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    Phys365 Lab5

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    Kartik Dhand
    The experiment aimed to estimate Planck's constant using light emitting diodes (LEDs). Different voltages were applied to LEDs and the resulting currents were recorded. Graphs of voltage versus current were made for each LED. The slope of a fitted linear curve was used to determine Planck's constant. The accepted value of Planck's constant is 4.135667x10−15 eVs, while the calculated value was 4.51x10−15 eVs, within the uncertainty range. However, the assumption that the energy difference (ΔE) across the band gap was constant was found to be invalid, potentially introducing errors.

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    Phys365 Lab5

    Uploaded by

    Kartik Dhand
    99 views13 pages
    The experiment aimed to estimate Planck's constant using light emitting diodes (LEDs). Different voltages were applied to LEDs and the resulting currents were recorded. Graphs of voltage versus current were made for each LED. The slope of a fitted linear curve was used to determine Planck's constant. The accepted value of Planck's constant is 4.135667x10−15 eVs, while the calculated value was 4.51x10−15 eVs, within the uncertainty range. However, the assumption that the energy difference (ΔE) across the band gap was constant was found to be invalid, potentially introducing errors.

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    Phys365--Lab5

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    The experiment aimed to estimate Planck's constant using light emitting diodes (LEDs). Different voltages were applied to LEDs and the resulting currents were recorded. Graphs of voltage versus current were made for each LED. The slope of a fitted linear curve was used to determine Planck's constant. The accepted value of Planck's constant is 4.135667x10−15 eVs, while the calculated value was 4.51x10−15 eVs, within the uncertainty range. However, the assumption that the energy difference (ΔE) across the band gap was constant was found to be invalid, potentially introducing errors.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    99 views13 pages

    Phys365 Lab5

    Uploaded by

    Kartik Dhand
    The experiment aimed to estimate Planck's constant using light emitting diodes (LEDs). Different voltages were applied to LEDs and the resulting currents were recorded. Graphs of voltage versus current were made for each LED. The slope of a fitted linear curve was used to determine Planck's constant. The accepted value of Planck's constant is 4.135667x10−15 eVs, while the calculated value was 4.51x10−15 eVs, within the uncertainty range. However, the assumption that the energy difference (ΔE) across the band gap was constant was found to be invalid, potentially introducing errors.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    PHYS365LABREPORT05

    GroupMembers:
    FarhadSadigZada,
    KartikDhand,
    JulianCastro,
    YashJani

    LabSectionB07

    TA:PiotrStaniaszek

    November30,2015

    Objective:

    TheexperimentwasperformedtoestimatePlancksconstantusinglightemittingdiodes(LEDs).
    DifferentforwardandreversebiasconditionswereappliedtowardsLEDs,andtheresulting
    changesincurrentwererecorded.Observationsfromthisexperimentalsoadvancedstudents
    understandingofLEDs.

    Method:

    Firstofall,thepropersettingoftheequipmentwascheckedbyapplyingaforwardbiasof10V
    toeachLED,andseeinglightemissionfromeachbulb.Then,LED#1waschosen,anda
    forwardbiasof0to7Vwasappliedtowardsit,andcorrespondingcurrentvalueswererecorded
    toexploretheIVbehaviorviaaplot.Aforwardbiasof3to7Vwasusedonother7LEDs.The
    reasonofworkingwithavoltagehigherthan3Vwastoensurethattheappliedvoltageis
    greaterthanthebuiltinone,andusetheobtaineddataforestimationoftheLEDs
    builtinvoltage.ThiswasdonebyplottingIVgraphforeachoftheLEDs,gettingtheformulafor
    thebeststraightfitusingExcel(y=k*x+b),settingytozero,andfindingthecorrespondingx
    valuewhichstoodforV
    .
    0
    Tofindthetheoreticalvalueofthepotentialdifferenceacrossthebandgap,thefollowing
    formulawasused:

    wherecisthespeedoflight,hisPlancksconstant,eischargeofanelectron,andis
    thewavelengthforLEDslight(wasgiveninthelabmanual).OncetheV
    wasfound,the
    BG
    constantEofthechosenLEDwascalculatedvia:

    Finally,usingtherelationship

    astheequationofastraightline,Plancksconstantwasdeterminedfromtheslopeofafitted
    linearcurve.

