CHAPTER-1 SOLID STATE

KEY CONCEPTS
4 MARKS CHAPTER
As we know that matter exists in different physical
states under different conditions of temperature and pressure. For
example solid state, liquid gases plasma and BEC etc. Now we will
study about different aspects of solid state.
Introduction:
1. The state of matter whose M.P is above room temp is solid state. Solids
have definite shape and volume, having high density and constituent
particles are held strongly.
2. Based on arrangement of particles types of solid :
1: Crystalline 2: Amorphous
3. Crystalline solids have regular arrangement of constituent particles
throughout, melting point is sharp, Anisotropic in nature and give clear
cut cleavage.
4. Amorphous solids have no regular arrangement, no sharp M.P, isotropic
in nature they do not exhibit cleavage property.
5. Amorphous silica is used in photovoltaic cells.(Applications of
amorphous solid)
6. Space lattice is the regular 3D, arrangement of constituent particles in
the crystalline solid. It shows how the constituting particles (atoms,
molecules etc.) are arranged.
7. Smallest repeating unit in a space lattice is called unit cell.
8. There are 4 types of unit cells, 7 crystal systems and 14 bravais lattices.
9. Types of unit cell
No. of atoms per unit cell
i. Simple cubic unit cell
8*1/8=1
ii. FCC (Face centered cubic)
8*1/8+6*1/2=4
iii. BCC (Body centered cubic)
8*1/8+1*1=2
10.Hexagonal close packing and cubic close packing have equal efficiency
i.e 74%
11.Packing efficiency =volume occupied by spheres (Particles)/volume of
unit cell *100
12.For simple cubic unit cell the p.f.=1*4/3 *r3/8*r3 *100 =52.4
13.The packing efficiency in fcc =4*4/3 *r3/16*2 1/2 r3 *100 =74
14.The packing efficiency in bcc =2*4/3 *r3/64*33/2 r3 *100 =68
15.The packing efficiency in hcp =74
16.Packing efficiency in bcc arrangement in 68% and simple cubic unit cell
is 52.4%

17.Unoccupied spaces in solids are called interstitial voids or interstitial

sites.
18.Two important interstitial voids are (I). Tetrahedral void and (II).
Octahedral void.
19.Radius ratio is the ratio of radius of void to the radius of sphere.
a. For tetrahedral void radius ratio=0.225
For octahedral void radius ratio=0.414
20.No. of tetrahedral void=2*N (N=No. of particles)
21.No. of octahedral void=N
22.Formula of a compound depends upon arrangement of constituent of
particles.
23.Density of unit cell

Density
=

ZxM
a 3xNA

D=density, M=Molar mass, a=side of unit cell, NA=6.022 x10 23

24.The relationship between edge length and radius of atom and
interatomic or interionic distance for different types of unit is different
as given below
a. Simple cubic unit cell
a=2R
b. F C C
a=4R/ 2
c. B C C
a=4R/ 3
25.Interatomic distance=2R
26.Interionic distance= Rc+Ra (Rc=Radius of cation, Ra=Radius of
anion)
27.Imperfection is the irregularity in the arrangement of constituent
particles.
28.Point defect or Atomic defect-> it is the deviation from ideal
arrangement of constituent atom. Point defects are two types (a)
Vacancy defect (b) Interstitial defect
29.Vacancy defect lowers the density and
30.Interstitial defect increases the density of crystal.
31.Point defects in the ionic crystal may be classified as:
a. Stoichiometric defect (Ratio of cation and anion is same).
b. Non Stoichiometric defect (disturb the ratio).
c. Impurity defects (due to presence of some impurity ions at the lattice
sites)

32.Schottky defect lowers the density of crystal it arises due to missing of

equal no. of cations of anions from lattice sites e.g. Nacl.
33.Frenkel defectis the combination of vacancy and interstitial defects.
Cations leave their actual lattice sites and come to occupy the
interstitial space density remains the same eg. Agcl.
34.Non stoichiometric defect
a. Metal excess defect due to anion vacancy.
b. Metal excess due to presence of interstitial cation.
c. Metal deficiency due to absence of cation.
SHORT ANSWER QUESTION (2)
Q1. What do you mean by paramagnetic substance?
Ans: - Attracted by magnetic field field and these substances are made of
atoms or ions with
unpaired electrons.
Q2. Which substance exhibit schottky and Frenkel both defects.
Ans: - AgBr
Q3. Name a salt which is added to Agcl so as to produce cation vacancies.
Ans:-CdCl2
Q4. Why is Frenkel defects not found in pure Alkali metal halide?
Ans: - Due to larger size of Alkali metal ion.
Q5. What is the use of amorphous silica?
Ans. Used in Photovoltaic cell.
Q6. Analysis shows that a metal oxide has the empirical formula M 0.98 O1.00
Calculate the percentage of M2+ and M3+ ions in the crystal.
Ans: - Let the M2+ ion in the crystal be x and M3+ =0.98-x
Since total charge on the compound must be zero
2x + 3(0.98-x) -200=0
X=0.88
%of M2+ 0.88/0.96*100=91.67
% of M3+ =100-91.91.67=8.33
Q7. What is the co-ordination no. of cation in Antifluorite structure?
Ans: - 4
Q8. What is the Co.No? of cation and anion in Caesium Chloride.

Ans: 8 and 8
Q9. What is F centre?
Ans:- It is the anion vacancy which contains unpaired electron in nonstoichiometric compound
containing excess of metal ion.
Q10. What makes Alkali metal halides sometimes coloured, which are
otherwise colourless?

Very Short Answers(1 marks)

:
1. How does amorphous silica differ from quartz?
In amorphous silica, SiO4 tetrahedral are randomly joined to each other whereas
in quartz they are linked in a regular manner.
2. Which point defect lowers the density of a crystal?
Schottky defect.
3. Why glass is called supper cooled liquids?
It has tendency to flow like liquid.
4. Some of the very old glass objects appear slightly milky instead of
being transparent why?
Due to crystallization.

5. What is anisotropy?
Physical properties show different values when measured along different in
crystalline solids.
6. What is the coordination number of atoms?
a) in fcc structure b) in bcc structure
a) 12
b) 8
7. How many lattice points are there in one cell of a) fcc b) bcc c) simple cubic
a) 14
b) 9
c) 8
8.
What are the co-ordination numbers of octahedral voids and
tetrahedral voids?
6 and 4 respectively.
9. Why is common salt sometimes yellow instead of being of being pure
white?

Due to the presence of electrons in some lattice sites in place of anions these
sites act as F-centers. These electrons when excited impart color to the crystal.
10. A compound is formed by three elements X , Y. The element Y forms
ccp and atoms of X occupy
all octahedral voids and half the tetrahedral void. What is formula of
The
particle that is present in
the compound?
CCP/BCC/HCP array take that 100
Y = 100
Particles
particles
Then octahedral void = 100
Octahedral void = 100
100
Tetrahedral void =
200
(all) (X)
Tetrahedral void =200
100(Half) (X)
HOTS Very Short Answers:
1. Define F- centers.
2. What type of stoichiometric defect is shown by
a. Zns
b. AgBr
3. What are the differences between frenkel and schottky defect?
4. Define the following terms with suitable examples
o Ferromagnetism
o Paramagnetism
o Ferrimagnetism
o 12-16 and 13-15 group compound
5. In terms of band theory what is the difference
o Between conductor and an insulator
o Between a conductor and a semi-conductor
Short Answers (2 Marks) HOTS
1. Explain how electrical neutrality is maintained in compounds
showing Frenkel and Schottky defect.
In compound showing Frenkel defect, ions just get displaced within the
lattice. While in compounds showing Schottky defect, equal number of
anions and Cations are removed from the lattice. Thus, electrical neutrality
is maintained in both cases.
2.

An element with density 11.2g cm-3 forms a fcc lattice with edge length of
4x 10-8 cm. Calculate the atomic mass of the element.
Ans. d = ZM/a3 NA
For Fcc ,Z = 4 , a = 4x 10-8 cm ,
M = d x a3 xNA/Z = 11.2x(4x 10-8 )3 x6.022x1023 /4 =108g/mol
CBSE -2014

3. Calculate the number of atoms in a cubic unit cell having one atom
on each corner and two atoms on each body diagonal.
8 corner *1/8 atom per unit cell = 1atom
There are four body diagonals in a cubic unit cell and each has two body
centre atoms.

So 4*2=8 atoms therefore total number of atoms per unit cell =1+8=9
4. Gold crystallizes in an FCC unit cell. What is the length of a side of
the cell(r=0.144nm)
r=0.144nm
a=2x2r
=2x1.414x0.144nm
=0.407nm
5. Classify each of the following as either a p-type or n-type semiconductor.
a) Ge doped with In
b) B doped with Si
(a) Ge is group 14 elements and In is group 13 element. Therefore, an electron
deficit hole is created. Thus semi-conductor is p-type.
(b) Since B is of group 13 element and Si is group 14 element, there will be a
free electron, thus it is n-type semi-conductor.
6. In terms of band theory what is the difference between a
conductor, an insulator and a semi-conductor?
The energy gap between the valence band and conduction band in an insulator
is very large while in a conductor, the energy gap is very small or there is
overlapping between valence band and conduction band.
7. CdCl2 will produce Schottky defect if added to AgCl crystal. Explain
Two Ag+ ions will be replaced by one Cd2+ ion to maintain electrical neutrality.
Thus a hole is created at the lattice site for every Ca 2+ ion introduced.
8. The electrical conductivity of a metal decreases with rise in
temperature while that of a semi-conductor increases. Explain.
In metals with increase of temperature, the kernels(metal nuclei) start
vibrating and thus offer resistance to the flow of electrons. Hence conductivity
decreases. In case of semi-conductors, with increase of temperature, more
electrons can shift from valence band to conduction band. Hence conductivity
increases.
9. What type of substances would make better permanent magnets,
ferromagnetic or paramagnetic, why?
Ferromagnetic substances make better permanent magnets. This is because
the metal ions of a ferromagnetic substance are grouped into small regions
called domains. Each domain acts as tiny magnet and get oriented in the
direction of magnetic field in which it is placed. This persists even in the
absence of magnetic field.
10.
In a crystalline solid, the atoms A and B are arranged as
follows:a. Atoms A are arranged in ccp array.
b. Atoms B occupy all the octahedral voids and half of the
tetrahedral voids. What is the formula of the compound?

A= 100
particles
Octahedral void = 100
100 (all)
(B)
Tetrahedral void =200
100(Half) (B)
Total B = 200
Total A = 100
Formula
A100 B200
11.
In compound atoms of element Y forms ccp lattice and those
of element X occupy 2/3rd of tetrahedral voids. What is the formula
of the compound?
Y= 100
particles
Octahedral void = 100
Tetrahedral void =200
200x2/3 (2/3rd)
(X)
Total X= 400/3
Y = 100
Formula
12.Examine Total
the given
defective
crystal X400/3 Y100
A+

B-

B-

A+

B-

B-

A+

A+

B-

A+

B-

A+

B-

A+

A+
A+

B-

Answer the following questions

What

type

of

stoichiometric

defect

is

shown

by

the

crystal?

CBSE -2014
How is the density of the crystal affected by this defect?
What type of ionic substances show such defect?
Ans: i) Schottky defect ii) density decreases iii) Ionic substances in which
cations and anions are of almost similar sizes.
HOTS Short Answer:
1. How many lattice points are there in one unit cell of the following
lattices?
o FCC
o BCC
o SCC
2. A cubic solid is made of two elements X and Y. Atom Y are at the corners
of the cube and X at the body centers. What is the formula of the
compound?
3. Silver forms ccp lattice and X ray studies of its crystal show that the
edge length of its unit cell is 408.6 pm. Calculate the density of silver
(Atomic wt= 107.9u).
4. A cubic solid is made up of two elements P and Q. Atoms of the Q are
present at the corners of the cube and atoms of P at the body centre.

What is the formula of the compound? What are the co-ordination

number of P and Q.
5. What happens when:o CsCl crystal is heated
o Pressure is applied on NaCl crystal.
Short Answers (3 marks):
1. The density of chromium is 7.2g cm -3. If the unit cell is a cubic with length of
289pm, determine the type of unit cell (Atomic mass of Cr=52 u and N A =
6.022*1023 atoms mol-1).
ZxM
(d)Density
=
a 3xNA
Z

d x

a3 x N A

7.2 x (289x 10-10)3 x

6.022x1023
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

M
52
An element crystallizes in FCC structure; 200 g of this element has
4.12x1024 atoms. If the density of A is 7.2g cm -3, calculate the edge length of
unit cell.
Niobium crystallizes in bcc structure. If its density is 8.55 cm -3, calculate
atomic radius of [At. Mass of Niobium = 92.9u, N A = 6.022x1023 atoms mol-1
].
If radius of octahedral void is r and radius of atom in close packing is R,
derive the relationship between r and R.
Non stoichiometric cuprous oxide can be prepared in the laboratory. In this
oxide, copper to oxygen ratio is slightly less than 2:1 can u account for the
fact that the substance is a p-type semiconductor?
The unit cell of an element of atomic mass 50u has edge length 290pm.
Calculate its density the element has bcc structure (N A 6.02*1023 atoms mol1).

7. Calculate the density of silver which crystallizes in face centered cubic form.
The distance between nearest metal atoms is 287pm (Ag= 107.87g mol -1,
NA= 6.022x1023).
8. What is the distance between Na+ and Cl-ions in NaCl crystal if its density
2.165g cm-3. NaCl crystallizes in FCC lattice.
9. Analysis shows that Nickel oxide has Fe 0.98 O 1.00 what fractions of nickel
exist as Fe2+ ions and Fe3+ ions?
10.Find the type of lattice for cube having edge length of 400pm, atomic wt. =
60 and density =6.25g/cc.
HOTS Short Answer:
1. Aluminium crystallizes in cubic closed pack structure. Its metallic radius is
125 pm
o What is the length of the side of the unit cell?
o How many unit cell are there in 100 cm3 of Aluminium.
2. Classify the following as either p-type or n-type semiconductors.
Ge doped with In
B doped with Si
3. Zinc oxide is white but it turns yellow on heating. Explain.
Long Answer(5 Marks):

1. It is face centered cubic lattice A metal has cubic lattice. Edge length of
lattice cell is 2A0. The density of metal is 2.4g cm -3. How many units cell are
present in 200g of metal.
2. A metal crystallizes as face centered cubic lattice with edge length of
450pm. Molar mass of metal is 50g mol-1. The density of mental is?
3. A compound forms hexagonal close packed structure. What is the total
number of voids in 0.5 mol of it? How many of these are tetrahedral voids?
4. Copper Crystallizes into FCC lattice with edge length 3.61*10 -8 cm. Show
that calculated density is in agreement with measured value of 8.92g/cc.
5. Niobium crystallizes in bcc structure with density 8.55g/cc, Calculate atomic
radius using atomic mass i.e. 93u.
HOTS Long Answer:
1. The compound CuCl has FCC structure like ZnS, its density is 3.4g cm -3.
What is the length of the
edge
of unit cell?

a3 x NA

4 = 3.4 x a3x 6.022x1023

M
99
-3
2. If NaCl is dropped with 10 mol% SrCl2. What is the concentration of cation
valancies?
Z =

dx

4. The edge length of the unit cell of mental having molecular weight 75g/mol
is A0 which crystallizes into cubic lattice. If the density is 2g/cm 3 then find
the radius of metal atom (NA = 6.022*1023)
5. The density of K Br. Is 2.75 gm cm -3 . the length of edge of the unit cell is
654 pm. Predict the type of cubic lattice to which unit cell of KBr belongs.
NA=6.023*1023 ; at mass of K=39: Br. = 80
Ans. Calculate value of z= 4 so it has fcc lattice
6. The radius of an Iron atom is 1.42 A 0 . It has rock salt structure. Calculate
density of unit cell. Ans. 5.74 g cm-3
7. Copper crystalline with fcc unit cell. If the radius of copper atom is 127.8
pm. Calculate the density of copper metal. At. Mass of Cu=63.55u NA=
6.02*1023
Ans.a=22 .r , a3=4.723*10-23, d=8.95 5.74 g cm-3

Chapter- 2 Solutions
5 Marks Chapter
Solubility - The amount of solute which can be dissolved in 100grm of solvent at
particular temp. to make saturated solution.
Concentration Terms:

1. Mole fraction it is the ratio of no. of one component to the total no. of moles
of all components. It is expressed as x. For two component system made of A and
B ,XA= nA +nB , XB= nA+nB , Sum of all the components is 1 ; XA+XB =1
W- Weight in grams,
M- Molar mass, E2. Molarity (M)
=
__WB x1000___
Eq. Mass
M Bx Vml(Solution)
A- Solvent
B - Solute
It decreases with increase in temperature as volume of solution increases with
temperature.
3. Molality (m) = =

__WB x1000___
M Bx WA(Solvent)
No effect of change of temperature on molality as it is mass to mass ratio.
4. Normality (N) ==

__WB x1000___
E Bx Vml(Solution)
It changes with changes temperature.
5. Parts per million (ppm) concentration of very dilute solution is expressed in
ppm.
Ppm =

WB
10 6
W B +W A

Vapor pressure It is defined as the pressure exerted by the vapour of liquid

over the liquid over the liquid in equilibrium with liquid at particular temperature
vapour pressure of liquid depends upon nature of liquid and temperature.
Roults Law
1. For the solution containing non-volatile solute the vapor pressure of the
solution is directly proportional to the mole fraction of solvent at
particular temperature
PA XA
PA = P0A.XA
2. For the solution consisting of two miscible and volatile liquids the partial
vapor pressure of each component is directly proportional to its own
mole fraction in the solution at particular temperature.
PA=P0A. XA,
PB=P0B .XB
And total vapor pressure is equal to sum of partial pressure. P total = PA +
PB

Ideal solution The solution which obeys Roults law under all conditions of
temperature and concentration and during the preparation of which there is no
change in enthalpy and volume on mixing the component.
Conditions
PA = P0A XA,

Mix

= 0,

PB = P0B.XB

mix

=0

This is only possible if A-B interaction is same as A-A and B-B interaction nearly
ideal solution are
1. Benzene and Toluene
2. Chlorobenzene and Bromobenzene
Very dilute solutions exhibit ideal behavior to greater extent.
Non-ideal solution
(a) PA P0A.XA
(b) H mix 0

(b) PB P0B.XB
(d) V mix 0

For non-ideal solution the A-B interaction is different from A-A and B-B
interactions
i.

For solution showing positive deviation

PA > P0A, PB > P0B. XB
H Mix = positive, V mix=positive (A-B interaction is weaker than
A-A and B-B )
E.g. alcohol and water
ii.
For the solution showing negative deviation
PA < P0A.XA,
PB<P0B.XB
H Mix= negative,
V mix = negative
A-B interaction is stronger than A-A and B-B interactions
E.g. Chloroform, acetone, HCl and water
What is Azeotrope? The mixture of liquids at particular composition which has
constant boiling point which behaves like a pure liquid and cannot be separated by
simple distillation. Azeotropes are of two types:
(a) minimum boiling Azeotrope (mixture which shows +ve deviations ) ex.
alcohol and water
(b) maximum boiling Azeotrope (which shows ve deviations) ex. acetone and
chloroform
Colligative Properties - Properties of ideal solution which depends upon no. of
particles of solute but independent of the nature of particle are called colligative
property
Relative lowering in vapour pressure:
(PoA PA

)/

PoA = XB

Determination of molar mass of solute

MB =( WA MA PoA)/WA(PoA PA)
Elevator in Boiling Point
TB = Kb. m
Where T B = TB- ToB
Kb = molal elevator constant

M = molality
MB =(Kb1000WB)/TBWA
Depression in Freezing Point:
Tf = kf. m
Where Tf Tf ; m = molality
Kf = molal depression constant
unit = k.kgmol-1
Osmotic Pressure
The hydrostatic pressure which is developed on solution side due movement of
solvent particles from lower concentration to higher concentration through
semipermeable membrane denoted as

and it is expressed as

= n RT
V
= CRT
n = No. of moles; v = volume of solution (L)
R = 0.0821 Latmmol-1; T = temperature in kelvin.
Isotonic solutions have same osmotic pressure and same concentration.
Hypertonic solutions have higher osmotic pressure and hypotonic solutions have
lower osmotic pressure.
0.91% solutions have sodium chloride solution RBC swells up or burst.

VERY SHORT ANSWERS (1 MARK)

Q.1. What is Vant Hoff factor?
Ans. It is the ratio of normal molecular mass to observed molecular mass . H is
denoted as i
i = normal m.m / observed m.m
= no. of particles after association or dissociation / no. of particles
before
Q.2. What is the Vant Hoff factor in K4[Fe(CN)6] and BaCl2 ?
Ans 5 and 3
Q.3. Why the molecular mass becomes abnormal?
Ans. Due to association or dissociation of solute in given solvent .
Q4. Define molarity, how it is related with normality?
Ans. N = M x Basicity or acidity.
Q.5. How molarity is related with percentage and density of solution ?
Ans. M = P x d x10/M.M
Q.6. What role does the molecular interaction play in the solution of alcohol and
water?
Ans. Positive deviation from ideal behavior .
Q.7. What is Vant Hoff factor , how is it related with
a. degree of dissociation
Ans. a. =i 1/n-1

b. degree of association
b. = i -1 / 1/n -1

Q.8. Why NaCl is used to clear snow from roads ?

Ans. It lowers f.p of water
Q9. why the boiling point of solution is higher than oure liquid
Ans. Due to lowering in v.p
Q10. What are isotonic solutions?
Ans. Isotonic solutions have same osmotic pressure.

HOTS
Q1. Out of 1M and 1m aqueous solution which is more concentrated

Ans. 1M as density of water is 1gm/Ml

Q2. Henry law constant for two gases are 21.5 and 49.5 atm ,which gas is more
soluble .
Ans. KH is inversely proportional to solubility .
Q.3. Define azeotrope , give an example of maximum boiling azeotrope.
Q.4. Calculate the volume of 75% of H2SO4 by weight (d=1.8 gm/ml) required to
prepare 1L of 0.2M solution
Hint: M1 = P x d x 10 /98
M1 V1 = M2V2
14.5ml
Q.5. Why water cannot be completely separated from aqueous solution of ethyl
alcohol?
Ans. Due to formation of Azeotrope at (95.4%)

SHORT ANSWERS (2 MARKS)

Q.1. How many grams of KCl should be added to 1kg of water to lower its freezing
point to -8.00C (kf = 1.86 K kg /mol)
Ans. Since KCl dissociate in water completely L=2

Tf =i kf m

; m = Tf /ikf

m= 8 / 2X1.86 =

2.15mol/kg.

Grams of KCl= 2.15 X 74.5 = 160.2 g/kg.

Q.2. With the help of diagram: show the elevator in boiling point colligative
properties ?
Q.3. what do you mean by colligative properties, which colligative property is used
to determine m.m of polymer and why?
Q.4. Define reverse osmosis, write its one use.
Ans. Desalination of water.
Q.5. Why does an azeotropic mixture distills without any change in composition.
Hint: It has same composition of components in liquid and vapour phase.
Q.6. Under what condition Vant Hoffs factor is
a. equal to 1

b. less than 1

c. more than 1

Q.7. If the density of some lake water is 1.25 gm /ml and contains 92gm of Na +
ions per kg of water. Calculate the molality of Na+ ion in the lake .
Ans. n = 92/23 = 4
m= 4/1 = 4m
Q.8. An aqueous solution of 2% non-volatile exerts a pressure of 1.004 Bar at the
normal boiling point of the solvent . What is the molar mass of the solute .
Hint: P0A PA/P0A = wB X mA / mB X wA
1.013 1.004 / 1.013 = 2X 18 /m B X 98
mB = 41.35gm/mol
Q.9. Why is it advised to add ethylene glycol to water in a car radiator in hill
station?
Hint: Anti- freeze.
Q.10. what do you mean by hypertonic solution, what happens when RBC is kept
in 0.91% solution of sodium chloride?
Q 11. (a). define the following terms.

2. Mole fraction
3. Ideal solutions
(b)15 g of an unknown molecular material is dissolved in 450 g of water. The
resulting solution frrezez at -0.34 0c . what is the molar mass of material? Kf for
water= 1.86 K Kg mol-1 .
Ans. 182.35 glmol
Q 12.(a) explain the following :
1. Henrys law about dissolution of a gas in a liquid .
2. Boling point elevation constant for a solvent
(b)a solution of glycerol (C3h803) in water was prepared by dissolving some glycerol
in in 500 g of water. The solution has a boiling point of 100.42 0c . what mass of
glycerol was dissolved to make this solution?
Kb for water = 0.512 k Kg mol-1
(hint:

atb

b*wb*1000
Mb*Wa

Ans. 37.73 gm
Q 13. 2 g of benzoic acid (c 6H5CooH) dissolved in 25 g of benzene shows a
depression in freezing point
equal to 1.62 K . KF for benzene is 4.9 K Kg
-1
mol . What is the percentage association of acid if it forms dimer in solution. Ans.
99.2%
Q14. Osmotic pressure of a 0.0103 molar solution of an electrolite is found to be
0.70 atm at 270c . calculate Vant Hoff factor.( R=0.082 L atom mol -1 K-1) Ans.
2.76
Q15- What do you mean by Henrys Law? The Henrys Law constant for oxygen
dissolved in water is 4.34104 atm at 25o C. If the partial pressure of oxygen in air
is 0.2 atm, under atmospheric pressure conditions. Calculate the concentration in
moles per Litre of dissolved oxygen in water in equilibrium with water air at 25 o C.
Ans: Partial pressure of the gas is directly proportional to its mole fraction in
solution at particular temperature.
PA XA ; KH = Henrys Law of constant
PA = KH A
KH = 4.34104 atm
PO2 = 0.2 atm
Xo2 = PO2 / KH

=0.2 / 4.34104= 4.610-6

If we assume 1L solution = 1L water

n water = 1000/18 = 55.5

XO2 =

nO2

/(nO2+ n H2O ) ~ =

nO2 /nH2O

nO 2 = 4.6 X 10-6 X 55.5 = 2.55 X 10-4 mol

M = 2.55 X 10 -4 M
16. Calculate the mass of compound (molarmass = 256 g/mol) to be dissolved in
75g of benzene to lower its freezing point by 0.48K(Kf =5.12K Kg/mol)

CBSE -2014
Ans: Tf = Kf x W2 X1000/W1xM2
0.48 = 5.12xW2 x1000/75x256
W2 = 1.8g
17. Define an ideal solution and write one of its characteristics

CBSE -2014
Ans. Ideal solution The solution which obeys Roults law under all conditions of
temperature and concentration and during the preparation of which there is no
change in enthalpy and volume on mixing the component.
Conditions
PA = P0A XA,

Mix

PB = P0B.XB

= 0,

mix

=0

This is only possible if A-B interaction is same as A-A and B-B interaction nearly
ideal solution are

Molarity

Density required
Density required
Molality

Mole
fraction

Density not required

CHAPTER-3

ELECTROCHEMISTRY

5 Marks Chapter
Electrochemistry may be defined as the branch of chemistry which deals

with the quantitative study of interrelation ship between chemical energy

and electrical energy and inter-conversion of one form into another.
A cell is of two types:I.
Galvanic Cell
II.
Electrolytic cell.
In Galvanic cell the chemical energy of a spontaneous redox reaction is
converted into electrical work.
In Electrolytic cell electrical energy is used to carry out a non-spontaneous
redox reaction.

The Standard Electrode Potential for any electrode dipped in an

appropriate solution is defined with respect to standard electrode
potential of hydrogen electrode taken as zero.
The standard potential of the cell can be obtained by taking the
difference of the standard potentials of cathode and anode.
E0cell = E0cathode-E0anode
Concentration dependence of the potentials of the electrodes and
the cells
are given by Nernst equation.
aA+bB cC + dD

Nernst equation can be written as

Ecell = E0 cell-RT ln[C]c[D]d
nF
At 250C ,

[A] a[B]b

Ecell = E0 cell-0.059log [C]c[D]d

n

[A] a[B]b

 The standard potential of the cells are related of standard Gibbs

energy.
rG0=-nFE0cell
The standard Gibbs energy of the cells is related to equilibrium
constant.
rG0 = -RTlnK

The conductivity, K of an electrolytic solution depends on the

concentration of the electrolyte, nature of solvent and temperature.
Molar Conductivity, m, is defined as the conductivity power of all
the ions
produced by one gram mole of an electrolyte in asolution.

m =

K x 1000
Molarity(mol/L)

Variation with dilution

Conductivity(k)

Decreases

Molar conductivity Increases (Small increase in case of strong

electrolytes)
(Steep increase in case of weak electrolytes)

Kohlrausch law of independent migration of ions. The law states

that limiting molar conductivity of an electrolyte can be represented
as the sum of the individual contribution to the anion and cation of
the electrolyte.
Faradays laws of Electrolysis
I.

The mass of any substance deposited or liberated at any electrode

is directly proportional to the quantity of electricity passed through
the electrolyte
W=ZIt

Mass(g) =

Atomic wt. x I (Ampere) x t(s)

96500 x valency

II.

The amount of different substances liberated by the same quantity

of electricity passing through the electrolytic solution is
proportional to their chemical equivalent weights.
Batteries and full cells are very useful forms of galvanic cells
There are mainly two types of batteries.
i)
ii)

Primary batteries eg: Dry cell , Mercury cell

Secondary batteries(Rechargeable) eg: Lead storage battery ,
Nickel cadmium storage
cell

Corrosion of metals is an electrochemical phenomenon.

In corrosion metal is oxidized by loss of electrons to oxygen and
formation of
oxides.
Anode (Oxidation): 2Fe(s) 2Fe2+ + 4eCathode (Reduction): O2(g) + 4H+(aq) + 4e-2H2O

Atmospheric Oxidation:
2Fe2+(aq) + 2H2O(l) + 1/2O2(g)Fe2O3(s) + 4H+(aq)

QUESTION CARRING 1 MARK

1. What is the effect of temperature on molar conductivity?

Ans. Molar conductivity of an electrolyte increases with increase in
temperature.
2. Why is it not possible to measure single electrode potential?
Ans. It is not possible to measure single electrode potential because the
half cell containing single electrode cannot exist independently, as
charge cannot flow on its own in a single electrode.
3. Name the factor on which emf of a cell depends:-

Ans. Emf of a cell depends on following factora. Nature of reactants.

b. Concentration of solution in two half cells.
c. Temperature
d. Pressure of gas.
4. What are the units of molar conductivity?
( cm2 ohm-1 mol-1 or Scm2mol-1)
5. Write Nernst equation For the general cell reaction
aA+bBcC+dD

Ans. Ecell = E0cell- RT ln[C]c[[D]d

nF

[A] a[B]b

6. What is the EMF of the cell when the cell reaction attains equilibrium?
Ans. Zero
7. What is the electrolyte used in a dry cell?
Ans. A paste of NH4Cl, MnO2 and C

8. How is cell constant calculated from conductance values?

Ans. Cell constant= Resistance x Conductivity

9. What flows in the internal circuit of a galvanic cell.

Ans. Ions
10. Define electrochemical series.
Ans. The arrangement of various electrodes in the decreasing or
increasing order of their standard reduction potentials is called
electrochemical series.

QUESTIONS CARRYING TWO MARKS

1. How can you increase the reduction potential of an electrode.?

For the reaction

Mn+(aq) + ne-- M (s)

Ans. Nernst equation is:

E M n+ /M = E0 M n+ /M -

2.303RT log 1
[Mn+]

nF
EM n+/M can be increased by

a. increase in concentration of Mn+ ions in solution

b. by decreasing the temperature.
2. Calculate emf of the following cell at 298K
Zn/Zn2+ (10-4 M) || Cu2+ (10-2M)/Cu
Given E0 Zn2+/Zn=-0.76V
E0Cu2+/Cu=+0.34V
Ans. Cell reaction is as follows.
Zn(s) + Cu2+(aq) Zn2+(aq) + Cu(s)
No of electrons transfers (n)=2
T=298K
Ecell=(E0Cu2+/Cu-E0Zn2+/Zn)-0.059 log [Zn2+(aq)]
2

[Cu2+(aq)]

= 0.34V-(-0.76)-0.02955 log10-4
10-2
= 1.10V-0.02955V log 10-2
= 1.10V+2 X 0.02955V
= 1.10V + 0.0591 V
= 1.1591V

Q 3. Electrolysis of KBr(aq) gives Br2 at anode but KF(aq) does not

give F2. Give reason.
Ans. Oxidation takes place at anode. Now higher the oxidation
Potential, easier to oxidize. Oxidation potential of Br-, H2O, and F- are
in the following order.
Br->H2O>FTherefore in aq. Solution of KBr, Br- ions are oxidized to Br2 in
preference to H2O. On the other hand, in aq. Solution of KF, H2O is
oxidized in preference to F-. Thus in this case oxidation of H2O at
anode gives O2 and no F2 is produced.

3. What happens when a piece of copper is added to (a) an aq

solution of FeSO4(b) an Aq solution of FeCl3?
a. Nothing will happen when the piece of copper is added to FeSo4
because reduction potential E0 Cu2+/Cu(0.34) is more than the
reduction potential E0(Fe2+/Fe) (0.44V).
b. Copper will dissolve in an aq solution of FeCl3 because reduction
potential E0Fe3+/Fe2+(0.77V) is more than the reduction potential of
E0Cu2+/Cu(0.34)
Cu(s)+ 2FeCl3 (aq) Cu2+(aq) + 2 FeCl2(aq)

4. Define corrosion. Write chemical formula of rust.

Ans. Corrosion is a process of determination of metal as a result of
its reaction with air and water, surrounding it. It is due to
formulation of sulphides, oxides, carbonates, hydroxides, etc.
Formula of rust- Fe2O.XH2O
5. What is cell constant?
Ans. Ratio of distance between electrodes and cross section area
of elecrode
G* = l / A
6. Why mercury cell gives the constant voltage.
Ans. Elecrolytes are not consuming during the reaction.
7. What is fuel cell, write reaction involved in H2-O2 fuel cell.

