PredragRebi

Pepper

Kingdom:
(unranked):
(unranked):
(unranked):
Order:
Family:
Subfamily:
Tribe:
Genus:

Plantae
Angiosperms
Eudicots
Asterids
Solanales
Solanaceae
Solanoideae
Capsiceae
Capsicum

Chilipepper
ItsspeciesarenativetotheAmericas

Capsicum consistsof2027species,fiveofwhichare
domesticated:
1. Capsicumannuum,
Capsicumannuum whichincludesmanycommonvarietiessuch
as bellpeppers,wax, cayenne, jalapeos,andthe chiltepin

2. Capsicumfrutescens,which
includes malagueta, tabasco and Thai peppers, piripiri,and Malawian
Kambuzi

3. Capsicumchinense,whichincludesthehottestpepperssuchas
the naga,habanero, Datil and Scotchbonnet

4. Capsicumpubescens,
Capsicumpubescens,whichincludestheSouth
American rocoto peppers

5. Capsicumbaccatum,whichincludestheSouthAmerican aji
peppers

Purecapsaicin&Dihydrocapsaicin:
16,000,000 ScovilleHeatUnits(SHU)

PoliceGradeSpray5,300,000 SHU
Common Pepper Spray 2,000,000 3,000,000
CommonPepperSpray2,000,000
3,000,000 SHU
Chilipepper>0 2,200,000
Pepper0

Measuringtheheat
Scoville'smethod

1912

Anexactweightofdriedpepperisdissolvedinalcoholto
extracttheheatcomponents(capsinoids),thendilutedina
solutionofsugarwater.
Increasingconcentrationsoftheextractedcapsinoidsare
giventoapaneloffivetrainedtasters,untilamajority(at
leastthree)candetecttheheatinadilution. Theheatlevelis
basedonthisdilution,ratedinmultiplesof100 ScovilleHeat
Units SHU.
SinceScovilleratingsaredefinedperunitofdrymass,
comparisonofratingsbetweenproductshavingdifferent
watercontentcanbemisleading.

ASTA pungency units

1980s

Thisidentifiesandmeasurestheconcentrationofheatproducing
chemicals byamethodthatuses highperformanceliquid
chromatography (HPLC). Themeasurementsareusedinamathematical
formulathat weighs themaccordingtotheirrelativecapacitytoproduce
asensationofheat.Thismethodyieldsresults,notinScovilleunits,but
in AmericanSpiceTradeAssociation (ASTA)pungencyunits.A
measurementofonepartcapsaicinpermillioncorrespondstoabout15
Scovilleunits.andthepublishedmethodsaysthatASTA pungency units
canbemultipliedby15andreportedasScovilleunits.
Scovilleunitsareameasureforcapsaicincontentperunitof drymass.
Thisconversionisapproximate,andthereisconsensusthatitgives
resultsabout2040%lowerthantheactualScovillemethodwouldhave
given.

Tostopthemouthflames
Iceandwaterwillfeelprettygood,butitsonlyatemporaryfeelgoodfix.
Beerissuggestedasasolutionbecausethealcoholwillhelptoneutralizethe
capsaicinmolecules. Butrememberthatbeerisabout95%waterandwontreally
neutralizethecapsaicinclingingtoyourtongue.Theharderstuffmighthelpbut
youdhavetodrinkalotofitandyoudendupfeelingnopainforotherreasons.
Acidcancutthroughtheheatsotry vinegar,lemonorlimejuice
Milk,cheese,sourcream,yogurt,andicecreamwillcoatyourmouthandcan
breakthebondscapsaicinformswiththenerveendings
Sugarsbindtopainreceptorsmorereadilythancapsaicinsosweetthingsmight
work,too. Sugar,fruit,honey,molasses,evencarrotshaveallbeenused. Highly
sweetenednoncarbonateddrinks maywork.

CarolinaReaper

Trinidadmorugascorpion

Capsicumchinense

Capsicumchinense

FortMill,SouthCarolina,USA

Districtof Moruga
in TrinidadandTobago

1.
1,569,383 2,200,000SHU

7PodDouglah
(7PotDouglah,Chocolate7Pod,alsoknownas7Pot)
Capsicumchinense

2,009,231SHU

TrinidadScorpion"ButchT"Pepper
Capsicumchinense

Woodville/Crosby,
Mississippi,USA

Trinidad

923,000 1,853,396 SHU

1,463,700SHU

NagaViperpepper

NewMexicoScorpion

Capsicumchinense

Capsicumchinense

Cark,Cumbria,
England

NewMexico

Thiswasalsoclaimedtobea
newfoundvariety,thatlaterwas
discoveredtobearenamedone.

