Tamil Final Material

STUDY CIRCLE
DISTRICT EMPLOYMENT OFFICE, VILLUPURAM
ghlj;jpl;lk; nghJj; jkpo; (nfhs; Fwptifj; Njh;tpw;F)

gFjp m
,yf;fzk;
1. nghUj;Jjy;
2. njhlUk; njhlh;Gk;
mwpjy;
-
3..
4.
5.
6.
i) nghUj;jkhd nghUisj; Njh;T

nra;jy;
ii) Gfo; ngw;w E}yhrphpah;
i) ,j;njhluhy; Fwpf;fg;ngWk;
rhd;Nwhh;.
ii) milnkhopahy;
Fwpf;fg;ngWk; E}y;
gphpj;J vOJf
vjph;rn
; rhy;iyf; vLj;njOJjy;
nghUe;jhr; nrhy;iyf; fz;lwpjy;
gpio jpUj;jk;
(i) re;jpg;gpioia ePfF
; jy;
(ii) xUik gd;ik> gpiofis
ePfF
; jy; kuGg; gpiofs; tOTr;
nrhw;fis ePfF
; jy;
gpwnkhopr; nrhw;fis ePfF
; jy;
7. Mq;fpyr;nrhy;Yf;F Neuhd jkpo;rn
; rhy;iy mwpjy;
8. xyp NtWghlwpe;J rhpahd nghUismwpjy;;
9. XnuOj;J xU nkhop chpanghUisf; fz;lwpjy;
10. Ntu;rn
; rhy;iyj; Njh;T nra;jy;
11. Ntu;rn
; rhy;iyf; nfhLj;J tpidKw;W> tpidnar;rk;>
tpidahyidAk; ngau;> njhopw; ngaiu cUthf;fy;
12. mfu tupirg;gb nrhw;fis rPu; nra;jy;
13. nrhw;fis xOq;FgLj;jp nrhw;nwhluhf;Fjy;
14. ngah;rn
; rhy;ypd; tifawpjy;
15. ,yf;fzf;Fwpg;G mwpjy;
16. tpilf;Nfw;w tpdhitj; Nju;eN
; jLj;jy;
17. vt;tif thf;fpak; vdf; fz;nlOJjy;
18. jd;tpid> gpwtpid> nra;tpid> nrag;ghl;Ltpid thf;fpaq;fisf;
fz;nlOJjy;.
19. ctikahy; tpsf;fg;ngWk; nghUj;Jkhd nghUis
Nju;en
; jOJjy;
20. vJif> Nkhid> ,iaG ,tw;Ws; VNjDk; xd;iwj;
Nju;en
; jOJjy;.
gFjp M
,yf;fpak;
1) jpUf;Fws; njhlu;ghd nra;jpfs;> Nkw;Nfhs;fs; njhliu epug;Gjy;
(gj;njhd;gJ mjpfhuk; kl;Lk;) md;G gz;G fy;tp Nfs;tp
mwpT mlf;fk; - xOf;fk; - nghiw el;G tha;ik fhyk; xg;gutwpjy;>
nra;
ed;wp>
rhd;whz;ik>
typ
nghpahiuj;Jizf;Nfhly;> nghUs;nray;tif> tpidj;jplgk; ,dpait
$wy;.
2.
mwE}y;
ehybahu;.
ehd;kzpf;fbf;if>
gonkhopehD}W>
KJnkhopf;fhQ;rp> jpupfLfk;> ,d;dh ehw;gJ ,dpait ehw;gJ>
rpWgQ;r%yk;> Vyhjp> xsitahu; ghly;fs; njhlu;ghd nra;jpfs;>
gjpndz;fo
P f
; f
; zf;F E}y;fspy; gpwnra;jpfs;.
3. fk;guhkhazk; - njhlu;ghd nra;jpfs; Nkw;Nfhs;fs;> gh tif>
rpwe;j njhlu;fs;.
4. GwehD}W mfehDW ew;wpiz FWe;njhif Iq;FWE}W
fypj;njhif njhlu;ghd nra;jpfs; - Nkw;Nfhs;fs; mbtiuaiw>
vl;Lnjhif> gj;Jg;ghl;L E}y;fspy; cs;s gpwnra;jpfs;.
5. rpyg;gjpfhuk; - kzpNkfiy njhlu;ghd nra;jpfs; Nkw;Nfhs;fs;
rpwe;j njhlu;fs; cl;gpupTfs; kw;Wk; Ik;ngUk; - IQ;rpWq;
fhg;gpaq;fs; njhlu;ghd nra;jpfs;.
6. nghpaGuhzk; - ehyhapuj; jpt;tpag;gpuge;jk;> jpUtpisahlw; Guhzk;
- Njk;ghtzp rPwhg;Guhzk; njhlu;ghd nra;jpfs;.
7. rpw;wpyf;fpaq;fs;
jpUf;Fw;whyf;FwtQ;rp>
fypq;fj;Jg;guzp>
Kj;njhs;shapuk;>
jkpo;tpL J}J ee;jpf; fyk;gfk;. tpf;fpukNrhod; cyh> Kf;$lw;gs;S>
fhtbr;rpe;J> jpUNtq;flj;je;jhjp> Kj;Jf;FkhuRthkp gps;isj; jkpo;
ngj;jyNfk; FwtQ;rp mofu;fpistpL J}J> ,uh[uh[d; Nrhod; cyh
njhlu;ghd nra;jpfs;.
8. kNdhd;kzpak; - ghQ;ryp rgjk; - Fapy;ghl;L - ,ul;Lw nkhopjy;
(fhsNkfg; Gyth; nrhf;fehju; njhlu;ghd nra;jpfs;)
9. ehl;LGwghly;fs; - rpj;jh; ghly;fs; njhlu;ghd nra;jpfs;.
10. rka Kd;Ndhbfs; mg;gu;. rk;ge;ju;>
jpU%yh;>
FyNrfuMo;thu;.
Mz;lhs;>
vr;.V.fpU~;zg;
gps;is>
ckWg;Gytu;>
Nkw;fN
; fhs;fs; rpwg;Gg; ngau;fs;.
Re;juu;> khzpf;fthrfu;>
rPjj
; iyr;
rhj;jdhu;.
njhlh;ghd
nra;jpfs;>
STUDY CIRCLE, DISTRICT EMPLOYMENT OFFICE , VILLUPURAM

PH 04146 -226417
gFjp - ,
jkpo; mwpQu;fSk; jkpo;j; njhz;Lk;
1. ghujpahh;> ghujpjhrd;> ehkf;fy; ftpQh;> ftpkzp Njrpf tpehafk;
gps;is> njhlu;ghd nra;jpfs; rpwg;Gr; nra;jpfs;> rpwe;j njhlu;fs;>
rpwg;Gg; ngau;fs;.
2. kuGf;ftpij Kbaurd;> thzpjhrd;> Rujh> fz;zjhrd;>
cLkiyehuhaz ftp> gl;Lf;Nfhl;il fy;ahzRe;juk>; kUjfhrp>
njhlu;ghd nra;jpfs;> milnkhopg; ngau;fs;.
3. GJf; ftpij eh.gpr;r%h;jj
; p> rp.R.nry;yg;gh> jUK rptuhK>
gRta;ah> ,uh.kPdhl;rp> rp.kzp> rpw;gp> K.Nkj;jh><NuhL jkpod;gd;>
mg;Jy; uFkhd;> fyhg;upah> fy;ahz;[p> Qhdf; $j;jh;> NjtNjtd;>
rhiy ,se;jpiuad;> Mye;J}h;>
Nkhfduq;fd; njhlu;ghd nra;jpfs;> Nkw;Nfhs;fs;> rpwg;Gj; njhlu;fs;
kw;Wk; vOjpa E}y;fs;
4. jkpopy; fbj ,yf;fpak; - ehl;Fwpg;G> NeU fhe;jp> K.t.mz;zh>
Mde;juq;fk; gps;is ehl;Fwpg;G njhlu;ghd nra;jpfs;.
5. ehlff;fiy - ,irf; fiy njhlu;ghd nra;jpfs;.
6. jkpopy; rpW fijfs; jiyg;G Mrphpau; - nghUj;Jjy;.
7. fiyfs; - rpw;gk; - Xtpak; - Ngr;R jpiug;glf;fiy njhlu;ghd
nra;jpfs;.
8. jkpopd; njhz;ik jkpo; nkhopapd; rpwg;G jpuhtpl nkhopfs;
9. ciueil kiwkiyabfs;> gupjpkhw;fiyQh;> e.K. Ntq;flrhkp
ehlhu;> uh.gp. NrJg;gps;is> jpU.tp.f itahGhpgps;is nkhop
10. c.Nt. rhkpehj Iau;> nj.ngh.kPdhl;rp Re;judhu;> rp.,yf;Ftdhu;>
jkpo;gg
; zp njhlu;ghd nra;jpfs;
11. NjtNeag;ghthzu; - mfuKjyp> ghtyNuW ngUQ; rpj;jpudhu;>
jkpo;jn
; jhz;L njhlu;ghd nra;jpfs;
12. [p.A.Nghg; - tPukhKdptu; jkpo;jn
; jhz;L rpwg;G njhlu;fs;.
13. ngupahh; - mz;zh Kj;Juhkypq;fj; Njth; - mk;Ngj;fu; fhkuhrh; - rKjhaj;njhz;L
14. jkpofk; - CUk;> NgUk;> Njhw;wk;> khw;wk;> gw;wpa nra;jpfs;.
15. cyfshtpa jkpou;fs; rpwg;Gk; - ngUikAk; - jkpo;g; gzpAk;.
16. jkpo;nkhopapy; mwptpay; rpe;jidfs; njhlu;ghd nra;jpfs;.
17. jkpo; kfspupd; rpwg;G md;dp ngrz;l; mk;ikahu; - %tY}u;>
uhkhkpu;jj;jk;khs;> lhf;lu;. Kj;Jyl;Rkp nul;b> tpLjiyg;Nghuhl;lj;jpy;
kfspu; gq;F> (jpy;iyahb ts;spak;ik> uhzp kq;fk;khs;).
18. jkpoh; tzpfk; - njhy;ypay; Ma;Tfs; - flw;gazq;fs; njhlu;ghd nra;jpfs;.
; F
; k; %ypiffs; njhlu;ghd
19. czNt kUe;J Neha; jPuf
nra;jpfs;.
20. rkag; nghJik czu;jj
; pa> jhAkhdth;> ,uhkypq;f mbfshu;>
jpU.tp.fy;ahz Re;judhu;> njhlu;ghd nra;jpfs; - Nkw;Nfhs;fs;.
PH 04146 -226417
jkpo; ,yf;fzk;
,yf;F + mzk;> mzk; vd;why; cah;ej
; J.
nkhopapd;
cah;ej
;
Fwpf;Nfhs;fisf;
$WtJ
,yf;fzk;
MFk;.
,yf;fzk; xU nkhopia gpioapd;wp NgrTk; vOjTk; gad;gLfpd;wJ.
,yf;fzj;ij Ie;J tifahf gphpg;gh;.
vOj;jpyf;fzk;
nrhy;ypf;fzk;
nghUspyf;fzk;
ahg;gpyf;fzk;
mzpapyf;fzk; vd Ie;J tifahFk;.
njhy;fhg;gpah; %d;W mjpfhukhf gphpj;jhh;. mit vOj;J nrhy; nghUs;
vd;W %d;W tifaha; gphpj;jhh;.
vOj;J> nrhy;> nghUs; vd;W %d;W mjpfhuKk;> mjpfhuj;jpw;F xd;gJ
,ayhf nkhj;jk; ,Ugj;jpVO ,ay;fs; nfhz;lJ njhy;fhg;gpak;.
,uz;L ,yf;fz E}y;fs;
s;
1.
ed;D}y; : vOj;J> nrhy; ,yf;fz E}y;fs;>gtze;jp Kdpth; ,aw;wpdhh;.
,d;W gs;sp khzhf;fh;fs; gapYk; ,yf;fz E}y; gtze;jp KdptUilaNj.
nkhj;jk; 462 E}w;ghf;fs; cs;sd.
2.
Nekpehjk; : vOjpath; FztPu gz;bjh; 99 ntz;ghf;fs;. RUf;fkhd
Kiwapy; ,yf;fzq;fis ,ak;Gtjhy; ,jw;F rpd;D}y; vd;Dk; ngaUk; cz;L.
nrhy; ,yf;
,yf;fz E}y;fs;
s; :
nrhy; ,yf;fzj;ij kl;Lk; gpuNahf tpNtfk; kw;Wk; ,yf;fzf; nfhj;J
vd;Dk; E}y;fs; vLj;Jiuf;fpd;wd.
gpuNahf tpNtfk; : Mrphpah; Rg;gpukzpa jPlr
; pjh;.
,yf;fz nfhj;J :
Mrphpah; Rthkpehj Njrpfh;. jkpof;F v>x>o>w>d
vd;Dk; Ie;J vOj;Jf;fs; kl;LNk cs;sd. midj;J vOj;Jf;fSk;
tlnkhopf;F chpadNt Ie;njOj;jhy; xU nkhop vd;gij fw;wwpe;Njhh;
Xj;Jf;nfhs;shh; vd;W Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;.
tlnkhopapd; cah;Tf;fhfj; jkpopy; vOjg;gl;l ,yf;fz E}y;.
nghUs; ,yf;fz E}y; :
tho;tpay; $Wfisf; $WtJ nghUspyf;fzk;. ,J mfg;nghUs;
,yf;fzk;> Gwg;nghUs; ,yf;fzk; vd ,Utifg;gLk;.
khwdyq;fhuk; : - Mrphpah; jpUf;FUifg; ngUkhs;
gpw mzp ,yf;fz E}y;fs; : Ftyahde;jk;> re;jpuNyhfk; vd;Dk; ,U mzp
E}y;fs; cs;sd.
Ie;jpyf;fz E}y;fs;
vOj;J> nrhy;> nghUs;> ahg;G> mzp vd;Dk; Ie;J ,yf;fzq;fisAk;
$WtJ Ie;jpyf;fz E}y; vdg;gLk;.
tPuNrhopak; : (fpgp 10k; E}w;whz;L) : - Mrphpah; Gj;jkpj;jpuh; tPu
uhNIe;jpud; vd;Dk; Nrho kd;ddd; ngauhy; E}Yf;F ,g;ngah;. Kjy;
Ie;J ,yf;fz E}y;.
,yf;fz tpsf;fk;
k : (fpgp 17k; E}w;whz;L)
Mrphpah; itj;jpa ehj Njrpfh;. ,jw;F Fl;bj; njhy;fhg;gpak; vd;W ngau;
cz;L.
njhd;D}y; tpsf;fk; : (fpgp 18k; E}w;whz;L) :
Mrphpah; tPukhKdpth;. ,jw;F Fl;bj; njhy;fhg;gpak; vd;w kw;w ngaUk;
cz;L.
PH 04146 -226417
5
Rthkpehjk;
Rthkpehjk : - Mrphpah; Rthkp ftpuhah;
Kj;JtPhpak;
pak : Mrphpah; Kj;JtPu cghj;jpahah;.
ghl;bay; E}y;fs;
,yf;fpa tiffisAk;> mtw;wpd; ahg;G tbtq;fs; gw;wpAk; tiuaWj;Jf;
$Wtd ghl;bay; E}y;fs;> nkhj;jk; 13 ghl;bay; E}y;fs;.
1. gd;dpU ghl;bay; : - Mrphpah; ngah; njhpatpy;iy.
2. ntz;ghg;ghl;bay; : - (fpgp. 13k; E}w;whz;L)Mrphpah; FztPu gz;bjh; jd;
Mrphpah; ngauhy; tr;rze;jpkhiy vd;Wk; ,e;j E}Yf;Fg; ngahpl;lhh;.
3. etePjg;ghl;bay; : (fp.gp.14k; E}w;whz;L)Mrphpah; etePj eldhh;.
4. rpjk;gug; ghl;bay; : - (fpgp 16k; E}w;whz;L)Mrphpah; guQ;Nrhjp Kdpth;.
5. njhd;D}y; tpsf;fk;
6. ,yf;fz tpsf;fk;
7. gpuge;j kugpay; : (fpgp 18k; E}w;whz;L)Mrphpah; ngah; njhpatpy;iy.
8. Kj;J tPhpak; : - (fpgp 19Mk; E}w;whz;L)Mrphpah; Kj;JtPu cghj;jpahah;.
9. gpuge;j jPgpif : - (fpgp. 19k; E}w;whz;L) Mrphpah; ghg;Gitah; vd;Dk; Kj;J
Ntq;fl Rg;igah;.
10. Rthkpehjk; : (fpgp 19k; E}w;whz;L)Mrphpah; Rthkp ehjftpuhah;.
11. gpuge;j jPgk; : (fpgp 19k; E}w;whz;L)Mrphpah; ngah; njhpatpy;iy.
12. gpuge;jj; jpul;L (fpgp 19k; E}w;whz;L)Mrphpah; ngah; njhpatpy;iy.
13. rk;ge;jg; ghl;bay; (fpgp 14k; E}w;whz;L)Mrphpah; rk;ge;j Kdpth; kq;fyg;
nghUj;jk; kl;Lk; NgRfpwJ. ,jw;F tiuaWj;j ghl;bay; vd;Wk; ngah;.
jkpo; ,yf;fzk; - gpupT m

