siez01s Goometic design of roads - Wikia, to feo eneyclopeda Geometric design of roads From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia The geometric design of roads is the branch of highway engineering concemed with the positioning of the physical elements of the roadway according to standards and constraints. The basic objectives in geometric design are to optimize efficiency and safety while minimizing cost and environmental damage. Geometric design also affects an emerging fifth objective called livability," which is defined as designing roads to foster broader community goals, including providing access to employment, schools, businesses and residences, accommodate a range of travel modes such as walking, bicycling, transit, and automobiles, and minimizing fuel use, emissions and environmental damage.!!! Geometric roadway design can be broken into three main parts: alignment, profile, and cross-section. Combined, they provide a three-dimensional layout for a roadway. The alignment is the route of the road, defined as a series of horizontal tangents and curves. The Autovia del Olivar which unites ‘Ubeda with Estepa in Andalucia in southern Spain. A geometric design saved on construction costs and improved visibility with the intention to reduce the likelihood of traffic incidents The profile is the vertical aspect of the road, including crest and sag curves, and the straight grade lines connecting them. The eross section shows the position and number of vehicle and bicycle lanes and sidewalks, along with their cross slope or banking. Cross sections also show drainage features, pavement structure and other items outside the category of geometric design. Contents 1 Design standards 2 Profile 3.1 Terminology 2.2 Sag Curves 2.3. Crest Curves 3 Alignment 3.1 Terminology Ipsilon wikipedia orgikiGoometric design of roads orne2o1s ‘Goudie dsin of rads - Wikies, te ree encyetopeda 3.2 Geometry 3.3. Curve sight Distance 4 Cross section . 4.1 Lane width 4.2 Cross slope 5 Safety effects of road geometry 5.1 Design consistenoy 5.2 Safety effects of alignment 5.3 Safety effects of cross section 6 Sight distance "6.1 Stopping sight distance 6.2 Decision sight distance 6.3 Intersection sight distance 6.3.1 Comer sight distance "63.1.1 Uncontrolled and yield controlled imerseetions 6.3.1.2 Two-way stop control 6.3.1.3 All-way stop control and signalized intersections 6.4 Effects of insufficient sight distance 7 See also "14 Road standards setting bodies 8 Notes 9 References 9.1 Law Reviews Design standards hpsion wikipedia orgikiGoometric design of roads 24‘inaco18 Ccornticdosig of roads - Wikiped, eo oncylopeda Roads are designed in conjunction with design guidelines and standards. These are adopted by state and national authorities. Design guidelines take into account speed, vehicle type, road grade (slope), view obstructions, and stopping distance. With proper application of guidelines, along with good engineering judgement, an engineer can design a roadway that is comfortable, safe, and appealing to the eye. The primary US guidance is found in A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets published by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO).! Other standards include the Australian Guide to Road Design (http:/Awww.austroads.com.au/interest_design.html), and the British Design Manual for Roads. (http://www. dft.gov.uk/ha/standards/dmrb/index.htm) An open source version of the green book is published online by The Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) (http://www.csir.co.za/) office in Zimbabwe.!3] Profile The profile of a road consists of road slopes, called grades, connected by parabolic vertical curves. Vertical curves are used to provide a gradual change from one road slope to another, so that vehicles may smoothly navigate grade changes as they travel. Sag vertical curves are those that have a tangent slope at the end of the curve that is higher than that of the beginning of the curve. When driving on a road, a sag curve would appear as a valley, with the vehicle first going downhill before reaching the bottom of the curve and continuing uphill or level. Crest vertical curves are those that have a tangent slope at the end of the curve that is lower than that of the beginning of the curve. When driving on a crest curve, the road appears as a hill, with the vehicle first going uphill before reaching the top of the curve and continuing downhill. The profile also affects road drainage. Very flat roads and sag curves may have poor drainage, and steep roads have high velocity flows. ‘Terminology BVC = Beginning of Vertical