Carrier Handbook Part 1
Carrier Handbook Part 1
Carrier Handbook Part 1
design conditions
heat storage
applied psychrometrics
INDEX
BUILDING SURVEY
SPACE CHARACTERISTICS AND HEAT LOAD
SOURCES
An accurate survey of the load components of the
space to be air conditioned is a basic requirement for a
realistic estimate of cooling and heating loads. The
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
OUTDOOR LOADS
The loads from outdoors consist of:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
3.
EQUIPMENT SELECTION
After the load is evaluated, the equipment must be
selected with capacity sufficient to offset this load. The
air supplied to the space must be of the proper
conditions to satisfy both the sensible and latent loads
estimated. Chapter 8, Applied Psychrometrics,
provides procedures and examples for determining the
criteria from which the air conditioning equipment is
selected (air quantity, apparatus dewpoint, etc.).
Solution:
Normal design conditions for New York in July at 3:00
p.m. are 95 F db, 75 F wb (Table 1).
Daily range in New York City is 14 F db.
Yearly range in New York City = 95-0 = 95 F db.
Correction for time of day (12 noon) from Table 2:
Dry-bulb = -5 F
Wet-bulb = -1 F
Correction for time of year (October) from Table 3:
Dry-bulb = -16 F
Wet-bulb = -8 F
Design conditions at 12 noon in October (approximate) :
Dry-bulb = 95-5-16 = 74 F
Wet-bulb = 75-1- 8 = 66 F
RADIANT
HEAT
100%
CONVECTIVE
HEAT
-
Partitions
Use of Tables 7 thru 12
Storage Load Factors,
Solar and Light Heat Gain
12-, 16-, and 24-hour Operation,
Constant Space Temperature
Floor
Ceiling
10
20
30
40
50
Solar Gain
Correction
MONTH
June
July & May
Aug & April
Sept & March
Oct & Feb
Nov & Jan
Dec
June
July & May
Aug & April
Sept & March
Oct & Feb
Nov & Jan
Dec
June
July & May
Aug & April
Sept & March
Oct & Feb
Nov & Jan
Dec
June
July & May
Aug & April
Sept & March
Oct & Feb
Nov & Jan
Dec
June
July & May
Aug & April
Sept & March
Oct & Feb
Nov & Jan
Dec
June
July & May
Aug & April
Sept & March
Oct & Feb
Nov & Jan
Dec
Steel Sash or
No Sash
X 1/.85 or 1.17
N
59
48
25
10
10
10
10
40
30
13
10
10
9
9
26
19
11
10
9
8
8
20
16
11
9
8
7
6
17
15
11
9
7
5
5
16
14
11
8
5
4
3
5
NE
156
153
141
118
79
52
42
153
148
130
103
66
37
28
154
138
118
87
52
26
18
139
131
108
90
39
16
12
133
127
102
58
35
12
10
126
117
94
58
29
9
7
SE
E
147
152
163
167
163
152
147
155
158
163
164
155
143
137
160
163
165
163
147
128
121
161
164
165
158
135
116
105
162
164
162
149
122
100
86
164
163
158
138
105
64
47
E
Haze
-15% (Max)
Horiz
226
233
245
250
245
233
226
243
247
250
247
230
210
202
250
251
247
233
208
180
170
250
246
235
212
179
145
131
237
233
214
183
129
103
85
220
211
185
148
94
53
40
Horiz
MONTH
Dec
Nov & Jan
Oct & Feb
Sept & March
Aug & April
July & May
June
Dec
Nov & Jan
Oct & Feb
Sept & March
Aug & April
July & May
June
Dec
Nov & Jan
Oct & Feb
Sept & March
Aug & April
July & May
June
Dec
Nov & Jan
Oct & Feb
Sept & March
Aug & April
July & May
June
Dec
Nov & Jan
Oct & Feb
Sept & March
Aug & April
July & May
June
Dec
Nov & Jan
Oct & Feb
Sept & March
Aug & April
July & May
June
Dewpoint
Below 67 F
+7% per 10 F
SOUTH
LAT.
10
20
30
40
50
South Lat
Dec or Jan
+7%
essentially constant throughout the day. The solar heat gain values for this exposure are the average for the 12 hr period (6 a.m. to 6 p.m.). The
storage factors in Tables 7 thru 11 assume that the solar heat gain on the North (or South) exposure is constant.
EXPOSURE
(North Lat)
SUN TIME
PM
AM
AM
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4
.47 .58 .54 .42 .27 .21 .20 .19 .18 .17 .16 .14 .12 .09 .08 .07 .06 .06 .05 .05 .04 .04 .04
.48 .60 .57 .46 .30 .24 .20 .19 .17 .16 .15 .13 .11 .08 .07 .06 .05 .05 .04 .04 .03 .03 .02
.55 .76 .73 .58 .36 .24 .19 .17 .15 .13 .12 .11 .07 .04 .02 .02 .01 .01 0 0 0 0 0
.39 .56 .62 .59 .49 .33 .23 .21 .20 .18 .17 .15 .12 .10 .09 .08 .08 .07 .06 .05 .05 .05 .04
.40 .58 .65 .63 .52 .35 .24 .22 .20 .18 .16 .14 .12 .09 .08 .07 .06 .05 .05 .04 .04 .03 .03
.46 .70 .80 .79 .64 .42 .25 .19 .16 .14 .11 .09 .07 .04 .02 .02 .01 .01 0 0 0 0 0
.04 .28 .47 .59 .64 .62 .53 .41 .27 .24 .21 .19 .16 .14 .12 .11 .10 .09 .08 .07 .06 .06 .05
.03 .28 .47 .61 .67 .65 .57 .44 .29 .24 .21 .18 .15 .12 .10 .09 .08 .07 .06 .05 .05 .04 .04
0 .30 .57 .75 .84 .81 .69 .50 .30 .20 .17 .13 .09 .05 .04 .03 .02 .01 0 0 0 0 0
.06 .06 .23 .38 .51 .60 .66 .67 .64 .59 .42 .24 .22 .19 .17 .15 .13 .12 .11 .10 .09 .08 .07
.04 .04 .22 .38 .52 .63 .70 .71 .69 .59 .45 .26 .22 .18 .16 .13 .12 .10 .09 .08 .07 .06 .06
.10 .21 .43 .63 .77 .86 .88 .82 .56 .50 .24 .16 .11 .08 .05 .04 .02 .02 .01 .01 0 0 0
.08 .08 .09 .10 .11 .24 .39 .53 .63 .66 .61 .47 .23 .19 .18 .16 .14 .13 .11 .10 .09 .08 .08
.07 .08 .08 .08 .10 .24 .40 .55 .66 .70 .64 .50 .26 .20 .17 .15 .13 .11 .10 .09 .08 .07 .06
.03 .04 .06 .07 .09 .23 .47 .67 .81 .86 .79 .60 .26 .17 .12 .08 .05 .04 .03 .02 .01 .01 0
.08 .09 .09 .10 .10 .10 .10 .18 .36 .52 .63 .65 .55 .22 .19 .17 .15 .14 .12 .11 .10 .09 .08
.07 .08 .08 .09 .09 .09 .09 .18 .36 .54 .66 .68 .60 .25 .20 .17 .15 .13 .11 .10 .08 .07 .06
.03 .04 .06 .07 .08 .08 .08 .19 .42 .65 .81 .85 .74 .30 .19 .13 .09 .06 .05 .03 .02 .02 .01
.08 .09 .10 .10 .10 .10 .10 .10 .16 .33 .49 .61 .60 .19 .17 .15 .13 .12 .10 .09 .08 .08 .07
.07 .08 .09 .09 .10 .10 .10 .10 .16 .34 .52 .65 .64 .23 .18 .15 .12 .11 .09 .08 .07 .06 .06
.03 .05 .07 .08 .09 .09 .10 .10 .17 .39 .63 .80 .79 .28 .18 .12 .09 .06 .04 .03 .02 .02 .01
.08 .37 .67 .71 .74 .76 .79 .81 .83 .84 .86 .87 .88 .29 .26 .23 .20 .19 .17 15 .14 .12 .11
.06 .31 .67 .72 .76 .79 .81 .83 .85 .87 .88 .90 .91 .30 .26 .22 .19 .16 .15 .13 .12 .10 .09
0 .25 .74 .83 .88 .91 .94 .96 .96 .98 .98 .99 .99 .26 .17 .12 .08 .05 .04 .03 .02 .01 .01
EXPOSURE
5
.03
.02
0
.04
.02
0
.05
.03
0
.07
.05
0
.07
.05
0
.07
.05
0
.06
.05
0
.10
.08
.01
(South Lat)
Southeast
East
Northeast
North
Northwest
West
Southwest
South
and
Shade
Equation: Cooling Load, Btu/hr = [Peak solar heat gain, Btu/(hr) (sq ft), (Table 6)]
[Window area, sq ft]
[Shade factor, Haze factor, etc., (Chapter 4)]
[Storage factor, (above Table at desired time)]
* Internal shading device is any type of shade located on the inside of the glass.
These factors apply when maintaining a CONSTANT TEMPERATURE in the space during the operating period.
(Weight of Outside Walls, lb) + (Weight of Floor, lb) + (Weight of Partitions and Ceiling, lb)
Floor Area in Room, sq ft
(Weight of Outside Wall, Partitons, Floors, Ceilings, Structural Members and Supports,lb)
Air Conditioned Floor Area, sq ft
With rug on floor-Weight of floor should be multiplied by 0.50 to compensate for insulating effect of rug.
Weights per sq ft of common types of construction are contained in Tables 21 thru 33, pages 66 thru 76.
Entire Building or Zone =
SUN TIME
PM
AM
AM
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5
.17 .27 .33 .33 .31 .29 .27 .25 .23 .22 .20 .19 .17 .15 .14 .12 .11 .10 .09 .08 .07 .07 .06 .06
.19 .31 .38 .39 .36 .34 .27 .24 .22 .21 .19 .17 .16 .14 .12 .10 .07 .08 .07 .06 .05 .05 .04 .03
.31 .56 .65 .61 .46 .33 .26 .21 .18 .16 .14 .12 .09 .06 .04 .03 .02 .01 .01 .01 0 0 0 0
.16 .26 .34 .39 .40 .38 .34 .30 .28 .26 .23 .22 .20 .18 .16 .14 .13 .12 .10 .09 .08 .08 .07 .06
.16 .29 .40 .46 .46 .42 .36 .31 .28 .25 .23 .20 .18 .15 .14 .12 .11 .09 .08 .08 .06 .06 .05 .04
.27 .50 .67 .73 .68 .53 .38 .27 .22 .18 .15 .12 .09 .06 .04 .03 .02 .01 .01 .01 .01 0 0 .01
.08 .14 .22 .31 .38 .43 .44 .43 .39 .35 .32 .29 .26 .23 .21 .19 .16 .15 .13 .12 .11 .10 .09 .08
.05 .12 .23 .35 .44 .49 .51 .47 .41 .36 .31 .27 .24 .21 .18 .16 .14 .12 .10 .09 .08 .08 .06 .06
0 .18 .40 .59 .72 .77 .72 .60 .44 .32 .23 .18 .14 .09 .07 .05 .03 .02 .01 .01 .01 0 0 0
.10 .10 .13 .20 .28 .35 .42 .48 .51 .51 .48 .42 .37 .33 .29 .26 .23 .21 .19 .17 .15 .14 .13 .12
.07 .06 .12 .20 .30 .39 .48 .54 .58 .57 .53 .45 .37 .31 .27 .23 .20 .18 .16 .14 .12 .11 .10 .08
0 0 .12 .29 .48 .64 .75 .82 .81 .75 .61 .42 .28 .19 .13 .09 .06 .04 .03 .02 .01 .01 0 0
.11 .10 .10 .10 .10 .14 .21 .29 .36 .43 .47 .46 .40 .34 .30 .27 .24 .22 .20 .18 .16 .14 .13 .12
.09 .09 .08 .09 .09 .14 .22 .31 .42 .50 .53 .51 .44 .35 .29 .26 .22 .19 .17 .15 .13 .12 .11 .09
.02 .03 .05 .06 .08 .12 .34 .53 .68 .78 .78 .68 .46 .29 .20 .14 .09 .07 .05 .03 .02 .02 .01 .01
.12 .11 .11 .10 .10 .10 .10 .13 .19 .27 .36 .42 .44 .38 .33 .29 .26 .23 .21 .18 .16 .15 .13 .12
.09 .09 .09 .09 .09 .09 .10 .12 .19 .30 .40 .48 .51 .42 .35 .30 .25 .22 .19 .16 .14 .13 .11 .09
.02 .03 .05 .08 .07 .07 .08 .14 .29 .49 .67 .76 .75 .53 .33 .22 .15 .11 .08 .05 .04 .03 .02 .01
.10 .10 .10 .47 .10 .10 .10 .10 .12 .17 .25 .34 .39 .34 .29 .26 .23 .20 .18 .16 .14 .13 .12 .10
.08 .09 .09 .57 .09 .09 .09 .09 .11 .19 .29 .40 .46 .40 .32 .26 .22 .19 .16 .14 .13 .11 .10 .08
.02 .04 .05 .82 .08 .09 .10 .10 .13 .27 .48 .65 .73 .49 .31 .21 .16 .10 .07 .05 .04 .03 .02 .01
.16 .23 .33 .47 .52 .57 .61 .66 .69 .72 .74 .59 .52 .46 .42 .37 .34 .31 .27 .25 .23 .21 .17
.11 .33 .44 .57 .62 .66 .70 .74 .76 .79 .80 .60 .51 .44 .37 .32 .29 .27 .23 .21 .18 .16 .13
0 .48 .66 .82 .87 .91 .93 .95 .97 .98 .98 .52 .34 .24 .16 .11 .07 .05 .04 .02 .02 .01 .01
EXPOSURE
(South Lat)
Southeast
East
Northeast
North
Northwest
West
Southwest
South
and
Shade
Equation: Cooling Load, Btu/hr = [Peak solar heat gain, Btu/(hr) (sq ft), (Table 6)]
[Window area, sq ft]
[Shade factor, Haze factor, etc., (Chapter 4)]
[Storage factor, (above Table at desired time)]
Bare glass-Any window with no inside shading device. Windows with shading devices on the outside or shaded by external projections are
considered bare glass.
These factors apply when maintaining a CONSTANT TEMPERATURE in the space during the operating period. Where the temperature is
allowed to swing, additional storage will result during peak load periods. Refer to Table 13 for applicable storage factors.
Weight per sq ft of floor(Weight of Outside Walls, lb) + (Weight of Partitions, Floor and Ceiling, lb)
Room on Bldg Exterior (One or more outside walls) =
Floor Area in Room, sq ft
Room in Bldg Interior (No outside walls) =
Basement Room (Floor on ground) =
(Weight of Outside Walls, lb) + (Weight of Floor, lb) + (Weight of Partitions and Ceiling, lb)
Floor Area in Room, sq ft
(Weight of Outside Wall, Partitons, Floors, Ceilings, Structural Members and Supports,lb)
Air Conditioned Floor Area, sq ft
With rug on floor-Weight of floor should be multiplied by 0.50 to compensate for insulating effect of rug.
Weights per sq ft of common types of construction are contained in Tables 21 thru 33, pages 66 thru 76.
Entire Building or Zone =
SUN TIME
AM
6
.53
.53
.56
.47
.46
.47
.14
.11
.02
.19
.16
.12
.22
.20
.08
.23
.22
.12
.21
.19
.12
.23
.25
.07
7
.64
.65
.77
.63
.63
.71
.37
.35
.31
.18
.14
.23
.21
.19
.08
.23
.21
.10
.21
.19
.11
.58
.46
.22
8
.59
.61
.73
.68
.70
.80
.55
.53
.57
.34
.31
.44
.20
.18
.09
.21
.19
.10
.20
.18
.11
.75
.73
.69
9
.47
.50
.58
.64
.67
.79
.66
.66
.75
.48
.46
.64
.20
.17
.09
.21
.19
.10
.19
.17
.11
.79
.78
.80
PM
10
.31
.33
.36
.54
.56
.64
.70
.72
.84
.60
.59
.77
.20
.18
.10
.20
.17
.10
.18
.17
.11
.80
.82
.86
11
.25
.27
.24
.38
.38
.42
.68
.69
.81
.68
.69
.86
.32
.31
.24
.19
.16
.10
.18
.16
.11
.80
.82
.93
12
.24
.22
.19
.27
.27
.25
.58
.61
.69
.73
.76
.88
.47
.46
.47
.18
.15
.09
.17
.16
.11
.81
.83
.94
1
.22
.21
.17
.25
.24
.19
.46
.47
.50
.74
.70
.82
.60
.60
.67
.25
.23
.19
.16
.15
.10
.82
.84
.95
2
.18
.17
.15
.20
.20
.16
.27
.29
.30
.64
.69
.56
.63
.66
.81
.36
.36
.42
.16
.16
.17
.83
.85
.97
3
.17
.16
.13
.18
.18
.14
.24
.24
.20
.59
.59
.50
.66
.70
.86
.52
.54
.65
.33
.34
.39
.84
.87
.98
4
.16
.15
.12
.17
.16
.11
.21
.21
.17
.42
.45
.24
.61
.64
.79
.63
.66
.81
.49
.52
.63
.86
.88
.98
5
.14
.13
.11
.15
.14
.09
.19
.18
.13
.24
.26
.16
.47
.50
.60
.65
.68
.85
.61
.65
.80
.87
.89
.99
EXPOSURE
6
.12
.11
.07
.12
.12
.07
.16
.15
.09
.22
.22
.11
.23
.26
.26
.55
.60
.74
.60
.23
.79
.88
.90
.99
7
.09
.08
.04
.10
.09
.04
.14
.12
.05
.19
.18
.08
.19
.20
.17
.22
.25
.30
.19
.18
.28
.39
.40
.35
8
.08
.07
.02
.09
.08
.02
.12
.10
.04
.17
.16
.05
.18
.17
.12
.19
.20
.19
.17
.15
.18
.35
.34
.23
9
.07
.06
.02
.08
.07
.02
.11
.09
.03
.15
.13
.04
.16
.15
.08
.17
.17
.13
.15
.12
.12
.31
.29
.16
(South Lat)
Southeast
East
Northeast
North
Northwest
West
Southwest
South
and
Shade
Equation: Cooling Load, Btu/hr = [Peak solar heat gain, Btu/(hr) (sq ft), (Table 6)]
[Window area, sq ft]
[Shade factor, Haze factor, etc., (Chapter 4)]
[Storage factor, (above Table at desired time)]
*Internal shading device is any type of shade located on the inside of the glass.
