1 Introduction - Lasers

1.
Basics of LASER Physics

Dr. Sebastian Domsch (Dipl.-Phys.)
Computer Assisted Clinical Medicine

Medical Faculty Mannheim
Heidelberg University
Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3
D-68167 Mannheim, Germany
[email protected]
www.ma.uni-heidelberg.de/inst/cbtm/ckm
Outline: Biomedical Optics

1. Lecture - Basics of LASER Physics
Historical Background
Properties of Light
Maxwells Equations
Wave Particle Dualism
Geometric Optics
2. Lecture - LASER Principle

3. Lecture - LASER Systems
4. Lecture - LASER Resonators
5. Lecture - LASER Tissue Interactions 1
6. Lecture - LASER Tissue Interactions 2
Biomedical Optics Basics of LASER Physics

Dr. Sebastian Domsch I Slide 2/29 I 12/10/2015
Literature

LASER
A LASER is a device that emits light through a process
of optical amplification based on the stimulated emission of
electromagnetic radiation
LASER
Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
LASER Light
short light pulses,
spatial coherence focusing to a tight spot over long distances
Laser Applications
Laser Cutting
Laser Printers
Optical Disc Drives
Barcode Scanners
Laser Pointer
Laser Surgery
Fiber Optic
Free-Space Communication
Distance measurements (LUNAR LASER Ranging Experiment: precision < 4cm!!)
many more
Historical Background

Discovery of Stimulated Emission in 1917

Albert Einstein
* 14.3.1879 (Ulm, Germany) 18.4.1955, (Princeton, USA)

1960 First LASER Constructed
Theodore Harold Maiman

* 11.7.1927, Los Angeles, USA
5.5.2007, Vancouver, Canada

First LASER systems: 1960

Theodore H. Maiman (*1927, L.A./USA)
Pulsed Solid-State
LASER
Hughes Research Laboratories (CA/USA)
Ali Javan (*1926, Teheran/Iran)

Continuous-Wave (CW) Gas
LASER
Bell Telephone Laboratories (NJ/USA)

Nobel Prize in Physics in 1964

for fundamental work in the field of quantum electronics, which has led to the
construction of oscillators and amplifiers based on the maser-laser principle
Charles Hard Townes
Nikolay Gennadiyevich Basow
Aleksandr Mikhailovich Prokhorov
* 28.7.1915, Greenville, USA

27.1.2015, Oakland, USA
* 14.12.1922, Usman, Russia

1.7.2001, Moscow, Russia
* 11.7.1916, Atherton, Australia

8.1.2002, Moscow, Russia
Theoreticl work: MASER

principle -> LASER
Concept of optical pumping

1960 First LASER Constructed
Theodore Harold Maiman

Physical Basics

Properties of Light

Wave Particle Dualism of Light

Tissue
LASER
Matter
Light
Einstein (1905)
De Broglie (1924)
Wave-like behavior
of electrons
Particle:
Photoelectric effect
(Nobel Price 1921)
Geometric
Quantum
optics
particle
Optics
wave

Properties of Light
Electromagnetic Wave
Light Quanta
(t)=I0ei
Photons ()
I0
= c : dispersion in vacuum
E = h = pc
p=h/
: wave length
E: energy
: frequency
p: momentum
c: light velocity = 3108 m/s
h: Plancks constant

Electromagnetic Spectrum
Geometric
Optics
Quantum
optics
(wave
character)
(particle
character)
visible spectrum: = 400 700 nm, = 7,5 4 1014 Hz

Light - Electromagnetic (EM) Waves

EM Fields:
- defined by two vector fields:

electric field: E( r , t )

magnetic field: H( r , t )
- caused by
electric charges
electric currents

EM Wave

electric field:
E( r , t )

magnetic field: H( r , t )
wave vector:
k( r , t )
|k| = 2 /

Electromagnetic Fields in
Dielectric Media

Dielectric Media Non-Conducting

electric displacement field:

D 0E P
electric field
magnetic induction:

B 0H M
magnetic field
polarization

magnetization
Maxwells Equations (static fields)

1. Charges are the sources of electric fields
D
Gausss Theorem
D dA q( V )
Divergence of electric
field is created by charges
2. Magnetic monopoles do not exist
B 0
Gausss Theorem
B dA 0
In
the
absence
of
magnetic
monopoles,
divergence
of
the
magnetic field lines is
always zero.