Curve EVC ~ End of Vertical Curvi i= initial roadway grade, expressed in percent ‘2 final roadway grade, expressed in percent A= absolute value of the difference in grades (initial minus final), expressed in percent hy = Height of eye above roadway, measured in meters or feet hig = Height of object above roadway, measured in meters or feet L= curve length (along the x-axis) PVI = point of vertical interception (intersection of initial and final grades) tangent elevation = elevation of a point along the initial tangent x= horizontal distance from BVC 'Y (offset) = vertical distance from the initial tangent to a point on the curve YY’ = curve elevation = tangent elevation - offset 7) Sag Curves hpsion wikipedia orgikiGoometric design of roads anneeo1s ‘Goudie dsin of rads - Wikies, te ree encyetopeda Sag vertical curves are curves which, when viewed from the side, are concave upwards. This includes vertical curves at valley bottoms, but it also includes locations where an uphill grade becomes steeper, or a downhill grade becomes less steep. The most important design criterion for these curves is headlight sight distance.'"! When a driver is driving ona sag curve at night, the sight distance is limited by the higher grade in front of the vehicle. This distance must be long enough that the driver can see any obstruction on the road and stop the vehicle within the headlight sight distance. The headlight sight distance (S) is determined by the angle of the headlight and angle of the tangent slope at the end of the curve. By first finding the headlight sight distance (S) and then solving for the curve length (L) in each of the equations below, the correct curve length can be determined, If the SL curve length is smaller than the headlight sight distance, then this number can be used. If it is larger, this value cannot be used.!4! Units _| Sight Distance < Curve Length (S Curve Length (S>L) AS? 120+ 3.55 Mel _ = 9g — 120+8.58 “ee L= 4359 p28 AS? 400 + 3.55 US Cus! = —__ = _- —_—_ women = L=28 + These equations assume that the headlights are 600 millimetres (2.0 fi) above the ground, and the headlight beam diverges 1 degree above the longitudinal axis of the vehicle.[5] Crest Curves Crest vertical curves are curves which, when viewed from the side, are convex upwards. This includes vertical curves at hill crests, but it also includes locations where an uphill grade becomes less steep, or a downhill grade becomes steeper. The most important design criterion for these curves is stopping sight distance.l2! This is the distance a driver can see over the crest of the curve. If the driver cannot see any obstructions in the roadway, such as a stalled vehicle or animal, the driver may not be able to stop the vehicle in time to avoid a crash. The desired stopping sight distance (S) is determined by the speed of traffic on a road. By first finding the stopping sight distance (S) and then solving for the curve length (L) in each of the equations below, the correct curve length can be determined. The proper equation depends on whether the vertical curve is shorter or longer than the available sight distance. Normally, both equations are solved, then the results are compared to the curve length. 4115] Sight Distance > Curve Length (S>L) 2 = 25— Mv + vi Sight Distance < Curve Length (S) hpsion wikipedia orgikiGoometric design of roads 54siez01s Goometic design of roads - Wikia, to feo eneyclopeda 7d =2Rsin (5) A 2} La Rae A M=R (1 — cos (=)) 1 e=r(——-1 cos (8) Curve sight Distance M=R (1 — cos (30°5)) Cross section The cross section of a roadway can be considered a representation of what one would see if an excavator dug a trench across a roadway, showing the number of lanes, their widths and cross slopes, as well as the presence or absence of shoulders, curbs, sidewalks, drains, ditches, and other roadway features. Lane width The selection of lane width affects the cost and performance of a highway. Typical lane widths range from 3 metres (9.8 ft) to 3.6 metres (12 ft). Wider lanes and shoulders are usually used on roads with higher speed and higher volume traffic, and significant numbers of trucks and other large vehicles. Narrower lanes may be used on roads with lower speed or lower volume traffic. ‘Narrow lanes cost less to build and maintain, but also reduce the capacity of a road to convey traffic. On rural roads, narrow lanes are likely to experience higher rates of run-off-road and head-on collisions, Wider roads increase the time needed to walk across, and increase stormwater runoff. Cross slope See also: Cant (road/rail) Cross slope describes the slope of a roadway