1. (i) nghUj;jkhd nghUisj; Njh;T nra;jy; nghUs;.
Mh;tyh;
- md;Gilath;>
Gz;fzPh;
- Jd;gk; fz;L ngUFk;
fz;zhP >;
g+ry; jUk; - ntspg;gl;L epw;Fk;
vd;G
- vYk;G
tof;F
- tho;fi
; f newp>
MUaph;
- mUik caph;>
<Dk;
- jUk;>
Mh;tk;
- tpUg;gk;>
ez;G
-el;G
itafk;
- cyfk;>
vd;g -vd;ghh;fs;
kwk;
- tPuk;
vd;gpyJ
-vYk;gpy;yhjJ (GO)>
md;gpyJ
- md;gpy;yhj caph;fs;
md;G+mfj;J+,y;yh- md;gfj;jpy;yh>
md;G cs;sj;jpy; ,y;yhj>
td;ghw;fz; - td;ghy; + fz;> ghiy
epyj;jpy;>
jsph;jj
; w;W
- jsph;jj
; J Nghy>
tw;wy; kuk;
- thba kuk;
Gwj;JWg;G
-cly; cWg;Gfs;>
vtd; nra;Ak;
- vd;d gad;>
mfj;JWg;G
-kdj;jpd; cWg;G>
md;G>
tof;F
ez;G
eak;,y
fil
efy;ty;yh;
khapU Qhyk;
frL
epw;f
ctg;g
jiyf;$b
rhe;JizAk;
Vkhg;G
fhKWth;
tpOr;nry;tk;
khL
nrtpr;nry;tk;
jiy
Ngho;J
<ag;gLk;
mtpczT nfhLf;fg;gLk;
xg;gh;
xw;fk;
Cw;W
-
-ed;newp
- el;G>
-jPqF
; >,dpikaw;w>
-gOJ
- rphpj;J kfpo;gth;>
-kpfg;nghpacyfk;
- Fw;wk;>
- fw;wthW elf;f
- kfpo>
- xd;W Nrh;eJ
;
- rhFk;tiu
- ghJfhg;G
- tpUk;Gthh;
- rpwe;j nry;tk;
nry;tk;
- Nfs;tpr; nry;tk;
Kjd;ik
nghOJ>
mspf;fg;gLk;
Njth;fSf;F Nts;tpapy;
czT>
epfuhth;
jsh;rr
; p>
Cd;Wf;Nfhy;

PH 04146 -226417
6
Cw;Wf;Nfhy; - Cd;WNfhy;>
mw;Nw
- Nghd;wNj
vidj;jhDk; - vt;tsT rpwpjhapDk;
midj;jhDk; - Nfl;l mj;Jiz
mstpYk; Md;w- epiwe;j)
gpioj;Jzh;e;Jk;-jtWfisnghOJk;>
Ngijik
-mwpahikapd;ghw;gl;l
,opnrhw;fs;
,ioj;Jzh;e;J - El;gkhf Muha;e;J>
<z;ba
- Ma;ej
; wpe;j
jifaNt jd;ikaNj
Njhl;fg;glhj Jisf;fg;glhj
Ezq;fpa
El;gkhfpa>
tzq;fpa
gzpthd>
thapduhjy; - nkhopapid cilath;>
thAzh;tpd; khf;fs; - czTr;Rit
mwpe;Njhh;>
mtpapDk; - ,we;jhYk;
mw;wk;
- mopT> ,Wjp>
nrWthh;fF
; gifth;fF
; >
muz;
- Nfhl;il
XhP,
- ePff
; p>
thlh
thlhky;>
ca;gg
; J
nrYj;JtJ
nka;gn
; ghUs; - cz;ikg;nghUs;>
fhz;gJ
(fhZjy;) fhzty;yJ
mwpT
vz;nghUs; - vspa nghUs;>
Ez;nghUs; - El;gkhd nghUs;>
nryr;nrhy; - kdq;nfhs;sr;nrhy;
joP,a
el;ghf;FtJ>
Xl;gk;
- mwpTlik>
$k;gy;
- Ftpjy;> Kfk; thLjy;>
kyh;jy;
- tphpjy;> Kfk; kyh;jy;
ciwtJ
XOFtJ
MtJ
gpd;dh; tuf;$baJ
mwpfy;yhjth; - mwpakhl;lhh;
Ngijik
mwpT ,d;ik
mwpth;
- mwpTilath;
mQ;ry;
- vz;zpg; ghh;jJ
;
mjidr; nra;ahJ tpLjy;
vjpuJ
vjph;fhyj;jpy;
Neuf;$baJ
mjpu
eLq;Fk;gb
Neha;
- Jd;gk;
vd;DilaNuDk; -vy;yhk;
cilatuhapDk;
,yh;
- ,y;yhjth
mlf;fk;
-kzk;>nkhop,nka;fs; jPa
topfspw;nry;yhJ
mlq;Fjy;
mkuUs;
-Njth;
cyfk;
(Rth;ff
; k;)
- nrYj;Jk;
- eufk;
cah;ej
;
ca;fF
; k;
MhpUs;
nghUsh
nghUshff; fUjp
fhf;f
- filgpbj;J xOFf.
mjdpd; Cq;F mt; mlf;fj;ij
tplTk;
nrwpT
mlf;fk;
rPhi
; k
tpOg;gk;> rpwg;G
Mw;wpd;
Neh;topapy;
epiyapd;
- ,y;yw newpahFk;
epiyapd; epd;W
jphpahJ
epiygpwohJ
Njhw;wk;
- cah;T
khz
kpfTk;
ed;W Mk; - ed;ik jUtNj Mk;
gzpjy;
- mlq;Fjy;
nry;te;jifj;J nry;tk; vdj;jFk;

rpwg;gpidAilj;J
Ie;J
Ik;nghwpfs;
xUik
xU gpwg;G
vOik
VO gpwg;G
Vkhg;G
ghJfhg;G
ah
vtw;iw
(vy;yhtw;iwAk;)
Nrhfhg;gh; - Jd;GWth;
nrhy; ,Of;F nrhy; Fw;wk;
xd;whDk; - (vz; mstpy;) xd;whf
,Ug;gpDk;
nghUl;gad; - nghUshy; tpistJ
cz;lhapd; - cz;lhtJ Mapd;
ed;whfhJ MfptpLk; - jPjhjptpLk;
cs; MWk; - (clk;gpy; Gz;zhf
epw;gpDk;)cs;sj;Nj
MwptpLk;
fjk;
- rpdk;> fhj;J mlf;fp
nrt;tp
jFe;j fhyk;
Mw;wpd;
- milAk; topapy;
tpOg;gk;
- rpwg;G
xk;gg;gLk; - fhj;jy; Ntz;Lk;
ghpe;J
tpUk;gp>
NjhpDk; - Muha;eJ
; ghh;jj
; hYk;
Fbik
cah;Fb
mOf;fhW
Mf;fk;
xy;fhh;
nghwhik
- nry;tk;
- tpyfkhl;lhh;