QUESTION CARRYING THREE MARKS

1. Write any three differences between potential difference and e.m.f.

E.M.F
POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE
1.It is difference between

1.it is difference of potential

electrode potential of two electrodes

closed

between electrode in a

when no current is flowing through

circuit.

circuit.
2. it is the maximum voltage obtained
maximum voltage
From a cell.

2.it is less than

Obtained from a

cell.
3. it is responsible for steady flow of
for steady
Current.

3.it is not responsible

Flow of current.

2. Why an electrochemical cell stops working after sometime?

The reduction potential of an electrode depends upon the
concentration of solution with which it is in contact.

As the cell works, the concentration of reactants decrease. Then

according to Le chateliers principle it will shift the equilibrium in
backward direction. On the other hand if the concentration is more on
the reactant side then it will shift the equilibrium in forward direction.
When cell works concentration in anodic compartment in cathodic
compartment decrease and hence E0 cathode will decrease. Now EMF
of cell is
E0

= E0

cell

cathode

E0

anode

A decrease in E0 cathode and a corresponding increase in E0 anode

wil mean that EMF of the cell will decrease and will ultimately become
zero i.e., cell stops working after some time.

3. For the standard cell

Cu(s)/Cu+(aq)|| Ag+(aq)/Ag(s)
E0

cell

E0

2+/

cell

Cu = +0.34 V

2+

=+0.34 V

E0 Ag+/Ag =+0.80 V
i.
ii.
iii.

identify the cathode and the anode as the current is drawn from the
cell.
Write the reaction taking place at the electrodes.
Calculate the standard cell potential.

Ans. 1.From the cell representation

Ag/Ag+ electrode is cathode and Cu/Cu+ electrode is anode .
1. At anode :
Cu(s) Cu2+ ( aq )+2eE0

cell

= E0

= E0

cathode

Ag+/Ag

E0

E0

At Cathode :
2Ag+ + 2e 2Ag(s)

anode

Cu2+ /Cu

= +.80 V (+0.34V)
= +0.80V-0.34V
= 0.46V
2. Can we store copper sulphate in (i)Zinc vessel (ii) Silver vessel? Give
reasons.
Given E0 Cu2+/Cu = +0.34V, E0Zn2+/Zn= -0.76V) , E0Ag+/Ag = +0.80V

Ans. A metal having lower reduction potential can displace a metal

having higher
reduction potential from solution of its salt.

I. Since standard reduction potential of Zn2+(E0Zn2+/Zn = -0.76V) is

less than the standard reduction potentialof Cu2+ (E0Cu2+/Cu=+0.34V),
Zn can displace copper from copper sulphate solution but Ag cannot.
Thus, CuSO4 solution can be stored in silver vessel.

3. How many grams of chlorine can be produced by the electrolysis of

molten NaCl with a current of 1.02 A for 15 min?
Mass(g) =

Atomic wt. x I (Ampere) x t(s)

96500 x valency

= 35.5 x 1.02 x 15 x60

96500 x 1
= 0.331 gm
4. Write the equation showing the effect of concentration on the electrode
potential.
5. Derive the relationship between Gibbs free energy change and the cell
potential.
6. How Nernst equation can be applied in the calculation of equilibrium
constant of any cell reaction.?
7. The cell reaction as written is spontaneous if the overall EMF of the cell
is positive. Comment on this statement.
QUESTIONS CARRYING 5 MARKS
1. I) Define the following terms
CBSE -2014
a) Limiting molar conductivity b) Fuel cell
II) Resistance of a conductivity cell filled with 0.1 mol/l KCl
solution is 100. If the resistance of the same cell when filled with
0.02mol/L KCl solution is 520. Calculate the conductivity and molar
conductivity of 0.02mol/L KCl solution. The conductivity of 0.1 mol/L
KCl solution is 1.29x10-2 -1 cm-1
Ans. NCERT book Page No.
2. a) State Faradays first law of electrolysis. How much charge in terms
of Faraday is required for the reduction of 1 mol of Cu2+ to Cu.
CBSE -2014
b) Calculate emf of the following cell at 298K.
Mg(s)/Mg2+(0.1M)//Cu2+(0.01)/Cu
Ans: a) Amount of substance deposited at an electrode is directly
proportional to
the quantity of electricity passed through the electrolyte.
2F
B . Ecell = E0cell 0.059 log[Mg2+]

[Cu2+]

= 2.71 0.059 log[0.1]

2

2.68V

[0.01]

3. Explain the term electrolysis. Discuss briefly the electrolysis of (i)

molten NaCl (ii) aqueous sodium chloride solution (iii) molten lead
bromide (iv) water.
4. state and explain Faradays laws of electrolysis. What is
Electrochemical equivalent?
5. What do you understand by electrolytic conduction? what are the
factors on which electrolyte conduction depends.? What is the effect of
temperature on electrolytic conduction?
6. How is electrolytic conductance measured experimentally?
7. Describe normal hydrogen electrode and its applications.
HOT QUESTIONS
1 Mark questions:1. Why in a concentrated solution, a strong electrolyte shows deviations
from Debye-Huckle- Onsagar equation?
Ans:- Because interionic forces of attractions are large.
2. What is the use of Platinum foil in the hydrogen electrode?
A: It is used for inflow and outflow of electrons.
3. Corrosion of motor cars is of greater problem in winter when salts are
spread on roads to melt ice and snow. Why?
A: Salts in water are the better electrolytes.
4. Is it safe to stir AgNO3 solution with copper spoon? (E0
E0 Cu+/ Cu = 0.34 Volt)

Ag+/ Ag

= 0.80 Volt;

Ans: No it is not safe because reacts with AgNO3 Solution ( emf will be
positive.)
5. Why is it necessary to use salt bridge in A galvanic cell?
Ans: To complete inner circuit and to maintain electrical neutrality of the
solution.
2 mark questions:-

1. Why is Li best reducing agent where as Fluorine is best oxidizing agent ?

2. Equilibrium constant is related to E cell but not to Ecell. Explain.

3. Why sodium metal is not obtained at cathode when aq NaCl is
electrolysed with Pt electrodes but obtained when molten NaCl is
electrolysed ? 2
4. Zn rod weighing 25 g was kept in 100 mL of 1M copper sulphate solution.
After
certain time interval, the molarity of Cu2+ was found to be 0.8 M. What is
the
molarity of SO4
Zn rod after

-2

in the resulting solution and what should be the mass of

cleaning and drying ?

8. Which will have greater molar conductivity and why? Sol A. 1mol KCl
dissolved in 200cc of the solution or Sol B. 1 mol KCl dissolved in 500cc
of the solution.
9. Calculate the equilibrium constant for the reaction
Zn + Cd2+
Zn2+ +Cd
If E0 Cd++/Cd =-.403 v E0 Zn++/Zn= -0.763 v
3/ 5 mark questions:1. What do you mean by ( i) negative standard electrode potential and
(ii) positive standard electrode potential ?
2. Which cell is generally used in hearing aids? Name the material of the
anode, cathode and the electrolyte. Write the reactions involved.
3. Iron does not rust even if Zinc coating is broken in galvanized iron pipe
but rusting occurs much faster if tin coating over iron is broken. Explain.
4. Corrosion is an electrochemical phenomenon, explain.
5. Calculate the pH of following cell: Pt, H2/ H2SO4, if its electrode potential
is0.03V.
6 . A cell contains two hydrogen electrodes. The negative electrode is in
contact with a solution of 10-5 M H+ ions. The emf of the cell is 0.118 V at
298 K. Calculate the concentration of the H+ ions at the positive electrode.
7. Crude copper containing Fe and Ag as contaminations was subjected to
electro refining by using a current of 175 A for 6.434 min. The mass of
anode was found to decrease by 22.260 g, while that of cathode was

increased by 22.011 g. Estimate the % of copper, iron and silver in crude

copper.
8 Zinc electrode is constituted at 298 K by placing Zn rod in 0.1 M aq
solution of zinc sulphate which is 95 % dissociated at this concentration.
What will be the
electrode potential of the electrode given that EZn2+/Zn= - 0.76 V.
3
9. At what pH will hydrogen electrode at 298 K show an electrode potential
of
-0.118 V, when Hydrogen gas is bubbled at 1 atm pressure ?
3
10 Electrolysis of the solution of MnSO4 in aq sulphuric acid is a method for
the
preparation of MnO2 as per the chemical reaction
Mn2+ + 2H2O MnO2 + 2H+ + H2
Passing a current of 27 A for 24 Hrs gives 1 kg of MnO2. What is the current
efficiency ? What are the reactions occurring at anode and cathode ?
11. What do you mean by kohlrauchs law: from the following molar
conductivities at
infinite dilution
om Ba(OH)2 =457.6 -1 cm2 mol-1
om Ba Cl2 = 240.6 -1 cm2 mol-1
om NH4Cl= 129.8 -1 cm2 mol-1

Calculate om for NH4 OH

CHAPTER-4 CHEMICAL KINETICS

5 Marks
Chapter

Key points

Thermodynamics helps us to predict the feasibility of chemical reaction by

using G as parameter but it cannot tell everything about the rate of
reaction. Rate of chemical reaction is studied in another branch of
chemistry called Chemical Kinetics.
Chemical kinetics- The branch of physical chemistry which deals with the

study of rate of reaction and their mechanism is called chemical kinetics.

1. Rate of chemical reaction- The change in concentration of any

reactant or product per unit time is called rate of reaction.

2.

TYPES OF RATE OF REACTIONa) Average rate of reaction- The rate of reaction measured over
the long time interval is called average rate of reaction.
Avg rate x/t = -[R]/t = +[p]/t

b) Instantaneous rate of reaction- The rate of reaction measured

at a particular time is called instantaneous rate of reaction.
Instantaneous rate dx/dt= -d[R]/dt=+d[P]/dt

3. FACTORS AFFECTING RATE OF REACTION1.

2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Concentration of reactant
Surface area
Temperature
Nature of reactant
Presence of catalyst
Radiation

4. RATE CONSTANT (k)- It is equal to the rate of reaction when

molecular concentration of reactant is at unity.
5. RATE LAW- The rate of reaction is directly proportional to the
product of concentration of reactant and each concentration is raised
to some power which may or may not be equal to stereochemistry
experimentally.

For a reaction

aA+ bB cC+dD

Rate law = k[A]p[B]q

Where powers p and q are determined experimentally

6.MOLECULARITY The total no. of reactants taking part in
elementary chemical reaction is called molecularity.
7. Elementary reactions : The reaction which occur in single step is
called Elementary reaction.
8. Complex reactions: The reaction consist of sequence of elementary
reactions are called complex reaction.
9. ORDER OF REACTION- The sum of powers to which the
concentrations terms are raised in a rate law expression is called order
of reactions. For above case order = p+q: orders of reaction is
determined experimentally
Zero order reaction: Reactions in which the rate of reaction does not
change with the concentration of reaction .
First order reaction: Reactions in which the rate of reaction is directly
proportional with the concentration of reaction .

10. Intregrated rate equation

For First Order : k = 2.303 log [Ro]
t

[R] Remained reactant

For Zero order reaction : k = [Ro] [R]

T
11. HALF-LIFE PERIOD- The time during which the concentration of
the reactant is reduced to half of its initial concentration is called half-life
period.
Equation for Half life period:
For First Order :

t1/2 = 0.693/k

For Zero order reaction : t1/2 = Ro/2k

12. Pseudo first order reaction: Reactions which are of higher order
but follow the kinetics of first order. Eg. Acid catalyzed hydrolysis of
ester

ACTIVATION ENERGY- The minimum extra amount of energy

absorbed by reactant molecules so that their energy becomes equal to
the threshold energy is called activation energy.

Activation energy = Threshold energy kinetic energy

TEMPERATURE COEFFICIENT- The ratio of rate constant at two

temperatures having difference of 100C is called temperature coefficient.

Temperature coefficient = Rate constant at T+100C/Rate constant at T0C

Arhenius Equation-

K= Ae-Ea/RT

k-rate constant
A-Arrhenius energy
Ea-Activation energy
R- Gas constant
T-Temperature

log k = log A-

Ea
2.303RT

Energy of activation can be evaluated as

1. log [k2/k1] =

Ea

(T2- T1)

2.303R (T1x T2)

log [k2/k1] = Ea(1/T1-1/T2)/ 19.15

Collision frequency : It is the total number of collisions which all

molecules undergo in a unit volume in a unit time.

1 MARKS QUESTION
1. What is the order of reaction whose rate constant has the same units
as the rate
of reaction?
Ans. Zero order.
2. State the order with respect to each reactant and overall reaction.
H2O + 3I- + 2H+ 2H2O + I3Rate = k[H2O2]1[I-]1
Ans. Order of reaction= 1+1= 2
3.Give one example of pseudo first order reaction.

Ans. Hydrolysis of an ester

CH3COOC2H5 + H2O CH3COOH + C2H5OH

4. The conversion of molecules X to Y follows the second order of kinetics.

If concentration of X is increased 3 times, how will it affect the rate of
formation of Y.

Ans. Rate = k [A] 2

= k [3A] 2
= k [9a] 2

The rate of formation will become nine times.

5. The rate law for a reaction is

Rate = K [A] [B] 3/2

Can the reaction be an elementary process? Explain.

Ans. No, an elementary process would have a rate law with orders equal
to its molecularities and therefore must be in integral form.

6. What do you understand by rate of reaction?

7. Name the factors on which the rate of a particular reaction depends.
8. Why rate of reaction does not remain constant throughout?
9. Define specific reaction rate or rate constant.
10. What is half-life period of a reaction?

2 MARKS QUESTION

1. The rate of a particular reaction quadruples when the temperature

changes from 293K to 313K. Calculate activation energy.

Ans. K2/K1 = 4,

T1= 293K T2 = 313K

log [k2/k1] = Ea(1/T1-1/T2)/ 19.15

Thus on calculating and substituting values we get..

Ea = 52.86 KJ mol-1

2. If the decomposition of nitrogen oxide as

2N2O5> 4NO2 + O2
follows a first order kinetics.
(i)

Calculate the rate constant for a 0.05 M solution if the

instantaneous rate is 1.5 x 10-6 mol/l/s?

Ans. Rate = k [N2O5]

k= Rate
[N2O5]
K=1.5 x 10-6
0.05
K= 3.0 x 10-5
ii) What concentration of N2O5 would give a rate of 2.45 x 10-5 mol L-1s-1
Rate = 2.45 x 10-5 mol L-1s-1
[N2O5] = Rate = 2.45 x 10-5
K

3.0 x 10-5

= 0.82 M
3) Write the difference between order and molecularity of reaction.
CBSE -2014
Ans.
ORDER
MOLECULARITY

It is the sum of the powers of

reacting speci-

It is the number of

Concentration terms in the rate

simultaneously

-es undergoing

law expression.
reaction.

Collision in a

It is determined experimentally
concept

it is a theoretical

Order of reaction need not be a whole It is whole no. only

number

Order of reaction can be zero.

It cant be zero or fractional

4) Define Threshold energy and activation energy. How they are related?
Ans. Threshold Energy: It is the minimum amount of energy which the
reactant molecules must possess for the effective collision in forming the
products.

Activation Energy: It is the excess energy required by the reactants to

undergo chemical reaction.

Activation energy = Threshold energy Average kinetic energy of

molecules.

5(a). Draw a schematic graph showing how the rate of a first order
reaction changes in concentration of reactants.

Variation of rate of first order reaction with concentration.

(b). rate of reaction is given by the equation

Rate = k [A] 2[B]

What are the units of rate constant for this reaction?
Ans. Rate = k [A] 2[B]

K = mol L-1s-1
(mol L-1)2(mol-1)
K= mol-2L2s-1

6. List the factors affecting the rate of reaction.

7. Explain with suitable example, how the molecularity of a reaction is
different from the order of a reaction.
8. Define the term rate constant of specific reaction rate.
9. What are Pseudo unimolecular reactions? Explain with the help of a
suitable example.
10. What is half life period? Derive and expression for half-life period in
case of a first order reaction.

3 marks question

Q1. The rate constant for first order reaction is 60/s. How much time will it
take to reduce the concentration of the reaction to 1/10 of its initial value.
Ans:t = 2.303 log [R0]
k

[R]

t= 2.303 log
60

1
1/10

t = 2.303 log10

60
t = 2.303 = 3.38X 10-2s-1
60
2. The rate of most of reaction double when their temperature is raised
from 298k to 308k. Calculate the activation energy of such a reaction.
Ans:Log K2
K1

Ea

(T2-T1)/T1T2

2.303 R

Ea = 2.303 X 8.314 X 298 X 308 X 0.3010

1000
Ea = 52.89KJ/mol

3. A first order reaction takes 69.3 min for 50% completion. Set up on
equation for determining the time needed for 80% completion.
Ans. k=0.693
t1/2
= 0.693/69.3min
= 10-2min-1

T = 2.303log [R0]
K

[R]

T= 2.303/10-2 X log5

T= 160.9min

4. Following reaction takes place in one step

2NO + O2 2NO2

How will the rate of the reaction of the above reaction change if the volume
of reaction vessel is diminished to 1/3 of its original volume? Will there be
any change in the order of reaction with reduced volume?
Ans. 2NO+ O22NO2

dx/dt = k*[NO]2[O2]1

[Since it is one step]

If the volume of reaction vessel is diminished to 1/3, conc. Of both [NO] and
[O2] will become 3 time, the rate of reaction increased 27 times.
No change in the order.

5. The decomposition of NH3 on platinum surface is a zero order

reaction. What are the rate of production of N2 and H2.
If k= 2.5 x 10-4

Ans. 2NH3 N2 + 3H2

Rate= d[N2]

= 1

dt

d[H2]
dt

rate = k x [NH3]0 =k =2.5 X 10-4

d [N2] =2.5 X 10-4
dt
d[H2] =3 x rate
dt
=3x 2.5 X 10-4 molL-1sec-1

6. What is the effect of temperature on the rate of reaction? Explain giving

reasons.

7. State the role of activated complex in a reaction and state its relation
with activation energy.

QUESTIONS CARRYING 5 MARKS

1. What do you understand by the rate of a reaction? How it is

expressed? How it is the rate of reaction determined?
2. What do you understand by order of a reaction? How does rate law
differ from law of mass action? Give two example of each of the
reactions of (i) zero order (ii) first order (iii) second order
3. Derive the equation for the rate constant for a first order reaction.
What would be the units of the first order rate constant if the
concentration is expressed in mole per litre and time in seconds.
4. Explain why the rate of reaction increases with increase in
temperature.
5. Briefly explain the effect of temperature on the rate constant of a
reaction.

HOTS

1. The half-life period of two samples are 0.1 and 0.4 seconds. Their initial
Concentrations are 200 and 50 mol L respectively. What is the order of
reaction?
-1

2. What is the ratio of t3/4 : t1/2 for a first order reaction ?

3. Higher molecularity reactions (viz. molecularity, 4 and above) are very
rare. Why?
4. Consider the reaction 2A + B _______> Products

When concentration of B alone was doubled, half life time does not
change. When conc. of A alone is doubled, the rate increases by two
times. What is the unit of K and what is the order of the reaction?

5. For the reaction, the energy of activation is 75KJ / mol. When the energy
of activation of a catalyst is lowered to 20KJ / mol. What is the effect of
catalyst on the rate of reaction at 200C.

6. The gas phase decomposition of CH3OCH3 follows first order of kinetics

CH3OCH3 CH4 (g) + H2 (g) + CO (g)
The reaction is carried out at a constant volume of the container at 5000 C
and has t1/2 =14.5min.
Initially only dimethyl ether is present at a pressure of 0.40 atm. What is
the total pressure of the system after 12 min? Assume ideal behavior.
7. From the following data for a chemical reaction between A and B at 300
K
[A] mol/L
2.5 104
2.5 104
1 103

Initial rate (mol L1 sec1)

5 104
4 103
1.6 102

[B] mol/L
3 105
6 105
6 105

Calculate (i) the order of reaction with respect to A and with respect to B.
(ii) the rate constant 300K
Q 7. See the graph and answer the following question
? (a)
1). What is the order of reaction?
Slope= ?(b)

2) what are a and b

Log [R]

q 8. 1) what is the order of reaction?

2) what is the slope and intercept?

[R]

Slope= ?

t
9. The following data were obtained during the first order thermal
decomposition of SO2Cl2 at a constant volume.
CBSE -2014
SO2Cl2 (g)

SO2 (g)+ Cl2(g)

Experiment

Time in S

Toatl Pressure in atm

0.4

100

0.7

Calculate the rate constant.(Given : log 4= 0.6021, log 2 = 0.3010)

Ans. k = 2.303 log

t

Pi
2Pi - Pt

k = 2.303 log 0.4/2x0.4-0.7

100
=2.303x 0.6021/100 = 0.01387 s -1.

CHAPTER-5

Surface Chemistry

4 Marks Chapter

The branch of the Chemistry which deals with the study of surface phenomena is
called surface Chemistry.

1. Adsorption: - The accumulation of molecules species at the surface rather in the

bulk of a solid or liquid is termed adsorption.
2. Desorption:-Removal of adsorbate from the surface of adsorbent is known as
Desorption.
3. Sorption:-When adsorption and absorption both takes place simultaneously.
4. Type of adsorption: - On the basis of interaction between adsorption and
absorption, adsorbate are of two types:
(i)Physical adsorption/physisorption: - When weak Vander Waals interaction
involve between adsorbate and adsorbent.
(ii) Chemical adsorption/chemisorption:-When chemical bonds form between
adsorbate and adsorbent.
5. Adsorption isotherm:-The variation in the amount of gas adsorbed by the
adsorbent with pressure at constant temperature can be expressed by means of a
curve termed as adsorption isotherm.
6. Application of adsorption:(a) Removal of colouring matter from solution using animal charcoal.

(b) Creating high vacuum

(c) In coal mines activated charcoal is used in gas mask to remove poisonous gases
7. Freundlich adsorption isotherm:-It is a graph which shows relationship between
the quality of gas adsorbed by unit mass of solid adsorbent and pressure at a
particular temperature.

P equilibrium

x/m

Pressure

x/m=kp1/n

--------------------------- (1)

log (x/m)= logK + 1/n log P --------- (2)

8 .Factors affecting adsorption:(i)Surface area: - Adsorption increases with increases of surface area of adsorbent.
(ii)Nature of adsorbate:- Easily liquefiable gases are readily adsorbed.
(iii)Temperature:-Low temperature is favorable for physical adsorption and High
temperature for chemisortion.
(iv)Pressure: - Pressure increases, adsorption increases.

9. CATALYSIS:- Substances which alter the rate of chemical reaction and themselves
remain chemically and quantitatively unchanged after the reaction are known as
catalyst and the phenomenon is known as catalysis.
10. PROMOTERS AND POISONS
Promoters are substance that enhance the activity of catalyst while poisons decrease
the activity of catalyst.
Fe
N 2 + 3H 2

Fe

2NH3 (g)

Mo

=catalyst

Mo= promoter

11. Homogenous catalyst when reactants and catalyst are in same phase.
NO(g)
e.g.

12.

2 SO2 (g)

O 2 (g)

2SO3(G)_

Heterogeneous catalyst the catalytic process in which the reactants and catalyst

are in different phase.

Pt
e.g.

SO2 + O2

2SO3 (g)

13. Adsorption theory of Heterogeneous catalysis It explains the mechanism of

heterogeneous catalyst.
The mechanism involves 5 steps:a. Diffusion of reactants to the surface of catalyst.
b. Adsorption of reactant molecules on the surface of catalyst.
c. Chemical reaction on the catalyst surface through formation of an
intermediate.
d. Desorption of reaction product from the catalyst surface.
e. Diffusion of reaction product away from the catalyst surface.
14. IMPORTANT FEATURES OF SOLID CATALYST

Activity -

The activity of a catalyst depend on the strength of chemisorption.

Catalytic activity increases from group 5 to group 11 elements of the periodic table.
Pt
2H2

O2 -------------- 2H2O

Selectivity The selectivity of a catalyst is its ability to direct a reaction to yield a

particular product.
Ni
1. CO + 3H2

-------------- CH4 + H2O

Cu

2.

CO + H2

------------------

HCHO

15. SHAPE SELECTIVE CATALYSIS

The catalytic reaction that depends upon the pure substance of the catalyst
and the size of reactant and product molecules is called shape selective
catalysis.
e.g. Zeolites are good shape selective catalyst.
ZSM-5 converts alcohol to gasoline.
16. ENZYME CATALYSIS
Enzymes are protein molecules of high molecular mass which catalyse the
biochemical reaction.
e.g. Inversion of cane sugar by invertase enzyme.
17. Characteristic of enzyme catalysis
a. Enzymes are specific to substrate.
b. Enzymes are highly active under optimum temperature.
c. Enzymes are specific to pH. e.g. Pepsin act in acidic medium
d. Enzymes are inhabited by the presence of certain substance.
Mechanism of enzyme catalysis
1. Binding of enzyme to substrate to form an activated complex.
E + S ES
2. Decomposition of activated complex to form product.
ES E + P

18. Colloid- a colloid is a heterogeneous system in which one substance is

dispersed(dispersed phase)in another substance called dispersion medium and size
of dispersed phase is from 1nm-1000 nm.

19. TYPES OF COLLOIDS

(1) On the basis of nature of interaction between dispersed phase and dispersion
medium.
(a) Lyophobic colloid-solvent , hating colloid, these colloids cannot be prepared by
simply mixing of dispersed phase into dispersion medium.
e.g. metallic sols.
(b) Lyophobic colloid-solvent loving these colloids can be prepared by simply mixing
of dispersion phase into dispersion medium.
e.g. Starch sol.
(2) On the basis of types of particles of the dispersed phase
(a) Multimolecular colloid-on dissolution, a large number of atoms or smaller
molecules of a substance aggregate together to form species having size in colloidal
range. The species thus formed are called Multimolecular colloids.
e.g. Sulphur sol.
(b) Macromolecular colloids -macromolecules are suitable solvent from solution in
which size of the particles are in range of colloidal range.
e.g. starch sol.
(c) Associated colloids (micelles)-some substances in law concentration behaves as
normal strong electrolyte but at higher concentration exhibit colloidal behavior due
to formation of aggregates. The aggregated particles are called micelles and also
known as associated colloids.
(3) Kraft temperature- Temp. above which formation of micelles takes places.
(4) Critical micelle concentration (cmc) - concentration above which micelle formation
takes place is known as cmc.
(5) PREPERATION OF COLLOIDS
(a) Chemical methods- By double decomposition, oxidation reaction or hydrolysis
OXIDATION

e.g. SO2 +2H2 S

3S (SOL)+2H2 O

HYDROLYSIS
e.g. FeCl3 +3H2O Fe (OH) 3+3HCl
(sol)
(b) Bredigs arc method- For preparation of metallic sol. It involves dispersion as well
as condensation.
(c) Peptization- Process of converting a precipitate into colloidal sol. By shaking it
with dispersion medium in the presence of a small amount of electrolyte.
(6)PURIFICATION OF COLLIODAL SOLUTION :(a) Dialysis-it is a process of removing a dissolved substance from a colloidal solution
by membrane.
(b)Electro dialysis-when dialysis is carried out with an electric field applied around
the membrane.
(c) Ultra filtration- Use of special filters which are permeable to all ionic substances
except colloidal particles.
(7)PROPERTIES OF COLLOIDAL SOLUTION:(1) They show colligative properties
(2) Brownian movement-zig-zag motion of colloidal particles
(3) Tyndall effect-scattering of light by colloidal particles by which path of beam
becomes clearly visible. This effect is known as tyndall effect.
1. Charge on colloidal particles Colloidal particles which carry on electric
charge and nature of charge is same on all particles.
2. Electrophoresis - Movement of Colloidal particles towards opposite
electrode in presence of external electric field.
3. Coagulation The process of setting of colloidal particles is called
coagulation of the sol.
4. Hardy Schultzs Law Coagulating power of a coagulating ion is directly
proportional to the charge on the ion.
Eg: Na + < Ca ++ < Al 3+ for negatively charged sol.
Cl - < CO 2-3 < PO 3-4 < [Fe (CN) 6 ]4 for positive sol.
5. Emulsion Liquid liquid colloidal system is known as Emulsion.
There are two types of Emulsion.
a) O/W type - Oil dispersed in water. Eg: milk, vanishing cream.
b) W/O type Water dispersed in oil. Eg: Butter & Cream.
6. Emulsifying Agent The substance which stabilizes emulsion.

VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTION

(1 marks)
1. What are the physical states of dispersed phase and dispersion medium of
froth?
Ans - Dispersed phase is gas, dispersion medium is liquid.
2. What is the cause of Brownian movement among colloidal particles?
Ans Charge on the colloidal particles due to which they suffer elastic
collisions.
3. Arrange the solutions: True solution, colloidal solution, suspension in
decreasing order of their particles size?
Ans Suspension > colloidal > true solution.
4. Why is it necessary to remove CO when ammonia is obtained by Habers
process?
Ans- CO acts as poison catalyst for Habers process therefore it will lower the
activity of solution therefore it is necessary to remove when NH 3 obtained by
Habers process.
5. How is adsorption of a gases related to its critical temperature?
Ans- Higher the critical temperature of the gas. Greater is the ease of
liquefaction.
i.e. greater Vander walls forces of attraction and hence large adsorption will
occur.
6. What is meant by Shape Selective Catalyst?
Ans On the Shape Selective Catalyst, the rate depends upon pore size of the
catalyst and the shape & size of the reactant and products molecules.
7. Of the physiorption & chemisorptions, which type of adsorption has higher
enthalpy of adsorption?and why?
Ans - chemisorptions.Because of the chemical boding between adsorbate and
adsorbent.
8. Give one example each of oil in water and water in oil emulsion.
CBSE2014
Ans: Oil in water : Milk , Water in oil: Butter
SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTION
(2 marks)
1. Differentiate between physical & chemical adsorption?
Ans
Physical adsorption
Chemical adsorption
a) Forces between adsorbate
a) Forces between adsorbate &
& adsorbent are week
adsorbent are strong chemical
Vander waal forces.
forces.
b) Low heat of Adsorption.
b) High heat of Adsorption.
2. Differentiate between Lyophobic & Lyophilic colloids?

3. Ans
Lyophilic colloids
a) These are easily formed by
direct mixing.
b) Particles of colloids are not
easily visible even under ultra
microscope.
c) These are very stable.

Lyophobic colloids
a) These are easily formed by
Special method.
b) Particles of colloids are easily
visible
under
ultra
microscope.

c) These are unstable.

4. Differentiate between multi molecular, macromolecular and associated
colloids?
5. Ans:Multi molecular colloids
Macromolecular
Associated colloids
colloids
a) They consist of
a) They consist of
a) Behave as colloidal
aggregates
of
large molecules.
size
particles
at
atoms
or
higher conc.
molecules
which
generally
have
diameter less than
1nm.
b) They
have
both
b) They are usually
b) They
are
lyophobic character &
lyophobic
hydrophilic.
Lyophilic
6. What is difference between Sol. & Gel?
Ans Both are colloidal solutions. Sol has solid as dispersed phase & liquid
as dispersion medium. While in Gel liquid is dispersed phase and solid is
dispersion medium.

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTION

(3 marks)
1. Discuss the effect of pressure & temperature on the adsorption of gases on
solids?
Ans Effect of pressure on adsorption: - At constant temp the extent of
adsorption of gas(x/m) in the solid increases with pressure. A graph between
x/m and the pressure P of a gas at constant temp is called adsorption
isotherm.

2. See the diagram and answer:

KI

AgNO3

Excess AgNO3

Excess KI

(1) Which type of colloid will form in both the cases?

respectively)
(2) What is the cause of the charge on colloidal particles?
of ions on ppt)
(3)Name the process by which the colloid in this way form.