perpendicular to the centerline, If a road were completely level, water would drain off it very slowly. This would create problems with hydroplaning, and ice accumulation in cold weather. In tangent (straight) sections, the road surface cross slope is commonly 1-2% to enable water to drain from the roadway. Cross slopes of this size, especially when applied in both directions of travel with a crown point along the centerline of a roadway are commonly referred to as "normal crown" and are generally imperceptible to traveling motorists. tepslenwkpetaorgikGeometic design of rad anneeo1s ‘Goudie dsin of rads - Wikies, te ree encyetopeda In curved sections, the outside edge of the road is superelevated above the centerline. Since the road is sloped down to the inside of the curve, gravity pulls the vehicle down towards the inside of the curve, This allows gravity to help provide some of the centripetal force needed to go around the curve, Superelevation slopes of up to 4 to 10% are applied in order to aid motorists in safely traversing these sections while maintaining entry speed of the vehicle along the length of the curve. An upper bound of 12% ‘was chosen to reflect the effects of construction and maintenance practices, as well as the difficulty of driving a steep cross slope at low speeds. In areas that receive significant snow and ice, most agencies use a maximum cross slope of 6 to 8%. Steeper cross slopes make it difficult to traverse the slope at low speed when the surface is icy, not to mention accelerating from zero with warm tyres on the ice. Lower cross slope inerease the risk for loss-of-control at high speed when the surface is icy. Since the consequence of high speed skidding is much worse than from sliding at low speed, the net safety in sharp curves gains from selecting up to 8% superelevation instead of 4%. The lower slope of 4% is mostly used on urban roadways where speeds are lower, and where steeper slopes would raise the outside road edge above adjacent properties, The equation for the desired radius of a curve is found from the equation below which takes into account factors for speed and superelevation rate (e). This equation can be rearranged algebraically to obtain desired rates of superelevation based on the design speed of a roadway and the radius. uw 15(e+ fs) The American Association of State Highway and Transportation officials (AASHTO) provides a table from which desired superelevation rates can be easily interpolated based on the design speed and radius of a curved section of roadway. This table can also be seen reprinted in many state roadway design guides and manuals in the U.S. R Safety effects of road geometry The geometry of a road influences its safety performance. While studies of contributing factors to road accidents show that human factors predominate, roadway factors are the second most common category, with vehicle factors last. Design consistency Collisions tend to be more frequent in locations where a sudden change in road character violates the driver's expectations. A common example is a sharp curve at the end of a long tangent section of road. The concept of design consistency addresses this by comparing adjacent road segments and identifying sites with changes the driver might find sudden or unexpected. Locations with large changes in the predicted operating speed are likely to benefit from additional design effort. A horizontal curve with a significantly smaller radius than those before it may need enhanced curve signs.!§] This is an improvement on the concept of design speed, which only sets a lower limit for geometric design. In the example given above, a long tangent followed by a sharp curve would be acceptable if a 30 mph design speed was chosen. Design consistency analysis would flag the decrease in operating speed at the curve. Safety effects of alignment hpsion wikipedia orgikiGoometric design of roads m4neeo1s ‘Goudie dsin of rads - Wikies, te ree encyetopeda The safety of a horizontal curve is affected by the length of the curve, the curve radius, whether spiral transition curves are used, and the superelevation of the roadway. For a given curve deflection, crashes are more likely on curves with a smaller radius. Spiral transitions decrease crashes, and insufficient superelevation increases crashes, A safety performance function to model curve performance on two-lane roads is:!9] 1.55L, + 92 — 0128 AMF = "57k 1.552. where AMF = Accident modification factor, a multiplier that describes how many more crashes are likely to occur on the curve compared to a straight road L, = Length of the horizontal curve in