PH 04146 -226417
7
cuNthh;
- kdtypikAilNahh;
Vjk;
- Fw;wk;
va;Jth;
- milth;
,Lk;ig
Jd;gk;
xy;yhNt
- ,ayhNt
xl;l
nghUe;j
xOFjy;
- elj;jy;> tho;jy;
mfo;thiu Njhz;Lgtiu
,fo;thh;
- ,opTg;gLj;JNthh;
jiy
rpwe;j gz;G
,d;ik
tWik
xuhy;
- ePfF
; jy;
klthh;
- mwptpypfs;
tpUe;J
tPlL
; f;Fg; Gjpatuha;
te;jth;
epiw
rhy;G
xWj;jhiu jz;bj;jtiu
xd;whf
xU nghUl;lhf
nghd;Wk;
- cyfk; mopAk; tiu
jpwdy;y
nra;aj;jfhj
Nehnehj;J Jd;gj;jpw;F tUj;jp
kpFjpahd; - kdr;nrUf;fhy;
kpf;fit
jPqF
; fs;
jFjpahd; - nghWikahy;
Jwe;jhh;
- gw;ww;wth;;
,we;jhh;
- newpiaf; fle;jth;
,d;dh
jPa
Nehw;fpw;gth; - nghWg;gth;
Nehw;ghh;
- Nehd;G Nkw;nfhs;gth;
,d;dhr;nrhy; - ,dpikaw;w nrhy;
tpid
nray;>
fhg;G
fhty;
ePuth;
- mwpTilahh;
Nfz;ik
el;G
Ngijahh; - mwptyhh;
etpy;NjhWk; - fw;ff; fw;f
eak;
- ,d;gk;
eFjy;
- rphpj;jy;
,bj;jy;
- fbe;Jiuj;jy;
fpoik
chpik.
Kfef
Kfk;kyu
MW
ey;top;
ca;jJ
;
- nrYj;jp
my;yy;
- Jd;gk;
cLf;if
Mil
,Lf;fz;
- Jd;gk;
fistJ
ePfF
; tJ
nfhl;gpd;wp NtWghL ,y;yhky;
Cd;Wk;
- jhq;Fk;
Gidj;jy; - Gfo;jy;
Giu
Fw;wk; :
gaf;Fk;
- jUk;
RLk;
- tUj;Jk;.
md;d
mit Nghy;td
va;ahik
tUe;jhky;
<uk;
- md;G :
mis,
- fye;J :
gbW
tQ;rk; :
nrk;nghUs; - rpwe;j nghUs;.
mfd;
- mfk;> cs;sk;
mkh;
- tpUg;gk;
mkh;eJ
;
tpUk;gp
Kfd;
- Kfk;
,d;nrhy;
- ,dpa nrhy;
mkh;eJ
;
tpUk;gp
mfj;jhd; Mk; - cs;sk; fye;J
,d;nrhypdNj - ,dpa nrhw;fisg;
NgRjiy
Jd;GW}ck; - Jd;gk; jUk; :
,d;GW}ck; - ,d;gk; jUk; :
ahh; khl;Lk; - ahhplj;Jk;
Jt;thik tWik
rpWik
Jd;gk;>
kWik
kWgpwtp>
,k;ik
- ,g;gpwtp
,dpjPdw
; y; - ,dpJ+<d;wy;>
<d;wy;
- jUjy;> cz;lhf;Fjy;
td;nrhy;
- fLQ;nrhy;.
vtd;nfhNyh vd;d fhuzNkh? VNdh?.
$if
Nfhl;lhd;> Me;ij>
,fy;
- gif
jpU
nry;tk;>
jPuhik
ePqf
; hik
mUtpid nraw;fhpa nray;
Qhyk;
- cyfk;
xLf;fk;
- mlq;fpapUg;gJ
nghUjfh;
- Ml;Lf;fplh
NgUe;jifj;J-gpd;thq;Fk;
jd;ikahdJ.
nghs;nsd clNd :
xs;spth;
- mwpTilahd;
Gwk;Ntuhh; - ntspg;gLj;jkhl;lhh;.
cs;Nth;gg
; h; - kdj;jpDs; kiwe;J
itj;jpUg;ghh;.
nrWeh;
- gifth;
Rkf;f
gzpf
,Wtiu
KbTfhyk;
fpof;fhe;jiy jiyfPo; (khw;wk;)
va;jw;F
fpilg;gjw;F

PH 04146 -226417
8
,isae;jf;fhy; - fpilj;j nghOJ
$k;Gk;
- tha;gg
; w;w :
rPhj
; j
; ,lk; chpa fhyk;
tpid typ jhd; nra;af; fUjpNa
nraypd; jd;ik
khw;whd;
- gifth;
J}f;fp
rPhJ
; }f;fp
xy;tJ
jk;khypad;wJ
mwptJ
mwpa Ntz;ba typik
cilj;jk; - jk;Kila
,ilf;fz; - eLtpNyNa
Cf;fk;
- kd vOr;rp
Cf;fp
nraiyj; njhlq;fp
Khpj;jhh;
- mope;jth; (Njhw;wth;)
Mq;F mike;J xOfhd; - may;
Nte;jNuhL nghUe;jp xOfhJ
mstwpahd; - jd; typikapd; msit
mwpahJ
jd;id tpae;jhd; - jhNd jd;id
cah;thff; fUjpr; nrUf;FWtd
gPyp
kapy; Njhif
rhfhL
tz;b
,Wk;
- KhpAk;
ngapd;
- Vw;wpdhy;
nfhk;gh;
- ,Wjpg;Nghyp
Edpf;nfhk;gh; - fpisapd; Edp
m/jpwe;J mt;tstpidf; fle;J
MW
newp
Mw;wpd;
- nfhLf;Fk; newpapy;
MF MW nghUs; tUk; top
,l;baJ
rpwpJ
NghF MW nrytopAk; top
mfyhf;fil
ngUfhjhapd;
(ngUftpy;iy vd;why;)
cs Nghy cs;sJ Nghy
cstiu
jdf;Fs;snghUspd;
msT
J}f;fhj
Muha;eJ
; ghh;ff
; hj
ty;iy
tpiutpy;
tstiu
nry;tj;jpd; vy;iy
ifk;khW
vjph;ghh;jJ
; r; nra;Ak;
cjtp
flg;ghL
flikahaf; nfhz;L
nray;gly;
jhshw;wp
kpf;f Kaw;rp nra;J
je;j
- <l;ba
jf;fhh;fF
;
jFe;jth;fF
;
Ntshz;ik
cjtp.
Gj;Njs;cyfk;- (,d;gr;
nropg;Gilajhff; fUjg;gLk;)
Njth; cyfj;Jk;
<z;Lk;
- ,t;Tyfj;Jk;
xg;Gutpd;
- xg;Guitf; fhl;bYk;
ey;ygpw
ey;yitNagpw nray;fs;
xj;jJ
cyf eilawpe;J
mjw;fpirar; nra;tJ
nrj;jhUs; itf;fg;gLk; - ,we;jhUs;
xUtdhff; fUjg;gLthd;.
CUzp
Ch; kf;fs; cz;Zk;
ePhf
; F
; sk;
cyF mthk; - cyf eilia
tpUk;gpr; nra;Ak;
jpU-nry;tk;> mw;W NghYk;
gad;kuk;
- gad;gLk; kuk;
cs;@h;
- Ch; eLNt
eaDilahd; - ey;y cs;sKilahd
kUe;jhfp
kUe;jha;
jg;gh
jg;ghj
kuj;jw;W
kuj;ij xg;gJ
,lk;
- nry;tk;>
,ldpy; gUtk;
- tWikAw;w fhyk;
xy;fhh;
- jsuhh;
fld;
- Kiwik
fhl;rpath;
- mwpTilahh;
Nfhs; jf;fJ
nfhs;sj;jf;fJ
mk;gp
glF
Mafhiy
me;jNeuj;jpy;
ehafd;
- jiytd;
fhAk;tpy;ypdd;- gifth;fis mopf;Fk;
tpy;yhw;wy; ngw;wtd;.
itafk; - kz;Zyfk;
thdfk; - tpz;Zyfk;
Qhyk; - epyTyfk;
rhy;G epiw
gz;G jFjp :
khrw;whh; - Fw;wkw;wth;
Nfz;ik el;G
cs;Sth; - epidg;gh;
tpOkk; - Jd;gk;
,d;dh jPqF
; fs;.
fld; - flik
rhd;Nwhh; - ey;y Fzq;fs; epiwe;jth;
ehz; - ehzk; :
xg;guT cjTjy;
fz;Nzhl;lk; - caph;fsplj;J ,uf;fk;
tha;ik cz;ik
fz;Nzhl;lk; - caph;fsplj;J ,uf;fk;
khw;whh;
- gifth;
rhy;G rhd;whz;ik

PH 04146 -226417
9
Mw;Wthh; - nray;nra;gth;
Jiyaay;yhh; - Mw;wypy; Fiwe;jth;
,d;ik tWik
jpz;ik typik
Mop fly;
,U epyk; - nghpaepyk;
nghiw Rik
jpl;gk; - typik>
kw;wit xope;J
Xuhy; - nra;ahik
xy;fhik jsuhik
1. ii)) Gfo;ngw;w E}y; kw;Wk; E}yhrphpah;fs;

s
,g;gFjp
tpdhf;fs;
ngUk;ghYk;
nghUj;Jf
tifapYk;
Neub
tpdhf;fshfTk;
mikf;fg;gLfpwJ.
,g;gFjpf;Nfw;w
Gfo;ngw;w
E}y;
E}yhrphpah;fspd; ngah;fs; vspikahf thpirg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,J gapy;tjw;F
vspikahf epidT nfhs;sTk; cjTk;.
gjpndz; Nky;fzf;F E}y;fs; (8 + 10 = 18)

vl;Lj;njhif :
1.
2.
E}y;
ew;wpid
FWe;njhif
njhFj;jth;
ghly;fs;
400
400
g+hpf;Nfh
3.
Ie;FE}W
$lY}h;fpohh;
500
4.
mfehD}W
cUj;jpurd;kd;
400
5.
6.
7.
8.
fypj;njhif
GwehD}W
gjpw;Wg;gj;J
ghpghly;
ey;ye;Jtdhh;
150
400
100
22
njhFg;gpj;jth;
ghz;bad; khwd; tOjp
khjuQ;Nruy;
,Uk;nghiw
ghz;bad;
cf;fpungUtOjp
gj;Jg;ghl;L
jpUKUfhw;Wg;gil
nghUeuhw;Wg;gil
ngUk;ghzhw;Wg;gil
rpWghzhw;Wg;gil
kiygLflhk; (m)
$j;juhw;Wg;gil
FwpQ;rpg;ghl;L
Ky;iyg;ghl;L
gl;bdg;ghiy
neLey;thil
kJiuf;fhQ;rp
ef;fuP h;
Klj;jhkf; fz;zpahh;
cUj;jpuq;fz;zdhh;
ey;Y}h; ej;jj;jdhh;
ngUq;nfsrpfdhh;
fgpyh;
eg;g+jdhh;
cUj;jpuq;fz;zhh;
ef;fuP h;
khq;Fb kUjdhh;

PH 04146 -226417
10
gjpndd;fo
P f;; fzf;F E}y;fs;
mwE}y; - 11
1. ehybahh;
2. ehz;kzpf;fbif
3. ,d;dh ehw;gJ
4. ,dpait ehw;gJ
5. jphpfLfk;
6. Mrhuf;Nfhit
7. gonkhop (400)
8. rpWgQ;r%yk;
9. Vyhjp
10. jpUf;Fws; (1330)
11. KJnkhopf;fhQ;rp
rkzKdpth;fs;
tpsk;gp ehfdhh;
fgpyh;
g+je;Nre;jdhh;
ey;yhjdhh;
ngUthapd; Ks;spahh;
Kd;Wiuaiuadhh;
fhhpahrd;
fzpNkjhtpahh;
jpUts;Sth;
$lY}h; fpohh;
Ie;jpiz Ik;gJ
Ie;jpiz vOgJ
jpiznkhop Ik;gJ
jpiz khiy E}w;iwk;gJ
fhh; ehw;gJ
ife;epiy (v) Ie;jpiz
mWgJ
GwE}y; - 1:
khwd; nghiwadhh;
%thjpahh;
fz;zd; Nre;jdhh;
fzpj Nkjhtpahh;
fz;zd; $j;jdhh;
Gy;yq;fhldhh;
1. fstop ehw;gJ
ngha;ifahh;
mfE}y; - 6 :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
jpUf;Fws; - ghly;fs; - 1330

mjpfhuq;fs; (38 + 70+26) = 133
- mwj;Jj;Jg;ghy; (38)
- nghUl;ghy; (38)
- fhkj;Jg;ghh; (25)
ciufs; : ghpNkyofh;> kzf;Flth;> fypg;ngUkhs;> fhspq;fh;> jUkh;> ghpjpahh;>
jpUkiyahh;> jhkj;jh;> er;rh;> ky;yh;.
Mo;thh;fs; - 12 :
ghly;njhFg;G : ehyhapuj;jpt;tpa gpuge;jk;
k , njhFj;jth; - ehjKdpfs;
ehjKdpfs
1. ngha;ifaho;thh;
2. g+jj;jho;thh;
3. Ngaho;thh;
4. jpUkopiraho;thh;
5. ek;kho;thh;
6. kJuftpaho;thh;
7. nghpaho;thh;
8. Mz;lhs;
9. jpUg;ghzho;thh;
10. jpUkq;ifaho;thh;
11. njhz;lubg; nghbaho;thh;
12. FyNrfu Mo;thh;
ehad;khh;fs; - 63 :
PH 04146 -226417
11
irtj;jpUKiwfs; - 12 njhFj;jth; - ek;gpahz;lhh; ek;gp

