.

Use case Notation:

Use case is represented as an eclipse with a name inside it. It may contain additional
responsibilities.

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Use case is used to capture high level functionalities of a system.

Actor Notation:

An actor can be defined as some internal or external entity that interacts with the system.

Actor is used in a use case diagram to describe the internal or external entities.
Initial State Notation:
Initial state is defined show the start of a process. This notation is used in almost all
diagrams.

The usage of Initial State Notation is to show the starting point of a process.

Final State Notation:

Final state is used to show the end of a process. This notation is also used in almost all
diagrams to describe the end.

The usage of Final State Notation is to show the termination point of a process.
Active class Notation:

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Active class looks similar to a class with a solid border. Active class is generally used to
describe concurrent behaviour of a system.

Active class is used to represent concurrency in a system.

Component Notation:

A component in UML is shown as below with a name inside. Additional elements can be
added wherever required.

Component is used to represent any part of a system for which UML diagrams are made.

Node Notation:

A node in UML is represented by a square box as shown below with a name. A node
represents a physical component of the system.

Node is used to represent physical part of a system like server, network etc.

Behavioural Things:

Dynamic parts are one of the most important elements in UML. UML has a set of
powerful features to represent the dynamic part of software and non software systems.
These features include interactions and state machines.
Interactions can be of two types:

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  Sequential (Represented by sequence diagram)
 Collaborative (Represented by collaboration diagram)

Interaction Notation:

Interaction is basically message exchange between two UML components. The following
diagram represents different notations used in an interaction.

Interaction is used to represent communication among the components of a system.

State machine Notation:
State machine describes the different states of a component in its life cycle. The notations
are described in the following diagram.

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State machine is used to describe different states of a system component. The state can be
active, idle or any other depending upon the situation.

Grouping Things:

Organizing the UML models are one of the most important aspects of the design. In UML
there is only one element available for grouping and that is package.

Package Notation:

Package notation is shown below and this is used to wrap the components of a system.

Annotational Things:

In any diagram explanation of different elements and their functionalities are very
important. So UML has notes notation to support this requirement.
Note Notation:

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This notation is shown below and they are used to provide necessary information of a
system.

Relationships
A model is not complete unless the relationships between elements are described
properly. The Relationship gives a proper meaning to an UML model. Following are the
different types of relationships available in UML.
 Dependency
 Association
 Generalization
 Extensibility

Dependency Notation:

Dependency is an important aspect in UML elements. It describes the dependent

elements and the direction of dependency.
Dependency is represented by a dotted arrow as shown below. The arrow head represents
the independent element and the other end the dependent element.

Dependency is used to represent dependency between two elements of a system.

Association Notation:

Association describes how the elements in an UML diagram are associated. In simple
word it describes how many elements are taking part in an interaction.

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Association is represented by a dotted line with (without) arrows on both sides. The two
ends represent two associated elements as shown below. The multiplicity is also
mentioned at the ends (1, * etc) to show how many objects are associated.

Association is used to represent the relationship between two elements of a system.

Generalization Notation:

Generalization describes the inheritance relationship of the object oriented world. It is

parent and child relationship.
Generalization is represented by an arrow with hollow arrow head as shown below. One
end represents the parent element and the other end child element.

Generalization is used to describe parent-child relationship of two elements of a system.

Extensibility Notation:

All the languages (programming or modeling) have some mechanism to extend its
capabilities like syntax, semantics etc. UML is also having the following mechanisms to
provide extensibility features.
Stereotypes (Represents new elements)
Tagged values (Represents new attributes)
Constraints (Represents the boundaries)

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Extensibility notations are used to enhance the power of the language. It is basically
additional elements used to represent some extra behaviour of the system. These extra
behaviours are not covered by the standard available notations.

Abstraction Relationship
An abstraction relationship is a dependency between model elements that represents the
same concept at different levels of abstraction or from different viewpoints. You can add
abstraction relationships to a model in several diagrams, including use-case, class, and
component diagrams.

Activity edges
In activity diagrams, an activity edge is a relationship between two activity nodes that
you can use to represent the control flow or object flow in an activity diagram.

Aggregation relationships
An aggregation relationship depicts a classifier as a part of, or as subordinate to, another
classifier.

Association relationships
In UML models, an association is a relationship between two classifiers, such as classes
or use cases, that describes the reasons for the relationship and the rules that govern the
relationship.

Binding relationships
In UML models, a binding relationship is a relationship that assigns values to template
parameters and generates a new model element from the template.

Communication paths
In UML modeling, a communication path is a type of association between nodes in a
deployment diagram that shows how the nodes exchange messages and signals.

Composition relationships
A composition relationship, which was named composition association relationship in
UML 1.4, represents whole–part relationships and is a form of aggregation. A
composition relationship specifies that the lifetime of the part classifier is dependent on
the lifetime of the whole classifier.

