VECTORS

IIT MATHS

a b c t b c

t a
2
2

Daily Work Sheet-I

Properties of Vectors
Solutions
01.

AT 2a AT 2a 2 a 2 R.
But BC-2R sin A=R,

Since OP OQ 14, OPQ is

isoseceles.

T = 2BC
AT

Hence the internal bisector OM is

perpendicular to PQ and M is the midpoint

04.

of P and Q .
1
OM OP OQ 2i j 2k
2

We have DA a, AB b and CB ka
Given, X and Y are the mid points of DB and AC
then


OB OD OA OC
OX
, OY
2
2

OA OCOBOD DA BC a ka
XY OYOX

2
2
2

1 k a
1 k
XY
XY
a 4
2
2
(given)
1 k

17 4 (taking +ve sign)

2

1 k

02.

a b c a b c 2 ab 2 bc 2 ca 0

k 1 17 8 k

ab bc ca 0 any two of a, b and

c are zero
05.

03.

Let the origin of reference be the circumcentre

of the triangle.

and

1 k

a 4
2

25
17

7i 4j 4k 2i j 2k
c

9
3

c
i 7j 2k (i)
9

Let OA a , OB b , OC c and OT t

Then a b c R (circunradius)

2 2
2
c
1 49 4 x 54
81
81
54

Again

OA OB OC OA 2OD

OA AH OH

2 x 54
9
81

Putting 9 in Eq. (i),

Then, c i 7j 2k

Since, a and b are equally inclined to c , therefore

c must be of the form

06.

Therefore, the P.V. of H is a b c. Since D

is the midpoint of HT, we have
1

8
9
k
17
17

IIT

a
b

a
b

a
a b

Now, a b
ab
ab
ab

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a b

a b

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VECTORS

IIT MATHS

Also

a
b
2a b
2a b
2

a b a
b

a b a
b

Other two vectors cannot be written in the form

07.

OA OB OC

OP OQ OR
10.

1 1 1
OP a, OQ b, OR c
3
2
3

and OS b a

Since, vectors x, x 1, x 2 , x 3, x 4, x 5
and

Let OA a,OB b and OC c , then

AB OB OA b a and

P, Q, R and S are coplanar, then

PS PQ PR ( PS can be written as a linear

combination of PQ and PR )



OS OP OQ OP OR OP

x 6, x 7, x 8 are coplanar..

x
x 1 x 2
x3 x4 x5 0

x6 x7 x8

Applying C2 C2 C1 and C3 C3 C1
x
1 2
x3 1 2 0

On comparing,

0 0 C2 C3
x R
Let O be the origin

OA i j , OB i j , OC pi qj rk

AB OB OA 2j

11.

Also b 37

1
25 25k 2 37
k 1

25 1 k 2 37 k 1

1
For , q 2 and for 0 , q = 1
2
p = q = 1, r = 0
And p = 1, q = 2, r = 0
Let a,b,c,p,q,r be the position vectors A,B,C,P,Q,R

12k 2 74k 12 0
6k 2 37k 6 0
6k 1 k 6 0

OP
OQ
aq
b
OA
OB

OR
c
OC

k 1

5 1 k 2 37 k 1

On comparing p 1 = 0, q 1 = 2l and r = 0
p = 1, r = 0 and q = 1 - 2l

5j k 5i.1

5i 5kj
b
k 1

p 1i q 1 j rk 2j

Now p=

The point which divides 5i and 5j in the ratio k : 1

is

A, B, C are collinear

AC AB

09.

3 1 2 1

AC OC OA p 1 i q 1 j rk

and

x6 1 2

0 8.

OS OQ OR 1 OP

b c
a
ba

1
2
3
3

1
k , 6 or k ,
6

1
k , 6 ,
6

(b),
(d)
hold.

but a+b=c

OA
OB
OC
p
q
r0
OP
OQ
OR

12.

sol:

2a 3b 4c a b c b c a c a b

But P,Q,R are collinear

OA OB OC

0
OP OQ
OR

3 , 4
or

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VECTORS

IIT MATHS

7/2

16.

1
2

1+ t - 2u i + -10 + 2t - u j + 1+ t - 2u k = 0
Thus 1 + t 2u = 0; - 10 + 2t u = 0
Solving, we obtain t = 7, u = 4, so
r(7) = 8i + 8j + 9k = R(4)
The two lines intersect at the tip of this vector.

3, 3, 4 .
13.

Sol:
17.

a i xj 3k , b 4i 4 x 2 j 2k ,

b 2a
14.

Equation r(t) = R(u) we obtain

18.

19.

1. The vector along the bisector of the given

angle is

7i 4j 4k 2i j 2k
i 7j 2k
b c
d

b c
9
81
9

2
, x 2,
3

Sol:

(i)
15

54
3 6
d
5 6 .
81
9

Then, from Eq. (i), d i 7j 2k

3
2. Let A be the initial point and the PV of B and C be

b and c respectively. Hence, let AB = c and AC = b.

b c
The internal bisector is ( r t c b and the

Let A 0, 0

B 3, 0

equation of the line BC is r b c b ) and

C h, k

CB AB AC

3
3 3
3i i
2
2

3 3 3
i
j
2
2

similan CD
15.