nghpaGuhzk;
rk;ge;jh;
mg;gh;
Re;juh;
khzpf;fthrfh;
jpU%yh;
Nrf;fpohh;
jpUf;filf;fhg;G
Njthuk;
jpUg;ghl;L
jpUthrfk;
jpUke;jpuk;
,sq;Nfhtbfs;
rPjj
; iyr;rhj;jdh;
jpUj;jf;fj;Njth;
Ik;ngUq;fhg;gpaq;fs;
s
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
rpyg;gjpfhuk;
kzpNkfiy
rPtd rpe;jhkzp
tisahgjp
Fz;lyNfrp
IQ;rpW fhg;gpaq;fs; :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
#shkzp
ePyNfrp
cjaz Fkhu fhtpak;
aNrhNju fhtpak;
ehf Fkhu fhtpak;
Njhyh nkhopj; Njth;

thkd Kdpth; (ciu vOjpath;)
ntd;dhtY}&ilahh; Nts;.
,yf;fz E}y;fs;
s; :
E}y;
Mrphpah;
Mrphpah;
mfj;jpak;
njhy;fhg;gpak;
tPuNrhopak;
Nekpehjk;
ahgn;gUq;fyk;
ahg;gUq;fyf;fhhpif
jz;bayq;fhuk;
ed;D}y;
,yf;fz tpsf;fk;
,yf;fz nfhj;J
etePjg;ghl;bay;
Kj;JtPhpak;
rhkpehjk;
Gwg;nghUs; ntz;ghkhiy
gpuge;j jPgpif
mfg;nghUs; tpsf;fk;
khwdyq;fhuk;
gpuNahf tpNtfk;
epfz;Lfs;
fs; (rkzu;fs;)
mfj;jpah;
njhy;fhg;gpah;
Gj;jkpj;jpuh;
FztPu gz;bjh;
mkpjrhfuh;
mkpjrhfhu;
jz;b
gtze;jp Kdpth;
itj;jpaehj Njrpfh;
Rthkpehj Njrpfh;
etePjd;
Kj;JtPu cghj;jpahah;
rhkpf;ftpuhrh;
Iadhhpjdhh;
Kj;J Ntq;fl Rg;igah;
ehw;ftpuhr ek;gp
jpUf;FUifg; ngUkhs; ftpuhah;
Rg;gpkzpa jPlr
; pjh;.
Mrphpah;fs;

PH 04146 -226417
12
jkpOf;F mspj;j nfhil)
gpq;fy epfz;L
rpe;jhkzp epfz;L
xU nrhw;fy nghUs; epfz;L
nghjpif epfz;L
ghujp epfz;L
mUk;nghUs; tpsf;f epfz;L
jpthfuepfz;L(jkpod;Kjy;
Kjy; epfz;L)
chpr;nrhy; epfz;L
$lkiy epfz;L
Mrphpa epfz;L
gplt epfz;L
#lhkzp epfz;L (Gfo; ngw;w epfz;L)
gpq;fy Kdpth;
itj;jpaypq;fh;
fdfrigg; Gyth;
rhkpehj ftp
gukhde;j ghujp
mUkUj;J Njrpfh;
jpthfuu;
fhq;Nfah;
<Rtuftp
Mz;bg;Gyth;
xsitahh;
- kz;ly GUlu;
Gfo;ngw;w E}yhrphpah; E}y;fs;

xsitahh;
-
Mj;jpr;#b
%Jiu
nfhd;iw Nte;jd;
ey;top
guQ;Nrhjp Kdpth;
-
jpUtpisahlw;Guhzk;
Ntjhuzpa Guhzk;
jpUtpisahly; Nghw;wp
fypntz;gh
kJiug; gjpw;Wg;gj;je;jhjp
,uhkypq;f mbfs;
-
jpUtUl;gh
[Pt fhUz;a xOf;fk;
kDKiw fz;l thrfk;
rlNfhgh; me;jhjp
jpUf;if tof;fk;
rpiy VOgJ
Vh; vOgJ
fk;guhkhazk;
%tUyh
jf;fahfg;guzp
FNyhj;Jq;f Nrhod;
gps;isj;jkpo;
<l;bvOgJ
fypq;fj;Jg;guzp
fk;gh;
Xl;lf;$j;jh;
nraq;nfhz;lhh;
jphp$l uhrg;gf; ftpuhah;
PH 04146 -226417
13
-
jpUf;Fw;whyf; FwtQ;rp
jpUf;Fw;why khiy
jpUf;Fw;why cyh
jpUf;Fw;whyg; gps;isj; jkpo;
Fku FUgu Rthkpfs;

-
Kj;Jf;FkhuRthkp gps;isj;jkpo;
kPdhl;rpak;ik gps;isj; jkpo;
kPdhl;rpak;ik Fwk;
(FwtQ;rpapd; Kd;Ndhb)
fhrpf; fyk;gk;
rfyfyh ty;yp khiy
rpjk;gur; nra;Al; Nfhit
ePjpnewp tpsf;fk;
rPwhg;Guhzk;
KJnkhopkhiy
jpUkz tho;jJ
;
rPjf;fhjp nehz;b ehlfk;
ckWg;Gyth;
kPdhl;rp Re;juk; gps;is

-
Nrf;fpohh; gps;isj; jkpo;

mfpyhz;l ehafp gps;isj;jkpo; jyGuhz Nte;jh;
fr;rpag;gh;
Nrf;fpohh;
fe;jGuhzk;
nghpaGuhzk;
GfNoe;jp
esntz;gh
tpy;ypg;Gj;J}uH;
-yy
pghujk
Mz;lhs;
jpUg;ghit> ehr;rpahu; jpUnkhop
mUzfphpehjh;
kapy;tpUj;jk;>
jpUg;Gfo;>
fe;jdyq;fhuk;>
fe;juDg+jp>
Nty;tpUj;jk;
nfhq;FNtsph;
- ngUq;fij
cyfehjh;
- cyf ePjp
mjptPuuhkg; ghz;bah;
tPukhKdpth;
ntw;wpNtw;if>
ieljk;
ciueil E}y;fs;
s
QhdcgNjrk;> thkd; fij
gukhh;jj
; FUfij
(jkpopd; Kjy; vs;sy; E}y;)
gh;tj fhz;lk;

PH 04146 -226417
14
-
Njk;ghtzp
nra;As; E}y;fs;
s
- jpUf;fhtY}h;f; fyk;gfk;
- fypntz;gh
- milf;fy khiy
- md;id mOq;fy; me;jhjp
- ,yf;fz E}y;fs;
- njhd;D}y; tpsf;fk;
- nfhLe;jkpo; ,yf;fzk;
- mfuhjp
- rJu mfuhjp
- Mq;fpy jkpo; mfuhjp
Rg;gpukzpa ghujpahh;
-
fz;zd; ghl;L
Fapy;ghl;L
ghQ;rhyp rgjk;
ghg;gh ghl;L
tpehafh; ehz;kzpkhiy
Ntjhe;j ghly;fs;
Qhdujk;
re;jphpifapd; fij
juhR
jpz;ba rh];jphp nrhh;z Fkhhp
ghz;bad; ghpR
FLk;g tpsf;F
,isQh; ,yf;fpak;
mofpd; rphpg;G
jkpo; ,af;fk; kzpNkfiy ntz;gh
,iraKJ
fz;zfp Gul;rp fhg;gpak;
gprpuhe;ijahh;
jkpor;rpapd; fj;jp
FwpQ;rp jpul;L
,Uz;l tPL
vjph;ghuhj Kj;jk;
nrskpad;
fiy $j;jhbapd; fhjy;
ghujpjhrd;
H.A. fpU~;zgps;is
-
,ul;rzpa ahj;jpupfk;
,ul;rzpakNdhfuk; (fpwpj;jt Njthuk;)
kNdhd;kzpak;
Re;juk; gps;is
Gyth; Foe;ij
-
Foe;ij ghly;fs;
cyf nghpNahh; nfd;db
,uhtz fhtpak;
murpay; myq;fhuk;

PH 04146 -226417
15
-
fhkQ;rhp
nfhq;FehL
ftpkzpa Njrpa tpehafk; gps;is:

-
kyUk; khiyAk;
,se;njd;wy;
czwkzpfs;
gRTk; fd;Wk;
Foe;ijr; nry;tk;
kUkf;fs; top khd;kpak;
ckh; fa;ahk; ghly;fs;
Mrpa N[hjp
jpU.tp.fy;ahz Re;judhh;
-
kdpj tho;fi
; fAk;> fhe;jpabfSk;
KUfd; my;yJ moF
ngz;zpd; ngUik
jkpo;jn
; jd;wy;
GJik Ntl;ly;
tho;fi
; f Jiz eyk;
rPhj
; j
; pUj;jk; (m) ,sik tpUj;J
fpUj;Jtpd; mUs; Ntl;ly;
Njrgf;jd; (ehspjo;)
etrf;jp (fpoikapjo;)
ehkf;fy; ftpQh; Nt.,uhkypq;fk; gps;is

-
vd;fij (jd;tho;fi
; f tuyhW)
NjkJuj;jkpNo
rq;nfhyp
jkpo;jN
; jd;
kiyf;fs;sd;
ftpjhQ;ryp
jkpod; ,jak;
mtDk; mtSk;
g+q;nfhb
tPufhtpak;
kdpjid NjLfpNwd;
fhtphpg; ghit
neQ;R nghWf;Fjpy;iyNa
Cd;WNfhy;
Kbaurd; ftpijfs;
jkpor;rp
nfhbKy;iy
njhLthdk;
vopNyhtpak;
Foe;ij ,yf;fpak;
nghq;fy; ghpR
,d;g ,yf;fpak;
jPhj
; j
; ahj;jpiu
ftpQh; Kbaurd;
thzpjhrd;

PH 04146 -226417
16
-
Rujh
-
Njd;kio
JiwKfk;
mh;jj
; Ks;s ,e;Jkjk;
Ml;lzj;jp Mjpke;jp
khq;fdp
ijg;ghit
Nrukhd; fhjyp
fy;yiwj; njhl;bfs;
fUg;G kyh;fs;
#hpa fhe;jp
rfhuhitj; jhz;lhj Xl;lfq;fs;
jpUj;jp vOjpa jPhg

; ;Gfs;
ftpaurd; fij
vd; gioa Xiyfs;
jz;zhP ; Njrk;
itfiw Nkfq;fs;
ghh;tjp>B.A
uq;Nfhd; uhjh
jrhtjhuk;
Xh; ,uT
ePjpNjtd; kaf;fk;
Ntiyf;fhhp
gpuhh;jj
; id
Fw;wthspNah
fd;dpg;ngz; ifk;ngz; Md fij
mk;kh te;jhs;
NkhfKs;
kug;gR
rptg;G hpf;~h
nfhl;L Nksk;
rpyph;gG
; rhj;jpah
rf;jp itj;jpak;
ehYNtyp epyk;
tbNtY thj;jpahh;
fz;zjhrd;
eh.fhkuhrd;
ituKj;J
mwpQh; mz;zh
jp.[hdfpuhkd;
kiwkiy mbfs;
-
FKjts;sp
Nfhfpyhk;ghs; fbjq;fs;
,uFehjd
,uFehjd;
PH 04146 -226417
17
-
gQ;Rk; grpAk;
fkyhk;ghs; rhpj;jpuk;
,uh[k; Iah;
,uh[k; fpU~;zd;
-
FwpQ;rpj;Njd;
tisfuk;
NtUf;F ePh;
fhpg;G kzpfs;
tPughz;bad; kidtp
mNrhfd; fhjyp
kiythry;
fly;Gwh
atd uhzp
,uhr jpyfk;
fd;dp khlk;
gj;jpdpf;Nfhl;lk;
ee;jpth;kd; fhjyp
kJuaho; kq;if
jpUr;rpw;wk;gyk;
fay;tpop
ghit tpsf;F
GJnts;sk;
ngz;kyh;
tho;T vq;Nf?
neQ;rpd; miyfs;
rpj;jpug;ghit (Qhd gPl tpUJ)
Ntq;ifapd; ike;jd;
,jar;rpiwapy;
epytpdpNy
Fwj;jp
Foe;ij rphpj;jJ
fq;fh ];ehdk;
vhpkiy
rptfhkpapd; rgjk;
nghd;dpapd; nry;td;
ghh;jj
; pgd; fdT
ngha;khd; fhL
fs;tdpd; fhjyp
miyNahir
kFlgjp
fhjhuf;fs;td;
mU. ,uhkehjd;
rhz;bay;ad;
n[fr;rpw;gp
mfpyd;
fy;fp

PH 04146 -226417
18
-
iky;tpop khd;
xw;iw Nuhrh
jpUld; kfd; jpUld;
Nfjhhpapd; jhahh;
tPiz thzp
tPiz gthdp
fp.M.ng.tp];tehjd;
-
jkpo;r; nry;tk;
gz;bjkzp K. fjpNurd;
-
kz;zpayrpWNjh;
rpWNjh; (#j;ufh;)
vOjpa kpUr;r (fbjj;jpd; jOty;)
lhf;lh; K.tujuhrdhh;
- mfy;tpsf;F
- ngw;w kdk;
- lhf;lh; my;yp
- gpr;irag;gh;
- kdr;rhd;W
- fhjy; vq;Nf?
- fhpj;Jz;L
- nre;jhkiu
- fy;Nyh fhtpaNkh?
- Fwl;il xyp
vd;dapdhg;Gyth;
-
Kf;$lw;gs;Stpd;
ehlf tbtk;
#hpa ehuhaz rh];jphp

