Bber Compounding Technology-Final
Bber Compounding Technology-Final
Bber Compounding Technology-Final
TECHNOLOGY
SUDHA.P
DEPUTY DIRECTOR(RIDT)
RUBBER TRAINING INSTITUTE
DEPARTMENT OF TRAINING
RUBBER BOARD
KOTTAYAM-686 009
[email protected]
Mob: 94964 13731
RUBBER COMPOUNDING
COMPOUND
It is a homogenous mixture of ingredients used in a
particular product manufacture such that the properties
of most of the ingredients are unchanged in the final
product whereby providing a defined set of
mechanical properties.
COMPOUNDING
It is the science of selecting and combining elastomers
and additives to obtain physical and chemical
properties for a finished product.
RUBBER COMPOUNDING
OBJECTIVE
1.
To secure certain properties in the finished product to
satisfy the service requirements.
2.
To attain processing characteristics necessary for efficient
utilization of available equipment.
3.
To achieve desirable properties and processability at the
lowest cost.
The most important factor in compounding is to secure an
acceptable balance among demands arising from the above
three criteria.
CLASSIFICATION OF COMPOUNDING
INGREDIENTS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Elastomers
Vulcanizing Agents (curatives)
Accelerators
Activators and Retarders
Antidegradants (Anti-oxidants, Antiozonants, Protective
waxes )
Processing aids (Peptisers, Lubricants, Release Agents)
Fillers (carbon black, non-black materials)
Plasticizers, Softeners and Tackifiers
Colour pigments
Special Purpose Materials (Blowing Agents, Deodorants,
etc.)
COMPOUND DESIGN
DESIGN REQUIREMENTS
SERVICE REQUIREMENTS/VULCANISATE PROPERTIES
PROCESSABILITY
ECONOMICS
DESIGN BASED ON
CUSTOMER SPECIFICATION/REQUIREMENTS
COMPETITOR'S SAMPLE
DEVELOP A NEW PRODUCT
Cost
Ease of mixing
Strength requirements
Modulus or stiffness requirement
Abrasion resistance requirement
Elongation requirement
Oil resistance requirement
Low temperature requirement
Fatigue requirement
Tack
Set of stress relaxation
Service temperature
Dynamic properties (hysteresis, damping resistance)
Flammability
Chemical resistance
POLYMER SELECTION
VULCANIZING AGENTS
TYPE
COMMON USE
Organic Peroxides
Metallic Oxide
Polychloroprene, Chlorosulphonated
Polyethylene, Polysulphide
Organic Amines
Acrylic, Fluorocarbon,
Epichlorohydrin
Phenolic Resins
Butyl
CURING SYSTEM
Selection of curing system is based on:
Base polymer
Processing conditions
Curing conditions
Service requirement
Base polymer
ACCELERATORS
An accelerator is usually a complex organic chemical which takes part in the
vulcanization, thereby reducing the vulcanization time considerably- Organic
amines & its derivatives . It also improves the properties. Its action may be:
slow-
medium-
eg. Thiazoles,
Processing condition
Curing conditions
Service Requirements
Service temperature
Duration of exposure
Mechanical property requirement.
Dynamic property requirement
Ageing behaviour and permanent set requirements.
Special property requirement.
