DRAFT July, 2009

STANDARDS / MANUALS / GUIDELINES

FOR SMALL HYDRO DEVELOPMENT
SPONSOR:
MINISTRY OF NEW AND RENEWABLE
ENERGY
GOVERNMENT OF INDIA

INVESTIGATION OF SMALL HYDRO

PROJECTS

LEAD ORGANIZATION:
ALTERNATE HYDRO ENERGY CENTRE
INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, ROORKEE

INVESTIGATION OF SMALL HYDRO PROJECTS

SMALL HYDRO
The hydro power installations are normally classified by the output of hydropower
station. The main category are Major hydropower schemes, medium hydropower
schemes & small hydropower schemes. In India, hydropower schemes up to 25 Mw
capacities are termed as small hydropower schemes. Central electricity authority has
further sub-classified the small hydro in three subcategories.
(i) Micro: Those having output upto 100kw.
(ii) Mini: Those having output from 101kw to 2000kw with unit size 1000kw.
(iii) Small: Those having output from 2001kw to 25000kw with unit size 5000kw.
Small hydro may further be grouped under:
(i) Type-1: Run of the river schemes.
(ii) Type-2: Schemes on canal falls.
(iii) Type-3: Schemes utilizing the existing dam/barrage for water supply.
For type 2 & type 3 schemes, the availability of water is well defined. The schemes can
therefore be formulated on the basis of water available or water to be released from dam /
barrage for the irrigation or for any other purpose for which the dam / barrage was
originally constructed. However the field investigations for layout of penstocks, power
channel, power house, switchyard, tailrace channel and other appurtenant works will be
required, similar to type 1 schemes i.e. run of the river schemes.
1.00 Run of the river schemes: The following field investigations would be
essential.
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)

Topographical survey.
Geological mapping and exploration.
Hydrological and silt data collection.
Investigation and identification of construction material sites.
Power utilization/ evacuation facility.
Access to different components of the scheme.

Object of detailed investigations are:

(i)
(ii)
(iii)

To access the general suitability of site for small hydropower project.

To enable adequate & economical design to be prepared.
To foresee and provide solution against difficulties that may arise due to
ground and other local conditions.
Selection of a proper site for project is the first important task which can be done with
the help of Survey of India topo sheets and reconnaissance survey of project area. The
AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards/Investigation of Small Hydro Projects /July 2009

reconnaissance should involve visiting all possible locations which are available for
consideration and gathering information relative to each site as is possible without
detailed field explorations. The best map available should be obtained in many locations.
Preliminary layout of different components of projects should be laid out and the most
feasible layout may be selected.
Next, detailed field surveys are to be carried out. The run of the schemes are mostly
located in hilly terrain at Small River or large nalas. The stability of side slopes are most
important considerations for siting different structures. Unstable slopes are to be ignored
and sites which are away from slip zones, easily accessible site for men & materials
should be given more weightage.
1.1.0 TOPOGRAPHICAL SURVEYS:
After selection of suitable site, detailed surveys are required to be carried out. A survey
of India bench marks should be located and based on this survey of India bench mark a
project bench mark should be installed in the project area. This is very-very important for
the successful completion of project as well as to the life of project. Surveys for different
components of project as detailed below are to be carried out.
TABLE-1.1: Topographical Surveys for run of the river schemes
S.No.

Feature

1.

L-section
along the
Stream

2.

General
layout

Survey Requirement

Scale

Bed level of the stream

along its center line from
5 km upstream of
diversion structure to 2
km downstream of
confluence of tailrace.
(1) Contour plan to
cover all
components of the
project extending
from 2 km upstream
of diversion
Structure to 1 km
downstream of
confluence of
tailrace with the
river.
(2) River cross sections
at 200 m interval to
cover both banks
well above the
highest flood marks
and include water
conductor for the

1:10000

Contour
Interval
_

1:10000

5m

Additional Requirement
(i) Date of survey
(ii) Water levels on date
of survey along the stream

1:500

AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards/Investigation of Small Hydro Projects /July 2009

The following information to

be included:
(i) Date of survey
(ii)Water level on date of
survey
(iii)Max. observed HFL on the
basis of flood marks.

reach where it is
close to the river.
(3) Access road.
3.

4.