These factors apply when maintaining a CONSTANT TEMPERATURE in the space during the operating period.
(Weight of Outside Walls, lb) + (Weight of Floor, lb) + (Weight of Partitions and Ceiling, lb)
Floor Area in Room, sq ft
(Weight of Outside Wall, Partitons, Floors, Ceilings, Structural Members and Supports,lb)
Air Conditioned Floor Area, sq ft
With rug on floor-Weight of floor should be multiplied by 0.50 to compensate for insulating effect of rug.
Weights per sq ft of common types of construction are contained in Tables 21 thru 33, pages 66 thru 76.
SUN TIME
AM
6
.28
.28
.33
.29
.27
.29
.24
.19
.03
.33
.27
.06
.35
.31
.11
.38
.34
.17
.33
.30
.18
.31
.30
.04
7
.37
.39
.57
.38
.38
.51
.29
.24
.20
.31
.24
.04
.32
.28
.10
.34
.31
.14
.30
.28
.14
.57
.47
.07
8
.42
.45
.66
.44
.48
.68
.35
.33
.41
.32
.28
.15
.30
.25
.10
.32
.28
.13
.28
.25
.12
.64
.60
.53
9
.41
.45
.62
.48
.54
.74
.43
.44
.60
.37
.34
.31
.28
.24
.09
.28
.25
.11
.26
.23
.12
.68
.67
.70
PM
10
.38
.41
.46
.48
.52
.69
.49
.52
.73
.43
.42
.49
.26
.22
.10
.26
.23
.11
.24
.22
.12
.72
.72
.78
11
.36
.39
.33
.46
.48
.53
.53
.57
.77
.49
.50
.65
.28
.26
.14
.25
.22
.10
.23
.20
.12
.73
.74
.84
12
.33
.31
.26
.41
.41
.38
.53
.57
.72
.55
.58
.75
.30
.33
.35
.23
.21
.10
.22
.19
.12
.73
.77
.88
1
.31
.27
.21
.36
.35
.27
.51
.53
.60
.60
.60
.82
.37
.40
.54
.25
.21
.15
.20
.17
.11
.74
.78
.91
2
.23
.22
.18
.28
.28
.22
.39
.41
.44
.57
.60
.81
.43
.46
.68
.26
.23
.29
.18
.17
.13
.74
.79
.93
3
.22
.21
.16
.26
.25
.18
.35
.36
.32
.51
.57
.75
.47
.50
.78
.27
.30
.49
.17
.19
.27
.75
.80
.95
4
.20
.19
.14
.23
.23
.15
.32
.31
.23
.48
.53
.61
.46
.53
.78
.36
.40
.67
.25
.29
.48
.76
.81
.97
5
.19
.17
.12
.22
.20
.12
.29
.27
.18
.42
.45
.42
.40
.51
.68
.42
.48
.76
.34
.40
.65
.78
.82
.98
EXPOSURE
6
.17
.16
.09
.20
.18
.09
.26
.24
.14
.37
.37
.28
.34
.44
.46
.44
.51
.75
.39
.46
.73
.78
.83
.99
7
.15
.14
.06
.18
.15
.06
.23
.21
.09
.33
.31
.19
.30
.35
.29
.38
.43
.53
.34
.40
.49
.59
.60
.62
8
.14
.12
.04
.16
.14
.04
.21
.18
.07
.29
.27
.13
.27
.29
.20
.33
.35
.33
.29
.32
.31
.52
.51
.34
9
.12
.10
.03
.14
.12
.03
.19
.16
.05
.26
.23
.09
.24
.26
.14
.29
.30
.22
.26
.26
.21
.46
.44
.24
(South Lat)
Southeast
East
Northeast
North
Northwest
West
Southwest
South
and
Shade
Equation: Cooling Load, Btu/hr = [Peak solar heat gain, Btu/(hr) (sq ft), (Table 6)]
[Window area, sq ft]
[Shade factor, Haze factor, etc., (Chapter 4)]
[Storage factor, (above Table at desired time)]
Bare glass-Any window with no inside shading device.
Windows with shading devices on the outside or shaded by external projections are
considered bare glass.
These factors apply when maintaining a CONSTANT TEMPERATURE in the space during the operating period. Where the temperature is
allowed to swing, additional storage will result during peak load periods. Refer to Table 13 for applicable storage factors.
Weight per sq ft of floor(Weight of Outside Walls, lb) + (Weight of Partitions, Floor and Ceiling, lb)
Room on Bldg Exterior (One or more outside walls) =
Floor Area in Room, sq ft
Room in Bldg Interior (No outside walls) =
Basement Room (Floor on ground) =
Entire Building or Zone =
(Weight of Outside Walls, lb) + (Weight of Floor, lb) + (Weight of Partitions and Ceiling, lb)
Floor Area in Room, sq ft
(Weight of Outside Wall, Partitons, Floors, Ceilings, Structural Members and Supports,lb)
Air Conditioned Floor Area, sq ft
With rug on floor-Weight of floor should be multiplied by 0.50 to compensate for insulating effect of rug.
Weights per sq ft of common types of construction are contained in Tables 21 thru 33, pages 66 thru 76.
SUN TIME
PM
AM
AM
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5
.59 .67 .62 .49 .33 .27 .25 .24 .22 .21 .20 .17 .34 .42 .47 .45 .42 .39 .36 .33 .30 .29 .26 .25
.59 .68 .64 .52 .35 .29 .24 .23 .20 .19 .17 .15 .35 .45 .50 .49 .45 .42 .34 .30 .27 .26 .23 .20
.62 .80 .75 .60 .37 .25 .19 .17 .15 .13 .12 .11 .40 .62 .69 .64 .48 .34 .27 .22 .18 .16 .14 .12
.51 .66 .71 .67 .57 .40 .29 .26 .25 .23 .21 .19 .36 .44 .50 .53 .53 .50 .44 .39 .36 .34 .30 .28
.52 .67 .73 .70 .58 .40 .29 .26 .24 .21 .19 .16 .34 .44 .54 .58 .57 .51 .44 .39 .34 .31 .28 .24
.53 .74 .82 .81 .65 .43 .25 .19 .16 .14 .11 .09 .36 .56 .71 .76 .70 .54 .39 .28 .23 .18 .15 .12
.20 .42 .59 .70 .74 .71 .61 .48 .33 .30 .26 .24 .34 .37 .43 .50 .54 .58 .57 .55 .50 .45 .41 .37
.18 .40 .57 .70 .75 .72 .63 .49 .34 .28 .25 .21 .29 .33 .41 .51 .58 .61 .61 .56 .49 .44 .37 .33
.09 .35 .61 .78 .86 .82 .69 .50 .30 .20 .17 .13 .14 .27 .47 .64 .75 .79 .73 .61 .45 .32 .23 .18
.28 .25 .40 .53 .64 .72 .77 .77 .73 .67 .49 .31 .47 .43 .42 .46 .51 .56 .61 .65 .66 .65 .61 .54
.26 .22 .38 .51 .64 .73 .79 .79 .77 .65 .51 .31 .44 .37 .39 .43 .50 .57 .64 .68 .70 .68 .63 .53
.21 .29 .48 .67 .79 .88 .89 .83 .56 .50 .24 .16 .28 .19 .25 .38 .54 .68 .78 .84 .82 .76 .61 .42
.31 .27 .27 .26 .25 .27 .50 .63 .72 .74 .69 .54 .51 .44 .40 .37 .34 .36 .41 .47 .54 .57 .60 .58
.33 .28 .25 .23 .23 .35 .50 .64 .74 .77 .70 .55 .53 .44 .37 .35 .31 .33 .39 .46 .55 .62 .64 .60
.29 .21 .18 .15 .14 .27 .50 .69 .82 .87 .79 .60 .48 .32 .25 .20 .17 .19 .39 .56 .70 .80 .79 .69
.63 .31 .28 .27 .25 .24 .22 .29 .46 .61 .71 .72 .56 .49 .44 .39 .36 .33 .31 .31 .35 .42 .49 .54
.67 .33 .28 .26 .24 .22 .20 .28 .44 .61 .72 .73 .60 .52 .44 .39 .34 .31 .29 .28 .33 .43 .51 .57
.77 .34 .25 .20 .17 .14 .13 .22 .44 .67 .82 .85 .77 .56 .38 .28 .22 .18 .16 .19 .33 .52 .69 .77
.68 .28 .27 .25 .23 .22 .20 .19 .24 .41 .56 .67 .49 .44 .39 .36 .33 .30 .28 .26 .26 .30 .37 .44
.71 .31 .27 .24 .22 .21 .19 .18 .23 .40 .58 .70 .54 .49 .41 .35 .31 .28 .25 .23 .24 .30 .39 .48
.82 .33 .25 .20 .18 .15 .14 .13 .19 .41 .64 .80 .75 .53 .36 .28 .24 .19 .17 .15 .17 .30 .50 .66
.96 .96 .96 .96 .96 .96 .96 .96 .96 .96 .96 .96 .75 .75 .79 .83 .84 .86 .88 .88 .91 .92 .93 .93
.98 .98 .98 .98 .98 .98 .98 .98 .98 .98 .98 .98 .81 .84 .86 .89 .91 .93 .93 .94 .94 .95 .95 .95
1.00
1.00
EXPOSURE
(South Lat)
Southeast
East
Northeast
North
Northwest
West
Southwest
South
and
Shade
Equation: Cooling Load, Btu/hr = [Peak solar heat gain, Btu/(hr) (sq ft), (Table 6)]
[Window area, sq ft]
[Shade factor, Haze factor, etc., (Chapter 4)]
[Storage factor, (above Table at desired time)]
*Internal shading device is any type of shade located on the inside of the glass.
Windows with shading devices on the outside or shaded by external projections are
considered bare glass.
These factors apply when maintaining a CONSTANT TEMPERATURE in the space during the operating period. Where the temperature is
allowed to swing, additional storage will result during peak load periods. Refer to Table 13 for applicable storage factors.
Weight per sq ft of floor(Weight of Outside Walls, lb) + (Weight of Partitions, Floor and Ceiling, lb)
Room on Bldg Exterior (One or more outside walls) =
Floor Area in Room, sq ft
Bare glass-Any window with no inside shading device.
(Weight of Outside Walls, lb) + (Weight of Floor, lb) + (Weight of Partitions and Ceiling, lb)
Floor Area in Room, sq ft
(Weight of Outside Wall, Partitons, Floors, Ceilings, Structural Members and Supports,lb)
Air Conditioned Floor Area, sq ft
With rug on floor-Weight of floor should be multiplied by 0.50 to compensate for insulating effect of rug.
Weights per sq ft of common types of construction are contained in Tables 21 thru 33, pages 66 thru 76.
Fluorescent or Incandescent
Lights Recessed in Susp.
Ceiling and Ceiling Plenum
Return System.
Fluorescent
Lights Recessed in Susp.
Fluorescent Lights Exposed
Ceiling or Exposed
Incandescent Lights.
EQUIP.
OPERWEIGHT
NUMBER OF HOURS AFTER LIGHTS ARE TURNED ON
ATION (lb per sq ft
Hours of floor area) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
150 & over .37 .67 .71 .74 .76 .79 .81 .83 .84 .86 .87 .29 .26 .23 .20 .19 .17 .15 .14 .12 .11 .10 .09 .08
100
24
.31 .67 .72 .76 .79 .81 .83 .85 .87 .88 .90 .30 .26 .22 .19 .16 .15 .13 .12 .10 .09 .08 .07 .06
30
.25 .74 .83 .88 .91 .94 .96 .96 .98 .98 .99 .26 .17 .12 .08 .05 .04 .03 .02 .01 .01 .01 0 0
150 & over .60 .82 .83 .84 .84 .84 .85 .85 .86 .88 .90 .32 .28 .25 .23 .19
100
16
.46 .79 .84 .86 .87 .88 .88 .89 .89 .90 .90 .30 .26 .22 .19 .16
30
.29 .77 .85 .89 .92 .95 .96 .96 .98 .98 .99 .26 .17 .12 .08 .05
150 & over .63 .90 .91 .93 .93 .94 .95 .95 .95 .96 .96 .37
100
12
.57 .89 .91 .92 .94 .94 .95 .95 .96 .96 .97 .36
30
.42 .86 .91 .93 .95 .97 .98 .98 .99 .99 .99 .26
150 & over .34 .55 .61 .65 .68 .71 .74 .77 .79 .81 .83 .39 .35 .31 .28 .25 .23 .20 .18 .16 .15 .14 .12 .11
100
24
.24 .56 .63 .68 .72 .75 .78 .80 .82 .84 .86 .40 .34 .29 .25 .20 .18 .17 .15 .14 .12 .10 .09 .08
30
.17 .65 .77 .84 .88 .92 .94 .95 .97 .98 .98 .35 .23 .16 .11 .07 .05 .04 .03 .02 .01 .01 0 0
150 & over .58 .75 .79 .80 .80 .81 .82 .83 .84 .86 .87 .39 .35 .31 .28 .25
100
16
.46 .73 .78 .82 .82 .82 .83 .84 .85 .87 .88 .40 .34 .29 .25 .20
30
.22 .69 .80 .86 .89 .93 .94 .95 .97 .98 .98 .35 .23 .16 .11 .07
150 & over .69 .86 .89 .90 .91 .91 .92 .93 .94 .95 .95 .50
100
12
.58 .85 .88 .88 .90 .92 .93 .94 .94 .94 .95 .48
30
.40 .81 .88 .91 .93 .96 .97 .97 .98 .99 .99 .35
150 & over .23 .33 .41 .47 .52 .57 .61 .66 .69 .72 .74 .59 .52 .46 .42 .37 .34 .31 .27 .25 .23 .21 .18 .16
100
24
.17 .33 .44 .52 .56 .61 .66 .69 .74 .77 .79 .60 .51 .37 .37 .32 .30 .27 .23 .20 .18 .16 .14 .12
30
0 .48 .66 .76 .82 .87 .91 .93 .95 .97 .98 .52 .34 .16 .16 .11 .07 .05 .04 .02 .02 .01 0 0
150 & over .57 .64 .68 .72 .73 .73 .74 .74 .75 .76 .78 .59 .52 .42 .42 .37
100
16
.47 .60 .67 .72 .74 .77 .78 .79 .80 .81 .82 .60 .51 .37 .37 .32
30
.07 .53 .70 .78 .84 .88 .91 .93 .95 .97 .98 .52 .34 .16 .16 .11
150 & over .75 .79 .83 .84 .86 .88 .89 .91 .91 .93 .93 .75
100
12
.68 .77 .81 .84 .86 .88 .89 .89 .92 .93 .93 .72
30
.34 .72 .82 .87 .89 .92 .95 .95 .97 .98 .98 .52
These factors apply when maintaining a CONSTANT TEMPERATURE in the space during the operating period. Where the temperature is
allowed to swing, additional storage will result during peak load periods. Refer to Table 13 for applicable storage factors.
with lights operating the same number of hours as the time of equipment operation, use a load factor of 1.00.
Lights On for Shorter or Longer Period than 10 Hours
Occasionally adjustments may be required to take account of lights
operating less or more than the 10 hours on which the table is based. The
following is the procedure to adjust the load factors:
A-WITH LIGHTS IN OPERATION FOR SHORTER PERIOD THAN 10 HOURS
and the equipment operating 12, 16 or 24 hours at the time of the overall peak
load, extrapolate load factors as follows:
1. Equipment operating for 24 hours:
a. Use the storage load factors as listed up to the time the lights are
turned off.
b. Shift the load factors beyond the 10th hour (on the right of heavy line)
to the left to the hour the lights are turned off. This leaves last few
hours of equipment operation without designated load factors.
c. Extrapolate the last few hours at thee same rate of reduction as the
end hours in the table.
2. Equipment operating for 16 hours:
a. Follow the procedure in Step 1, using the storage load factor values
in 24-hour equipment operation table.
b. Now construct a new set of load factors by adding the new values
for the 16th hour to that denoted 0, 17th hour to the 1st hour, etc.
b. The load factors for the hours succeeding the switching- off the
lights are as in Steps 1b and 1c.
Example
Adjust values for 24-hour equipment operation and derive new values for 16-hour equipment operation for fluorescent lights in operation 8
and 13 hours, and an enclosure of 150 lb/sq ft of floor.