1,382,118(>2,200,000SHU?)

1,191,595 SHU

BedfordshireSuperNaga

InfinityChilipepper

Capsicumchinense

Capsicumchinense

Bedfordshire,England

Lincolnshire,
England

1,067,286 SHU

1,120,000SHU

Bhut Jolokia (nagajolokia,nagamorich, bihjolokia, ghospepper,

ghostchilipepper,rednagachilli,and ghostchilli)

7PotChiliPepper
Capsicumchinense

ChaguanasareaofTrinidad

Assam, Nagaland
and Manipur,India

1,041,427SHU

> 1,000,000 SHU

NagaMorich

RedSavinapepper

Capsicumchinense

Capsicumchinense

NorthEast India,
Sylhet region
of Bangladesh

Walnut,California,
USA

577,000 SHU

>1,000,000SHU

AribibiGusano

HotPaperLanternHabanero

Capsicumchinense

Capsicumchinense

Bolivia

CentralAmerica:
the Yucatan region,
and
the Caribbean islands

400,000 450,000SHU

300,000 470,000SHU

FataliiChilePepper

WiriWiriPepper

Capsicumchinense

Capsicumfrutescens

CentralAfrica

Guyana

125,000400,000SHU

150,000 350,000 SHU

ScotchBonnet

Habanerochili

alsoknownas BoabsBonnet, ScottyBons,[Bonneypeppers, or Caribbeanredpeppers

Capsicumchinense

Capsicumchinense

Amazonas

Caribbean islands,
Guyana (BallofFire),
the Maldives Islands
andWestAfrica

100,000350,000 SHU

100,000350,000SHU

HABANEROWHITE

MadameJeanette
Capsicumchinense

Capsicumchinense

originallyfrom Suriname

Origin:Peru

100,000350,000SHU

>300,000 SHU

HabaneroJamScotchBonnetLong

PapaJoe'sScotchBonnet

Capsicumchinense

Capsicumchinense

Caribbean

USA

100,000350,000SHU

100,000350,000SHU

HabaneroBondaMaJacques

Datilpepper

Capsicumchinense

Capsicumchinense

St.Lucia,Caribbean

St.Augustine,Florida

200,000 300,000SHU

Thepepperisalmostidenticaltoawest
Africanpeppercalledthe"fatalii"or"fatal."

100,000 300,000 SHU

JamaicanHotChiliPeppers
(red,chocolate,yellow)

Rukutu, Ruqutu (Quechua), hispanicrocoto)

Capsicumchinense

Capsicumpubescens

Central and
SouthAmerica

Jamaica

50,000250,000SHU

100,000200,000SHU

Bird'seyechili, bird'schili or Thaichili

HabaneroTasmanianRed

Capsicumannuum

Capsicumchinense

SoutheastAsia
India

Tasmania?
Caribbean?

100,000225,000SHU

100,000175,000SHU

Piripiri

Pequinpepper

Capsicumfrutescens

Capsicum annuum

Uganda, Malawi,
SouthAfrica,
Ghana, Nigeria,
Zambia,Zimbabwe,
Mozambique,
thetropicalforests
off SouthSudan
S hS d
&thehighlands
of Ethiopia.

growwildinMexico
.