BD BD

c
ca
c b
b c
b c

c
ca
Similarly, BE BE c b c b c b

1 1 c b b c 2c 2 2
2
1 1

BE BD ca
ca ca a BC BC BE BD

3. AB b a , BC c b , CA a c the
bisectors of the angular B and C are


ba c b
r b

c
a (i)

3 3 3
i
j
2
2

The given vectors are collinear if a = kb for some k,

i.e.
xi 2j + 5k = ki + kyj zkk (x k)i + (-2 ky)j + (5
+ zk)k = 0
Hence x = k, y = -2/k and z = -5/k. Taking k = 1, 1/2, 1/2 and 1, we get the values given by (a), (b), (c)
and (d), respectively.

bb cc
hence the position vector of D is b c .

bb cc c c b
BD
b
b c
bc

3 3 3
3
3 3
C ,
or ,

2
2 2
2

IIT

bc ca
And r c a b

(ii)

So that for the point P

ba c b
bc c a
b

c
a
b

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VECTORS

IIT MATHS
2
1
2
1
AD BE CF d a e b f c
3
3
3
3

and 1
c
b
c a a

25.

ac
Then we get, b c a

ac ba c a bbc a abaacccb
r b

bc a c b
bca

AO' 2OD

yb zc xa

y5 zc
x

a
yz
yz

2O ' A 2AO AO'

2AO ' 2AO AO'

AO ' AO'

AO ' O 'B O 'C 2AO

2.

NA NB NC

NG NA NB NC 3NG
3


O'O O'O 1
NO GO 3

O'O
2
3 2

LHS represent a point on BC

RHS represent a poin on OA

OD

AD

x
a
yz

x y z
yz

OD
x
OD

1
AD x y z
AD

SA SB SC
SG
3.
3

SA SB SC 3SG

26.

ABCD is a tetrahedraon let a, b, c, d be the

p AB AO OB a OB thus position
vector of B is p + a

position vectors of A, B, C , D since every sys

q BC BO OC p a OC OC q p a .

tem of 4 vectors is linearly dependens threexists

scalars x, y, z, t such it at

So position vector of E is
1
a q p a 21 2a p q
2

xa ya zc td 0

OD OA AD OA BC a q
Therefore position vector of mid point of CD is

yb zc td
x

a
y z t
y z t

1 / 2 a q a p q 1 / 2 2a p 2q
24.

are coplanar

xa yb zc 0

bb cc aa aa bb cc

a b c
bca

21. 22.

1. O 'B O'C 2O'D 2 O' A AO OD

23.

A a , B 5 , C c

From Eq. (i),

20.

Let O be the origin.

Let the position vector of A, B, C, D, E, F be a, b, c, d

, e, f. So
d

bc
ca
ab
,e
,f
2
2
2

LHS is a point which lies in BCD plane

RHS is a point which lies on OA
It represents point P

OP

b c c a a b
OD OE OF d e f

a b c
2
2
2
ADBFCF da eb f c def abc O

OP
AP

xa
y z t

AP

x
x y z t

x y z t a

y z t

OP
1
Ap

OE OF DO e f d a OA

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VECTORS
27. Let C be the origin

CA a

IIT MATHS

CD

CB b

2
b
5

Eq of AD os r a b a
5

Eq of BE is r b a b Equations
4

we get x 5 6,

CH
Sinilarly

3b 7a
10

CR

3b 7a 10c
10

23

a 2b
6

AP BQ CR

AF 2

FB 1
01.

A 3

B 4

C 5

C. A B 0.
2

AM

2
a

2
2

Sol: a b a 0

2 2
2
a b c 2 a .b b .c c .a 0

ai j k x i b j k y i j ck

a x y

a b c 3

1 bx y

1 x cy

a b b c c a a b c 3

1
1
1
1
1
1

1a 1b 1c 1 x y
1 y
1 x
1
1

x
y

a b

=2 a

B b

the vertices

b .a

DM AM AD =

k 5

c 4b
5

AM

A BC 5 2

OP

b .a
a

a.b a b
02.

Let A a ,

4 2

10 5 ,

Sol:

A B C A B C

30.

3a 2c 5b
,
5

BQ

Daily Work Sheet-II

A . B C B. B. C A C.

29.

3a 4c b
10

CS

a 2b
CF
3

b 3a 4c
,
4

CS

C 4b 5 A
5

AP

b 3a
4

OS

AP BQ CR

k 2
28.

OR

b c c a

c a .b b .c c .a 9

C c be
03.

OQ

Sol: b 4i 3 j c t 3i 4 j

3a 2c
,
5

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VECTORS

IIT MATHS
ortho centre = p v of c

Let r xi yj

= 2 a b

r .b
r c
1
2
b
c
4x 3 1

06.

a 1,3,sin2 makes an obtuse angle with the

z-axis, therefore its z-component is negative.

3x 4 y 1

sin2 0
1 sin2 0 (i)

But b.c 0
( orthogonal)

2 11
r 2i j , r i j
5
5

tan2 tan 6 0

04.

Sol A vector coplaner with b , c is

tan 3 tan 2 0

tan 3, 2

r b c

Now, tan 3

r 1 i 2 j 1 2 k
Projection of r on a

sin2

2 tan
1 tan

6
3
0
1 9 5

Now, if tan 2
sin2

Impossible sin2 0

r a
a

2 1 2 11 2 1

2 tan
2

1 tan
which is true.

2
3

4
4
0
1 4
5

tan 2 0
2 is in third quadrant also

2 2 1 2 2

sin / 2 is

meaningful, if 0 sin / 2 1 , then

4n 1 tan1 2

3 1 2

and 4n 2 tan1 2

1
3 1 2 , 3 1 2 , 1 , 3
05.

OA . OB 3 Let a , b 0

07.

2 a . 3b cos 2 a , 3b 3 ,

cos

1
a, b / 3
2

CA . CB 2a 2 a b . 3b 2 a b

= 6 a .b 4 a b

6
3
4
2
4

Area of ABC

1
AB AC
2

=
Let DE n be the altitude.