Diversion
Structure

Water
conductor
system

1:10000

5m

(1) Contour plan to

cover reach 50 m
upstream to 50 m
down stream of the
proposed structure
and extend at least
10 m above
anticipated highest
Flood level.
(2) 3 cross section,1
along the axis and 2
on either side
i.e.Upstream
and
downstream of the
axis.

1:200

2m

1:200

(1) Contour plan along

water conductor
alignment extending
20 m towards the hill
side and 10m
towards the valley
side.

1:500

5m

(2) L section along the

alignment of water
conductor.
(3) Cross section along
the water conductor
at 100 m intervals
and at locations
where nalas are
intercepted as also at
locations where
topography change
abruptly.
(4) Three cross section
of the nalas one on
the alignment and
one each on either
side of the
alignment.
(5) L section along
nalas 100 m on
either side of water
conductor.

1:500

1:500

1:500

AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards/Investigation of Small Hydro Projects /July 2009

The following to be include

(i) Date of survey
(ii) Water level on the date of
survey
(iii) Max. Observed HFL on
the basis of flood marks.

The following information to

be include :
(i)
Date of survey
(ii) Water level on date of

5.

6.

7.

Forebay

Penstock

Powerhouse

(6) Contour plan to

cover sufficient area
of the nalas and its
bank .
(1) Contour plan to
cover entire area of
forebay including its
vicinity.
(2) Longitudinal section
and 2-3 cross
section.
(1)Contour plan
extending 20 m either
side of the alignment.

survey
(iii) HFL based on flood
marks to be indicated.
_

1:200

1:500

2m

1:500

1:500

2m

(2)L sections along

penstock alignment.

1:500

2m

(3) Cross-section at
100m intervals along
alignment and at
anchor block
locations.

1:500

2m

(1) Contour plan to

cover sufficient area
to include different
alternative layouts of
powerhouse and
switchyard and
tailrace channel up
to its confluence
with the river.
(2) L sections along the
powerhouse and
tailrace channel upto
its confluence with
the river.

1:200

2m

1:200

1:200

2m

(3) Access road to

powerhouse.

AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards/Investigation of Small Hydro Projects /July 2009

The following information to

be included:
(i) Date of survey.
(ii) Water level at the point of
confluence of the tailrace
with the river on the data
of survey.
(iii) Max. observed HFL on
the basis of flood marks.
-

1.1.2 For schemes on canal falls detailed field surveys are to be carried out after an
initial reconnaissance survey when information needs to be collected about the
topographical features and constraints for locating the bypass channel and powerhouse
adjacent to the fall structure. After a study of these particulars the alignment should be
identified in the first instance. Detailed field survey is to be carried out for the identified
alignment and location, covering sufficient area to examine all possible shifts in locations
to arrive at an optimum alignment and positioning of structures. The scale and particulars
of the survey are included in table 1.1.2 below.
TABLE-1.1.2 Topographical Surveys for schemes on canal falls
S.No.

Feature

Survey Requirement

Scale

Contour
Interval

Additional
Requirement

1.

General
layout

(1) Contour plan

(2) Longitudinal section

1:1000
1:1000

2m

2.

Intake of the
canal

(1) Contour plan

(2) Longitudinal section and 2
cross-section

1:200
1:200

2m

Widened
canal bypass
canal
Powerhouse
and
switchyard
Tailrace

(1) Contour plan

(2) Longitudinal section and
cross-sections.
(1) contour Plan
(2) Longitudinal section and 2
cross-sections.
(1) Contour plan
(2) Longitudinal section and crossSections.

1:200
1:200

2m

Approach road
routing to
intake and
powerhouse
switchyard
locations to be
included.
Longitudinal
section to
include canal
and inlet area.
-

1:200
1:200

2m

1:200
1:200

2m

Outfall into
canal

(1) Contour Plan

(2) Longitudinal section and 2
cross-sections.

1:200
1:200

2m

Longitudinal
section to
include outfall
area
(connecting to
the canal)
Longitudinal
section to
include canal
and outlet
area.

