2011

Social Impact of Volunteerism

Huiting Wu
Points of Light Institute
1

2011/8/30

Social Impact of Volunteerism

Social Impact of Volunteerism

Table of Contents
Social Impact of Volunteerism .................................................................................................. 1
1 Executive summary and key findings ................................................................................. 3
Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 3
Key findings ...................................................................................................................... 4
2 Volunteerism impacts on the society .................................................................................. 4
2.1 Economic Impacts ........................................................................................................... 4
2.2 Social Impact ................................................................................................................... 6
2.2.1 Strengthening social connections ............................................................................. 6
2.2.2 Building strong, safe, cohesive communities ........................................................... 7
2.2.3 Enhancing civic engagement .................................................................................... 9
2.2.4 Delivering excellent public goods and services...................................................... 11
2.3 Impacts on Volunteers ................................................................................................... 15
2.3.1 training and career enhancement, building rsums ............................................... 15
2.3.2 internal rewards such as social recognition, self-esteem ........................................ 16
2.3.3 health benefits ......................................................................................................... 17
3 Conclusions ...................................................................................................................... 18
4 Policy implications and strategy ....................................................................................... 18
4.1 Recognition................................................................................................................ 19
4.2 Cooperation ............................................................................................................... 19
4.3 Resource .................................................................................................................... 20
4.4 Evaluation .................................................................................................................. 20
5 Further studies .................................................................................................................. 21
5.1 Motivation of volunteering ........................................................................................ 21
5.2 Policy on integration mechanism .............................................................................. 21
5.3 Best volunteering practices in different sectors ......................................................... 21
References ........................................................................................................................... 22

Social Impact of Volunteerism

1 Executive summary and key findings

Research on the social impact of volunteerism is a secondary, independent and non-partisan

study that assesses if and how the national and community service has affected the society
as a whole. The objective of the study is to identify the specific social effects of
volunteerism, such as on economy, social welfare and the volunteers as individuals. The
study presents existing evidence from research, reports and evaluations that demonstrate
this positive impact and relevance, including a internationally literature reviews from
United Nations Volunteers (UNV), a diversity of academic research as well as reports from
a diversity of voluntary organizations. It is the first such assembly of this information in one
place and provides a foundation for anyone wishing to establish the relevance of
volunteering social impact.
Introduction

In the general perspective, the concept of volunteering refers to rendering of service by

choice of or free will for the benefit of the wider community by an individual, group, or
institution without necessarily expecting monetary gain in full knowledge and appreciation
of being a volunteer. In the last decades, government has recognized the critical
contribution that volunteering makes to build a strong and cohesive society. It has promoted
volunteering as the essential act of citizenship, a means for combating social exclusion, and
an important contributor to the delivery of high quality public services.
This report marshals the best evidence available in three key areas volunteering impacts
on economic development, social inclusion, and volunteers as individuals in order to
demonstrate the positive impact of volunteering.
The report opens by examining the central role of volunteering in relation to economic
development. In chapter two it then discusses the contribution of volunteering to the social
connections, development of safer and stronger communities, and explores its role in
helping to foster civic engagement as well as delivering public goods. In chapter three it
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Social Impact of Volunteerism

draws together evidence exploring the impact volunteering can have on the life and career
paths of the individuals that take part. The report concludes by looking to the future,
exploring some of the findings and highlighting areas for government consideration and
policy strategy.
Key findings
Based on previous research on volunteerism, we found that:
Volunteering makes a significant contribution to the global economy
Volunteering enhances the social connections between different sectors, builds the
bridges for governments, enterprises and employees
Volunteering helps build a more cohesive, safer, stronger community, increase the social
network between communities and neighborhood
Volunteering promotes people to be more active in civic engagement and concerned of
citizenship
Volunteering delivers some part of public services, encouraging more people work in
public section, helping raise the educational performance of youth, leading environmental
movement and adapting to climate change risk
Volunteering also have positive effects on volunteers as individuals, increase their selfesteem, enhance various skills and capacities, expand career paths and be healthier
physically and mentally

2 Volunteerism impacts on the society

2.1 Economic Impacts
The calculation of the economic value of volunteering is important because it can:
- emphasize to government and policy makers that voluntary work makes a significant
contribution to the economy
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Social Impact of Volunteerism