=0
Volume =

1
2 2
. n area of ABC
3
3

c 900
6

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VECTORS
n2
Let E divide
11.

A 1,1,1 and M 2, 0, 0 in the ratio :1

AE

3 2

AD DE

Hence, r ks = r ks

Alternate (b)

r.s 2i j . i 2j 2 2 0

12 2 , 2 / 3

DB DA AB or

DA

(i)
2

2a2 2b2 c 2 From Eq. (i),

b2 2a2 2b2 c 2 a2 2AB.DB

09.

12.

3a2 b2 c 2
AB.DB
2
Let A be the origin of reference and the position
vector of B, C, D be b, c, d, w.r.t A. So AB = b,
CD = d c, AD = d, BC = c b, AC = c and BD
= d b. The L.H.S. is equal to b. (d c). The R. H. S. is

= K d.d c.c b.b 2c.b c.c d.d b.b 2d.b

2K b. d c . Hence K = 1/2.

Putting x = 1 in y x 2 x 10 , we get y = 12
A is (1, 12)

p q r s

u v w 1

u v w a

3 7
a.u a.v a.w a.a a.w 4
2 4

3
a.w
4
2
2
uv aw

u2 v 2 2u.v a2 w 2 2a.w

3
1 1 2u.v 4 1
2

3
u.v
4

and v w

dy
dy
2x 1
at A (1, 12) = 2(1) + 1 = 3
dx
dx
Tangent at A is y 12 = 3 (x 1)
It meets the x-axis (where y = 0)

2
2
2
2
K d c b c d b

10.

r is perpendicular to s
Alternate (c)

r s . r s r 2 s2 5 5 0


r s is perpendicular to r s .
Alternate (d)

p 5, q 5, r 5 and s 5

DA DB AB

DB AB 2DB.AB
In parallelogram, 2 a b c DB

DB

and

2
2
rks 2ijki2kj 2ki12k j 2k 12k 55k2

OE 1,3,3 or 3, 1, 1 .
08.

2 i i j k
OE
1

3 2

5i,r
1 p q 2i j
p 3i 4j,q
4
1
and s p q i 2j
2
Alternate (a)

2
2
rks 2ijki2kj 2ki12k j 2k 12k 5k2 5

AE : EM :1

IIT MATHS

AB OB OA 4i 12j

OA.AB 4 144 148

a u

3
a.w 4

v 2 w 2 2v.w a2 u2 2a.u

12 3 x 1 x 4 1 3

1 1 2v.w 4 1 3

B is (-3, 0)

OA i 12j , OB 3i

v.w 0

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3
a.u 2

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VECTORS

Also, w u

IIT MATHS

Since, angle between a and c is cos1 1/ 4

2
2
av

w 2 u2 2w.u a2 v 2 2a.v

1
1 1
a.c a c 1.1. and
4
4 4

b 2c a or b 2c a

Squaring b2 4c 2 2a2 4c.a

7
a.v 4

7
1 1 2w.u 4 1
2

7
1
2w.u 3
2
2

13.

16 4 2
2 12 0

1
w.u
4
Let c = (c1, c2, c3). Then |c| = |a| = |b| =

4 3 0

17.

2 = c12 + c 22 + c 32 . It is given that the angles

between the vectors are identical, and

equal to f (say). Then

r. b x c c x a a x b a b c and that of

edge OA is r = ta. If q
denotes the
angle between the face and the edge, then

a.b
0 1 0 1
cos

,
a b
2
2 2

b x cc x aa x b .a

2=c12 +c22 +c32 = 1-c2 +c22 +1-c2 =3c22 +2-4c2

Therefore, c2 = 0 or c2 = 4/3. If c2 = 0, then c1 = 1 and
c3 = 1, and if c2 = 4/3, then c1 = -1/3, c3 = -1/3. Hence
the coordinates of c are (1, 0, 1) or (-1/3, 4/3, -1/3).

cos600 cos600

1/ 2 1/ 2 1

k 6 3 / 4 1 / 8 1 / 8 1 / 2 k 6

Also b x c c x a a x b is twice the area of the

ABC AB AC i 5 j 3k

triangle ABC which is equilateral with each side k so

Angle below the faces OAB, ABC =

that this is

1
Angle between m1 , m2 cos

Tan 1

19
=
35

Hence

12 6
.
19

sin =

3 2
k .
2
k3 / 2

3 / 2 k .k

2
6

cos =

1
3

We have a b c k
a.b b.c c.a k 2 cos600 k 2 / 2 .

Equation of plane containing the line r a kb and

perpendicular r.n q

b and n are parallel

vector to n and b is n x b

Hence, required plane is r a . n x b 0

1 cos600 cos600
a.a a.b a.c
1 1/ 2 1/ 2
2
0
0 6
6
abc b.a b.b b.c k cos60 1 cos60 k 1/2 1 1/2
c.a c.b c.c

m2 normal to the face

16.

Now

Sol: Normal to the face OAB

m1 OA OB 5i j 3k

15.

b x cc x aa x b . a =

a b c

Hence c1 + c2 = 1 and c2 + c3 = 1. That is, c1 = 1 c2

and c3 = 1 c2.
2

b x c c x a a x b .a

sin

c +c
c + c3 1
a.c
1
b.c
1 2 and
2
.
a c
2
b c
2
2
2 2

14.

4,3
18.
19.
Equation of the face ABC is

is an equilateral triangle)
Equation of OAB and OBC are
r. a x b 0, r. b x c 0 . The angle between

two planes is equal to the angle between the normals.