1.1.3

For Powerhouse located downstream of an existing Dam/Barrage detailed field

survey will be carried out after initial reconnaissance survey when the alignment of the
water conductor system and the location of the powerhouse, tailrace and switchyard are

AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards/Investigation of Small Hydro Projects /July 2009

identified taking into account topographical constraints. Detailed topographical survey

shall be carried out for the identified alignment and locations. The survey shall cover
sufficient area to enable examination of all possible shifts in alignment and locations to
arrive at an optimum alignment and positioning of structures. Accurate drawings of
existing structures which are linked with the planned small hydroelectric scheme should
be obtained and used for necessary co-ordination. The scale and particulars of the survey
are indicated in table 1.1.3 below
TABLE-1.1.3 Topographical Surveys for Powerhouse located downstream

of an existing Dam/Barrage
S.No.

Feature

Survey Requirement

Scale

Contour Additional
Interval Requirement

1.

General
layout

(1) Contour plan.

(2) Longitudinal section.

1:1000
1:1000

2m

2.

Intake area

1:200
1:1000

2m

Water
conductor

(1) Contour plan.

(2) Longitudinal section and
cross-section.
(1) Contour plan
(2) Longitudinal section and
cross-section.

Approach
road routing
to intake and
powerhouse
and
switchyard to
be included.
-

2m

(1) Contour plan.

(2) Longitudinal section and
cross-section.
(1) Contour plan.
(2) Longitudinal section and
cross-section.
(1) Contour plan.
(2) Longitudinal section and
cross-section.

1:200
1:200

2m

1:200
1:200

2m

1:200
1:200

2m

Powerhouse
and
switchyard
Tailrace

Outfall from
tailrace

1:200
1:200

(2m in
flat
terrain or
5m in
hilly
terrain)

2.0 GEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS:

AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards/Investigation of Small Hydro Projects /July 2009

Small hydro electric schemes involve comparatively small size structure as compared
to major hydroelectric schemes. Exploration by trial pits or trenches for various features
is sufficient to meet the requirement, for small dams and tunnels. A judicious & careful
geological assessment with limited geological exploration is essential for electing
appropriate alignment and siting the various structures of the scheme. A reconnaissance
survey of the alignment shall be carried out for obtaining a general idea of the regional &
localized geology to identify the problem areas to firm up the layout. The problem areas
should be studied from geotechnical aspects and layout firmed up with necessary
modifications.
2.1 DIVERSION STRUCTURE:
Geological explorations to be conducted with trial pits as close to deepest bed level as
possible & two trial pits on each bank. One of three locations should be at proposed
intake structure. Geological assessment of abutment conditions and the hill slopes of the
abutment with a geological section indicating the dip & strike direction shall be made.
This will be helpful in assessing the stability of the hill slopes of excavated abutment.
2.2 WATER CONDUCTOR SYSTEM:
A few trial pits along the alignment at every 500m, which should include vulnerable
reaches should be taken for the geological assessment of the foundation strata as also
permeability & other subsidence characteristics. Slope stability of excavated hill slopes
for laying water conductor system is very impartment. For this a geological sections
should be developed by surface observations at 200m. Interval including at vulnerable /
critical locations. If water conductor system comprises of tunnel reach, in addition to a
geological section along the alignment, more detailed information on the nature of &
classification of rock mass, joint patterns encountered along the alignment, the strike &
dip pattern needs to be collected with identification of reaches of shear zone and rock
classification. The inlet & outlet portal of tunnel needs to be investigated for stability of
excavated slope .
2.3 FOREBAY:
A trial pit at the location of forebay shall be taken to assess the foundation strata. The
hill slope behind & below forebay may be assessed for stability. The foundation strata
shall be assessed for permeability characteristics.
2.4 PENSTOCKS:
Penstock slope shall be investigated for slope stability by developing a geological
section on the basis of reconnaissance survey on the alignment. Foundation strata at
anchor block and saddle locations shall be assessed by trial pits at representative
locations.

AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards/Investigation of Small Hydro Projects /July 2009

2.5 POWERHOUSE:
Foundations strata at powerhouse shall be assessed by trial pits. Powerhouse
excavation slopes shall be assessed for slope stability by developing geological sections
on the basis of reconnaissance survey by the geologist.

2.5.1 Type 2: Schemes on canal falls.

The stability of excavated slopes for intake channel and tailrace channel/bypass
channel and powerhouse needs to be investigated by developing geological section and/or
study of soil characteristics and ground water conditions. The foundation strata of the
powerhouse, inlet and outlet structures shall be investigated by trial pits.