- encourage people to become volunteers and make a difference by demonstrating the
economic benefits of volunteering, and
- inform the media and the community about the value of volunteer time
Voluntary organizations are key players in the economy in their own right as employers and
service providers, adding to the overall economic output of a country and reducing the
burden on government spending. The sector also plays a key role of creating the conditions
where the economy can flourish by investing in people through training, boosting skills and
improving the employability of people on the margins of the labor market.
The volunteering makes a significant contribution to the economy all around the world.
According to the Johns Hopkins Center for Civil Society Studies 20111, approximately 140
million people in the 37 countries engage in volunteer work in a typical year. If those 140
million volunteers comprised the population of a country, it would be the 9th largest country
in the world. Those 140 million volunteers represent the equivalent of 20.8 million full-time
equivalent jobs. Its estimated that volunteers contribute around $400 billion to the global
economy annually. These estimates are produced using data on hours volunteered or the
wage-based dollar value. One interpretation that could be given to this wage-based estimate is
that it reflects what users of volunteer labor would have had to pay if they had had to hire the
labor that instead was freely given to them.
In the United States, volunteers produce services worth $113 billion to $161 billion annually
(Association for Research on Nonprofit Organizations and Voluntary Action, 20102). In 2009,
63.4 million Americans volunteered to help their communities, 8.1 billion hours of service is
produced, which has an estimated dollar value of $169 billion3. In United Kingdom in 2003,
according to the Institute for Volunteering Research and Volunteering England,4 42 percent of
people in England and Wales volunteered through a group, club or organization at least once,
equivalent to approximately 17.9 million people. Each volunteer contributed an estimated 104
hours in the twelve months before the survey and the total contribution was 1.9 billion hours.
This was equivalent of one million full-time workers. At the national average wage their
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contribution was worth around 22.5 billion. In Irish context, Donoghue et al (2001)5
estimated the volunteering sector was worth 4.2 billion Euros, when expressed in terms of
overall contribution to the Irish economy, it took 8.6% of GDP and 9.5% of GNP, based on its
expenditure that year. In South Australia, using ABS data it shows that South Australians
volunteered 229 million hours in 2000; Ironmonger (2002)6 estimated that the value of each
South Australians volunteer labor in 2000 was $4,352. The aggregate value of South
Australian volunteer contributions in 2000 was $4.98 billion-equivalent to 11.5% of GDP.

2.2 Social Impact

However, these numbers about the economic values do not account for the benefits of third
partiesfellow citizens may enjoy when time is devoted to people or causes they care
about. Nor do these numbers account for the less tangible benefits that flow from volunteering.
The volunteer sector plays a key role in social life. Volunteer activities bring together people
who might not otherwise have contact with one another. The social fabric can only be
strengthened by practices that bridge our socioeconomic divides. There would be potential
values lying in the social capital, combining the community organizational life, participation
in voluntary associations, engagement in public affairs, and informal sociability and social
trust. In this study, based on previous research, we divide the social impacts of volunteerism
into four categories: Strengthening social connections; Building strong, safe, cohesive
community; Enhancing civic engagement; and Delivering public goods and services.
2.2.1 Strengthening social connections
The volunteering plays as the bridge of different parts in the society, which concerned of
benefits and demands for different social sectors. Most of the voluntary organizations
(91.7%) in a survey by UNV7 reported some form of collaboration with other organizations,
government and private sector. The nature of collaboration on volunteering includes:
community partnership, networking, advocacy, funding, support, and invitation to
participate in events. Many voluntary organizations also share information with local
government and community to push forward community services, including department of

Social Impact of Volunteerism

education, environment, and energy and so on. This illustrates the crosscutting nature of
volunteering throughout and between the different sectors.
Accordingly, besides the voluntary organizations or the non-profit organizations, there are
various forms of volunteer involved programs in private sector. At its best, the voluntary
sector act as exemplars of socially responsible business practice to the business community,
promoting corporate responsibility by linking business decision making with ethical values,
respect for communities and the environment. These businesses have therefore been
understood as having a double bottom line, as being concerned with both economic and
social impacts, The socially responsible businesses, will create positive social change
indirectly through the practice of corporate social responsibility (e.g., creating and
implementing a philanthropic foundation; using environmentally friendly raw materials;
providing volunteers to help with community projects).
As well, there are various employee-based volunteer programs in companies. These
volunteer programs are viewed as strategic assets and companies are incorporating service
into their business planning, to respond to their desire to make a meaningful difference in
society and strengthen the relationship with employees. A survey conducted by Deloitte8
states that, right now rather than nice-to-do employee perk, volunteer programs are more
viewed as a strategic business initiative. Companies that connect the dots between talent and
volunteerism have an opportunity to strengthen relationships with young employees and
will likely be rewarded with happier workers. The more satisfied employees are, the more
likely they will remain loyal to the company. Meanwhile, many influential business leaders
and management gurus agree - the affinity that employees feel toward an employer has the
power to create a competitive advantage that can be hard to imitate, and is inextricably
linked to organizational performance. Sometimes intangible, its force is undeniable.
2.2.2 Building strong, safe, cohesive communities
Through cooperation with government, enterprise, community, the voluntary sector is key
partners in the regeneration of deprived communities. The service sector contributes
significantly to building community cohesion creating links and social networks in
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Social Impact of Volunteerism