If q is the angle then

(ABC

cos

Given, a 1 , c 1 and b 4


and a x b 2a x c

a xb bxc
.
a xb bxc =
a.b a.c

a x b . b x c = b.b

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b.c

1
k4
4

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VECTORS

IIT MATHS
2

If a b a b then a.b 0 / 2
If a b 2 then cosq < 0 which is true if

faces is cos-1 1/ 2 .
20.

a b 2a.b1a.b1/ 2cos1/ 22/ 3

So

3 2
k bxc
2
\ cosq = 1/2. Thus the angle between any two plane
a x b a b sin600

21. 22.

/2

a.u b.u c.u


a b c u v w a.v b.v c.v

a.w b.w c.w

a.a
2

a b c a b c a b c a.b

a.c

If a b 2 then cosq > 0 which is true if

24.

b.a

b.b

b.c

c.a

c.b

c.c

2
Now, a.a a2 a 16

1
a.b b.a a b cos / 3 4.4. 8
2

0 /2
A plane containing r = a + tb passes through a and
vector r a and b are collinear. Hence the equation
of plane passing through c and containing line r =
a + tb has r a, c a and b as coplanar vector as
thus the required equation is r = a + t (c a) + pb.
Again for the plane containing r = a + tb and
perpendicular to r . c = a, the vectors r a, b and c
are coplanar so we have r = a + tb + pc.
For (iii) the vectors r a, b a, c a being coplanar,
the equation of the plane is
For (iv) again r a, b a and c are coplanar, so the
required equation is

r a t b a pc 1 t a tb p c .

1
a.c c.a a c cos / 3 4.4. 8
2

2
b.b b2 b 16

25.

1 a.b

a b ab

1 a.b 2 a.b

1
b.c c.b b c cos / 3 4.4. 8
2
2
c.c c 42 16

a b a 5 2a.b

From Eq. (i),

2

1 a b a b
16 8 8
2 1 1

3
a b c 8 16 8 8 1 2 1 83.4 64 x 32

8 8 16
1 1 2

1. Volume of paralellopiped = (base area) (height)

26.

No. of ordered Triples

0, 0, 0

h 4 2 / 3

2,1,1

1
abc =
2. Volume of the tetrahedron =

2, 0, 2

1, 0,1

1
16 2
x32 2 =
6
3

2, 1, 1

3,1, 2

1
3. Volume of the triangular prism = a b c =
2

23.

a .b 0 x1 x2 x3 0

x1 , x2 , x3

1
32 2 2x x4x4x sin h 8 3xh
3
2

1
x 32 2 16 2
2

25

27.

If a b 1 then a b . a b 1

d a c b c a d b

k ba . d c

k2

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VECTORS
28. P Area of quadrilateral OABC

IIT MATHS
03.

1
OB AC 6 a b
2

a m1 m2

P 6q

29.

Let be the angle below a and i 2 j 2k

i j j k i j k so that unit vector

1
i jk .
3

Similarly, the other two unit vectors are

1
1
i j k and
i j k
3
3

3 3

04.

1
1 1
3 3
1 1 1

Sol: c 1a 2b 3 a b

Sol:

2
a a a b ab
. a aa
. b a b

a a a a b

2
a

a .c

= a

Taking dot prouce with and addtion

02.

a.c b a.b c

05.

1
b
2
1
b
2

a b = a
2

Sol:

2
1

p
1

sin ,1

a.b 0

10

a.b a a .a b
4

1
1

p 2 2 p 2 sin 0 descriminant , 0

since b and c are not collinear a.c

and
2

a , c 600 ,

a a b

p sin 1

a b a b . c 1 2 3 .

Sol: a b c

Taking dot product with a

450 or 1350 .

Daily Work Sheet-III

01.

1
2

The requiered volume

i j . i 2 j 2k

Then cos
i j i 2 j 2k

perpendicular to the plane of i j and j k is

Let a a1i a2 j a3k is r to m1 , m2

cent sides a b

Let m2 i j j k i j k

q Area of parallelogra with a , b as adja

30.

Sol: Let m1 i i j k

p 1 0
06.

a, b 90

2
p 1

Sol:

d . a b c 0 a b c x y z 0

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VECTORS

IIT MATHS

x y z 0

a b c

x 3 y 3 z 3 3 xyz

11.

Sol:

b c a 3abc a3 b3 c3 0
c a b

and
2

x y z 0 xy yz zx

a bc 0

1 2 2 2
x y z
2

v . v . v . v . 0

xy yz zx 0 .
12.

2
07.

Sol:

w w u v

1 2 5
1 2

w.u 0 v .u u.w cos

w.v w u .v v .v

v .w 1

1 , 9 / 2

08.

b c 1
p
.
a

a
.
Sol:
,
a b c
q .b b .

2 u v w

c a
1,
b c a

a b
.c c .
1
a b c
09.

Sol: a .b c a c b b c a

2 a . b 1 b a b a

11

cos

cos

cos
cos

1
1

1
1

13.

ab 2ab b a ab b a 2ab

b a

u.v v .v

v .u v .v

w.u w.v

u .w

v .w
=
w.w

1
sin
2

a b b a 2a b b a

w.v 1

2 1 cos 2 = sin 2

Given vector is r to both b c and a

10.

Sol: u.v cos

pi
1
pj
pk
p p
1 = i k 0, 2, 2
pj
pj pj

14.

Sol: a b

either b a 0 or 1 a . b 1

a a a b

either b a or a . b 0

3 a . a a b

either or / 2

a b

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VECTORS

IIT MATHS

1
1
1.1. .1 1
2
2

b sin b ,

2 sin 2

2
,
3

2
3

sin 2

From

1
cos
3
2

17.

3 a cos a a b

15.