2.5.2 Type 3 : Powerhouse located downstream of an existing dam/

barrage.
The stability of water conductor system shall be ascertained by geological sections as
in case of type 1. In case water conductor system comprises a tunnel a geological section
along the tunnel alignment is to be developed as suggested for the tunnel reach of type 1
.The assessment has also to be based on borehole logging data at the inlet portal, exit
portal and reaches of low rock cover. Powerhouse foundation needs to be investigated by
either trial pits or by bore holes where warranted. Geological assessment for approach
channel and tail race needs to be made.

Requirement of Geological Field Investigations

It is desirable that a geological assessment of the geological features at the various
locations of the scheme is made through a site visit by a well experienced geologist in
consultation with the design engineers regarding technical aspects. The requirement of
geological field investigations are as below.

Table 2.1: Geological Field Investigation (Type-1)

S.No.
1

Structure

No. of trial Location of trial

pits/borehole
pits
Diversion structure
(i) conventional Trial pits 3 One trial pit at
weir/trench
nos.
middle and two
weir
trial pits, one
each on either
(ii) Low dam
abutment end.
Borehole 3 One borehole at
nos.
middle and one
borehole at intake
location.
Water Conductor
(i) Surface
Trial pits 3-5 Trial pits at every

Depth of
trial pits

Additional
requirement

1.5 -2 m

Geological assessment
of stability of rock
slope on either
abutment

Up to
foundation
level of
dam

----

1.5-2 m

Geological assessment

AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards/Investigation of Small Hydro Projects /July 2009

nos.

Borehole 3
nos.

(ii) Tunnel

Forebay

Trial pits 2
nos.

Penstock

Trial pits 2
nos.

Powerhouse

Tailrace

Trial pits 1
no.
Trial pits 1
no.

500m. c/c and at

critical locations.

Intake portal 1
Up to
no.
tunnel
Outlet portal 1
grade
no.
Low cover reach
1 no.
One trial pit in
1.5 2 m
forebay area and
another trial pit at
penstock intake
location.
Along the
1.5 2 m
alignment of
penstock
preferably at
another block
locations.
Powerhouse area
1.5 2 m
Along the
alignment

1.5 2 m

of stability of rock
slopes along the
alignment reach-wise.
(1) Delineation of
shear zone
(2) Geological
assessment along
alignment
(3) Geophysical
assessment
Geological assessment
of rock slope on hill
side of forebay.

Geological assessment
of penstock slope.

Geological assessment
of excavation slope.
Geological assessment
of excavation slope.

Table 2.2 : Geological Field Investigation (Type-2)

S.No.

Structure

No. of
trial pits

Water
Conductor

Powerhouse

Location of trial pits

(1) At inlet 1 no.

(2) Upstream of
powerhouse - 1 no.
(3) Downstream of
powerhouse 1 no.
(4) At outlet 1 no.
Powerhouse area.

AHEC/MNRE/SHP Standards/Investigation of Small Hydro Projects /July 2009

Depth
of trial
pits
1.5 -2 m

1.5-2 m

Additional
requirement
Geological assessment
of stability of
excavation slopes.

Geological assessment
of excavation slopes
and powerhouse
foundation grade.

Table 2.3: Geological field investigation (Type-3)

S.No.

Structure

Intake

Approach
channel

Water
conductor
(a) Open

No. of trial
pits
Borehole1no.

Location of trial pits

Intake area

Depth of trial
pits
Upto
foundation
level of
structure
1.5m to 2m

Additional
requirement
Geological
assessment of
stability of
excavation slopes.
Geological
assessment of the
area.

Geological
assessment of
stability of
excavation slopes
Geological
assessment along
alignment.

1no.

Approach channel
location.

Trial Pits-23no.

Along alignment

1.5m to 2m

(b) Tunnel

Borehole3no.

Power
house

Trial Pit1no.

(1) Intake portal-1no.

(2) Outlet portal-1no.
(3) Low cover reach1no.
Powerhouse area

Delineation of
shear zones
upto tunnel
grade
1.5 to 2m

Tailrace
(a) Open

(b) Tunnel

Trial Pit1.3no.