Dependency relationships
In UML modeling, a dependency relationship is a relationship in which changes to one
model element (the supplier) impact another model element (the client). You can use
dependency relationships in class diagrams, component diagrams, deployment diagrams,
and use case diagrams.

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Deployment relationships
In UML modeling, deployment relationships specify that a particular node type supports
the deployment of an artifact type.
Directed association relationships
In UML models, directed association relationships are associations that are navigable in
only one direction.

Generalization relationships
In UML modeling, a generalization relationship is a relationship in which one model
element (the child) is based on another model element (the parent). Generalization
relationships are used in class, component, deployment, and use case diagrams.

Implementation relationships
In UML modeling, an implementation relationship is a specialized type of realization
relationship between a classifier and a provided interface. The implementation
relationship specifies that the realizing classifier must conform to the contract that the
provided interface specifies.

Include relationships
In UML modeling, an include relationship is a relationship in which one use case (the
base use case) includes the functionality of another use case (the inclusion use case). The
include relationship supports the reuse of functionality in a use case model.

Manifestation relationships
In UML modeling, a manifestation relationship shows which model elements, such as
components or classes, are manifested in an artifact. The artifact manifests, or includes, a
specific implementation for, the features of one or several physical software components.

Realization relationships
In UML modeling, a realization relationship is a relationship between two model
elements, in which one model element (the client) realizes the behavior that the other
model element (the supplier) specifies. Several clients can realize the behavior of a single
supplier. You can use realization relationships in class diagrams and component
diagrams.

Usage relationships
In UML modeling, a usage relationship is a type of dependency relationship in which one
model element (the client) requires another model element (the supplier) for full
implementation or operation.

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 Common Mechanisms In UML

Specifications

textual statement of syntax & semantics

diagrams give view of specification

Adornments

elements in UML - unique graphical notation

adornments - added information about class

Common Divisions

general property vs. specific instance

class vs. object
use case vs. use case instance
UML syntax: underline name of instance
separation of interface & implementation
interface - contract
implementation - concrete realization of contract

Extensibility Mechanisms

stereotype

allows creation of new kinds of building blocks from existing ones

tagged value

allows creation of new information in specification

constraint

allows addition of new rules & modification of existing rules

Rules Of UML
 specify what model should look like
 semantic rules for
 names
 scope
 visibility
 integrity

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  execution
 Common properties of models
 elided - hide some elements for simplicity
 incomplete
 inconsistent
 rules of UML make it easier to address these problems

TERMS AND CONCEPTS

UML 2.2 has 14 types of diagrams divided into two categories.[10] Seven diagram types
represent structural information, and the other seven represent general types of behavior,
including four that represent different aspects of interactions. These diagrams can be
categorized hierarchically as shown in the following class diagram:

UML does not restrict UML element types to a certain diagram type. In general, every
UML element may appear on almost all types of diagrams; this flexibility has been
partially restricted in UML 2.0. UML profiles may define additional diagram types or
extend existing diagrams with additional notations.

In keeping with the tradition of engineering drawings, a comment or note explaining

usage, constraint, or intent is allowed in a UML diagram.

Structure diagrams

 Structure diagrams emphasize what things must be in the system being modeled:
 Class diagram: the class diagrams describes the structure of a system by showing
the system's classes, their attributes, and the relationships among the classes.
 Component diagram: depicts how a software system is split up into components
and shows the dependencies among these components.
 Composite structure diagram: describes the internal structure of a class and the
collaborations that this structure makes possible.
 Deployment diagram: serves to model the hardware used in system
implementations, and the execution environments and artifacts deployed on the
hardware.
 Object diagram: shows a complete or partial view of the structure of a modeled
system at a specific time.
 Package diagram: depicts how a system is split up into logical groupings by
showing the dependencies among these groupings.
 Profile diagram: operates at the metamodel level to show stereotypes as classes
with the <<stereotype>> stereotype, and profiles as packages with the
<<profile>> stereotype. The extension relation (solid line with closed, filled
arrowhead) indicate what metamodel element a given stereotype is extending.

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Since structure diagrams represent the structure they are used extensively in documenting
the architecture of software systems.

Behavior diagrams

Behavior diagrams emphasize what must happen in the system being modeled:

 Activity diagram: represents the business and operational step-by-step

workflows of components in a system. An activity diagram shows the overall
flow of control.
 State machine diagram: standardized notation to describe many systems, from
computer programs to business processes.
 Use case diagram: shows the functionality provided by a system in terms of
actors, their goals represented as use cases, and any dependencies among
those use cases.

Since behavior diagrams illustrate the behaviour of a system, they are used extensively to
describe the functionality of software systems.