1
a b a
3

3 a a b ,

19.

Since by definition of reciprocal systems

b.a ' c.a ' 0 , a ' is perpendicular to both b and
c, and hence parallel to b x c. so a ' t b x c .

c'

a b c b c a

either c and a are collinear or b is

perpendicular to both a and c a c

1
1
1


Given, i j k a b c d
6
3
3

abc

and c x a x b b.c a a.c b

a x b x c b x c x a c x a x b 0

So a x a ' b x b ' c x c ' 0

Next a ' b ' c ' a ' x b ' .c '
1
b x c x c x a . a x b
= a b c 3

1
e.a c e.c a . a x b
= a b c 3

[ a , b and c are coplanar]

a b d a b .d

e b x c

a b d cos

d a , d b d || a b

a x b x c b x c x a c x a x b

a x b x c a.c b a.b c, b x c x a b.a c b.c a

a b d c

a xb
a b c

a x a'b x b'c x c'

a b d c a b c d

1
1

a. b x c a b c

bxc
cxa
Thus a ' a b c . Similarly b ' a b c and

a c b a b c a c b b c a

16.

18.

a b c a b c

i 2 j 2k

2
1 2
c i j k

3
3
3 3

Also a.a ' 1 , so 1 a.a ' ta. b x c

V1 V2

(i),

1
b x c .a c . a x b

= a b c 3

1
b x c .a . c. a x b
= a b c 3

1
a. b x c . a x b .c
= abc3

= ab sin 30 .1. 1 0 or
0

1
= a b c

12

IIT

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VECTORS

IIT MATHS

We can also show that

a

20.

CP
(D)

b' x c'
c' x a'
a' x b'
,b
,c
a ' b ' c '
a ' b ' c '
a ' b ' c '

i
1
1

21. 22.

1. O 'B O'C 2O'D 2 O' A AO OD

3b x c
3a ' 3
2
a b c

1
1

AO' 2OD

2O ' A 2AO AO'

2AO ' 2AO AO'

AO ' AO'

AO ' O 'B O 'C 2AO

2.

NA NB NC

NG NA NB NC 3NG
3


O'O O'O 1
NO GO 3

O'O
2
3 2

23.

25.

24.

4 1

2i k

c.c a c

c.c c.a c.c

4 2 Sin b 2 1 C

CP
(D)



a b c . a x b x a c a b c . a x c b x a b x c

1
2
2

a.c b a.b c a.b b

Since b, c are non collinear
a.c a.b 4 2 sin -----2

2 1 a.b -------3
from 1,2,3

3 2i k

c.a 1 , -----1 and `

SA SB SC
SG
3.
3

SA SB SC 3SG
(A)

a b . b c x c a a b, b c, c a 2a b c

AS

(B) a b, b c, c a 0
B Q

(C) i x a x i j x a x j k x a x k 2a

3
1
2

k
2
2

D=Q
(d) holds

j
1
2

1 1 2 4 2 sin

1 sin 0

1,sin 1

26.

Eq of plane OQR is 2 x 2 y z 0 r

distance from 3, 2, 1 is equal to 3

27.

a x a 0

a.b x c b.a x c c.b x a a.b x c a.b x c b.c x a

a b c

DR
(a) holds

(A) a x a ' b x b ' c x c '

Let OABCDEF be a parallelpiped with

concurrent edges a, b, c V1 a b c Let
OABC , OCDE , OEFA be three faces
whose diagonals are
OB , OD , OF

a x b x c b x c x a c x a x b

0

=
a b c

A S

(B) a' b' c ' a b c 1
B R

(C) a.a ' b.b' c.c ' 1 1 1 3

13

OD b c,
OF a b
volume of parallelopiped

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VECTORS

IIT MATHS

Regular Class Work

Exercise-I

V2 a b b c c a

V2 2V1
28.

r. a b c 0

01.

c b d and p AC BD AD

b c a m c a b n a bc 0
a b c l m n 0 ,

l mn o
29.

uv
1

x sec u v
2
2
uv

Similarly for vectors y and z

As
2
2
xxy yxz zxx xyz 1 sec2sec2sec2 uvvwwu

64 2 2 2

02.

Now,

u v v w wu uv w v w w u w.v w.wu

2
x x y y x z z x x sec2 sec2 sec2 u v w

64
2
2
2

As


2
uv vw wu 2u v w 1 sec2 sec2 sec2 u v w

16

2
2
2
30.

x y z a
a . x y z a .a a . z

Hence p c d b d

3
4

x . x y z x .a x . y x .z

(using

c b d ) or 1


Let OA a , OB b and OC c , then

AB b a and
1 1 1
OP a , OQ b , OR c .
3
2
3
Since P, Q, R and S are coplanar, then

PS PQ PR ( PS can be written as a

linear combination of PQ and PR )

OQ OP OR OP

a
i.e., OS OP b c
3 2
3

a
OS 1 b c .......................(i)
3 2
3

1
2

Given

OS AB b a ..............................(ii)

3
y . x y z y .a x . y y .z
4
1
z . x y z z .a z .x y .z
4

From (i) and (ii), 0,

1
and
3

1
3
y .z 0 , x .z , x . y
4
4

2 1 3 1

x y z c
x .z y y . z x c

14

1
yc .
4

IIT

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VECTORS

IIT MATHS
08.

03.

As Q tends to B, 'P' becomes midpoint of

AC.

AP PC and BQ 0
Point P lies on x 2 3 y 2 3. Now from the
diagram, according to given conditions,

AP AB

or x 3

x 3

09.

y 0 4 or

AP
0

1 0 1.
PC QC

a i j j k

y 4
10.