Along alignment

Borehole3no.

At portal, along
alignment and at low
cover reach.

1.5 to 2m

Upto tunnel
grade

Geological
assessment of
stability of
excavation slopes
and powerhouse
foundation grade.
Geological
assessment of
excavation slopes.
(1) Geological
assessment
along
alignment.
(2) Delineation of
shear zones.

Subsurface Explorations are also required if tunneling is involved.Generally for major

and medium hydroelectric projects this aspect is important but for small hydro the need is
rare.For small hydro projects drilling and drifting gives a fare idea of subsurface geology.
3.0 HYDROLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS:

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Acquiring a set of reliable hydrological data for a reasonable length of time for
assessing the pattern of stream flow at different times in representative years, good as
well bad ,is the most essential requirement for a dependable formulation of a
hydroelectric project, be a big or small. Besides the pattern of stream flows, other
Hydrologic inputs required for the design of project components are design flood, water
quality and sediment transportation. The hydrological data cannot be acquired by just
visiting the site for carrying out discharge measurements for a short while. It is necessary
to acquire the long duration data.
It is necessary first to collect the minimum essential hydrological data and secondly,
make analysis to establish a reliable flow quantity and other hydrological inputs.
3.1 DATA REQUIREMENT
The following data are required for a project.
(a)
Rainfall and snowfall
(b) Climatological parameters like temperature, humidity, wind and cloudiness.
(c)
River gauges and discharges.
(d) Past flood discharges.
(e)
Sediment load.
(f)
Water quality.
The rainfall, snowfall and other climatological data are available with the India
Meteorological Department (IMD). Most of the major rivers and their tributaries are
being continuously gauged by the state governments and central water commission. Such
gauging includes water levels, discharges, flood discharges and sediment samples.
However such data is normally not available in respect of small hydro projects located on
small streams.
The streams across which small hydroelectric schemes are proposed, lack in most
cases any measured stream flow data. The entire catchment may not have even a single
rain gauge station. In such situation, there is need for establishing a gauging station near
about the proposed project site. The discharge measurements should preferably cover a
minimum period of two lean seasons and one flood season. A period of two years is too
short for assessing a long term flow series but, the small hydro electric schemes are
meant to be taken up for quickly deriving benefits without waiting for long period and
without investing much capital so as to prove most economical project in limited capital.
Discharge measureing techniques: For discharge measurement the following
techniques are employed. Bureau of Indian Standards(BIS) are available for detailed
guidance.
(i)
Notches, weirs and flumes. BIS no. 1193-1959
(ii) Velocity area method.
BIS no. 1192-1959
(iii)
Slope area method.
BIS NO. 2912-1964
(iv)
Stream gauging
CWPRS manual for stream gauging.
Discharge measuring instruments: The measuring instruments comprises of
rectangular or a v- notch, flumes, gauges, floats, current meters, stop watches etc. While
using current meters, care should be taken that the current meter is properly calibrated
from a reliable institution. Current meters are calibrated by CWPRS Pune, IRI Roorkee
and in some Engineering institutions. The accuracy of measurement is totally based on
the calibration chart of a particular current meter. Simultaneous with river gauging, the
rain gauge (s) should be installed, if there is no rain gauge in the project catchment.
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Along with river discharges, the samples of silt in river during monsoon flows should be
collected.
3.2
WATER AVAILABILITY
The water availability is the basic hydrological input for assessing power potential and
energy generation. A great care is needed to assess river flows as accurately as possible.
Depending on the type and length of data, technique of water assessment would be
applied to get best possible and most dependable water availability.
The spillway of diversion structure is designed to pass safely a predetermined flood
discharge
3.3
DESIGN FLOOD LEVEL
Design flood level are computed for the intake and power house site for providing
necessary protection works if necessary.
3.4
SEDIMENTATION
The generation unit may suffer heavily due to damage of underwater components on
account of highly erosive action of silt water. Besides damaging runners and guide vanes,
the erosive action of silt causes operation and maintenance problems.
The small diversion structure without storage, divert silt laden water into the water
conductor. Some of the silt would get removed through trash racks and desilting
arrangement provided before the fore bay. A desilting chamber is generally constructed
to minimize the silt load
4.0

CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL SURVEY:

Availability of required quantity & quality construction material like aggregate,

boulders, sand for construction works and its location shall be surveyed in project area or
nearby area. Material testing laboratory shall be required for testing the quality of
material which may have to be established or samples may be sent for testing to some
nearby reliable laboratory.
5.0 SURVEY FOR EVACUATING POWER:
The following survey shall be carried out:
(iv) Present position of power supply in the region, system loads, load
factor, unit generated per kw installed capacity.
(v) Detailes of major loads to be served, energy demand etc.
(vi) A plan showing the proposal for evacuation of power.
(vii) Study of near by grid substation where power is likely to be fed.
6.0

ENVIRONMENTAL

CONSIDERATION:

A careful evaluation of impact of proposed scheme on the environment shall be

carried out and necessary measures to be planned well in advance to mitigate the adverse
effect. Major hydroelectric projects are being considered as potential threat to the
environment. Tehri , Sardar Sarover and other so many projects are the glaring example.
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Projects are being throttled either by delaying environmental clearance or by imposing

unreasonable conditions in terms of environmental cost. Environment specialists however
seem somewhat inclined towards small hydro perhaps with a feeling that impacts of small
hydro projects are going to be smaller which can be mitigated easily. Small hydro is
favorable due to the following.
(i)
Lesser submergence.
(ii)
Lesser requirement of land including forest land.
(iii) Least impact on flora and fauna (both aquatic and terrestrial)
(iv)
Less possibility of community displacement.
(v)
No environment pollution.
Following surveys would be required.
(i)
Area to be used for project construction, staff colony and resettlement of local
population.
(ii)
Area of submergence.
(iii) Details of families likely to be displaced, numbers. of SC/ST families, their
trade and scheme of their rehabilitation.
(iv)
Social/ cultural/religious compensation.
(v)
If any important mineral resources to be lost, if so its magnitude and
estimated loss.
(vi)
If any monument/site of cultural, historical, religious or archaeological
importance fall in project area if so, plan of relocation.
(vii) Any rare endangered species of flora and fauna in the project area and
measures to salvage/rehabilitate them.
(viii) Wild life if affected.
(ix)
Potential loss to aquatic life such as fish, impact to their migratory behavior.
(x)
Expected loss to trees and to make up the loss, identification of land for
plantation.
(xi)
Arrangement to meet fuel requirement of labour force during construction
and afterwards.
(xii) Arrangement for restoration of land in construction area.

7.0 SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY

The following information will be collected.
(i) Area of land required for physical components of project.
(ii) Type of land i.e. agricultural, residential, details of crop, vegetation
etc.
(iii) Ownership of land i.e. government, private, traditional
population,
encumbrances details etc.
(iv) Current land use in proposed area and surroundings.
(v) Possible land use change expected after project implimentation.
(vi) Possible strategy for procurement of land i.e. government lease, direct
purchase, negotiated settlement or compulsory acquisition etc.,
Detailed description of area falling under each category
(vii) Name of the people and families affected( details as necessary)
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(a) Including those loosing home and livelihood.

(b) Those deriving benefits (employment, electricity etc) from the
project.
(c) Those adversely affected by imposition of an external population on
local cultures (i.e. women, tribals)
(viii) Assessment of positive and negative impact.
(ix) Assessment of cultural impact on population due to land acquisition
for project.
(x) Assessment of need for rehabilitation and resettlement implementation.
(xi)
Study of national and state legal frame work existing, the relevant
provisions and applicability for the specific case as identified above.
(xii) Entitlement calculations for payment of compensation for various
losses or replacement values.
(xiii) Existing and proposed mechanisms/ efforts for public consultations
and disclosures of information/ statutory requirement, if any for
above.
(ix) Expected public participation during the project implementation.
(xv)Grievances redressal mechanism legally available as well as socially
acceptable.
(xvi)
Remedies available through Lok Adalats, Village Pachayats,NGOs
etc.
(xvii) Manpower locally available.
8.0 ACCESS TO THE DIFFERENT COMPONENT OF SCHEME
On the topographic plan, layout of existing roads shall be marked. The requirement of
the new approach roads, bridges, culverts, shall be assessed for smooth construction work
& later on maintenance of works.

_________________________

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