EQUIP
WEIGHT
OPERATION (lb per sq ft
NUMBER OF HOURS AFTER LIGHTS ARE TURNED ON
Hours
of floor area) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
24
150
16
150
.37
.37
.37
.60
.51
.60
.67 .71 .74 .76 .79 .81 .83 .84 .86 .87 .89 .90 .92 .29 .26 .23 .20 .19 .17 .15 .14 .12 .11
.67 .71 .74 .76 .79 .81 .83 .84 .29 .26 .23 .20 .19 .17 .15 .14 .12 .11 .10 .09 .08 .07 .06
.67 .71 .74 .76 .79 .81 .83 .84 .86 .87 .29 .26 .23 .20 .19 .17 .15 .14 .12 .11 .10 .09 .08
.87 .90 .91 .91 .93 .93 .94 .94 .95 .95 .96 .96 .97 .29 .26
.79 .82 .84 .85 .87 .88 .89 .90 .29 .26 .23 .20 .19 .17 .15
.82 .83 .84 .84 .84 .85 .85 .86 .88 .90 .32 .28 .25 .23 .19
LIGHTS
ON
Hours
13
8
10
13
8
10
Weight per sq ft of floor(Weight of Outside Wall, lb) + (Weight of Partitions, Floor and Ceiling, lb)
Room on Bldg Exterior (One or more outside walls) =
Floor Area in Room,sq ft
Room in Bldg Interior (No outside walls) =
Basement Room (Floor on ground) =
Entire Building or Zone =
(Weight of Outside Wall, lb) + (Weight of Floor, lb) + (Weight of Partitions and Ceiling, lb)
Floor Area in Room,sq ft
(Weight of Outside Wall, Partitions, Floors, Ceilings, Structural Members and Supports, lb)
Air Conditioned Floor Area, sq ft
With rug on floor-Weight of floor should be multiplied by 0.50 to compensate for insulating effect of rug.
Weights per sq ft of common types of construction are contained in Tables 21 thru 33, pages 66 thru 76.
Basis of Table 13
-- Storage Factors,
Space Temperature Swing
The storage factors in Table 13 were computed
using essentially the same procedure as Tables 7 thru
12 with the exception that the equipment capacity
Use of Table 14
-- Typical Diversity Factors for Large Buildings
The diversity factors listed in Table 14 are to be
used as a guide in determining a diversity factor for any
particular application. The final factor must necessarily
be based on judgment of the effect of the many
variables involved.
STRATIFICATION OF HEAT
There are generally two situations where heat is
stratified and will reduce the cooling load on the air
conditioning equipment:
1. Heat may be stratified in rooms with high
ceilings where air is exhausted through the roof
or ceiling.
2. Heat may be contained above suspended
ceilings with recessed lighting and/or ceiling
plenum return systems
The first situation generally applies to industrial
applications, churches, auditoriums, and the like. The
second situation applies to applications such as office
buildings, hotels, and apartments. With both cases, the
basic fact that hot air tends to rise makes it possible to
stratify load such as convection from the roof,
convection from lights, and convection from the upper
part of the walls. The convective portion of the roof load
ORDINARY GLASS
Ordinary glass is specified as crystal glass of
single thickness and single or double strength. The
solar heat gain through ordinary glass depends on its
location on the earths surface (latitude), time of day,
time of year, and facing direction of the window.The
direct radiation component results in a heat gain to the
conditioned space only when the window is in the direct
rays of the sun, whereas the diffuse radiation
component results in a heat gain, even when the
window is not facing the sun.
Ordinary glass absorbs a small portion of the solar
heat (5% to 6%) and reflects or transmits the rest. The
amount reflected or transmitted depends on the angle
of incidence. (The angle of incidence is the angle
between the perpendicular to the window surface and
the suns rays, Fig. 18, page 55.) At low angles of
incidence, about 89% or 87% is transmitted and 8% or
9% is reflected, as shown in Fig. 12. As the angle of
incidence increases, more solar heat is reflected and
less is transmitted, as shown in Fig. 13. The total solar
Basis of Table 15
- Solar heat Gain thru Ordinary Glass
Table 15 provides data for 0, 10, 20, 30, 40,
and 50 latitudes, for each month of the year and for
each hour of the day. This table includes the direct and
diffuse radiation and that portion of the heat absorbed
in the glass which gets into the space. It does not
include the transmission of heat across the glass
caused by a temperature difference between the
outdoor and inside air. (See Chapter 5 for U values.)
The data in Table 15 is based on the following
conditions:1. A glass area equal to 85% of the sash area.This
is typical for wood sash windows. For metal sash
windows, the glass area is assumed equal to 100% of
the sash area because the conductivity of the metal
sash is very high and the solar heat absorbed in the
sash is transmitted almost instantaneously.
FIG. 14
WINDOW AREAS
2. No haze in the air.
3. Sea level elevation.
4. A sea level dewpoint temperature of 66.8 F (95 F
db, 75 F wb) which approximately corresponds
to 4 centimeters of precipitable water vapor.
Precipitable water vapor is all of the water vapor
in a column of air from sea level to the outer
edge of the atmosphere.
If these conditions do not apply, use the correction
factors at the bottom of each page of Table 15.
Use of Table 15
- Solar Heat Gain thru Ordinary Glass
The bold face values in Table 15 indicate the
maximum solar heat gain for the month for each
exposure. The bold face values that are boxed
indicate the yearly maximums for each exposure.
Table 15 is used to determine the solar heat gain
thru ordinary glass at any time, in any space, zone or
building.
To determine the actual cooling load due to the
solar heat gain, refer to Chapter 3, Heat Storage,
Diversity and Stratification.
CAUTION Where Estimation Multi-Exposure Rooms
Or Buildings
If a haze factor is used on one exposure to
determine the peak room or building load, the diffuse
component listed for the other exposures must be
divided by the haze factor to result in the actual room or
building peak load. This is because the diffuse
component increases with increasing haze, as
explained on page 41.
Basis of Table 16
Over-all Factors for Solar Heat Gain thru Glass,
With and Without Shading Devices
The factors in Table 16 are based on:
1. An outdoor film coefficient of 2.8 Btu/(hr) (sq ft)
(deg F) at 5 mph wind velocity.
2. An inside film coefficient of 1.8 Btu/(hr) (sq ft) (deg
F), 100-200 fpm. This is not 1.47 as normally used,
since the present practice in well designed
systems is to sweep the window with a stream of
air.
3. A 30 angle of incidence which is the angle at
which most exposures peak. The 30 angle of
incidence is approximately the balance point on
reduction of solar heat coming through the
atmosphere and the decreased transmissibility of
glass. Above the 30 angle the transmissibility of
glass decreases, and below the 30 angle the
atmosphere absorbs or reflects more.
4. All shading devices fully drawn, except roller
shades. Experience indicates that roller shads are
seldom fully drawn, so the factors have been
slightly increased.
5. Venetian blind slats horizontal at 45 and shading
screen slats horizontal at 17.
TYPES OF GLASS OR
SHADING DEVICES*
Ordinary Glass
Regular Plate,
Glass, Heat Absorbing
Venetian Blind, Light Color
Medium Color
Dark Color
Fiberglass Cloth, Off White (5.72-61/58)
Cotton Cloth, Beige (6.18-91/36)
Fiberglass Cloth, Light Gray
Fiberglass Cloth, Tan (7.55-57/29)
Glass Cloth, White, Golden Stripes
Fiberglass Cloth, Dark Gray
Dacron Cloth, White (1.8-86/81)
Cotton Cloth, Dark Green, Vinyl Coated
(similar to roller shade)
Cotton Cloth, Dark Green (6.06-91/36)
Absorptivity
(a)
.06
.15
by mfg.
.37
.58
.72
.05
.26
.30
.44
.05
.60
.02
Reflectivity
(r)
.08
.08
.05
.51
.39
.27
.60
.51
.47
.42
.41
.29
.28
Transmissibility
(t)
.86
.77
(1 - .05 a)
.12
.03
.01
.35
.23
.23
.14
.54
.11
.70
Solar Factor
1.00
.94
-- -.56
.65
.75
.48
.56
.59
.64
.65
.75
.76
.82
.02
.15
.28
.00
.70
.88
.76
*Factors for various draperies are given for guidance only since
the actual drapery material may be different in color and
texture; figures in parentheses are ounces per sq yd, and yarn
count warp/filling. Consult manufacturers for actual values.
Find:
Peak solar heat gain.
Solution:
By inspection of Table 15 the boxed boldface value for peak
solar heat gain, occurring at 4:00 p.m. on July 23
= 164 Btu/(hr) (sq ft).
Steel sash window correction = 1/.85 (bottom Table 15).
Solex R glass absorbs 50.9% of the solar heat (footnotes to
Table 16) which places this glass in the 48% to 56% absorbing
range.
From Table 16, the factor = .73.
GLASS
FACTOR
NO
SHADE
OUTSIDE
OUTSIDE
SHADING
VENETIAN BLIND
SCREEN
45 horiz. slats
17 horiz. slats
Light on
Light Outside Medium** Dark
Color Dark on Color Color
Inside
.15
.13
.22
.15
.14
.12
.21
.14
OUTSIDE
AWNING
vent. sides & top
Light Med. or
Color Dark
Color
.20
.25
.19
.24
1.00
.94
.56
.56
.65
.65
.75
.74
.80
.73
.62
.56
.53
.51
.62
.59
.54
.72
.62
.56
.12
.11
.10
.11
.10
.10
.18
.16
.14
.12
.11
.10
.16
.15
.12
.20
.18
.16
.90
.80
.52
.54
.52
.36
.61
.59
.39
.67
.65
.43
.14
.12
.10
.12
.11
.10
.20
.18
.11
.14
.12
.10
.18
.16
.10
.22
.20
.13
.50
.36
.39
.43
.10
.10
.11
.10
.10
.12
.83
.69
.48
.47
.56
.52
.64
.57
.12
.10
.11
.10
.18
.15
.12
.10
.16
.14
.20
.17
.28
.39
.50
.70
.56
.60
.32
.46
.43
.37
Equations: Solar Gain Without Shades = (Solar Data from Table 15) (Glass Factor from table)
Solar Gain With Shades = (Solar Data from Table 15) (Over-all Factor from table)
Solar Gain With Shades Partially Drawn = (Solar Data from Table 15)
[(Fraction Drawn Over-all Factor) + (1 Fraction Drawn) (Glass Factor)]
**Commercial shade, aluminum. Metal slats 0.057 inches wide,
Footnotes for Table 16:
17.5 per inch.
*Shading devices fully drawn except roller shades. For fully drawn roller
shades, multiply light colors by .73, medium colors by .95, and dark colors by
Most heat absorbing glass used in comfort air conditioning is
in the 40% to 56% range; industrial applications normally use 56% to 70%. The
1.08.
At solar altitudes below
following table presents the absorption qualities of the most common glass
Factors for solar altitude angles of 40 or greater.
pass thru the slats. Use following multipliers:types:40, some direct solar rays
MULTIPLIERS FOR SOLAR ALTITUDES BELOW 40
Approximate Sun Time, July 23
Solar
Multiplier
SOLAR RADIATION ABSORBED BY HEAT ABSORBING GLASS
Altitude
Trade
ThickSolar
30 Lat. 40 Lat. 50 Lat. Angle Med.
Dark
Name or
Manufacturer
ness
Color
Radiation
(deg) Color Color
Descrip(in.)
Absorbed
tion
(%)
6:00 a.m. 5:45 a.m. 5:30 a.m.
10
2.09
3.46
6:00 p.m. 6:15 p.m. 6:30 p.m.
Aklo
Blue Ridge Glass Corp. 1/8 Pale Blue-Green
56.6
6:45 a.m. 6:40 a.m. 6:30 a.m.
20
1.59
2.66
Aklo
Blue Ridge Glass Corp. 1/4 Pale Blue-Green
69.7
5:15 p.m. 5:20 p.m. 5:30 p.m.
Coolite Mississippi Glass Co.
1/8 Light Blue
58.4
7:30 a.m. 7:30 a.m. 7:30 a.m.
30
1.09
1.67
Coolite Mississippi Glass Co.
1/4 Light Blue
70.4
4:30 p.m. 4:30 p.m. 4:30 p.m.
L.O.F.
Libbey-Owens-Ford
1/4 Pale Blue-Green
48.2
Solex R Pittsburgh Plate Glass
With outside canvas awnings tight against building on sides and top,
Co.
1/4 Pale Green
50.9
multiply over-all factor by 1.4.
With multicolor windows, use the predominant color.
Commercial shade bronze. Metal slats 0.05 inches 0.05 inches wide,
17 per inch.
GLASS BLOCK
Glass block differs from sheet glass in that there is
an appreciable absorption of solar heat and a fairly
long time lag before the heat reaches the inside (about
3 hours). This is primarily caused by the thermal
storage capacity of the glass block itself. The high
absorption of heat increases the inside surface
temperature of the sunlit glass block which may require
lower room temperatures to maintain comfort conditions
as explained in Chapter 2.
Shading devices on the outdoor side of glass block
are almost as effective as with any other kind of glass
since they keep the heat away from the glass. Shading
devices on the inside are not effective in reducing the
heat gain because most of the heat reflected is
absorbed in the glass block.
Basis of Table 17
- Solar Heat Gain Factors for Glass block,
With and Without Shading Devices
The factors in Table 17 are the average of tests
conducted by the ASHAE on several types of glass
block.
Equations:
Solar heat gain without shading devices
= (Bili) + (Bala)
Solar heat gain with outdoor shading devices
= (BilI+ Bala.25
Solar heat gain with inside shading devices
= (BilI+ Bala).90
.27
.39
.35
.39
.27
.24
.22
.22
.21
.24
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
EXPOSURE
IN SOUTH
LATITUDES
Southeast
East
Northeast
North
Summer
Winter
Northwest
West
Southwest
Use the summer factors for all latitudes, North or South. Use the winter
factor for intermediate seasons, 30 to 50 North or South latitude.
Where:
Bi = Instantaneous transmission factor from Table 17.
Ba = Absorption transmission factor from Table 17.
li = Solar heat gain value from Table 15 for the desired time
and wall facing.
la = Solar heat gain value from Table 15 for 3 hours earlier than
li and same wall facing.
Use of Chart 1
- Shading from Reveals, Overhangs, Fins and adjacent
Buildings
The procedure to determine the top and side
shading from Chart 1 is.
1. Determine the solar azimuth and altitude angles
from Table 18.
7.
8.
9.
Part 1. Load Estimating | Chapter 5. Heat And Water Vapor Flow Thru Structures
q = UAte
where q = heat flow, Btu/hr
U = transmission coefficient,
Btu/(hr)(sq ft) (deg F temp diff)
A = area of surface, sq ft
te = equiv temp diff F
Heat loss thru the exterior construction (walls and
roof) is normally calculated at the time of greatest heat
flow. This occurs early in the morning after a few hours
of very low outdoor temperatures. This approaches
steady state heat flow conditions, and for all practical
purposes may be assumed as such.
Heat flow thru the interior construction (floors,
ceilings and partitions) is caused by a difference in
temperature of the air on both sides of the structure.
This temperature difference is essentially constant thru
out the day and, therefore, the heat flow can be
determined from the steady state heat flow equation,
using the actual temperatures on either side.
Part 1. Load Estimating | Chapter 5. Heat And Water Vapor Flow Thru Structures
Part 1. Load Estimating | Chapter 5. Heat And Water Vapor Flow Thru Structures
Part 1. Load Estimating | Chapter 5. Heat And Water Vapor Flow Thru Structures
= 95 15 = 80 F
With and 80 F db room design, the outdoor to indoor difference is 80 80 = 0
deg F
Average daily range in New Orleans
= 13 deg F (Table 1, page 11)
The design difference of 0 deg F and a 13 deg F daily range results in a 11.5
deg F addition to the equivalent temperature difference, by interpolation in
Table 20A.
Equivalent temperature differences for 12 in. brick wall in New Orleans at 12
noon in November:
tem for west wall in sun
= 7 (Table 19)-11.5 = -4.5 deg F
Solution:
The correction for design temperature difference is as follows:
Example 3, contd
Summer design dry-bulb for New Orleans
= 95 F db (Table 1, page 11)
Winter design dry-bulb for New Orleans
= 20 F db (Table 1 page 11)
Yearly range = 75 deg F
Correction in outdoor design temperature for November and a
yearly range of 75 deg F
= -15 F (Table 3, page 19)
Outdoor design dry-bulb temperature in November at 3 p.m.