4i 3k 14i 2 j 5k
;b
5
15

04.

i k , i 2 j k

OA 4i 3k; OB 14i 2 j 5k

Solving (i) and (ii) we get x 0 and y 1

Hence point P has position vector j.

r 12i 9k 14i 2 j 5k

15

r 2i 2 j 4k

15
2
r
i j 2k

15
11.

05.

From the diagram, it is obvious that locus is

cone concentric with the positive x-axis
having vertex at the origin and the slant height
equal to the magnitude of the vector.
The position vector of any point at t is

1
4
3
26
,
,
and r
26 26 26
5
Req. points =

x1 lr, y1 mr, z1 nr

r 2 t 2 i 4t 5 j 2t 2 6 k

dr

2t i 4 j 4t 6 k
dt

dr
dr

4i 4 j 2k and
dt t 2
dt t 2

1 26
4 26
3 26
1
.
,1
.
, 2
.

26 5
26 5
26 5

12.

13.

Hence, the required unit tangent vector at

15

2
a b c 1
2 2 2

a b c 2 a b

1
t 2 is 2i 2 j k .
3
06.
07.

If x y a.x a. y. This equality must

hold for any arbitrary a

16 16 4 4

Let A (1, 1, -2), B(0, 5, -5), d.c.s of AB :

cos 1 2 b c cos 2 2 c a cos 3 1

--------

2 2 3, 2 3 5, 3

cos 1 cos 2 cos 3 1

Solving : 3, 1, 2 .

One of 1 , 2 & 3 should be obtuse

IIT

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cos 1 3cos 2 max 4

anlge.
14.

The angle between a and b is obtuse.

Therefore, a b 0

19.

1
p b a c
3
2 2 2 2

Now PA a p a p 2 p.a

0 x 1/ 2 ----------- (i)

The angle between b and the z axis is

acute and less than / 6 . Therefore,

b k
cos / 6
b k

x 53

3
2

20.

a b cos , b c cos , c a cos

Now a b c 1

Now, c

16

3 / 6, 2 / 3

1 2 cos 2 y 2
0 cos 2

2 2
2
a b 2cos
9 c1 6 cos 2 6 cos 3 16,

cos2

1 y2

2 2

1
2

1
1
cos
2
2

3
,
4 4

2 cos 1 6 cos 2 5 6 cos 3

16

2 2
2 2
1 cos 2 a b y 2 a b

2 2
2 a b 3 a
bb a b 4 9 6 13
2

1 cos2 a b a b y2 a b a b

3
i j c
2
2

a b 3c

1 cos a b y a b

cos a b y a b

17.

18.

c cos a b y a b

i j c i j c cos
6

Also, b .c x b cos

cos cos cos 1

c xa xb y a b

a.c b .c cos (as a, b and c are unit

1 1 1 2 cos cos cos 1

2
a.c x a x cos

vectors)

2
2
2
a b c 2 a b b c c a 1

16.

(ii) Clearly, (i) and (ii) cannot hold together.

2
l2

PA 6. 2 p. a b c 2l 2
3

as a b c / 3 0

4 x 2 3x 2 159

x 159 or x < 159 ------------------

a b c

and PC c p 2 p.c

x 2 159

15.

Similarly, PB b p 2 p.b

/ 6 cos cos/ 6
2

respectively, and O ( 0 ) be the circumcentre

of equilateral triangle ABC. Then

14 x 2 8 x x 0 7 x 2 x 1 0

Let P.V. of P, A, B and C be p, a , b and c

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VECTORS
21.

r k i j

IIT MATHS

Let r be the new position. Then

Also r .k

c a b a x b

a.c a.a a.b a. a x b .1 0 0

1
1

2
2

2
2
2
Also, 2 1 2

i.e. cos

Similarly, b.c cos

cos
Again,

2
2 2 2
1 c.c 22 2 a x b 22 2 a b a.b 22 2

1
1

2
2

1
k
r i j
2
2

22.

2 1 2 2 1 2cos2 cos2

Sol:

QP SR RQ S P PR SQ
25.
Q S Q R P S P R R S R P Q S

Q P P S P Q R S R Q

2 Q S S R R Q

x x a x b x x a x x x b x x a b a x x x a a x b

a b 3c b 0

a b 3 b c

a c 2 b c 0

c a 3 b c

26.

Sol: r a b v a b

c pr b a -------------- (i)

2 a b 3c a

Taking cross product with a on both the sides of a x

r = b, we get

. 0
1 bc. p rb

ax axr axb a.r a a.a r axba axb a r

bc
. p b 0 b

bc
.
p

a a x b
a

b
c
r
a
p
p

Clearly this r satisfy a x r = b and r . a = a

a b c 1
Given that

Angle between a and c

a.c
a.c cos
a c

= angle between b and c

b.c
b.c
b c

27.

Since, a.b 0

17

2
2

r .b b , a r .b b a ,

24.

a c b c c a 6 b c

24.

Sol: a 2b 3c 0 ,

similary

2 a a x b
a.a x 1.a a xb a x 1.a a xb x
a2


a2 1 a a x b
aa x b
y ax a

a2
a2

= 4 Area of QRS
23.

1 2 1 cos 2

2
2


(i)
xy a y ax

x x y b (ii)

x.a 1 (iii)
By (i) and (ii),
2 2

u a a.b b u a b cos

2

u a b cos

IIT

Sol: v a b v a b sin

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VECTORS
2

AB. AC BC .BA CA . CB

1 cos 2cos sin

u v

= AC p sin BC p cos

u .b 0

Sol: Let p 3 a b

= AC BC

q b a.b a

a.a b a.b a

ab a

p AC cos 900 BC p cos 0

u .b a.b a.b b .b

28.