-
&ghtjp
fyhtjp
khdtp[ak;
ehlftpay;
gk;ky; rk;ge;j Kjypahh;

-
kNdhfuh> rghgjp>
Nkfgjp> thzpGuj;Jtzpfd;>
mkyhjpj;jd;
rq;fujh]; Rthkpfs;
-
mgpkd;A
Re;jhp
gtsf;nfhb
rjp mD#dpah
gpufyhjd;
rpWnjhz;lh; Guhzk;
ts;sp jpUkzk;
lhf;lUf;F kUeJ
;
NjNuhl;bapd; kfd;
jOk;G
gp.v];.,uhikah

PH 04146 -226417
19
-
kyUk; kzKk;
ghh;fly;
ePhf
; F
; kpop
nkOFth;jj
; p
ehzy;
vjph; ePrr
; y;
rh;th; Re;juk;
Nk[h; re;jpu fhe;j;
etfpufk;
ahUf;Fk; ntl;fkpy;iy
cz;ikNa cd; tpiy vd;d?
,utpy; nrd;id
KfkJgpd; Jf;sf;
kdk; xU Fuq;F
rpy Neuq;fspy; rpy

kdpjh;fs;
cjak;
xU gpbr;NrhW
,dpg;Gk; frg;Gk;
tpal;ehk; tPL
tyk;Ghpr; rq;F
neUg;Gf; fdpfs;
FwpQ;rp kyh;
ghz;bad; Njtp
rKjha tPjp
rj;jpa nts;sk;
Jsrp khlk;
jpUntk;ghit
jpUthrfk;
jpUr;rpww;kg
; yf; Nfhit (vd;w)
jpUf;Nfhitahh;
rptd; jpUg;gs;sp vOr;rp
Nf.ghyr;re;jh;
Nrh. ,uhkrhkp
n[afhe;jd;
Nf.Re;juk;
eh.ghh;jj
; rhujp
khzpf;fthrfh;
thrfh;
rptg;gpufhr Rthkpfs;
-
ehy;th;
ehd;kzpkhiy
ed;ndwp
jpUntq;iff;fyk;gfk;

PH 04146 -226417
20
-
jpUntq;iff; Nfhit
gpuGypq;f yPiy
jpUntq;if cyh
tpahrh; tpUe;J
rf;futh;jj
; p jpUkfd;
,uh[h[p
F.g.,uh[Nfhghyd;
-
fhzhkNy fhjy;
Gdh; n[d;kk;
fdfhk;guk;
tpbAkh?
GJikgpj;jd;
-
mfy;ia>
rhgtpNkhrdk;
md;W ,uT
flTSk; fe;jrhkp gps;isAk;
rhg tpNkhrdk;
fhyDk; fpotpAk;
fapw;wuT
Jd;gf;Nfzp
top
epidTg;ghij
nghd;dfuk;
Mz;ik
gtsky;ypif
fp.th.Ife;ehjd;
jp.[.u.
- kuj;jbf; flTs;
- re;jhdf; fhtb
gz;bj eNlr rh];jphp
php;
hp
- jpuhtpl ehl;Lf; fijfs;
kyh;kd;dd;
d
- mw;g [Ptpfs;
khahtp
-
mfjp
K.K. ,];khapy;
hapy
,yf;fpa kyh;fs;
rKj;jpuk;
Nthpy; gOj;j gyh
t.Nt. Rg;gpukzpa ma;ah;h
Fsj;jq;fiu murkuk;
jkpo;xsp (tp[auq;fk;)
- khjtp fhtpak;
- Gj;jh; fhtpak;
gl;Lf;Nfhl;il gpughfh;
- fhjy; xj;jpif
- %d;whk; if
K.Nkj;jh
PH 04146 -226417
21
- Nrhoepyh> fz;zuP g
; +f;fs;> tpbay;nghOJfs;>
#hpag;gwitfs;>Mfhrj;Jf;F mLj;j tPL
(rhfpj;a mfhlkp tpUJ-2006)
mo.ts;spag;gh
-
rphpf;Fk; g+f;fs;
ntw;wpf;F top
NeUTk; Foe;ijfSk;
nrhh;ff
; j;jpd; epoy;
Qhdf;Fapy;
nrhy;yj;jhd; epidf;fpNwd;.
Ky;iyf; nfhbad;
n[fr;rpw;gp
kzpad;
tpe;jd;
2. njhlUk;> njhlh;Gk; mwpjy;

2. (1) rpwg;Gj; njhlh;fshy; Fwpf;fg;gLk; rhd;Nwhh;fs;
s
,yf;fpaq;fisg; gilj;Njhh;fisr; rpy rpwg;Gg; ngah;fshy; miog;gJ
jkpo; kuG. jkpoQh;fspd; rpwg;Gg; ngah;fs; mth;fsJ nray; kw;Wk;
gilg;Gfshy; toq;fg;gLfpwJ.
jpUts;Sth;
th
nja;tg;Gyth;
ehd;Kfdhh;
khjhDgq;fp
nre;ehg;Nghjfh;
ngUehtyh;
ngha;apy; Gyth;
ehadhh;
Njth;
Kjw;ghtyh;
,uhkypq;f mbfs;
mbfs
ts;syhh;
mbfshh;
jpUehTf;fuR
MSikAuR>
kUs; ePff
; pahh;
mg;gh;
jpUQhdrk;ge;jh;h
MSila ek;gp
fhiuf;fhy; mk;ikahh;
kahh
Ngahh;
Gdpjtjp
fgpyh;
FwpQ;rpf; Nfhkhd;
fk;gd;
ftpr;rf;futh;jj
; p
fy;tpapy; nghpath;
Nrf;fpohh;
pohh
njhz;lh; rPh; guTth;
Mz;lhs;
#bf;nfhLj;j Rlh;nfhb
itztk; je;j nry;tp
gz;bif mryhk;gpif
20-k; E}w;whz;bd; mt;itahh;
er;rpdhh;ff
; pdpah;
cr;rpNkw;; Gyth;nfhs;
ngUQ;rpj;jpu
pudhh;
dhh
ghtyh; VW
NjtNeag; ghtzh;
ghtzh
nkhopQhapW
tPuftpuhah;

PH 04146 -226417
22
MRftp
jpU.tp.f.
jkpo;jn
; jd;wy;
uhag;Ngl;il jkpo; Kdpth;
jkpo; nghpahh;
njhopyhsh;fspd; je;ij
rp.Rg;gpukzpa ghujpahh;
Njrpa ftp
tpLjiyf; ftp
kfhftp
ghl;Lf;nfhU Gytd;
GJf;ftpij Kd;Ndhb
rpe;Jf;F je;ij
Rg;G ,uj;jpd ghujpjhrd;
ghujpjhrd
ghNte;jh;
ghujpjhrdhh;
Gul;rpf; ftpQh;
,aw;iff; ftpQh;
GJikf; ftpQh;
c.Nt.rhkpehijah
c.Nt.rhkpehijah;
jkpo; jhj;jh
jyGuhzNte;jh;
GJikg;gpj;jd;
d
rpWfijkd;dd;>
jkpo; ehl;L khg;grhd;
fy;fp ,uh. fpU~;z%h;jj
; p
tuyhw;Wehtypd; je;ij>
jkpo;ehl;bd; thy;lu;]f
; hl;;
K. fjpNur nrl;bahh;
ahh
gz;bjkzp
mwpQh; mz;zh
NguwpQh;>
njd;dhl;L ngh;dhl;~h
njd;dhl;L fhe;jp
K.tujuhrd;
K.tujuhrd;
jkpo;ehl;L ngh;zhl;~h
gk;ky; rk;ge;j Kjypahh;
Kjypahh
ehlf je;ij
rq;fujh]; Rthkpfs;
Rthkpfs;
ehlfj; jiyikahrphpah;
ehlf ,kakiy
,uhrh mz;zhkiy nrl;bahh;
ahh
jdpj;jkpo; ,irf;fhtyh
thzpjhrd;
jkpo;ehl;bd; Nth;l;]n
; th;j;>
ftpQNuW>
ghtyh;kzp
Njrpa tpehafk; gps;is
ftpkzp
mo.ts;spag;gh
Foe;ij ftpQh;
n[afhe;jd;
njd; ,e;jpahtpd; khg;g]hd;
thy;ll
; h; ];fhl;
hl
cyf rpWfijapd; je;ij
Nltpl; tph;j; fpubj;
cyf rpdpkhtpd; je;ij
jhNj rhfpg; ghy;Nf
,e;jpa rpdpkhtpd; je;ij
fp.M.ng. tp];tehjd;
Kj;jkpo;f; fhtyh;
mz;zhkiy nul;bahh;
rpe;J ftpij ghbath;
H.A. fpUl;bzg;
; ps;is
zgg
fpwpj;Jtf; fk;gh;
ehkf;fy; ftpQh; uhkypq;fk; gps;is
M];jhd ftpQh;
fhe;jpaf; ftpQh;
kfhtpj;Jthd;
,uh.gp. NrJgps;is
nrhy;ypd; nry;th; (,yf;fpak;)
<.nt.fp.rk;gj;
nrhy;ypd; nry;th; (murpay;)
<.nt.uhkrhkp
nghpahh;
gFj;jwpT gfytd;
Rakhpahijr; Rlh;
,uh[h[p
%jwpQh;
t.c.rpjk;gudhh;
nrf;fpOj;j nrk;ky;
fg;gNyhl;ba jkpod;
njd;dhl;Lj; jpyfh;
f.Rg;gpukzpag; gps;is
f.R.gps;is
ntq;flhryk; gps;is
fue;ij ftpauR
M.S.Rg;
.Rg;Gyl;Rkp
,irf;Fapy;
tp.KDrhkp
rh;jhh;

PH 04146 -226417
23
nra;Fj;jk;gpahh;
jrhtjhdp
mg;Jy; ,uFkhd;
,uFkhd
ftpf;Nfh
fhkuhrh; gy;fiyf; fof Kjy;

Jiz Nte;jh;
Ry;jhd; mg;Jy; fhjh;
fhjh
Fzq;Fb k];jhd;
Kj;ijah
fz;zjhrd;
fhd;]l
; hd;bd; N[hrg;
N[hrg;ng];fp
tPukhKdpth;
,uhgh;l-; b-nehgpyp
jj;JtNghjfh;
k.ngh.rptQhdk;
k.ngh.rptQhdk
rpyk;Gr; nry;th;
nj.ngh. kPdhl;rp Re;judhh;
gz;nkhopg;Gyth;
Nkw;Nfhs;fs;
Xsitahh;
vt;top ey;yth; Mlth;
mt;top ey;iy thopa epyNd
kdk;Nghd
Nghf;nfy;yhk;
Nghf
Ntz;lhk;
CUld; $b tho;
cz;gJ ehop cLg;gJ ehY Kok;
vj;jpirf; nry;ypDk; mj;jpirr;
NrhNw
grpj;Jg;Grp
rhjp ,uz;nlhopa Ntwpy;iy
,sikapy; fy;
Myak; njhOtJ rhyTk; ed;W
mwk; nra;a tpUk;G
Mwpy;yh CUf;F moF gho;
rPiuj; Njbd; Viuj;NjL
mhpJ mhpJ khdpluha;g; gpwj;jy;
mhpJ
cz;b
nfhLj;Njhh;
caph;
nfhLj;NjhNu
cz;b Kjw;Nw cztpd; gpz;lk;
nghd;Kbahh;
fspW vwpe;J ngah;jy; fhisf;Ff;
flNd
fiojpd; ahidahh;
ahidahh
<nad cuj;jy; ,ope;jd;W mjd;
vjph;
<nad;
vd;wy;
mjdpDk;
,ope;jd;W
neLQ;nropad;
ropad
cw;WopAjtpAk;cWnghUs;
nfhLj;Jk;
gpw;iw epiy KdpahJ fw;wy; ed;Nw
jhAkhdth;
vy;yhUk;
,d;Gw;W
,Uf;f
epidg;gJNt my;yhky; NtW xd;Wk;
mwpNad; guhguNk
fzpad; g+q;Fd;wdhh;
dhh
jpUehTf;furh;
jPJk; ed;Wk; gpwh; ju thuh

ahJk; CNu ahtUk; Nfsph;
vd; fld; gzp nra;J fplg;gNj

ehkh;fF
; k; Fb my;Nyhk; ekid
mQ;Nrhk;
khrpy; tPizAk; khiy kjpaKk;
,d;gNk ve;ehSk; Jz;gNk ,y;iy
<rd; ve;ij ,izab epoNy
Fwpf;NfhspyhJ nfl;Nld;
ef;fuP h;
cz;gJ ehop cLg;gJ ,uz;Nl
nry;tj;Jg; gaNd <jy;
Nfht+h;f; fpohh;
xUtPh; Njhw;gpDk; Njhw;gJq;fbNa
,UtPh; NtwYk; ,aw;ifAd;Nw
jpUQhd rk;ge;jh;h
NjhLila nrtpapd; Nghw;wp
Re;juh;
ehpntU cj;jiyahh;
ey;yJ nra;jy; Mw;whP ; uhapDk;
my;yJ nra;jy; Xk;Gkpd;
FlGy tpadhh;
gpj;jhgpiw
#b
mUshyh
nghd;dhh; NkdpaNd
miuf;firj;J
ngUkhNy
Gypf;nfhbia

