Coverage Pred FF Saa 34
Coverage Pred FF Saa 34
Coverage Pred FF Saa 34
mobile systems
Part ]-Propagation analysis to predict and to combat impainnents to digital radio
system signals relies on different types of models. Software tools allow system
designers to evaluate configurations without expensive field measurements.
signals en route from the transmitter to
the receiver. Obviously the s ignal ge ts
weaker, and everyone has experienced
other signa l impairments such as
multipath fading. In large part, the design
of modulation techniques and radio system hardware, including antennas, is directed toward combating the signal impairments that happen during propagation.
The traditional approaches to propagation modeling, which have been developed for analog systems, were intended
only to predict signal attenuation, or path
loss, as the signal traveled from the transmitter to the receiver. While these approaches have been adeq uate for most
analog systems, digital systems need new
techniques to produce other information
in addition to path loss. This infomrntion
may acrually be the controlling factor on
system performance or coverage. even
when the signal-to-noise ratio is well
above the value otherwise necessary to
achieve perfect reception.
Jn the following sections of this article, various approaches to propagatio n
modeling will be discussed with a view
toward their stre ngths and weaknesses
when used with digital systems. The
most incisive app roach based on raytracing techniques will be used to explore some of the propagation factors
which specifically affect digital system
Anderson is president and chi ef executive officer of EDX Engineering. Eugene, OR.
700 TRANSMITTER
-------------- ---- ----------- -- -- - -- --------
10
15
20
25
30
DISTANCE (km)
38
Jnnuruy 1997
such, the FCC and ITU-R models arc classic examples of purely empirical models.
Another model commonly used in mobile radio and cellular work is the Hata
model, which is a set of equations based
on measurements and graphs developed
by Okumura. This is also an excellent example of an empirical model.
Empirical models use what arc known
as ''predictors" or "specifiers" in general
statistical modeling theory. Predictors are
parameters which have been found
through statistical analysis to bear a relationship to (are correlated with) the quantity which is to be predicted. In econometric models, the objective may be to
predict gross national product (GNP). In
doing so, the model may use values such
as unemployment. disposable income or
balance of trade as predictors. All of these
factors may have been found to be correlated with GNP, but none of them directly
causes GNP to go up or down. Similarly,
in the field of psychology, one may find
a correlation between a child's IQ and the
family annual income, but higher family
income does not cause the child's IQ to
be higher. There are other mechanisms al
work. In medicine, misinterpretation of the
significance of empirical studies have lead
rom
Accept No s .. bstit..te
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January 1997
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Part I of this article contrasted empirical and physical models for propagation
modeling (Ja1111ary 1997). This month.
the propagation mechanism and the prediction of digital errors arc examined.
Propagation ns a channel fil ter
An instructive and useful way to look
at the propagation mechanism is to consider ii as a filter. and the propagation
path itself as a channel containing this
filter, as illustrated in Figure I below left.
The notations lr(t) and H(/) shown in Fig
ure I arc standard engineering tenns for
the trn11sfer f1111c1io11 of the filter. The
transfer function is simply a way of describing what happens to the signal as it
passes through the filter.
The propagation channel filter transfer
function certainly has attenuation (the
familiar path loss), but it also has other
characteristics that can have important effects on the signal that is detected at the
receiver.
How do we lind the other characteristics of this filter? One approach is to find
Anderson is president and chief executive officer of EDX Engineering, Eugene. OR.
strength at the receiver. Under these circumstances, the signal at the receive antenna terminals, Er, would be the same as
the signal at the transmitter, except
weaker. This can be written as shown in
Equation I [See sidebar on page 42.],
where Er is the (complex) electric field
voltage or magnetic field current at the
receive antenna, Er is the magnitude of
the transmitted signal (voltage or current),
w is the carrier frequency in radians, and
1 is time. The multiplicative factor, A. is
the propagation loss, while 0 is some
phase delay or phase shift introduced by
the channel. The expression
exp(-jwt+0)
is just a convenient way to describe the
transmiued carrier wave in this case. For
simplicity only the electric field will be
represented in the following equations
with the understanding that there is an associated magnetic field.
If the channel is now considered as a
filter with some Jowpass impulse response, that impulse response would be
given by Equation 2, where the "o(t-7)"
means there is impulse in the channel
response at time t=7. A sinewave signal
at frequency w leaving the transmit antenna would arrive at the receiver reduced
in amplitude by factor A, shifted in phase
by 0 and delayed by 7 seconds where the
0-
CHANNEL
h(t), H(f)
~G
40
February 1997
LINE-OF-SIGHT,
REFLECTED,
DIFFRACTED
~~~~~-====~
A NO
SCATTERED
SIGNALS
RECEIVER
_. T
111
121
(8)
" =
T 2) exp~-j0
2)
(9)
; =
L ('in)P('I',.)
n I
11=1
r. A11~P1. P2~"~
N(p1 .p2)
[6]
h(t,,p,l, P2) =
n= I
N(p1 .n)
[7]
the transmitter.
If the channel consisted of two transmission paths for the transmit energy to
D
Figure 3. Ray-tracing study In an urban areo.
rom
Accept
~en
s .. bstit..te
To meet the challenges of today's high performance communication systems, you cannot afford to settle for
anything less than the best coaxial cable available. That's why you have to "Ask for HELIAX" coaxial
cable and connectors.
HELIAX coaxial cable is specifically designed to handle the current proliferation of higher frequencies,
multichannels and higher average power levels. Its solid copper outer conductor combines both strength
and flexibil ity to accommodate the tightest, most demanding applications.
When fabricated with Andrew premium performance connectors,
HELIAX coaxial cable optimizes electrical and
mechanical performance, protecting against EMl-RMI
interference and intermodulation.