(+ve and ve
(adsorption
(Peptization)

3. Explain What is observed when

i)
An electrolyte, NaCl is added to hydrate ferric oxide sol.
ii)
Electric current is passed through a colloidal sol.
iii)
When a beam of light is passed through a colloidal sol.
Ans (i) The positively charged colloidal particles of Fe(OH) 3 get coagulated
by the positively charged Cl- ions provided by NaCl.
(ii) On passing direct current, colloidal particles move towards the
positively charged electrode where they lose their charge and get
coagulated.
(iii) Scattering of light by the colloidal particles takes place and the path of
light becomes visible (Tyndall effect).
4. Describes some features of catalysis by Zeolites?
Ans Features of catalysis by Zeolites:-

I)

Zeolites are hydrated alumino silicates which have a three dimensional

network structure containing water molecules in their pores.
II)
To use them as catalysts, they heated so that water of hydration
present in the pores is lost and the pores become vacant.
III)
The size of pores varies from 260 to 740 pm. Thus, only those
molecules can be adsorbed in these pores and catalyzed whose size is
small enough to enter these pores. Hence, they act as molecular sieves
or shape selective catalysts.
An important catalyst used in petroleum industries in zsm-5. It converts
alcohols into petrol by first dehydrating them to form a mixture of hydro
carbons.
Alcohols

ZSm5
>
De h yderation

Hydro carbons

5. Comment on the statement that colloid is not a substance but state of a

substance?
Ans The given statement is true. This is because the statement may exist as
a colloid under certain conditions and as a crystalloid under certain other
conditions.e.g:NaCl in water behaves as a crystalloid while in benzene,
behaves as a colloid (called associated colloid). It is the size of the particles
which matters i.e. the state in which the substance exist. If the size of the
particles lies in the range 1nm to 1000nm it is in the colloid state.
6. Write short notes on followings:a. Tyndall effect
b. Brownian Movement
c. Hardy Schulze Rule
Ans- (a)Tyndall effect-scattering of light by colloidal particles by which path of
beam becomes clearly visible. this effect is known as tyndall effect
(b) Brownian movement-zig-zag motion of colloidal particles.
(c) Hardy Sehulze Law Coagulating value of a coagulating ion is directly
proportional to the charge on the ion.
e.g: Na + < Ca +2 < Al3+ for negatively changed sol.
Cl -1 < CO32- < PO43- < [Fe (CN)6 ]4 for positive sol.
7.

a. In reference to Freundlich adsorption isotherm, write the expression

for adsorption of gases on solids in the form of an equation.
CBSE-2014
b. Write an important characteristic of lyophilic sols.
c. Based on the type of particles dispersed phase, give one example each of
associated colloid and multimolecular colloid.
Ans: a) x/m = kP1/n
b. Lyophilic sols are reversible sols. These are quite stable and can
not be coagulated.
c. Associated colloid : Soap solution, detergent
Multimolecular colloid: Sulphur sol, gold sol

8. Give reason:
(a) Delta is formed where sea and river water meet.
(b) To purify water alum is mixed in it.
(c) Alum is applied to stop bleeding.
8. What happens when?
(a) A colloid is repeatedly dialyzed.
(b) A beam of light is passed through milk.
(c) Electricity is passed through a colloid.
9. Explain following:
(a) Peptization
(b) Coagulation
(c) Zeolites
10.What is the use of following?
(1) Activated Charcoal
(2) Silica gel
(3) Coconut charcoal
11. Write three applications of adsorption.
12.Write three applications of colloid.

Chapter:-6 General Principles & Process of Isolation of Elements

3 Marks Chapter

Important Points :

1. The chemical substances in the earths crust obtained by mining are called Minerals.
2. Minerals, which act as source for metal, are called Ore. From ore metal can be obtained
economically .
3. The unwanted impurities present in ore are called Gangue.
4. The entire process of extraction of metal from its ore is called Metallurgy.
5. Removal of gangue from ore is called Concentration, Dressing or Benefaction of ore.
6. Concentration by Hydraulic washing is based on the difference in gravities of ore and gangue
particles.
7. Concentration by Magnetic separation is based on differences in magnetic properties of ore
components. If either of ore or gangue is capable of attracted by a magnet field, then such
separation is carried out.
8. Concentration by Froth Flotation Process is based on the facts that sulphide ore is wetted by oil &
gangue particles are wetted by water.
9. Concentration by Leaching is based on the facts that ore is soluble in some suitable reagent &
gangue is insoluble in same reagent. e.g. Bauxite ore contains impurities of silica, iron oxide &
TiO2 .The powdered ore is treated with NaOH which dissolve Al & impurities remains insoluble in
it.
Al2O3 +2NaOH + 3 H2O
2 Na [Al(OH)4].
10. Calcination involves heating of ore in absence of air below melting point of
metal. In this process volatile impurities escapes leaving behind metal oxide.
Fe2O3.xH2O
ZnCO3
CaCO3.MgCO3

Fe2O3 +xH2O
ZnO +CO2
CaO + MgO + 2CO2

11. Roasting involves heating of ore in presence of air below melting point of
metal in reverberatory furnace. In this process volatile impurities escapes leaving
behind metal oxide and metal sulphide converts to metal oxide.
2 ZnS + 3 O 2
2PbS + 3 O 2
2 Cu2S + 3 O2

2ZnO+2SO2
2 PbO +2 SO2
2Cu2O + 2 SO2

12. Reduction of metal oxide involves heating of metal in presence of suitable

reagent Coke or CO2.

13. Reactions taking place at different zones of blast furnace in extraction of iron:(i) Zone of reduction:- Temperature range 250 oC-700oC
3Fe2O3+CO

2Fe3O4+CO2

Fe3O4+CO

3FeO+ CO2

FeO +CO

Fe+ CO2

(ii) Zone of slag formation:- Temperature range 800 oC-1000oC

CaCO 3
CaO+SiO2
SiO2+2C

CaO+CO2
CaSiO3,

P4O10+10C

4P+10CO,

Si+2CO,

MnO 2+2C

Mn+2CO

(iii) Zone of fusion: - Temperature range 1150 oC-1350oC

CO 2 + C

2CO

(iv) Zone of fusion: - Temperature range 1450 oC-1950oC

C +O 2

CO2

14. FLOW SHEET FOR EXTRACTION OF IRON:Iron ore(Magnetite

Fe3O4)(Haematite
Fe2O3)

Concentration is done by Gravity separation followed by magnetic

separation

Calcination &Roasting i.e. Ore + Air +HeatMoisture,CO 2,SO2, As2O3

removed And FeO oxidized to Fe 2O3

Smelting of charge i.e. mixture of ore, coke & CaCO 3 takes place in
long BLAST FURNACE. Following reaction take place at different
zones:(refer to point 13)


Pig iron is obtained, which is remelted and cooled then cast iron is
obtained

15. Pig Iron: - It contains Fe 93-95%, Carbon 2.5-5%, and Impurities 3%.
16. Cast Iron: - It contains Fe 99.5-99.8%, Carbon 0.1-0.2% Impurities 0.3%.
17. Spongy iron: - Iron formed in the zone of reduction of blast furnace is called
spongy iron. It contains impurities of C, Mn , Si, etc.
18. FLOW SHEET FOR EXTRACTION OF COPPER:Copper Pyrites
CuFeS2

Concentration is done by Froth floatation process

Powdered ore + water +pine oil +air Sulphide ore in
the froth

Roasting is presence of air. following reactions take place:S+ O2SO2,

Cu2S+2FeS+SO2

4As+3O22As2O3,

2CuFeS2+O2

Smelting in small blast furnace of a mixture of Roasted ore, coke,

and silica.
2FeS + 3O2 2FeO + 2SO2,

FeO + SiO2

FeSiO3(slag)

A mixture of Cu2S, FeS & silica is obtained from blast furnace known as
Copper matte

Bessemerisation of copper matte is done in Bessemer converter in

presence of air. Following reactions take place:2FeS + 3O 22FeO +2 SO2, FeO + SiO2 FeSiO3 (slag),
2Cu 2S + 3O2 2Cu2O+2SO2, 2Cu2O+2Cu2S 6Cu + SO2


Melted copper is cooled, and then SO2 is evolved. such copper is known as
BLISTER COPPER(98%Cu+2% impurities)

19. FLOW SHEET FOR EXTRACTION OF ALUMINIUM:Bauxite Al2O3.2H2O

Concentration of ore is done by leaching .Bauxite is treated with

NaOH .Following reaction takes place:Al2O3 +2NaOH + 3 H2O
2 Na [Al (OH) 4] and
impurities of Fe2O3, TiO2 &SiO2 are removed.

Na [Al (OH)4] ,then reacts with CO2 then pure Alumina is

obtained.
Na [Al(OH)4] + 2CO2 Al2O3.xH2O + 2NaHCO3

Electrolytic reduction of pure alumina takes place in iron box

(cathode) with cryolite (Na3AlF6) & fluorspar CaF2.Graphide rods
act as anode. Following reactions take place:At cathode:- Al3+ + 3e Al, At Anode:- 2O2- O2 + 4e

By this process 98.8% pure Aluminum is obtained.

20. Vapour phase refining is used for extraction of Nickel (MOND PROCESS) and
Zirconium &Titanium (VAN ARKEL PROCESS).
21. Zone refining is used for extraction of Si, Ge, Ga, etc.
22. Chromatography method is based on selective distribution of various
constituents of a mixture between two phases, a stationary phase and a moving
phase. The stationary phase can be either solid or liquid on solid support.
22. Column chromatography is based on adsorption phenomenon. This method is
useful for those elements, which are available in small amounts and the impurities
are not much different in chemical properties from the element to be purified.
23. Ellingham diagrams:

The plots between G for the formation of oxides of metal and temperature is
called Ellinghams diagram and
They are used to select the reducing agent during metallurgy.

The plot steeply running down ---------- element is better reducing agent
At any temperature, the element of the plot which is below can reduce the
oxide of the element whose plot is above it provided sufficient activation
energy is offered.
In case the metal formed during the reduction is in liquid or gas form then
reduction is highly favored.
Carbon is better reducing agent above 673K and CO is better reducing agent
below 673K.

VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTION

(1 marks)
Q.1- What is slag?
A.1- It is easily fusible material fusible material, which is formed when gangue still
present in roasted ore combines with the flux.
e.g. CaO (flux) + SiO2 (gangue) CaSiO3 (slag)
Q.2- Which is better reducing agent at 983K, carbon or CO?
A.2- CO, (above 983K CO being more stable & does not act as a good reducing
agent but carbon does.)
Q.3- At which temperature carbon can be used as a reducing agent for Foe ?
A.3- Above 1123K, carbon can reduce FeO to Fe.
Q.4- What is the role of graphite rods in electrometallurgy of aluminium ?
A.4- Graphite rods act as anode, are attacked by oxygen to form CO 2 and so to be
replace time to time.
Q.5- What is the role of cryolite in electrometallurgy of aluminium?

A.5- alumina cannot be fused easily because of high melting point. Dissolving of
alumina in cryolite furnishes Al3+ ions, which can be electrolyzed easily.
Q.6- What are depressants?
A.6- It is possible to separate two sulphide ore by adjusting proportion of oil to
water in froth flotation process by using a substance known as depressant.
e.g. NaCN is used to separate ZnS and PbS.
Q.7- Copper can be extracted by hydrometallurgy but not Zn. Why?
A.7- The E0 of Zn is lower than that of Cu thus Zn can displace Cu 2+ ion from its
solution. On other hand side to displace Zn from Zn 2+ ion, we need a more reactive
metal than it.
Q.8- Give name and formula of important ore of iron .
A.8- Haematite Fe2O3, Magnetite Fe3O4, Iron pyrites FeS2.
Q.9- Give name and formula of important ore of Copper .
A.9- Copper pyrites CuFeS2, Malachite CuCO3 . Cu (OH) 2, Cuprite Cu2O.
Q.10- Give name and formula of important ore of Zinc .
A.10- Zinc blende - ZnS, Calamine- ZnCO 3, Zincite ZnO .
Q.11 Which reducing agent is employed to get copper from the leached low
grade copper ore? CBSE-2014
A.11 Scrap Iron or H2

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTION

(2 marks)
Q.1 Describe the method of refining of nickel.
A.1- In the Mond Process, Ni is heated in a stream of CO forming a volatile
complex, which then decomposes at higher temperature to give Ni.
At 330-350K: At 450-470K

Ni + 4CO Ni (CO) 4
Ni (CO) 4

Ni + 4 CO

Q.2- What is Zone Refining? Explain with example.

A.2- Zone refining is a method of obtaining a metal in very pure state. It is based
on the principal that impurities are more soluble in molten state of metal than
solidified state.
In this method, a rod of impure metal is
circular heater. The portion of the metal being heated melts
zone. As this portion of the rod moves out of heater, it
impurities pass into molten zone. The process is repeated
metal and end of rod containing impure metal cutoff.

moved slowly over

& forms the molten
solidified while the
to obtain ultrapure

Q.3 Write the principal of electro-refining.

A.3- In this method of purification impure metal is made Anode and pure metal is
made the cathode. On passing electricity, pure metal is deposited at the cathode
while the impurities dissolve dissolve in solution as anode mud. E.g. electrorefining of copper:Cu 2+ + 2e

At Cathode: -

Cu

Cu Cu 2+ + 2e

At Anode: -

Q.4- Write difference between calcinations and roasting .

A.4- Refer points no 10 &11.
Q.5- Describe the method of refining of Zirconium and Titanium.
A.5- Van Arkel process is used for obtaining ultrapure metal. The impure metal is
converted into volatile compound, which then decomposes electrically to get pure
metal.
At 850K: -

Zr impure) + 2 I 2 ZnI4

At 2075K:-

ZnI4 Zr (pure) + 2 I2

Q.6- Out of C & CO, which is better reducing agent for ZnO?
A.6- Since free energy of formation of CO from C is lower at temperature above
1120K while that of CO2 from carbon is lower above 1323K than free energy of
formation 0f ZnO. However, the free energy of formation of CO 2 from CO is always
higher than that of ZnO. Hence, C is better reducing agent of ZnO.
Q.7- The value of f G0 for Cr2O3 is -540kJ/mole & that of Al2O3 is -827kJ/mole. Is the
reduction of Cr2O3 possible with aluminium?
A.7- The desired conversion is
4 Al + 2Cr 2O3

2Al2O3 + 4Cr

It is obtained by addition of following two reactions:4Al + 3O2

2 Al2O3

2Cr2O3

4Cr + 3O2

f G0=-827kJ/mole
f G0==+ 540 kJ/mole

Therefore, G0 for desired reaction is -827+540=-287, as a result reduction is

possible.
Q.8:- Why copper matte is put in silica lined converter?
A.8:- Copper matte consists of Cu2S and FeS. When blast of air is passed through
molten matte in silica-lined converter, FeS present in matte is oxidized to FeO,
which combines with silica to form slag.
(i) 2FeS + 3O 22FeO +2 SO2,

(ii) FeO + SiO 2 FeSiO3

(slag),
(III) 2Cu 2S + 3O2 2Cu2O+2SO2,

(IV) 2Cu 2O+2Cu2S 6Cu +

SO2
Q.9- What is meant by term chromatography?
A.9-Chromato means Colour and graphy means writing because the method was
first used for separation of coloured substance. It is based on selective distribution
of various constituents of a mixture between two phases, a stationary phase and a
moving phase. The stationary phase can be either solid or liquid on solid support.
Q.10-Why is reduction of metal oxide easier if metal formed is in liquid state at
temperature of reduction.
A.10- The entropy of a substance is higher in liquid state than solid state. In the
reduction of metal oxide, the entropy change will be positive if metal formed is in
liquid state. Thus, the value of G0 becomes negative and reduction occurs easily.

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTION

(3 marks)
Q.1- Explain the following:(i) Zinc but not copper is used for recovery of Ag from the complex [Ag(CN) 2]-.
(ii) Partial roasting of sulphide ore is done in the metallurgy of copper.
(iii) Extraction of Cu from pyrites is difficult than that from its oxide ore through
reduction.
A.1- (i) Zn is more powerful reducing agent in comparison to copper.Zn is also
cheaper than Cu.
(ii) Partial roasting of sulphide ore forms some oxide. This oxide then reacts with
remaining sulphide ore to give copper i.e. self-reduction occurs.
2Cu 2S + 3O2 2Cu2O+2SO2,
2Cu 2O+2Cu2S 6Cu + SO2 .

(iii) Though carbon is good reducing agent for oxide but it is poor reducing agent
for sulphides. The reduction of metal sulphide does not have large negative value.
Thus, Pig iron is obtained from Blast Furnace.
Q.3- Describe the principles of extraction of copper from its ore .
A.3- Refer points no 18. For steps, involve in the extraction.
Q.4- Name the principal ore of aluminium and describe how Al is extracted from its
ore.
A.4- Important ores -(i) Bauxite Al 2O3.xH20 (ii) Corrundum Al2O3. Bauxite is
commercially important ore Al.
Extraction from Bauxite ore involves the following two stages:(i)
Purification of bauxite to get pure alumina (Al2O3 )
(ii)
Electrolysis of pure alumina in molten cryolite
Step:-1 Bauxite is treated with NaOH .Following reaction takes place:Al 2O3 +2NaOH + 3 H2O
2 Na [Al(OH)4]
and
impurities of Fe2O3,TiO2 &SiO2 are removed . Na [Al(OH) 4] ,then reacts with CO 2
then pure Alumina is obtained.
Na [Al(OH)4] + 2CO2 Al2O3.xH2O + 2NaHCO3
Step:-2
Electrolytic reduction of pure alumina takes place in iron box (cathode)
with cryolite (Na3AlF6) & fluorspar CaF2.Graphide rods act as anode. Following
reactions take place:At cathode:- Al3+ + 3e Al, At Anode:- 2O2- O2 +
process 98.8% pure Aluminum is obtained.
Q.5- Describe the principles of extraction of Zinc from zinc blende .

By this

A.5- Important ores of Zn:-Zinc blende - ZnS, Calamine- ZnCO 3, and Zincite ZnO.
ZnS is commercially important ore of Zn.Various stages involved in the extraction
of Zn from ZnS are as following:(i) Concentration of ore:-It is concentrated by Froth flotation process followed by
gravity separation process.
(ii) Roasting:- The concentrated ore is roasted in presence of air. Following
reactions take place:2ZnS + 3O 2

2ZnO + 2SO2

The mass obtained during roasting is porous and is called porous clinker.
(iii) Reduction of ZnO to Zn: - ZnO is made into bricketts with coke and clay and
heated ai1163K.Zn formed distills off and is collected by rapid cooling of zinc
vapours.
ZnO + C Zn + CO
Q6. Match the following:

Froth floatation process

Metal can form volatile compound which are

easily decomposable

Zone refining

Either ore or impurities are magnetic

Vapour phase refining

Wettability of the sulphide ores

Magnetic separation

Breaks to form flux

Leaching

Impurities are more soluble in melt than the

metal

CaCO3 in blast furnace

Ore a is soluble in a given reagent

Q7. Write short note on following:

CBSE-2014
(a) Principle of zone refining
(b) Vapour phase refining
(c) Principle of chromatography
Ans. a. Impurities are more soluble in the melt than in the solid state of the
metal.
b. Metal is converted into its volatile compound which on decomposition
gives pure metal .
c. It is based on selective adsorptionn of various constituents of a mixture
between two phases, a stationary phase and a moving phase.
Q8. Explain following terms:
(a) Flux

(b)Matrix

(c) Ore (d) Slag

CHAPTER-7 p-Block Elements

8 Marks Chapter
Points to remember:The general valence shell electronic configuration of p-block elements ns 2 np1-6
GROUP 15 ELEMENTS:Group 15 elements ; N, P, As, Sb& Bi
General electronic configuration: ns2np3
Physical Properties: Dinitrogen is a diatomic gas while all others are solids.
N & P are non-metals. As &Sb metalloids & Bi is a metals .this is due to
decrease in ionization enthalpy & increase in atomic size .
Electro negativity decreases down the group .
Chemical properties:o Common oxidation states : -3, +3 & +5.
o Due to inert effect, the stability of +5 state decreases down the group &
stability of +3 state increases .
o In the case of Nitrogen all Oxidation states from +1 to +4 tend to
disproportionate in acid solution , e.g.:- 3HNO 3H2O +2NO
Anomalous behavior of Nitrogen :- due to its small size, high
electronegativity, high ionization enthalpy and absence of d-orbital.

N2 has unique ability to p-p multiple bonds whereas the heavier of

this group do not form p p because there atomic orbitals are so
large & diffuse that they cannot have effective overlapping.
Nitrogen exists as diatomic molecule with triple bond between the
two atoms whereas other elements form single bonds in elemental
state.
N cannot form d-p due to the non-availability of d-orbitals whereas
other elements can.
Trends In Properties:Stability - NH3>PH3>AsH3>SbH3>BiH3
Bond Dissociation Enthalpy- NH3>PH3>AsH3>SbH3>BiH3

Reducing character - NH3<PH3<AsH3<SbH3<BiH3

Basic character- NH3>PH3>AsH3>SbH3>BiH3
Acidic character- N2O3>P2O3>As2O3>Sb2O3>Bi2O3
Dinitrogen:Preparation
Commercial preparation By the liquefaction& fractional distillation of
air.
Laboratory preparation By treating an aqueous solution NH 4Cl with
sodium nitrate .
NH4Cl +NaNO2N2 + 2H2O + NaCl
Thermal decomposition of ammonium dichromate alsogive N 2.
(NH4)2Cr2O7 N2 +4H2O + Cr2O3
Thermal decomposition of Barium or Sodium azide gives very pure N 2.
PROPERTIES
At high temperature nitrogen combines with metals to form ionic nitride
(Mg3N2) & with non-metals , covalent nitride.
AMMONIA PREPARATION
In laboratory it is prepared by heating ammonium salt with NaOH or
lime.
2NH4Cl + Ca(OH)22NH3+2H2O + CaCl2
In large scale it is manufactured by Haber process
N2+3H2=2NH3
H0= -46.1kJ/mol
Acc.to Lechateliers principle the favorable conditions for the
manufacture of NH3 are:Optimum temperature: 700 K
High pressure : 200 atm
Catalytst: Iron Oxides
Promoter : K2O & Al2O3
PROPERTIES
Ammonia is a colorless gas with pungent odour.
Highly soluble in water.
In solids & liquid states it exists as an associated molecule due to hydrogen
bonding which accounts for high melting & boiling points of NH 3
Trigonal Pyramidal shape NH3 molecule.
Aqueous solution of ammonia is weakly basic due to the formation of OH -ion .
ZnSO4+ 2NH4OHZn(OH)2+ (NH4)2SO4
Ammonia can form coordinate bonds by donating its lone on nitrogen, ammonia
forms complexes.
CuSO4+4NH3[Cu(NH3)4]2SO4

Name

Formula

Oxidation state

Chemical nature

Nitrous oxide or
Laughing gas

N2O

+1

Neutral

Nitric oxide

NO

+2

Neutral

Dinitrogen trioxide

N2O3

+3

Acidic

Dinitrogen tetra
oxide

N2O4or NO2

+4

Acidic

Dinitrogenpentaoxi
de

N2O5

+5

Acidic

NITRIC ACID
PREPARATION:ostwaldsprocees it is based upon catalytic oxidation of ammonia
by atmospheric oxidation . The main steps are
1)
2)

4NH3 + 5O2-PT500K, 9BAR-- 4NO + 6H2O

2NO+O22HNO3+ NO
PROPERTIES:-

(i)conc. HNO3 is a strong oxidizing agent & attacks most metals gold & Pt. .
(ii)Cr & Al do not dissolve HNO 3 because of the formation of a positive film of
oxide on the surface.
(iii)itoxidisesnon metals like I2 to HNO3, C to CO2 , S to H2so4
(iv)brown ring test is used to detect NO.
PHOSPHOROUS:ALLOTROPIC FORMS: White , red -black &-black .
White phosphorous is more reactive red phosphorous because white P exists as
discrete P4molecules .in red P several P4molecules are linked to formed polymeric
chain.

PHOSPHINE
Preparation: It is prepared in laboratory by heating white P with concentrated naoh
solution in an
Inert atmosphere of CO2 [P4+3NaOH+3H2O PH3+3NaH2PO2]
Phosphorous halides
Phosphorous forms two types of halides PX 3& PX5 (X=F,I,Br)

Trihalides have pyramidal shape and pentahalides have trigonalbipyramidal

structure.

OXOACIDS OF PHOSPHOROUS

The acids in +3 oxidation state disproportionate to higher &

lower oxidation.
4H3PO3 3H3PO4+PH3

Acids which contains P-H bond have strong reducing

properties.EX:-H3PO2
Hydrogen atom which are attached with oxygen in P-OH form
are ionisable and cause basicity.

GROUP-16 ELEMENTS (CHALCOGENS)

Grouo 16 Elements:O,S,Se,Te,Po
General electronic configuration:ns2np4
Element

Occurence

Oxygen

Comprises 20.946% by volume of the atmosphere.

Sulphur
sulphides

As sulphates such as gypsum CaSO4.2H2O,Epsom salt MgSO4.7H2O and

Such as galena PbS,zinc blende ZnS,copper pyrites CuFeS 2

As metal selenides and tellurides in sulphide ores.

Se&Te

as a decay product of thorium and uranium minerals.

ATOMIC & PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

Ionisation enthalpy decreases from oxygen to polonium.

Oxygen atom has less negative electron gain enthalpy than S because of
the compact nature of the oxygen atom.However from the S onwards the
value again becomes less negative upto polonium.
Electronegativity gradually decreases from oxygen to polonium,metallic
character increases from oxygen to polonium.
Oxygen & S are non-metals,selenium and telerium are metalloids.Po is a
radioactive metal.
Oxygen is a diatomic gas while S,Se&Te are octa atomic S 8,Se8&Te8
molecules which has puckered ring structure.

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

Common oxidation state:- -2,+2,+4 &+6.

Due to inert effect, the stability of +6 decreases down the group and
stability of +4 increases.

Oxygen exhibits +1 state in O2F2,+2 in OF2.

Anamolous behavior of oxygen-due to its small size,high

electronegativity and absence of d-orbitals.

TREND IN PROPERTIES
Acidic character-H2O<H2S<H2Se<H2Te
Thermal stability-H2O>H2S>H2Se>H2Te
Reducing character-H2S<H2Se<H2Te
Boiling point-H2S<H2Se<H2Te<H2O
Reducing property of dioxides-SO2>SeO2>TeO2
Stability of halides-F>Cl>Br>I
HALIDES
DI HALIDES:sp3hybridisation but angular structure.
TETRA HALIDES:sp3hybridisation-see-saw geometry
HEXA HALIDES:sp3d2,octahedral SF6
DIOXYGEN
Prepared by heating oxygen containing salts like chlorates,nitrares
2KClO3-heat---- 2KCl+3O2

OXIDES
A binary compound of oxygen with another element is called oxide. Oxides
can be classified on the basis of nature

Acidic Oxides:-Non metallic oxides. Aqueous solutions are acids.

Neutralize bases to form salts.Ex:So2,Co2,N2O5 etc.
Basic Oxides:metallicoxides.Aqueous solutions are alkalis. Neutralize
acids to form salts.Ex:Na2O,K2o,etc.
Amphoteric oxides:-some metallic oxides exhibit a dual behavior.
Neutralize bothacids& bases to form salts.
Ex:-Al2O3,SbO2,SnO,etc..

OZONE
PREPARATION
Prepared by subjecting cold, dry oxygen to silent electric discharge.
3O22O3

PROPERTIES
Due to the ease with which it liberates atoms of nascent oxygen, it
acts as a powerful oxidizing agent. For eg:- it oxidisesleadsulphide to
lead sulphate and iodide ions to iodine.
PbS+4O3PbSO4+4O2

SULPHUR DIOXIDE
PREPARATION
Burning of S in air
S+O2SO2
Roasting of sulphide minerals
(Iron pyrites)
4FeS2+11022Fe2O3+8SO2
(Zinc blend)2ZnS+3O22ZnO+2SO2

PROPERTIES
Highly soluble in water to form solution of sulphurous acid
SO2+H2OH2SO3
SO2 reacts with Cl2 to form sulphuryl chloride
SO2+Cl2SO2Cl2
It reacts with oxygen to form SO3 in presence of V2O5 catalyst
2SO2+O22SO3

Moist SO2 behaves as a reducing agent. It converts Fe(III) ions to

Fe(II) ions&decolourises acidified potassium permanganate (VII)
solution( It is the test for the gas).
SULPHURIC ACID
PREPARATION
It is manufactured by contact process which involves 3 steps
1. Burning of S or Sulphide ores in air to generate SO 2.
2. Conversion of SO2 to SO3 in presence of V2O5 catalyst
3. Absorption of SO3 in H2SO4 to give oleum.
PROPERTIES
1. In aqeous solution it ionizes in 2 steps
H2SO4+H2OH3O++HSO4HSO4-+H2OH3O++SO42-

2. It is a strong dehydrating agent Eg:-charring action of sugar

C12H22O11 H2SO412C+11H2O
3. It is a moderately strong oxidizing agent.
Cu+2H2SO4(conc.) CuSO4+SO2+2H2O
C+2H2SO4(conc.)CO2+2SO2+2H2O
GROUP 17 ELEMENTS(HALOGENS)
Group 17 elements: F,Cl,Br,I,At
General electronic configuration:ns2np5
Eleme
nt

Occurence

Fluorin
e

As insoluble fluorides(fluorspar
CaF2,Cryolite and fluoroapattie)
Sea water contains chlorides, bromides
and iodides of
Sodium,potassium magnesium and
calcium, but is mainly sodium chloride
solution(2.5% by mass).
Certain forms of marine life(various
seaweeds)

Cl.Br,I

ATOMIC & PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.

Atomic & ionic radii increase from fluorine to iodine.

Ionization enthalpy gradually decreases from fluorine to iodine due to increase in atomic size.
Electron gain enthalpy of fluorine is less than that of chlorine. It is due to small size of fluorine
& repulsion between newly added electron &electrons already present in its small 2p orbital.
Electronegativity decreases from fluorine to iodine. Fluorine is the most electronegative
element in the periodic table.
The color of halogens is due to absorption of radiations in visible region which results in the
excitation of outer electrons to higher energy level.
Bond dissociation enthalpy of fluorine is smaller than that of chlorine is due to electronelectron repulsion among the lone pair in fluorine molecules where they are much closer to
each other than in case of chlorine. The trend: Cl-Cl>Br-Br>F-F>I-I.
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
OXIDATION STATES:-1.However, chlorine, bromine &iodine exhibit +1, +3, +5, +7 oxidation
states also.
Fluorine forms two oxides OF2 and O2F2. These are essentially oxygen fluorides because of the
higher electronegativity of fluorine than oxygen.
Anomalous behavior of fluorine- due to its small size, highest electronegativity, low F-F bond
dissociation enthalpy and absence of d-orbitals.
TRENDS IN PROPERTIES
Oxidizing property F2>Cl2>Br2>I2
Acidic strength- HF<HCl<HBr<HI
Stability & bond dissociation enthalpy- HF>HCl>HBr>HI
Stability of oxides of halogens- I>Cl>Br
Ionic character of halides MF>MCl>MBr>MI

CHLORINE
PREPARATION
1. MnO2 +4HClMnCl2+Cl2+2H2O
2. 4NaCl+MnO2+4H2SO4MnCl2+4 NaHSO4+2H2O+Cl2
3. 2KMnO4+16HCl2KCl+2MnCl2+8H2O+5Cl2
4. DEACONS PROCESS
4HCl+O2-------CuCl2------2Cl2+2H2O
5. By electrolysis of brine solution. Cl2 is obtained at anode.
PROPERTIES
i.
With cold and dilute Cl2 produces a mixture of chloride and hypochlorite but

ii.
iii.
iv.

with hot and concentrated alkalis it gives chloride and chlorate.

2NaOH+Cl2NaCl+NaOCl+H2O
6NaOH+3Cl25NaCl+NaClO3+3H2O
With dry slaked lime it gives bleaching powder.
2Ca (OH) 2+2Cl2Ca (OH) 2+CaCl2+2H2O
It is a powerful bleaching agent; bleaching action is due to oxidation
Cl2+H2O2HCl+(O)
Colored substance+(O)colorless substance
Action of concentrated H2SO4 on NaCl giveHCl gas.
NaCl+H2SO4420KNaHSO4+HCl
3:1 ratio of conc. HCl& HNO3 is known as aquaregia& it is used for dissolving
noble metals like Au and Pt.
OXOACIDS OF HALOGENS (SEE TABLE 7.10& FIG.7.8)
Interhalogen compounds are prepared by direct combination of halogens.
Ex: ClF, ClF3, BrF5, IF7
They are more reactive than halogens because X-X is weaker than X-X bonds
in halogens (except F-F).
TYPE

STRUCTURE

XX3

Bent T-shaped

XX5

Square pyramidal

XX7

Pentagonal bipyramidal

GROUP 18 ELEMENTS
GROUP 18 ELEMENTS: He, Ne, Ar,Kr,Xe&Rn
General electronic configuration:ns2np6
Atomic radii- large as compared to other elements in the period since it
corresponds to Vander Waal radii.
Inert due to complete octet of outermost shell, very high ionization enthalpy
& electron gain enthalpies are almost zero.
The first noble compound prepared by Neil Bartlett was XePtF 6&Xenon.
O2+PtF6-.led to the discovery of XePtF6 since first ionization enthalpy of
molecular oxygen (1175kJmol-1) was almost identical with that of xenon
(1170kJmol-1).

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

PROPERTIES
Xe+F2--------673K, 1bar--XeF2
Xe (g) +2F2 (g) ----873k, 7barXeF4(s)
Xe (g) +3F2 (g) ----573k, 6070barXeF6(s)
XeF6+MFM+ [XeF7]XeF2+PF5[XeF]+[PF6]XeF6+2H2OXeO2F2+4HF(partial hydrolysis)
SOLVED QUESTIONS
1 MARK QUESTIONS
Ammonia has higher boiling point than phosphine. Why?
-AMMONIA FORMS INTERMOLECULAR H-BOND.
Why BiH3 the strongest reducing agent amongst all the hydrides of group 15 elements ?
Why does PCl3 fume in moisture ?
In the presence of (H2O) , PCl3 undergoes hydrolysis giving fumes of HCl .
PCl3 + 3H2O H3PO3 + 3HCl
What Happens when H3PO3 is Heated ?
It disproportionate to give orthophosphoric acid and Phosphine .
4H3PO3 3H3PO4 + PH3
Why H2S is acidic and H2S is neutral ?
The S---H bond is weaker than O---H bond because the size of S atomis bigger than

that of O atom . Hence H2S can dissociate to give H+ Ions in aqueous solution .
6. Name two poisonous gases which can be prepared from chlorine gas ?
Phosgene (COCl2) , tear gas (CCl3NO2)
7. Name the halogen which does not exhibit positive oxidation state .
Flourine being the most electronegative element does not show positive oxidation
state .
8. Iodine forms I3- but F2 does not form F3- ions .why?
Due to the presence of vacant d-orbitals , I 2 accepts electrons from I-ions to form I3ions , but because of d-orbitals F2 does not accept electrons from F-ions to form F3
ions.
9. Draw the structure of peroxosulphuricacid .
10. Phosphorous forms PCl5 but nitrogen cannot form NCl5. Why?
Due to the availability of vacant d-orbital in p.