2
= AB p

30.

p q are r to each other

Sol: a b 1 a b

sin 2

31.

BC

CA

2-2 a 2a .b 1

1
2

1 cos 2

Tan A

IIT MATHS

3 a b

1
4

a a a a b

=


a

b a a a b

a b a

= a a 4b

TanA 3 A 600

= 4 a ab

B 300

= 4 a b a a a b

= 4 4b 4 4b 16b 48b
32.
29.

Sol:

4a 5b 9c 0 Vectors a , b and c are

coplanar.

b a and c a are collinear


b c c a 0 .

C 90 , AB P
Let CBA , CAB 900

18

33.

IIT

a b a d

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a b a c d

IITMATHS

ad b d c d c d

d ad d cd

a b a d c c d a

a b

and,

c a r b c

b r c a r b

c a b d c b a d c d a b

3 abc r bc r a c ar b ab r c

40.

a b c a c b a b c

5 i 2 j 2k 6 i j 2k

Given that a , b and c are non-copalnar..

a b c 0

Again a b c a c 0

1 i 1 j 1 1 k i 4 j 2k

a c b a b c a c 0

a c 0

1 1, 4 and 1 3 2

3 a b c r a b c r 2 a b c r

c b a d a c b d a d b c

bc ad ca bd ab cd 0

19

a b r c b c r a c a r b

38.

b c a d b a c d b d c a

37.

b c r c b c a r b c r a

2

a b c x 2 2 a b c x 1 0 D 0

Similarly,

The given equation reduces to

36.

a a c
b
2
a

a b r a a b c r a b r c

a b c r a b r c

39.

2
a b a a b a c

d ad
c
2
d

2
d c

a a b ac

35.

a b c

34.

d d c c d d

a d a b c

a and c are perpendicular..

2
3

a b c a c b a b c

a b c , b d 0, c d 0

a b c c 0

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41.

IIT MATHS

Consider a tetrahedron with verties O(0, 0, 0),

A(a, 0, 0), B(0, b, 0), and C(0, 0, c).
Its volume V

Obviously, lx mx n 0 is satisfied by
x 1 due to (i).

1
a b c

l 3 m3 n3 3lmn
l m n l 2 m2 n 2 lm mn ln 0,

Now centroids of the faces OAB, OAC, OBC

and ABC are

which is true.

G1 a / 3, b / 3, 0 , G2 a / 3,0, c / 3 , G3 0, b / 3, c / 3

44.

verctors. Therefore, 0

and G4 a / 3, b / 3, c / 3 , respectively..

G4G1 c / 3, G4G 2 b / 3, G4G 3 a / 3.

a b c
b c a 0
c a b

Volume of tetrahedron by centroids

1 a b c 1
V
V

6 3 3 3 27

3abc a 3 b3 c3 0

K 27
42.

a 3 b3 c 3 3abc 0

a b b c b c c a . c a a b

a b c a 2 b 2 c 2 ab bc ca 0

a b c b a b c c a b c a

3
4
a b c b c a a b c
43.

It is given that ,b and are coplanar

V1 la mb nc when a, b and c are

V2 na lb mc

V3 ma nb lc

abc 0
a 2 b 2 c 2 ab bc ca 0

v . v . v . 0

v is perpendicular to , and .

Exercise-II
01.

02.

03.

non-coplanar. Therefore,

1 m n


V1 V2 V3 n 1 m a b c 0

m n1
1
BL b
3
1
AL a b
3

Let AP AL and P divides DB in the ratio

1 m n

a b c 0 n 1 m 0.

But
Therefore,
m n 1
2

1 m n 1 m m n n 1

:1
l mn 0

20

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Then AP a

IIT MATHS
Therefore, the equation of the required plane is

r a .n 0 r.n a.n r. i j k 2

b
3

Also AP a 1 b

Form (i) and (ii), a

and

b a 1 b
3

PM is parallel to normal to plane (i), then equation

of PM is

1
3

3
4
M

r 2i j k 6

PQ

1
DB i.e. PQ : DB 1: 2 .
2

05.

06.

r 3i 5j 7k t 2i3j2t
k i 5 t j 7 t k

6t 18 6 t 2

Then from Eq. (ii), r i 3j 5k

Let the image (or reflection) is a , then

a 3i 5j 7k
i 3j 5k
2

a 3i 5j 7k 2i 6j 10k

a 5i j 3k

07.

09.

inclined at an angle of 600 with each other.

2. Since, required plane contains the line

r 2i t j k and is perpendicular to the plane

r. i k 3 , then its passes through the point

a 2i and is parallel to the vectors b j k and

c i k
Hence, it is perpendicular to the vector

j i j k k i 0 i j k
n b c j k i k

21

08.

Given that x y z 2 and they are

r. 2i 7j 13k 0 or r. 2i 7j 13k 1

Solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get

2 3 2t 5 t 7 t 6

Equation of the plane passing through

normal to the vector

a i 2j k and

n n1 x n2


2i 7j 13k is r.a .n 0 r.n a.n 0

3 2t i 5 t j 7 t k. 2i j k 6

common to both the planes. Therefore, it is per

pendicular to normals to the two planes i.e.

n1 3i j k and

n2 i 4j 2k . Hence, it is parallel to the vector

n1 x n2 3i j k x i 4j 2k 2i 7j 13k

(ii)

1. The line of intersection of the plane

r. 3i j k 1 and r. i 4j 2k 2 is

1
1
DB and PB DB
4
4

Thus DQ

3. The equation of the plane is

r. 2i j k 6

Hence, P divides AL in the ratio 3 : 1 and P

divides DB in the ratio 3 : 1.
Similarly Q divides DB in the ratio 1 : 3.

