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    Surge Calculations

    Uploaded by

    Jai Krishna Sahith
    This document discusses surge pressure analysis in pipelines. Surge pressure, also called water hammer, is a pressure wave caused by sudden changes in water velocity. Surge analysis should be performed when velocity changes exceed 4 fps, pipeline length is over 1000 feet, or there are fast-acting valves or pumps. The maximum allowable pressure is 150% of the pipe rating to prevent failure. Surge analysis computes pressure changes using equations that consider fluid properties, pipe material properties, and velocity changes. Proper protection, like pressure relief valves, is needed to prevent pipe and component damage from excessive pressures.

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    Surge Calculations

    Uploaded by

    Jai Krishna Sahith
    447 views21 pages
    This document discusses surge pressure analysis in pipelines. Surge pressure, also called water hammer, is a pressure wave caused by sudden changes in water velocity. Surge analysis should be performed when velocity changes exceed 4 fps, pipeline length is over 1000 feet, or there are fast-acting valves or pumps. The maximum allowable pressure is 150% of the pipe rating to prevent failure. Surge analysis computes pressure changes using equations that consider fluid properties, pipe material properties, and velocity changes. Proper protection, like pressure relief valves, is needed to prevent pipe and component damage from excessive pressures.

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    This document discusses surge pressure analysis in pipelines. Surge pressure, also called water hammer, is a pressure wave caused by sudden changes in water velocity. Surge analysis should be performed when velocity changes exceed 4 fps, pipeline length is over 1000 feet, or there are fast-acting valves or pumps. The maximum allowable pressure is 150% of the pipe rating to prevent failure. Surge analysis computes pressure changes using equations that consider fluid properties, pipe material properties, and velocity changes. Proper protection, like pressure relief valves, is needed to prevent pipe and component damage from excessive pressures.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    447 views21 pages

    Surge Calculations

    Uploaded by

    Jai Krishna Sahith
    This document discusses surge pressure analysis in pipelines. Surge pressure, also called water hammer, is a pressure wave caused by sudden changes in water velocity. Surge analysis should be performed when velocity changes exceed 4 fps, pipeline length is over 1000 feet, or there are fast-acting valves or pumps. The maximum allowable pressure is 150% of the pipe rating to prevent failure. Surge analysis computes pressure changes using equations that consider fluid properties, pipe material properties, and velocity changes. Proper protection, like pressure relief valves, is needed to prevent pipe and component damage from excessive pressures.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
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    Pressure surges or water hammers are caused by sudden changes in water velocity and can damage pipelines. Surge analysis should be performed when pipe lengths exceed 1000 feet, there are fast acting valves, pumps, or velocity changes exceed 4 fps. Pressure ratings depend on pipe material properties and number of pressure cycles.

    Closing or opening valves too quickly, rhythmic valve operation, starting or stopping pumps.

    When pipe lengths exceed 1000 feet, velocity changes could exceed 4 fps, there are fast acting valves or pumps in the system.

    Surge Pressure

    Computations

    What is a Surge
    A pressure surge or a water hammer
    is a pressure wave caused by a
    sudden change in water velocity.
    The word water hammer
    originates from the hammering
    sound which plumbing makes inside
    a house when faucets are turned on
    or off quickly.

    Why do Surge analysis?


    Protect the pipeline and its
    appurtenances
    Protect human life
    Reduce pipe costs

    When do Surge analysis?


    Consideration should be given to
    performing a surge analysis when any
    of the following conditions exist
    the maximum change of fluid velocity
    could exceed 4 fps
    the length of the pipeline exceeds 1000
    feet
    there are fast acting valves in the system
    there are pumps in the system

    What are the Maximum


    Allowable Pressures?
    The various standards for PVC pipe are
    not in total agreement regarding the
    safety factor for PVC pipe.
    1 The pipeline shall have a pressure class rating
    greater than the static or working pressure
    plus surge at any point in the system.
    2 For low pressure systems, Pressure relief
    valves shall be large enough to pass the full
    pump discharge with a pipeline pressure no
    greater than 50 percent above the
    permissible working head of the pipe.