2 MARK QUESTION (SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTION)

1. Why is HF acid stored in wax coated glass bottles?
Ans.This is because HF does not attack wax but reacts with glass.It
dissolves SiO2 present in glass forming hydrofluorosilicic acid.
SiO2 +6HFH2SiF6+2H2O
2. What is laughing gas? Why is it so called?How is it prepared?

Ans. Nitrous oxide (N2O) is called laughing gas, because when inhaled it
produced hysterical laughter. It is prepared by gently heating ammonium
nitrate.
NH4NO3N2O+2H2O
3. Give reasons for the following:
(i) Conc.HNO3 turns yellow on exposure to sunlight.
(ii) PCl5 behaves as an ionic species in solid state.
Ans.(i)Conc HNO3 decompose to NO2 which is brown in color& NO2 dissolves
in HNO3 to it
yellow.
(ii)It exists as [PCl4]+[PCl6]- in solid state.
4. What happens when white P is heated with conc.NaOH solution in an
atmosphere of CO2? Give equation.
Ans. Phosphine gas will be formed.
P4+3NaOH+3H2OPH3+3NaH2PO2
5. How is ozone estimated quantitatively?
Ans.When ozone reacts with an excess of potassium iodide solution
Buffered with a borate buffer (Ph9.2), Iodide is liberated which can be
titrated against a standard solution of sodium thiosulphate . This is a
quantitative method for estimating O3gas.
6. Are all the five bonds in PCl5 molecule equivalent? Justify your answer.
PCl5 has a trigonalbipyramidal structure and the three equatorial P-Cl
bonds are equivalent, while the two axial bonds are different and longer
than equatorial bonds.
7. NO2 is coloured and readily dimerises.Why ?
NO2 contains odd number of valence electrons.It behaves as a typical odd
molecules .On dimerization; it is converted to stable N204 molecule with
even number of electrons.
8. Write the balanced chemical equation for the reaction of Cl2 with hot and
concentrated NaOH .Is this reaction a dispropotionationreaction? Justify:
Ans.3Cl2+6NaOH5NaCl+NaClO3+3H2O
Yes, chlorine from zero oxidation state is changed to -1 and +5 oxidation
states.

9. Account for the following.

(i)SF6 is less reactive than.
(ii) 0f the noble gases only xenon chemical compounds.
Ans.(i)In SF6 there is less repulsion between F atoms than In SF4.
(II)Xe has low ionisation enthalpy & high polarising power due to larger
atomic size.
10. With what neutral molecule is ClO-Isoelectronic? Is that molecule a
Lewis base?
Ans. ClF .Yes, it is Lewis base due to presence of lone pair of electron.
11.
Arrange the following in the order of property indicated against each
set.
i)
HF , HCl , HBr ,HI (Increasing bond enthalpy)
ii)
H2O , H2S , H2Se ,H2Te (Increasing acidic character)
Ans: i) HI< HBr< HCl < HF
H2O< H2S <H2Se< H2Te

3 MARK QUESTIONS
1(i) why is He used in diving apparatus?
(ii)Noble gases have very low boiling points. Why?
(iii)Why is IClmore reactive than I2?
Ans.(I)It is not soluble in blood even under high pressure.
(ii)Being monoatomic they have weak dispersion forces.
(ii)I-Cl bond is weaker than l-l bond
2. Complete the following equations.
(i)XeF4+H2O
(ii)Ca3P2+H2O

CBSE-2014

(iii)Cu + H2SO4 (conc.)

(iv)AgCl(s) +NH3 (aq)
Ans.(i) 6XeF4+12H2O4Xe+2XeO3+24HF+3O2

(ii)Ca3P2+6H2O3Ca (OH) 2+2PH3

(iii)Cu + H2SO4 (conc.) CuSO4 +SO2 +2H2O
(iv)AgCl(s) +2NH3 (aq)[Ag(NH3)2]Cl(aq)
3. (i)How is XeOF4 prepared ? Draw its structure.
(ii)When HCl reacts with finely powdered iron, it forms ferrous chloride and
not ferric chloride .Why?
Ans.(i)Partial hydrolysis of XeOF4
XeF6+H2OXeOF4+2HF
Structure-square pyramidal. See Fig7.9
(ii) Its reaction with iron produces H2
Fe+2HClFeCl2+H2
Liberation of hydrogen prevents the formation of ferric chloride.
4. A) Draw the structure of the following molecules i) XeOF4
ii)H2SO4
b) Write the structural difference between white phosphorous and red
phosphorous
Ans. a) Refer NCERT book
b) white phosphorous consist of discrete tetrahedral P4 molecule
whereas red phosphorous is a polymeric structure..(Draw the structures)
5. Account for the following
i. PCl5 is more covalent than PCl3
ii.
Iron on reaction with HCl forms FeCl2 and not FeCl3
iii.
The two O O bond lengths in the ozone molecule are equal.
Ans.
Since pentavalent metal ion has higher polarizing power than
i.
trivalent metal ion. Thus PCl5 is more covalent than PCl3.
ii.
HCl reacts with Fe and produces H2. Liberation of hydrogen
prevents the formation of ferric chloride.
iii.
O3 is having resonance hybrid structure with 1.5 bond order.

5 MARK QUESTION
1. Account for the following.
(i)Noble gas form compounds with F2&O2 only.
(ii)Sulphur shows paramagnetic behavior.
(iii)HF is much less volatile than HCl.

(iv)White phosphorous is kept under water.

(v)Ammonia is a stronger base than phosphine.
Ans.(i)F2&O2 are best oxidizing agents.
(ii)In vapour state sulphur partly exists as S2 molecule which has two
unpaired electrons in the antibonding pi *orbitals like O2 and, hence,
exhibitparamagnetism.
(iii)HF is associated with intermolecular H bonding.
(iv) Ignition temperature of white phosphorous is very low (303 K).
Therefore on explosure to air, it spontaneously catches fire forming P4O10.
Therefore to protect it from air, it is kept under water.
(v)Due to the smaller size of N, lone pair of electrons is readily available.
2. When Conc. H2SO4 was added to an unknown salt present in a test tube,
a brown gas (A) was evolved. This gas intensified when copper turnings
were added in to test tube. On cooling gas (A) changed in to a colourless
gas (B).
(a)Identify the gases A and B
(b)Write the equations for the reactions involved
The gas A is NO2 whereas B is N2O4.
XNO3 + H2SO4XHSO4 + HNO3
Salt

(conc.)

Cu + 4HNO3 (Conc.) Cu (NO3)2 + 2NO2 + 2H2O

Blue

Brown (A)

2NO2 (on cooling) N2O4

Colourless(B)
3. Arrange the following in the increasing order of the property mentioned.
(i)HOCl, HClO2, HClO3, HClO4 (Acidic strength)
(ii)As2O3, ClO2, GeO3, Ga2O3 (Acidity)
(iii)NH3, PH3, AsH3, SbH3 (HEH bond angle)
(iv)HF, HCl, HBr, HI (Acidic strength)
(v)MF, MCl, MBr, MI (ionic character)

Ans.(i)Acidic strength:HOCl<HClO2<HCIO3<HCIO4
(ii)Acidity: Ga2O3<GeO2<AsO3<CIO2
(iii)Bond angle: SbH3<AsH3<PH3<NH3
(iv)Acidic strength: HF<HCl<HBr<HI
(v)Ionic character: MI<MBr<MCl<MF
ASSIGNMENTS
Very shot answer type questions:
1. Which of NH3 and H3O+ has higher bond angle and why?
2. Which of PH4I and PH4Cl is more stable and why?
3. What is the basicity of H3PO3 and H3PO4?
4. NH3 is easily liquefiable than PH3?
5. Which of NH3 and PH3 is stronger Lewis base and why?
6. PH3 has lower boiling point than NH3. Explain.
7. Why are halogens coloured.
8. What are chalcogens?
9. Which noble gas is Radioactive?
10.
Explain why fluorine alwaysexhibit an oxidation state of - 1 only.
11.
Which compound led to the discovery of compounds of noble
gas?
12.
Name the most electronegative element.
13.
Why is OF6 compound not known?
14.
Why is N2 not particularly reactive?
15.
Ammonia acts as aligned. Explain.
16.
Short answer type questions:
1) Write Phosphorous is more reactive than red phosphorous.
Explain.
2) Why do noble gases have comparatively large atomic sizes?
3) Arrange in decreasing order of Ionic character
M F, M Cl, M Br, M I
17.
Phosphinic acid behaves as a monoprotic acid
18.
Arrange the following in the order of property indicated:
a)AS2O3, ClO2, GeO2, Ga2O3__Increasing acidity
b) H2O, H2S, H2Se, H2Te__Increasing acid strength.
c) F2, Cl2, Br2, I2
Bond Energy
---19.
Complete the following:
i)
HNO3 +P4O10
ii)
IO-3 + I- + H+
20.
How would you account for following?
i)Enthalpy of dissociation of F2 is much less than that of Cl2.
ii)Sulphur in vapour state exhibits paramagnetism.
21.
Draw structures of following:
a)Per-oxomonasalphuric acid - H2SO5

b)XeF4
22.
Level III
1) Complete and balance:
i)
F2 + H2O Cold
ii)
BrO-3 + F2 + OH-
iii)
Li + N2 (cold)
iv)
NH3 + NaOCl
2) Despite lower electron affinity of F2, is stronger oxidising agent
than Cl2.
Explain.
23.

Give reason for the following observations.

[i] Noble gases are mostly chemicallly inert
[ii] Nitrogen does not form pentahalide
[iii] Bismuth is a strong oxidising agent in pentavalent state
[Iv]Nitric oxide becomes brown when released in air.
[v]PCl5 is ionic in nature in the solid state.
24.
Identify hybridization state of central atom and use concept of
VSEPR theory .also its shape (geometry) and draw the structure.
LP
PCl3
PCl5
BrF3
XeF2
XeF4
XeOF4
XeO3
XeF6
XeO2F2
SF4
PH3

BP

Hybrid

Geomet
ry

Shape

Chapter:-8 The d-and f-Block Elements

5 Marks Chapter

POINTS TO BE REMEMBERED: --The elements of periodic table belonging to group 3 to 12 are known as dBlock elements.
The general electronic configuration of these elements is (n -1)d1-10 ns

1-2

d- Block elements are collectively known as Transition Elements because

properties of these elements vary in between s-Block and p-Block
elements.
A transition element should have partially filled (n-1) d orbital in its atomic
or any of the ionic state.

Group 12 elements i.e. Zn, Cd, Hg have completely filled (n-1) d-orbital in
atomic & ionic state & thus these elements are considered as Typical
Transition Elements.
All these elements are metals. They are less electropositive than s-block
elements & more electropositive than p-block elements.
The atomic radii decreases from group 3 to 6 (i.e. Sc to Cr) because of
increase in effective nuclear charge gradually.
The atomic radii of group 7,8 9 &10 elements (i.e. Fe,Co,Ni) is almost same
because pairing of electrons take place in (n-1)d orbital causing
repulsion i.e. shielding of (n-1)d orbital.
Group 11 &12 elements i.e. Cu & Zn have bigger size due to strong
shielding of completely filled (n-1)d orbital.
Density of the transition metals from Sc to Cu increases due to high atomic
mass and small atomic volume.
The transition elements show variable oxidation state due to small energy
difference between (n-1)d &ns orbital as a result both (n-1)d &ns
electrons take part in bond formation.
The highest oxidation state of an element is equal to number of unpaired
electrons present in (n-1)d &ns orbital.
Transition elements have high enthalpy of atomization/ sublimation
Because of large number of unpaired electrons in their atoms, they have
stronger interatomic interaction and hence strong metallic bonding is
present between atoms.
Most of transition elements are paramagnetic due to presence of unpaired
electrons in
(n-1) d orbital.
Most of transition elements are used as catalyst. It is due to (i) partially
filled (n-1) d orbital (ii) Variable oxidation state (iii) Ability to change
oxidation state frequently.
Most of transition elements form coloured compounds due to presence of
unpaired electrons in (n-1) d orbital & thus they can undergo d-d
transition.
Most of transition elements form complex compounds due to (i) small size
(ii) high charge (iii) presence of vacant d-orbital of suitable energy.
Transition elements have lower value of Reduction Potential due to high
ionization potential, high heat of sublimation & low enthalpy of
hydration.
Transition elements form interstitial compounds because size of interstitial
voids is similar to size of non- metals C, N, O, H.

Transition elements form alloys due to similar ionic radii.

The oxides of transition metals in lower oxidation state are BASIC,
intermediate oxidation state are AMPHOTERIC, highest oxidation state
are ACIDIC.
LANTHANOIDS: --1. The 14 elements after Lanthanum having atomic number 58 to 71
are collectively known as Lanthanoids.
2. The general electronic configuration of these elements is [Xe] 4f 1-14,
5d0-1 ,6s2 .
3. Most common oxidation state of these elements is +3, but Ce shows
+4, Eu +2, because they acquire stable configuration.
4. The size of Lanthanoids and its trivalent ion decreases from La to Lu
due to poor shielding of 4f electrons. It is known as lanthanoids
contraction.

ACTINOIDS:-1. The 14 elements after Actinium having atomic number 90 to 113

are collectively known as Actinoids.
2. The general electronic configuration of these elements is [Rn] 5f 114
, 6d0-1 ,7s2.
3. The size of actinoids and its trivalent ion decreases from Ac to Lw
due to poor shielding of 5f electrons. It is known as actinoids
contraction.
4. The elements after U (92) are man made known as transuranic
elements.
POTASSIUM DICHROMATE:-Preparation: - It takes place in three steps(i)

Conversion of chromite ore to sodium chromate.

(ii)

Conversion of sodium chromate to sodium dichromate.

(iii)

Conversion of sodium dichromate to potassium dichromate

Following reaction take place:-4 FeCr2O4+ 4 Na2CO3 +7O2
CO2
2Na2CrO4 + 2 H+
Na2Cr2O7 + 2 KCl

2 Na2CrO4+ 2Fe2O3 +8
Na2Cr2O7 + 2 Na+ + H2O
K2Cr2O7 + 2 NaCl

The chromates and dichromates are interconvertible in aqueous solution

depending upon Ph of the solution.
A) In Acedic medium(PH<7)
2CrO42- + 2H+ ---------- Cr2O72- +H2O
B) In basic medium (PH >7)
C) 2CrO72- + 2OH-

-------- Cr2O42- +H2O

POTASSIUM PERMANGNATE:-Preparation: -It takes place in two steps:(i)

Conversion of pyrolusite ore into potassium magnate

(ii)

Conversion of potassium magnate to potassium permaganate

Following reactions take place:2 MnO2 + 4 KOH + O2
2 K2MnO4 + 2H2O
2+
3 MnO4 +4H
2 MnO4- +MnO2 +2H2O

QUESTION ANSWERS
(TWO MARK QUESTIONS)
Q.1-Explain briefly how +2 oxidation state becomes more and more stable
in the first half of the first row transition elements with increasing atomic
number.
A.1-In M2+ ions, 3d-orbitals get occupied gradually as the atomic number
increases. Since, the number of empty d-orbitals decreases, the stability of
cations increases from Sc2+ to Mn2+ .Mn2+ is most stable as all d-orbitals are
singly occupied.
Q.2- Explain why transition elements have many irregularities in their
electronic configurations?
A.2-In the transition elements, there is a little difference in the energy of (n1) d-orbitals and ns-orbitals. Thus, incoming electron can occupy either of
shell. Hence, transition elements exhibit many irregularities in their
electronic configurations.
Q.3-What are different oxidation states exhibited by Lanthanides?
A.3-The common stable oxidation state of lanthanides is +3.However some
members also show oxidation states of +2 & +4.
Q.4-How is the variability in oxidation states of transition metals different
from that of the non-transition metals? Illustrate with examples.

A.4-The transition elements use its (n-1)d, ns and np orbital and the
successive oxidation states differ by unity. For example, Mn shows all the
oxidation states from +2 to +7. On other hand non transition elements use
its ns, np and nd orbitals and the successive oxidation states differ by two
units e.g. Sn2+, Sn4+ etc.
Q.5- Why do transition elements show variable oxidation states?
A.5- The transition elements show variable oxidation state due to small
energy difference between (n-1) d &ns orbital as a result both (n-1)d &ns
electrons take part in bond formation.
Q.6-Why are Mn2+ compounds more stable than Fe2+ compounds towards
oxidation to +3 state?
A.6-The electronic configuration of Mn2+ is [Ar] 3d5, i.e. all five d-orbitals are
singly occupied. Thus this is stable electronic configuration and further loss
of electron requires high energy .on other hand side the electronic
configuration of Fe2+is [Ar] 3d6, i.e. Loss of one electron requires low
energy.
Q.7-To what extend do the electronic configuration decide the stability of
oxidation state in the first series of the transition elements? Illustrate your
answer with an example.
A.7-In a transition series, the oxidation state which lead to exactly half filled
or completely filled orbitals are more stable.e.g. the electronic
configuration of Fe is [Ar] 3d6 ,4s2. It shows various oxidation state but
Fe(III) is more stable than Fe(II).
Q.8-What is meant by disproportionation? Give two examples.
A.8-Those reactions in which same substance undergoes oxidation as well
as reduction are called disproportionation reactions.e.g.
2Cu+

Cu2+ + Cu
3 MnO42- +4 H+

2 MnO4- +MnO2 + 2 H2O

Q.9- Which metal in the first series of transition metals exhibits +1
oxidation state most frequently and why?
A.9- Copper with configuration [Ar] 3d 10 4s1 exhibits +1 oxidation state.
Copper loses 4s1 electron easily and achieved a stable configuration 3d 10 by
forming Cu+.
Q.10- What are inner transition elements?
A.10- The f-block elements in which the last electron accommodated on (n2) f-subshell are called inner transition elements. These include atomic
numbers 58 to 71 and from 90 to 103.
Q.11- The paramagnetic character in 3d-transition series elements
increases upto Mn and then decreases. Explain why?
A.11- In the 3d-transition series as we move from Sc (21) to Mn (25) the
number of unpaired electrons increases and hence paramagnetic character
increases. After Mn, the pairing of electrons in the d-orbital starts and the
number of unpaired electrons decreases and hence, paramagnetic
character decreases.
Q.12- Comment on the statement that elements of the first transition series
possess many properties different from those of heavier transition metal
A.12-The following points justify that the given statement is true:(i) Ionization enthalpies of heavier transition elements are higher than the
elements of 3d series. Consequently, heavier transition elements are less
reactive in comparison to 3d-elements.

(ii) Melting points of heavier transition elements are higher than 3delements.
(iii) Higher oxidation states of heavier transition elements are stable
whereas lower oxidation states are stable in 3d-elements.
Q.13-What are transition elements? Which d-block elements are not
regarded as transition elements and why?
A.13- An element which has partially filled (n-1) d orbital is known as
transition elements. Group 12 elements i.e. Zn, Cd, Hg have completely
filled (n-1) d-orbital in atomic & ionic state & thus these elements are not
considered as Transition Elements.
Q.14-What are interstitial compounds? Why are such compounds well
known for transition metal?
A.14- Compounds of transition metal with relatively smaller non-metals are
known as interstitial compounds. These compounds are well known for
transition metals because size of C, N, O, and B is similar to size of
interstitial voids of transition metal
Q.15-For the first row of transition metals the E0 values are:E0
V
Cr
Mn
Fe
Co
Ni
Cu
values
M2+/M
-1.18 -0.91
-1.18
-0.44
-0.28
-0.25
+0.3
4
Explain the irregularity in the above values.
A.15-The E0 ( M2+/M) values are not regular which can be explained from the
irregular variation of ionization energy and sublimation energy of Mn due to
half-filled orbitals.
(THREE MARK QUESTIONS)
Q.1- Decide giving reason which one of the following pairs exhibits the
property indicated:
(i)Sc3+ or Cr3+ exhibits paramagnetism
(ii)V or Mn exhibits more number of oxidation states
(iii)V4+ or V5+ exhibits colour
A.1- (i) Sc=[Ar] 3d14s2 ; Sc3+=[Ar] ; it has no unpaired electron so
diamagnetic
Cr=[Ar] 3d54s1 ;
Cr3+=[Ar]3d3 ; it has three unpaired electrons
paramagnetic
(ii) V=[Ar] 3d34s2 Mn=[Ar] 3d54s2 Thus V exhibit oxidation states of
+2, +3, +4, +5
Whereas Mn exhibit oxidation states of +2 to +7.
4+
(iii) V =[Ar] 3d1 coloured V5+=[Ar] colourless
Q.2-(a) Describe the general trends in the following properties of the first
series of the transition elements:(i) Stability of +2-oxidation state
(ii) Formation of oxometal ions
(b) Write steps involved in the preparation of KMnO4 from K2MnO4
A.2- (a) i-The elements of first transition series show decreasing tendency
to form divalent cation as we move left to right in the series. This trend is
due to general increase in the first and second ionization energy. The
greater stability of Mn2+ is due to half filled d 5 configuration and that of zinc
is due to d10 configuration.

(ii) All metal except Sc from oxide of type MO which are basic. The highest
oxidation number in all oxide, coincide with the group number and is attain
in Sc2O3 to Mn2O7. Formation of oxoanions is due to high electro negativity
and small size of oxygen atom.
2-(b) It takes place in two steps:(iii) Conversion of pyrolusite ore into potassium mangnate.
(iv)

Conversion of potassium mangnate to potassium permanganate.

Following reactions take place:2 MnO2 + 4 KOH + O2
2 K2MnO4 + 2H2O
2+
3 MnO4 +4H
2 MnO4- +MnO2 +2H2O
Q.3-(a) Write the steps involve in the preparation of K2Cr2O7 from chromite
ore.
(b) What is the effect of pH on dichromate ion solution?
A.3-(a):- It takes place in three steps(iv)

Conversion of chromite ore to sodium chromate.

(v)

Conversion of sodium chromate to sodium dichromate.

(vi)

Conversion of sodium dichromate to potassium dichromate

Following reactions take place:-4 FeCr2O4+ 4 Na2CO3 +7O2
2 Na2CrO4+ 2Fe2O3 +8
CO2
2Na2CrO4 + 2 H+
Na2Cr2O7 + 2 Na+ + H2O
Na2Cr2O7 + 2 KCl
K2Cr2O7 + 2 NaCl
(b) Dichromate ion is orange in acidic solution (pH<7) and turns yellow in
basic solution. It is due to interconversion of dichromate ion to chromate
ion. Following reactions take place:2 Cr0 42- (yellow) +2 H+
Cr2O72- (orange)
+ H2O
Cr 2O72- (orange) +2 OH- 2 Cr042- (yellow) +
H2O.
Q.4- (a) What is lanthanide contraction? What effect does it have on the
chemistry of the elements, which follow lanthanoids?
(b) The chemistry of actinoid elements is not so much smooth as that of
lanthanoids. Justify these statements by giving some examples from the
oxidation state of these elements.
A.4- (a)The size of Lanthanoids and its trivalent ion decreases from La to
Lu. It is known as lanthanoids contraction.
Cause: - It is due to poor shielding of 4f electrons.
Consequences of lanthanide contraction: - (i) Basic strength of hydroxide
decreases from La(OH)3 TO Lu(OH)3. (ii) Because of similar chemical
properties lanthanides are difficult to separate.
(b) Lanthanoids show limited number of oxidation states i.e. +2, +3, +4
(out of which +3 is most common) . This is because of a large energy gap
between 4f, 5d and 6s subshell. The dominant oxidation state of actinides is
also +3 but they show a number of other oxidation state also e.g. +4, +5,
and +7. This is due to small energy difference between 5f, 6d and 7s
orbitals.

Q.5- Give examples and suggest reasons for the following features of the
transition metal
chemistry:
(i) The lowest oxide of transition metal is basic, the highest is
amphoteric/acidic.
(ii)
A transition metal exhibits highest oxidation state in oxides and
fluorides.
(iii) Of the d4 species, Cr2+ is strongly reducing while manganese(III)is
strongly oxidizing.
A.5-(i) The oxide of transition metals in lower oxidation states are generally
basic while those in the higher oxidation states are acidic. Acidic character
increases with increase in oxidation state is due to decrease in size of metal
ion and increase in charge density.e.g. MnO (basic), Mn 3O4 (amphoteric),
Mn2O7 (acidic).
(ii) A transition metal exhibits higher oxidation states in oxides and
fluorides because oxygen and fluorine are the most electronegative
elements and thus easily can unpair electrons of metal atom.
(iii) Because oxidizing and reducing property depends on E 0 value. Since E0
value of Cr3+/Cr2+ is negative while that of Mn 3+/Mn2+ is positive, as a result
Cr(II) act as reducing agent and Mn(III) is strong oxidizing.
Q.6-For M 2+/M and M 3+/M2+ systems, the Eo values for some metals are as
follows:
Cr2+/Cr
-0.9V
Cr3+/Cr2+
-0.4V
2+
Mn /Mn
-1.2V
Mn3+/Mn2+
+ 1.5V
2+
3+
2+
Fe /Fe
-0.4V
Fe /Fe
+0.8V
Use this data to comment upon :(i)the stability of Fe3+ in acid solution as compared to Cr3+ or Mn3+ and
(ii)the ease with which iron can be oxidized as compared to a similar
process for either chromium or manganese metal.
A.6- (i)Eo for Cr3+/Cr2+ is -0.4V i.e. negative, this means Cr3+ ions in the
solution cannot be reduced to Cr2+ easily i.e. Cr3+ is stable. As Mn3+/Mn2+ is
+1.5V i.e positive means Mn3+ can easily reduced to Mn 2+ ions in
comparison to Fe3+ ions. Thus relatively stability of these ions is:Mn3+
< Fe3+
< Cr3+
(ii) The oxidation potentials for the given pairs will be +0.9V, +1.2V and
0.4V. Thus, the order of their getting oxidized will be in the order
Mn>Cr>Fe.
Q.7-Account for the following statements:
(i)Cobalt (II) is stable in aqueous solution but in the presence of strong
ligands and air, it can be oxidized to Co (III).
(ii)The d1 configuration is very unstable in ions.
(iii)One among the lanthanides, Ce (III) can be easily oxidized to Ce (IV).
A.7- (i) Strong ligands force cobalt (II) to lose one more electron from 3dsubshell and thereby induced d2sp3 hybrisation.
(ii) The ion with d1 configuration try to lose the only electron in order to
acquire inert gas configuration.
(iii) The configuration of Ce is [Xe] 4f 1, 5d1 ,6s2. There is no much difference
between the energy of 4f, 5d and 6s orbitals and thus, Ce can utilize
electrons present in these orbitals and hence oxidation state of +4.
Q.8- Compare the chemistry of actinides with that of the lanthanoids with
special reference to:

(i) electronic configuration

(ii) atomic and ionic sizes and
reactivity
A.8-

(iii) oxidation state

(iv) chemical

Comparison of Lanthanoids

and Actinides
Propertie
s
Electronic
configurati
on
Atomic/ion
ic sizes
Oxidation
states

Chemical
reactivity
Complex
formation

Lanthanoids

Actinides

[Xe] 4f1-14, 5d0-1 ,6s2

[Rn] 5f1-14, 6d0-1 ,7s2.

Size decreases from La to

Lu, and size is more than
actinides.
Common oxidation is +3
where other oxidation
states are +2, +4.It is due
to a large energy gap
between 4f, 5d and 6s
subshell
The earlier member quite
reactive but with increasing
atomic number they
behave like aluminum.
Less tendency to form
complex due to less charge
density.

Size decreases from Ac to Lw,

and size is smaller than
lanthanoids due to poorer
shielding of 5f electrons
Common oxidation is +3
where other oxidation states
are +2, +4,+5 and+7 due to
due to small energy difference
between 5f, 6d and 7s orbitals
The actinides highly
reactive ,especially in finely
divided.
More tendency to form
complex due to high charge
density.

Q.9-(a) What is actinides contraction? What effect does it have on the

chemistry of the
elements, which follow actinides?
(b) Name an important alloy, which contains some of the lanthanide
metals. Mention its uses.
A.9- (a) The size of actinoid and its trivalent ion decreases from Ac to Lw. It
is known as l actinides contraction.
Cause: - It is due to poor shielding of 5f electrons.
Consequences of actinides contraction: - (i) Basic strength of hydroxide
decreases from Ac(OH)3 To Lw(OH)3. (ii) Because of similar chemical
properties l actinides are difficult to separate.
(b) An important alloy containing lanthanoid metals is mischmetal, which
contains 95% lanthanide metal and 5% Fe along with traces of S, C, Ca and
Al. It is used in Mg-based alloy to produce bullets, shells and lighter flint.
Q.10- Complete following reactions:(i)

MnO4- + H+ + Fe2+

(ii)

MnO4- + C2O42- + H+

(iii) MnO4- + O H- + I-

----------------------------------

+--------------+--------------

+--------------+--------------

+--------------+--------------

A.10-(i) MnO4- + 8H+ + 5 Fe2+

+

Mn2+

2 Mn2+

5 Fe3+

4H2O

(ii) 2 MnO4- + 5 C2O42- + 16 H+

+

10 CO2

8H2O

(iii) 2 MnO4- + H2O + I-

2MnO2

2OH-

+ IO3-

(FIVE MARK QUESTIONS)

Q.1-Explain giving reasons:
(i) Transition metals and many of their compounds show
paramagnetic behaviour.
(ii) The enthalpies of atomisation of the transition metals are
high.
(iii) The transition metals generally form coloured compounds.
(iv) Transition metals and their many compounds act as good
catalyst.
(v)Transition metals have a strong tendency to form complexes.
A.1- (i)Transition metals and many of their compounds show paramagnetic
behaviour due to
presence of unpaired electrons in (n-1) d orbital.
(ii) The enthalpies of atomisation of the transition metals are high Because
of large number of unpaired electrons in their atoms, they have stronger
interatomic interaction and hence strong metallic bonding is present
between atoms.
(iii) The transition metals generally form coloured compounds due to
presence of unpaired electrons in (n-1) d orbital & thus they can undergo
d-d transition.
(iv) Transition metals and their many compounds act as good catalyst It is
due to (i) partially filled (n-1) d orbital (ii) Variable oxidation state (iii)
Ability to change oxidation state frequently.
(v) Transition metals have a strong tendency to form complexes Most of
transition elements form complex compounds due to (i) small size (ii)
high charge (iii) presence of vacant d-orbital of suitable energy.
Q.2- Give reasons for the following:(i) Fe has higher melting point than Cu.
(ii) [Ti (H2O)6]3+ is coloured while [Sc(H20)6] is colourless.
(iii)The 4d and 5d series of transition metals have more frequent metalmetal bonding in
their compound than do the 3d metals.
(iv)Transition metals some time exhibit very low oxidation state such as
+1and 0.
(v)Hg is not considered a transition metal.
A.2-(i) This is because Fe (3d6, 4s1) has four unpaired electrons in 3dsubshell. While Cu
(3d 10, 4s1) only one
unpaired electron in 4s shell. Hence metallic bonding is stronger in Fe than
those in Cu.
(ii) The oxidation state of Ti in [Ti (H2O)6]3+ is +3 and its configuration is [Ar]
3d1 i.e one unpaired electron and hence it is coloured. Whereas the
oxidation state of Sc in [Sc (H2O)6]3+ is +3 and its configuration is [Ar] 3d0
i.e no unpaired electron and hence it is colourless.

(iii)In the same group of d-block elements, the 4d and 5d transition

elements are larger size than that of 3d elements. Hence, the valence
electrons are less tightly held and form metal-metal bond more frequently.
(iv)+1 oxidation state is shown by elements like Cu because after loss of
one electron, it acquire stable configuration. Zero oxidation state is shown
in metal carbonyl, because -electrons donated by CO are accepted into
the empty orbital.
(v)The characteristic properties of transition metal are due to partially filled
d-orbitals.Hg has completely filled d-orbital, as a result it doesnt show
properties of transition metals and hence is not considered as transition
metal.
Q.3-(a) write electronic configuration of element having atomic number
101.
(b) Which element show maximum oxidation state in 3d transition
series?
(c) What is mischmetal?
(d) Explain why Cu+ ion is not stable in aqueous solution?
(e) Name the transition metal which is well known to exhibit +4 oxidation
state?
A.3-(a) [Rn] 5f13,6d0, 7s2.
(b) Mn, Which shows +7 oxidation state in KMnO4.
(c) It is an important alloy, which contains 95% lanthanide metal and
5% Fe along with traces of S, C, Ca and Al. It is used in Mg-based alloy to
produce bullets, shells and lighter flint.
(d) Water is a good complexing agent and thus Cu forms complex by
losing one more electron from 3d orbital.
(e)Cerium (Z=58)
Q.4-(a) Write the preparation of potassium dichromate from iron chromite.
What happens when potassium dichromate reacts with (i) Hydrogen
sulphide (ii) FeSO4?
(b) Why do Zr and Hf exhibit almost similar properties?
(c)Why is La(OH)3 stronger base than Lu(OH)3.
A.4- (a) Preparation:- It takes place in three steps(i)
Conversion of chromite ore to sodium chromate.
(ii)

Conversion of sodium chromate to sodium dichromate.