Northeast
East
Southeast
South
Southwest
West
Northwest
North
(Shade)
WEIGHTS
OF WALL
(lb/sq ft)
20
60
100
140
20
60
100
140
20
60
100
140
20
60
100
140
20
60
100
140
20
60
100
140
20
60
100
140
20
60
100
140
6
5
-1
4
5
1
-1
5
11
10
1
7
9
-1
-1
4
7
-2
2
7
8
-2
2
7
12
-3
-2
5
8
-3
-3
1
1
6
7
15
-2
3
5
17
-1
5
10
6
1
7
8
-2
-3
4
6
-4
1
5
8
-3
1
7
11
-4
-3
4
7
-3
-3
1
1
7
AM
8 9 10
22 23 24
- 2 5 24
4 4 4
6 6 6
30 33 36
0 21 30
6 8 14
10 9 8
13 19 26
0 13 20
6 6 6
8 8 8
-4 1 4
-4 -3 -2
2 2 2
6 5 4
-4 -2 0
0 0 0
6 5 4
8 8 8
-4 -2 0
0 0 0
6 6 6
10 9 8
-4 -2 0
-4 -3 -2
4 4 4
6 6 6
-4 -3 -2
- 4 -3 -2
0 0 0
0 0 0
8 9 10
AM
SUN TIME
PM
11
19
22
10
6
35
31
20
9
27
24
11
7
14
7
3
4
4
1
5
7
3
2
6
8
3
0
4
6
1
-1
0
0
11
12
14
20
16
6
32
31
24
10
28
28
16
6
22
12
4
4
6
2
6
6
6
4
6
8
6
2
4
6
4
0
0
0
12
1
13
15
15
10
20
19
25
15
26
26
17
11
27
20
8
4
19
8
7
6
14
7
7
9
10
6
4
6
8
3
1
0
1
2
12
10
14
14
12
14
24
18
24
25
18
14
30
24
12
4
26
12
8
6
20
10
8
10
12
8
4
6
10
6
2
0
2
3
13
11
12
16
13
13
20
19
19
21
19
15
28
25
15
7
34
24
12
7
32
19
10
10
19
10
5
6
12
8
3
1
3
4
14
12
10
14
14
12
18
18
16
18
18
16
26
26
16
10
40
32
14
8
40
26
12
10
24
12
6
6
14
10
4
2
4
5
14
13
11
12
14
13
16
17
15
15
16
18
20
23
18
13
41
35
19
9
45
34
17
11
33
21
9
7
13
11
5
3
5
6
14
14
12
10
14
14
14
16
14
14
14
16
16
20
18
14
42
36
22
10
48
40
20
12
40
30
12
8
12
12
5
4
6
7
12
13
12
10
12
13
14
14
12
13
13
15
12
15
15
15
30
35
23
15
34
41
25
14
37
31
17
9
10
12
5
5
7
PM
SUN TIME
AM
8
10
12
12
10
10
12
14
12
10
12
12
14
10
12
14
16
24
34
24
18
22
36
28
16
34
32
20
10
8
12
8
6
8
9
8
11
11
10
8
11
13
13
8
11
11
13
7
10
11
16
12
20
23
19
14
28
27
21
18
21
21
14
6
10
7
7
9
10
6
10
10
10
6
10
12
14
6
10
10
12
6
8
10
14
6
10
22
20
8
16
26
22
6
12
22
18
4
8
6
8
10
11
4
8
9
10
4
8
11
14
4
8
10
12
3
6
9
12
4
7
15
13
5
10
19
23
4
8
14
19
2
6
5
7
11
12
2
6
8
10
2
5
10
14
2
6
10
12
2
4
8
10
2
6
10
8
2
6
14
22
2
6
8
20
0
4
4
6
12
1 2 3 4
0 -2 -3 -4
4 2 1 0
7 6 6 5
9 9 8 7
0 -1 -2 -3
4 3 1 1
9 8 7 7
13 13 12 12
0 -1 -1 -2
5 4 3 3
9 9 8 8
11 11 10 10
1 1 0 0
2 1 1 0
8 7 6 6
10 9 9 8
1 1 0 -1
5 4 4 3
10 9 9 8
8 8 8 8
1 0 0 -1
5 4 3 3
12 11 10 9
20 18 16 15
0 -1 -1 -2
4 3 1 0
7 7 6 6
16 7 11 10
0 13 - 1 - 2
2 -1 0 -1
3 1 2 2
4 3 2 2
1 2 3 4
5
-2
-1
5
7
-3
0
6
12
-2
2
7
9
-1
-1
5
7
-1
3
7
8
-1
2
8
13
-2
-1
5
9
-2
-2
1
1
5
AM
Equation: Heat Gain Thru Walls, Btu/hr = (Area, sq ft) (equivalent temp diff) (transmission coefficient U, Tables 21 thru 25)
*All values are for the both insulated and uninsulated walls.
For other conditions, refer to corrections on page 64.
Weight per sq ft values for common types of construction are listed in Tables 21 thru 25.
For wall constructions less than 20 lb/sq ft, use listed values of 20 lb/sq ft.
Part 1. Load Estimating | Chapter 5. Heat And Water Vapor Flow Thru Structures
Rs (t t ) = Rs t + (1- Rs ) t
Rm em
Rm es
Rm em es
Exposed
to
Sun
Covered
with
Water
Sprayed
Shaded
WEIGHTS
OF ROOF
(lb/sq ft)
10
20
40
60
80
20
40
60
20
40
60
20
40
60
6
-4
0
4
9
13
-5
-3
-1
-4
-2
-1
-5
-5
-3
6
7
-6
-1
3
8
12
-2
-2
-2
-2
-2
-2
-5
-5
-3
7
AM
8 9 10
-7 -5 -1
-2 -1 2
2 3 6
6 7 8
11 11 12
0 2 4
-1 -1 0
-2 -2 -2
0 2 4
-1 -1 0
-2 -2 -2
-4 -2 0
-4 -3 -2
-2 -2 -2
8 9 10
AM
SUN TIME
PM
11
7
9
10
11
13
10
5
2
8
2
0
2
0
-1
11
12
15
16
16
16
16
16
10
5
12
5
2
6
2
0
12
1
24
23
23
22
22
19
13
7
15
9
5
9
5
2
1
2
32
30
28
27
26
22
15
10
18
13
8
12
8
4
2
3
38
36
33
31
28
20
15
12
17
14
10
13
10
6
3
4
43
41
38
35
32
18
16
14
16
14
12
14
12
8
4
5
46
43
40
38
35
16
15
15
15
14
13
13
13
9
5
6
45
43
41
39
37
14
15
16
14
14
14
12
12
10
6
7
41
40
39
38
37
12
14
15
12
13
13
10
11
10
7
PM
SUN TIME
AM
8
35
35
35
36
35
10
12
14
10
12
12
8
10
10
8
9
28
30
32
34
34
6
10
12
6
9
11
5
8
9
9
10
22
25
28
31
34
2
7
10
2
7
10
2
6
8
10
11
16
20
24
28
32
1
5
8
1
5
8
1
4
6
11
12 1 2 3 4
10 7 3 1 - 1
15 12 8 6 4
20 17 13 11 9
25 22 18 16 13
30 27 23 20 18
1 -1 -2 -3 -4
3 1 -1 -2 -3
6 4 3 2 1
0 -1 -2 -2 -3
3 1 0 0 -1
6 4 2 1 0
0 -1 -3 -4 -5
2 0 -1 -3 -4
4 2 1 0 -1
12 1 2 3 4
5
-3
2
6
11
14
-5
-3
0
-3
-1
-1
-5
-5
-2
5
AM
Equation: Heat Gain Thru Roofs, Btu/hr = (Area, sq ft) (equivalent temp diff) (transmission coefficient U, Tables 27 or 28)
*With attic ventilated and ceiling insulated roofs, reduce equivalent temp diff 25%
For peaked roofs, use the roof area projected on a horizontal plane.
For other conditions, refer to corrections on page 64.
Weight per sq ft values for common types of construction are listed in Tables 27 or 28.
Part 1. Load Estimating | Chapter 5. Heat And Water Vapor Flow Thru Structures
-30
-20
-10
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
10
-40
-30
-20
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
12
-41
-31
-21
-11
-6
-1
4
9
14
19
24
29
14
-42
-32
-22
-12
-7
-2
3
8
13
18
23
28
16
-43
-33
-23
-13
-8
-3
2
7
12
17
22
27
18
-44
-34
-24
-14
-9
-4
1
6
11
16
21
26
20
-45
-35
-25
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
Rs (t t ) = Rs t + (1- Rs ) t
Rm em
Rm es
Rm em es
where
= equivalent temperature difference for month and time of
te
day desired.
22
-46
-36
-26
-16
-11
-6
-1
4
9
14
19
24
24
-47
-37
-27
-17
-12
-7
-2
3
8
13
18
23
26
-48
-38
-28
-18
-13
-8
-3
2
7
12
17
22
28
-49
-39
-29
-19
-14
-9
-4
1
6
11
16
21
30
-50
-40
-30
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
32
-51
-41
-31
-21
-16
-11
-6
-1
4
9
14
19
34
-52
-42
-32
-22
-17
-12
-7
-2
3
8
13
18
36
-53
-43
-33
-23
-18
-13
-8
-3
2
7
12
17
38
-54
-44
-34
-24
-19
-14
-9
-4
1
6
11
16
40
-55
-45
-35
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
te8
te = tes +
where:
= equivalent temperature difference for month and time of
te
day desired.
= equivalent temperature difference for same wall or roof in
te8
shade at desired time of day, corrected if necessary for
design conditions.
tem = equivalent temperature difference for wall or foof
exposed to the sun for desired time of day, corrected if
necessary for design conditions.
Part 1. Load Estimating | Chapter 5. Heat And Water Vapor Flow Thru Structures
TRANSMISSION COEFFICIENT U
Transmission coefficient or U value is the rate at
which heat is transferred thru a building structure in Btu/
(hr)(sq ft)(deg F temp diff). The rate times the
temperature difference is the heat flow thru the structure.
The reciprocal of the U value for any wall is the total
resistance of this wall to heat flow to the of heat. The total
resistance of any wall to heat flow is the summation of the
resistance in each component of the structure and the
resistances of the outdoor and inside surface films. The
transmission coefficients listed in Tables 21 thru 33 have
been calculated for the most common types of
construction.
Basis of Tables 21 thru 33
- Transmission Coefficients U for Walls, Roofs, Partitions,
Ceilings, Floors, Doors, and Windows
Table 21 thru 33 contain calculated U values based
on the resistance listed in Table 34, page 78. The
resistance of the outdoor surface film coefficient for
summer and winter conditions and the inside surface film
is listed in Table 34.
Note: The difference between summer and winter
transmission coefficients for a typical wall is
negligible. For example, with a transmission
coefficient of 0.3 Btu/(hr)(sq ft) (F) for winter
0.3
3.41
Part 1. Load Estimating | Chapter 5. Heat And Water Vapor Flow Thru Structures
Part 1. Load Estimating | Chapter 5. Heat And Water Vapor Flow Thru Structures
Part 1. Load Estimating | Chapter 5. Heat And Water Vapor Flow Thru Structures
Part 1. Load Estimating | Chapter 5. Heat And Water Vapor Flow Thru Structures
Part 1. Load Estimating | Chapter 5. Heat And Water Vapor Flow Thru Structures
Part 1. Load Estimating | Chapter 5. Heat And Water Vapor Flow Thru Structures
Part 1. Load Estimating | Chapter 5. Heat And Water Vapor Flow Thru Structures
Part 1. Load Estimating | Chapter 5. Heat And Water Vapor Flow Thru Structures
Part 1. Load Estimating | Chapter 5. Heat And Water Vapor Flow Thru Structures
Part 1. Load Estimating | Chapter 5. Heat And Water Vapor Flow Thru Structures
.33
.29
.26
.24
.21
.19
.16
.12
.09
1
.22
.21
.19
.18
.16
.15
.13
.11
.08
1
.17
.16
.15
.14
.13
.12
.11
.09
.07
2
.14
.14
.13
.12
.12
.11
.10
.08
.07
2
.12
.12
.11
.10
.10
.09
.09
.08
.06
3
.10
.10
.09
.09
.09
.08
.08
.07
.05
GLASS
Vertical Glass
Horizontal Glass
Single
Double
Triple
Single
Double (1/4)
-4 -4 Summer Winter Summer Winter
1.13 0.61 0.55 0.53 0.41 0.36 0.34 0.86 1.40 0.50 0.70
0.54
0.43 0.64
DOORS
U
Exposed Door
0.69
0.59
0.52
0.51
0.46
0.38
0.33
1.05
U
With Storm Door
0.35
0.32
0.30
0.30
0.28
0.25
0.23
0.43
U
0.60
0.56
0.52
0.48
0.44
Equation: Heat Gain or Loss, Btu/hr = (Area, sq ft) (U value) (outdoor temp inside temp)
*Italicized numbers in parentheses indicate weight in lb per sq ft.
Part 1. Load Estimating | Chapter 5. Heat And Water Vapor Flow Thru Structures
CALCULATION OF TRANSMISSION
COEFFICIENT U
For types of construction not listed in Tables 21 thru
33, calculate the U value as follows:
1. Determine the resistance of each component of a
given structure and also the inside and outdoor air
surface films from Table 34.
2. Add these resistances together,
R = r1+r2+r3+. . . . . rn
1
3. Take the resistances, U =
Basis of Table 34
- Thermal Resistance R, Building and Insulating Materials
Table 34 was extracted from the 1958 ASHAE Guide
and the column weight per sq ft added.
Use of Table 34
- Thermal Resistance R, Building and Insulating Materials
The thermal resistances for building materials are
listed in two columns. One column lists the thermal
resistance per inch thickness, based on conductivity,
while the other column lists the thermal resistance for a
given thickness or construction, based on conductance.
R 3.34
Part 1. Load Estimating | Chapter 5. Heat And Water Vapor Flow Thru Structures
THICK- DENSITY
NESS (lb per
(in.)
cu ft)
DESCRIPTION
WEIGHT
(lb per
sq ft)
RESISTANCE R
Per Inch For Listed
Thickness Thickness
1
1
K
BUILDING MATERIALS
BUILDING
BOARD
Boards,
Panels,
Sheathing,
etc
BUILDING
PAPER
WOODS
MASONRY
UNITS
Asbestos-Cement Board
Asbestos-Cement Board
Gypsum or Plaster Board
Gypsum or Plaster Board
Plywood
Plywood
Plywood
Plywood
Plywood or Wood Panels
Wood Fiber Board, Laminated or Homogeneous
Wood Fiber, Hardboard Type
Wood Fiber, Hardboard Type
Wood, Fir or Pine Sheathing
Wood, Fir or Pine
Vapor Permeable Felt
Vapor Seal, 2 layers of Mopped 15 lb felt
Vapor Seal, Plastic Film
Maple, Oak, and Similar Hardwoods
Fir, Pine, and Similar Softwoods
Brick, Common
Brick, Face
Clay Tile, Hollow:
1 Cell Deep
1 Cell Deep
2 Cells Deep
2 Cells Deep
2 Cells Deep
3 Cells Deep
Concrete Blocks, Three Oval Core
Sand & Gravel Aggregate
Cinder Aggregate
Lightweight Aggregate
(Expanded Shale, Clay, Slate or
Slag; Pumice)
Gypsum Partition Tile:
312 30 solid
3 12 30 4-cell
4 12 30 3-cell
Stone, Line or Sand
4
4
120
120
50
50
34
34
34
34
34
26
31
65
65
32
32
45
32
120
130
1.25
1.58
2.08
0.71
1.06
1.42
2.13
1.35
2.08
4.34
40
43
0.25
1.25
2.38
2.00
0.72
0.91
1.25
-
0.03
0.32
0.45
0.31
0.47
0.63
0.94
0.18
0.98
2.03
0.06
0.12
Negl
.80
.44
3
4
6
8
10
12
3
4
6
8
12
3
4
6
8
12
3
4
8
12
60
48
50
45
42
40
76
69
64
64
63
68
60
54
56
53
60
52
48
43
15
16
25
30
35
40
19
23
32
43
63
17
20
27
37
53
15
17
32
43
0.80
1.11
1.52
1.85
2.22
2.50
0.40
0.71
0.91
1.11
1.28
0.86
1.11
1.50
1.72
1.89
1.27
1.50
2.00
2.27
3
3
4
45
35
38
150
11
9
13
-
0.08
1.26
1.35
1.67
-
1/8
3/8
1/2
1/4
3/8
1/2
3/4
1/4
25/32
1 5/8
Part 1. Load Estimating | Chapter 5. Heat And Water Vapor Flow Thru Structures
DESCRIPTION
THICK- DENSITY
NESS (lb per
(in.)
cu ft)
WEIGHT
(lb per
sq ft)
RESISTANCE R
Per Inch For Listed
Thickness Thickness
1
1
K
PLASTERING
MATERIALS
ROOFING
SIDING
MATERIALS
(On Flat
Surface)
FLOORING
MATERIALS
116
0.20
51
120
100
80
60
40
30
20
140
140
116
116
116
116
4.8
7.2
0.60
0.19
0.28
0.40
0.59
0.86
1.11
1.43
0.11
0.08
0.20
0.20
-
0.10
0.15
45
45
45
45
105
105
105
105
105
45
120
70
70
70
201
40
1.88
2.34
2.80
4.4
5.5
6.6
2.2
8.4
-
0.67
0.18
0.59
Negl
-
0.32
0.39
0.47
0.09
0.11
0.13
0.40
0.21
0.15
0.44
0.33
0.05
0.94
0.87
1.19
1.40
120
25
25
80
34
110
140
32
45
1.25
0.26
0.83
1.77
1.15
11.7
2.08
2.81
2.22
-
0.21
0.15
1.45
0.79
0.81
1.05
0.59
0.10
0.04
2.08
1.23
0.08
0.28
0.06
0.05
0.08
0.78
0.02
0.08
0.98
0.68
Part 1. Load Estimating | Chapter 5. Heat And Water Vapor Flow Thru Structures
THICK- DENSITY
NESS (lb per
(in.)