PH 04146 -226417
24
khzpf;fthrfh;
cw;whiu
ahd; Ntz;Nld; Ch;
Ntz;Nld; Ngh;
Ntz;Nld; fw;whiu ahd; Ntz;Nld;
,uhkypq;f mbfs;
thba gapiuf; fz;l Nghnjy;yhk;
csk; thbNdd;.
vy;NyhUk; tho;f ,ire;J
grpj;jpU> jdpj;jpU> tpopj;jpU
fz;%b tof;fnky;yhk;
kz;%bg;Nghf
mUl;ngUQ;Nrhjp jdpg;ngUq;fUiz
jpU%yh;
xd;Nw Fyk; xUtNd Njtd;
NjDf;Fs; ,d;gk; fUg;Ngh rptg;Ngh
clk;ig tsh;jN
; jd; capiu
tsh;jN
; jNd
md;Ng rptk;
thDf;Fs; <ridj; NjLk; kjpapyPh;
clk;ghy; mopapd; capuhy; mopth;
fgpyh;
ed;Nw nra;jy; Ntz;Lk; - ed;Wk;
,d;Nw nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;
ciog;gpd; thuh cWjpfs; csNth
Gj;jh;h
MirNa Jd;gj;jpw;F fhuzk;
ghujpahh;
ts;Std; jd;id cyfpDf;F je;J
thd;Gfh; je;j jkpo;ehL
ey;yNjhh; tPiz nra;Nj mij
eyq;nflg;
GOjpapy; vwptJz;Nlh
ahkwpe;j nkhopfspy; jkpo;
nkhopNghy;
,dpjhdJ vq;Fk; fhNzhk;
khjh; jk;ik ,opT nra;Ak;
klikiaf; nfhSj;JNthk;
jdpnahUtDf; Fztpy;iynadpy;
Ifj;jpid
mopj;jpLNthk;
neQ;R nghWf;F jpiyNa
mr;rkpy;iy mr;rkpy;iy
mr;rnkd;gjpy;iy
vy;NyhUk; ,e;ehl;L kd;dh;fs;
fhf;if rpwfpdpNy ee;jyhyh
fhf;if FUtp vq;fs; [hjp

fhjy;> fhjy; fhjy;
xd;W gl;lhy; cz;L tho;T
gl;lq;fs; Ms;tJk; rl;lq;fs;
nra;tJk;
nfhl;L KuNr nfhl;L KuR
vz;zpa Kbjy; Ntz;Lk;
ey;yNt vz;zy; Ntz;Lk;
vd;W jzpAk; ,e;j Rje;jpu jhfk;
ngz; tpLjiy Ntz;Lk;
fy;tp rpwe;j jkpo; ehL
coTf;Fk; njhopf;Fk; te;jid
nra;Nthk;
ghuj g+kp gok;ngUk; g+kp ePujd;
Gjy;th; ,e;epidT mfw;whjPh;
nja;tk; gyg;gy nrhy;ypg; gifj;
jPia tsh;gg
; th; %lh;
ehLk; nkhopAk; ekjpU fz;fs;
ghujpjhrd;
ghujpjhrd
GjpaNjhh; cyfk; nra;Nthk;
xlg;gh; cayg;gh; vy;yhk;
xg;gg;gh; Ma;tpLthh; czug;gh eP
,Ul;liwapy; cs;sjlh cyfk;
ey;yNjhh; FLk;gk; gy;fiyf;
fofk;
kjq;fs; kf;fspd; khw;W rl;ilfs;
jkpio vd;Daph; vd;Ngd; fz;Bh;
jkpOf;Fk; mKnjd;W Ngh; - me;j
jkpo; ,d;gj; jkpo; vq;fs; capUf;F
Neh;
nfhiy thspid vllh
ntF nfhbNahh; nray; mwNt
ghulh cd; khdpl rKj;jpuj;ij
capiu czh;it tsh;gg
; J jkpNo
ngz;zbik jPUkl;Lk; NgRk;
jpUehl;bd;
kz;zbik jPej
; y; Kaw;nfhk;Ng
ftpkzp Njrpatpehafk; gps;is

kq;ifauha;g; gpwg;gjw;Nf ey;y
khjtk;
nra;jpl Ntz;Lkk;kh
Njhl;lj;jpNy NkAJ nts;isg; gR
cs;sj;jpYs;s ftpij - ,d;g
cUntLg;gJ ftpij

PH 04146 -226417
25
ehkf;fy; nt.,uhkypq;fk;
gps;is
jkpondd;W nrhy;yhl jiyepkph;eJ
;
epy;ylh
Gul;rp Ntz;Lk; Gul;rp Ntz;Lk;
Gul;rp Ntz;Lklh
jkpod; vd;Nwhh; ,dKz;L
jdpNa mjw;Nfhh; Fzkz;L
ifj;njhopy; xd;iwf; fw;Wf; nfhs;
ftiy cdf;fpy;iy xj;Jf;nfhs;
fj;jpapd;wp ,uj;jkpd;wp Aj;jnkhd;W

tUFJ
rj;jpak; ek;kpw; Fiwe;jhy; - gy
rq;flk; te;J epiwe;jNj
$l;Lwtpy; NrUq;fs; $btho
goFq;fs;
gl;bdj;jbfs;
bfs;
xd;nwd;wpU nja;tk; cz;nld;wpU
(ii).
). milnkhopfshy; Fwpf;fg;gLk; E}y;fs;
nghJthf jkpo; E}y;fspy; mtw;wpd; rpwg;gpw;Nfw;g milnkhop
toq;fg;gl;Ls;sd. me;j milnkhopfisf; nfhz;Nl ,g;gFjp tpdhf;fs;
mikf;fg;gLfpwJ. rpy tpdhf;fs; E}y;fspy; cs;s rpwg;ghd thpfisf;
nfhLj;Jk; tpdhf;fs; Nfl;fg;gLfpd;wd.
mfehD}W
- neLe;njhif
GwehD}W
Gwg;ghl;L
Gwk;
fypj;njhif
fw;wwpe;Njhh; Vj;Jk; njhif
gl;bdg;ghiy
tQ;rpneLk;ghl;L
ntw;wpNtw;if
eWj;njhif
%Jiu
thf;Fz;lhk;
ngUk;ghzhw;Wg;gil
ghzhW
kiygLflhk;
$j;juhw;Wg;gil
FwpQ;rpg;ghl;L
ngUq;FwpQ;rp
fhg;gpag;ghl;L
Ky;iyg;ghl;L
neQ;rhw;Wg;gil
jpUKUfhw;Wg;gil
Gythw;Wg;gil
jpUf;Fws;
jkpo;kiw
nja;tE}y;
cj;jpuNtjk;
cyfg;nghJkiw
thAiw tho;jJ
;
Kg;ghy;
ts;Stg;gad;
ngha;ahnkhop

PH 04146 -226417
26
gonkhop
KJnkhop
fk;guhkhazk;
,uhktjhuk;
fk;gehlfk;
fk;g rpj;jpuk;
rpyg;gjpfhuk; kzpNkfiy -
,ul;ilf; fhg;gpaq;fs;
rpyg;gjpfhuk;
%Nte;jh; fhg;gpak;
ciuapilapl;l ghl;Lil nra;As;
rpyk;G> Kjy;fhg;gpak;
Fbkf;fs; fhg;gpak;
xw;Wikf; fhg;gpak;
Njrpa fhg;gpak;
rKjhaf; fhg;gpak;
nra;As;
Gul;rpf; fhg;gpak;
rkarhh;gw;w fhg;gpak;
kzpNkfiy
kzpNkfiy JwT
rPtf rpe;jhkzp
kzpE}y;
ngUq;fij
mftw;fhg;gpak;
kzpNkfiy>
Fz;lyNfrp
ngsj;j fhg;gpaq;fs;
ePyNfrp
ePyNfrpj; jpul;L
jpUthrfk;
mofpa tha;nkhop
nja;tj;jd;ik nghUe;jpa jpUthrfj;jpw;FcUfhh;
xUthrfj;jpw;Fk; cUfhh; - [p.A.Nghg;
tha;nkhop
jpUke;jpuk;
jkpoh;Ntjk;
nghpaGuhzk;
jpUj;njhz;lh; Guhzk;
Nrf;fpohh; Guhzk;
topE}y;
mWgj;J %th; Guhzk;
Nekpehjk;
rpd;D}y;
,yf;fz tpsf;fk;
Fl;bj;njhy;fhg;gpak;
gps;isj;jkpo;
Foe;ij ,yf;fpak;
FwtQ;rp
Fwj;jpg;ghl;L
E}y;fspy; cs;s Nkw;Nfhs;fs;