(iii)

Conversion of sodium dichromate to potassium dichromate

Following reaction takes place:-4 FeCr2O4+ 4 Na2CO3 +7O2
2 Na2CrO4+ 2Fe2O3 +8
CO2
2Na2CrO4 + 2 H+
Na2Cr2O7 + 2 KCl

Na2Cr2O7 + 2 Na+ + H2O

K2Cr2O7 + 2 NaCl

Reactions: - (i) Cr2O7

2-

+ 8 H+ + 3 H2S 2Cr3+ + 7 H20 + 3S

(ii) Cr2O7

2-

+ 14 H+ + 6 Fe2+ 2Cr3+ + 7 H20 + 6 Fe3+.

(b) Because both have similar ionic size

(c)Due to lanthanoid contraction size of La 3+ is smaller than Lu3+ as a result
Lu-O bond will stronger than La-O bond.

Q.5- Give reasons for the following:(i) Transition metals have high enthalpy of hydration.
(ii) Zn, Cd and Hg are not regarded as transition metal.
(iii) d block elements exhibit a large number of oxidation state than f
block elements.
(iv)The second and third members in each group of transition element
have similar atomic radii.
(v) K2 [PtCl6] is well known compound whereas the corresponding Ni
compound is not known.
A.5-(i) Transition metal ions are smaller and have higher charge, therefore
have high enthalpy of hydration.
(ii) Group 12 elements i.e. Zn, Cd, Hg have completely filled (n-1) d-orbital
in atomic & ionic state & thus these elements are not considered as
transition elements.
(iii)The difference in the energy of (n-1) d orbital and ns orbital is very small
and thus both sub-shells are used for bond formation. Whereas in f block
elements (n-2)f orbitals lie underneath and hence are not available for bond
formation.
(iv) The second and third members in each group of transition element
have similar atomic radii due to lanthanoid contraction. It arises due to
poor shielding of d and f electron.
(v)The oxidation state of Pt in is +4 which is stable for Pt. The +4 oxidation
state for Ni is very difficult to achieve because the sum of first four
ionization energies is very high. Hence ,the corresponding Ni(II)
compound is known.
--------------------------------------------------------------Reasoning:
Q1 Why are transition metals called d block elements?
Q2 What causes exceptional electronic configuration of Cr and Cu?
Q3 Why are Mn2+ salts more stable than Fe2+ while Fe3+ salts are more
stable than Mn 3+?
Q4 Transition metals are hard; possess high densities and high enthalpies of
atomization.
Q5 Metallic character decreases along the period.
Q6 Melting Points and Boiling points first increases and then decrease
gradually.
Q7 Transition metals have high mp and bps.
Q8. Transition metals have higher I.E. than s- block metals.
Q9 In third and second transition series atomic radii are almost similar.
Q10 Ionization enthalpies in general increase along the period.
Q11 Transition metals can also form acidic oxides.
Q12 First I.E of Mn is exceptionally high (717KJ/mol)
Q13 First I.E of Zn is high (906KJ/mol).Why?
Q14 2nd I.E of Cu is higher than Zn. Why?
Q15 2nd I.E of Cr is higher than Mn. Why?
Q16 1st I.E decreases from Mn to Ni.
Q17 3rd I.E is exceptionally high (3260KJ/mol) for Mn.

Q18 Comment on the formation and existence of Zn3+ ion.

Q19 Zn, Cd, and Hg have fully filled d-orbital. Are they transition metals?
Q20 Ionization enthalpies of the 5d elements are quite higher.
Q21 Transition metals show variable oxidation states.
Q22 Higher O.S increases along the period reaches a maximum value than
decreases.
Q23 Transition elements in their lower oxidation state form ionic
compounds.Why?
Q24 Transition elements also form some compounds with zero oxidation
state.
Q25 Transition metals form complexes.
Q26 Transition metals form coloured complexes.
Q27 Sc3+, Ti4+,Zn2+,Cd2+ salts are white and diamagnetic.
Q28 Transition metals show paramagnetic properties.
Q29 Transition metals show catalytic properties.

CHAPTER- 9: CO-ORDINATIONCOMPOUNDS
3 Marks Chapter
The compounds which contain dative bonds between metal atom and surrounding species is
called
co-ordination compounds .
The branch of inorganic chemistry which deals with the study of preparation properties of
coordination
compound is called co-ordination chemistry.
K4[Fe(CN)6],

[CuNH3)4]SO4

POINTSTOREMEMBER:
1.

Coordinationcompounds

Coordinationcompounds arecompounds inwhicha centralmetalatomorion

islinkedtoa
numberofions orneutralmoleculesby coordinatebonds
orwhichcontaincomplexions. Examples-K4[Fe(CN)6];
[Cu(NH3)4]SO4;Ni(CO)4
2.ThemainpostulatesofWernerstheoryofcoordinationcompounds
(i)Incoordination compounds metals showtwotypesof
linkagesorvalences-Primary and
Secondary.
ii) Theprimary valencesare ionisableandaresatisfiedby negative ions.
iii) The secondary valencesarenon-ionisableandare satisfiedby
neutralmoleculesor negativeions. The secondary valenceis
equaltotheC.Nandisfixedforametal.
iv) Theions orgroups boundby secondary linkages tothemetalhave characteristic
spatial
arrangementscorresponding todifferentcoordinationnos.
3.Differencebetweenadoublesaltandacomplex
Bothdoublesalts as wellas complexes areformedbythecombinationof
twoormorestable compoundsinstoichiometric ratio.However, double salts
suchascarnallite,KCl.MgCl2.6H2O,Mohrs salt, FeSO4.
(NH4)2SO4.6H2O,potashalum, KAl(SO4)2.12H2O,etc. dissociateintosimple
ionscompletelywhendissolvedinwater. However,complexions
suchas[Fe(CN)6]4of K4[Fe(CN)6], donotdissociateintoFe2+andCN ions.
IMPOTANT TERMINOLOGY
(i)Coordinationentity: It constitutes the centralmetal ionoratombondedtoa
fixednumber of ionsormolecules representedwithina squarebracket.
(ii)Centralatom/ion:Inacoordinationentity,theatom/iontowhicha
fixednumberof ions/groupsare boundinadefinitegeometrical
arrangementaroundit,iscalledthe central atomorion.
iii)Ligands:Theneutralornegativeionsboundtothe centralmetalor
ioninthe coordinationentity. Thesedonateapair/sofelectronstothe centralmetal
atom/ion. Ligands maybe classifiedasa)
Monodentate/Unidentate:Ligandsboundtothe
centralmetalatom/ionthrougha singledonoratom. Ex-Cl- ;H2O;NH3 ; NO2-.
b)
Didentate:Ligates throughtwodonoratoms.Ex-C2O4 2-(ox);
H2NCH2CH2NH2(en)
c)
Polydentate: whichligates throughtwoormoredonoratoms
presentinasingleligand. Ex-(EDTA)4d)
Chelatingligands: Di-orpolydentateligands that
usestwoormoredonoratoms to bindtoasinglemetaliontoformring-like
complexes.(Ox); (edta)
e)
Ambidentateligand: Aligand
thatcanligatethroughtwodifferentatoms,oneata time.Ex-NO2-;SCN-

v)
Coordinationnumber:Theno.ofliganddonoratoms towhichthemetal
isdirectly bondedthroughsigma bonds only. Itiscommonly4or6.
vi)
Counterions:Theionisable groups writtenoutsidethesquarebracket.Ex-K+
in
K4[Fe(CN)6]OR3Cl- in[Co(NH3)6]Cl3
vii)
CoordinationPolyhedron:Thespatialarrangementof theligandatoms
whichare directlyattachedtothecentralmetalatom/ion.Theyarecommonly
Octahedral, Square-planar orTetrahedral
Oxidationnumber: The chargethatthe
centralatomwouldcarryifalltheligands are
removedalongwiththeirpairsofelectrons sharedwiththe centralatom. Itis
representedin parenthesis.
viii) Homolepticcomplexes: Complexes
inwhichametalisbondedtoonlyone kindof donorgroups. Ex[Co(NH3)6]3+
ix)
Heterolepticcomplexes: Complexes
inwhichametalisbondedtomore thanonekindofdonorgroups.Ex[Co(NH3)4 Cl2]+
5. NAMING OF MONONUCLEAR COORDINATION COMPOUNDS
The principle of additive nomenclature is followed while naming the coordination
compounds. The following rules are usedi
The cation is named first in both positively and negatively charged
coordination entities.
ii
The ligands are named in an alphabetical order before the name of the
central atom/ion
iii Thenameof theanionic ligands endino, thoseofneutralandcationic ligandsare
thesameexceptaquaforH2O,ammine
forNH3,carbonylforCOandnitrosylforNO.
theseareplacedwithinenclosing marks
.
iv Whentheprefixes mono, di, tri,etc., areusedtoindicatethenumberofthe
individualligandsinthe coordinationentity. Whenthenames of theligands
includea
numericalprefix, thentheterms,bis,tris , tetrakis
areused,theligandtowhichthey refer
beingplacedinparenthesis.
v
Oxidationstateof themetalincation,anion,or
neutralcoordinationentity is
indicatedbyromannumeralinparenthesis.
vi Ifthe complexionisacation,themetal issameastheelement.
vii Theneutralcomplexmoleculeis namedsimilartothatof thecomplexcation.
6.NAMESOFSOMECOMMONLIGANDS
NEGATIVELIGANDS
CN-

Cyano

CHARGE

NEUTRALLIGANDS

CHARGE

-1

NH3

Ammine

Cl-

Chlorido

-1

H2 O

Aqua/aquo

Br-

Bromido

-1

NO

Nitrosyl

F-

Fluoride

-1

CO

Carbonyl

SO42-

Sulphato

-2

PH3

Phosphine

C2O42-

Oxalato

-4

CH2-NH2

(1,2-Ethane
diamine)

CH2NH2
NH2-

Amido

-1

POSITIVELIGANDS

NH2-

Imido

-2

NH2-NH3+

Hydrazinium

+1

ONO-

Nitrito-O

-1

NO+

Nitrosonium

+1

NO2-

Nitro

-1

NO2+

Nitronium

+1

NO3-

Nitrato

-1

SCN-

Thiocyanato

-1

NCS-

Isothiocyanato -1

CH2(NH2)COO-

Glycinato

-1

-OH

Hydroxo

-1

7.ISOMERISM INCOORDINATIONCOMPOUNDS
Twoormore substanceshaving
thesamemolecularformulabutdifferentspatialarrangements
arecalledisomersandthe phenomenon is calledisomerism. Coordination
compounds show two maintypes of isomerismA)StructuralIsomerism

B) Stereoisomerism

STRUCTURALISOMERISM:-Itarises duetothedifferenceinstructures of
coordination compounds.Itis furthersubdividedintothe followingtypes1)
Ionisationisomerism:Thisformof isomerismarises whenthe
counterionina complexsaltis
itselfapotentialligandandcandisplacealigandwhichcanthenbecomethe
counterion.Anexampleis providedbytheionization
isomers[Co(NH3)5SO4]Brand [Co(NH3)5Br]SO4.
2)
Hydrateorsolvateisomerism:Thisform of isomerismisknownas
hydrateisomerism incasewherewaterisinvolvedas asolvent.Thisis
similartoionisationisomerism.Solvate isomers
differbywhetherornotasolventmoleculeisdirectlybondedtothemetal ionor
merely presentasfreesolventmoleculesinthe crystallattice. Anexampleis

providedbythe aquacomplex[Cr(H2O)6]Cl3 (violet)andits

solvateisomer[Cr(H2O)5Cl]Cl2.H2O(grey-green).
3)
LinkageIsomerism: Linkageisomerismarises
inacoordinationcompoundcontaining ambidentateligand. Asimpleexample
is
providedbycomplexescontainingthethiocyanateligand,NCS,whichmaybind
throughthenitrogentogiveMNCSorthroughsulphurtogive MSCN.
4)
Coordinationisomerism: Itarisesfromthe interchangeof
ligandsbetween cationic andanionic entitiesof differentmetal
ionspresent inacomplex.
Example [Co(NH3)6][Cr(CN)6]&[Cr(NH3)6][Co(CN)6]
STEREOISOMERISM: Stereoisomers havethe
samechemicalformulaandchemicalbonds
buttheyhavedifferentspatialarrangement.Theyareof twokinds
A. Geometricalisomerism
B.Opticalisomerism

TYPES OF HYBRIDISATION
Coordinationnumbe Typeof
r
hybridisation
4
sp3

Acquired geometry

dsp2

Squareplanar

sp3d

Trigonalbipyramidal

sp3d2

Octahedral

d2sp3

Octahedral

Tetrahedral

8. CRYSTALFIELDTHEORY: Splitting of d- orbitals of metals due to interaction

between
d- Electrons of metal and lone pairs of the ligands.
A)Splitting of d- orbitals in tetrahedral field
T2g set of orbitals

Degeneratedd- orbitals

e gset of orbitals

B)Splitting of d- orbitals in octahedral field (refer text book)

SOLVEDQUESTIONS
1MARK QUESTIONS
1. Whatareambidentateligands? Givetwo examples foreach.
ANS.Ambidentateligands areligands thatcanattachthemselvestothe centralmetal
atom throughtwodifferentatoms. Forexample:

(a)
(Thedonoratomis N)

M-CN

(Thedonoratomisoxygen)

M-NC

(b)
(ThedonoratomisN)
(Thedonoratomis C)
Q2.UsingIUPACnorms writetheformulafor
thefollowing:Tetrahydroxozincate(II) ANS.[Zn(OH)4]2
Q3.UsingIUPACnorms writetheformulafor
thefollowing:Hexaamminecobalt(III)
sulphate
ANS.[Co(NH3)6]2 (SO4)3
Q4.UsingIUPACnorms writetheformulafor
thefollowing:Pentaamminenitrito-O- cobalt(III)
ANS.[Co(ONO)(NH3)5]2+
Q5.UsingIUPACnorms writethesystematic nameofthefollowing:
[Co(NH3)6]Cl3
ANS.Hexaamminecobalt(III)chloride
Q6.UsingIUPACnorms writethesystematic
nameofthefollowing: [Pt(NH3)2Cl(NH2CH3)]Cl
ANS. Diamminechlorido(methylamine)platinum(II)chloride
Q7.UsingIUPACnorms writethesystematic nameofthefollowing:[Co(en)3]3+
ANS.Tris(ethane-1, 2-diammine)cobalt(III)ion
Q8.Whatis meantbythechelateeffect? Giveanexample.
ANS.Whenaligandattaches tothemetal ion inamannerthat formsaring,thenthemetalligandassociationis foundtobemorestable.

2/3MARK QUESTIONS
Q1.Whatis spectrochemicalseries? Explainthedifferencebetweena
weakfieldligandanda strongfieldligand.
ANS.Aspectrochemicalseriesisthearrangementof commonligands intheincreasing
orderof theircrystal-field splitting energy (CFSE) values.

I < Br < S2 < SCN <Cl< N3 < F < OH < C2O42 H2O < NCS
H < CN < NH3< en SO32 < NO2 <phen< CO
Q2.[Cr(NH3)6]3+is
paramagnetic
diamagnetic.Explainwhy?

while[Ni(CN)4]2is

ANS.Cris inthe+3oxidationstatei.e.,d3 configuration.Also, NH3 isa weak

fieldligandthat doesnotcausethepairingoftheelectrons inthe3dorbital.

Cr3+ :
Therefore,itundergoes d2sp3
hybridizationandtheelectronsinthe3dorbitalsremain unpaired. Hence, itis
paramagnetic innature.
In[Ni(CN)4]2,Niexists
inthe+2oxidationstatei.e.,
d8
configuration.

Ni2+:
CN isastrong fieldligand. It causes thepairing ofthe3dorbitalelectrons.
Then,Ni 2+
undergoesdsp2
hybridization.

Q3.Asolutionof

[Ni(H2O)6]2+is

greenbutasolution

of

[Ni(CN)4]2is

colourless.Explain.
ANS.In[Ni(H2O)6]2+,
isaweakfieldligand.Therefore,thereareunpairedelectronsin Ni2+.Inthis complex,
thedelectronsfromthe lowerenergylevel canbeexcitedtothehigher energy level i.e.,
thepossibilityof ddtransitionis present. Hence, Ni(H 2O)6]2+iscoloured.
In[Ni(CN)4]2,theelectrons areallpairedas CN- isastrong fieldligand. Therefore, d-d
transitionis notpossiblein[Ni(CN)4]2. Hence, itiscolourless. Astherearenounpaired
electrons,it isdiamagnetic.
Q4.Drawalltheisomers(geometricalandoptical)o

f:
(i)[CoCl2(en)2]+
(ii)[Co(NH3)Cl(en)2]2+
(iii)[Co(NH3)2Cl2(en)]+
Q5.Writeallthegeometricalisomersof [Pt(NH3)(Br)(Cl)(py)] andhowmany
of thesewill exhibitopticalisomers?
ANS.[Pt(NH3)(Br)(Cl)(py)

Fromtheaboveisomers, nonewillexhibitopticalisomers. Tetrahedralcomplexesrarely

show opticalisomerization.Theydosoonly inthepresenceof
unsymmetricalchelatingagents.
5MARKSQUESTIONS
Q1.(a)Discuss thenatureofbondinginthefollowingcoordinationentities
onthebasisofvalencebondtheory:
(i)[Fe(CN)6]4(ii)[FeF6]3 (iii)[Co(C2O4)3]3(iv)[CoF6]3
Steps to follow:
1. Write electronic configuration of the central metal ion.
2. See the coordination no. of metal.

Co.No
.

Possible Hybridization

Inner d- orbitals are

vacant

Inner d- orbitals are not

vacant

Or can be vacated by
pairing of electrons
(strong ligands)

Or cannot be vacated by
pairing of electrons
(strong ligands)

dsp2 or sp3

dsp2

sp3

d2sp3 or sp3d2

d2sp3

sp3d2

Strong ligands

CO, CN-1 and NH3

LEVEL1
1.Whydotetrahedralcomplexnotshow geometricalisomerism?
2. Why does the colourchangesonheating[Ti(H2O)6]3+.
3. [Fe(H2O)6]3+is strongly paramagnetic whereas [Fe(CN)6]3-is weakly
paramagnetic.Explain.
4. Whathappenswhenpotassiumferrocyanidesolutionisaddedtoaferric saltsolution?
LEVEL2
5.Acoordinationcompoundhas aformula(CoCl3.4NH3).Itdoes
notliberateNH3butprecipitateschlorideionas AgCl. GivetheIUPAC nameof
thecomplexandwriteits structural formula.
6. Writethe correctformulaforthefollowingco-ordinationcompounds.
6H2O(Violet,with3Chlorideions/Unitformula)
(Light greencolourwith2Chlorideions/unitformula)

CrCl3 .
CrCl3 .6H2O

7. Givetheelectronic configurationof thed-orbitalsof Tiin[Ti(H2O) 6]3+ion

inanoctahedralcrystalfield.
8.Co(II)is stableinaqueous solutionbut inthepresenceofstrongligands andair,
itcanget oxidizedto Co(III). (Atomic Numberof cobaltis 27).Explain.
9. Giveachemicaltesttodistinguishbetween[Co(NH 3)5Br]SO4
and[Co(NH3)5Br]SO4Br.Name thetypeof isomerism exhibitedbythese compounds.
10.
Whatisthecoordinationentity
formedwhenexcess
of
aqueousKCNis
addedtoanaqueous solutionof coppersulphate? Why is thatnoprecipitateof
coppersulphate is obtainedwhenH 2S(g)is passedthroughthis solution?
11.Aqueous coppersulphatesolution(blueincolour)gives
agreenprecipitatewithaqueous potassium fluoride,a
brightgreensolutionwithaqueous potassiumchloride.Explainthese
experimentalresults.
12.Ametal complexhaving the compositionCr(NH)4Cl2Brhas
beenisolatedintwoforms, A andB.The form A reactswithAgNO3 solutiontogivea
white precipitatereadily solublein diluteaqueous ammoniawhereas
Bgiveapaleyellow precipitate solubleinconcentrated ammoniasolution. Writethe

formulaeof AandBandwritetheirIUPACnames.
13. Explainthefollowing
i.

Alloctahedralcomplexesof
Ni2+mustbeouterorbitalcomplexes. ii.NH4+iondoes
notform anycomplex.

ii.

iii.(SCN)-1ion isinvolvedinlinkage isomerism incoordinationcompounds.

14.Ametal ionMn+ havingd4 valenceelectronic

configurationcombineswiththreedidentateligandstoform complexes.Assuming
o>PDrawthediagram showingdorbitalsplitting
duringthiscomplexformation.Writetheelectronic configurationof thevalenceelectrons
of the metalMn+ ioninterms oft2gandeg.WhattypeofthehybridizationwillMn+ ionhave?
Name thetypeof isomerism exhibitedbythiscomplex.
15. Thecoordinationno. of Ni2+ is 4.
NiCl2+KCN(excess)A(acyanocomplex)
A+ConcHCl(excess)B(achlorocomplex)
i)WriteIUPAC nameof AandB
ii) Predictthe magneticnatureof AandB
iii)Writehybridizationof NiinAandB
16. Explainthefollowing
i.Cu(OH)2 is solubleinammoniumhydroxidebutnotinsodium
hydroxidesolution. ii.EDTAisusedtocure leadpoisoning
iii.Bluecoloured solutionof [CoCl4]2-changes topink onreaction withHgCl2.
1 MARK QUESTIONS
Q1. Write the formula for the following coordination compound:
Tetraamineaquachloridocobalt(III) chloride
Q2. Write the IUPAC name of the following coordination compound:
[CoCl2(en)2]Cl
Q3. Why is geometrical isomerism not possible in tetrahedral complexes having two
different types of unidentate ligands coordinated with the central metal ion ?
Q4. Out of the following two coordination entities which is chiral (optically active)?
(a) cis-[CrCl2 (ox)2]3- (b) trans-[CrCl2 (ox)2]3Q5. The spin only magnetic moment of [MnBr4]2- is 5.9 BM. Predict the geometry of the
complex ion?

Q6. [NiCl4]2- is paramagnetic while [Ni(CO)4] is diamagnetic though both are

tetrahedral. Why?
2 MARKS QUESTIONS
Q1. Draw structures of geometrical isomers of [Fe(NH 3 )2(CN)4]Q2. Indicate the type of isomerism exhibited by the following complex and draw the
structures for these isomers:
[Co(en)3]Cl3
Q3. Give evidence that [Co(NH 3)5Cl]SO4 and [Co(NH3)5 SO4]Cl are ionization isomers.
Q4. Calculate the overall complex dissociation equilibrium constant for the
[Cu(NH3)4]2+ ion, given that 4 for this complex is 2.1 1013.
Q5. What is meant by unidentate ligand? Give two examples.
Q6. What is meant by didentate ligand? Give two examples.
Q7. What is meant by ambidentate ligands? Give two examples.
Q8. Draw the structures of optical isomers of:
[Cr(C2O4)3]3Q9. Discuss the nature of bonding in metal carbonyls.
Q10. What is meant by the chelate effect? Give an example.
Q11. Draw the structures of:
(i) Ni(CO)4
(ii) Fe(CO)5

CHAPTER-10. HALO ALKANES AND HALOARENES

4 Marks Chapter
For C4H9Br, four isomeric compounds are possible out of which one (secbutyl
bromide) can show enantiomerism.
For C5H11Br, eight isomeric compounds are possible out of which three can
exhibit enantiomerism.
Alcohols can be converted into chlorides by reaction with (i) HCl/ZnCl 2, (ii)
PCl5, (iii) PCl3 or (iv) SOCl2/Pyridine. The reaction with SOCl2/Pyridine is
preferred because in this case side products are gaseous and can be expelled
readily during distillation.
Addition of halogen acids to alkenes takes place via carbocations as
intermediates.
Halogenation of alkenes in the presence of peroxides, takes place
through free radicals as intermediates and results in antiMarkownikoffs
product (KHARASCH EFFECT).
Allylic substitution can be carried out using Cl 2 or Br2 at 800 K or sulphuryl
chloride (SO2Cl2) at 475 K in the presence of light and traces of peroxide. The
reaction proceeds via free radicals as intermediates.
Finkelstein reaction

Halogenation of benzene with Cl2 or Br2 in the presence of FeCl3 or FeBr3

(Halogen carrier) is an electrophilic substitution reaction, which
proceeds through a resonance stabilised carbocation asintermediate.
Sandmeyers Reaction: The reaction of benzene diazonium salts with CuCl
or CuBr or CuCN in the presence of HCl, HBr or KCN respectively is known as
Sandmeyers reaction.

For same alkyl group, boiling points of alkyl halides are in the order : RI
>RBr>RCl> RF.
For same halogen boiling point of halides increases with increase in size of
alkyl group.
Among isomeric halides boiling point decreases with increase in branching in
alkyl group.
Alkyl halides are insoluble in water due to their inability to form hydrogen
bonds with water.
Density of alkyl halides in the order RI >RBr>RCl. Alkyl chlorides are lighter
than water whereas bromides and iodides are heavier than water.
Nucleophilic substitution reactions are the characteristic reactions of
alkyl halides.

 These reactions may proceed through

mechanism. The order of
S 2N
1
reactivity of alkyl halides through SN mechanism is 3o> 2o>1o . The order of
reactivity of alkyl halides through SN2 mechanism is 1o> 2o> 3o.

SaytzeffRule. During dehydrohalogenation the more substituted alkene is

the preferred product.
Wurtz Reaction. For preparing symmetrical alkanes.
R X + Na
R R + NaX
Methane cannot be prepared by this method.
Aryl halides undergo substitution less readily than alkyl halides.
Reactivity towards nucleophilic substitution increases if some electron
withdrawing group such as NO2 is present at ortho or para positions
with respect to halogen.
Fittig Reaction
Haloarenes are less reactive than benzene towards electrophilic substitution
reactions.
Westron: 1, 1, 2, 2Tetrachloroethane
Westrosol : Trichloroethene
D.D.T: 1,1, 1Trichlro2, 2bis (pchlorophenyl) ethane
CF2Cl2 : (Freon 12) is used as refrigerant
CCl4 : is used as fire extinguisher under the name pyrene.
IUPAC name of B.H.C. is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6. Hexachlorocyclohexane.

Aryl and vinyl halides donot give precipitate with AgNO3 solution.

Some important name reaction

1. Wurtz reaction
R X + 2Na +xr ether R R +2 NaX

2. Wurtz Fittig reaction

C6H5Br + 2Na + Br C2H5ether C6H5 C2H5 + 2 NaBr

3. Fittig reaction

4. Finkelstein Reaction

CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS
Q1.

Why haloalkanes are more reactive than haloarenes.

Ans. In haloarenes, there is double bond character b/w carbon and halogen due
resonanceeffect which makes less reactive.

to

(ii) In benzene, carbon being sp2 hybridisedwhich is smaller in size than sp 3 present
in haloalkanes . So C-Cl bond in aryl halides is shorter and stronger.
Q2. Why do haloalkanes undergonucleophilic substitution whereas
haloarenesundergoelectrophilic substitution .
Ans. Due to more electro negative nature of halide atom in haloalkanescarbon atom
becomes slightly positive and is easily attacked by nucleophillic reagents.
While in haloarenes due to resonance, carbon atom becomes slightly
negative and attacked by electrophillic reagents.
Q3. When an alkyl halide is treated with ethanolic solution of KCN, the
major product is alkyl cyanide where as if alkyl halide is treated with
AgCN,the major product is alkyl isocyanide.
Ans. KCN is ionic they can attach through C or N but C-C bond is strong than C-N
bond. So alkyl cyanide is the major product but AgCN is covalent so more
electronegative N can attach to C and forms isocyanides.
Q4. Aryl halides cannot be prepared by the action of sodium halide in the
presence H2SO4 .Why?
Ans. Due to resonance the carbon- oxygen bond in phenols has partial double bond
and it is stronger than carbon oxygen single bond.
Q5. Why Grignard reagent should be prepared under an hydrous
conditions.?

Ans. Grignard reagent react with H2O to form alkanes , therefore they are prepared
under anhydrous condition.
Q6. Why is Sulphuric acid not used during the reaction of alcohols with KI ?
Ans. It is because HI formed will get oxidized to I 2 by concentrated Sulphuric acid
which is an oxidizing agent.
Q7. p- dichlorobenzene has highest m.p. than those of ortho and misomers.?
Ans. p- dichlorobenzene is symmetrical, fits into crystal lattice more readily and has
higher melting point.
Q8. Although chlorine is an electron- withdrawing group, yet it is ortho
and para directing inelectrophillic aromatic substitution reactions.Why
Ans.Chlorobenzene is resonance hybrid, there is ve charge at ortho and para
positions, electrophillic substitution reaction will take place at 0 andpara position due
to +R effect.
Q9. The treatment of alkyl chlorides with aqueous KOH lead to the
formation of alcohols but in presence of alcoholic KOH alkenes are major
products. Explain?
Ans. In aqueous KOH,OH- is nucleophile which replaces another nucleophile.
R-X +KOH

R-OH +KX

Where as in alcoholic KOH

C2H5OH +KOH

C2H5O- + K+

CH3CH2-Cl + alcoholic KOH

CH 2 =CH2 + C2H5OH
(C2H5O-)
Q10. Explain why vinyl chloride is unreactive in nucleophillic substitution
reaction?
Ans. Vinyl chloride is unreactive in nucleophillic substitution reaction because of
double bond character between C=Cl bond which is difficult to break and more over C
is in sp2 hybridisation.
Q11. Arrange the following compounds according to reactivity towards
nucleophillic substitution reaction with reagents mentioned :(i)

4- nitro chloro benzene, 2,4 di nitro chlorobemzene, 2,4,6,

trinitrochlorobenzene with CH3ONa

Ans-

2,4,6, trinitrochlorobenzene> 2,4 dinitrochlorobemzene> 4- nitrochlorobenzene

Q12.

Which compound will react faster in SN2 reaction with OH---?

Ans- (a) CH3Br and CH3I

CH3I

(SN2)

will react faster than CH3Br

(b) (CH3)3C-Cl or CH3Cl

(SN2)

CH3Cl will react faster than 30 halide

Q13.

Arrange in order of boiling points.

(a) Bromobenzene, Bromoform, chloromethane,Dibromo-methane

(b) 1-chloropropane, Isopropyle chloride, 1-Chlorobutane.
Ans. (a) chloromethane<Bromobenzene<Dibromo-methane < , Bromoform
(b) , Isopropyle chloride <1-chloropropane <1-Chlorobutane
(As Branching increases , boiling point decreases)
Q 14.

Predict the reactivity in SN 1

(a) C6H5CH2Br, C6H5CH (C6H5)Br, C6H5CH(CH3)Br, C6H5C(CH3)( C6H5)Br

Ans. 30 > 20> 10 (SN1)
C6H5C(CH3)(C6H5)Br > C6H5(C6H5)Br > C6H5CH(CH3)Br > C6H5CH2Br
(30)

(20)

(20)

(1 0)

VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTION

[1 MARKS]
Q.1. Write the formula & chemical name of DDT?
Q.2. An alkyl halide having molecular formula C 4H9Cl is optically active. what is its
structure?
Q.3. Why is vinyl chloride less reactive than ethyl chloride?
Q.4. Write the structural isomers of C3H6Cl2 which can exihibitenantiomerism ?
Q.5. Write down the structure of the following compounds;
(a) 1- chloro-4-ethyl cyclohexane
(b)1,4-dibrone but-2-ene
(c) 4-tert,butyl-3-iodoheptane
(d)1-bromo-4-secbutyl-2-methylbenzene

Q.6. Which compound (CH3)3- C-Clor ; CH3Cl will react faster in sn2reactionwith OH?
Q.7. A hydrocarbon C5H10 does not react with chlorine in dark but it gives a single
monobromo compound in brightsunlight.identify the compound.
Q.8. Why is sulphuric acid not used during the reaction of alcohols with KI?
Q.9. Out of C6H5CH2Cl & C6H5CH2Cl 6H5 which is more easily hydrolysed with aq. KOH
&why ?
Q.10. Chloroform is stored in dark coloured& sealed bottle. why?
Short answer type questions
Q,1. Give the IUPAC names of the following compounds?
A)ClCH2C = CCH2Br

b) (CCl3)3CCl

C)CH3CH(Cl)CH(Br)CH3
Q.2. Starting from methyl iodine, how will you prepare :
A) nitromethane

B)methyl nitrite

Q.3. How can iodoform be prepared from ethanol ?

Q.4.predict the product of the following reactions;
Q.5.write the reaction involvedin :
A) theisocyanide test
B) iodoform test
Q.6. Rearranging the following in order of increasing case of dehydro halogenations
CH3CH2CH2Cl , CH3CHClCH3 , CH3 C- Cl(CH3)2.
Q.7.how will you distinguish between
(i) CH3NH2 and (CH3)2NH
(ii) ethanol& 1-propanol
Q.8. Give the uses of (a) CCl4 (b) iodoform
Q.9. Propose the mechanism of the following reaction :
CH3-CH2-Br + CH3O

CH3-CH2-OCH3 + Br

Q.10. Which will have a higher boiling point 1-chloropentane or 2-chloro-2methylbutane?