cu ft)
DESCRIPTION
WEIGHT
(lb per
sq ft)
RESISTANCE R
Per Inch For Listed
Thickness Thickness
1
1
K
3.85
3.70
4.00
3.70
4.00
.93
1.4
0.62
2.86
-
1.19
1.78
1.43
0.83
1.31
-
2.63
2.50
3.70
3.00
3.45
1.82
3.57
3.33
3.33
2.22
2.08
1.32
2.06
-
.7
1.3
1.9
2.6
3.2
3.9
1.39
2.78
4.17
5.26
6.67
8.33
0.85
0.78
1.02
1.15
1.23
1.25
0.85
0.93
0.99
0.90
0.89
0.97
0.86
0.61
0.62
0.68
0.76
0.92
0.17
0.25
INSULATING MATERIALS
BLANKET AND BATT* Cotton Fiber
0.8 - 2.0
Mineral Wool, Fibrous Form
1.5 4.0
Processed From Rock, Slag, or Glass
Wood Fiber
3.2 3.6
Wood Fiber, Milti-layer Stitched Expanded
1.5 2.0
BOARD AND SLABS Glass Fiber
9.5
Wood or Cane Fiber
Acoustical Tile
1/2
22.4
Acoustical Tile
3/4
22.4
Interior Finish (Tile, Lath, Plank)
15.0
Interior Finish (Tile, Lath, Plank)
1/2
15.0
Roof Deck Slab
Sheathing (Impreg or Coated)
20.0
Sheathing (Impreg or Coated)
1/2
20.0
Sheathing (Impreg or Coated)
25/32
20.0
Cellular Glass
9.0
Cork Board (Without Added Binder)
6.5 8.0
Hog Hair (With Asphalt Binder)
8.5
Plastic (Foamed)
1.62
Wood Shredded (Cemented in Preformed Slabs)
22.0
LOOSE FILL
Macerated Paper or Pulp Products
2.5 3.5
Wood Fiber: Redwood, Hemlock, or Fir
2.0 3.5
Mineral Wool (Glass, Slag, or Rock)
2.0 5.0
Sawdust or Shavings
8.0 15.0
Vermiculite (Expanded)
7.0
ROOF INSULATION All Types
Preformed, for use above deck
Approximately
1/2
15.6
Approximately
1
15.6
Approximately
1 1/2
15.6
Approximately
2
15.6
Approximately
2 1/2
15.6
Approximately
3
15.6
AIR
AIR SPACES
AIR FILM
Still Air
15 Mph Wind
7 Mph Wind
POSITION
Horizontal
Horizontal
Horizontal
Horizontal
Horizontal
Horizontal
Horizontal
Horizontal
Horizontal
Sloping 45
Sloping 45
Vertical
Vertical
POSITION
Horizontal
Sloping 45
Vertical
Sloping 45
Horizontal
Any Position (For Winter)
Any Position (For Summer)
HEAT FLOW
Up (Winter)
Up (Summer)
Down (Winter)
Down (Winter)
Down (Winter)
Down (Winter)
Down (Summer)
Down (Summer)
Down (Summer)
Up (Winter)
Down (Summer)
Horiz. (Winter)
Horiz. (Summer)
HEAT FLOW
Up
Up
Horizontal
Down
Down
Any Direction
Any Direction
-4
-4
1
4
8
1
4
-4
-4
-4
-4
*Includes paper backing and facing if and. In cases where the insulation froms a boundary (highjly refiective) of on air space, refer to Table 31, page 75
Part 1. Load Estimating | Chapter 5. Heat And Water Vapor Flow Thru Structures
Part 1. Load Estimating | Chapter 5. Heat And Water Vapor Flow Thru Structures
1 1 1/2
4.5 3.8
5.1 4.2
5.7 4.7
6.7 5.4
2
3.4
3.8
4.1
4.7
Steel Pipe
Steel Pipe With
Size
Ice Thickness (Inches)
Nominal
(Inches) 1/2
1 1 1/2 2
1/2
7.2 5.2 4.4 3.9
3/4
8.7 6.1 5.1 4.5
1
10.6 7.2 5.8 5.1
1 1/2
13.0 8.6 6.8 5.9
3
3.4
3.8
4.2
4.8
Pipes
in
Water
2.4
2.9
3.5
5.3
Steel Pipe
Nominal Size
(Inches)
1/2
3/4
1
1 1/4
Pipes
in
Water
4.0
5.0
6.2
7.8
Pipes
in
Brine
3.1
3.9
4.8
6.1
Part 1. Load Estimating | Chapter 5. Heat And Water Vapor Flow Thru Structures
Use of Table 40
- Water Vapor Transmission thru Various Materials
Table 40 is used to determine latent heat gain from
water vapor transmission thru building structures in the
high and low dewpoint applications where the air
moisture content must be maintained.
Example 8 Water Vapor Transmission
Given:
A 40 ft 40 ft 8 ft laboratory on second floor requiring inside
design conditions of 40 F db, 50% rh, with the outdoor design
conditions at 95 F db, 75 F wb. The outdoor wall is 12 inch brick
with no windows. The partitions are metal lath and plaster on both
sides of studs. Floor and ceiling are 4 inch concrete.
Find:
The latent heat gain from the water vapor transmission.
Solution:
Gr/lb at 95 F db, 75 F wb = 99 (psych chart)
Gr/lb at 40 F db, 50% rh = 18 (psych chart)
Moisture content difference = 81 gr/lb
Assume that the dewpoint in the areas surrounding the
laboratory is uniform and equal to the outdoor dewpoint.
Latent heat gain:
x 81 x .04 (Table 40.)
Outdoor wall = 40x8
100
= 10.4 Btu/hr
Floor and ceilings = 2x 40x40
100 x 81 x .10
= 259 Btu/hr
Partitions = 3x 40x8 x81x1.0
100
= 777 Btu/hr
Total Latent Heat Gain
= 1046.4 Btu/hr
Part 1. Load Estimating | Chapter 5. Heat And Water Vapor Flow Thru Structures
No Vapor
Seal Unless
Noted Under
Description
WALLS
.12
Brick -- 4 inches
-- 8 inches
.06
-- 12 inches
.04
-- per inch of thickness
.49
.067
Concrete -- 6 inches
-- 12 inches
.034
-- per inch of thickness
.40
.79
Frame -- with plaster interior finish
-- same with asphalt coated insulating board lath
.42
.013
Tilehollow clay (face, glazed)--4 inches
--hollow clay (common) )--4 inches
.24
--hollow clay, 4 inch face and 4 inch common
.012
CEILINGS AND FLOORS
.10
Concrete--4 inches
--8 inches
.051
2.0
Plaster on wood or metal lath on joistno flooring
.50
Plaster on wood or metal lath on joistflooring
.40
Plaster on wood or metal lath on joistsdouble flooring
PARTITIONS
4.0
Insulating Board inch on both sides of studding
Wood or metal lath and plaster on both sides of studding
1.0
ROOFS
.02
Concrete--2 inches, plus 3 layer felt roofing
--6 inches, plus 3 layer felt roofing
.02
1.5
Shingles, sheathing, rafters--plus plaster on wood or metal lath
.02
Wood 1 inch, plus 3 layer felt roofing
--2 inches, plus 3 layer felt roofing
.02
MISCELLANEOUS
3.6
Air Space, still air 3 5/8 inch
1 inch
13.0
Building Materials
Masonite--1 thickness, 1/8 inch
1.1
--5 thicknesses
.32
Plaster on wood lath
1.1
--plus 2 coats aluminum paint
-Plaster on gypsum lath
1.95
--ditto plus primer and 2 coats lead and oil paint
-Plywood--1/4 inch Douglas fir (3 ply)
.63
--ditto plus 2 coats asphalt paint
---ditto plus 2 coats aluminum paint
---1/2 inch Douglas fir (5 ply)
.27
--ditto plus 2 coats asphalt paint
---ditto plus 2 coats aluminum paint
-Wood--Pine .508 inch
.33
--ditto plus 2 coats aluminum paint
---spruce, .508 inch
.20
Insulating Materials
Corkboard, 1 inch thick
.63
Interior finish insulating board,
5.0 7.0
--ditto plus 2 coats water emulsion paint
3.0 4.0
--ditto plus 2 coats varnish base paint
.1 1.0
--ditto plus 2 coats lead and oil paint
.17
--ditto plus wall linoleum
.03 - .06
With 2 Coats
Vapor-seal
Paint on
Smooth
Inside
Surface*
With
Aluminum
Foil Mounted
on One Side
of Paper
Cemented
to Wall
.075
.046
.033
-.050
.029
-.16
.14
.012
.11
.011
.024
.020
.017
-.021
.016
-.029
.028
.0091
.025
.0086
.067
.040
.18
.14
.13
.023
.019
.030
.028
.028
.19
.17
.030
.029
.018
.018
.18
.018
.018
.17
.12
-.13
.087
.13
.041
.12
.046
.027
Part 1. Load Estimating | Chapter 5. Heat And Water Vapor Flow Thru Structures
No Vapor
Seal Unless
Noted Under
Description
With 2 Coats
Vapor-seal
Paint on
Smooth
Inside
Surface*
With
Aluminum
Foil Mounted
on One Side
of Paper
Cemented
to Wall
MISCELLANEOUS
Insulating Materials, cont.
Insulating board lath
4.6 8.2
--ditto plus plaster
1.5
--ditto plus plaster, sealer, and flat coat of paint
.16 - .31
Insulating board sheathing, 25/32
2.6 6.1
--ditto plus asphalt coating both sides
.046 1.0
Mineral wool (3 5/8 inches thick), unprotected
3.5
Packaging materials
Cellophane, moisture proof
.01 0.25
Glassine (1 ply waxed or 3 ply plain)
.0015 - .006
Kraft paper soaked with parafin wax, 4.5 lbs per 100 sq ft
1.4 3.1
Pliofilm
.01 - .025
Paint Films
2 coats aluminum paint, estimated
.05 - .2
2 coats asphalt paint, estimated
.05 - .1
2 coats lead and oil paint, estimated
.1 - .6
2 coats water emulsion, estimated
5.0 8.0
Papers
Duplex or asphalt laminae (untreated) 30-30, 3.1 lb per 100 sq ft
.15 - .27
--ditto 30-60-30, 4.2 lb per 100 sq ft
.051 - .091
Draft paper--1 sheet
8.1
--2 sheets
5.1
--aluminum foil on one side of sheet
.016
--aluminum foil on both sides of sheet
.012
Sheathing paper
Asphalt impregnated and coated, 7 lb per 100 sq ft
.02 - .10
Slaters felt, 6 lb per 100 sq ft, 50% saturated with tar
1.4
Roofing Felt, saturated and coated with asphalt
25 lb. per sq ft
.015
50 lb. per sq ft
.011
Tin sheet with 4 holes 1/16 diameter
.17
Crack 12 inches long by 1/32 inches wide (approximated from above)
5.2
*Painted surfaces: Two coats of a good vapor seal paint on a smooth surface give a fair vapor barrier. More surface treatment is required
on a rough surface than on a smooth surface. Data indicates that either asphalt or aluminum paint are good for vapor seals.
Aluminum Foil on Paper: This material should also be applied over a smooth surface and joints lapped and sealed with asphalt.
The vapor barrier should always be placed on the side of the wall having the higher vapor pressure if condensation of moisture in wall is
possible.
Application: The heat gain due to water vapor transmission through walls may be neglected for the normal air conditioning or refrigeration
job. This latent gain should be considered for air conditioning jobs where there is a great vapor pressure difference between the room and
the outside, particularly when the dewpoint inside must be low. Note that moisture gain due to infiltration usually is of much greater
magnitude than moisture transmission through building structures.
Conversion Factors: To convert above table values to: grain/(hr) (sq ft) (inch mercury vapor pressure difference), multiply by 9.8.
grain/(hr) (sq ft) (pounds per sq inch vapor pressure difference), multiply by 20.0
To convert Btu latent heat to grains, multiply by 7000/1060 = 6.6.
Part 1. Load Estimating | Chapter 5. Heat And Water Vapor Flow Thru Structures
Part 1. Load Estimating | Chapter 5. Heat And Water Vapor Flow Thru Structures
where
U (t rm toa )
ft
(deg F)
Part 1. Load Estimating | Chapter 5. Heat And Water Vapor Flow Thru Structures
U = 1.1
60
+1.0%
+1.0
+2.0
+3.5
+5.0
+7.0
+9.0
+12.0
80
-1.0%
-1.5
-2.0
-2.5
-3.5
-4.0
-7.5
-9.5
U = .65
Room Temp (F db)
60
80
+1.5%
-2.0%
+2.5
-2.5
+3.5
-3.0
+4.0
-4.0
+5.0
-4.5
+6.5
-5.0
+8.5
-6.0
+9.5
-7.5
U = .35
60
+2.5%
+3.0
+3.0
+3.5
+4.0
+4.5
+5.0
+6.0
80
-2.0%
-2.0
-2.0
-2.5
-3.0
-3.5
-4.0
-4.5
INFILTRATION
Infiltration of air and particularly moisture into a
conditioned space is frequently a source of sizable heat
gain or loss. The quantity of infiltration air varies
according to tightness of doors and windows, porosity of
the building shell, height of the building, stairwells,
elevators, direction and velocity of wind, and the amount
of ventilation and exhaust air. Many of these cannot be
accurately evaluated and must be based on the judgment
of the estimator.
Generally, infiltration may be caused by wind
velocity, or stack effort, or both:
1. Wind Velocity-The wind velocity builds up a
pressure on the windward side of the building and
a slight vacuum on the leeward side. The outdoor
pressure build-up causes air to infiltrate thru
crevices in the construction and cracks around the
windows and doors. This, in turn, causes a slight
build-up of pressure inside the building, resulting in
an equal amount of exfiltration on the leeward side.
2. Difference in Density or Stack Effect The
variations in temperatures and humidities produce
differences in density of air between inside and
outside of the building. In tall buildings this density
difference causes summer and winter infiltration
and exfiltration as follows:
Summer Infiltration at the top and exfiltration at
the bottom.
Winter Infiltration at the bottom and exfiltration at
the top.
Use of Table 41
- Infiltration thru Windows and Doors, Summer
The data in Table 41 is used to determine the
infiltration thru windows and doors on the windward side
with the wind blowing directly at them. When the wind
direction is oblique to the windows or doors, multiply the
values in Tables 41a, b, c, d, by 0.60 and apply to total
areas. For specific locations, adjust the values in Table
41 to the design wind velocity; refer to Table 1, page 10.
During the summer, infiltration is calculated for the
windward side(s) only, because stack effect is small and,
therefore, causes the infiltration air to flow in a downward
direction in tall buildings (over 100 ft). Some of the air
infiltrating thru the windows will exfiltrate thru the windows
on the leeward side(s), while the remaining infiltration air
flows out the doors, thus offsetting some of the infiltration
thru the doors. To determine the net infiltration thru the
doors, determine the infiltration thru the windows on the
windward side, multiply this by .80, and subtract from the
door infiltration. For low buildings the door infiltration on
the windward side should be included in the estimate.
Basis of Table 41
- Infiltration thru Windows and Doors, Summer
The data in Tables 41a, b and c is based on a wind
velocity of 7.5 mph blowing directly at the window or
door, and on observed crack widths around typical
windows and doors. This data is derived from Table 44
which lists infiltration thru cracks around windows and
doors as established by ASHAE tests.
Table 41d shows values to be used for doors on
opposite walls for various percentages of time that each
door is open.
The data in Table 41e is based on actual tests of
typical applications.
Storm Sash
.14
.38
.25
25%
33%
.33
.27
.72
.39
.58
.28
-
.99
.82
DESCRIPTION
Hollow Metal-Vertically
Pivoted
.23
-
.55
.49
-
.74
-
66%
75%
100%
1.45
.32
1.2
.39
-
2.6
6.3
2.2
5.2
10.0
6.5
6.5
4.5
6.75
CFM
Standing Open
No Vestibute
Vestibule
1,200
900
700
500
700
500
-
100
1,000
2,500
5,000
7,500
10,000
*All values in Table 41 are based on the wind blowing directly at the window or door. When the wind direction is oblique to the window or door,
multiply the above values by 0.60 and use the total window and door area on the windward side(s).
Based on a wind velocity of 7.5 mph. For design wind velocities different from the base, multiply the above values by the ratio of velocities.
Includes frame leakage where applicable.
** Vestibules may decrease the infiltration as much as 30% when the door usage is light. When door usage is heavy, the vestibule is of little value
for reducing infiltration.
Find:
Infiltration into the building thru doors and windows,
disregarding outside air thru the equipment and the
exhaust air quantity.
Solution:
The prevailing wind in New York City during the
summer is south, 13 mph (Table 1, page 10).
*Net outdoor air is equal to the outdoor air quantity introduced thru the apparatus minus the exhaust air quantity.
and west sides will allow infiltration but the wind is only 60%
effective. Correction for wind direction is .6.
Since this building is over 100 ft tall, stack effect causes infiltration
on all sides at the lower levels and exfiltration at the upper levels.
The total infiltration on the windward sides remains the same
because the increase at the bottom is exactly equal to the
decrease at the top. (For a floor-by-floor analysis, use equivalent
wind velocity formulas.) Infiltration thru windows on the windward
sides of the lower levels
= 12,000 2 1.12 .6 .98 = 15,810 cfm.
The total infiltration thru the windows on the leeward sides of the
building is equal to the difference between the equivalent velocity
at the first floor and the design velocity at the midpoint of the
building.
Ve = V2 + 1.75b
= (16.8)2 + (1.75 x 240 ) = 22.2 mph
2
Storm Sash
.26
.74
.50
25%
33%
.65
.54
1.44
.78
1.19
.56
-
1.98
1.64
DESCRIPTION
Hollow Metal-Vertically
Pivoted
.45
-
1.1
.98
-
1.48
-
66%
75%
100%
2.9
.63
2.4
.78
-
5.2
1.26
4.3
Infrequent
Use
1.6
9.0
2.0
1.5
4.0
4.0
200
17.3
49.5
21.5
*All values in Table 43 are based on the wind blowing directly at the window or door. When the prevailing wind direction is oblique to the window
or door, multiply the above values by 0.60 and use the total window and door area on the windward side(s).
Based on a wind velocity of 15 mph. For design wind velocities different from the base, multiply the table values by the ratio of velocities.
