HW MC Sol

Fall 2014 Wireless Communications
Solution of Homework Assignment #1
Problem 1 (20 points)

(a) Consider a two-path channel with impulse response h(t) = 1 ( ) + 2 ( 0.022
106 ). Find the distance separating the transmitter and receiver, as well as 1 and 2 ,
assuming free space path loss on each path with a reflection coefficient of 1. Assume
the transmitter and receiver are located 8 meters above the ground and the carrier
frequency is 900 MHz.
Sol: Since we know h(t) = 1 (t ) + 2 (t ( + 0.22 106 )), ht = hr = 8,
fc = 900MHz, R = 1 and use Gr = Gl = 1, we have = 13 and the delay spread is
delay spread =
x + x0 l
= 0.022 106 .
c
So we can get
q
2 82 + ( d2 )2 d
3 108
= 0.022 106 d = 16.1(m)
(b) Consider a system with a transmitter, receiver, and scatterer as shown in Figure 1.
Assume the transmitter and receiver are both at heights ht = hr = 4m and are separated by distance d, with the scatterer at distance 0.5d along both dimensions in a
two-dimensional grid of the ground, i.e. on such a grid the transmitter is located at (0,
0), the receiver is located at (0, d) and the scatterer is located at (0.5d, 0.5d). Assume
a radar cross section of 20 dBm2 . Find the path loss of the scattered signal for d = 1,
10, 100, and 1000 meters. Compare with the path loss at these distances if the signal
is just reflected with reflection coefficient R = 1.
Figure 1: System with scatting

Sol: = 31 m since fc = 900MHz. Let G = 1 and the radar cross section A = 20
p
dBm2 =100 m2 . Also, x = x0 = (0.5d)2 + (0.5d)2 = 0.5d. Thus, the path loss due
to scattering is given by
"
#2
Pr
GA
0.0224
= 3/2
=
.
2
Pt
d
0
4 xx
1
Hence, for d = 1, 10, 100 and 1000 meters, PPrt = 2.244102 , 2.244104 , 2.244106 ,
2.244 108 , respectively.
The path loss due to reflection for 2 ray model is
!2 2
Pr
R G
3.52 104
=
=
.
Pt
x + x0
4
d2
For for d = 1, 10, 100 and 1000 meters, PPrt = 3.52 104 , 3.52 106 , 3.52 108 ,
3.52 1010 , respectively. So the path loss due to reflection is much smaller than that
due to only scattering.
This problem shows how different propagation models can lead to very different SNRs (and
therefore different link performance) for a given system design. Consider a linear cellular
system using frequency division, as might operate along a highway or rural road, as shown
in Figure 2 below. Each cell is allocated a certain band of frequencies, and these frequencies
are reused in cells spaced a distance d away. Assume the system has square cells which
are two kilometers per side, and that all mobiles transmit at the same power P. For the
following propagation models, determine the minimum distance that the cells operating in
the same frequency band must be spaced so that uplink SNR (the ratio of the minimum
received signal-to-interference power (S/I) from mobiles to the base station) is greater than
20 dB. You can ignore all interferers except from the two nearest cells operating at the same
frequency.
Figure 2: Linear Cells

(a) Propagation for both signal and interference follow a free-space model.
Sol: Let d be the distance between cells with
reuse frequency and p be the transmit
S
power of all the mobiles. Also, we know I uplink 20dB. Minimum S/I is required
when mainuser is at A and interferers are at B. The distance between A and
base station
1 is dA = 2km, and the distance between B and base station 1 is dB = 2km. Thus,
h
i2
G

P 4dA
S
d2B
(dmin 1)2
=
= 100,
h
i2 = 2 =
I min
dA
4
G
2P 4d
B
which gives dmin = 21 km. Since integer number of cells should be accommodated in
distance d, dmin = 22 km.
2
(b) Propagation for both signal and interference follow the simplified path loss model(i.e.
(2.39) in the note) with d0 =100m, K = 1, and = 3.
Sol:

d0

P
k
dA
Pr
d0
S
1 dB
=
=k
=
Pu
d
I min 2P k d0
2 dA
dB

3
1 dmin 1
= 100 dmin = 9.27

2
2
Therefore, we use dmin = 10km.
(c) Propagation for the signal follows the simplified path loss model with d0 = 100m, K = 1,
and = 2, while propagation of the interference follows the same model but with = 4.
Sol:

k ddA0
S
(d 1)4
= min
=
= 100.
I min 2k d0
0.04
dB
So dmin = 2.41 km and thus we should take dmin = 4 km.