communities, giving people the opportunity to come together and develop social network,
for example, through sports, voluntary arts and youth clubs, institutional co-operation and
community identification. Volunteering helps to foster greater trust among citizens and
developing norms of solidarity and reciprocity that are essential for stability.
According to studies of AmeriCorps in 20089, service sector could increase peoples
capacities to lead a more cohesive community. This report is the culmination of an eightyear rigorous study to investigate if and how AmeriCorps has an impact on volunteers as
well as voluntary service recipients, which was achieved by questionnaires and surveys on
comparing the post-service habits and attitudes of alumni with those of others who did not
serve in the program. Specifically, the volunteer service program increase people the ability
to lead a successful community-based movement, they have more feasibility of starting a
grassroots effort to meet a range of community needs, such as starting an after-school
program or organizing a park cleanup program; people feel stronger connection to
community, more strength of his/her connection to the community, as represented by the
strength of feelings toward the community, including attachment, awareness, and
commitment; people have better ability and knowledge to identify and understand
problems in the community, better self-assessed understanding of social problems in
his/her community, such as environment, public health, and crime; people understand more
about the importance of neighborhood participation, being more active in his/her
neighborhood, including reporting crimes, keeping the neighborhood clean, and
participating in neighborhood organizations.
The service sector would also help build a safer community and reduce crime. In a study by
Putnam (2000)10 it reported strong inverse relationships between levels of voluntary
membership and crime. He found a strong negative correlation between his measure of
social capital and homicide. Kawachi reported strong negative correlations between
measures of voluntary membership and assault, robbery and burglary in the United States
(Kawachi, 199911; Kawachi 200012).

Social Impact of Volunteerism

2.2.3 Enhancing civic engagement
Volunteer labor deserves a special place in discussions of philanthropy and civic renewal.
Alexis de Toqueville (1988)13, in his classic study of American democracy, saw
volunteering is a form of civic engagement through which individuals can make meaningful
contributions to their own visions of societal well-being.
Keely S. Jones (2006)14 conducted research on the distinct connection of volunteering with
public life and civic engagement. Using data from The Survey of Giving and Volunteering
in the United States, the author finds that greater volunteering is most strongly promoted by
community ties. One such theoretical framework is that of community integration, which
suggests that community ties within a physical place draw people into common interests
and public engagement. When ties overlap in a community, making a person highly
integrated into a physical place, he or she is pulled into public life in multiple ways, and
civic engagement becomes more likely and more important.
In reports of AmeriCorps 200815, volunteering increases peoples confidence in ability to
work with local government or state government to meet a range of community needs, such
as fixing a pothole or getting an issue on a statewide ballot. People also feel more civic
obligations, and are more active in participating in various civic activities, including voting
in elections and serving on a jury. A majority (80%) of alumni report they are more likely to
participate in community service as a result of their volunteering experience. Alumni who
did not volunteer prior to AmeriCorps are much more civically engaged than a comparable
group of individuals who expressed interest in, but did not join, AmeriCorps. There is a 25percentage point difference in their rates of volunteering.
In a survey among youth by the Corporation for National & Community Services16, it
founds out the participants in school-based service would talk about politics with their
friends and parents more often than non-participants do and even more so when the
service is part of a service-learning course that lasts at least one semester; youth who report
current or past participation in service-learning courses that include reflection, planning,
and service that lasts at least one semester are almost three times as likely to believe they
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Social Impact of Volunteerism

