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    Zero Offset Migration

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    Denish Zuli Anugra
    FK or Stolt migration is a method for migrating seismic data that is several times faster than phase shift migration. It works by first Fourier transforming seismic data measured along the surface. It then changes the integration variable from frequency to wavenumber, scaling the transformed data. Finally, it performs an inverse Fourier transform to obtain the subsurface reflectivity distribution. This Stolt migration technique is computationally more efficient than phase shift migration since it avoids having to perform Fourier transforms at each depth level during the downward continuation process.

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    Zero Offset Migration

    Uploaded by

    Denish Zuli Anugra
    16 views2 pages
    FK or Stolt migration is a method for migrating seismic data that is several times faster than phase shift migration. It works by first Fourier transforming seismic data measured along the surface. It then changes the integration variable from frequency to wavenumber, scaling the transformed data. Finally, it performs an inverse Fourier transform to obtain the subsurface reflectivity distribution. This Stolt migration technique is computationally more efficient than phase shift migration since it avoids having to perform Fourier transforms at each depth level during the downward continuation process.

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    Zero Offset Migration

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    FK or Stolt migration is a method for migrating seismic data that is several times faster than phase shift migration. It works by first Fourier transforming seismic data measured along the surface. It then changes the integration variable from frequency to wavenumber, scaling the transformed data. Finally, it performs an inverse Fourier transform to obtain the subsurface reflectivity distribution. This Stolt migration technique is computationally more efficient than phase shift migration since it avoids having to perform Fourier transforms at each depth level during the downward continuation process.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    16 views2 pages

    Zero Offset Migration

    Uploaded by

    Denish Zuli Anugra
    FK or Stolt migration is a method for migrating seismic data that is several times faster than phase shift migration. It works by first Fourier transforming seismic data measured along the surface. It then changes the integration variable from frequency to wavenumber, scaling the transformed data. Finally, it performs an inverse Fourier transform to obtain the subsurface reflectivity distribution. This Stolt migration technique is computationally more efficient than phase shift migration since it avoids having to perform Fourier transforms at each depth level during the downward continuation process.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    ZeroOffset FK Migration

    Another migration method is FK or Stolt migration (Stolt, 1978, Geophysics, pp.


    23-48). It is several times faster than Phase Shift migration, but it is trickier to
    implement for both vertical and horizontal velocity variations.

    Given: The acoustic data p (x ,z =0,t ) are measured along the plane at z = 0,
    1 __________
    2p (x ,z ,t )
    _
    __
    p (x ,z ,t ) 2
    =0
    c
    t 2
    2

    The layers are below the measurement plane and c is the known velocity that is
    constant. It is assumed that the data consist only of primary reflections, where
    the direct waves have been muted and the surfaces waves+multiples+converted
    waves are filtered out. Only upgoing waves are assumed to be recorded. In
    other words the exploding reflector model is valid.

    Find: Use FK Migration and downward continue 2-D data p (x ,z =0,t ) for
    z < 0 and migrate it to get the subsurface reflectivity distribution M (x ,z ). Here
    negative z values iare
    below the recording plane and we assume a basis function
    for the IFFT as e t .

    Solution:
    Step A. Assume a homogeneous velocity and assume that the negative z-axis

    points downward. The migrated wavefield from Phase Shift migration is:
    i (k z +k x )
    M (x ,z ) = d dkx P (kx ,0,)e z x

    (1)

    where P (kx ,0,) is the boundary condition at the z =0 plane and


    2 2

    kz = sgn ()

    c kx 2.

    (2)

    Note that upward traveling waves will demand a negative sign in front of the
    square root, and the sgn () is to insure that the continuation operator will
    still be for upward moving waves with negative frequency.
    Solving equation (2) for we get:
    2 2

    = kz c
    1+k
    x kz .

    (3)

    Step B. The Stolt trick is to change integration variables in equation (1) from
    to kz , where

    d dkz = kz c 2.
    Substituting equations (3) and (4) into the migration equation (1) we get:

    (4)

    -2-

    i (k z +k x )
    M (x ,z ) = c 2 dkz dkx kz P (kx ,0,)e z x

    (5)

    The migration operation is now a 2-D Fourier Transform of the transformed


    data scaled by kz . The Stolt migration is summarized by:
    1). Fourier transform data P(x,0,t).
    2). Change of variable from to kz , and data scaling by c 2kz .
    3). Inverse Fourier Transform to space-time.
    Computational Count. The computational count for the Fourier Transform of
    the FK migration is O (Nx Nt log(Nx )log(Nt )), and the scaling will cost O (Nx Nt ).
    In the phase shift migration the computational cost is O (Nx Nz Nt log(Nx )), where
    at each depth level a FFT and a summation over must be performed.

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