miles. R = Radius of the curve in feet. S=1 if spiral transition curves are present = 0 if spiral transition curves are absent Safety effects of cross section Cross slope and lane width affect the safety performance of a road. Certain types of crashes, termed "lane departure crashes", are more likely on roads with narrow lanes. These include run-off-road collisions, sideswipes, and head-on collisions. For two-lane rural roads carrying over 2000 vehicles per day, the expected increase in crashes is: Lane width | Expected increase in crashes 12 feet (3.7 m) 0% 11 feet (3.4 m) 5% 10 feet (3.0m) 30% 9 feet (2.7m) 50% The effect of lane width is reduced on urban and suburban roads!" and low volume roads.!°) Insufficient superelevation will also result in an inerea: in crash rate. The expected increase is shown below: hpsion wikipedia orgikiGoometric design of roads asiez01s Geometric dosign of roads - Wikia, te feo encyclopedia Superelevation _ Expected increase in crashes for, Expected increase in crashes for heavy deficiency cars trucks!!! <0.01 0% <5% 0.02 6% 10% 0.03 9% 15% 0.04 12% 20% 0.05 15% 25% Sight distance Road geometry affects the sight distance available to the driver. Sight distance, in the context of road design, is defined as "the length of roadway ahead visible to the driver."[1] Sight distance is how far a road user (usually a vehicle driver) can sce before the line of sight is blocked by a hill crest, or an obstacle on the inside of a horizontal curve or intersection. Insufficient sight distance can adversely affect the safety or operations of a roadway or intersection. The sight distance needed for a given situation is the distance travelled during the two phases of a driving maneuver: perception-reaction time (PRT), and maneuver time (MT). Perception-reaction time is the time it takes for a road user to realize that a reaction is needed to a road condition, decided what maneuver is appropriate, and start the maneuver. Maneuver time is the time it takes to complete the maneuver. The distance driven during perception-reaction time and maneuver time is the sight distance needed. During highway design and traffic safety investigations, highway engineers compare the available sight distance to how much sight distance is needed for the situation. Depending on the situation, one of three types of sight distances will be used: Stopping sight distance Main article: Stopping sight distance Stopping sight distance is the distance traveled during perception-reaction time (while the vehicle driver perceives a situation requiring a stop, realizes that stopping is necessary, and applies the brake), and maneuver time (while the driver decelerates and comes to a stop). Actual stopping distances are also affected by road conditions, the mass of the car, the incline of the road, and numerous other factors. For design, a conservative distance is needed to allow a vehicle traveling at design speed to stop before reaching a stationary object in its path. Typically the design sight distance allows a below-average driver to 2 (13 stop in time to avoid a collision! Decision sight distance Decision sight distance is used when drivers must make decisions more complex than stop or don't stop. It is longer than stopping sight distance to allow for the distance traveled while making a more complex decision. The decision sight distance is "distance required for a driver to detect an unexpected or otherwise difficult-to-perceive information source or hazard in a roadway environment that may be visually cluttered, hpsion wikipedia orgikiGoometric design of roads anneeo1s ‘Goudie dsin of rads - Wikies, te ree encyetopeda recognize the hazard or its threat potential, select an appropriate speed and path, and initiate and complete the required maneuver safely and efficiently"."4I Ideally, roads are designed for the decision sight distance, using 6 to 10 seconds for pereeption-reaction time and 4 to 5 seconds to perform the right maneuver. Intersection sight distance Intersection sight distance is the sight distance needed to safely proceed through an intersection. The distance needed depends on the type of traffic control at the intersection (uncontrolled, yield sign, stop sign or signal), and the maneuver (left turn, right turn, or proceeding straight). All-way stop intersections need the least, and uncontrolled intersections require the most. Intersection sight distance is a key factor in Us} whether no control or yield control can be safely used, ot more restrictive control in needed! Corner sight distance Comer sight distance (CSD) is the road alignment specification which