For more details, call Andrew or your local Andrew Distributor today.
1-800-255-1479 ext. 216 or
Fax us at 1-800-349-5444
In A Communicating World,
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Circle (53) on Fast Fact Card
=( :w )cos(<i>n -<i>. )
2
- 110
-115
I
E
m -120
~
w - 125
;:;:
0 -130
er
Q. - 135
>
..J
..J
-140
c - 145
11
er
w -150
:=0
Q.
-155
-160
0
I.I
500
NUMBER OF RAYS: 62
1000
1500
2000
2500
RELATIVE DELAY (nSEC)
RMS DELAY SPREAD: 285 nSEC
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February 1997
INTERFERING VOLTAGE
FROM SYMBOL 3
w 0.8
0.7
"<~ 0.6
0
>
w
>
0.5
j:;:
<
""a:w
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 5$00 6000 6500 7000
TIME (nSEC)
peaks in the signal due 10 reflected signals arriving at some later time.
Now, what. happens when we send a
second pulse, and a third and a fourth? As
Figure 5 shows, when the receiver tries to
detect the fourth pulse, the decision is cormpted by reflected energy from pulses
transmitted earlier. This is known as inter-symbol interference (ISI). For a given
data rate and propagation channel re-
qrcss
oe;s
DTtv!f
POWER
46
February 1997
Email [email protected]
Internet www.connectsystems.com
INCREASING
ERRORS
DUE TO
o
RANDOM :
:::>
t:
..J
0:
FM~:
::;
<
w
>
INCREASING
ERRORS
DUE TO
MULTIPATH
1
1s1
ERRORS :
DUE TO
NOISE
~
..J
w
re
TIME
TIME
DATA RATE
ing, because the statistical averaging process glosses over important details about
whe n the multipath energy arri ves and
what its magnitude and phase are. These
facto rs cannot be addressed looking at
RMS delay spread alone. As an example,
Figures 6 and 7 abo ve show two simple
power delay profiles with two rays each.
One has a s trong echo delayed a short
period of time afte r the main signal; the
other has a much weaker multipath echo
delayed a much longer period of time.
Both channel responses could have e xactly the same RMS delay spread value,
but by us ing comprehensive analysis it
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50
February 1997
lowered .
Errors due to random FM arise in narrowbaud transmissions due to the phase
shi ft of the carrie r from one symbol to the
nex1. If the data transmission rate is high,
the amount of phase change 1hat is possible from one symbol to the next, even
wi th high mobile speeds. is s till very
small. so that errors due 10 random FM
are not importan t compared to errors From
amplitude fading in noise and errors due
to intersymbol interference. For coherent
detection, depending on the rece iver carrier reference recovery techniques. the
random phase changes can be tracked so
that errors due lo random FM are minimized or reduced to zero. Random FM
errors are there fore of primary concern
for mobile systems with relatively low
data rates that employ differential modulation and detection techniques.
The usual am1lysis of random FM errors assumes that the signal is arrivi ng
from a single directi on and th at the mobile is moving in a direction q> relati ve to
the arrival angle of the signal. Under these
conditions, the Doppler frequency f d (frequency shi ft) for a gi ven mobile speed is
f 0 = -COStD
>..
.
where v is the speed of the mobile in
meters per second. In determining error
rates, the traditional assumption is that
the worst case Doppler frequency,
v
la= -
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February 1997
form of ray-tracing offer a means of acquiring the necessary propagation information for predicting the performance of
digi tal systems in any given environment.
However, co make predictions, physical
models rely on detailed descriptions of
the environment and require relatively
intensive calculations . Ever-increasing
computer processor power and storage
space for data make the calculations required by physical models less burdensome. Physical modeling such as raytracing, therefore, offers the best way for
predic1ing coverage and error-rate performance in current and future digital systems. A software prediction tool, called
EDX SignalPro, developed by our company, offers physical modeling calculations for such digital system design.
The digital system performance results
presented here have generally assumed
that no techniques are used in the receiver
or system to combat the linear distortions
caused by the propagation channel. With
modern receiver design and the increasing economic feasibility of using sophistica1ed digital signal processing (DSP)
chips in handsets, long-known techniques
for countering channel impairments can
now be widely employed; nevertheless, it
will remain important to model the channel accurately to gain insight into the
magnitude of channel impairments, which
must be addressed by hardware and system designs, and to assess the overall
cfiicacy of those designs.
References
Anderson, H.R. "A Ray-tracing Propagation
Model for Dig\tal Broadcast Systems in Urban Areas,'' IEEE Transactions on Broadcasting, Sept. 1993.
Anderson, H.R. "Site-specific BER Analysis in
Frcc1uency-scleclive Channels Using a Raylnicing Propagation Model," Proceedings of
the 1994 Globecom Conference, Sa11 Francisco, Dec. 1994.
Balanis, C.A. Advanced Engineering Electro
magnetics. John Wiley, New York, NY, 1989.
Code of Federal Reg11lations Title 47, FCC
Rules, Pan 73.313. U.S. Government Printing Office.
Hatn, M. "Empirical Formu la for Propagation
Loss in Land Mobile Radio Services", JEE
Trtmsactions 011 Vehicular Technology. Sept.
1981.
Jakes, W.C. Microwal'e Mobile Comm1111ica
1io11s. IEEE Press, Piscataway, NJ. l994 (re
published).
Okumura. Y. et al. 'Field Strength and itS Vari
abili1y in VHF and UHF Land-mobile Radioservicc," Rei. E/ec. Commun. Lab.. Sept.Oct. 1968.
VHF and UHF propagation cunes for the /re
q11e11cy range 30 MHz and /000 MHz.
ITU-R. Recommendation 370-6, 1994 PN
Series Volume, Propagation in Non-Ionizing
Media. 1994.
~