Maxwells Equations (dynamic fields)

3. A changing magnetic field creates an electric field
B
E
t
4. Magnetic fields are created by electrical current and by changing electric fields
D
H Jf
t

Geometric Optics

Geometric Optics
At a planar dielectric surface
Reflection
Refraction
Transmission
media: air, water, glass,
dielectric: electrical insulator (weak or non-conducting) that

can be polarized by an applied electric field

Reflection
angle of incidence = angle of reflection
'
Refraction

Refraction
A
refractive index n
Normal
vacuum: 1
air: 1.0003
water: 1.333
crown glass: 1.5
c (medium)=c/
Fermats Prinziple
Light minimizes the time the travel from
point A to B. Light velocity in media.
Snells Law
n sin( ) n ' sin( ' )

Total Reflection
Water tank: Reflected and refracted light

components!
Fiber optic cable: total reflection important for signal

transmission!
Total Reflection
Snells Law
Normal
c
n
n
n sin( ) n ' sin( ' )
n > n
sin() =1 !
n
c arcsin
n'

critical angle
Brewster Angle - Linear Polarisation
Brewster Angle: B
Hertzian Dipole
Brewster Angle: B
+ B=/2
Reflected ray polarized due to radiation charachteristic of Hertzian Dipole!

Dispersion
dispersion = dependance between

frequency and wavelength: = ()
f = c / n()
f = c / (n() )
substitute = 2f and k = 2/
= kc / n(k)

Dispersion Group and Phase Velocity

wavepakage: x, t c j e
i ( j t k j x )
Gaussian Wavepakage
d k / (k )
d
c
dk
dk
c
phase velocity: v phase
k (k )
group velocity: vgroup
= velocity of wave
package
= velocity of single
waves
The refractive index is wavelength

dependent: n = n()
-> Speed of light in medium is
wavelength dependent: v = c/ n()
= v() !
-> A wave package disperses
If the refractive index (n) is not wavelength dependent

phase
= vGroup
No dispersion!
Repetition
Einstein: Discovery of stimulated emission 1917
First pulsed ruby LASER by Maiman in 1960
Nobel prices for Townes, Basow and Prokhorov in 1964: fundamental work in
quantum electronics) fascilitating LASERs/MASERs
Light, both wave and particle character
Electromagnetic wave: B- and E fields
Maxwells Equation: the cause and the relation of and between B(t)- and E(t)
Geometric optics: reflection, refraction, transmission

Reflection: angle of incident = angle of reflection
Total Refraction: angle of reflection > 90
Brewester Angle: linearly reflected light if refracted and reflected light 90
Dispersion relation: k = k()
Dielectric: = (k)
Wavepackages disperse if group velocity phase velocity

Next Lecture
2. LASER Principle


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1.

Basics of LASER Physics

Computer Assisted Clinical Medicine

Outline: Biomedical Optics

Wave Particle Dualism

2. Lecture - LASER Principle

6. Lecture - LASER Tissue Interactions 2

Biomedical Optics Basics of LASER Physics

Biomedical Optics Basics of LASER Physics

Biomedical Optics Basics of LASER Physics

Discovery of Stimulated Emission in 1917

Biomedical Optics Basics of LASER Physics

1960 First LASER Constructed

Theodore Harold Maiman

Biomedical Optics Basics of LASER Physics

First LASER systems: 1960

Ali Javan (*1926, Teheran/Iran)

Bell Telephone Laboratories (NJ/USA)

Nobel Prize in Physics in 1964

Charles Hard Townes

Nikolay Gennadiyevich Basow

Aleksandr Mikhailovich Prokhorov

* 28.7.1915, Greenville, USA

* 14.12.1922, Usman, Russia

* 11.7.1916, Atherton, Australia

Theoreticl work: MASER

Concept of optical pumping

Biomedical Optics Basics of LASER Physics

1960 First LASER Constructed

Theodore Harold Maiman

Biomedical Optics Basics of LASER Physics

Biomedical Optics Basics of LASER Physics

Biomedical Optics Basics of LASER Physics

Wave Particle Dualism of Light

Biomedical Optics Basics of LASER Physics

c: light velocity = 3108 m/s

Biomedical Optics Basics of LASER Physics

visible spectrum: = 400 700 nm, = 7,5 4 1014 Hz

Light - Electromagnetic (EM) Waves

Biomedical Optics Basics of LASER Physics

Biomedical Optics Basics of LASER Physics

Biomedical Optics Basics of LASER Physics

Dielectric Media Non-Conducting

Biomedical Optics Basics of LASER Physics

Maxwells Equations (static fields)

2. Magnetic monopoles do not exist

Biomedical Optics Basics of LASER Physics

Maxwells Equations (dynamic fields)

Biomedical Optics Basics of LASER Physics

Biomedical Optics Basics of LASER Physics

media: air, water, glass,

dielectric: electrical insulator (weak or non-conducting) that

Biomedical Optics Basics of LASER Physics

Biomedical Optics Basics of LASER Physics

n sin( ) n ' sin( ' )

Water tank: Reflected and refracted light

Fiber optic cable: total reflection important for signal

n sin( ) n ' sin( ' )

Biomedical Optics Basics of LASER Physics