    Allowable Pressures cont..


    3 For high pressure systems, Pressure relief
    valves shall be set to open at a pressure no
    greater than 5 psi above the pressure
    rating of the pipe or the lowest pressure
    rated component in the system.
    4 The Handbook of PVC Pipe (Uni-bell, 1977)
    states that In general, system operating
    pressure (static pressure plus surge
    pressure ) should not exceed 150% of the
    pipe pressure rating or pressure class.

    What causes varying


    velocity?

    Closing a valve
    Opening a valve
    Rhythmic valve operation
    Starting a pump
    Stopping a pump
    Movement of air pockets
    Sudden release of air
    Sudden halt in flow when air has been
    exhausted
    Recombination after water-column separation

    Critical time
    Critical time = 2L/a
    Valve or pump closure should be
    greater than critical
    The last 20% of valve closure most
    critical. Very dependent on type of
    valve.

    What Really Happens?

    Simple Valve
    Closure

    Wave Diagram t=0 to 2L/a

    Wave Diagram t= 2L/a to 4L/a

    How fast is the pressure


    wave?
    Wave speed based on two things
    Bulk modulus of elasticity of the fluid,
    usually water.
    Bulk modulus of elasticity of the pipe
    walls.

    How to compute surge


    pressures
    h = change in pipe pressure head
    a
    speed
    h
    * v ag == wave
    speed of gravity
    g
    v = change in velocity
    4720
    a
    k D
    1 * *(1 u 2 )
    E e

    K = bulk modulus elasticity of fluid ( water = 300,000 psi)


    E = modulus of elasticity of pipe material
    D = inside pipe diameter (in)
    e = Pipe wall thickness (in)
    u = Poissions ratio (PVC = .45)

    Another way is nomographs

    What happens if there are


    multiple pipes?

    The Procedure here is to convert the


    series pipe to an equivalent uniform pipe

    L L1 L2
    Ln

    .....

    a1 a1 a2
    an

    Ln
    a
    n

    Branching Pipelines

    P3

    P1(2a1a2 A1)
    (a2a3 A1 a1a3 A2 a1a2 A3)

    Effects From Air Movement


    When an air pocket becomes
    suddenly dislodged, as by a stream
    of flowing water, the extent of
    changes in local fluid velocities
    and the consequent waterhammer
    pressures are often much in excess
    of instantaneous closure.

    Pressure Rating
    Pressure rating can changed
    based on hoop stress and number
    of cycles

    Pressure Rating Over Time


    PVC PIPE Hoop Stress vs Cycles to Failure

    H oop Stress (psi)

    10000

    1000
    1000

    10000

    100000

    540000

    Cycles to Failure

    10000000

    100000000

    Example
    Compute the head increase due to instantaneous
    stoppage of water initially flowing at 5.0 fps in an 10
    inch, 80 psi, PIP pieline, a = 860
    If the static head at the point of stoppage is 55.0 psi,
    what is the total pressure acting on the pipe at the
    moment of stoppage?
    What is the hoop stress developed at the moment of
    stoppage?
    Hs=P*D/2*t
    If this Hoop stress will occur twice each day, and at
    each occurrence there are 8 stress cycles of this
    approximate magnitude, and if the irrigation season is
    90 days long, how many years can this pipe be
    expected to last before failure due to stress cycles?

    Summary
    Actual surge analysis is generally much more
    complicated than the simple example.
    The most practical method of solutions is to
    understand the available protection hardware
    and to install that equipment at enough
    locations and with reasonable settings.
    A fact of life which makes this approach
    almost necessary is that irrigation systems
    tend to be added to or changed with time
    until they may only vaguely resemble the
    original design.

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