FILLERS
FILLERS
Reinforcing Type
Extending Type
N220 (ISAF)
N330(HAF)
N550 (FEF)
N762 (SRF-LM)
N990 (MT)
Non-black
Silica
Zinc Oxide
Magnesium Carbonate
Aluminium Silicate
Sodium Aluminosilicate
Magnesium Silicate
Calcium Carbonate
Barium Sulfate
Aluminium Trihydrate
Talc and Soapstone
Furnace black
SAF Super Abrasion Furnace
ISAF Intermediate Super Abrasion Furnace
CF - Conductive Furnace
SCF - Super Conductive Furnace
HAF
FF
Fine Furnace
FEF -
GPF -
SRF -
Thermal Black
MT - Medium Thermal
Channel black
EPC
Easy Processing Channel
Reinforcing Non- black
Precipitated silica and fumed silica
Semi Reinforcing Non-black
aluminium and calcium silicates
high styrene resins
phenolic resins
Fillers
Selection is based on
Reinforcement
Cost
Processing requirement
Colour requirement
Service requirement
Compound Designing
Hardness
phr required
for 1 unit
increase in
Hardness
Polymer Hardness
NR
SBR
CR
NBR
37-40
39-41
41-43
42-44
1.6
1.5
Ppt. Silica
3.3
2.2
Calcium silicate
4.1
4.5
Hard clay
7.9
5.6
5.0
Soft clay
6.6
8.4
5.0
Whiting
NR
SBR
IIR
CR
PBR
NBR
EPDM
Black
ASTM
Dsgn
DBP
1.5
1.8
1.3
1.2
2.2
1.7
2.4
SAF
N110
113
1.7
2.0
1.5
1.3
2.5
1.9
2.7
ISAF
N220
114
1.9
2.3
1.7
1.5
2.8
2.1
3.0
HAF
N330
102
2.3
2.8
2.1
1.8
3.4
2.6
3.7
FEF
N550
119
2.5
3.1
2.3
2.0
3.8
2.9
4.1
GPF
N660
90
2.8
3.4
2.5
2.2
4.2
3.2
4.5
SRF
N774
70
2.1
2.6
1.9
1.7
3.2
2.4
3.4
HAFLS
N326
72
SOFTENERS
Processing aids
A softener is an ingredient that :
1. speeds up the rate of polymer breakdown
2. helps to disperse the other compounding
ingredients
3. helps to reduce nerve within the compound
4 can impart building tack
5. improves the processing properties and
modify the final
compound properties
6. adjusts the compound cost and reduce power
consumption during processing
PROCESSING AIDS
COMPOSITION
EXAMPLE
FUNCTION
Activated Dithiobisbenzaldihide
Pepton 44
Peptizer for NR
Xylyl Mercaptans
RPA-3
Low-molecular-weight
polyethylene
A-C Polyethylene
617A
Calcium Oxide
Desical P
Desiccant
Aliphatic-naphthenicaromatic resins
Strucktol 60NS
Paraffin wax
Polyethylene glycol
Carbowax
PEG3350
Petroleum hydrocarbon
Petrolatum
PROCESSING AIDS
Selection is based on
Nature of polymer
Solubility parameter
Viscosity requirement
Filler dispersion
Processing requirement
Any other special requirement
EXAMPLE
STAINING
Hindered Phenol
None to slight
Hindered Bis-phenols
Anti-oxidant 2246
None to slight
Hindered Thiobisphenols
Santowhite Crystals
Slight
Hydroquinones
None to slight
Phosphites
None to slight
Diphenylamines
Octylated diphenylamine
Slight to moderate
Naphthylamines
Phenyl-alpha-naphthylamine
Moderate
Quinolines
Slight to moderate
Carbonyl-amines
condensation product
Reaction product of
diphenylamine and acetone
Considerable
Para-phenylene diamines
Mixed Diaryl-p-phenylene
diamines
Considerable to severe
ANTI-DEGRADANTS
Selection is based on
OTHER MATERIALS
Peptizers : They speed up the rate of polymer break down and also
control the speed of breakdown, decreasing nerve within the
compound and shrinkage during subsequent processing.
penta chloro thiophenol Renacit VII
Flame retardants
Chemicals which can improve the flame retardency of
the compound
highly chlorinated paraffins and waxes, antimony oxide,
aluminium oxide and selenium
Blowing agents
They are materials which provide either open or
closed cell structure by producing CO2 or nitrous
gases during vulcanization
dinitroso pentamethylene tetramene (DNPT)
azocarbonamide (ADC)
baking soda (sod.bicarbonate)
Bonding agents
They facilitate adhesion between rubbers, fibers, fabrics,
metals
chemlok, resorcinol formaldehyde- latex for dipping of
nylon cords in tyre manufacture
Reordants
They are basically perfumes added to mask odors of rubber
during processing and service life of rubber.
Bactericides / fungicides to resist microbial agents
Cost/price
Processing
Performance
The mix
Rubber
Vulcanizing agent
Accelerator/s
Activator
Antidegradents
Fillers
Softner
Other materials when necessary
100
0.3 - 3.5
0.5 1.5
2.5 5.0
1-2
As required
5 - 10
As required
MIXING
MIXING
MIXING
Mixing process can be sub-divided into three stages :
1) Feeding ingredients to mixer (correct quantities at
correct times at correct temperature.),
2) Actual Mixing of the ingredients,
3) Discharge of mixed compound and its shaping,
cooling, packaging and storage for the next process.
38
Sub Division
Of larger lumps & aggregates,
2. Incorporation
Of powders or liquids
3. Dispersion
Involves reduction of the size of agglomerates,
4. Simple Mixing
Involves moving particles from one point to another.