Q.11.How will you bring the following conversion?
(a) Propene to Propyne

(b) Toluene to Benzyle Alcohol

(c) Aniline to Phenylisocyanide
Q.12.What happen when;
(a) n-butyl chloride is treated with alc.KOH.
(b) ethyl chloride is treated with aq.KOH.
(c) methyl chloride is treated with KCN.
LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
Q1) How the following conversions can be carried out?
(i) Propene to propan-1-ol
(ii) 1-Bromopropane to 2-bromopropane
(iii) Toluene to benzyl alcohol
(iv) Benzene to 4-bromonitrobenzene
(v) Benzyl alcohol to 2-phenylethanoic acid

Q2)

How the following conversions can be carried out?

(i) Ethanol to propanenitrile

(ii) Aniline to chlorobenzene
(iii) 2-Chlorobutane to 3, 4-dimethylhexane
(iv) 2-Methyl-1-propene to 2-chloro-2-methylpropane
(v) Ethyl chloride to propanoic acid

Q3)

How the following conversions can be carried out?

(i) But-1-ene to n-butyliodide

(ii)2-Chloropropane to 1-propanol
(iii) Isopropyl alcohol to iodoform

(iv) Chlorobenzene to p-nitrophenol

(v) 2-Bromopropane to 1-bromopropane

Q4)

How the following conversions can be carried out?

(i) Chloro ethane to butane
(ii)Benzene to diphenyl
(iii) tert-Butyl bromide to isobutyl bromide

(iv) Aniline to phenylisocyanide

CHAPTER-11 ALCOHOLS PHENOLS AND ETHER

4
Marks Chapter

Name reaction
(1) Reimer Tiemann. Reaction [See in haloalkanes]
(2)Williamson synthesis
(3) Kolbe reaction
(4)Friedel craft
Williamson synthesis:- Reaction with alkyl halide with sodium alkoxide or
sod. Phenoxide called Williamson synthesis.

R X + R1 O Na

R O - R + NaX

CH3I + CH3CH2ONa

CH3O.CH2 CH3 + NaI

ONa

CH 3CH2O

CH3CH2 I +

+ NaI

Both simple and mixed ether can be produced.

Depending upon structure and cleavage of unsymmetrical ethers by halogen
acid may occur either by SN2 or SN1 mechanism.

CH3
e.g. (i) CH3 CH
-OH

CH3
O

CH3 + HI

373k
Sn

CH3 I + CH3 CH

CH3
(3)
CH3
+CH3 - OH

OCH3 + HI

(CH3)3 - C I

CH3

LIMITATIONS OF WILLIAMSON SYNTHESIS

CH3
(i)

O CH2

CH3
CH3

O - Na+ +

CH3

CH3
CH3 + NaBr

CH2- Br
CH 3 C

CH3

CH2-H
(ii) CH3 C Br + Na+ - O-C2H5C2H5OH + NaBr

CH 3
CH 3 C = CH +

CH3
CH3
(iii) CH3 CH Br + CH3 CH2 O- - Na+

CH3

CH3 CH = CH2

CH3 CH OCH2

CH3
79%

21%

Kolbe reaction

Friedel craft reaction

DISTINCTION BETWEEN PAIR OF COMPOUNDS

When 10,20, and 30 alcohol treated with lucas reagent [con, HCL + an hydrous
ZnCl2] at room temp
(i)
(ii)
(iii)

If turbidity appears immediately alcohol is 30.

If turbidity appears in five minutes alcohol is20.
10 alcohol does not react with L.R. at room temp.

(II) All those compound like alcohol, aldehyde Ketones which on oxidation
giving CH3 - CO- Group undergoes odoform test.
e.g. (i) CH3CH2 OH
(II) CH3 CHO
(III) (CH3) CH OH
(IV) CH3 COCH3
(V) CH3 CH- CH2 CH2- CH3
OH
(VI) CH3 C CH2- CH2 CH3

Important reaction
1000C / 373
K

CH3

CH2HSO4
CH3- CH2 OH
OCH2-CH3

H2SO4
413 K

433 TO 444

+ H20

CH3CH2-

CH2 = CH2

(2) Preparation of phenol from Cumene

(3) Preparation of aspirin and salol

Explain phenol is acidic?

Phenoxide ion is resonance stabilised

:- If electron with drawing group are attached into the benzene ring it
enchance acidic character and vice versa.
2,4,6trinitrophenol> 2,4, dinitrophenol> 4-nitrophenol > phenol
Phenol > m- cresol > P cresol > O cresol
m-methoxyphenol> phenol > O methoxy phenol > P methoxy phenol.
O chloro phenol > O bromophenol> O iodo phenol > O fluoro phenol
CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS
Q1)

Phenols do not give protonation reactions readily. Why?

Ans:- The lone pair on oxygen of O-H in phenol is being shared with benzene
ring through resonance.Thus,lone pair is not fully present on oxygen and hence
phenols do not undergo protonatian reactions.
Q2)

Ortho- nitrophenol is more acidic than ortho methoxyphenol ?why?

Ans:- NO2 group is electron with drawing which increases acidic charcter due
to easily ease
REASONING QUESTIONS
Q1. Explain why propanol has higher boiling point than that of the
hydrocarbon, butane?
Ans . The molecules of Butane are held together by weak van der Waals
Forces of attraction while those of propanol are held together by stronger
intermolecular hydrogen bonding.
Q2. Alcohols are comparatively more soluble in water than hydrocarbons of
comparable molecular masses. Explain this fact.
Ans. Alcohols can form hydrogen bonds with water and break the hydrogen
bonds already existing between water molecules Therefore they are soluble in
water. Whereas hydrocarbons cannot form hydrogen bonds with water and
hence are insoluble in water.
Q3 . While separating a mixture of ortho and paranitrophenols by steam
distillation, name the isomer which will be steam volatile. Give reason.
ANS. O-nitrophenol is steam volatile due to intramolecular hydrogen bonding
and hence can be separated by steam distillation from p-nitrophenol which is
not steam volatile because of inter-molecular hydrogen bonding.
Q4.

Explain why is orthonitrophenol more acidic than orthomethoxyphenol?

ANS. The nitro-group is an electron-withdrawing group. The presence of this group in the ortho
position decreases the electron density in the O-H bond . As a result, it is easier to lose a proton.
Also,the o-nitrophenoxide ion formed after the loss of proton is stabilized by resonance.
Hence,ortho-nitrophenol is stronger acid.On the other hand, methoxy group is an electron-releasing
group. Thus ,it increases the electron density in the O-H bond and hence, the proton cannot be
given out easily. Therefor ortho-nitrophenol is more acidic than ortho- methoxyphenol.
Q5. Preparation of ethers by acid dehydration of secondary or tertiary
alcohols is not a suitable method. Give reason.
ANS. The formation of ethers by dehydration of alcohol is a bimolecular
reaction (SN)2

involving the attack of an alcohol molecule on a protonated alcohol molecule.

In the method, the alkyl group should be unhindered. In case of secondary or
tertiary alcohols, the alkyl group is hindered. As a result, elimination dominates
substitution.
Q6. What is meant by hydroboration-oxidation reaction? Illustrate it with an
example .
ANS.Diborane (BH3)2 reacts with alkenes to give trialkylboranes as addition
product. This is oxidised to alcohol by hydrogen peroxide in the presence
of aqueous sodium hydroxide.

Q7. What is denaturation of an alcohol?

Ans. The commercial alcohol is made unfit for drinking by mixing in it some
copper sulphate (to give it a colour) and pyridine (a foul smelling liquid). It is
known as denaturation of alcohol.
Q8. Give IUPAC name of CH3OCH2OCH3
ANS. Dimethoxymethane
Q9. Diethyl ether does not react with sodium. Explain.
ANS. Diethyl ether does not contain any active hydrogen.
2 MARKS QUESTIONS
Q1. Give two reactions that show the acidic nature of phenol. Compare acidity
of phenol with that of ethanol.
ANS. The acidic nature of phenol can be represented by the following two
reactions: (i) Phenol reacts with sodium to give sodium phenoxide, liberating
H2.

(ii)

Phenol reacts with sodium hydroxide to give sodium phenoxide and

water as by-products

The acidity of phenol is more than that of ethanol. This is because after
losing a proton, the phenoxide ion undergoes resonance and gets
stabilized whereas ethoxide ion does not.

Q2. How does phenol react with dilute and conc. HNO3 ?
ANS. (i) With dilute nitric acid at low temperature (298 K), phenol yields
a mixture of ortho

andparanitrophenols. (ii) With concentrated nitric acid, phenol is

converted to 2,4,6-trinitrophenol. The product is commonly known as
picric acid.

Q3.
How does phenol react with Br2 in CS2 and Bromine water?
ANS. (i) When the reaction is carried out in solvents of low polarity such as
CHCl3 or CS2 and at low temperature, monobromophenols are formed.

(iii)

When phenol is treated with bromine water, 2,4,6-tribromophenol

is formed as white precipitate.

Q4. How do you account for the fact that unlike phenol, 2, 4-dinitrophenol and
2, 4, 6-trinitrophenol are soluble in aqueous solution of sodium carbonate?
ANS. 2, 4-Dinitrophenol and 2, 4, 6-trinitrophenol are stronger acids then
carbonic acid (H2CO3) due to the presence of electron withdrawing NO2
groups. Hence, they react with Na2CO3 to form their corresponding salts and
dissolve in aq. Na2CO3 solution.
Q5 .( i) Why is the Dipole moment of methanol higher than that of phenol?
(ii) . Explain why phenols do not undergo substitution of the OH group like
alcohols.
ANS. (i) Due to electron withdrawing effect of phenyl group, the CO bond in
phenol is less polar, whereas in case of methanol the methyl group has
electron releasing effect and hence CO bond in it is more polar.
(ii) CO bond in phenols has partial double bond character due to resonance
and hence is difficult to cleave.

Q6. Account for the following

a. Boiling point of the C2H5OH is more than that of C2H5Cl
b. The solubility of alcohols in water decreases with increase in molecular
mass.
ANS.a. Because of hydrogen bonding.
b. With increase in molecular mass the non-polar alkyl group becomes more
predominant.
Q7. Answer the following
a. What is the order of reactivity of 10, 20 and 30 alcohols with sodium metal?
b. How will you account for the solubility of lower alcohols in water?
ANS: a. 10>20>30.
b. HereOH group is predominant and the alcohol molecules can form
hydrogen bonds with water molecules.
Q8. Give reasons:
i)Nitration of phenol gives ortho- and para- products only.
ii)Why do alcohols have higher boiling points than the haloalkanes of the same
molecular mass?
ANS (1) -OH group increases the electron density more at ortho and para
positions through its electron releasing resonance effect.
(2) Alcohols are capable of forming intermolecular H-bonds.
Q9. Account for the following:
i) Phenols has a smaller dipole moment than methanol
ii) Phenols do not give protonation reactions readily.
ANS. (a). In phenol the electron withdrawing inductive effect of OH group is
opposed by electron releasing the resonance effect of OH.
(b). The lone pair on oxygen of OH in phenol is being shared with benzene
ring through resonance. Thus, lone pair is not fully present on oxygen and
hence phenols do not undergo protonation reactions.
Q10.
Explain the fact that in aryl alkyl ethers
(i) The alkoxy group activates the benzene ring towards electrophilic
substitution and
(ii) It directs the incoming substituents to ortho and para positions in benzene
ring.

ANS. ( i)
In aryl alkyl ethers, due to the +R effect of the alkoxy group, the electron
density in the benzene ring increases as shown in the following resonance
structure.

Thus, benzene is activated towards electrophilic substitution by the

alkoxy group.
(ii) It can also be observed from the resonance structures that the
electron density increases more at the ortho and para positions than at
the meta position. As a result, the incoming substituents are directed to
the ortho and para positions in the benzene .
3 MARKS QUESTIONS
Q1.
How are primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols prepared from
Grignard Reagents?
ANS.

.
The reaction produces a primary alcohol with methanal, a secondary alcohol
with other aldehydes and tertiary alcohol with ketones.
Q2.
Give the equations of oxidation of primary, secondary and tertiary
alcohols by Cu at 573 K.
ANS.

Q3. Name the reagents used in the following reactions:

(i)
Oxidation of a primary alcohol to carboxylic acid.

(ii)
(ii) Oxidation of a primary alcohol to aldehyde.
(iii) Bromination of phenol to 2,4,6-tribromophenol.
ANS.(i) Acidified potassium permanganate
(ii) Pyridiniumchlorochromate (PCC)
(iii) Bromine water
Q4.
How is 1-propoxypropane synthesised from propan-1-ol? Write
mechanism of this reaction.
ANS.
1-propoxypropane can be synthesized from propan-1-ol by
dehydration. Propan-1-ol undergoes dehydration in the presence of protic
acids (such as H2SO4, H3PO4) to give 1-propoxypropane.

The mechanism of this reaction involves the following three steps:

Step 1: Protonation

Step 2: Nucleophilic attack

Step 3: Deprotonation

Q5. Write the equation of the reaction of hydrogen iodide with:

(i)
1-propoxypropane (ii) Methoxybenzene and (iii) Benzyl ethyl ether
ANS. (i)

(ii)

(iii)

5 MARKS QUESTIONS
Q1. Write equations of the following reactions:
(i) Friedel-Crafts reactionalkylation of anisole.
(ii) Nitration of anisole.
(iii) Bromination of anisole in ethanoic acid medium.
(iv) Friedel-Crafts acetylation of anisole.
(v)Reaction of phenol with Zn dust.
Refer Textbook

CHAPTER-12 . ALDEHYDES, KETONES AND

CARBOXYLIC ACIDS
6 Marks Chapter

The Electron cloud of >C=O is unsymmetrical .On the other hand, due to
same electonegativity of the two carbon atoms, the -electron of the >C=C<
bond is symmetrical.
Nature of carbonyl group:- The Pi electron cloud of >C=O is unsymmetrical therefore, partial
positive charge develop over carbon of carbonyl group while negative charge develop over oxygen
of carbonyl group and dipole moment is approximate 2.6D.
Addition to C=O bonds
The structure of the carbonyl group in aldehydes and Ketones is , not entirely
adequately represented by >C=O, nor by the alternative >C+-O-. The real
structure or resonance hybrid lies somewhere between the following structure:
>C+- O-

>C=O
For Mechanism
>C=O + H+

OH
slow

C+ -OH

:A-

slow

reaction

A
O-

Second Mechanism
>C = O + :A-

SLOW

H+ > C

>C

REACTION

Fast

OH
>C

As we know that anion is more stable than the cation, thus the addition to
carbonyl groups should take place via mechanism second which has been
further proved in the addition of HCN to carbonyl group.
Reactivity of aldehyde and Ketones is as
HCHO>RCHO>RCOR>RCOOR>RCONH2.

POINTS TO REMEMBER
:-Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic acids are important classes of organic
compounds containing carbonyl groups.
:-They are highly polar molecules.
:-They boil at higher temperatures than the corresponding hydrocarbons and
weakly polar compounds such as ethers.

:-Lower members are soluble in water because they can form H-bond with
water.
:-Higher members are insoluble in water due to large size of their hydrophobic
group.
:-Aldehydes are prepared bya. Dehydrogenation of primary alcohols
b. Controlled oxidation of primary alcohols.
c. Controlled and selective reduction of acyl halides
Aromatic aldehydes can be prepared bya. Oxidation of toluene with chromyl chloride or CrO3 in the presence of acetic
anhydride
b. Formylation of arenes with carbon monoxide and Hydrochloric acid in the
presence of anhydrous aluminiumchloride / Cuprous chloride
c. Hydrolysis of benzal chloride
Ketones are prepared bya. oxidation of secondary alcohols
b. Hydration of alkenes
c. Reaction acyl chlorides with dialkylcadmium
d. By friedel crafts reaction
Carboxylic acids are prepared by
a. oxidation of primary alcohols, aldehydes and alkenes
b. hydrolysis of nitriles
c. Treatment of grignard reagent with carbondioxide.
NAME

REACTIONS

.
ROSENMUND REDUCTION:

Acyl chlorides when hydrogenated over catalyst, palladium on barium sulphate

yield aldehydes.

-C-Cl +

Benzoyl chloride

Pd-BaSO 4
(H)

-CHO

Benzaldehyde

2. STEPHEN REACTION
Nitriles are reduced to corresponding imines with stannous chloride in the
presence of Hydrochloric acid, which on hydrolysis give corresponding
aldehyde.

RCN +SnCl2 +HCl

ETARD REACTION

RCH=NH

H 3O
RCHO

On treating toluene with chromyl chlorideCrO2Cl2, the methyl group is oxidized

to a chromium complex, which on hydrolysis gives corresponding
benzaldehyde.

CH3

CHO

CrO2Cl2
CCl4

CLEMMENSEN REDUCTION
The carbonyl group of aldehydes and ketone is reduced to CH2 group on
treatment with zinc amalgam and conc. Hydrochloric acid.
>C=O
HCl

RY

Zn-Hg
>CH2 + H2O
Alkanes E

WOLFF- KISHNER REDUCTION:On treatment with hydrazine followed by

heating with sodium or potassium hydroxide in high boiling solvent like
ethylene glycol

NH2NH2

>C=O
>CH2 + N2
-H2OHeat

>C=NNH2

KOH/ethylene glycol

ALDOL CONDENSATION
Aldehydes and ketones having at least one -hydrogen condense in the
presence of dilute alkali as catalyst to form -hydroxyalddilehydes (aldol) or hydroxy ketones (ketol).

NaOH

2CH3-CHO
CHO
ethanal
enal (Aldol)

CH3-CH(OH)-CH2-CHO

CH3-CH=CH-H 2O

But-2-

CROSS- ALDOL CONDENSATION

When aldol condensation is carried out between two different aldehydes and /
or ketones,a mixture of self and cross-aldol products are obtained.

CH3CHO
NaOH
CH3CH2CH=C-CHO
+

CH3-CH2-CHO
CH3

CH 3CH=CH-CHO +

2 But-2-enal

2-Methylpent-2-enal
CH3-CH=C-CHO
+

CH 3
2 -Methylbut-2-enal

CH3CH2-CH=CHCHO
Pent-2-enal

CANNIZARO REACTION
Aldehydes which do not have an -hydrogen atom, undergo self oxidation and
reduction (dispropotionation) reaction on treatment with concentrated alkali ,to
yield carboxylioc acid salt and an alcohol respectively.

H-CHO + H-CHO + Conc.KOH

Formaldehyde
Pot. Formate

CH 3OH + HCOOK
Methanol

-CHO + NaOH (con.)

C6H5CH2OH +

C6H5COONa
Benzaldehyde

Benzyl alcohol

Sodium benzoate

CARBOXYLIC ACID
1. HELL-VOLHARD-ZELINSKY REACTION (HVZ)
Carboxylic acids having an hydrogen are halogenated at the position on
treatment with chlorine or bromine in the presence of small amount of red
phosphorus to give halocarboxylic acids.

RCH2-COOH

i )X 2/ Red phosphorus
ii H2O
R-CH-COOH

X
X=Cl,Br

halocarboxylic acids
2. ESTERIFICATION
Carboxylic acids react with alcohols or phenols in the presence of a mineral
acid such as conc.H2SO4 as catalyst to form esters.

RCOOH + ROH
H+
Carboxylic acid
alcohol

RCOOR +H 2O
Ester

3. DECARBOXYLATION:
Carboxylic acids lose carbondioxide to form hydrocarbons when their
sodium salts are heated with sodalimeNaOH and CaO in the ratio 3: 1 .
NaOH and CaO /
RCOONa
R-H +Na2CO3

DISTINGUISH
Q1:-Distinguish between the following:(a) Phenol and alcohol
(b) Benzaldehyde and Propanal
(c) Acetic acid and formic acid
(d) Benzophenone and acetophenone
(e) Ethanal and propanal
(f) Propanol and ethanol
(g) Pentanone-2 and pentanone-3
(h) 20 Alcohol and 30 alcohol
(i) 10,20,30 amine
(j) Benzoic acid and benzene
(k) Phenol and benzoic acid
(l) Aniline and ethyl amine
(m) Aniline and nitrobenzene
(n) Benzaldehyde and acetophenone
(o) Methanol and benzaldehyde
(p) Chloro benzene and benzyl chloride

ANSWERS
(a)

Phenol
It gives FeCl3 test
(voiletcolour)

(b) BenzaldehydePropanal
It gives tollen'sIt also give tollen's
reagent test
It doesn't give fehling
solution test

Alcohol
It doesn't give this test

It gives fehling solution

test

(c)

Acetic acid
It doesn't gives tollen's reagent
It doesn't givefehling's test

(d)

BenzophenoneAcetophenone
It doesn't give iodoform test

It gives iodoform test

EthanalPropanal
It gives iodoform test

It doesn't gives iodoform

(f)

Propanol
It doesn't give iodoform test

Ethanol
It gives iodoform test

(g)

pentanone-2
It gives iodoform test

pentanone-3
It doesn't gives iodoform test

(h)

2 alcohol
CH3
CH-OH
CH3

(e)

Formic acid
It gives tollen's test
It gives fehling test

test

(i)

3 alcohol
CH3
CH 3
CH3

C-OH

HCl+ZnCl2

HCl +ZnCl2

It takes 5 minutes

turbility is formed within no seconds

1 amine
C2H5NH2+C6H5SO2Cl
(benzenesulphonyl chloride)
2 amine
C2H5-NH + C6H5SO2Cl
C2H5

C6H5NH-SO2-C6H5
soluble in alkali
C2H5-N-SO2C6H5
C2H5
Insoluble in KOH

3 amine
C2H5-N-C2H5 + C6H5SO2Cl

(No reaction)

C2H5
(J)

Benzoic acid
add NaHCO3
Effervescence obtained(CO2)

Benzene
no effervescence
obtained

(k)

Phenol
It gives voiletcolour with FeCl3 test
with FeCl3
It doesn't give effervescenes of
CO2
is added
(l)

Aniline
It gives azo-dye test
(orange dye)

(m)

Aniline
It gives azo-dye test

(n)

BenzaldehydeAcetophenone
It gives tollen's test

(o)
(p)

Benzoic acid
It doesn't give voiletcolour
Effervescence of CO 2
evolve when NaHCO 3
Ethyl amine
It doesn't give azo-dye
Nitrobenzene
It doesn't

It doesn't

It doesn't give iodoform test

It gives iodoform test

MethanalBenzaldehyde
It gives fehling solution test

It doesn't

Chloro benzene

Benzyl choride

It does not give white ppt with AgNO 3

It give white ppt with AgNO3

CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS
Q1) Although phenoxide ion has more no. of resonating structures than carboxylate ion , even
though carboxylic acid is a stronger acid why ?
Ans:- The phenoxide ion has non equivalent resonance structures in which ve charge is at less
electronegative C atom and +ve charge as at more electronegative O-atom.

In carboxylate ion ve charge is delocalized on two electronegative O-atoms hence resonance is

more effective and a stronger acid.

O-

O
R

R
O-

C+
O

Q.2 Why Corboxylic acid have higher boiling point than alcohols as alcohol forms
strongest inter molecular hydrogen bonding?
Ans. As Corboxylic acid forms a dimer due to which their surface area increses and forms strong
intermolecular H-bonding
It having more boiling point than alcohols.
Q.3 There are two-NH2 group in semicarbazide .However only one is involved in formation
of semicarbazones. Why?

Ans.

O
NH2- C NH NH2

Due to resonance one NH2 group undergoes or involved in resonance and hence cant participate in
the formation of semicarhazone.

N+H2 = C NH NH2
OLong pair of NH2 group is not involved in resonance and is available for nucleophillic
attack
Q.4
Ans.

Why does solubility decreases with increasing molecular mass in carboxytic acid?
Because of increase in alkyl chain length which is hydrophobic in nature.

Hence solubility decreases.

Q.5 Why are aldehydes are more reactive than ketones when undergo nucleophillic
addition reaction?
Ans
(a) + I effect:- The alkyl group in Ketones due to their e-releasing character decrease the
+ve charge on C-Atom and thus reduce its reactivity.
(b) Steric hinderance:- Due to steric hinderance in ketones they are less reactive.

C=O

C=O

R
Q.6

Why PCC cannot oxidise methanol to methanoic acid and while KMNO 4 can?

Ans. This is because PCC is a mild oxidising agent and can oxide methanol to methanal only.
While KMNO4 being strong oxidising agent oxidises it to methanoic acid.
Q.7 During preparation of esters from a carboxylic acid and an alcohol in the presence of
acid catalyst water or ester formed should be removed as soon as it is formed.
Ans.The formation of esters from a carboxylic acid and an alcohol in the presence of acid catelyst
in a reversible reaction.
R COOH + ROH

H2SO4

R COOR + H2O

To shift the equilibrium in forward direction, the water or ester formed should be removed as fast as
it is formed.
Q.8

Why HCOOH does not give HVZ reaction while CH3COOH does?

Ans. CH3COOH contains -hydrogens and hence give HVZ reaction but HCOOH does not
contain -hydrogen and hence does not give HVZ reaction.
Q.9 Suggest a reason for the large difference in the boling point of butanol and butanal
although they have same solubility in water.
Ans. Because Butanol has strong intermolacular H-bonding while butanal has weak dipole-dipole
interaction.
However both of them form H-bonds with water and hence are soluble.
Q.10 Would you expect benzaldehyde to be more reactive or less reactive in nuderophillic
addition reaction than propanol. Explain.
Ans. C-atom of Carbonyl group of benzaldehyde is less electrophilic than C-atom of Carbonyl
group in propanol.
Polarity of Carbonyl group is in bonzaldehyde reduced due to resonance making it less reactive in
nucleophillic addition reactions.

Q.11 Why does methanal not give aldol condensation while ethanol gives?
Ans. This is because only those compounds which have -hydrogen atoms can undergo aldol
reaction ethanol pessess -hydrogen and undergoes aldol condensation Methanal has no alpha
hydrogen atoms hence does not undergo aldol condensation.
Q.12

Why does methanal undergo cannizaros reaction?

Ans.because it does not possesses -hydrogen atom.

Q.13 Which acid is stronger and why?
F3C-C6H4COOH and CH3C6H4COOH
Ans . CF3- has strong (-I)effect Whereas, CH3- has strong (+I)effect
Due to
greater stability of F3CC6H4COO ion over CH3-C6H4COO ion, CF3 C6H4COOH is much stronger
acid than CH3-C6H4COOH.
Q.14 Explain why O-hydroxybenzaldehyde is a liquid at room temperature while phydroxybenzaldehyde is a high melting solid.
Ans. Due to intramolecular H-bonding in O-hydroxybenzaldehyde exists as discrete molecule
whereas due to intermolecular H-bonding p-hydroxybenzaldehyde exist as associated molecules.
To break this intermolecular H-bonds a large amount of energy is needed. Consequently P-isomer
has a much higher m.p. and b.p. than that of O-isomer.As a result O-hydroxybenzaldehyde is liquid.
Q.15 Why is the boiling point of an acid anhydride higher than the acid from which it is
derived?Ans . Acid anhydrides are bigger in size than corresponding acids have more surface area
more van der Waals. Force of attraction hence have higher boiling point.
Q.16 Why do Carboxylic acids not give the characteristic reactions of a carbonyl group?Ans.
Due to resonance, It doesnt give the characteristics reactions of carbonyl group. It does not have
free -C=O group
Q.17 Cyclohexanone forms cyanohydrin in good yield but 2,2,6 trimethylecyclo-hexanone does
not.Why?
Ans . In 2,2,6trimethylcyclohexaunone there is strearichinderance of 3 methyl groups, It does not
form cynohydrin in good yield.
Q.18 Why is carboxyl group in benzoic acid meta directing?
Ans.
In benzoic acid the Carboxyl group is meta directing because it is electron-withdrawing
There is +ve charge on ortho acid para positions
Electrophillic substitution takes place at meta-position.
Q.19 Treatment of Benzaldehyde with HCN gives a mixture of two isomers which cannot be
separated even by careful fractional distillation. Explain why?
Ans. It is because we get two optical isomers which have same physical properties
Cannot be separated by Fractional distillation.They are enantiomers.
Q.20
Sodium Bisulphite is used for the purification of aldehydes and Ketones. Explain.
Ans. Aldehydes and Ketones form addition compounds with NaHSO3 whereas impurities do not.
On hydrolysis we get pure aldehydes and Ketones back.
Q.21 Why pH of reaction should be carefully controlled while preparing ammonia derivatives of
carbonyl compound?
Ans. In strongly acidic medium ammonia derivatives being basic will react with acids and will
not react with carbonyl compound. In basic mesium, OH- will attack carbonyl group.pH of a
reaction should be carefully controlled.

Q.22 Why formic acid is stronger acid than acetic acid?

Ans. Due to +I effect, CH3- group in acetic acid increases e- density on carbon atom which makes
it. Weak acid.
While in formic acid no such pushing group is present, hence is more stronger acid than acetic acid.
Q.23 Why is oxidation of alcohals to get aldehydes carried out under controlled conditions?
Ans . It is because aldehydes get further oxidised to acids, oxidation of alcohals to aldehydes
needs to be controlled.
Q.24
Why the oxidation of toluene to benzaldehyde with CrO3 is carried out in the presence of
acetic anhydride.
Ans. If acetic anhydride is not used we will get benzoic acid.
Acetic anhydride used to prevent oxidation of benzaldehyde to benzoic acid.
Q.25 Melting point of an acid with even no. of carbon atoms is higher than those of its neighbour
with odd no. of carbon atoms.
Ans . They fit into crystal lattice more readily than odd ones that is why they have higher lattice
energy and higher melting point.
Q.26 Why do aldehydes have lower boiling point than corresponding alcohals?
Ans.alcohals have lower boiling point as they are not associated with intermolecular whereas
alcohals are associated with intermoleculer H-bonding
Aldehydes have lower B.p.
Q.27 Why do aldehydes behave like polar compounds?
Ans. Due to presence of
C=O group which is polar
Q.28
Most aromatic acids are solids while acetic acid and others of this series are liquids.
Explain why?
Ans. Aromatic acids have higher molecular weight,
More van-der waals force of attracrtion as compared to aliphalic acids They are solids.
Q.29 ethers possess a dipole moment ever if the alkyl radicals in the molecule are identical.
Why?
Ans.
It is because ethers are bent molecles, dipole do not get cancelled.
O
R
R
Q.30 Why does acyl chorides have lower boling point than corresponding acids?
Ans. Acyl chlorides are not associated with intermolecular H-bonding
They have lower boiling point.
Q.31 Why ethers are stored in coloured bottles?
Ans.
They are stored in coloured bottles. In presence of sunlight they react with oxygen to form
peroxides which may cause explosion.
Q.32 Why formaldehyde cannot be prepared by Rosenmunds reduction?
Ans.
Because the formyl chloride thus formed is unstable at room temperature.

Cannot be prepared by Rosenmund reduction.

Q1 -: An organic compound with the molecular formula C9H10O forms 2,4 DNP
derivative reduces tollens reagent and undergoes cannizaro reaction . on
vigorous oxidation ,it gives 1,2 benzenecarboxylic acid . identify the
compound . (Refer textbook)
Q2. An organic compound (A) with molecular formula C8H8O forms an orangered precipitate with 2,4 DNP reagent and gives yellow precipitate on heating
with iodine in the presence of sodium hydroxide. It neither reduces tollens or
fetilings reagent , nor does it decolourise bromine water or baeyers
reagents .On drastic oxidation with chromic acid .it gives a carboxylic acid (B)
having molecular formula C7H6O2. Identify the compounds (A) and (B). (Refer
textbook)
Q3. Two moles of organic compound A on treatment with a strong base gives
two compounds B and C. Compound B on dehydration with cu gives A while
acidification of C yields carboxylic acid D having molecular formula of CH2O2
.Identify the compounds
KOH A,B,C,D
Ans:- 2HCHO Conc.
HCOOK + CH3OH
(A)

( C)

CH3OH
(B)

Cu
573 K

HCHO
(A)

(A)

HCOOK +HCl
(c)

(B)

HCOOH +KCl
(D)

1 MARK QUESTIONS
Q1.
Name the reaction and the reagent used for the conversion of acid
chlorides to the corresponding aldehydes.
A. Name :Rosenmunds reaction Reagent : H2 in the presence of Pd (supported
over BaSO4) and partially poisoned by addition of Sulphur or quinoline.
O
||
R C Cl + H

Pd/BaSO4

O
||
RCH+

HCl
+ S or quinoline
Q 2.
Suggest a reason for the large difference in the boiling points of butanol
and butanal, although they have same solubility in water

. A.
The b.p. of butanol is higher than that of butanal because butanol has
strong intermolecular H-bonding while butanal has weak dipole-dipole
interaction. However both of them form H-bonds with water and hence are
soluble.
Q 3. What type of aldehydes undergo Cannizaroreaction ?
A. Aromatic and aliphatic aldehydes which do not contain - hydrogens.
Q 4.
Out of acetophenone and benzophenone, which gives iodoformtest ?
Write the reaction involved. (The compound should have CH3CO-group to show
the iodoform test.)
A.
Acetophenone (C6H5COCH3) contains the grouping (CH3CO attached to
carbon) and hence given iodoform test while benzophenone does not contain
this group and hence does not give iodoform test.
C6H5COCH3 + 3 I2 + 4 NaOHCHI3 + C6H5COONa + 3 NaI + 3 H2O
AcetophenaneIodoform
I2/NaOH
C6H5COC6H5No reaction
Q5.
Give Fehling solution test for identification of aldehyde gp (only
equations). Name thealdehyde which does not give Fehlings soln. test.
A.
R CHO 2 Cu2+ + 5 OHRCOO + Cu2O + 3 H2O
Benzaldehyde does not give Fehling soln. test. (Aromatic aldehydes do not give
this test.)
Q6.
A.