Stack effect in tall buildings may also cause infiltration on the leeward side. To evaluate this, determine the equivalent velocity (Ve) and subtract
the design velocity (V). The equivalent velocity is:
Ve = V2 1.75a (upper section)
Ve = V2 + 1.75b (lower section)
Where a and b are the distances above and below the mid-height of the building, respectively, in ft.
Multiply the table values by the ratio (Ve-V)/15 for doors and one half of the windows on the leeward side of the building. (Use values under 1
and 2 Story Bldgs for doors on leeward side of tall buildings.)
**Doors on opposite sides increase the above values 25%. Vestibules may decrease the infiltration as much as 30% when door usage is light. If
door usage is heavy, the vestibule is of little value in reducing infiltration. Heat added to the vestibule will help maintain room temperature near
the door.
Use of Table 44
- Infiltration thru Windows and Doors, Crack Method
Table 44 is used to determine the infiltration thru the
doors and windows listed. This table does not take into
account winter stack effect which must be evaluated
separately, using the equivalent wind velocity formulas
previously presented.
Basis of Table 44
- Infiltration thru Windows and Doors, Crack Method
The data on windows in Table 44 are based on
ASHAE tests. These test results have been reduced 20%
because, as infiltration occurs on one side, a certain
amount of pressure builds up in the building, thereby
reducing the infiltration. The data on glass and factory
doors has been calculated from observed typical crack
widths.
TYPE OF
DOUBLE HUNG WINDOW
Wood Sash
Average Window
Poorly Fitted Window
Poorly Fitted-with Storm Sash
Metal Sash
.07
.10
.05
.10
.35
1.15
.57
.78
.22
.32
.16
.32
.65
1.85
.93
1.23
.40
.57
.29
.53
.98
2.60
1.30
1.73
.60
.85
.43
.77
1.33
3.30
1.60
2.3
.82
1.18
.59
1.00
1.73
4.20
2.10
2.8
1.05
1.53
.76
1.27
1/16 crack
1/32 crack
3/64 crack
1/64 crack
1/32 crack
1/64 crack
1/32 crack
30
.87
.25
.33
.10
.23
.05
.13
.50
1.80
.60
.87
.30
.53
.17
.40
1.46
6.2
2.3
3.0
1.23
2.10
.80
1.53
4.00
*Infiltration caused by stack effect must be calculated separately during the winter.
See Table 43 for infiltration due to usage.
2.9
1.03
1.47
.55
.87
.30
.63
2.40
4.1
1.43
1.93
.78
1.27
.43
.90
3.10
5.1
1.86
2.5
1.00
1.67
.58
1.20
3.70
1/16 crack
1/32 crack
3/64 crack
VENTILATION
VENTILATION STANDARDS
The introduction of outdoor air for ventilation of
conditioned spaces is necessary to dilute the odors given
off by people, smoking and other internal air
contaminants.
The amount of ventilation required varies primarily
with the total number of people, the ceiling height and the
number of people smoking. People give off body odors
which require a minimum of 5 cfm per person for
satisfactory dilution. Seven and one half cfm per person
is recommended. This is based on a population density
of 50 to 75 sq ft per person and a typical ceiling height of
8 ft. With greater population densities, the ventilation
quantity should be increased. When people smoke, the
additional odors given off by cigarettes or cigars require
a minimum of 15 to 25 cfm per person. In special
gathering rooms with heavy smoking, 30 to 50 cfm per
person is recommended.
Basis of Table 45
- Ventilation Standards
The data in Table 45 is based on test observation of
the clean outdoor air required to maintain satisfactory
odor levels with people smoking and not smoking. These
test results were then extrapolated for typical
concentrations of people, both smoking and not smoking,
for the applications listed.
Use of Table 45
- Ventilation Standards
Table 45 is used to determine the minimum and
recommended ventilation air quantity for the listed
applications. In applications where the minimum values
are used and the minimum cfm per person and cfm per
sq ft of floor area are listed, use the larger minimum
quantity. Where the crowd density is greater than normal
or where better than satisfactory conditions are desired,
use the recommended values.
3.2
4.8
6.4
.45
.90
.90
3.2
30
6.4
10.0
13.0
.60
1.2
2.3
6.4
9.6
14.0
19.0
13.0
20.0
26.0
16.0
24.0
26.0
19.0
29.0
38.0
.90
1.8
3.7
9.6
1.3
2.6
5.2
13.0
1.7
3.3
6.6
16.0
2.1
4.2
8.4
19.0
SCHEDULED VENTILATION
In comfort applications, where local codes permit, it
is possible to reduce the capacity requirements of the
installed equipment by reducing the ventilation air
quantity at the time of peak load. This quantity can be
reduced at the time of peak to, in effect, minimize the
outdoor air load. At times other than peak load, the
calculated outdoor air quantity is used. Scheduled
ventilation is recommended only for installations
operating more than 12 hours or 3 hours longer than
occupancy, to allow some time for flushing out the
building when no odors are being generated. It has been
found, by tests, that few complaints of stuffiness are
encountered when the outdoor air quantity is reduced for
short periods of time, provided the flushing period is
available. It is recommended that the outdoor air quantity
be reduced to no less than 40% of the recommended
quantity as listed in Table 45.
The procedure for estimating and controlling
scheduled ventilation is as follows:
1. In estimating the cooling load, reduce the air
quantity at design conditions to a minimum of
40% of the recommended air quantity.
2. Use a dry-bulb thermostat following the cooling
and dehumidifying apparatus to control the
leaving dewpoint such that:
a. With the dewpoint at design, the damper
motor closes the outdoor air damper to 40%
of the design ventilation air quantity.
b. As the dewpoint decreases below design,
the outdoor air damper opens to the design
setting.
3. Another method which could be used is a
thermostat located in the leaving chilled water
from the refrigeration machine.
500 cfm will more than likely not maintain satisfactory conditions
within the space because the number of smokers is
considerable. Therefore, 750 cfm should be used in this
application.
NOTE: Many applications have exhaust fans. This means that the
outdoor air quantity must at least equal the exhausted air;
otherwise the infiltration rate will increase. Tables 46 and
47 list the approximate capacities of typical exhaust fans.
The data in these tables were obtained from published
ratings of several manufacturers of exhaust fans.
Average
Apartment De
Luxe
Banking Space
Barber Shops
Beauty Parlors
Brokers Board Rooms
Cocktail Bars
Corridors (Supply or Exhaust)
Department Stores
Directors Rooms
Drug Stores
Factories
Five and Ten Cent Stores
Funeral Parlors
Garage
Operating Rooms**
Hospitals Private Rooms
Wards
Hotel Roms
Restaurant
Kitchen
Residence
Laboratories
Meeting Rooms
General
Office Private
Private
Cafeteria
Restaurant Dining Room
School Rooms
Shop Retail
Theater
Theater
Toilets (Exhaust)
SMOKING
Some
Some
Occasional
Considerable
Occasional
Very Heavy
Heavy
None
Extreme
Considerable
None
None
None
None
None
None
Heavy
Some
Very Heavy
Some
None
Considerable
Considerable
Considerable
None
None
None
Some
-
Recommended
20
30
10
15
10
50
30
7
50
10
10
7
10
30
20
30
20
50
15
25
30
12
15
10
7
15
-
Minimum*
15
25
7
10
7
30
25
5
30
7
7
5
7
25
15
25
15
30
10
15
25
10
12
7
5
10
-
CFM PER
SQ FT OF FLOOR
Minimum*
.33
.25
.05
.10
1.0
2.0
.33
.33
4.0
2.0
1.25
.25
.25
2.0
Use these values unless governed by other sources of contamination or by local codes.
**All outdoor air is recommended to overcome explosion hazard of anesthetics.
Capacity*
(cfm)
50-250
100-550
300-1000
600-2800
800-1600
1200-2500
1700-3600
2300-5000
Motor
Horsepower
Range
1/70-1/20
1/20-1/6
1/20-1/2
1/5-2
1/8-1/2
-1
-1 1/4
1/3-1 1/2
Outlet
Velocity
Range (fpm)
800-2000
500-2500
850-2900
950-4300
1000-2000
1000-2000
1000-2000
1000-2000
Fan Diameter
Speed
Capacity*
(in.)
(rpm)
(cfm)
8
1500
500
12
1140
825
12
1725
1100
16
855
1000
16
1140
1500
18
850
1800
18
1140
2350
20
850
2400
20
1140
2750
20
1620
3300
*The capacities of fans of various manufacturers may vary 10%
from the values given above.
LIGHTS
Lights generate sensible heat by the conversion of
the electrical power input into light and heat. The heat is
dissipated by radiation to the surrounding surfaces, by
conduction into the adjacent materials and by convection
to the surrounding air. The radiant portion of the light
load is partially stored, and the convection portion may
be stratified as described on page 39. Refer to Table 12,
page 35, to determine the actual cooling load.
Incandescent lights convert approximately 10% of
the power input into light with the rest being generated as
heat within the bulb and dissipated by radiation,
convection and conduction. About 80% of the power
input is dissipated by radiation and only about 10% by
convection and conduction, Fig. 30.
MetTYPICAL
abolic
APPLICATION Rate
(Adult
Male)
Btu/hr
Theater,
Grade School 390
Average
Adjusted
ROOM DRY-BULB TEMPERATURE
Metabolic
82 F
80 F
78 F
75 F
70 F
Rate*
Btu/hr
Btu/hr
Btu/hr
But/hr
Btu/hr
Btu/hr Sensible Latent Sensible Latent Sensible Latent Sensible Latent Sensible Latent
350
175
175
195
155
210
140
230
120
260
90
400
180
220
195
205
215
185
240
160
275
125
450
180
270
200
250
215
235
245
205
285
165
500
180
320
Standing, walking
slowly
Bank
550
Sedentary work Restaurant
500 550
190
360
Light bench work Factory, light
work
800 750
190
560
Moderate dancing Dance Hall
900 850
220
630
Walking, 3 mph Factory, fairly
heavy work
1000 1000 270
730
Heavy work
Bowling Alley
Factory
1500 1450 450 1000
*Adjusted Metabolic Rate is the metabolic rate to be applied to a
mixed group of people with a typical percent composition based on
the following factors:
Metabolic rate, adult female=Metabolic rate, adult male0.85
Metabolic rate, children =Metabolic rate, adult male0.75
200
300
220
280
255
245
290
210
220
330
240
310
280
270
320
230
220
245
530
605
245
275
505
575
295
325
455
525
365
400
385
450
300
700
330
670
380
620
460
540
550
550
465
985
485
965
525
925
605
845
Restaurant-Values for this application include 60 Bu per hr for food
per Individual (30 Btu sensible and 30 Btu latent heat per hr).
Bowling-Assume one person per alley actually bowling and all others
sitting, metabolic rate 400 Btu per hr; or standing, 550 Btu per hr.
APPLIANCES
Most appliances contribute both sensible and latent
heat to a space. Electric appliances contribute latent
heat, only by virtue of the function they perform, that is,
drying, cooking, etc, whereas gas burning appliances
OVERALL
DIMENSIONS
Less Legs and
Handles (In.)
TYPE
OF
CONTROL
Man.
Man.
203026 H
15 Dia34H
Man.
1223 oval 21H Auto.
18 Dia 37H
Auto.
222257H
Auto.
Egg Boiler
101325H
Auto.
Man.
Auto.
12 Dia14H
161812H
18188H
141410H
131410H
261713H
151528H
Toaster, Continuous
201528H
Toaster, Pop-Up
6119H
Waffle Iron
121310H
Waffle Iron for Ice Cream 141310H
Sandwich
MISCELLANEOUS
DATA
Water heater2000
watts
Brewers2960 watts
Black finish
Nickel plated
Nickel plated
Exhaust system to
outdoors-1/2 hp motor
Med. ht. 550 watts
Low ht275 watts
Insulated, separate
heating unit for each
pot. Plate warmer in
base
3000
2600
3600
4800
1200
6000
2600
2200
3400
1700
1500
2300
4300
3700
5700
16000
5000
5000
3740
1200
800
2000
1350
500
350
350
700
1020
400
200
350
550
8840
23800
8000
10200
5600
1500
1100
2000
2800
1900
1900
400
1600
3800
3100
3900
2700
1100
2400
5700
1700
2100
700
100
4000
9500
4800
6000
3400
1200
7500
5000
5100
1300
6400
10200
4150
2480
6000
1000
600
6100
2450
1100
2600
450
750
8700
2900
1850
7500
1500
3100
2100
5200
*If properly designed positive exhaust hood is used, multiply recommended value by .50.
APPLIANCE
OVERALL
DIMENSIONS
Less Legs and
Handles (In.)
TYPE
OF
CONTROL
MISCELLANEOUS
DATA
GAS BURNING
Coffee Brewer-1/2 gal
Warmer-1/2 gal
Coffee Brewing Units
with Tank
Coffee Urn--3 gal
Coffee Urn --3 gal
Coffee Urn --5 gal
Food Warmer, Values per
sq ft top surface
Fry Kettle15 lb fat
Fry Kettle28 lb fal
GrillBroil-O-Grill
Top Burner
Bottom Burner
Stoves, Short Order-Open Top. Values
per sq ft top surface
Stoves, Short Order-Closed Top. Values
per sq ft top surface
Toaster, Continuous
151528H
500
1350
400
350
100
1700
500
3200
3900
3400
4700
7200
2900
2500
3900
1800
2900
2500
3900
9000
5800
5000
7800
2000
14250
24000
900
3000
4500
850
4200
7200
450
2800
4800
1300
7000
12000
37000
14400
3600
18000
14000
4200
4200
8400
11000
3300
3300
6600
7700
3300
11000
2900
2400
3400
3100
2600
3700
1900
1600
2300
3100
2600
3700
4800
4000
5700
6200
5200
7400
Auto.
400
500
900
Man.
450
1150
1500
3400
500
12000
10000
STEAM HEATED
Coffee Urn--3 gal
--3 gal
--5 gal
Coffee Urn--3 gal
--3 gal
--5 gal
Food Warmer, per sq ft
top surface
Food Warmer, per sq ft
top surface
15 Dia34H
1223 oval21H
18 Dia37H
15 Dia34H
1223 oval21H
18 Dia37H
Auto.
Auto.
Auto.
Man.
Man.
Man.
Black finish
Nickel plated
Nickel plated
Black finish
Nickel plated
Nickel plated
*If properly designed positive exhaust hood is used, multiply recommended value by. 50.
TYPE
OF
CONTROL
MISCELLANEOUS DATA
MFR
MAX
RATING
Btu/hr
Sensible
Heat
Btu/hr
Latent
Heat
Btu/hr
Total
Heat
Btu/hr
GAS BURNING
Hair Dryer, Blower Type
15 amps, 115 volts AC
Hair Dryer, helmet type,
6.5 amps, 115 volts AC
Permanent Wave Machine
Man.
Man.
Man.
Pressurized Instrument
Washer and Sterilizer
Neon Sign, per
Linear ft tube
Solution and/or
Blanket Warmer
Sterilizer
Dressing
Sterilizer, Rectangular Bulk
Sterilizer, Water
Sterilizer, Instrument
Sterilizer, Utensil
Sterilizer, Hot Air
Auto.
Auto.
Auto.
Auto.
Auto.
Auto.
Auto.
Auto.
Auto.
Auto.
Auto.
Auto.
Auto.
Auto.
Auto.
Auto.
Auto.
Auto.
Auto.
Auto.
Water Still
X-ray Machines, for
making pictures
X-ray Machines,
for therapy
5,370
2,300
400
2,700
2,400
1,870
330
2,200
5,100
850
150
1,000
12,000
30
60
1,200
1,050
9,600
23,300
34,800
41,700
56,200
68,500
161,700
184,000
210,000
4,100
6,100
2,700
5,100
8,100
10,200
9,200
10,600
12,300
2,000
1,200
1,700
None
23,460
3,000
2,400
8,700
24,000
21,000
27,000
36,000
45,000
97,500
140,000
180,000
16,500
24,600
2,400
3,900
5,900
9,400
8,600
20,400
25,600
4,200
2,100
2,700
None
35,460
30
60
4,200
3,450
18,300
47,300
55,800
68,700
92,200
113,500
259,200
324,000
390,000
20,600
30,700
5,100
9,000
14,000
19,600
17,800
31,000
37,900
6,200
3,300
4,400
None
1,800
3,000
3,500
5,500
6,000
2,500
960
1,680
1,960
3,080
3,350
900
240
420
490
770
850
100
1,200
2,100
2,450
3,850
4,200
1,000
33,000
15,000
21,000
4,000
6,000
19,000
27,000
11
1122
1
/ outside dia
32
/8 outside dia
183072
182472
1624
2036
242436
242448
243648
243660
364284
424896
485496
10 gallon
15 gallon
6817
91020
101222
101236
121624
161624
202024
Model 120 Amer Sterilizer Co
Model 100 Amer Sterilizer Co
5 gal/hour
Physicians and Dentists office
Heat load may be appreciable-write mfg for data
GAS BURNING
Burner, Laboratory
small bunsen
small bunsen
fishtail burner
fishtail burner
large bunsen
Cigar Lighter
Hair Dryer System
5 helmets
10 helmets
Man.
Man.
Man.
Man.
Man.
Man.
Auto.
Auto.
*If properly designed positive exhaust hood is used, multiply recommended value by. 50.
Example 2-Restaurant
Given:
ELECTRIC MOTORS
Electric motors contribute sensible heat to a space
by converting the electrical power input to heat. Some of
this power input is dissipated as heat in the motor frame
and can be evaluated as
input (1 - motor eff).