provides a substantially clear line of sight so that the driver of a vehicle, bicyclist or pedestrian waiting at the crossroad may safely anticipate the driver of an approaching vehicle. Comer sight provides an adequate time for the waiting user to either cross all lanes of through traffic, cross the near lanes and turn left, or turn right, without requiring through traffic to radically alter their speed, Uncontrolled and yield controlled intersections Uncontrolled and yield (give way) controlled intersections require large sight triangles clear of obstructions in order to operate safely. At uncontrolled intersections, the basic right-of-way rules apply (either yield to the vehicle on the right, or the boulevard rule, depending on the location). Vehicle drivers must be able to see traffic approaching on the intersecting road at a point where they can adjust their speed, or stop if need be, to yield to the other traffic before reaching the intersection. It isn't the only criterion for allowing these types of intersection control, Changing an intersection to stop control is a common response to poor safety performance. ‘Two-way stop control When determining comer sight distance, a set back distance for the vehicle waiting at the crossroad must be assumed, Set back for the driver of the vehicle on the crossroad has been standardized by some state MUTCDs and design manuals to be up to a minimum of 10 feet plus the shoulder width of the major road but not less than 15 feet.!"®l However, the Federal MUTCD requires that a stop line, if used, shall be at least 4 feet from the nearest travel lane.!'7] Line of sight for corner si; ight distance is to be determined from a 3 and 1/2-foot eye height at the vehicle driver's location on the minor road to a 4 and 1/4-foot object height in the center of the approaching lane of the major road.{"81!!°] Comer sight distance, Deg py is equivalent to a specified time gap, ty, at the design speed, Vjyq, required for a stopped vehicle to turn right or left: Desp = Vp For passenger vehicles at two lane intersections, this time gap equivalence is commonly a distance 7.5 seconds away at the design speed. Longer gaps are required for trucks and buses, and for multilane roads.!?°l Generally, the public right-of-way should include and maintain this line-of-sight. hpsion wikipedia orgikiGoometric design of roads 10siez01s Goometic design of roads - Wikia, to feo eneyclopeda All-way stop control and signalized intersections Drivers at intersections with all-way stop control or traffic signals need the least sight distance. At all-way stops, drivers need to be able to see vehicles stopped at other approaches. At signals, drivers approaching the intersections need to see the signal heads. In jurisdictions that allow right turn on red, drivers in the right lane stop control need the same sight distance as two-way stop control. Although not needed during normal operations, additional sight distance should be provided for signal malfunctions and power outages. Effects of insufficient sight distance Many roads were created long before the current sight distance standards were adopted, and the financial burden on many jurisdictions would be formidable to: acquire and maintain additional right-of-way; redesign roadbeds on all of them; or implement future projects on rough terrain, or environmentally sensitive areas. In such cases, the bare minimum comer sight distance should be equal to the stopping sight distance.2"] While a corner sight distance which far exceed the braking distance at the design speed should be afforded to the driver, he or she is still generally required to maintain such control and operating speed as to be able to stop within the Assured Clear Distance Ahead (ACDA),2I and the basic speed rule always applies. Jurisdictions often provide some level of design immunity against government claims actions, in such cases,[Note 1] Waming signs are often used where sight distance is insufficient. The US MUTCD requires Stop Ahead, Yield Ahead or Signal Ahead signs at intersections where the traffic control device is not visible from a distance equal to the stopping sight distance at speed of approaching traffic. Hill Blocks View signs can be used where crest vertical curves restrict sight distance.?5] However, many juris to use ordinary care regarding conditions readily apparent to a driver, without the prompting of a sign.!Note 2] The care and focus ordinarily required of a driver against certain types of hazards may be somewhat amplified on roads with lower functional classification.7°I27] The probability of spontaneous traffic increases proportionally to the density of access points, and this density should be readily apparent to a driver even when a specific access point is not.'