04.

x. y y.z z.x 2. 2 cos 60 0 1

x y z a x. z y x . y z a y z a

Similarly, y z x b z x b
(ii)

y a z , x z b (from (i) and (ii))

(iii)
Now, x y c


z b za c

z a b z b a c

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z a b c b a

IIT MATHS

DE AB a

EF BC b


AE AD DE 2b a

CE CD DE b a a b 2a

(iv)

ab z ab ab c ab ba

ab z ab .z ab ab c a b ab
. ba

(v)

02.

(a) Taking cross product with c on both sides of

given equation, we have

r x a x c d x c

Now, (i) a y z 2 2 2 2

c x c o

r.c a a.c r d x c
2

Taking cross product with a, we get

Similary, (ii) b 2

a x d x c

Also (i) and (ii) a b y x a b 2

a.c a x r a x d x c r x a

(vi) Also

Again taking cross product with a, we have

a b .z y x .z y.x x.z 1 1 0

a x r x a a x

And a.b y.x z z.x 1

r

Thus from (v), we have

z 1/ 2 a b c b a

2 z a b c 2 b a b a or

a x d x c
a x d x c
a.r
aa x
a a x
a.a
a.c a.a
a.c a.a

xa yb za x b yb x a z a x b x a b

x z b 1/ 2 a b c a b

a.c

b, we have r xa yb za x b Substituting in
the given equation, we get

and

a x d x c

a.r
a.a
(b) Suppose that r is a solution. Expressing r as a
linear combination of non-coplanar vectors a, b, a x

a.c

a.a r a.r a a x

where

y a z 1/ 2 a b c b a

a x d x c

a.c

xa yb za x b yb x a z a.a b a.b a b 0
x - z a.b a y+z a.a 1 b yz- y a x b 0

Exercise-III

x - z a.b 0, y + z a.a 1 0, z - y 0

(a, b, a x b are non-coplanar)

01.

a.b

Thus r

AB a , BC b

AC AB BC a a

AD 2 BC b

b a

,z

1
2

a.b

a b a x b

a
2

r c x b 0
r c and b are collinear so that
r c b r c b
Where a is a scalar. Putting this value

r . a 0 , we get

c . a b . a 0

FA CD a b
22

,y

(c) The given equations can be written

(because AD is parallel to BC and twice its length).

CD AD AC 2b a b

Thus r c

IIT

c.a
a.b

c.a
b
a.b

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IIT MATHS

(C) Since A.B 0

A B; A.C 0

A C

(d) As in part (ii), we can write

r xa yb z a x b

Substituting this value in r x b a , we obtain

x a x b yo z a x b x b a

A B x C A k B x C k B C sin
6
1 = k(1) (1) (1/2)
k=2
Cq

bc
a
x
b
x
c

(D)
2

1
1
a.c b a.b c
b
c
2
2

x a x b z a.b b b.b a a
2

x a x b z a.b b z b a a a

x 0, 1 z b

0 a.b 0

We can verify r satisfy the given equation for any

scalar y. Thus
r

1
b

03.

a x b yb

1
1
a.c
and a.b
2
2

the given equation for any scalar y.

For (a) any vector coplanar with a and b is

1
3
cos
Since a.b
4
2

This will be perpendicular to a if

.1 .1 1 0 3

3
a b cos cos
4

Thus required vector is of the form

4i 2 j 2k 2 2i j k one such vector

is in (c).

1.1.cos cos

(b) If xi yj zk is the required vector in (ii) then

2x y + z = 0, x + y = 0
Which gives x = 0, y = z
Thus one such vector is in (d)

3
4
Dp

Exercise-IV

A vector in (d) is a x c i k
(A)


2 2
a b a x b a x b . a x b a x b a x b 1

A p, A r, A s.

(C) a.a ' 1
C p, C r, C s

(D) a.b' 0
Dq

01.

x1
(A) r.c x1 a b c
4

x1 4r.c

Similarly x 2 4r.a, x3 4r.b

x1 x 2 x 3 4 r.a r.b r.c 4r. a b c

As

(B) a x a x b a.b a a.a b a b b

02.

03.

a x a x b b b

3 p 3
9
p and q 2
2 2 q
2
Thus, both statement are true and statement
2 is correct explanation for statement 1.

a b a b are the diagonals of a paral

lelogram whose sides are a and b .

a b a b

diagonals of the parallelogram have the

Br

23

We have adjacent sides of triangle

a 3, b 4.

The length of the diagonal is a b 5.
Since it satisfies the Pythagoras theorem,

a b .
Hence the parallelogram is a rectangle.

a x a x a x a x b

3
4

(c) A vector in (c) is b x c i 2 j 3k

05.

We can verify r satisfy

a b i j k

04.

same length.
The parallelogram is a rectangle.
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VECTORS

IIT MATHS

a b

04.

Any point on the line

r i 2 j 3k t 2i 3 j 6k is
r 1 2t i 2 3t j 3 6t k

Substituting in the equation of plane

r . i j k 5 t 1
Required distance is distance below the
points i 2 j 3k and

3i 5 j 3k (i.e)

05.

x yb

x a x b
xa b

a x a a b
x

a a b
a

06.

Let P x1 , y1 Q X 2 , Y2 be two points on

y 2 x2
OP ' i projection of OP on x-axis

x 1 1

y1 2

OQ ' i projection of OQ on x-axis

x2 2

y2 16

OP i 2 j

OQ 2i 16 j

OQ 4OP
3i 4 j
2

OQ 4OP
5
2

24

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