    Data:
    Table1:DataforLED1
    V_bias(V)

    Current(mA)

    0.2

    0.4

    0.6

    0.8

    1.2

    1.4

    1.6

    1.8

    2.2

    2.4

    0.01

    2.6

    0.06

    2.8

    0.14

    0.25

    3.5

    0.54

    0.96

    4.5

    1.39

    1.71

    5.5

    1.95

    2.35

    6.5

    2.64

    2.96


    Table2:RecordedV_biasandcurrentforthe8LEDbulbswithuncertainties
    V_bias(V) 1(mA)

    2(mA)

    3(mA)

    4(mA)

    5(mA)

    6(mA)

    7(mA)

    8(mA)

    3+/0.1

    0.25+/
    0.01

    0.86+/
    0.01

    0.87+/
    0.01

    0.7+/
    0.01

    0.91+/
    0.01

    0.7+/
    0.01

    1.1+/
    0.01

    1.38+/
    0.01

    3.5+/0.1

    0.54+/
    0.01

    1.18+/
    0.01

    1.21+/
    0.01

    0.98+/
    0.01

    1.29+/
    0.01

    1.16+/
    0.01

    1.49+/
    0.01

    1.73+/
    0.02

    4+/0.1

    0.96+/
    0.01

    1.51+/
    0.01

    1.6+/
    0.01

    1.52+/
    0.01

    1.61+/
    0.01

    1.65+/
    0.01

    1.86+/
    0.02

    2.11+/
    0.02

    4.5+/0.1

    1.39+/
    0.01

    1.85+/
    0.02

    1.94+/
    0.02

    1.81+/
    0.02

    2.02+/
    0.02

    1.98+/
    0.02

    2.24+/
    0.02

    2.51+/
    0.02

    5+/0.1

    1.71+/
    0.02

    2.1+/
    0.02

    2.3+/
    0.02

    2.2+/
    0.02

    2.37+/
    0.02

    2.5+/
    0.02

    2.59+/
    0.02

    2.86+/
    0.02

    5.5+/0.1

    1.95+/
    0.02

    2.51+/
    0.02

    2.64+/
    0.02

    2.53+/
    0.02

    2.7+/
    0.02

    2.85+/
    0.02

    3+/0.02 3.21+/
    0.02

    6+/0.1

    2.35+/
    0.02

    2.93+/
    0.02

    3.02+/
    0.02

    2.92+/
    0.02

    3.09+/
    0.02

    3.24+/
    0.02

    3.35+/
    0.02

    3.58+/
    0.02

    6.5+/0.1

    2.64+/
    0.02

    3.26+/
    0.02

    3.32+//
    0.02

    3.26+/
    0.02

    3.39+/
    0.02

    3.63+/
    0.02

    3.7+/
    0.02

    4+/0.02

    7+/0.1

    2.96+/
    0.02

    3.72+/
    0.02

    3.67+/
    0.02

    3.66+/
    0.02

    3.7+/
    0.02

    3.98+/
    0.02

    4.06+/
    0.02

    4.38+/
    0.02

    Note:
    TheunitsfortheuncertaintyshouldbemA,notA,


    Figure1:Current(mA)throughLED1withvaryingVoltages(V)

    Figure2:GraphforLED1ofV_biasvs.Current(mA)


    Figure3:GraphforLED2ofV_biasvs.Current(mA)

    Figure4:GraphforLED3ofV_biasvs.Current(mA)


    Figure5:GraphforLED4ofV_biasvs.Current(mA)

    Figure6:GraphforLED5ofV_biasvs.Current(mA)


    Figure7:GraphforLED6ofV_biasvs.Current(mA)

    Figure8:GraphforLED7ofV_biasvs.Current(mA)


    Figure9:GraphforLED8ofV_biasvs.Current(mA)

    Table3:Valuesforthewavelength,bandgapvoltage,builtinvoltagewithitsuncertainty,the
    differenceinenergybetweenboth,andtheinverseofthewavelength

    Bulb

    Wavelength(nm)

    V_bg
    (eV)

    V_0(eV)

    uncertainty DeltaE
    V_0(eV)
    (eV)

    475

    2.61

    2.6

    0.13

    0.01

    556

    2.23

    1.87

    0.13

    0.36

    563

    2.2

    1.75

    0.04

    0.45

    592

    2.1

    2.06

    0.06

    0.04

    612

    2.03

    1.67

    0.07

    0.36

    642

    1.93

    2.06

    0.06

    0.13

    653

    1.9

    1.49

    0.03

    0.41

    869

    1.43

    1.18

    0.04

    0.25

    Figure10:BuiltinVoltage(eV)asafunctionof1/(m^1)