?8) For this reason, full corner sight distance is almost never required for individual driveways in urban high-density residential areas, and street parking is commonly permitted within the right-of-way. See also = Cognitive ergonomics = Degree of curvature = Design speed = Human factors = Road traffic safety = Stopping sight distance = Traffic psychology Road standards setting bodies = American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials hpsion wikipedia orgikiGoometric design of roads vwsiez01s Goometic design of roads - Wikia, to feo eneyclopeda National Cooperative Highway Research Program Transportation Research Board Notes 1 2. For example, see [25] and [241 For example, the California Government Claims Act's CGC § 830.4 (http://aw.onecle.com/california/government/830.4.html): "A condition is not a dangerous condition within the meaning of this chapter merely because of the failure to provide regulatory traffic control signals, stop signs, yield right-of-way signs, or speed restriction signs..." and CGC § 830.8 (hitp://law.onecle.com/california/government/830.8.html): "Neither a public entity nor a public employee is liable under this chapter for an injury caused by the failure to provide traffie or warning signals, signs, markings or devices described in the Vehicle Code. Nothing in this section exonerates a public entity or public employee from liability for injury proximately caused by such failure if a signal, sign, marking or device (other than one described in Section $30.4) was necessary to warn of a dangerous condition which endangered the safe movement of traffic and which would not be reasonably apparent to, and would not have been anticipated by, a person exercising due care." See also Cal Veh. Code § 22350 (http://www. dmv.ca.gov/pubs/vetop/dl 1/ve22350.htm), Cal Veh. Code § 22358.5 (http://Avww.dmv.ca.govipubs/vetop/dl 1/ve22358.5.htm), Cal Gov. Code § 831 (http://law.onecle.com/california/government/83 1 html), and CACI Form 1120 (http://www justia. com/trials- litigation/does/eaci/1 100/1120.htm)). References 10. 12, 13, 14, "The Role of FHWA Programs in Livability: State of the Practice Summary”, Federal Highway Administration, Retrieved 16 April 2012. Garber, N.J., and Hoel, L., A., Traffic and Highway Engineering, 3rd Edition. Brooks/Cole Publishing, 2001 "SANRAL Geometric Design Guideline”, The Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) in South Africa, Retrieved 2013-07-28. Homburger, W.S., Hall, J.W., reilly, W.R. and Sullivan, E.C., Fundamentals of Traffic Engineering (15th ed), ITS Course Notes UCB-ITS-CN-01-1, 2001 A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets. Washington D.C.: American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. 2004 "MnDOT Road Design Manual". MnDOT. Retrieved 6 September 2012. Minnesota Department of Transportation, Bikeway Facility Design Manual, section 5-3.5.1, http:/www.dot.state.mn.us/bike/pdfs/Chapter3_Bw.pdf, retrieved 4/20/2010 "Design Consistency Module Engineers Manual”. Interactive Highway Design Model Engineer's Manual. Federal Highways Administration, Retrieved 6 March 2012 D.W. Harwood, F.M. Council, E. Hauer, W.E, Hughes, and A. Vogt (2000). Prediction of the Expected Safety Performance of Rural Two-Lane Highways (PDF). Washington, D.C.: Federal Highway Administration, Potts, Ingrid B. (2007). Relationship of Lane Width to Safety for Urban and Suburban Arterials (PDF). Transportation Research Board The Effect of Cross-Sectional Geometry on Heavy Vehicle Performance and Safety (http://www.nzta. govt nz/Tesources/research/teports/263/docs/263.pdt) Highway Design Manual. 6th Ed, California Department of Transportation. 2012. p. 200. See Chapter 200 on Stopping Sight Distance (hitp://www.dot.ca. gov/hq/oppd/hdm/pafienglish/chp0200, pdf) National Cooperative Highway Research Program (1997). NCHRP Report 400: Determination of Stopping Sight Distances (PDF). Transportation Research Board (National Academy Press). p. I-13. ISBN 0-309-06073-7. American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (1994) A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets (pp. 117-118) ‘American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (1994) 4 Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets (pp. 650-679) hpsion wikipedia orgikiGoometric design of roads vasiez01s Goometic design of roads - Wikia, to feo eneyclopeda 16. Highway Design Manual. 