The rest of the power input (brake horsepower or
motor output) is dissipated by the driven machine and in
the drive mechanism. The driven machine utilizes this
motor output to do work which may or may not result in a
heat gain to the space.
Motors driving fans and pumps: The power input
increases the pressure and velocity of the fluid and the
temperature of the fluid.
The increased energy level in the fluid is
degenerated in pressure drop throughout the system and
appears as a heat gain to the fluid at the point where
pressure drop occurs. This heat gain does not appear as
a temperature rise because, as the pressure reduces, the
fluid expands. The fluid expansion is a cooling process
which exactly offsets the heat generated by friction. The
/20 - 1/8
1.4
--
/6 - 1/3
1.35
--
/2 - 3/4
1.25
--
1
1.25
1.15
1 1/2 - 2
1.20
1.15
3 - 250
1.15
1.15
Direct
IEeff
IE
Current
746
1,000
1
IEpfeff
IEpf
Phase
746
1,000
3 or 4 Wire
IEpfeff1.73
IEpf1.73
3 Phase
746
1,000
4 Wire
IEpfeff2
IE2pf
2 Phase
746
1,000
Where I = amperes
eff = efficiency
E = volts
pf = power factor
NOTE: For 2 phase, 3 wire circuit, common conductor current
is 1.41 times that in either of the other two conductors.
Example 3-Electric Motor Heat Gain in a Factory
(Motor Bhp Established by a Survey)
Given:
1. Forty-five 10 hp motors operated at 80% rated capacity,
driving various types of machines located within air
conditioned space (lathes, screw machines, etc.).
Five 10 hp motors operated at 80% rated capacity, driving
screw machines, each handling 5000 lbs of bronze per hr.
Both the final product and the shaving from the screw
machines are removed from the space on conveyor belts.
Rise in bronze temperature is 30 F; sp ht is .01 Btu/(lb) (F).
2. Ten 5 hp motors (5 bhp) driving fans, exhausting air to the
outdoors.
3. Three 20 hp motors (20 bhp) driving process water pumps,
water discarded outdoors.
Find:
Total heat gain from motors.
Solution:
Use Table 53.
Sensible Heat Gain
Btu/hr
1. Machines-Heat gain to space
= 45 30,000 .80=
1,080,000
Heat gain from screw machines
= 5 30,000 .80 = 120,000 Btu/hr
Heat removed from space from
screw machine work
= 5000 5 30 .01 = 7,500 Btu/hr
Net heat gain from screw machines
to space
= 120,000 7500 =
112,500
2. Fan exhausting air to the outdoors:
Heat gain to space = 10 2800 =
28,000
3. Process water pumped to outside
air conditioned space
Heat gain to space =3 7500
22,500
Total heat gain from motors on
machines, fans, and pumps =
1,243,000
NOTE: If the process water were to be recirculated and cooled in
STEAM
When steam is escaping into the conditioned space,
the room sensible heat gain is only that heat represented
by the difference in heat content of steam at the steam
temperature and at the room drybulb temperature (lb/hr
temp dift .45). The latent heat gain is equal to the
pounds per hour escaping times 1050 Btu/lb.
MOISTURE ABSORPTION
When moisture (regain) is absorbed by hygroscopic
materials, sensible heat is added to the space. The heat
so gained is equal to the latent heat of vaporization which
is approximately 1050 Btu/lb times the pounds of water
absorbed. This sensible heat is an addition to room
sensible heat, and a deduction from room latent heat if
the hygroscopic materials is removed from the
conditioned space.
LATENT HEAT GAIN - CREDIT TO ROOM
SENSIBLE HEAT
Some forms of latent heat gain reduce room sensible
heat. Moisture evaporating at the room wet-bulb
temperature (not heated or cooled from external source)
utilizes room sensible heat for heat of evaporation. This
form of latent heat gain should be deducted from room
sensible heat and added to room latent heat. This does
not change the total room heat gain, but may have
considerable effect on the sensible heat factor.
When the evaporation of moisture derives its heat
from another source such as steam or electric heating
coils, only the latent heat gain to the room is figured; room
sensible heat is not reduced. The power input to the
steam or electric coils balances the heat of evaporation
except for the initial warmup of the water.
HOT WATER
120 F
150 F
50 F
/
0.46
/
0.56
11
0.68
11/4
0.85
1 /2
0.96
21
1.18
2 /2
1.40
3
1.68
31/2
1.90
4
2.12
5
2.58
6
3.04
8
3.88
10
4.76
12
5.59
*At 70 F db room temperature
80 F
0.50
0.61
0.74
0.92
1.04
1.28
1.53
1.83
2.06
2.30
2.80
3.29
4.22
5.18
6.07
1
32
4
5 psig
180 F
210 F
227 F
TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE*
110 F
140 F
157 F
0.55
0.58
0.61
0.67
0.72
0.75
0.82
0.88
0.92
1.01
1.09
1.14
1.15
1.23
1.29
1.41
1.51
1.58
1.68
1.80
1.88
2.01
2.15
2.26
2.22
2.43
2.55
2.53
2.72
2.85
3.08
3.30
3.47
3.63
3.89
4.07
4.64
4.96
5.21
5.68
6.09
6.41
6.67
7.15
7.50
STEAM
50 psig
300 F
100 psig
338 F
230 F
0.71
0.87
1.07
1.32
1.49
1.84
2.19
2.63
2.97
3.32
4.05
4.77
6.10
7.49
8.80
268 F
0.76
0.93
1.15
1.43
1.63
1.99
2.36
2.84
3.22
3.59
4.39
5.16
6.61
8.12
9.53
ICE WATER
Actual Thickness
of Insulation (In.) Coefficient
1.5
0.11
1.6
0.12
1.6
0.14
1.6
0.16
1.5
0.17
1.5
0.20
1.5
0.23
1.5
0.27
1.5
0.29
1.7
0.30
1.7
0.35
1.7
0.40
1.9
0.46
1.9
0.56
1.9
0.65
BRINE
Actual Thickness
of Insulation (In.)
Coefficient
2.0
0.10
2.0
0.11
2.0
0.12
2.4
0.13
2.5
0.13
2.5
0.15
2.6
0.17
2.7
0.19
2.9
0.19
2.9
0.21
3.0
0.24
3.0
0.26
3.0
0.32
3.0
0.38
3.0
0.44
HEAVY BRINE
Actual Thickness
of Insulation (In.)
Coefficient
2.8
0.09
2.9
0.09
3.0
0.10
3.1
0.11
3.2
0.12
3.3
0.13
3.3
0.15
3.4
0.16
3.5
0.18
3.7
0.18
3.9
0.20
4.0
0.23
4.0
0.26
4.0
0.31
4.0
0.36
*No allowance for fittings. This table applies only to straight runs of pipe. When numerous fittings exist, a suitable safety factor must be
included. This added heat gain at the fitting may be as much as 10%. Generally this table can be used without adding this safety factor.
Insulation material. Values in this table are based on a material having a conductivity k=0.30. However, a 15% safety factor was added
to this k value to compensate for seams and imperfect workmanship. The table applies to either cork covering (k=0.29), or mineral wool
board (k = 0.32). The thickness given above is for molded mineral wool board which is usually some 5 to 10% greater than molded cork board.
Vertical (Sides)
Top
Bottom
50 F
1.8
2.1
1.5
Painted
Temp Diff
100 F 150 F
2.0 2.3
2.4 2.7
1.7 2.0
200 F
2.6
2.9
2.2
Bright (Nickel)
Temp Diff
50 F 100 F 150 F 200 F
1.3 1.7 1.6 1.7
1.6 1.4 1.9 2.1
0.97 1.1 1.3 1.4
WOOD
2 in. Thick
Painted or Bare
Temp Diff
50 F 100 F 150 F 200 F
.37 .37 .37 .37
.38 .38 .38 .38
.35 .36 .36 .36
CONCRETE
6 in. Thick
Painted or Bare
Temp Diff
50 F 100 F 150 F 200 F
.91 .93 .96 .97
.99 1.0 1.0 1.1
.83 .86 .88 .90
*To estimate latent heat load if water is being evaporated, see Table 58
75 F
42
100 F
140
125 F
330
150 F
680
175 F
1260
200 F
2190
TABLE 59- HEAT GAIN FROM AIR CONDITIONING FAN HORSEPOWER, DRAW-THRU SYSTEM
FAN
TOTAL
PRESSURE
(In.
of Water)
Temp Diff
Room to Supply Air
15 F 20 F 25 F
Temp Diff
Room to Supply Air
15 F 20 F 25 F
30 F
2.2
3.5
4.8
6.5
7.8
9.1
10.4
16.7
1.5
2.4
3.2
4.3
5.2
6.1
6.9
11.2
1.1
1.8
2.4
3.2
3.9
4.6
5.2
8.4
0.9
1.4
1.9
2.6
3.1
3.6
4.2
6.7
0.7
1.2
1.6
2.2
2.6
3.0
3.5
5.6
2.7
4.2
5.8
7.6
9.2
10.7
12.2
19.5
1.8
2.8
3.8
5.1
6.1
7.2
8.2
13.1
1.4
2.1
2.9
3.8
4.6
5.4
6.1
9.8
1.1
1.7
2.3
3.1
3.7
4.3
4.9
7.8
0.9
1.4
1.9
2.6
3.1
3.6
4.1
6.5
10 F
30 F
10 F
Fan Motor
Not in
Conditioned
Space
or
Air Stream
Fan Motor
in
Conditioned
Space
or
Air Stream
0.50
0.75
1.00
1.25
1.50
1.75
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
8.00
0.50
0.75
1.00
1.25
1.50
1.75
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
8.00
1.2
1.9
2.7
3.9
4.6
5.4
6.2
10.4
15.3
19.2
24.4
38.0
1.6
2.6
3.6
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
13.2
19.0
23.8
30.0
45.5
0.8
1.3
1.8
2.6
3.1
3.6
4.1
6.9
10.2
12.8
16.3
25.4
1.1
1.8
2.4
3.4
4.0
4.7
5.4
8.8
12.7
15.9
20.0
30.3
0.6
1.0
1.4
1.9
2.3
2.7
3.1
5.2
7.7
9.6
12.2
19.0
0.8
1.3
1.8
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
6.6
9.5
11.9
15.0
22.8
0.5
0.8
1.1
1.6
1.9
2.2
2.5
4.2
6.1
7.7
9.9
15.2
0.6
1.1
1.5
2.0
2.4
2.8
3.2
5.3
7.6
9.5
12.0
18.2
0.4
0.6
0.9
1.3
1.6
1.8
2.1
3.5
5.1
6.4
8.2
12.7
0.5
0.9
1.2
1.7
2.0
2.4
2.7
4.4
6.4
8.0
10.0
15.2
*Excludes from heat gain, typical values for bearing losses, etc. which are dissipated in apparatus room.
Below 1200 fpm the fan total pressure
is approximately equal to the fan static. Above 1200 fpm the total pressure should be figured.
70% fan efficiency assumed.
**50% fan efficiency assumed.
80% motor and drive efficiency assumed.
For draw-thru systems, this heat is an addition to the supply air heat gain and is added to the room sensible heat. For
blow-thru systems this fan heat is added to the grand total heat; use the RSH times the percent listed and add to the GTH.
Fan Total Pressure equals fan static pressure plus velocity pressure at fan discharge.
3. All ducts outside the conditioned spaceassume 10% leakage. This leakage is a total
loss and the full amount must be included.
When only part of the supply duct is outside
the conditioned space, include that fraction of
10% as the leakage. (Fraction is ratio of length
outside of conditioned space to total length of
supply duct.)
High velocity systems usually limit leakage to 1%.
HEAT GAIN FROM AIR CONDITIONING
FAN HORSEPOWER
The inefficiency of the air conditioning equipment fan
and the heat of compression adds heat to the system as
described under Electric Motors. In the case of drawthrough systems, this heat is an addition to the supply air
heat gain and should be added to the room sensible
5F
2.0
3.5
5.0
DEFINITION
Psychrometrics is the science involving thermodynamic properties of moist air and the effect of
atmospheric moisture on materials and human comfort.
As it applies to this chapter, the definition must be
broadened to include the method of controlling the
thermal properties of moist air.
RSH
1.08(trm tsa)
cfmda =
TSH
1.08(tm tldb)
t t
1-BF = t edb t ldb =
edb adp
and
hea hla wea - wla
hea hadp = wea - wadp
3 + 6
3
7
6.
cfmda =
ERSH
1.08 (trm tadp) (1 BF)
3
13
1.08 ( 9 - 10 ) (1 - 11 )
1.08 x 13
8. Total air quantity when outlet temperature
difference is greater than desired- The calculation
for the total supply air quantity for a desired
temperature difference (between room and outlet)
is:
1
RSH =
cfmsa = 1.08
x t
1.08 x t
COIL CHARACTERISTICS
In the operation of coils, air is drawn or forcedover a
series of tubes thru which chilled water, brine, volatile
refrigerant, hot water or steam is flowing. As the air
passes over the surface of the coil, it is cooled, cooled
and dehumidified, or heated, depending upon the
temperature of the media flowing thru the tubes. the
media in turn is heated or cooled in the process.
The amount of coil surface not only affects the heat
transfer but also the bypass factor of the coil. The
bypass factor, as previously explained, is the measure of
air side performance. Consequently, it is a function of the
type and amount of coil surface and the time available for
contact as the air passes thru the coil. Table 61 gives
approximate bypass factors for various finned coil
surfaces and air velocities.
TYPE OF APPLICATION
EXAMPLE
COIL PROCESSES
Coils are capable of heating or cooling air at a
constant moisture content, or simultaneously cooling and
dehumidifying the air. They are used to control dry-bulb
temperature and maximum relative humidity at peak load
conditions. Since coils alone cannot raise the moisture
content of the air, a water spray on the coil surface must
be added if humidification is required. If this spray water
is recirculated, it will not materially affect the
Solution:
1. OASH = 1.082000(95-75) = 43,200 Btu/hr
OALH = .682000 (99-65) = 46,200 Btu/hr
OATH = 43,200+46,200 = 89,400 Btu/hr
2. TSH = 200,000+43,200 = 243,200 Btu/hr
TLH = 50,000+46,200 = 96,200 Btu/hr
GTH = 243,200+96,200 = 339,400 Btu/hr
3. Assume a bypass factor of 0.15 from Table 62.
200,000 + (.15) (43,200)
ESHF =
200,000 + (.15) (43,200) + 50,000 + (.15) (46,200)
= .785
(14)
(15)
(17)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(36)
tedb =
(36)
cfmda =
(36)
ERSH
1.08 X (1 BF) cfmda
1 - ESHF
ESHF
ESHF =
= .92
4. Plot the ESHF on a psychrometric chart and read
the adp (dotted line in Fig. 51).
tadp = 59.5 F
5. cfmda =
6. tedb =
(26)
(36)
(31)
Read tewb where the tedb crosses the straight line plotted
between the outdoor and room design conditions on the
psychrometric chart (Fig. 51).
tewb = 67.9 F wb
Tldb = 59.5+.05 (76.7-59.5) = 60.4 F db
(32)
Determine the tlwb by drawing a straight line between the
adp and the entering conditions to the apparatus (the
GSHF line). Where tldb intersects this line, read the tlwb
(Fig. 51).
tlwb = 60 F wb
B. When humidification is used in the space:
1. Assume, for the purpose of illustration in this problem, that
the maximum air quantity permitted in the air distribution
system is 10,000 cfm. Assume 5 grains of moisture per
pound of dry air is to be added to convert sensible to latent
heat. The latent heat is calculated by multiplying the air
quantity times the moisture added times the factor .68.
2. NEW ERSH = Original ERSH latent heat of added
moisture
= [160,000+(.05108,000]-34,000
= 131,400 Btu/hr
3. tadp = 70 -
131,400
= 57.2 F
1.08 (1 - .05) (10,000)
(36)
(31)
Read teub where the tedb crosses the straight line plotted
between the outdoor and room design conditions on the
psychrometric chart (Fig. 52).
tewb = 69.8 F wb
tldb = 57.2 + (.05) (80 57.2) = 58.4 F db
(32)
Sensible Cooling
A sensible cooling process is one that removes heat
from the air at a constant moisture content, line (1-2, Fig.
48. Sensible cooling occurs when either of the following
conditions exist:
1. The GSHF as calculated or plotted on the
psychrometric chart is 1.0.
2. The ESHF calculated on the air conditioning load
estimate form is equal to 1.0.
In a sensible cooling application, the GSHF equals
1.0. The ESHF and the RSHF may equal 1.0. When only
the RSHF equals. 1.0, however, it does not necessarily
indicate a sensible cooling process because latent load,
introduced by outdoor air can give a GSHF less than 1.0.
The apparatus dewpoint is referred to as the effective
surface temperature (tes) in sensible cooling applications.
The effective surface temperature must be equal to, or
higher than, the dewpoint temperature of the entering air.
In most instances, the tes does not lie on the saturated line
and, therefore, will not be the dewpoint of the apparatus.
However, the calculations for ESHF, tadp and cfmda may
still be performed on the term tes for tadp. The use of the
term cfm da in a sensible cooling application should not be
construed to indicate that dehumidification is occurring. It
is used in the Air Conditioning Load Estimate form and
in Example 5 to determine the air quantity required thru
the apparatus to offset the conditioning loads.
The leaving air conditions from the coil are dictated
by the room design conditions, the load and the required
air quantity. The effective surface temperature may be
found by using equation 36.
Example 5 illustrates the method of determining the
apparatus dewpoint or the effective surface temperature
for a sensible cooling application.