can make a great deal of difference in their community than youth who participated in
school-based service without any of the quality elements of service-learning.
As reported by UNV about the volunteerism17, in Nairobi, UNV volunteers are working
alongside residents of slums to enhance their ability to organize, in order to better represent
their interests, vis--vis local authorities, and to mobilize volunteer-led basic services within
the settlements. In southeastern Asia, in an environmental governance dialogue supported
by UNV volunteers, volunteers are helping create opportunities for rural communities in
three countries along the Mekong River, for collaboration among the communities and local
government to address conflicting and detrimental uses of the river, and to devise volunteerdriven initiatives to ensure the sustainable use of the river's natural resources.
The National Survey on Volunteerism of Kenya18 reports that volunteering helps build a
confident, democratic Kenya. With a strong ethos of volunteer management, voluntary
organizations have embrace ideals of civic participation and active citizenship. The service
sector promotes the involvement of people in the lives of communities and wider society
through its projects and through volunteering. Volunteering itself has been about people
who step forward to help others whose lives are very different from their own, without
judgment or prejudice, to work with people affected by drug or alcohol misuse, people with
mental health problems or those affected by war and conflict. Volunteering has thus been a
way of creating a climate of optimism, hope and a confident Kenya.
In summary, as an important resource and social capital, the volunteer labor is producing
rewards for the philanthropy and civic renewal. Its pointed out that individuals who
voluntarily help out at a sporting event are often the same individuals who attend
community meetings with government officials to talk about community problems. Not
only are individuals who participate more likely to be active in a range of civic issues, but
individuals who volunteer at a young age are more likely to sustain their participation in
later life. For example, a 2007 study in the American Educational Research Journal
identifies community service during high school as a strong predictor of voting and
volunteering in adulthood. This suggests that people may move from occasional volunteer
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Social Impact of Volunteerism

action to more sustained engagement in activities related to development and change, and
the other way round. These progressions may facilitate a deeper understanding of the issues
producing the socio-economic conditions that volunteers and social activists aim to address,
and can strengthen social inclusion by virtue of fostering peoples participation in activities
seeking to change those conditions.
2.2.4 Delivering excellent public goods and services
Volunteering can provide excellent public goods and services, especially that not available
(or not available in sufficient amounts) due to both market and government failure. The
assumption here is that volunteering fills gaps in the supply of goods and services that are
desired by their beneficiaries, but are not available from either private commercial or public
sector providers. And even if they are available, some members of society may not be able
to access them because of binding budget or other constraints (e.g. imperfect information).
Voluntary organizations have contributed to planning and designing of service delivery
through powerful advocacy to ensure that services meet the needs of specific groups or
individuals.
Pipeline to public service careers
From voluntary organizations, volunteers are exposed to parts of society that they might not
otherwise have encountered (Sagawa, Connolly, & Chao, 200819), and are introduced to
careers they might not have considered. These career opportunities may have been
perceived as unattainable, or may have simply been unknown for a member not served.
In addition, while the service sector prepares members for the workforce, it can also be a
conduit to careers that serve the public good. Members have the opportunity to serve in
fields such as healthcare, education, and social servicesfields that need visionary leaders
(Sagawa et al., 2008), but are currently facing a severe shortage of qualified employees
(Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2007, 2008).
In reports from AmeriCorps 2008, in view of the dire need for those serving the public good,
the study focuses on whether the volunteering service has an impact on the career choices of
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members, including: Employment in a public service career; and Effects on the importance of
service-oriented careers. Reports find out that the service organization provides a pipeline to
public service. The voluntary program alumni are more likely to enter public service careers
than a comparable group of individuals who did not join. The majority (66%) of alumni
choose to go into a public service career, with 35 percent working in the public sector and 31
percent working in the nonprofit sector. There is a seven-point difference between the
percentage of alumni who went into a public service career after service and a comparison
group of individuals who did not join.
Support to the youth education
Volunteering has a considerable impact on the education system itself. Schools and other
educational institutions are one of the most popular areas to volunteer within and volunteers
perform a number of vital functions within the education system, contributing to a range of
outcomes. Education has been one of the prime focuses for government policy, much of
which could not be delivered in the same way without the involvement of volunteers.20 A
number of these policy initiatives have recognized the importance of increasing parental and
community involvement in education, coinciding with volunteering policies that have
sought to increase levels of participation in public service delivery.
Volunteering also contribute to the delivery and enhancement of education. Baker, Gersten
and Keating (2000) showed that volunteers can have a direct impact on students such as
helping them to learn how to read. Putnam reported that higher levels of social capital are
associated with higher levels of performance by students on standardized tests and higher
school retention rates (Putnam 2000, p. 299)21.
In report about UK volunteerism22, volunteers undertake a wide range of roles, from
learning support (particularly in areas such as reading, math and citizenship) through to
fundraising for the school. The learning support programs have a significant impact on
student learning and on student attendance. An evaluation of one volunteer reading project
found that it helped to raise academic performance among approximately 60 percent of the
participating 10 to 11 years old students.
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Social Impact of Volunteerism