5. Viscosity Reduction By breakdown of the polymer and transforming it to
desired viscosity.
39
MIXING
A good Dispersion rating requires :
High Shear Stress (i.e. High mix viscosity),
High Filler Loading,
Polymers of not too low viscosity,
Low Mixing temperatures,
Charging oils at the end of mixing cycle.
During Dispersive mixing, the carbon black agglomerates are
broken down to less than 1 micron size.
Dispersion largely depends on shear stress ( a critical value of
shear stress is necessary to breakdown the agglomerates
below which no dispersion action will take place).
40
41
MIXING
42
@ 70C
@ 100C
@ 70C
@ 100C
95
95
95
95
76
85
58
56
57
83
40
40
47
68
33
28
12
45
START TEMPERATURE,
OPEN MILL (TIME = 8 MIN)
70 C
100 C
INTERNAL MIXER (TIME 4
MIN)
150 C
160 C
65
30
24
MOONEY VISCOSITY (ML1+4 AT 100C), UNITS
PEPTIZER = 0
55
75
PEPTIZER = 0.25
42
42
PEPTIZER = 0.5
36
37
90
88
54
48
42
36
45
Mixing
Time,
Min
No Peptizer
No Peptizer
ML1+4@100C
ML1+4@100C
ML1+4@100C
ML1+4@100C
90
90
90
90
74
69
69
52
68.5
60
50
37
67
56
42
29
65
53
34
Note
of Mooney
viscosity at
10the rapid reduction
61
50
- higher rotor speeds
in the presence of chemical Peptizer at a very small dosage.
46
47
MIXING
PROBLEMS
Poor
Dispersion
REASONS
Batch size not optimized, mixing time is
lower, filler addition time not proper,
insufficient ram pressure, poor temp.
control, poor / inconsistent raw material
quality, excessive moisture content in
polymer and fillers, under / over
mastication of NR.
49
Manufacturing process
Machinery
2-roll mixing mill
kneader
internal mixers
Continuous, automatic high speed mixing
KNEADER
Two Roll Mill with stock blender & individual roll drives
53
K 6A INTERMIX
54
Banbury
Mixer
Mixer
Chamber
Net Volume,
ltr
Approx.
Batch Wt *
kg
Mixing
Speed
Range,
RPM
Compact
Drive
Uni
Drive
F 50
50
50
40 - 120
2.2
4.6
13.2
F 80
80
60
30 - 105
3.7
6.3
16.1
F 120
120
90
30 - 90
5.6
9.0
19.5
F 160
160
120
20 - 80
7.5
12.0
30.2
F 200
200
165
20 - 60
8.9
12.7
30.5
F 270
270
202
20 - 60
13.1
24.6
43.0
F 370
414
310
20 - 60
37.3
54.0
F 440
438
330
20 - 60
F 620
672
500
20 - 50
52.2
110.5
Approx.
Machine
Weight, MT
Capacities: Intermix
Mixer
Chamber
Net Volume,
ltr
Approx.
Batch Wt
kg
Single Speed
Two Speed
K0
1.8
1.26
76
75 / 150
5,
K1
5.5
3.9
40 / 145
Variable drive
50
K 2
20
14
30
22 / 44
50.
50 / 100
50
K 2A
49
34
33
22 / 44
150 ,
75 / 150
60
K4
91
64
33
22 / 44
220,
50 / 300
98
K5
143
100
33
22 / 443
300,
200 / 400
140
K6
206
144
33
22 / 44
475,
320 / 640
235
K 6A
257
180
33
22 / 44
500,
350 / 700
280
K7
310
217
33
22 / 44
750,
500/1000
310
K8
498
349
33
22 / 44
Intermix
Motor HP
1-Speed , 2-Speed
5 / 10
Machine
Weight,
MT
5.6
20
MIXING PROCEDURE
Weighing compounding ingrediants as per
formulation
Mastication
Maturation
Prewarming
Blank preparation
RUBBER
COMPOUNDIN
G
CHEMICALS
MATURATION
PREWARMING
TESTING& QC
MOULDED GOODS
EXTRUDED GOODS
CALENDERED GOODS
MOULDED GOODS
EXTRUDED GOODS
AUTO CLAVE
OR
OVEN
BLANK PREPARATION
MOULDING
(HYDRAULIC
PRESS)
CALENDARED
GOODS
VULCANISATION