njhy;fhg;gpak;
PH 04146 -226417
27
fw;ngdg;gLtJ gpwd;neQ;R Gfhik
ew;wpid
Ke;ij ,Ue;J el;Nlhh; nfhLg;gpd;
eQ;Rk; cz;gh; edpehfhPfh;
FWe;njhif
ahAk; QhAk; ahuhfpaNuh?
ve;ijAk; Ee;ijAk; vk;Kiuf;NfsPh;
tpidNa Mlth;fF
; capNu thy;Ejy;
kid ciw kfspUf;F Mlth; caph;
tpUe;J tu fiue;jJ fhf;if
nfhq;FNjh; tho;fi
; f mQ;riuj; Jk;gp
epyj;jpDk; nghpNj thdpDk; cah;ej
; d;W
ePhpDk; Mustpd;Nw
ghpghly;
jPapDs;njd;wy; eP G+tpDs; ehw;wk; eP
fy;ypDs; kzpAk; eP nrhy;ypDs; tha;ik eP
ahd; ,ug;git nghd;Dk; nghUSk; NghfTk;
my;y
mfehD}W
caph; ,iae;jd;d el;gpd; mt;caph;
tho;jy; md;d fhjy;
rhjy; md;d gphpT mhpahNs
GwehD}W
cz;gJ ehop cLg;gJ ,uz;Nl
nry;tj;J gaNd <jy;
ahJk; CNu ahtUk; Nfsph;
jPJk; ed;Wk; gpwh; juthuh
nghpNahiu ,fo;jy; mjdpDk; ,yNk
ney;Yk; capud;Nw ePUk; capud;Nw
kd;dd; caph;jj
; kyh;jiy cyfk;
cz;b nfhLj;Njhh; caph; nfhLj;NjhNu
cz;b Kjw;Nw cztpd; gpz;lk;
ey;yJ nra;jy; Mw;whP ; uhapDk;
my;yJ nra;jy; Xk;Gkpd;
xUtPh; Njhw;gpDk; Njhw;gJq;FbNa
,Uth; NtwYk; ,aw;ifA kd;Nw
ed;dil ey;fy; Nte;jw;Ff; flNd
xspUths; mUQ;rkk; KUf;fpf;
fapW vwpe;j ngah;jy; fhisf;F flNd
PH 04146 -226417
28
vt;top ey;yth; Mlth;
mt;top ey;iy thopa epyNd
vj;jpirr; nrypDk; mj;jpirr; NrhNw
ntapnyd KdpNad; gdpnad kbNad;
<nad ,uj;jy; ,ope;jd;W mjd; vjph;
<Nad; vd;wy; mjdpDk; ,ope;jd;W
jpUKUfhw;Wg;gil
mWgh; gae;j Mwkh; nry;y
My; nfO flTs; Gjy;tkhy;tiu
kiykfs; kfNd kw;Nwhh; $w;Nw
ntw;wpnty; Nghh;f; nfhw;wit rpWt
nghUeuhw;Wg;gil
Mwiy fs;th; gil tpl mUspd;
khWjiy ngah;Fk; kUtpd; ghiy
rpWghzhw;Wg;gil
jkpo; epiy ngw;w jhq;f kugpd;
kfpo;eid kUfpd; kJiu
gopnkhop
epiwFlk; ePhj
; Sk;gspy;
Mapuk; Ngiuf; nfhd;wtd; miu itj;jpad;
Mik GFe;j tPLk; mkPdh GFe;j tPLk;
cUg;glhJ
fz;lijf; fw;f gz;bjd; Mthd;
Njthuk;
ehkh;fF
; k; Fb my;Nyhh; ekid mQ;Nrhk;
,d;gNk vd;dhSk; Jd;gNk ,y;iy
Fdpe;j GUtKk; nfht;itr; nrt;thapy; Fkpo;
rphpg;Gk;
Fwpf;NfhspyhJ nfl;Nld;
Mj;jpr;R+b
kdk;Nghd Nghf;nfy;yhk Nghf Ntz;lhk;
mwk; nra;a tpUk;G
ehybAk; ,uz;lbAk; gbj;jtdplk;
thabAk; nrhy;ybAk; nry;yhJ
mwpQh;ff
; oF fw;Wzh;e;J mlq;fy;
vOj;J mwptpj;jtd; ,iwtd; Mthd;
fk;guhkhazk;
cilahUk; ,y;iy> ,y;yhUk; ,y;iy khNjh
G+kpntk; fhdk; ez;zp Vopuz;L Mz;bd; th
jkpo;tpL J}J
,Ue;jkpNo cd;dhy; ,Ue;Njd; - ,ikNahh;
tpUe;jkpo;jk; vd;whYk; Ntz;Nld;
PH 04146 -226417
29
rpyg;gjpfhuk;
jpfhuk
khrWnghd;Nd tyk;Ghp Kj;Nj
fhrWtpiuNa fUk;Ng NjNd
<d;w Foe;ij vLj;J tsh;fF
; J}ck;
rhd;NwhUk; cz;L nfhy; rhd;NwhUk; nfhy;
G+k;Gfhh; Nghw;WJk; G+k;Gfhh; Nghw;WJk;
khkiy Nghw;WJk; khkiy Nghw;WJk;
QhapW Nghw;WJk;> QhapW Nghw;WJk;
jpq;fis Nghw;WJk;> jpq;fis Nghw;WJk;
ciurhy;
ciurhy; gj;jpdpia cah;eN
; jhh; ;;
Co;
Co;tpid cUj;J te;J Cl;LtJk;
murpay;
murpay; gpioj;Njhh;fF
; mwk;
mwk; $w;whk;
fs;tidf; Nfhwy; fLq;Nfhyd;W
Njuh kd;dh nrg;Gt JilNad;
vOnfd ntOe;jha; vd;nra;jid
ahNdh murd; ahNd fs;td;
gj;jpd flTis gury; Ntz;Lk;
kzpNkfiy
vt;Taph;f; fhapDk; ,uq;fy; Ntz;Lk;
kz;bdp Qhyj;J tho;Nthh;fn
; fy;yhk;
,sikAk; epy;yh ahf;ifAk; epy;yh
tstpa thd;ngU nry;tJk; epy;yh
cs;sk; ngUq;Nfhapy; Cd; clk;G Myak;
mwnkdg;gLtJ ahnjdf; Nfl;gpd;
kwth jpJNfs; kd;Daph;f; nfy;yhk;
cz;b cilAk; ciuAL ky;yJ fz;ljpy;iy.
grpg;gpzp vd;Dk; ghtpaJ jPhj
; N
; jhh;
,irr;nrhy; msitf;F vd; eh epkpuhJ
3. gphpj;njOJf
neLehtha;
neLik + ehtha;
neLePh;
mq;fz;
gw;gy
Gd;fz;
nkd; fz;
mUtpia
ed;fyk;
nrynthopah
topf;fiu
te;jize;j
vk;kUq;Fk;
vq;FiwtPh;
fz;zUtp
neLik + ePh;
mk; + fz;
gy + gy
Gd;ik + fz;
nkd;ik + fz;
mUik + tpiy
ed;ik + fyk;
nryT + xopah
top + fiu
te;J + mize;j
v + kUq;Fk;
vq;F + ciwtPh;
fz; + mUtp
clk;ngy;yhk;
jpUtKJ
kde;jiog;g
ew;fwpfs;
,d;dKJ
thsuh
mq;if
ehd;kiw
ghtpiy
ehw;fuzk;
fuzj;Njh;
ehw;nghUs;
nrtpaWj;J
,sq;fdp
clk;G + vyhk;
jpU + mKJ
kdk; + jiog;g
ed;ik + fw;fs;
,dpik + mKJ
ths; + muh
mk; + if
erhd;F + kiw
gh + ,ir
ehd;F + fuzk;
fuzj;J + Vh;
ehd;F + nghUs;
nrtp + mWj;J
,sik + fdp

PH 04146 -226417
30
gpzpawpNahk;
ve;ehSk;
ehnkd;Wk;
njz;biu
ngUf;nfLj;J
cs;Siw
neLePh;
mt;top
,Utpop
ntd;idapW
fhpf;NfhL
ngUq;fphp
ngUk;fpuk;
jpz;bwy;
gjpzpe;jpth;
ahuth;
ruzhq;fNs
myfpyh
MusT
fUq;Nfhy;
ngUe;Njd;
nrtpf;FzT
RitAzuh
thAzh;T
je;Ja;kpd;
tpy;nyOjp
G+l;Lkpd;
kUg;G+rp
khh;Nghiy
vknjd;W
nkha;apiy
thapdPh;
nte;Jyh;eJ
;
fhbjid
fUKfpy;
ntz;kjp
vOe;njjph;
mwpTz;lhf
,sptd;W
rhy;ngd;Dk;
nraw;fhpa
nghUl;ld;W
el;gd;W
nre;jkpo;
gpzp + mwpNahk;
v +ehSk;
ehk; + vd;Wk;
njd;ik + jpiu
ngUf;F + vLj;J
cs; + ciw
neLik + ePh;
m + top
,uz;L + tpop
ntz;ik + vapW
fhp + NfhL
ngUik + fphp
ngUik + fpuk;
jpz;ik + jpwy;
gzpe;J + ,th;
ahh; + mth;
ruz; + Mq;fNs
myF + ,yh
mUik + msT
fUik + Nfhy;
ngUik + Njd;
nrtpf;F + czT
Rit + czuh
tha; + czh;T
je;J + ca;kk
; pd;
tpy; + vOjp
G+l;L + kpd;
kUg;G + G+rp
khh;G + Xiy
vkJ + vd;W
nkha; + ,iy
thapd; + ePh;
nte;J + cyh;e;J
fhL + ,jid
fUik + Kfpy;
ntz;ik + kjp
vOe;J + vjph;
mwpT + cz;lhf
,spT + md;W
rhy;G + vd;Dk;
nraw;F + mhpa
nghUl;L + md;W
el;G + md;W
nrk;ik + jkpo;
Gj;Jap&l;b GJik + caph; + Cl;b

rJufuhjp
rJh; + mfuhjp
gpzpapd;wp
gpzp + ,d;wp
mitapQ;rhd; mit + mQ;rhd;
khz;Gilahh; khz;G + cilahh;
Gfnodf;F
Gfo; + vdf;F
Fitnadf;FFit + vdf;F
jkpo;gg
; rp
jkpo; + grp
jpidasT
jpid + msT
gidasT
gid + msT
gRe;jiy
gRik + jiy
khrpyh
khR + ,yh
<hpUth;
,U + ,Uth;
igq;Ftis gRik + Ftis
nre;jhkiu
nrk;ik + jhkiu
,Ugjhz;L ,UgJ + Mz;L
kpd;dDtpay; kpd;dD + ,ay;
cs;sq;if cs; + mk; + if
Nkk;ghlila Nkk;ghL + mila
kpd;dQ;ry;
kpd; + mQ;ry;
kyh;ff
; uk;
kyh; + fuk;
FtpAnkd;W FtpAk; + vd;W
nrq;fjp
utd; nrk;ik + fjputd;
jha;ikad;G jha;ik + md;G
Iahapuk;
Ie;J + Mapuk;
Ntlkzpe;J Ntlk; + mzpe;J
njd;dhL
njw;F + ehL
nka;QQ
; hdk; nka; + Qhdk;
xd;Ww
xd;W + cw
Nfhykpl;L
Nfhyk; + ,l;L
rz;gff;fhL rz;gfk; + fhL
capnud
caph; + vd
mUe;jpwy;
mUik + jpwy;
xw;iwf;fhy; xd;W + I + fhy;
fhl;Laph;fs; fhL + caph;fs;
rpw;whW
rpWik + MW
Gfyplk;
Gfy; + ,lk;
tpyq;fpdk;
tpyq;F + ,dk;
Ik;G+jq;fs; Ie;J + G+jq;fs;
thoplk;
tho; + ,lk;
grpawhJ
grp + mwhJ
fz;Lsk;
fz;L + csk;
njd;jpir
njw;F + jpir

PH 04146 -226417
31
Ik;G+jk;
Ie;J + G+jk;
thD}h;jp
thd; + Ch;jp
jpUTsk;
jpU + csk;
jpUg;Gak;
jpU + Gak;
,Uepyk;
,uz;L + epyk;
ngUe;jtk;
ngUik + jtk;
jkpod;id
jkpo; + md;id
mKjfpuzk; mKjk; + fpuzk;
gps;isj;jkpo; gps;is + jkpo;
cs;nshJq;fpcs; + xJq;fp
vd;gzpe;j
vd;G + mzpe;j
G+q;Nfhapy;
G+ + Nfhapy;
Gilj;njd;dhh; Gilj;J + vd;dhh;
vd;WUFthh; vd;W + cUFthh;
GwehD}W
kf;fl;nfy;yhk;
tpjph;gG
; w;wQ;rp
tpz;zg;gKz;L
jz;lsph;gg
; jk;
md;ngdg;gLtJ
gz;ngdg;gLtJ
ehj;njhiytpy;iy
gpzpNehAw;Nwhh;
,ay;guP hW
Ntz;bajpy;iy
rpiwapyilj;j
fz;lNghnjy;yhk;
tPLNjhwpue;Jk;
nre;jkpo;r;nry;tp
mzptjhyy;yth
mof;fpy;yh
nrt;tpjo;
mwpTz;lhk;
clw;Fz;lhk;
Nehpq;Nf
NrkKw
Njrnky;yhk;
gUtg; ngz;
frlw
vOj;njd;g
kzw;Nfzp
vOj;njd;g
fw;wwpe;jhh;
moF + ,y;yh
nrk;ik + ,jo;
mwpT + cz;lhk;
clw;F + cz;lhk;
Neh; + ,q;Nf
Nrkk; + cw
Njrk; + vy;yhk;
gUtk; + ngz;
frL + mw
vOj;J + vd;g
kzy; + Nfzp
vOj;J + vd;g
fw;W + mwpe;jhh;
Gwk; + ehd;F + E}W

kf;fl;F + vy;yhk;
tpjph;gG
; + cw;W + mQ;rp
tpz;zg;gk; + cz;L
jd;ik + fsph; + gjk;
md;G + vdg;gLtJ
gz;G + vdg;gLtJ
eh + njhiyT + ,y;iy
gpzp + Neha; + cw;Nwhh;
,ay;G + ,uz;L + MW
Ntz;baJ + ,y;iy
rpiwapy; + milj;j
fz;L + NghJ + vy;yhk;
tPL + NjhWk; + ,ue;Jk;
nrk;ik + jkpo; + nry;tp
mzptjhy; + my;yNth
4. vjph;rn
; rhy;iy vLj;njOJjy;
jkpopy; xU nrhy;Yf;Fhpa ,izahd vjph;r;nrhy;iyf; fz;lwpjNy
,g;gFjp tpdhthf mikf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,g;gFjp vspjpy; kjpg;ngz; ngwf;$bait.
mtw;iw NkYk; vspikg;gLj;j xt;nthU nrhy;Yf;Fk; ,izahd vjph;rn
; rhy;iy
njhFj;Js;Nshk;. Kd;G ,J vspjhf ,J nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ. jw;NghJ xU ghly;
nfhLf;fg;gl;L mjpy; cs;s xU thh;ji
; jf;F vjph; nrhy; Nfl;fg;gLfpwJ. me;j
nrhw;fspy; ngUk;ghz;ikahd nrhw;fs; fPNo nfhLf;fg;gl;ltw;Ws; xd;whf
,Uf;Fk;.
,aw;if
vl;lh
Kjd;ik
nraw;if
vl;ba
,Wjp
Xq;fpa
,ize;jJ
kfpo;rr
; p
jho;ej
;
gphpe;jJ> jdpj;J
Jf;fk;