In the For At-risk Youth program from Cross Cultural Solution 201023, it provided
successful intervention services for the at-risk youth and that their unique contribution
positively impacted services as a whole. For example, they were significantly less likely to
start using alcohol or illegal drugs, hit someone, or skip school than those who were not in
the program. They were also more confident about their school performance and got along
better with their families.
Lead in sustainable development
In 1987 the Brundtland Commission coined the phrase sustainable development to
highlight that economic growth could not continue to take place at the expense of social and
environmental factors. Innovative environmental initiatives from bottom-up rely on the
contribution of volunteers.
There are many voluntary programs are making significant contributions for their
communities in environmental protection and energy saving areas; the collective impact of
these projects that involve volunteers can be enormous. In 2002 in UK, there were
approximately 350 community recycling initiatives linked to the Community Recycling
Network, and around 300 furniture recycling projects throughout England and Wales.24
Volunteers are also involved in carbon offsetting initiatives, including woodland planting
and management, as well as peat conservation.
In Power Saver Volunteers program25 in Austin, aiming to solve energy scarce in peak
hours since most of people cool homes, cook dinner, wash dishes, and do laundry at similar
timesin the early evening. Signed-up volunteers take simple actions in specific alert time
to help reduce peak demand and put off building new power generation plants, such as
switch off unnecessary lights, delay washing and drying clothes, cook dinner in the
microwave oven rather than with an electric range, adjust the thermostat temperature if
possible by two to four degrees. It estimated that if all 338,000 Austin residential customers
turned off just two 40-watt light bulbs, the energy reduction would power 3,100 homes.

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In Pennsylvania State University in the United States, they launched The Penn State Beaver
Stadium Post-Game Recycling Volunteer Effort (PGRVE)26, which strives to promote
environmental sustainability through recycling and heightened awareness of recycling,
while also encouraging the students to become engaged in public service through
environmental activism. After each Penn State home football game, typically 50 to 75
students volunteer to collect thousands of pounds of recyclable plastic materials that
otherwise would be discarded with regular trash collection. Materials collected through the
PGRVE are recycled and the annual profits are donated to the Centre County United Way.
In its 10-year history, PGRVE has collected nearly 300 tons of recyclables that would have
otherwise required disposal. Throughout the years, the program has shared its unique
stadium recycling approach and plan with many other colleges and universities, more
universities are joining in to launch similar volunteer programs for the recycling and
environment protection.
Response to climate change
The symptoms of climate change have a severe impact on the poor and the marginalized
and those who live in the developing world will bear the greatest burden. Various volunteer
programs mobilize the creativity and knowledge of local communities everywhere to meet
the challenges of global climate change, to address environmental threats and also support
communities affected by natural disasters such as earthquakes and tsunami, help set up early
warning systems in local and rural communities.
For example, UNV voluntary organizations have been building expertise and capacity in
countries such as India, Sri Lanka, the Maldives, Indonesia, Malaysia, Pakistan and Brazil,
training large numbers of volunteers for planning for disasters.27 In India, UNV supported
UNDPs Natural Disaster Risk Management project which resulted in 500,000 villagers
training as community volunteers to create an early warning system. This has been
established in 78,000 villages with the formation of disaster management teams and
taskforces ensuring that community participation remains significant for the purpose of both
sustainability and functionality UNV also operates the UNV Online Volunteering service,
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which has helped almost 1,000 development organizations to engage 11,000 volunteers in
projects delivered over the internet. By sharing information and expertise, these volunteers
and organizations are helping to strengthen the capacity of local communities and enhance
their resilience to climate change.