CLASS DIAGRAM
The class diagram describes the attributes and operations of a class and also the
constraints imposed on the system. The class diagrams are widely used in the modelling
of object oriented systems because they are the only UML diagrams which can be
mapped directly with object oriented languages.
The class diagram shows a collection of classes, interfaces, associations, collaborations
and constraints. It is also known as a structural diagram.

Contents:
Class diagrams commonly contain the following things
 Classes
 Interfaces
 Collaborations
 Dependency,generation and association relationships

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 Fig: Class Diagram
CLASS DIAGRAM OF ATM

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 USE CASE DIAGRAM
Use case diagrams are used to gather the requirements of a system including internal and
external influences. These requirements are mostly design requirements. So when a
system is analyzed to gather its functionalities use cases are prepared and actors are
identified.
Now when the initial task is complete use case diagrams are modelled to present the
outside view.
So in brief, the purposes of use case diagrams can be as follows:

 Used to gather requirements of a system.

 Used to get an outside view of a system.
 Identify external and internal factors influencing the system.
 Show the interacting among the requirements are actors.

Fig: Use Case Diagram

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 USE CASE DIAGRAM FOR ATM

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 INTERACTION DIAGRAM
That is why sequence and collaboration diagrams are used to capture dynamic nature but
from a different angle.
So the purposes of interaction diagram can be describes as:

 To capture dynamic behaviour of a system.

 To describe the message flow in the system.
 To describe structural organization of the objects.
 To describe interaction among objects.

Fig:Sequence Diagram

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 Fig: Collaboration Diagram

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 SEQUENCE DIAGRAM FOR ATM

Fig:Sequence Diagram

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 COLLABORATION DIAGRAM FOR ATM

Fig: Collaboration Diagram

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 ACTIVITY DIAGRAM
Activity diagram is another important diagram in UML to describe dynamic aspects of
the system.
Activity diagram is basically a flow chart to represent the flow form one activity to
another activity. The activity can be described as an operation of the system.
So the control flow is drawn from one operation to another. This flow can be sequential,
branched or concurrent. Activity diagrams deals with all type of flow control by using
different elements like fork, join etc.

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 ACTIVITY DIAGRAM OF ATM

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Branching

A branch specifies alternate paths takes based on some Boolean expression

Branch is represented by diamond
Branch may have one incoming transition and two or more outgoing one on each
outgoing transition,you place a Boolean expression shouldn’t overlap but they should
cover all possibilities.

Forking and Joining

Fork
A fork represents the splitting of a single flow of control into two or more concurrent
Flow of control.
A fork may have one incoming transition and two or more outgoing transitions, each of
which represents an independent flow of control.
Below fork the activities associated with each of these path continues in parallel.

Join
A join represents the synchronization of two or more concurrent flows of control.
A join may have two or more incoming transition and one outgoing transition.
Above the join the activities associated with each of these paths continues in parallel.

Swimlane:
Swimlanes are useful when we model workflows of business processes to partition the
activity states on an activity diagram into groups.
Each group representing the business organization responsible for those activities,these
groups are called swimlanes.

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 SWIMLANE DIAGRAM FOR ATM

Fig:Swimlane diagram for ATM

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 FORK AND JOIN DIAGRAM FOR THE ATM

Fig: Fork and Join for the ATM

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 STATE CHART DIAGRAM
A state chart diagrams a state machine, emphasizing the flow of control from state to
state.

Contents

State chart diagrams commonly contain

 Simply state and composite states
 Transitions, including events and actions

Common use

They are use to model the dynamic aspects of a system.

Event ordered behavior of any kind of objects, to model reactive objects.

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 STATE CHART DIAGRAM FOR ATM

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 COMPONENT DIAGRAM
Component diagrams are different in terms of nature and behaviour. Component
diagrams are used to model physical aspects of a system.
Now the question is what are these physical aspects? Physical aspects are the elements
like executables, libraries, files, documents etc which resides in a node.
So component diagrams are used to visualize the organization and relationships among
components in a system. These diagrams are also used to make executable systems.

Fig: Component Diagram

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 COMPONENT DIAGRAM FOR ATM

Fig: Component Diagram

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 DEPLOYMENT DIAGRAM
Deployment diagrams are used to visualize the topology of the physical components of a
system where the software components are deployed.
So deployment diagrams are used to describe the static deployment view of a system.
Deployment diagrams consist of nodes and their relationships.
Purpose:
The name Deployment itself describes the purpose of the diagram. Deployment diagrams
are used for describing the hardware components where software components are
deployed. Component diagrams and deployment diagrams are closely related.
Component diagrams are used to describe the components and deployment diagrams
shows how they are deployed in hardware.

Fig: Deployment Diagram

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 DEPLOYMENT DIAGRAM FOR THE ATM

Fig: Deployment Diagram

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