Example 5- Sensible Cooling
Given:
Location Bakersfield, California
Summer design 105 F db, 70 F wb
Inside design 75 F db, 50% maximum rh
RSH 200,000 Btu/hr
RLH 50,000 Btu/hr
Ventilation 13,000 cfmoa
Find:
1. Outdoor air load (OATH)
2. Grand total heat (GTH)
3. Grand sensible heat factor (GSHF)
4. Effective sensible heat factor (ESHF)
5. Apparatus dewpoint (tadp) or the effective surface temp. (tes)
6. Dehumidified air quantity (cfmda)
7. Entering and leaving conditions at the apparatus (tedb,
Solution:
(14)
1. OASH = 1.08(105-75)(13,000 = 420,000 Btu/hr
OALH = .68(54-64)13,000 = -88,500 Btu/hr
(15)
The latent load is negative and a greater absolute value than
the room latent load. Therefore, the inside design conditions
must be adjusted unless there is a means to humidify the
air.
Room latent heat = 50,000 Btu/hr
50,000
Room moisture content = 54+ .68 x 13,000 = 59.65 grains
Adjusted inside design 75 F db, 59.65 grains
OALH = .68 (54-59.65) 13,000 = -50,000 Btu/hr
(15)
OATH = 420,000+(-50,000)= 370,000 Btu/hr
(17)
2. TSH = 200,000+420,000 = 620,000 Btu/hr
(7)
TLH = 50,000+(-50,000) = 0
(8)
GTH = 620,000+0 = 620,000 Btu/hr
(9)
620,000
3. GSHF = 620,000 = 1
(27)
This is a sensible cooling application since GSHF=1
4. Assume a bypass factor of 0.05 from tables 61 and 62.
ESHF=
200,000 + (.05) 420,000
= .823
200,000 + (.05) 420,000 + 50,000 + (.05) (-50,000)
(26)
5. Plot the ESHF to the saturation line on the
psychrometric chart. The apparatus dewpoint is read
as tadp = 48.8 F, fig. 53.
(36)
200,000 + (.05) 420,000 = 221,000 8,230 CFM
6. cfmda =
=
1.08 x (75 48.8) (1 - .05)
26.9
(36)
Since the dehumidified air quantity is less than the
outdoor ventilation requirements, substitute the cfmoa
for cfmda. This results in a new effective surface
temperature which does not lie on the saturated line.
200,000 + (.05) 420,000
tes = 75 - 1.08 x (1 - .05) x 13,000 = 58.4 F
(36)
SPRAY CHARACTERSTICS
In the operation of spray type equipment, air is drawn
or forced thru a chamber where water is sprayed thru
nozzles into the air stream. The spray nozzles may be
arranged within the chamber to spray the water counter
to air flow, parallel to air flow, or in a pattern that is a
combination of these two. Generally, the counter-flow
sprays are the most efficient; parallel flow sprays are the
most efficient; parallel flow sprays are the least efficient;
and when both are employed, the efficiency falls
somewhere in between these extremes.
SATURATION EFFICIENCY
In a spray chamber, air is brought into contact with a
dense spray of water. The air approaches the state of
complete saturation. The degree of saturation is termed
saturation efficiency (sometimes called contact or
performance factor). Saturation efficiency is, therefore, a
easure of the spray chamber efficiency. It can be
W W
h -h
DIRECTION
OF
WATER
SPRAY
Parallel
Counter
Parallel
Opposing
Counter
1/8 NOZZLE
NOZZLE
(25 psig
(30 psig
Nozzle Pressure Nozzle Pressure
3 gpm/sq ft) 2.5 gpm/sq ft)
Velocity (fpm)
300
700
300
700
70% 50% 80%
60%
75% 65% 82%
70%
90% 85% 92%
87%
98% 92% 98%
93%
99% 93% 99%
94%
SPRAY PROCESSES
Sprays are capable of cooling and dehumidifying,
sensible cooling, cooling and humidifying, and heating
and humidifying. Sensible cooling may be accomplished
only when the entering air dewpoint is the same as the
effective surface temperature of the spray water.
The various spray processes are represented on the
psychrometric chart in Fig. 54. All process lines must go
toward the saturation line, in order to be at or near
saturation.
Adiabatic Saturation or Evaporative Cooling
Line (1-2) represents the evaporative cooling
process. This process occurs when air passes thru a
spray chamber where heat has not been added to or
removed from the spray water. (This does not include
heat gain from the water pump and thru the apparatus
casing.) When plotted on the psychrometric chart, this
line approximately follows up the line of the wet-bulb
temperature of the air entering the spray chamber. The
spray water temperature remains essentially constant at
this wet-bulb temperature.
Cooling and Humidification With Chilled Spray Water
If the spray water receives limited cooling before it is
sprayed into the air stream, the slope of the process line
will move down from the evaporative cooling line. This
process is represented by line (1-3). Limited cooling
causes the leaving air to be lower in dry-and wet-bulb
temperatures, but higher in moisture content, than the air
entering the spray chamber.
Solution:
1. Determine the room dry-bulb temperature by compromising
between the spray saturation efficiency, the acceptable
room dry-bulb temperature, and the supply air quantity. To
evaluate these items, use the following equation to
determine the leaving conditions from the spray for various
saturation efficiencies:
tldb = tedb (Sat Eff) (tedb tewb)*
The room dry-bulb temperature in the following table results
from various spray saturation efficiencies and is determined
by plotting the RSHF thru the various leaving conditions, to
the design relative humidity, Fig. 55. Note that the supply
air temperature rise decreases more rapidly than the room
dry-bulb temperature. Correspondingly, as the supply air
temperature rise decreases, the supply air temperature rise
decreases, the supply air quantity increases in the same
proportion.
SAT
EFF
(%)
100
95
90
85
80
DRY-BULE
TEMP
LEAVING
SPRAYS
(tldb)
75
76
77
78
79
SUPPLY
AIR
TEMP
RISE
(t)
19
17.6
16.2
14.7
13.3
ROOM
DRY-BULB
TEMP
AT 55% RH
(trm)
94
93.6
93.2
92.7
92.3
SUPPLY AIR
QUANTITY
(cfmsa)
102,400
110,600
120,000
132,300
146,200
These
Find:
1. Leaving conditions from spray chamber (tldb, tlwb)
2. Room dry-bulb temperature (trm)
3. Supply air quantity (cfmsa) with auxiliary sprays
4. Supply air quantity (cfmsa) without auxiliary sprays
SORBENT DEHUMIDIFIERS
Sorbent dehumidifiers contain liquid absorbent or
solid adsorbent which are either sprayed directly into, or
located in, the path of the air stream. The liquid absorbent
changes either physically or chemically, or both, during
the sorption process. The solid adsorbent does not
change during the sorption process.
As moist air comes in contact with either the liquid
absorbent or solid adsorbent, moisture is removed from
the air by the difference in vapor pressure between the air
stream and the sorbent. As this moisture condenses,
72 55 F DB
*The values shown in the gray areas indicate the lowest effective
sensible heat factor possible without the use of reheat. This limiting
condition is the lowest effective sensible heat factor line that
intersects the saturation curve. Note that the room dewpoint is
equal to the required apparatus dewpoint for an effective sensible
heat factor of 1.0.
NOTES FOR TABLE 65:
1. For Room Conditions Not Given; The apparatus dewpoint may
be determined from the scale on the chart, or may be calculated
as shown in the following equation:
ESHF =
1
(Wrm Wadp)
1 + .628
(trm tadp)
(Cont.)
TABLE 66- EQUIVALENT EFFECTIVE SENSIBLE HEAT FACTORS FOR VARIOUS ELEVATIONS*
For use with sea level psychrometric chart or tables
Effective
Sensible Heat
Elevation (Feet) and Barometric Pressure (Inches of Hg) at Installation
Factor from Air 1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000 10000
Conditioning (28.86) (27.82) (26.82) (25.84) (24.89) (23.98) (23.09) (22.12) (21.39) (20.57)
Load Estimate Equivalent Effective Sensible Heat Factor Referred to a Sea Level Psychrometric Chart or Tables
.95
.95
.95
.95
.96
.96
.96
.96
.96
.96
.96
.90
.90
.91
.91
.91
.92
.92
.92
.92
.93
.93
.85
.85
.86
.86
.87
.87
.88
.88
.88
.89
.89
.80
.81
.81
.82
.82
.83
.83
.84
.84
.85
.85
.75
.76
.76
.77
.78
.78
.79
.80
.80
.81
.81
.70
.71
.72
.72
.73
.74
.75
.75
.76
.77
.77
.65
.66
.67
.68
.68
.69
.70
.71
.71
.72
.73
.60
.61
.62
.63
.64
.64
.65
.66
.67
.68
.69
.55
.56
.57
.58
.59
.60
.61
.61
.62
.63
.64
.50
.51
.52
.53
.54
.55
.56
.57
.57
.58
.59
*Values obtained by use of equation
1
ESHFe =
(p1) (1 ESHF)
+1
(po) (ESHF)
where po = barometric pressure at sea level
p1 = barometric pressure at high elevation
ESHF = ESHF obtained from air conditioning load
estimate
ESHFe = equivalent ESHF referred to a sea level
psychrometric chart or Table 66
NOTES FOR TABLE 66:
1. The required apparatus dewpoint for the high elevation is
determined from the sea level chart or Table 65 by use of the
equivalent effective sensible heat factor. The relative humidity
and dry-bulb temperature must be used to define the room
condition when using this table because the above
A
Abbreviations
Absorbent dehumidifier, see
sorbent
dehumidifiers
Adiabatic saturation, see spray
processes
Adsorbent dehumidifier, see.
sorbent
dehumidifiers
Air
By passed around
conditioning equipment
heat gain from outdoor
Air conditioning
adiabatic saturation
cooling and
dehumidification
cooling and humidification
evaporate cooling
heating and
dehumidification, see
sorbent dehumidifiers
heating and humidification
sensible cooling
sensible heating sorbent
dehumidifiers
Air conditioning apparatus
coil characteristics
sorbent dehumidifiers
sprays characteristics
Air conditioning load estimate,
form
internal load
outdoor load
Air constants, derivation
Air density difference effect on
infiltration
Air quantity
from air conditioning load
estimate form
psychrometric calculations
Altitude angles, solar
table 18
Apparatus dewpoint
high altitude selection
table 66
psychrometric principle
table
Appliances, heat gain from all
types, see heat gain,
internal
Azimuth angles, solar
table 18
B
Bibliography
Building survey
heat load sources
location of equipment
location of services
space characteristics
Bypass control, for partial load
Bypass factor
coils
table 61
C
Centrifugal fan capacities
table 46
Coil characteristics, bypass
factor
table 61
Coil processes
cooling and
dehumidification
with all outdoor air
with high latent load
cooling with humidification
sensible cooling
sensible heating
Computers, electronic, heat
D
Dehumidifier pump, heat gain to
system, see heat gain,
system
Dehumidifier, sorbent, see
sorbent dehumidifiers
Design conditions
industrial processes
table 5
inside factory comfort,
winter and summer
table 4
inside summer comfort
table 4
inside winter comfort
table 4
maximum outdoor design,
summer
table 1
normal outdoor design,
summer
table 1
normal outdoor design,
winter, table 1
outdoor design corrections
for time of day
table 2
outdoor design corrections
for time of year
table 3
Diversity, of cooling loads
table 14
Door infiltration, see infiltration
Duct
heat gain to return duct, see
heat gain, system
heat gain to supply duct,
see heat gain, system
leakage loss, supply and
return duct, see heat gain,
system
E
Effective sensible heat factor
Effective surface temperature
Electric appliances, heat gain
From all types, see heat
gain,internal
Electric motors, heat gain from,
F
Factory, inside comfort design
conditions
table 4
Pan capacity
centrifugal, table 46
propeller, table 47
Fan motors, heat gain to See
heat gain, system
Formulas, see psychrometric
formulas
G
Gas appliances, heat gain from
All types, see heat gain, internal
Grand sensible heat factor
Ground temperature, for
calculating heat loss thru
basement floors and walls
tables 16
H
Heat flow, thru building
structures
Heat gain, internal
appliances, electric and gas
burning, miscellaneous
appliances, hooded
appliances, electric,
restaurant,
table 50
appliances, gas burning,
restaurant
table 51
table 59
dehumidifier pump
horsepower
table 60
percent addition to grand
total heat
percent addition to room
sensible and latent heat
return air duct heat gain
chart 3
return air duct leakage gain
safety factor to room
sensible and latent heat
supply air duct heat gain
chart 3
supply air duct leakage loss
Heating and dehumidification,
see sorbent dehumidifiers
Heating and humidification
with sprays, see spray
processes
Heating load estimate
form
Heat loss
thru basement floors and
walls in the ground
tables 35 thru 37
Heating
with coils, see coil
processes
with sorbent dehumidifiers,
see sorbent dehumidifiers
with sprays, see spray
processes
Heat storage
factors for solar heat gain
thru glass, bare or external
shade
table 8, 24-hour operation
table 10, 16-hour operation
table 11 ,12-hour operation
factors for solar heat gain
thru glass, internal shade
table 7, 24-hour operation
table 9, 16-hour operation
table 11, 12-hour operation
factors -for space
temperature
swing
table 13
precooling as means of
increasing storage
stratification of heat
I
Industrial process design
conditions, inside design
table 5
Infiltration
air density difference
offsetting with outdoor air,
summer
table 42
stack effect, thru windows
and doors summer
table 41
summer, crack method
table 44
winter
table 43
winter, crack method
table 44
wind velocity effect
Inside design conditions
factory comfort
table 4
industrial process
table 5
summer and winter comfort
table 4
Insulated cold pipe
heat gain from, see heat
gain, internal
transmission coefficient for,
see transmission coefficient
U
Insulated pipe
heat gain from, see heat
gain, internal
transmission coefficient for,
see transmission coefficient
U
Internal heat gain, see heat
gain, internal
L
Lights, heat gain from, see heat
gain, internal
M
Moisture absorption, heat gain
from, see heat gain, internal
Motors, heat gain from, see heat
gain, internal, and heat
gain, system
0
On-off control of air handling
equipment, for partial load
Control
On-off control of refrigeration
equipment, for partial load
control
Outdoor design conditions
corrections for time of day
table 2
corrections for time of year
table 3
maximum design, summer
normal design, summer
normal design, winter
summer and winter
table 1
P
Partial load control
bypass control
on-off control of air handling
equipment
on-off control of refrigeration
equipment
refrigeration capacity
control
reheat control
volume control
People, heat gain from, see heat
gain, internal
Pipe
R
Refrigeration capacity control,
for partial load control
Reheat control, for partial load
Relative humidity, room,
maximum, without
condensation,
chart 2
S
Saturation efficiency
for sprays
table 63
Scheduled ventilation
Sensible cooling
with coils, see coil
processes
with sprays, see spray
processes
Sensible heat factor
Sensible heating, with coils, see
coil processes
Shading
from reveals, overhangs,
fins and adjacent buildings
chart 1
table 18
Solar altitude angles
table 18
Solar azimuth angles
table 18
Solar heat gain, see heat gain,
solar
Sorbent dehumidifiers liquid
absorbent
solid adsorbent
Space precooling, as means of
increasing heat storage
Space temperature swing
storage factors
table 13
Spray characteristics
saturation efficiency
table 63
Spray processes
adiabatic saturation
cooling and
dehumidification
cooling
and dehumidification
with all outdoor air
T
Tanks
heat gain from, see heat
gain, internal
transmission coefficient for,
see transmission coefficient
U
Temperature swing, see heat
storage
Thermal resistance R
air space and film
table 34
building materials
table 34
insulating materials
table 34
Transmission coefficient U
air spaces
table 31
ceilings, masonry
construction,
table 29
table 30
doors
table 33
floors, frame construction
table 29,
heat flow up
table 30
heat flow down
floors, masonry construction
table 29
table 30
floors, masonry, in ground
table 35
insulation
table 31
table 32
partitions, frame
table 25
partitions, masonry
table 26
pipes, bare steel
table 54
pipes, ice coated, in water
table 38
pipes, immersed in water or
brine
table 39
pipes, insulated
table 55
pipes, insulated cold
table 56
roofs, flat, covered with
built-up roofing
table 27
table 32
roofs, pitched
table 28
skylights
table 33
tanks, uninsulated
table 57
walls, frame
table 25
walls, glass block
table 33
walls, industrial, light
construction
table 23
walls, masonry
table 2
walls, masonry, in ground
table 35
walls, masonry veneer
table 22
windows
table 33
U
Uninsulated tanks
heat gain from, see heat
gain, internal
transmission coefficient for,
see ransmission coefficient
U
V
Ventilation
scheduled
standards
table 45
Volume control, for partial load
W
Water surface, heat gain from
See heat gain internal
Water vapor transmission
air space
table 40
building materials and
structures
table 40
ceilings
table 40
floors
table 40
insulating materials
table 40
packaging materials
table 40
paint films
table 40
paper
table 40
paper, sheathing
table 40
partitions
table 40
roofs
table 40
roofing felt
table 40
walls
table 40
Window infiltration, see
infiltration
Wind velocity, effect on
infiltration, see infiltration
Winter infiltration, see infiltration
Winter inside design conditions,
see design infiltration
Winter outdoor design
conditions
see design conditions
CHART 1 - SHADING FROM REVEALS OVERHANGS, FINS AND ADJACENT BUILDINGS (1-57)
CHART 2 MAXIMUM ROOM RELATIVE HUMIDITY WITHOUT CONDENSATION (1-88)
CHART 3 HEAT GAIN TO SUPPLY DUCT (1-110)