50,000175,000SHU

100,000140,000SHU

ChilePiquin

PimentaBode

Capsicumannuum

Capsicumfrutescens

Quertaro,Mexico

Brazil

100,000140,000SHU

50,000SHU

Silinglabuyo

Malaguetapepper

Capsicum frutescens

Capsicumfrutescen

Philippines

Brazil,
Portugal,
Mozambique

80,000 100,000SHU

60,000100,000SHU

Chiltepin, chiltepe,and chiletepin,

Cayennepepper
Capsicum annuum

Capsicumannuum var. Glabriusculum

Cayenne,FrenchGuiana

NorthAmerica and
northern SouthAmerica

50,000100,000 SHU

30,00050,000SHU

ajiamarillo

Lemondroppepper

Capsicumbaccatum

Capsicumbaccatum

Peru

Peru

30,00050,000SHU

30.000 50.000SHU

YellowLanternChili

Tabascopepper

Capsicumchinense

Capsicum frutescens

CentralAmerica,
the Yucatan region,
the Caribbean islands

MexicanstateofTabasco
Louisiana,UnitedStates

30,00050,000SHU

30,00050,000SHU

GunturSannam

Chupetinho
Alaranjado

Capsicumannum

Capsicumchinense

GunturDistrict,
AndhraPradesh, India

Brazil

35,000 40,000SHU

20,00030,000SHU

Chilederbol

Chilederbol

Capsicumannuum

Capsicumannuum

Mexico

Mexico

15,000 30,000 SHU

15,00030,000SHU

BrazilianStarfish

RedFire

Capsicumbaccatum

Capsicumchinense

Brazil

unknown

5,000 30,000SHU

5,000 30,000SHU

Serranopepper

Peterpepper

Capsicum annuum

Capsicumannuumvar.annuum

Puebla and Hidalgo,Mexico

EastTexas,Louisiana,USA

10,00025,000SHU

10,00023,000SHU

PimentadeCheiro

Byadagichilli

Capsicumchinense

Capsicumannuum

Brazil

Karnataka,India

9,000 15,000SHU

20,000SHU

Bishop'scrown

Hungarianwax pepper

Capsicumbaccatum

Capsicum annuum

PeruandBolivia

Hungary

5,000 15,000SHU

1,000 15,000 SHU

10

AjiAngelo

Aleppopepper

Capsicumbaccatum

Capsicumannuum

Bolivia,Peru

MiddleEastern and
Mediterraneanregion

2,000 12,000SHU

10,000SHU

Fresnochilipepper

Guajillochili or guajillochilli

Capsicumannuu

Capsicumannuum

SanJoaquinValley ,California

Mexico

2,500 10,000SHU

2,500 5,000SHU

JalapenoPepper

Anaheimpepper

Capsicumannuum

C.annuum var. annuum

Mexico,U.S.

Anaheim,California, USA

ChipotlePeppers
driedandsmoked
JalapenoPeppers

3,000 6,000SHU

5005,000SHU

11

Espelette pepper

Rocotillopepper

Piment d'Espelette

Capsicumbaccatum

Basque people
Espelette,
Pyrnes-Atlantiques,
France

Peru

4,000SHU

1,500 2,500 SHU

Chilaca pepper

Peppadew

Capsicumannuum

Capsicumbaccatum
.

Michoacan,Mexico

Limpopoprovince of South Africa

Driedchilaca pepper=

Pasilla chile
chileor
or chilenegro

1,000 2,000 SHU

1,177SHU

Poblano

Poblano

Capsicumannuum

Capsicumannuum

Puebla,Mexico

Mexico

ancho
Dried,itiscalled
ancho or ancho
anchochile

1,0001,500SHU

1,0001,500SHU

12

Cubanelle,Cubanpepper

Bananapepper

Capsicumannuum

.Capsicumannuum

Cuba,
the Dominican Republic,
PuertoRico

nativetoSouthAmerica

1000SHU

0500SHU

CayenneLongSlim

ChileBolita

Capsicumannuum

Capsicumannuum

French Guiana

Coahuila, Durango,
Guerrero,and Jalisc

Mexico

Whendried,calledCascabel

30,00050,000SHU

2,5008,000SHU

Cascabelchilipeppers

ChileMulato

CapsicumAnnuum

Capsicumannuum

Mexico

Mexico

1,0003,000SHU

2,500 3,000SHU

13

ChileVerde

Pimiento, pimento,
or Cherrypepper

Capsicumannuum

Capsicumannuum

Mexico,Yucatan
Arizona,NewMexico,USA

Europeanorigin

500 1,500SHU

Peperoncini
(or pepperoncini)

100 500SHU

TrinidadPerfumechilipepper
Capsicum chinense

Capsicumannuum

Greece,Italy...

0500SHU

0500 SHU

PurpleBeauty

Biquinhos

Capsicumannuum

Capsicumchinense

unknown

Brazil

0SHU

0SHU

14

Bellpepper, sweetpepper, pepper,capsicum

AjiArbolado

Capsicumannuum

Capsicumbaccatum

nativetoMexico,CentralAmericaandnorthernSouthAmerica.

Peru

Arbol15,00030,000 ?

0SHU

AjiFantasy

ChileDulceMilfruto

Capsicumbaccatum

Capsicumannuum

Finland

CostaRica

Nagayatsubusa

PepperoniCosenza

Capsicumannuum

Capsicumannuum

Japan

Italy

?,mild

15