2.3 Impacts on Volunteers

Volunteers report both intrinsic and extrinsic benefits from volunteering. Volunteering has
certain positive impact on the volunteer, such as social recognition, better health and selfesteem, building rsums, training and career enhancement; economic benefits and capacity
in the labor market (Wilson & Musick, 2000; Carlin, 2001; Katz & Rosenberg, 2005;
Prouteau & Wolff, 2006).
Noting a variety of potential benefits to the volunteer, here we divided volunteering benefits
into three categories: internal rewards such as social recognition, self-esteem, training and
career enhancement, and health benefits.
2.3.1 training and career enhancement, building rsums
Service sectors provide volunteers with the opportunity to explore different career paths,
gain job-related skills, develop leadership skills, and network with community leaders,
while engaged in activities that strengthen communities.
According to reports from AmeriCorps 2008, during their year of service, many members
develop teaching skills as they teach or tutor students. Other members may be required to
obtain Red Cross certification in order to serve through hospitals and healthcare
organizations or provide disaster relief. Still other members learn how to manage projects
and work in teams as they build homes or clear trails. While these job training and
experiential learning techniques are proven methods for workforce development, engaging
in these activities through national service provides an added benefit that goes beyond
merely preparing members for employment. In the survey about the benefits of volunteers,
nearly all (90%) members report that they have gained useful skills from their volunteer
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experience, with 57.8 percent reporting to a large extent and 31.7 percent reporting to a
moderate extent. Nearly half (46%) of members identify gaining new skills as their
primary or secondary reason for joining the program.
According to the 2000 National Survey of Giving, Volunteering and Participating (NSGVP),
more than three quarters (79%) of volunteers said that their volunteer activities helped them
with their interpersonal skills, such as understanding people better, motivating others, and
dealing with difficult situations. Just over two thirds (68%) of volunteers said that
volunteering helped them to develop better communication skills Sixty three percent
reported increased knowledge about issues related to their volunteering. The percentage of
volunteers who reported gaining specific skills as a result of volunteering increased steadily
with the number of hours they contributed. For example, over three quarters (78%) of
volunteers who contributed 188 or more hours reported gaining communication skills,
compared to just over half (52%) of those who contributed 19 hours or less. Similar, but less
pronounced, patterns are seen with other skills.
2.3.2 internal rewards such as social recognition, self-esteem
Though a volunteer is someone who contributes time to helping others with no
expectation of pay or other material benefit to herself, this does not mean that volunteer
work is of no consequence for the volunteer. Indeed, it is widely believed that helping
others is as beneficial for the donor as it is for the recipient. Research studies show that
most people do in fact hold the belief that helping others is a good way to gain fulfillment
for yourself.( Robert Wuthnow, 1991)
Volunteering creates the sense of self worthiness and instills self esteem. It gives the very
important feeling of being needed as through volunteering somebody is offered help, which
is by itself a very rewarding experience for the helper. Besides, volunteering can represent
an important trial period and provide opportunity to experiment and put preferences to
practice (Street, 1994).

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2.3.3 health benefits
In the review of The health benefits of volunteering28 by Corporations of National &
Community Service, those who give support through volunteering experience greater health
benefits than those who receive support through these activities, especially among the
elderly.
Likewise, Nancy Morrow-Howell et al. were commissioned by OASIS, a U.S. nonprofit
agency designed to promote volunteering among the elderly, to find out what kinds of
benefits volunteers thought they had derived from volunteer work. Nearly eight out of ten
reported an increase in well-being, while the same proportion reported having more friends
and acquaintances, and three-quarters believed they now made more productive use of their
time.
A longitudinal study of older married adults found that those individuals who reported
providing instrumental support to friends, relatives, and neighbors had lower rates of
mortality five years later than those who had not reported providing support. In addition,
providing support was found to have a stronger relationship with longevity than receiving
support from others (Brown et al., 2003). A study of adults age 65 and older found that the
positive effect of volunteering on physical and mental health is due to the personal sense of
accomplishment that an individual gains from his or her volunteer activities (Herzog et al.,
1998). Volunteering can provide a sense of purpose, as found in a study of older adults;
according to this study, formal volunteering moderated the loss of a sense of purpose among
older adults who had experienced the loss of major role identities, such as wage-earner and
parent (Greenfield and Marks, 2004). A second study found that, in general, volunteers
report greater life satisfaction and better physical health than do non-volunteers, and their
life satisfaction and physical health improves at a greater rate as a result of volunteering.
The researchers found statistically significant, positive relationships between volunteering
and lower levels of depression (Harlow and Cantor, 1996).

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3 Conclusions
Based on previous research on volunteerism, we can see that the voluntary organizations
have been affected the society very diversely and deeply. Volunteering is viewed as a form
of social capital, with particular reference to the role of volunteering in promoting social
inclusion, assisting marginalized social groups, its relationship to other forms of civic
participation and unpaid work, creating a civil society, social action, in community building
and community renewal. The character of the cooperation of the sector with all kinds of
other key social players such as government, business, communities and people as
individuals has given the voluntary sector strong power to affect the society as a whole. In
conclusion, we found that:
Volunteering makes a significant contribute to the global economy.
Volunteering enhances the social connections between different sectors, builds the
bridges for governments, enterprises and employees
Volunteering helps build a more cohesive, safer, stronger community, increase the social
network between communities and neighborhood
Volunteering promotes people to be more active in civic engagement and concerned of
citizenship
Volunteering delivers some part of public services, encouraging more people work in
public section, helping raise the educational performance of youth, push forward sustainable
development, solve environmental problems, and respond to climate change etc.
Volunteering also have positive effects on volunteers as individuals, increase the selfesteem, enhance various skills and capacities, expand career paths and be healthier
physically and mentally