What makes acetic acid a stronger acid than phenol ?

Greater resonance stabilization of acetate ion over phenoxide ion.

Q7.
Why HCOOH does not give HVZ (Hell VolhardZelinsky) reaction but
CH3COOH does?
A.
CH3COOH contains - hydrogens and hence give HVZ reaction but
HCOOH does not contain -hydrogen and hence does not give HVZ reaction
Q8.
During preparation of esters from a carboxylic acid and an alcohol in
the presence of an acid catalyst, water or the ester formed should be removed
as soon as it is formed.
A.
The formation of esters from a carboxylic acid and an alcohol in the
presence of acid catalyst in a reversible reaction.
H2SO4
RCOOH
+
ROH
RCOOR + H2O
Carboxylic acid
alcohol
Ester
To shift the equilibrium in the forward direction, the water or ester
formed should be removed as fast as it is formed
Q 9.
Arrange the following compounds in increasing order of their acid
strength. Benzoic acid, 4-Nitrobenzoic acid, 3, 4-dinitrobenzoic acid, 4-methoxy
benzoic acid.

A.

4-methoxybenzoic acid < benzoic acid < 4-nitrobenzoic acid <4,

dinitrobenzoic acid.

Level: 1
1. Which acid is stronger and why?
F3C C6H4 COO H,
CH3 C6H4 COOH
A.
CF3 has a strong( I) effect.
CH3 has a weak (+ I)
effect.
It stabilises the carboxylate ion
Itstabilises the
carboxylate ion
by dispersing the ve charge.by intensifying the ve charge.
Therefore due to greater stability of F3C C6H4 COO (p) ion over
CH3 C6H4COO (p) ion, F3C C6H4 COOH is a much stronger acid than
CH3 C6H4 COOH.
2.
Arrange the following compounds in increasing order of their reactivity
towards HCN.
Explain it with proper reasoning.
Acetaldehyde, Acetone, Di-tert-butyl ketone, Methyl tert-butyl ketone.
ANS.Addition of HCN to the carboxyl compounds is a nucleophilic
addition reaction.
The reactivity towards HCN addition decreases as the + I effect of the
alkyl groups increases and/or the steric hindrance to the nucleophilic
attack by CN at the carboxyl carbon increases. Thus the reactivity
decreases in the order
Acetaldehyde, Acetone,, Methyl tert-butyl ketone. Di-tert-butyl ketone

PTER-13 AMINES

CHA

3 Marks Chapter
1.Gabrielphthalimidesynthesis
Gabrielsynthesisisusedforthe
preparationof
primaryamines.Phthalimideontreatmentwith
ethanolicpotassiumhydroxideformspotassiumsaltofphthalimidewhichonheatingwith

alkyl halide followed by alkaline hydrolysis produces the corresponding primary

amine.
Aromaticprimary
aminescannot
bepreparedby
thismethodbecausearylhalides
donot
undergonucleophilicsubstitution
withtheanionformedby phthalimide.

2.Hoffmannbromamidedegradationre
action
Hoffmanndevelopedamethodforpreparationofprimaryaminesbytreatinganamidewith
bromine inan aqueous or ethanolicsolution of sodium hydroxide. The amineso
formed containsonecarbonless thanthatpresent intheamide.

3.Carbylaminereac
tion
Aliphaticandaromaticprimaryaminesonheatingwithchloroformandethanolicpotassium
hydroxideformisocyanidesorcarbylamineswhicharefoulsmelling
substances.Secondaryand
tertiary
aminesdonotshowthisreaction.Thisreactionisknownascarbylaminereactionor
isocyanidetestandisusedas atest forprimary amines.

4.HinsbergTe
st:

Benzenesulphonylchloride(C6H5SO2Cl),whichisalsoknownasHinsbergsreagent,
reacts with
primary
andsecondaryamines
toformsulphonamides.
(a)Thereactionof benzenesulphonylchloridewithprimary
amine yieldsN-ethylbenzenesulphonylamide.

Thehydrogenattachedtonitrogeninsulphonamideisstronglyacidicduetothepresenceof
strong electronwithdrawing sulphonylgroup.Hence,itis solubleinalkali.
(b)Inthereactionwithsecondaryamine,N,Ndiethylbenzenesulphonamideisformed.

SinceN,N-diethylbenzenesulphonamidedoesnotcontainanyhydrogenatomattachedto
nitrogenatom,itisnotacidic andhenceinsoluble inalkali.
(c) Tertiary aminesdonot
react
with benzenesulphonylchloride. Thisproperty
ofamines
reacting
withbenzenesulphonylchlorideinadifferentmannerisusedforthedistinctionof primary,
secondary andtertiary aminesandalsofortheseparationof amixtureofamines.
5.SandmeyerReac
tion
TheCl,BrandCN
nucleophilescaneasilybeintroducedinthebenzeneringofdiazoniumsalts
inthepresenceof Cu(I)ion.

6.GattermanReaction
Chlorineorbrominecan beintroducedinthebenzeneringbytreatingthediazoniumsalt
solutionwithcorresponding halogenacidinthepresenceof copperpowder.

7.Couplingreactions
Theazoproductsobtainedhaveanextendedconjugatesystemhavingboththearomaticrin
gs
joined
throughtheN=N
bond.Thesecompoundsareoftencolouredandareusedasdyes.
Benzene
diazoniumchloride reacts with phenol in which the phenol molecule at its
parapositioniscoupledwiththediazoniumsalttoformp-hydroxyazobenzene.Thistypeof
reaction isknownascoupling reaction.
Similarlythereactionofdiazoniumsaltwithaniline
aminoazobenzene.

yields

p-

DISTINCTIONBETWEENPAIRSOFCOMPOUND
S
Giveonechemicaltesttodistinguishbetweenthe followingpairsof compounds.
(i)
Methylamineanddimethylamine(ii)

(iii)

Secondaryandtertiaryamines
Ethylamineandaniline

(iv)
Anilineand benzylamine
(v)
Anilineand N-methylaniline.
ANS. (i) Methylamineanddimethylaminecanbedistinguishedbythecarbylaminetest.
Carbylaminetest:Aliphaticandaromaticprimaryaminesonheatingwithchloroform
andethanolicpotassium hydroxideformfoul-smellingisocyanidesorcarbylamines.
Methylamine(beinganaliphaticprimaryamine)givesapositivecarbylaminetest,but
dimethylaminedoesnot.

(ii)Secondaryandtertiaryaminescanbedistinguishedbyallowingthemtoreactwith
Hinsbergsreagent(benzenesulphonylchloride, C6H5SO2Cl).Secondary amines react
withHinsbergsreagenttoformaproductthatisinsoluble
inanalkali.Forexample,N,
Ndiethylamine
reacts
with
Hinsbergs
reagent
to
form
N,
Ndiethylbenzenesulphonamide, which isinsoluble in an alkali. Tertiary amines,
however, donot react withHinsbergsreagent.

(iii) Ethylamine andaniline canbe distinguished using the azo-dye test. A dyeis
obtainedwhenaromaticaminesreactwithHNO2 (NaNO2 +dil.HCl)at0-5C,followed
byareactionwiththealkalinesolutionof2-naphthol.The
dye
isusuallyyellow,red,or
orangeincolour.Aliphaticamines
giveabriskeffervescence
due(totheevolutionofN 2gas)under similar conditions.

(iv)Anilineandbenzylaminecanbedistinguishedbytheirreactionswiththehelpof nitrous
acid, which is prepared in situ from a mineral acid and sodium nitrite.

Benzylaminereactswithnitrousacidtoformunstablediazoniumsalt,whichinturn
givesalcohol withtheevolutionofnitrogengas.

Onthe other hand, aniline reactswithHNO2 ata low temperature toformstable

diazoniumsalt. Thus,nitrogengasisnotevolved.
(v) Aniline andN-methylanilinecan be distinguished using the Carbylaminetest.
Primaryamines,onheatingwithchloroformandethanolicpotassiumhydroxide,form foulsmellingisocyanidesorcarbylamines.Aniline,beinganaromaticprimaryamine,
givespositivecarbylaminetest.
However,N-methylaniline,beingasecondaryamine
doesnot.

REASONINGQUESTIONS
Q1. Accountforthefollowing:
(i)pKbof anilineis morethanthatofmethylamine.
(ii)Ethylamineis solubleinwaterwhereas anilineis not.
(iii)Methylamineinwaterreactswithferric chloridetoprecipitatehydratedferric
oxide. (iv) Althoughaminogroupisoandpdirectinginaromatic
electrophilicsubstitution
reactions,anilineonnitrationgives asubstantialamountof m-nitroaniline.
(v) Anilinedoes notundergoFriedel-Craftsreaction.
(vi)Diazoniumsaltsof aromatic amines aremorestablethanthoseofaliphatic amines.
(vii)Gabrielphthalimidesynthesis is preferredforsynthesising primary amines.
ANS. (i) pKbofanilineismorethanthat ofmethylamine

Aniline undergoes resonance and as a result, the electrons on the N-atom are
delocalized over the benzene ring. Therefore, theelectrons on the N-atom areless
availabletodonate.

Ontheotherhand,incaseofmethylamine(duetothe+Ieffectofmethylgroup),the electron
densityon the N-atom isincreased. As aresult, aniline islessbasicthan methylamine.
Thus,pKb ofanilineismorethanthat ofmethylamine.
(ii) Ethylamineissolubleinwaterwhereasanilineisnot:
EthylaminewhenaddedtowaterformsintermolecularHbondswithwater.Hence,it
issoluble inwater.

ButanilinedoesnotundergoHbondingwithwatertoaverylargeextentduetothe
presenceofalargehydrophobicC6H5group. Hence, anilineisinsolubleinwater.
(iii) Methylamine inwater reactswithferric chloride toprecipitate hydrated ferric
oxide:

Duetothe+Ieffect ofCH3 group,methylamine ismorebasicthan water. Therefore,in

water,methylamineproducesOH ions byacceptingH+ions fromwater.
Ferricchloride(FeCl3)dissociatesinwatertoform Fe3+andClions.
Then,OHionreacts withFe3+ionto formaprecipitateofhydratedferricoxide.

(iv) Although amino group is o,p directing in aromatic electrophilic substitution

reactions,anilineonnitrationgivesasubstantialamount ofm-nitroaniline:
Nitrationiscarriedoutinanacidicmedium.Inanacidicmedium,aniline isprotonated to
giveaniliniumion(whichismeta-directing).

Forthis reason,anilineonnitrationgivesasubstantialamount ofm-nitroaniline.

(v)AnilinedoesnotundergoFriedel-Craftsreaction:
AFriedel-CraftsreactioniscarriedoutinthepresenceofAlCl 3.ButAlCl3
isacidicin
nature,whileanilineisastrongbase.Thus,anilinereactswithAlCl 3 toformasalt(as shown
inthefollowingequation).

DuetothepositivechargeontheN-atom,electrophilicsubstitutioninthebenzenering
isdeactivated. Hence,anilinedoesnotundergotheFriedel-Crafts reaction.
(vi) Diazoniumsaltsofaromaticaminesaremorestablethanthoseofaliphaticamines:
Thediazoniumionundergoesresonanceasshownbelow:

Thisresonanceaccountsforthestabilityofthediazoniumion.Hence,diazoniumsalts
ofaromaticaminesaremorestablethanthoseofaliphaticamines.
(vii) Gabriel phthalimidesynthesisispreferredfor synthesisingprimaryamines:
Gabrielphthalimidesynthesisresultsintheformationof1amineonly.2or3amines
arenotformed inthissynthesis.Thus,apure1aminecanbeobtained.Therefore,
Gabriel phthalimidesynthesisispreferred forsynthesizingprimaryamines.
Q2.Why
cannotaromaticprimary
aminesbe
preparedbyGabriel
phthalimide
synthesi
s?
ANS.Gabrielphthalimidesynthesisisusedforthepreparationofaliphaticprimary
amines.Itinvolvesnucleophilicsubstitution(SN2)ofalkylhalidesbytheanionformed
bythephthalimide.
Butarylhalidesdonotundergonucleophilicsubstitutionwiththeanionformedbythe
phthalimide.

Hence,aromaticprimaryaminescannot beprepared bythisprocess.

Q3.Giveplausibleexplanationforeachof thefollowing:
(i) Whyareaminesless acidicthanalcoholsof comparablemolecularmasses?
(ii)Whydoprimaryamineshavehigherboilingpoint thantertiaryamines?
(iii)Whyarealiphaticaminesstrongerbasesthanaromaticamines?
ANS. (i) Aminesundergoprotonationtogiveamideion.

Similarly, alcohol losesaprotontogivealkoxide ion.

Inanamideion,thenegativechargeisontheN-atomwhereasinalkoxideion,the negative
chargeis on the O-atom. Since
Ois more electronegative than N, O can
accommodatethenegativechargemoreeasilythanN.Asaresult,theamideionisless
stablethanthealkoxideion.Hence,aminesarelessacidicthanalcoholsofcomparable
molecularmasses.
(ii)Inamoleculeoftertiaryamine,therearenoHatomswhereasinprimaryamines,
twohydrogenatomsarepresent.DuetothepresenceofHatoms,primaryamines
undergoextensiveintermolecularHbonding.

Asa result, extra energy isrequired toseparate the moleculesof primary amines.
Hence,primaryamineshavehigherboilingpointsthantertiaryamines.
(iii)DuetotheReffectofthebenzenering,theelectronsontheN-atomareless
availableincaseofaromaticamines.Therefore,theelectronsontheN-atominaromatic
aminescannotbe
donatedeasily.Thisexplainswhyaliphaticaminesarestrongerbases
thanaromaticamines.
SOLVEDQUESTIONS
1MARKQUESTIONS
Q1.GivetheIUPACnameofthecompoundandclassifyintoprimary,secondaryor
tertiaryamines.
1-Methylethanamine(10amine)
Q2.GivetheIUPACnameofthecompoundandclassifyintoprimary,secondaryor
tertiaryamines.
Propan-1-amine(10 amine)
Q3.GivetheIUPACnameofthecompoundandclassifyintoprimary,secondaryor
tertiaryamines.
NMethyl-2-methylethanamine(20 amine)

Q4.GivetheIUPACnameofthecompoundandclassifyintoprimary,secondaryor
tertiaryamines.
2-Methylpropan-2-amine(10amine)
Q5.GivetheIUPACnameofthecompoundandclassifyintoprimary,secondaryor
tertiaryamines.
NMethylbenzamineorN-methylaniline(20 amine)
Q6.Writeshortnoteson diazotization
Aromaticprimaryaminesreactwithnitrousacid(preparedinsitufromNaNO 2 anda
mineralacid suchasHCl)atlow temperatures (273-278K) to formdiazoniumsalts. This
conversionofaromaticprimaryaminesintodiazoniumsaltsisknownasdiazotization. For
example, on treatment with NaNO2and HClat 273278 K, aniline produces
benzenediazoniumchloride, withNaCland H2Oasby-products.

Q7.Writeshortnotesonammonolysis
Whenan alkyl or benzyl halide is allowed to react with an ethanolicsolution of
ammonia,itundergoesnucleophilicsubstitutionreactioninwhichthehalogenatomis
replacedbyan
amino(NH2)group.Thisprocessofcleavageofthecarbon-halogen
bondisknownasammonolysis.

Whenthissubstitutedammoniumsaltistreatedwithastrongbasesuchassodium
hydroxide, amineisobtained.

Thoughprimary amineisproducedasthe
major product, thisprocessproducesa
mixtureofprimary,secondaryandtertiaryamines,andalsoaquaternaryammonium salt

Q8.Writeshortnotesonacetylation.
Acetylation (or ethanoylation)is the process of introducing anacetyl group into a
molecule. Aliphaticandaromaticprimaryandsecondaryaminesundergoacetylation
reactionbynucleophilicsubstitutionwhentreatedwithacidchlorides,anhydridesor
esters.ThisreactioninvolvesthereplacementofthehydrogenatomofNH 2
or>NH
groupbytheacetylgroup,whichinturnleadstotheproductionofamides.Toshiftthe
equilibriumtotherighthandside,theHClformedduringthereactionisremovedas
soonasitisformed.Thisreactioniscarriedoutinthe presenceofabase(suchas pyridine)
whichisstronger thantheamine.
pyridine
C2 H5NH2+CH3COCl---------C2H5NHCOCH3+HCl
Q9.Whyareamines
basic
incharacter?
ANS.Likeammonia,thenitrogenatominaminesRNH2 istrivalentandbearsan
unshared
pairofelectrons.ThusitactslikeaLewisbaseanddonatesthepairofelectronstoelectrondeficient specieswhichfurtherincreases dueto+Ieffectof alkylradical.
Q10. Arrangethefollowingindecreasingorderof
theirbasicstrength: C6H5NH2,C2H5 NH2,(C2H5)2NH,NH3
Thedecreasingorderof
basicstrengthoftheaboveaminesandammonia
followsthefollowingorder:
(C2H5)2NH>C2H5
>C6H5NH2

NH2>NH3

SOLVEDEXAMPLES(2Marks)

Q1.Write chemicalequations forthe

followingreactions: (i) Reactionof
ethanolicNH3withC2H5Cl.
(ii)Ammonolysis of benzylchlorideandreactionof
aminesoformed withtwo molesofCH3Cl
Ans:

Q2.Write chemicalequations forthe

followingconversions: (i)CH3 CH2 ClintoCH3CH2
CH2 NH2
(ii)C6H5CH5ClintoC6H5 CH2 CH2 NH2

Q3.Writestructures andIUPAC names of

(i)theamidewhichgives propanamine
byHoffmannbromamidereaction.
(ii)theamineproducedbytheHoffmanndegradationofbenzamide.
ANS.(i)Propanaminecontainsthreecarbons.Hence,theamidemoleculemustcontain
fourcarbonatoms.StructureandIUPACnameofthestartingamidewithfourcarbon atoms
aregivenbelow:
(Butanamide)
(ii)Benzamideisanaromaticamidecontainingsevencarbonatoms.Hence,theamineforme
d
frombenzamideis aromatic primary amine containing sixcarbonatoms.

(Anilineorbenzenamine)
Q4.Writethereactionsof(i)aromatic and(ii)aliphatic primary amines withnitrous
acid.
ANS.(i)Aromaticaminesreactwithnitrousacid(preparedinsitufromNaNO 2
anda
mineralacidsuchasHCl)at273278Ktoformstablearomaticdiazoniumsaltsi.e., NaCland
H2O.

(ii)Aliphaticprimaryaminesreactwithnitrousacid(preparedinsitufromNaNO2
amineralacidsuchasHCl)toformunstablealiphaticdiazoniumsalts,whichfurther
producealcoholandHClwiththeevolutionof N2 gas.

Q 5.Convert (i)Ethanoic acidintomethanamine

(ii)Hexanenitrileinto1-aminopentane
ANS.(i)

(ii)

Q6.How willyouconvert:
(i)Methanol toethanoic acid
(ii)Ethanamineintomethanamine

and

Q8.How willyouconvert
(i)Ethanoic acidintopropanoic acid
(ii)Methanamine
intoethanamine
Q9.How willyouconvert
(i)Nitromethane intodimethylamine
(ii)Propanoic acidintoethanoic acid?
Q10. An aromatic compound A on treatment with aqueous ammonia and
heating forms compoundBwhichonheatingwithBr2
andKOHformsacompoundCofmolecularformula C6H7N.Writethestructures
andIUPACnamesofcompounds A, BandC.
ANS.ItisgiventhatcompoundChavingthemolecularformula,C6H7Nisformedby
heatingcompoundBwithBr2
andKOH.ThisisaHoffmannbromamidedegradation
reaction.Therefore,compoundBisanamideandcompoundCisanamine.Theonly
aminehavingthemolecularformula,C6H7N isaniline,(C6H5NH2).Thegivenreactions
canbeexplainedwiththehelpof thefollowingequations:

Q1. Arrangethe following:

(i)

Indecreasingorder ofthepKbvalues:
C2H5 NH2,C6H5NHCH3,(C2H5)2 NHandC6H5NH2
(ii)Inincreasingorderofbasic strength:
C6H5NH2,C6H5N (CH3)2 ,(C2H5)2 NHandCH3NH2
(iii)Inincreasing orderof basic strength: Aniline, p-nitroanilineandp-toluidine
ANS.(i) Theorderofincreasingbasicityof thegivencompoundsisas follows:
C6H5NH2 <C6H5NHCH3<C2H5NH2 <(C2H5)2NH
Weknowthatthehigherthebasicstrength, the loweristhepKb
values. C6H5NH2>C6H5NHCH3>C2H5NH2 >(C2H5)2NH

(i)

(ii)Theincreasingorderof thebasicstrengthsofthegivencompoundsisasfollows:
C6H5NH2 <C6H5N (CH3)2<CH3NH2<(C2H5)2NH
(iii) Theincreasingorder of thebasicstrengthsofthegivencompoundsis:
p-Nitro aniline<Aniline<p-Toluidine
Q2. Arrangethefollowing
(i) Indecreasingorder
ofbasicstrengthingasphase: C2H5NH2,
(C2H5)2NH,(C2H5)3NandNH3
(ii)Inincreasingorderofboilingpoint:
C2H5OH,(CH3)2NH,C2H5NH2
(iii) Inincreasingorder
ofsolubilityinwater: C6H5NH2,
(C2H5)2NH,C2H5NH2.
ANS.(i)Thegivencompoundscanbearrangedinthedecreasingorderoftheirbasic
strengthsinthegasphaseas follows:
(C2H5)3N> (C2H5)2NH>C2H5NH2 >NH3
(ii)Thegivencompoundscanbearrangedintheincreasingorderoftheirboilingpoints
as follows:
(CH3)2NH<C2H5NH2 <C2H5OH
(iii)ThemoreextensivetheHbonding,thehigheristhesolubility.C2H5NH2
containstwoH-atoms whereas (C2H5)2NHcontainsonlyoneH-atom.Thus,C2H5NH2
undergoes
moreextensiveHbondingthan(C2H5)2NH.Hence,thesolubilityinwaterofC2H5NH2
ismorethanthat of(C2H5)2NH.
Q3.Accomplishthefollowingconversions:
Nitrobenzenetobenzoiacid(ii
) Benzeneto mbromophenol(iii)
(ii)
Benzoicacid
toaniline
5MARKS QUESTIONS
Q1.GivethestructuresofA, B andC inthefollowingreactions:
(i)

(ii)

(iii)
(iv)

(v)

Level1
1. WriteIUPACName ofC6H5N(CH3)3Br?
2. Whichreactionisused forpreparationofpurealiphatic&aralkylprimaryamine ?
3. Name onereagentused
fortheseparationofprimary,secondary&tertiaryamine?
4. What aminesalts areusedfordetermingtheirmolecularmasses?
5. Whatisthedirective influence ofaminogroupinarylamines?
6. Whyarebenzene diazoniumsaltssoluble inwater?
7. Whichismorebasic:CH3NH2 & (CH3)3N?
8. Whichismoreacidic,aniline orammonia?
9. WritetheIUPACname ofC6H5NHCH3 ?
10.Mentiontwousesofsulphanilicacid?
Level2
1. Whatforarequaternaryammoniumsaltswidelyused?
2. Whatproductisformedwhenaniline isfirstdiazotizedandthentreatedwith
Phenolinalkaline medium?
3. Howisphenylhydrazineprepared fromaniline?
4. WhatistheIUPACname ofatertiaryaminecontainingone methyl,one ethyl
Andone n-propylgroup?
5. Explainwhysilverchloride issoluble inaqueoussolutionofmethylamine?
6. WritetheIUPACname ofC6H5N(CH3)3Br?
7. Primaryamineshavehigherboilingpointsthentertiaryamineswhy?
8. Whyisitnecessarytomaintainthetemperaturebetween273K&278Kduring
diazotization?
9. Arrangethefollowinginorderofdecreasingbasic
strength: Ethylamine,Ammonia,Triethylamine?
10.Whyaniline is acetylatedfirsttoprepare monobromoderivative?
LEVEL 3
1. Arrangethefollowingindecreasingorderoftheirbasicstrength.
C6H5NH2,C2H5NH2, (C2H5)2NH,NH3 (Gas phase and aq. Phase both)
2. Writechemicalequationfortheconversion
CH3-CH2-ClintoCH3 CH2-CH3-NH2
3.Writethe equationinvolvedinCarbylamines reactions?
4. Howwillyoudistinguishthefollowingpairs?
(i)MethanamineandN-methylmethaneamine (ii)Anilineandethylamine
1 MARK QUESTIONS
Q1. Arrange the following in decreasing order of their basic strength:
C6H5NH2, C2H5NH2, (C2H5)2NH, NH3
Q2. Arrange the following in decreasing order of the pKbvalues:
C2H5NH2, C6H5NHCH3, (C2H5)2NH and C6H5NH2
Q3. pKbof aniline is more than that of methylamine. Why?
Q4. Ethylamine is soluble in water whereas aniline is not. Give reason.

Q5. Methylamine in water reacts with ferric chloride to precipitate hydrated ferric
oxide. Why?
Q6. Although amino group is o and p directing in aromatic electrophilic
substitution reactions, aniline on nitration gives a substantial amount of
m-nitroaniline. Give reason.
Q7. Aniline does not undergo Friedel-Crafts reaction. Why?
Q8. Diazonium salts of aromatic amines are more stable than those of aliphatic
amines. Why?
Q9. Gabriel phthalimide synthesis is preferred for synthesising primary amines. Give
reason
Q10. Why cannot aromatic primary amines be prepared by Gabriel phthalimide
synthesis?
Q11. Why do primary amines have higher boiling point than tertiary amines?
Q12. Why are aliphatic amines stronger bases than aromatic amines?
Q13. Direct nitration of aniline is not carried out. Give reason.
Q14. The presence of base is needed in the ammonolysis of alkyl halides. Why?
2 MARKS QUESTIONS
Q1. Write structures and IUPAC names of
(i) the amide which gives propanamine by Hoffmann bromamide reaction.
(ii) the amine produced by the Hoffmann degradation of benzamide.
Q2. Give one chemical test to distinguish between the following pairs of
compounds.
(i)
Methylamine and dimethylamine (ii) Ethylamine and aniline
(Isocyanides test)
(Diazo test)
Q3. Write short notes on the following:
(i) Carbylaminereaction (ii) Diazotisation
Q4. Explain the following with the help of an example.(Please Refer Textbook)
(i) Hofmanns bromamidereaction (ii) Coupling reaction
Q5. Explain the following with the help of an example.(Please Refer Textbook)
(i) Ammonolysis (ii) Gabriel phthalimide synthesis
Q6. How can you convert an amide into an amine having one carbon less than the
starting compound? Name the reaction.
Q7. Give a chemical test to distinguish between:(Practise)
(a) C6H5NH2& CH3NH2
(b) CH3NHCH3& (CH3)3N
Q8. Give the IUPAC names of:
(a) (CH3)2CHNH2
(b) (CH3CH2)2NCH3
Q9. Write the structures of:
(a) 3-Bromobenzenamine
(b) 3-Chlorobutanamide
3 MARKS QUESTIONS(Practice Yourself)(Please Refer Textbook)
Q1. How will you convert
(i) Benzene into aniline (ii) Benzene into N, N-dimethylaniline
(iii) Aniline to Sulphanilic acid
Q2. An aromatic compound A on treatment with aqueous ammonia and
heatingforms compound B which on heating with Br 2 and KOH forms a compound

Cof molecular formula C6H7N. Write the structures and IUPAC names of compounds
A, B and C.
Q3. How will you carry out the following conversions (Write Chemical equations and
reaction conditions):
(a) Aniline to Phenol
(b)Acetamide to Ethylamine
(c) Aniline to p-nitroaniline

CHAPTER-14 BIOMOLECULES
4
Marks Chapter
Key Points
1.Carbohydrates- These are optically active polyhydroxy aldehydes or
ketones due to presence of chiral `C or the compounds which produce these
on hydrolysis except dihydroxy acetone is not optically active.
2. Classification(i) Monosaccharides Those carbohydrates which cannot get hydrolysed
e.g. glucose ,fructose, galactose etc.
(ii) Oligosaccharides- Those carbohydrates which give to or more
monosaccharides on hydrolysis e.g. sucrose on hydrolysis gives glucose and
fructose. Raffinose on hydrolysis gives glucose, fructose and galactose.
(iii) Polysaccharides- Those carbohydrates which on hydrolysis give large
number of monosaccharides hydrolysis.eg starch, cellulose, glycogen.
3. Sugar(i)Reducing Sugars- Those which reduce Fehlings or Tollens reagent. They
have free aldehydic groups, eg , glucose, fructose , galactose
(ii)Non Reducing Sugars- Those which do not reduce Fehlings or Tollens
reagent. They do not have free functional group ,e.g., sucrose
4. Glucose- It is a monosaccharides with molecular formula C6H12O6
(ii) Cyclic Structure OF Glucose: the straight chain is unable to explain
the following reactions.
(a) It does not give the 2, 4-DNP test, Schiffs Test and does not form the
hydrogensulphite product with NaHSO3 .
(b) The pentacetate of glucose does not react with NH2OH, indicating the
absence of free aldehydic group.

(iii) Glucose exist in 2 different crystalline forms and forms. These are
called anomers. They differ in optical rotation, they also differ in melting
point.
Anomers are isomers which have a different configuration across C1 (first chiral C atom).
7. Glycosidic Linkage: The linkage between two monosaccharide units
through oxygen is called the
glycosidic linkage.
8. Proteins: These are micro molecules made up of amino acids joined via a
peptide link ( -(-CONH-)- is the peptide linkage). These are required for
growth and development of the body.
9. Amino Acids: These contain an amino (-NH2) and an acidic (-COOH)
group and are therefore amphoteric in nature. In solution they exist in the
form of zwitter ion.
10. Classification
Fibrous Protein
(i) Polypeptide chains run parallel or antiparallel and held together by hydrogen
and disulphide bonds.
(ii) Generally insoluble in water. e.g.
Keratin, collagen,myosin,fibroin.

Globular Protein
(i) Chains of Polypeptide coil around to
give a spherical shape.
(ii) Usually soluble in water. e.g., insulin,
thyroglobin,albumin, haemoglobin and
fibrinogen gets converted into fibrous
protein fibroin on clotting of blood.

11. Structure And Shape of Protein

Primary Strutcure

Secondary Structure

Tertiary Structure

The specific
sequence of amino
acids in the
polypeptide chain.
Change in amino
acids sequence
changes the protein.
They have covalent
bonds.

It is the shape in which

the long polypeptide
chain can exist. It is of
two types : - helix and
- pleated. These
structures arise due to
regular folding of the
backbone of the
polypeptide chain due
to H-bonding between
the C=o and NHgroups of the peptide
bond.

Represents overall
folding of the
polypeptide chain. It
gives rise to the
fibrous or globular
molecular shapes.
Forces stabilizing the
2o and 3o structures
are hydrogen bonds,
disulphide linkages,
van der waals and
electrostatic forces of
attraction.

Quaternary
Structure
Protein can be
composed of two or
more polypeptide
chains called sub
units. The spatial
arrangement of these
sub units with respect
to each other
quaternary structure
of the protein.

12. Denaturaion of Protein: The protein in native state, when subjected

to a physical change like temperature, pH etc undergoes uncoiling and
looses its biological activity. The 2o and 3o structures are destroyed, only 1o
structure is retained.
Renaturation of Protein:
Some proteins regain their biological activity by reversible process it is called
Renaturation of Proteins. In such a cases, when temperature in pH of a
denatured proteins is brought back to conditions in which the native protein
is stable, secondary and tertiary structures of proteins are restored to which
leads to recovery of biological activity.
13. Enzymes: These are biocatalyst and generally globular proteins e.g.,
invertase,zymase,phenyl, alaninehydroxylase, urease etc.
14. Vitamins: They are organic compounds required in the diet in small
amounts to perform specific biological functions for maintenance of optimum
growth and health of the organism. They are classified as follows
(i) Fat Soluble Vitamins: Vitamin A,D,E and K. They are stored in liver and
adipose tissues.
(ii) Water Soluble Vitamins: B group vitamins and vitamin C. They need
to supplied regularly in diet as they are excreted in urine and cannot be
stored(except vitamin B12) in our body.
Their deficiency causes diseases.
Biotin (Vit H) is however neither fat nor water soluble. Its deficiency leads to
loss of hair.
15. Nucleic Acids: These are biomolecules which are long chain polymers
of nucleotides. They are:
(i) Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
(ii) Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
They are responsible for protein synthesis and transfer of genetic
characteristics to offsprings.
16. Composition of Nucleic Acid:
They are made up of pentose sugar(-D-2-deoxyribose in DNA and -Dribose in RNA), phosphoric acid and a nitrogen containing heterocyclic
compound(base).

DNA- Bases present are Adenine(A), Thymine(T),Guanine(G) and Cytosine(C).