    Discussion:

    12.TheLEDshouldnotlightupwhenreversebiased,astheappliedvoltageinthisdirection
    widensthebandgapbetweenthepandnsidesofthediode.Thishastheeffectofpreventing
    anyelectrontocrossthegap,whichinturn,wouldproducelight.Adiodeisbasicallyaoneway
    streetforelectronstotravelin(fromntoporlowertohighervoltage).Thebiasvoltage
    overcomesthenaturalvoltagedifferenceacrossthegapandenableselectronstoovercomethe
    gapsothatcurrentcanflowandtheelectronscancontinueontothevoltagesourceorgotoa
    lowerenergylevelthroughholesinthesemiconductormaterialgivingoffphotonsinthe
    process.

    13.Aminimumvoltageof3Vischosentobeusedinthetrials,becauseavoltageunderthis
    amountmaynotovercometheV_0ofthebulbsandthuscurrentwillnotflow,inthiscasethe
    datawouldnotyieldastraightlinebutahorizontallinewhichspikeswhenthethresholdbias
    voltageisreached.

    14.Theenergydifferenceacrossthegapisdeterminedbythesemiconductormaterialusedas
    wellasitspropertiessuchasconductivityandtheabilitytoholdontoelectrons(electronaffinity).
    Thesizeofthegapanditsorientationinspacearealsokeyfactorsthatcanimpacttheenergy
    differencebetweenthenandpsidesofthegapandtheabilityofelectronstoflowacrossit.
    Dopingortheaddition/removalofcertainmaterialsofthenandpsidessotheyinteractwiththe
    electronsdifferentlyisalsoafactorthatcanchangetheenergydifference.

    15.

    TheacceptedliteraturevalueforPlanck'sconstantis4.135667x10
    ^15eVs,whereasour
    calculatedvaluewas4.51*10^15eVs.Thesevaluesfallwithintheuncertaintycalculatedof
    1.1*10^15eVs(uncertaintyinplanck'sconstant).Weseethisthroughthedifferenceinour
    theoreticalandexperimentalvaluesofplanck'sconstantbeing0.374x10^15eVscomparedto
    theexperimentaluncertaintyasstatedpreviouslybeing1.1*10^15eVs.Lookingatthetable
    Wavelengths,CalculatedInternalVoltageandEwecanseethatEchangesseveraltimes
    anddoessoabruptlybetweenoneLEDtothenext.Itisthereforelogicaltoconcludethatthe
    assumptionthatEisaconstantthroughouttheexperimentisfalse.Thus,themethodsusedin
    DataRequirement11ofPlancksConstantfromLEDsexperimentwasnotvalid,andshould
    haveaccountedforthechangingEswithintheslopeofthegraphofV_0vs.1/.This
    assumptioncouldbetherootofsomeerrors.


    SourcesofError:
    Oneofthemajorcontributorstocausetheerrorwastheaccuracyofreadingthecurrentvalue
    fromtheapparatus,sincethevaluesofcurrentsweredeflectingoverthetimeintervalthatwe
    werewaitingtoreadthevaluefromapparatus.Asimilartypeofinaccuracywaseffectedallthe
    valuesfrom0to+7volts,andforall8bulbs.Also,ifwireswerenotproperlyconnectedtotheir
    respectivecomponentswewouldexpectourresulttohaveerrors.
    Anothercauseoferrorwouldbethequalityofapparatus/componentsovertime,seeingashow
    theinternalresistanceoftheLEDswouldworedown.Thewiresandmultimetercouldalsohave
    avariableresistancebasedontheirconditionaswellastheirtemperatureandthiscouldimpact
    ourresults.Finally,thebulbswouldbecomedimmerovertime,andwireswouldnotbein
    foremostqualityandthismighthaveaneffectonourexperimentalPlancksconstant.

    Conclusion

    Afteralltheprocedureswerecomplete,thefollowingresultswereobtained:

    AnLEDshouldnotlightupwhenreversebiased

    ExperimentalvalueofPlancksconstantwas(4.51+/1.1)eV

    TheoreticalvalueofPlancksconstantfellintothetoleranceregiondefinedbyexperimental
    calculations

    AssumptionthatEisconstantacrossagivensetofLEDswiththesamedesignand
    constructionmaterialswasfoundtobewrong

    Overall,theexperimentwasconsideredsuccessfulsincetheobjectivewasmetandallthe
    requiredprocedureswerefollowed.

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