4 Policy implications and strategy

The volunteer sector plays an important role in contributing to the society as a whole, where
its unique position in society often gives it special insight into the needs of local
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communities and individuals. It also has the role of an advocate to enable communities and
individuals who find it difficult to articulate their needs and views, to communicate with
decision-makers. The voluntary sector is uniquely positioned and motivated to articulate
alternative visions and solutions to local development challenges. It should initiate
campaigns for public provision for unmet, social needs or for better or alternative provision
where public services already exist.
In order to better develop the positive role of the voluntary sector, it is clear that a policy is
required and a working group should be formed to undertake this. The fundamental issues
that need to be addressed in the policy include:
4.1 Recognition
This covers the responsibilities, roles, the value of respective contributions and constraints
of targeted voluntary organizations. There is need for official acknowledgment and
appreciation on the value and the contribution of the volunteers and voluntary organizations
to the social economic, environmental and cultural life. There is also need for the
government to acknowledge the independence of the voluntary sector and its practices in
the interest of volunteers, voluntary organizations and service recipients.
The policy should:
-- Promote the importance of good volunteer management practices
-- Promote, develop and maintain agreed monitoring and evaluation systems
-- Promote sustainable funding mechanisms to ensure self-reliance and project sustainability
4.2 Cooperation
The policy framework should also enhance the cooperation between voluntary organizations,
and the partnership of voluntary organizations with government. This includes areas of
information sharing, mechanisms for joint working, involvement in policymaking, planning
and service delivery, openness and spirit of cooperation. This should put a clear mechanism
of having joint collaboration programming.
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Social Impact of Volunteerism

4.3 Resource
This policy area is required to cover aspects of finance, expertise, access to facilities and
other in kind support, provide information on environment, energy, climate change,
education, healthcare and so on, and make efficient mechanism to encourage volunteering
initiatives bottom-up.
The policy should also encompass the contribution of volunteers, especially those with
technical skills, such as medics, teachers, legal and para-legal professionals who
occasionally provide services in their leisure time. Deliberate efforts should be made to
systematically nurture this mechanism of volunteering such that it happens in a structured
manner.
4.4 Evaluation
The policy needs to provide a framework for consultation, decision making and
performance and efficiency evaluation among the voluntary organizations. The voluntary
sector needs to clearly state its objectives and priorities, provide clear and easily accessible
information about channels of communication with the government, and within the sector
and issues relating to structures and systems for conducting consultations. Voluntary
organizations need to figure out program specific questions such as what kind of people
volunteer, why they volunteer and how they got to hear about the need for voluntary help,
which can provide vital evidence for volunteer-involving organizations seeking to improve
their mobilization and support of people who volunteer.
This policy also includes the evaluation and assessment onvolunteers. Some material or non
material rewards towards volunteers who make significant contributions may encourage
more people to take part and enhance the benefits of being a volunteer.

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5 Further studies
The background study shows volunteering can foster social cohesion and put individuals on
a path to longer-term engagement in development activities. To develop the body of
research-based knowledge, there is need to know more about:
5.1 Motivation of volunteering
What leads individuals to volunteer at different points in time and in different ways both
the personal motivations and the situational factors? It would be helpful for further inquiries
into people's volunteering so as to inform broadening of volunteering options that could be
promoted.
5.2 Policy on integration mechanism
The development of a voluntary sector policy and its integration in socio-economic
planning mechanisms needs to be backed by empirical evidence. This would thus require an
action-oriented research to establish the sector's contribution in the areas such as poverty
alleviation, production of goods and services, capacity building, employment creation,
enterprise development, community regeneration, social inclusion, development of social
economy etc.
5.3 Best volunteering practices in different sectors
Research project to document best practices of voluntarism in different sectors, such as
social responsible businesses, employee based voluntary programs, cooperated projects
between non-profits and local government etc.