RNA- contains Adenine(A), Guanine(G), Cytosine(C) and Uracil(U).
17. Nucleoside: The unit formed by the attachment of a base to n1position of sugar (Base+Sugar).
18. Nucleotide: Nucleoside and phosphoric acid at 5-position. Nucleotides
are bonded by phosphodiester linkages between 5 and 3 carbon atoms of
pentose sugar (Base+ Sugar+ Phosphoric Acid).
19.DNA : has a double helical structure with AT and GC linked together
through 2 and 3 hydrogen bonds respectively. It is responsible for transfer of
genetic characteristics.
20. RNA: is of three types- messenger RNA(m-RNA), ribosomal RNA(r-RNA)
and transfer RNA (t-RNA). RNA helps in protein synthesis.
21. Biological Functions of Nuclei Acid: DNA is chemical basis of
hereditary and have the coded message for proteins to be synthesized in the
cell. RNA carry out the protein synthesis in the cell.

VSA Type Questions (1 Mark)

Q1 Which functional groups are present in monosaccharides?
Ans - OH and CHO or OH and >CO
Q2 Name an aldopentose, aldohexose and ketohexose.
Ans Ribose,glucose and fructose respectively.
Q3 What is animal starch?

Ans Glycogen.
Q4 Which types of bonds are present in a protein molecule?
Ans Peptide bonds, hydrogen bonds, sulphide bonds, ionic bonds etc.
Q5 Which is more stable? and why
-helix , -helix
Ans -helix is right handed coil and is more stable due to intermolecular H
bonding between first and fourth amino acid.
Q6 The sequence of bases in one strand of DNA is TACGGACA. What is the
sequence of bases of complementary strand of DNA.
Ans ATGCCTGT.
Q7 Name the vitamin whose deficiency causes rickets?
Ans Vitamin D.
Q8 Name the purines present in DNA.
Ans Adenine and guanine.
Q9 Give an example of (a)water soluble (b)fat soluble vitamins.
Ans (a)Vitamin C (b)Vitamin D.
Q10 Name a protein which is insoluble in water.
Ans Keratin.
SAI Type Questions (2 Marks)
Q1 Write the components of starch and what is the difference between
them?
Ans Amylose which is linear polymer of -glucose and amytopectin which is
branched polymer of glucose. Amylose is water soluble where as amylopectine is water
insoluble.
Q2 What are anomers?
Ans Monosaccharides which differ only in the orientation of the OH group
at C-1.e.g, -glucose and glucose.

Q3 Where does the water present in the egg go after boiling the egg?
Ans On boiling during denaturation process water makes inter molecular Hbond with denatured protein
molecule.
Q4 What do you understand by glycosidic linkage?
Ans During condensation of two monosaccharides, a water molecule
given out and two
monosaccharides get linked together by an oxide or ethereal linkage
(O) called as glycosidic
linkage.
Q5 What are essential and non essential amino acid? Give two examples of
each type.
Ans Essential amino acids are those which are not produced in our
body.e.g.,valine,leucine.
Non-essential amino acids are those which are produced by our
body.e.g.glycine and alanine.
Q6 How do you explain the amphoteric behavior of amino acids?
Ans Amino acids have both acidic as well as basic group and they react
both with acids as well as
bases,therefore they are amphoteric in nature.
Q7 What is the structural difference between a nucleoside and a
nucleotide?
Ans - Nucleoside = sugar + base
Nucleotide = sugar + base + phosphoric acid
Q8 Define (a)Enzymes (b)Antibody
Ans (a)Enzymes they are biological catalyst which catalyse biochemical
reactions.e.g.,
C12H22011 + H20
sucrose

----------> C6H1206 + C6H1206

glucose

fructose

This reaction is catalysed by the enzyme invertase.

(b)Antibody they are chemical substances which destroy antigens that

cause infections.e.g.,vaccination for typhoid produces antibodies in our body
to prevent typhoid.
Q9 What is invert sugar?
Ans An equimolar aqueous solution of glucose and fructose is called invert
sugar.
SAII Type Questions (3 Marks)
Q1 Give three differences between DNA and RNA.
Ans
DNA

RNA

1. it has deoxyribose as sugar.

1.it contains ribose as sugar.

2. it contains thymine along with

adenine, cytosine and guanine as
bases.

2.it contains uracil in place of

thymine with other bases.

3. it is responsible for maintaining

heredity traits from generation to
generation.

3. it is responsible for protein

synthesis.

Q2 Difference between globular protein and fibrous protein.

Ans
Globular Protein

Fibrous Protein

1. they form -helix structure.

1. they have -pleated structure.

2. they are water soluble.

2. they are water insoluble.

3. they involve intra molecular H

bonding.

3. they have strong intermolecular

forces of attraction.

Q3 Give reactions with support cyclic structure of glucose.

Ans (a)Glucose does not give 2,4-DNP test, Schiff`s test and sodium
hydrogen suphide test.

(b)The pentaacetate of glucose does not react with NH2OH indicating

absence of free CHO group.
(c)Glucose exists in two crystalline form and .
Q4 Define with example
(a)Isoelectric point (b)Mutarotation (c)Transcription
Ans
(a)Isoelctric point the pH at which there is no net migration of any ion
towards electrode.e.g,amino acids have isoelectric point at pH = 5.5-6.3
(b)Mutarotation - it is spontaneous change in optical rotation when an
optically active substance is dissolved in water.e.g, -glucose when dissolved
in water changes its optical rotation from 111o to 52.5 o.
(c)Transcription it is process by which mRNA is generated from DNA.
Q5 What happens when glucose reacts with
(a)HI
anhydride

(b) HNO3

(c)Br2 water (d) NH2OH (e) Acetic

Ans
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)

C6H1206 + HI ------> n-hexane C6H14

C6H1206 + HNO3 -------> saccharic acid / Glucric acid
C6H1206 +Br2 water --------> gluconic acid
C6H1206 +Br2 water --------> gluconic acid
C6H1206 + NH2OH -------->
Oxime
C6H1206 + Acetic anhydride --------> glucose penta acetate

Q6. Mention structural differences between amylopectin and cellulose.

Amylopectin
1. It is linear polymer of glucose.

Cellulose
1. It is linear polymer of glucose.

2. It consists of branched
chains of -glucose.

2. In cellulose, the chains

are arranged to form
bundles and held together
by hydrogen bond between
glucose and adjacent
strands.

Ans.

Q7. What deficiency diseases are caused due to lack of vitamins B1 , B6 and
K in human diet.
Ans.
Vitamins
B1
B6
K

Deficiency Disease
Beri beri (loss of appetite)
Convulsions
Increased blood clotting time

Q8. Glucose or Sucrose are soluble in water but cyclohexane and benzene
are insoluble in water. Explain.
Ans. Glucose contains five-OH groups and Sucrose contains eight-OH groups,
because of this they form intermolecular hydrogen bonding, so they are
soluble in water. But benzene and cyclohexane does not contain OH groups,
hence does not form intermolecular hydrogen bonding, so they are not
soluble in water.

HOTS Questions

VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS

Q1. Write the formula of Zwitter ion for Glycine.

Ans.
R-CH-COO|
NH3+
General Formula

CH2-COO|
NH3+
Zwitter ion of glycine

Q2. Which proteins possess -Helix structure?

Ans. Keratin and myosin possess -Helix structure.
Q3. What is the native state of protein?

Ans. The energetically most stable shape of the protein at normal pH and
temperature is called native state.

Q4. Fresh tomatoes are a better source of Vitamin C that which have been
stored for some time. Explain.
Ans. Vitamin C is destroyed on prolonged exposure to air due to its oxidation.
Q5. Why are carbohydrates generally active?
Ans. It is due to the presence of Chiral Carbon atoms in their molecules.
Q6. What type of linkages hold together monomers in DNA?
Ans. Monomers in DNA are linked by phosphate linkages.
Q7. Why is cellulose not digested in human body?
Ans. It is due to the fact that human beings do not have enzyme to digest
cellulose.
Q8. Name the enzyme that is used to dissolve blood clots?
Ans. Streptokinase.
Q9. Name two diseases caused due to deficiency of enzymes.
Ans. Albinism and phenylketonuria.
SA Type I (2 Marks)
Q1. Give reasons for the following(i) On electrolysis in acidic solution amino acids migrate towards cathode,
while in alkaline solution these migrate towards anode.
(ii) The monoamino monocarboxylic acids have two pKa values.
Ans. (i) In acidic solution, the carboxylate anion accept a proton and gets
converted into carboxylic group resulting in the formation of positive ion.
In presence of a base the NH3+ ion changes to NH2 group by losing a proton
and this gives a negative ion.
This means that in acidic medium, the amino acid migrates towards the
cathode while in alkaline solution it migrates towards anode on electrolysis.

(ii) In aqueous solution, monoamino monocarboxylic amino acid behave like

salt at isoelectric point. At a pH lower than isoelectric point (i.e. in acidic
medium) it act as cation and

and at a pH higher than isoelectric point,it acts as anion.

Q2. Which forces are responsible for the stability of -helix? Why is it named
as 3.613 helix?
Ans. Hydorgen bonds between N-H and C=O groups of peptide bonds
give stability to the structure.
It is known as 3.613 helix, since each turn of helix has approximately 3.6
amino acid residue and a 13 member ring is formed by hydrogen bonding.
Q3. Write about the following protein synthesis(i) Name the location where the protein synthesis occurs?
Ans. Protein synthesis occurs at the ribosome in cytoplasm.
(ii) How do 64 codones code for only 20 amino acids?
Ans. The 64 codones for 20 amino acids; more than one codon can code for
same amino acids, e.g., CUU and CUU both can code leucine. Proline is
encoded by CCU, CCA, CCG, and CCC.
Q4. What is replication of DNA.
Ans. The process by which a DNA molecule produces two identical copies of
itself is called replication of
DNA
Q5. Answer the following queries about proteins(i) How are proteins related to amino acids?
Ans. Proteins consist of large number of amino acids linked to each other by
peptide linkage, having 3- dimensional structure. Thus, proteins are
biopolymers of amino acids.
(ii) When is protein said to be denatured?
Ans. When nature proteins are subjected to the action of heat, acids or
alkalies, they are coagulated or precipitated. The protein in this state is said

to be denatured. During denaturation process the water soluble form of

globular protein change to water insoluble fibrous protein.
Q6. Draw simple Fischer projections of D and L- glucose. Are these
enantiomers?
Refer NCERT Book.
Yes , these two fischer projections are called enatiomers.
Q7. Glycine exists as a Zwitter ion but 0-and p-amino benzoic acids do not.
Explain.
Ans. The lone pair of N-atom in O- and p-aminobenzoic acid is involved in
resonance. The lone pair of N-atom in transferred towards benzene ring. This
decreases the acidic character of NH2 group. Therefore these groups do not
transfer and accept H+ ions, respectively.
Q8. The melting points and solubility in water of amino acids are generally
higher than that of the corresponding halo acids. Explain.
Ans. The amino acids exists as zwitter ion (H3NCHRCOO-). They have salt
like structure. There are strong dipole-dipole and electrostatic attractions.
Therefore, amino acids have high melting points. Amino acids strongly
interact with water molecules and are soluble in it. The halo-acids do not
have salt like structure and have low melting points. Halo-acids do not
interact as strongly with water molecules as do amino acids. Therefore,
solubility of amino acids in water is more than those of halo-acids.
Q9. A tripeptide on complete hydolysis gives glycine, alanine and
phynylalanine using three letter symbols write down the possible sequence
of tripeptide.

CHAPTER-15 POLYMERS
3 Marks Chapter
Key Points
Polymer:
It is a very large molecule having molecular mass 10 3 - 107 g mol-1. They are
formed by joining together repeating structural units called monomers.
Classification of Polymers:
(a) Based On Source:
(i) Natural: Found in plants and animals, e.g. Proteins, cellulose, natural rubber, silk,
wool.
(ii) Synthetic:
polystyrene.

Man-made e.g. Nylon, polyster, neoprene, Bakelite, Teflon, PVC,

(b) Based On Structure:

(i) Linear Polymers: This consist of long and straight chain repeating units e.g. Polythene
(HDPE),
PVC, nylon, polyester.
(ii) Branched Polymers: This contain linear chains having some branches e.g.
amylopectin, glycogen etc.
(iii) Cross Linked Polymers: Strong covalent bonds are present between various linear
polymer chains. E.g. Bakelite, urea- formaldehyde polymer, melamine, formaldehyde
polymer etc.
(c) Based On Mode Of Polymerization:
(i) Addition Polymers: These are formed by the repeated addition of monomer molecules
possessing multiple bonds, e.g., polythene, polypropene, polystyrene, PMMA (polymethyl
metha crylate)
(ii) Condensation Polymers: These are formed by the repeated condensation reaction of
different bifunctional or trifunctional monomers, with the elimination of small molecules
like water,HCl,NH3, alcohol etc. e.g. Bakelite,nylon,polyster,urea- formaldehyde resin.
(d) Based On Molecular Forces:
(i) Elastomers: Forces of interaction between polymer chains is weakest, e.g. natural
rubber, neoprene, vulcanized rubber.
(ii) Fibers: Strong hydrogen bonds are present between the polymer chains. They have
high tensile strength e.g., nylon.polyster, silk, wool, orlon, rayon etc.
(iii) Thermoplastics: They are linear/slightly branched chains molecules capable of
repeated softening on heating and hardening on cooling,e.g., polythene,PVC, polystrene,
polypropene.
(iv) Thermosetting Plastics: They are cross-linked or heavily branched molecules, which
on heating undergo extensive cross-linkages and become infusible, e.g., bakelite,urea
formaldehyde resin.
(e) Based On Growth Of Polymerization: Depending upon the mechanism of
Polymerization, polymers are classified as
(i) Addition Polymers Or Chain Growth Polymers:
They follow mostly free radical mechanism.
(ii) Condensation Polymers or Step Growth Polymers because they are formed in
gradual steps.
Polymer

Monomer

Uses

(i) Polyethene
Ethene
(ii) Polytetra
Tetrafluoroethene
Fluroethene(Teflon)
(iii) PolyarcylonitrileAcrylonitrile
(iv) Terylene or
Glycol + Terephthalic
Decron
Acid

Insulation of wires, toys, manufacture of

etc.
Oil seal and Gasket and non
Stick kitchen wares
Substitute for wool
Ropes, safety belts,
tyre -cord , sails of boats,
saree and dress material

(v) Nylon-6,6

Hexamethylenediamine + Stocking, socks, ropes,

Adipic acid
Parachutes, fabrics,
bristles of tooth brush
(vi) Nylon-6
Caprolactum
Tyre-cords, Ropes, fabrics
(vii) Novolac
Phenol + Formaldehyde Used for binding glue, laminated wooden pla
(viii) Phenol
Formaldehyde + Phenol Combs,records, switches boards
Formaldehyde resin
(ix) Melamine
Melamine + FormaldehydeManufacture of unbreakable
polymers
crockery
(x) Buna-S
1,3-Butadiene + Styrene Autotyres floor, tiles foot-wear components
Copolymer
(xi) Natural rubber 2-methyl-1,3-butadiene Used for tyres
(Isoprene)
(xii) Neoprene
2-chloro-1,3-butadiene
Conveyor belts, gasket , hoses
(chloroprene)
(xiii) Buma-N
1,3-butadiene + acrylonitrile
Resistance to action of petrol.
Make oil seals,tank linings etc.
(xiv) (PHBV) poly-
3-hydroxybutanoic acid + Packaging orthopaedic devices
hydroxybutyrateco-3-hydroxypantanoic acid
- hydroxyl valerate
(biodegradable)
(xv) Nylon-2-nylon-6
Glycine + aminocaproic acid
It is biodegradable step growth
Polymer
(xvi)Poly(glycolicacid)
Glycolic acid + lactic acid Sutures ,ie,for stitching wounds after operat
Poly(lactic acid)
Biodegradables
(dexton)
(biodegradable)
Very short Answer Questions - 1 Mark
1. Name a natural elastomer.
Ans . Natural rubber.
2. Write name of a synthetic polymer which is an amide.
Ans. Nylon 6 or Nylon 6,6.
3. Write the monomer units of Bakelite.

Ans. Phenol and formaldehyde.

Name of monomer of Nylon 6.
Ans. 6- Aminocaproic acid
5. Define a copolymer.
Ans.The polymers made by addition polymerisation from two different
monomers are termed as copolymers, e.g., Buna-S, Buna-N,
etc.
6. Write one use of PVC.
Ans: In manufacture of rain coats& vinyl flooring.
7. Give an example of thermoplastics.
Ans: Thermoplastics are polythene, polystyrene, polyvinyls, etc.
4.

8. To which class of polymers does Nylon-66 belong?

Ans: Polyamides
9.

Name the type of monomers in terylene?

Ans: Ethylene glycol and terephthalic acid.
10.
What is the function of sulphur in vulcanisation of rubber?
Ans: Sulphur introduces sulphur bridges.So it is become more tensile
strength,elasticity and resistance to abrasion etc.

Short Answer Questions - 2 Marks

1. Arrange the following polymers in increasing order of their intermolecular
forces.
(i) Nylon 6,6, Buna-S, Polythene.
(ii) Nylon 6, Neoprene, Polyvinyl chloride.
Ans. (i) Buna-S< Polythene<Nylon 6,6
(ii)Neoprene < Polyvinyl chloride< Nylon 6.
2. Classify the following as addition and condensation polymers: Terylene,
Bakelite,
Polyvinyl chloride, Polythene.
Ans. (i) addition polymers :Polyvinyl chloride, Polythene.
(ii) condensation polymers: Terylene , Bakelite.
3. What is a biodegradable polymer ? Give an example of a biodegradable
aliphatic polyester.
Ans. Polymers which disintegrate by themselves over a period of time due
to environmental degradation by bacteria,etc.are called biodegradable
polymers. e.g. PHBV
4.How can you differentiate between addition and condensation polymerization

Ans. In addition polymerization the molecules of the same monomer or diferent

monomers add together on a large scale to form a polymer. The monomers used
are unsaturated compounds, e.g., alkenes, alkadienes and their derivatives.
Condensation polymerisation generally involves a repetitive condensation
reaction between two bi-functional monomers. These polycondensation
reactions may result in the loss of some simple molecules as water,
alcohol, etc., and lead to the formation of high molecular mass
condensation polymers. e.g. , Nylon 6,6.
5.What is meant by PTFE ?Give its popular name.
Ans.Polytetrafluoroethylene.it is called Teflon.
6.Write chemical name of (Ziegler-Natta catalyst).
Ans: Triethylaluminium and titanium tetrachloride
7.Write down the two differences between thermoplastic and thermosetting
plastic and examples.
Ans: Thermoplastic are the linear or slightly branched long chain molecules
capable of repeatedly softening on heating and hardening on cooling.
These polymers possess intermolecular forces of attraction
intermediate between elastomers and fibres. Some common
thermoplastics are polythene, polystyrene, polyvinyls, etc.
Thermosetting plastic polymers are cross linked or heavily branched
molecules,
which on heating undergo extensive cross linking in moulds and
again become infusible. These cannot be reused. Some common
examples are bakelite, urea-formaldelyde resins, etc.
8.Differentiate Novolac and Bakelite on the basis of structure.
Ans: A linear product of Phenol - formaldehyde polymer is Novolac,
used in paints.
Novolac on heating with formaldehyde undergoes cross linking to
form an infusible solid mass called bakelite. It is used for making
combs, phonograph records, electrical switches and handles of
various utensils.
9. Distinguish between the terms homopolymer and copolymer and give an
example of each.
Ans: the addition polymers formed by the polymerisation of a
single monomeric species are known as homopolymers, e.g.,
polythene.

The polymers made by addition polymerisation from two different

monomers are termed as copolymers, e.g., Buna-S, Buna-N, etc.
10. How will you differentiate between LDP and HDP?
Ans: Low density polythene: It is obtained by the polymerisation
of ethene under high pressure of 1000 to 2000 atmospheres
at a temperature of 350 K to 570 K in the presence of traces
of dioxygen or a peroxide initiator (catalyst).
Low density polythene is chemically inert and tough but flexible
and a poor conductor of electricity.e.g., squeeze bottles, toys and flexible
pipes.
High density polythene: It is formed when addition
polymerisation of ethene takes place in a hydrocarbon solvent
in the presence of a catalyst Ziegler-Natta catalyst at a temperature
of 333 K to 343 K and under a pressure of 6-7 atmospheres.
HDP consists of linear molecules and has a high density due to close
packing. It is
more tougher and harder. It is used for manufacturing buckets, dustbins,
bottles, pipes, etc.

Short Answer Questions - 3Marks

1. Write the names of monomers of the following polymers:
(i)
Nylon 6,6 (ii) Neoprene(iii) Buna N
Ans. (i) hexamethylenediamine and adipic acid.
(ii)

chloroprene.

(iii)1, 3 butadiene and acrylonitrile.

2. Write the monomers of the following polymers:
(i) Buna-N (ii) Teflon(iii) Neoprene.
Ans.(i) 1, 3 butadiene and acrylonitrile (ii) tetrafluoroethene (iii)
chloroprene.
3. Write use of each orlon and Nylon-6.
Ans: use of orlon is clothing as a substitute for wool& for Nylon-6.
use of Nylon-6 is as fibrics
10. Write Important uses of following Polymers
(1) Polypropene (2) Polystyrene (3) Glyptal
Ans: (1) Manufacture of ropes, toys, pipes, fibres, etc.
(2)As insulator, wrapping material, manufacture of toys, radio and
television
cabinets.
(3) Manufacture of paints and lacquers.
HOTS QUESTIONS

1. What is the main constituent of bubble gum?

Ans - Styrene - butadiene copolymer (SBR).
2. What is a plasticizer?
Ans; The substances which are added to increase the softness of hard
polymers.
3. Draw the structures of the monomer of PAN.
Ans: CH2=CH-CN
4. Give the name of polymer which is used for making non- stick utensils.
Ans: Teflon(CF2=CF2)
5. What is the % of sulphur using during in vulcanization of rubber ?
Ans: 3% to 5%
6. Give the common and the IUPAC name of the monomer of natural
rubber.
Ans: cis-Isoprene & 2-methyl-1,3-butadiene
7. Discuss the two main purpose of vulcanization of rubber.
Ans: (i)It makes the rubber hard.
(ii)It is more elastic.
(iii)It has more wear and tear resistance.
8. Why should one always use purest monomer in free radical
polymerisation?
Ans: Impurities of other substances if present,may inhibit or hinder the
chain
propagation.
9. .How is dacron obtained from ethylene glycol and terephthalic acid?
Ans: It is the condensation product of ethylene glycol and terephthalic
acid
Carried out at 420 to 460K in the presence of catalyst mixture of zinc
acetate
and antimony trioxide.
10.
. Why is Bakelite a thermosetting polymer?
Ans: It is a cross-linked polymer. On heating it sets permanently into
a solid.It
can not be remoulded by heating again.
11.
A regular copolymer of ethylene and vinyl chloride contains
alternate monomers of each type.What is the weight percent of
ethylene in this copolymer?
Ans: the weight percent of ethylene in this copolymer
[28/(28+62.5)]*100
30.93%
Acid
polymerisation
12.
C6H10=NOH

B Give the products A& B.

A= 6 - Aminocaproic acid
B=nylon-6

13.

.(i) Give an example of a synthetic rubber.

(ii) Mention main advantage of synthetic rubber.
(iii)Arrange the polymers in the increasing order of tensile strength,
Nylon-6, Buna-S,Polythene.
Ans: (i) synthetic rubber is Buna-S
(ii) It is used for making oil seals, tank linings.
(iii) Buna-S<Polythene< Nylon-6

CHAPTER -16 CHEMISTRY IN EVERYDAY LIFE

3 Marks Chapter

POINTS TO BE REMEMBERED

1. DRUGS Drugs are chemical of low molecular masses, which interact

with macromolecular targets and produce a biological response.
2. CHEMOTHERAPY- The use of chemicals for therapeutic effect is called
chemotherapy.
3. CLASSIFICATION OF DRUGS

(a)

ON THE BASIS OF PHARMACOLOGICAL EFFECT-drugs for a

particular type of problem as analgesics-----for pain relieving.
(b)
ON THE BASIS OF DRUG ACTION-Action of drug on a particular
biochemical process.
(c)
ON THE BASIS OF CHEMICAL ACTION-Drugs having similar
structure .eg-sulpha drugs.
(d)
ON THE BASIS OF MOLECULAR TARGETS- Drugs interacting with
biomolecules as lipids, proteins.
4. ENZYMES AS DRUG TARGETS
(i)
CATALYTIC ACTION OF EN ZYMES(a)
Enzymes have active sites which hold the substrate molecule .it
can be attracted by reacting molecules.
(b)
Substrate is bonded to active sites through hydrogen bonds, ionic
bonds, Vander Waal or dipole dipole interactions.
(ii)
DRUG- ENZYME INTERACTIONS(a)Drug complete with natural substrate for their attachments on the
active sites of enzymes .They are called competitive inhibitors.
(b)Some drugs binds to a different site of the enzyme called allosteric
sites which changes the shape of active sites.
5. ANTAGONISTS- The drugs that bind to the receptor site and inhibit
its natural function.
6. AGONISTS-Drugs mimic the natural messenger by switching on the
receptor.
7. ANTACIDS-These are compounds which neutralize excess acid of
stomach.eg-Aluminium hydroxide, Magnesium hydroxide.
8. ANTI HISTAMINES-The drugs which interfare with the natural action
of
histamines
and
prevent
the
allergic
reaction.
egrantidine,tegarnet, avil.
9. TRANQULIZERS-The class of chemical compounds used for the
treatment of stress,mild or even severe mental diseases. Eg-idardil,
iproniagid, luminal, second equaqnil .
10.
ANALGESICS-They reduce pain without causing impairment of
consciousness, mental confusion or some other disturbance of the
nervous system.
Eg - aspirin, seridon , phenacetin.
11.
ANTIMICROBIALS-They tend to prevent/destroy or inhibit the
pathogenic action of microbes as bacteria ,virus ,fungi etc .They are
classified as
(i)ANTIBIOTICS-Those are the chemicals substances which are produced
by micro-organisms.
Eg- Pencillin , ofloxacin .
NARROW SPECTRUM ANTI-BIOTICS-These are effective mainly against
gram positive or gram negative bacteria. Eg- Penicillin , streptomycin.

BROAD SPECTRUM ANTI-BIOTICS-They kill or inhibit a wide range of

micro-organisms.
eg- chloramphenicol , tetracydine .
(ii)ANTISEPTICS OR DISINFECTANT-These are which either kill/inhibit the
growth of micro-organisms
Antiseptics are applied to the living tissuses such as wounds, cuts,
ulcers etc. eg-furacine,chloroxylenol & terpinol(dettol) .Disinfectant are
applied to inanimate objects such as floors , drainage , system.
Eg- 0.2% solution of phenol is an antiseptic while 1% solution is an
disinfectant.

12.
ANTIFERTILITY DRUGS- These is the chemical substances used
to control the pregnancy. They are also called oral contraceptives or
birth control pills.
Eg-Mifepristone, norethindrone.
13.
ARTIFICIAL SWEETNING AGENTS-These are the chemical
compounds which give sweetening effect to the food without adding
calorie.
They are good for diabatic people eg- aspartame, saccharin, alitame ,
sucrolose.
14.
FOOD PRESERVATIVES- They prevents spoilage of food to
microbial growth.eg-salt, sugar, and sodium benzoate.
15. CLEANSING AGENTS(i) SOAPS- They is sodium or potassium salts of long chain fatty
acids.They are obtained by the soapnification reaction, when fatty acids
are heated with aqueous sodium hydroxide.
They do not work well in hard water.
(iii)

TOILETS SOAP-That are prepared by using better grade of fatty

acids and excess of alkali needs to be removed .colour &
perfumes are added to make them attractive.
(iv)
MEDICATED SOAPS- Substances of medicinal value are
added.eg- Buthional , dettol.
16.
SYNTHETIC DETERGENTS-They are cleaning agents having
properties of soaps, but actually contain no soap .They can used in both
soft and hard water .They are(i)ANIONIC DETERGENTS-They are sodium salts of sulphonated long
chain alcohols or hydrocarbons.eg-sodium lauryl sulphonate . They are
effective in acidic solution.

CH3 (CH2) CH2OH CH3 (CH2)10CH2OSO3H

(laurylalchol)
CH3 (CH2)10CH2SO3-Na+
(Sodium lauryl sulphonate)
(ii)CATIONIC
DETERGENTS- They are quarternary ammonium salts of
amines with acetates , chlorides, or bromides.They are expensive used
tolimited extent.eg- cytyltrimethylammoniumbromide
(iii)NON-IONIC DETERGENTS- They does not contain any ions. Some liquid
dishwashing detergents which are of non-ionic type .
17. BIODEGREDABLE DETERGENTS- The detergents which are linear and
can be attacked by micro-organisms are biodegradable.
Eg -sodium 4-(1-dodecyl) benzene \ sulphonate.
18. NON-BIODEGREDABLE DETERGENTS- The detergents which are
branched and cannot be decomposed by micro-organisms are called nonbiodegdradable.eg-sodium 4-(1,3,5,7 tetramethyloctl)-benzene sulphonate
.It creates water pollution.
VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTION
(1 marks)

Q-1 Define the term chemotherapy?

Ans-1 Treatment of diseases using chemicals is called chemotherapy.
Q-2 why do we require artificial sweetening agents?
Ans-2 To reduce calorie intake.
Q-3 what are main constiuent of Dettol?
Ans-3 Choloroxylenol & Terpinol .
Q-4 what type drug phenaticinis?
Ans-4 It is antipyretics.
Q-5 Name the drug that are used to control allergy?
Ans-5 Antihistamines.
Q-6Why is the use of aspartame limited to cold food and drinks?
Ans-6 It is unstable at cooking temperature and decompose.

Q-7What is tranquilizers? Give an example?

Ans-7 They is the drug used in stress, mild severe mental disease.
Q-8 what type of drug chloramphenicol?
Ans-8 It is broad spectrum antibiotic.
Q-9Why is biothional is added to the toilet soap?
Ans-9It acts as antiseptics.
Q-10 what are food preservatives?
Ans-10 The substances that prevent spoilage of food due to microbial
growth. eg- sodium benzonate.
SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTION
(2 marks)
Q-1 Mention one important use of the following(i) Equanil

(ii)Sucrolose

Ans-1 (i) Equanil- It is a tranquilizer.

(ii) Sucrolose-It is an artificial sweetener.
Q-2 Define the following and give one example(i)Antipyretics

(ii) Antibiotics

Ans-2 (i) Antipyretics- Those drugs which reduce the temperature of

feveral body are called Antipyretics.
Eg - Paracetamol
(ii) Antibiotics-The drugs which prevent the growth of other microorganisms. Eg- Pencillin.
Q-3 Name the medicines used for the treatment of the following(i) Tuberculosis

(ii) Typhoid

Tuberculosis- Sterptomycin

Typhoid- Cholororophenicol
Q-4 what are tincture of iodine?
Ans-4 2-3% iodine solution of alcohol water is called tincture of Iodine. It is
a powerful antiseptics and is applied on wounds.
Q- 5 What is artificial sweetening agent? Give two examples?

Ans-5 The substances which give sweetening to food but dont add calorie
to our body .
Eg- Saccharin, alitame.
Q-6 How is synthetic detergents better than soaps?
Ans- 6 (i) Detergents can be used in hard water but soaps cannot be used.
(ii) Detergents have a stronger cleansing

action than soaps.

Q-7 what are sulpha drugs? Give two examples?

Ans-7 a group of drugs which are derivatives of sulphanilamide and are
used in place of antibiotics is called sulpha drugs.
Eg- sulphadizine, sulphanilamide.
Q-8 what forces are involved in holding the active sites of the enzymes?
Ans-8 The forces are involved in holding the active sites of the enzymes
are hydrogen bonding , ionic bonding , dipole-dipole attractions or Vander
waals force of attractions.
Q-9 Describe the following giving an example in each
case- (i) Edible colours
(ii) Antifertility drugs
(i)

Edible colours- They are used for dying food.

Eg- saffron is used to colour rice.

(ii)

Antifertility drugs- Those drugs which control the birth of the

child are called antifertility drugs.
Q-10 Give two examples of organic compounds used as antiseptics?
Ans-10 Phenol (0.2%), iodoform
SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTION
(3 marks)
Q-1 what are Biodegredable and non-biodegdredable detergents? Give one
example of each.
Ans-1 Detergents having straight hydrocarbon chain and
are easily
decomposed by micro-organisms are called Biodegredable detergents.The
detergents having branched hydrocarbon chain
and are not
easily
decomposed
by
micro-organisms
are
called
Non-Biodegredable
detergents.

Q-2 what are barbiturates? To which class of drugs do they belong? Give
two examples.
Ans-2 Derivatives of barbituric acid are called barbiturates.They are
tranquilizers. They also act as hypnotics. eg- luminal , seconal.
Q-3 what is the use of
(i) Benadryl (ii) sodium benzoate (iii) Progesterone
Ans-3 (i) Antihistamines
(ii) Preservatives
(iii) Antifertility drug
Q-4 Identify the type of drug(i) Ofloxacin (ii) Aspirin (iii) Cimetidine
Ans- 4 (i) Antibiotic

(ii) Analgesics & Antipyretics

(iii) Antihistamines & antacid

Q-5 Describe the following with suitable example(i) Disinfectant (ii) Analgesics
(iii) Broad spectrum antibiotics
(i)
(ii)
(iii)

Disinfectant- chemicals used to kill the micro-organisms can

applied on non living articles.
Analgesics- They are the drugs which are used to relieve pain .
eg Aspirin , Ibuprofen.
Broad spectrum antibiotics- They kill the wide range of gram
positive and gram negative bacteria.
Eg- Chloramphenicol , ofloxacin.