Consider a cellular system where the received signal power is distributed according to a
log-normal distribution with mean dBm and standard deviation dBm. Assume the
received signal power must be above 10 dBm for acceptable performance.
(a) What is the outage probability when the log-normal distribution has = 15 dBm and
= 8 dBm?
Sol: For = 15 dBm and = 8 dBm, the outage probability for Pmin = 10 dBm is

Pmin
Pr
10 15
P r
<
=P
<
P[Pr < Pmin ] = P
8
= 1 Q(0.625) = 0.266
(b) For = 4 dBm, what value of is required such that the outage probability is less
than 1%, a typical value for high-quality PCS systems?
Sol:

10
Pr
P[Pr < Pmin ] = P
<
= 0.01
4

10
=1Q
= 0.01,
4
which gives 19.3 dBm.
(c) Repeat (b) for = 12 dBm.
Sol:

P r
10
= 0.01
P[Pr < Pmin ] = P
<
12

10
=1Q
= 0.01,
12
3
which gives 37.9 dBm.

The following table lists a set of empirical path loss measurements:
Distance from transmitter
5m
25m
65m
110m
400m
1000m
Pr /Pt
-60 dB
-80 dB
-105 dB
-115 dB
-135 dB
-150 dB
(a) Find the parameters of a simplified path loss model plus log normal shadowing that best
fit this data.
Sol: The ratio of received power to transmitted power in dB is given by
Pr
d
= 10 log10
+ 10 log10 K dB ,
Pt
d0
where dB is a Gauss-distributed random variable with mean zero and variance 2 . The
values of Pr /Pt in the above table is the means of Pr /Pt . Thus, assuming d0 = 1 and we
have the following:
6.989 + 10 log10 K
13.98 + 10 log10 K
18.13 + 10 log10 K
20.41 + 10 log10 K
26.02 + 10 log10 K
30.00 + 10 log10 K
= 60
= 80
= 105
= 115
= 135
= 150.
Using lease square error fitting on the above 6 linear equations yields the following

6
115.529
10 log10 K
645
=
,
115.529 2566.59
13801.24
which gives = 4.04 and 10 log10 K = 29.72. (For the least square error fitting, please
refer to the website http://mathworld.wolfram.com/LeastSquaresFitting.html).
(b) Find the path loss at 2 Km based on this model.
Sol: For d = 2 Km, we have
Pr
= 10 4.04 log10 (2000) 29.72 = 1163.08 dB.
Pt
(c) Find the outage probability at a distance d assuming the received power at d due to
path loss alone is 10 dB above the required power for no outage.
Sol: The outage probability is pout = P[Pr < Pmin ], and for path loss only we know the
4
pl
= 10 log10 d + 10 log10 K + Pt,dB = 10 + Pmin,dB . which can be
received power Pr,dB
explicitly written as
i
h
pl
pl
pout = P Pr,dB Pr,dB < Pmin,dB Pr,dB

dB
10
= P[dB < 10] = P
<
,
where is the standard deviation of random variable dB due to shadowing. The variance
can be found by the data given in the table and and K found in (a), i.e.

2
6
Pr
1X
2
10 log10 d 29.72

6 i=1
Pt i
= 9.246
3.04 dB.
Therefore,

pout

dB
P
< 3.289 = Q(3.289) = 0.00050272.

Consider a cellular system operating at 900 MHz where propagation follows free space path
loss with variations from log normal shadowing with = 6 dB. Suppose that for acceptable
voice quality a signal-to-noise power ratio of 15 dB is required at the mobile. Assume the
base station transmits at 1 W and its antenna has a 3 dB gain. There is no antenna gain
at the mobile and the receiver noise in the bandwidth of interest is -10 dBm. Find the
maximum cell size so that a mobile on the cell boundary will have acceptable voice quality
95% of the time.
Sol: We have the following free space path loss parameters: fc = 900 MHz, = 31 , = 6
dB, required SN R = 15 dB, Pt = 1 W, g = 3 dB, Pnoise = 40 dB, and thus we know the
minimum received signal power Pr = 15 40 = 25 dB. Suppose we choose a cell of radius
d and thus the received signal power due to the path loss in dB is
!2

3
1.4
10
G
l
= 10 log10
Ppl = 10 log10 Pt
= 28.54 20 log10 d.
4d
d2
Also we know

Pr Ppl
25 Ppl
P[Pr > 25 dB] = P
>
= 0.95.
P P
Since r pl , X is a Gaussian random variable with zero mean and unit variance, we
further have

3.54 + 20 log10 d
3.54 + 20 log10 d
P X>
=Q
= 0.95,
6
6
which gives
3.54 + 20 log10 d
= 1.645 d = 0.21355.
6
5

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How does the path loss due to reflection compare to that due to only scattering?

What are the minimum distances cells operating at the same frequency must be spaced to achieve an uplink SNR greater than 20 dB under different propagation models?

Fall 2014 Wireless Communications

Solution of Homework Assignment #1

Problem 1 (20 points)

= 0.022 106 d = 16.1(m)

Figure 1: System with scatting

Figure 2: Linear Cells

= 100 dmin = 9.27

So dmin = 2.41 km and thus we should take dmin = 4 km.

which gives 37.9 dBm.

Problem 5 (15 points)

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