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Social Impact of Volunteerism

References

the Johns Hopkins University Center for Civil Society Studies (CCSS), ILO Manual on the

Measurement of Volunteer Work, 2011;

http://www.cev.be/113-economic_value_of_volunteering-en.html
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Eleanor Brown, Assessing the Value of Volunteer Activity, 1999;

http://nvs.sagepub.com/content/28/1/3.full.pdf
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Corporation for National and Community Service, Research Brief: Volunteering in America

Research Highlights, 2010;

http://www.volunteeringinamerica.gov/assets/resources/IssueBriefFINALJune14.pdf
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Nick Ockenden, Volunteering works -- Volunteering and social policy, 2007;

http://www.ivr.org.uk/NR/rdonlyres/2918E900-A0CC-4483-ADC302D6AB52C422/0/Final_Volunteering_Works.pdf
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National Report Ireland

http://ec.europa.eu/citizenship/eyv2011/doc/National%20report%20IE.pdf
Donoghue, F. (2001) Changing Patterns of Civic Engagement and Community Ties in Ireland,
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Dublin.
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Peter Mayer, The Wider Economic Value of Social Capital and Volunteering in South Australia,

2003;
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Ironmonger, Duncan. 2002. The Economic Value of Volunteering in South Australia (Melbourne:
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Kenya Perspectives, Structures & Systems, 2008

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Deloitte Volunteer Impact Survey, 2011

http://www.arnova.org/sections/documents/AmeriCorpExecutiveSummary10-15-2008.pdf

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Putnam, Robert D. 2000. Bowling Alone, (New York: Touchstone)

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Kawachi, Ichiro, Bruce P. Kennedy and Richard G. Wilkinson. 1999. Crime: Social Disorganization

and Relative Deprivation, Social Science & Medicine, Vol. 48, pp. 719-731
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Kawachi, Ichiro and Lisa Berkman. 2000. Social Cohesion, Social Capital, and Health in Lisa F.

Berkman and Ichiro Kawachi (eds.) Social Epidemiology (Oxford: Oxford University Press).
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Eleanor Brown, Assessing the Value of Volunteer Activity, 1999;

http://nvs.sagepub.com/content/28/1/3.full.pdf
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Keely S. Jones, Giving and Volunteering as Distinct Forms of Civic Engagement: The Role of

Community Integration and Personal Resources in Formal Helping, 2006;

http://nvs.sagepub.com/content/35/2/249.full.pdf+html
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Corporation for National and Community Service, Research Brief: Volunteering in America

Research Highlights, 2010;

http://www.volunteeringinamerica.gov/assets/resources/IssueBriefFINALJune14.pdf
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The Corporation for National & Community Services, Youth Helping America, 2006;

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Social Impact of Volunteerism

http://www.nationalservice.gov/pdf/06_0323_SL_briefing.pdf
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Ad de Raad, Proactively embracing volunteerism:, 2007;

http://www.unv.org/en/news-resources/resources/on-volunteerism/doc/proactively-embracingvolunteerism.html
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Institute for Social Research and Community Development, National Survey on Volunteerism in

Kenya Perspectives, Structures & Systems, 2008

19

Shirley Sagawa, AnnMaura Connolly, Tamara Chao, Leaders for Every Sector--

National Service as a Strategy for Leadership and Workforce Development, 2008;

http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2008/03/pdf/national_service.pdf
20

Nick Ockenden, Volunteering works -- Volunteering and social policy, 2007;

http://www.ivr.org.uk/NR/rdonlyres/2918E900-A0CC-4483-ADC302D6AB52C422/0/Final_Volunteering_Works.pdf
21

Putnam, Robert D. 2000. Bowling Alone, (New York: Touchstone)

22

Nick Ockenden, Volunteering works -- Volunteering and social policy, 2007;

http://www.ivr.org.uk/NR/rdonlyres/2918E900-A0CC-4483-ADC302D6AB52C422/0/Final_Volunteering_Works.pdf
23

cross cultural solution impact assessment 2010

24

Shirley Sagawa, AnnMaura Connolly, Tamara Chao, Leaders for Every Sector--

National Service as a Strategy for Leadership and Workforce Development, 2008;

25

http://www.austinenergy.com/Energy%20Efficiency/Programs/Power%20Saver%20Volunteers/ind
ex.htm
26

http://www.epa.gov/osw/wycd/downloads/comm-serv2.htm

27

Ad de Raad, Proactively embracing volunteerism:, 2007;

http://www.unv.org/en/news-resources/resources/on-volunteerism/doc/proactively-embracingvolunteerism.html
28

The Health Benefits of Volunteering A Review of Recent Research, 2007;

http://www.nationalservice.gov/pdf/07_0506_hbr.pdf

23