6th Ed. California Department of Transportation, 2012. pp. 400-14. See Chapter 405.1 on Sight Distance (http://www.dot.ca.gov/hq/oppd/hdm/pdfienglish/chp0400.pdf) 17. "Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUCTD)". United States Department of Transportation - Federal Highway Administration. | chapter= ignored (help) 18. Highway Design Manual. 6th Ed. California Department of Transportation. 2012. p. 200. See Chapter 405.1 on Sight Distance (http:/Awww. dot.ca.gov/hq/oppd/hdm/pafienglish/chp0400.pdf) 19. "300". 4 Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets. 4th Ed. American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. 2004 20. "300". A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets. 4th Ed. American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. 2004. See Exhibit 9-54, Time Gap for Case B1—-Left Turn from Stop 21. Highway Design Manual. 6th Ed. California Department of Transportation. 2012. pp. 400-22. See Chapter 405.1 on Sight Distance (http://www.dot.ca.gov/hq/oppd/hdm/pdfienglish/chp0400.pdf) 22. US Legal Dictionary (http://definitions.uslegal.comva/assured-clear-distance-ahead/) 23. California Government Claims Act (http://www. leginfo.ca.govicgi-bin/displaycode?section—gov&group=00001- 010008file=815-818.9) 24, Vehicle Code Section 22358.5 (htp://web.archive.org/web/20100531182754/http://www.dmy.ca.govipubs/vetop/dl 1/ve22358_5.htm) 25. "Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUCTD)". United States Department of Transportation - Federal Highway Administration,. [chapters ignored (help) 26. "Riggs v. Gasser Motors, 22 Cal. App. 2d 636". Official California Appellate Reports (2nd Series Vol. 22, p. 636). September 25, 1937, Retrieved 2013-07-27. "It is common knowledge that intersecting streets in cities present a continuing hazard, the degree of hazard depending upon the extent of the use of the intersecting streets and the surrounding circumstances or conditions of each intersection. Under such cireumstances the basic law...is always governing."” See Official Reports Opinions Online (http://courts.ca.gov/opinions- slip.htm) 27. "Reaugh v. Cudahy Packing Co., 189 Cal, 335", Official California Reports, Vol. 189, p. 335, (California Supreme Court reporter). July 27, 1922. Retrieved 2013-07-27. "motor vehicles, must be specially watchful in anticipation of the presence of others at places where other vehicles are constantly passing, and where men, women, and children are liable to be crossing, such as corners at the intersections of streets or other similar places or situations where people are likely to fail to observe an approaching automobile." Official Reports Opinions Online (http://www. lexisnexis.com/clients/CACourts/) er v. Nelson, 139 Cal, App. 2d 65", Official California Appellate Reports (2nd Series Vol. 139, p. 65). Feb 6, 1956. Retrieved 2013-07-27. """The operator of an automobile is bound to anticipate that he may meet persons or vehicles at any point of the street, and he must in order to avoid a charge of negligence, ke proper lookout for them and keep his machine under such control as will enable him to avoid a coll with another automobile driven with care and caution as a reasonably prudent person would do under similar conditions.""" See Huetter v. Andrews, 91 Cal. App. 2d 142 (http://law justia. com/cases/california/calapp2d/91/142.html), Berlin v. Violett, 129 Cal. App. 337 (http://www. lexisnexis.com/clients/CACourts/), Reaugh v, Cudahy Packing Co, 189 Cal, 335 (http://www. lexisnexis.com/clients/CACourts/) , and Official Reports Opinions Online (http://courts.ca,gov/opinions-slip.htm) 28, a Law Reviews jability of highway authorities arising out of motor vehicle accident allegedly caused by failure to erect or properly maintain traffic control device at intersection". American Law Reports--Annotated, 3rd Series 34, The Lawyers Co-operative Publishing Company; Bancroft-Whitney; West Group Annotation Company. p. 1008. = "Comment Note: Governmental Liability for Failure to Reduce Vegetation Obscuring View at Railroad Crossing or at Street or Highway Intersection,". American Law Reports--Annotated, 6th Series 50. The Lawyers Co-operative Publishing Company; Bancroft-Whitney; West Group Annotation Company. p. 95. hpsion wikipedia orgikiGoometric design of roads 194siez01s Goometic design of roads - Wikia, to feo eneyclopeda Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php? title-Geometric_design_of roads&oldid-683253094" Categories: Transportation engineering = This page was last modified on 29 September 2015, at 03:05. = Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. hpsion wikipedia orgikiGoometric design of roads wi