PH 04146 -226417
32
ed;ik
,d;nrhy;
ntg;gk;
eQ;R
,dpa
ntz;ik
Nkij
mhpaJ
ntw;wp
,Wjp
vjph;jj
; hh;
el;G
Jd;gk;
,d;dh
kwg;gJ
ed;ik
njhd;ik
Njhd;w
tsh;rr
; p
FbauR
kfpo;rr
; p
,ize;J
tWik
GJik
cah;eN
; jhh;
ngUik
kfpo;rr
; p
Fop
tPuk;
Gfo;
,oe;jik
jz;ik
chpik
kyh;jy;
tpioe;jhh;
ngUfp
,opT
ghtk;
kd;dpg;G
mfyy;
mq;F
mry;
mlf;fk;
mb
jPik
fLQ;nrhy;>td;nrhy;
jl;gk;> Fsph;ej
;
mKjk;> kUe;J
,d;dh
fUik
Ngij
vspaJ
Njhy;tp
njhlf;fk;
tuNtw;whh;
gif
,d;gk;
,dpa
epidg;gJ
jPik
GJik
kiwa
Njf;fk;
KbauR
tUj;jk;
jzpe;J
tsik
goik
jho;eN
; jhh;
rpWik
Jf;fk;
NkL
Nfhio
,fo;
ngw;wik
ntk;ik
mbik
Ftpjy;
ntWj;jhh;
mUfp> RUq;fp
cah;T
Gz;zpak;
xWg;G (jz;bg;G)
fpl;Ljy;
,q;F
efy;
mlq;fhik
Kb
milg;G
mz;ik
mikjp
mus;
myh;jy;
mt;tplk;
mwk;
Mf;fk;
Mq;F
Mir
Mjp
Mz;lhs;
Mz;L
,ir
,zq;F
,k;ik
,d;dhh;
,dpaJ
<jy;
<uk;
<thh;
cl;gif
cz;ik
cj;jkd;
cgfhuk;
cUtk;
ctj;jy;
cs;sJ
cwT
Cly;
vhpjy;
Vw;wk;
VW
xUik
xhpf
xsp
xd;Wf
Xq;Fjy;
fQ;rk ;
fyf;fk;
fw;wy;
fdT
fhf;f
fhg;ghw;W
jpwg;G
Nra;ik
Fog;gk;
kus;
Ftpjy;
,t;tplk;
kwk;
NfL
<q;F
epuhir
me;jk;
mbik
<z;L
tir
gpzq;F
kWik
,dpahh;
,d;dhjJ
Vw;wy;
twl;rp
<ahh;
Gwg;gif
,d;ik> ngha;
mjkd;
cgfhuk;
mUtk;
fha;jy;
,y;yJ
may;
$ly;
mhpJ
jho;T
,wq;F
gd;ik
jsph;f
,Us;
tpyFf
xLq;Ff
jhuhsk;
njspT
fy;yhik
edT
tpLf
iftpL

PH 04146 -226417
33
fhuzk;
fhyk;
Fzk;
FiwT
$ly;
nfhL
nfhLik
nfhs;
rQ;ryk;
rj;jk;
re;J
ruk;
rhf;fpuij
rhe;jk;
rhuk;
Rgk;
Ruh;
Rth;ff
; k;
nrq;Nfhy;
Nrh;f
jf;f
jf;fhh;
jl;gk;
jz;zhP ;
jkh;
jtk;
jOT
J}uk;
njspT
njhif
ey;top
ew;Fzk;
Nerk;
gUj;jy;
gs;sk;
ghl;lhsp
ghtk;
jf;fhh;
gpbj;jy;
gpzf;fk;
Gfo;
ngWik
Ngjk;
ngha;
mfhuzk;
mfhyk;
Fw;wk;
epiwT
gphpjy;
thq;F
nrk;ik
nfhL
JzpT
mikjp
epre;J
mruk;
mrhf;fpuij
cf;fpuk;
rf;if
mRgk;
mRuh;
eufk;
nfhLq;Nfhy;
gphpf
jfhjd
jftpyhh;
ntg;gk;
nte;ehP ;
gpwh;
mtk;
js;S
rkPgk;
kf;fk;
tphp
my;top
jPfF
; zk;
gif
rpWj;jy;
NkL
Kjyhsp
Gz;zpak;
jftpyhh;
tpLj;jy;
,zf;fk;
,fo;
rpWik
mNgjk;
nka;
Nghw;W
kq;fyk;
kq;fyk;
kq;fyp
kq;Fjy;
klik
kbj;jy;
kUs;
kyh;rr
; p
kyh;jy;
kiwjy;
KdpT
nkd;ik
Nkd;ik
tsh;jy;
tisjy;
tho;f
tpUg;G
gz;gpyhd;
Xa;T
gifth;
Nehjy;
te;jhd;
epiw
itjy;
Kw;gfy;
ez;gfy;
fspg;G
jpd;ik
cilik
Gyik
ntl;fp
tQ;rp
copiQ
Jk;ig
mUF
ey;twpT
,ir
md;Gilahh;
mUshsh;
,Uk;ik
goik
tPud;
,fo;eJ
;
J}w;W
mkq;fyk;
mkq;fyk;
mkq;fyp
xsph;jy;
Gyik
tphpj;jy;
njUs;
Rspg;G
$k;Gjy;
ntspg;gly;
fdpT
td;ik
fPoi
; k
Nja;jy;
epkph;jy;
tPof
;
ntWg;G
gz;Gilahd;
ciog;G
ez;gh;
jzpjy;
te;jpyd;
Fiw
Gfo;jy;
gpw;gfy;
es;spuT
vhpr;ry;> Jauk;
neha;ik
tWik
klik
fue;ij
fhQ;rp
nehr;rp
thif
ngUF
jPawpT
,fo;
md;gpyhh;
mUspyhh;
,d;gk;
GJik
Nfhio
Gfo;eJ
;

PH 04146 -226417
34
,sik
,fo;rr
; p
xsp
Xq;Fk;
kyh;jy;
,dpa
KJik
Gfo;rr
; p
,Us;
jhOk;
$k;gy;
,d;dhj
,ir
,uj;jy;
%Njtp
Xq;fpaJ
MLc
tir
<jy;
rPNjtp
jho;ej
; J
kf^c
5. nghUe;jhr; nrhy;iyf; fz;lwpjy;

wpjy;:;
,ij nghUj;jtiu E}y; E}yhrpupah; Nghd;wtw;iw ehk; njhpe;J itg;gjpy;
,Ue;Jk; ,yf;fzj;jpy; ekf;F ,Uf;Fk; njspit itj;Jk; tpil mspf;fyhk;.
,tw;Ws; Mw;Wg;gil E}y; vJ ,y;iy?
m.jpUKUfhw;Wg;gil
M.kiygLflhk;
,.rpWghzhw;Wg;gil
<. neQ;rhw;Wg;gil
,jpy; neQ;rhw;Wg;gil
gil vd;gJ Ky;iyg;ghl;bd; NtW ngau;
ngau. kiygLflhk; vd;gJ
$j;juhw;Wg;gil.vdNt
neQ;rhw;Wg;gil ,jd; tpil.
il
tpil
,J Nghd;Nw Nfs;tpfs; Nfl;fg;gLk;.
6. gpio ePff
; k;
k:
thf;fpaq;fisg; gpioapd;wp vOj ifahs Ntz;bait :1. cah;jpiz vOtha; cah;jpiz gadpiyiag; ngw;W tUk;.
mJNghd;W m/wpid vOtha; m/wpid gadpiy ngw;W tUk;.
2. ghy; mwpe;J mjw;Nfw;w tpidKw;iwg;gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
3. vOtha; xUikahfNth> gz;ikahfNth te;jhy; tpidKw;Wk;
mt;thW mika Ntz;Lk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs;
1.mz;zd; tUfpwJ gpio
mz;zd; tUfpwhd; - jpUj;jk;.
2. Fapy;fs; ghbaJ - gpio
Fapy;fs; ghbd
ghbd rhp.
3. mYtyh;fs; gyh; te;jhh;fs; - gpio
mYtyh;fs; gyh; te;jdh; - jpUj;jk;.
4. jpyftjpah; te;jhd; - gpio
jpyftjpahh; te;jhh;
hh - jpUj;jk;.
5. vd; Gj;jfk; ,Jty;y gpio
vd; Gj;jfk; ,Jtd;W jpUj;jk;.
6. mtd; khztd; my;y gpio
mtd; khztd; md;W jpUj;jk;.
7. fe;jd; ,d;W xU Gjpa E}y; xd;W thq;fpdhd; - gpio
fe;jd; ,d;W GjpaE}y; xd;W thq;fpdhd; - jpUj;jk;.
8. jiyth; ehis te;jhh; - gpio
jiyth; ehis tUthh;
tUthh - jpUj;jk;.
9. Mikfs; Ntfkhf XlhJ gpio
Mikfs; Ntfkhf Xlh jpUj;jk;
10. ejpfs; Njhd;Wkplj;jpy; rpwpajhf ,Uf;Fk; - gpio
ejpfs; Njhd;Wkplj;jpy; rpwpadthf ,Uf;Fk;
k - jpUj;jk;.
gpio
jpUj;jk;
PH 04146 -226417
35
jd;
jk;
xt;nthU
xt;Nthh;
vd;w
vDk;
xUik gd;ik gpiofis ePfF
; jy;
xUik : xUik vd;gJ xd;iw kl;Lk; Fwpg;gJ xUikaha; vOtha; mikAk;
NghJ gadpiy xUikahf mika Ntz;Lk;.
(v.fh) kuq;fs; rha;ej
; d> khztd; te;jhd;. khzth;fs; te;jdh;.
jd;ikg;ngah; :
xUik
ahd;
ehd;
gd;ik
ahk;> ahq;fs;
ehk;> ehq;fs;
Kd;dpiyg; ngah;
xUik
gd;ik
eP
ePh>; ePqf
; s;
glh;fi
; fg; ngah;
xUik
mtd;>mts;
mJ
jk;gp
jq;if
fz;
ehp
gpio
mitfs;
mJfs;
vdJ kfd;
xU Ch;
ehl;fs;
rpy mwpQh;
mtd; my;y
mts; my;y
gd;ik
mth;fs;
mit
jk;gpkhh;
jq;ifkhh;
fz;fs;
ehpfs;
jpUj;jk;
mit
mJ
vd; kfd;
Xh; Ch;
ehs;fs;
mwpQh; rpyh;
mtd; my;yd;
mts; my;yd;
gpio
jpUj;jk;
nghJtop my;y
nghJ top md;W
rpy mwpQh;
mwpQh; rpyh;
mth;fs; my;y
mth;fs; my;yh;
mit md;W
mJ md;W
mJ
m/J
chpikahdJ
chpikahdJ
ahd; jhk;te;Njd;
ahd; jhd; te;Njd;
ehd; jhk; nrd;Nwd;
ehd; jhd; nrd;Nwd;
ePh; jhd; nfhLj;jPh;
ePh; jhk; nfhLj;jPh;
mit jhd; xbd
mit jhk; xbd
xUik
gd;ik
md;W
my;y
jhd;
jhk;
xU> mJ vd;w nrhy;iyaLj;J KjnyOj;J caph;
vOj;jhf cs;s nrhy; te;jhy; xU xh;
xh; vd;Wk; mJm/J vd;Wk; tUk;.
PH 04146 -226417
36
xt;nthU vd;Dk; nrhy;iyaLj;J xUikr;nrhw;fNs tu Ntz;Lk;.
t*cr; nrhw;fs; ePff

; k;
mlkio
mJfs;
mUthkid
mUfhikapy;
mtuf;fha;
mfz;l
mz;zhf;fapW
mj;jpdp
mWtWg;G
,lJgf;fk;
tyJg;gf;fk;
milkio
mit
mhpths;kid
mUfpy;
mtiuf;fha;
mfd;w
miuQhd; fapW
mj;jid
mUtUg;G
,lg;gf;fk;
tyg;gf;fk;
,Uk;gy;
,wr;rp
xl;liu
vfid>nkhid
flg;ghiw
fhf;fh
fUNtw;gpy;iy
Nfhlhyp
ifkhW
jhg;ghs;
jhthuk;
,Uky;
,iwr;rp
xl;lil
vJif>Nkhid
flg;ghiu
fhf;if
fUNtg;gpiy
Nfhlhhp
ifk;khW
jho;gg
; hs;
jho;thuk;
kuGj; njhlh;fis thf;fpaj;jpy; mikj;jy;

1. mtiy epidj;J cuiy ,bj;jy; - xd;iw vz;zp kw;nwhd;iwr; nra;jy;.
2. vLg;ghh; ifg;gpis ahh; nrhd;dhYk; mijf; Nfl;L elg;gtd;.
3. Vl;Lr;Riuf;fha; fwpf;FjthJ gbj;jJ mg;gbNa tho;Tf;Fk; gad;ghlhJ.
4. Xiyte;J tpl;lJ - Miz fpilj;jJ tpl;lJ.
5. rPlL
; fpoe;J tpl;lJ Ntiy Ngha; tpl;lJ.
6. fapW jphpf;fpwhd; - ,y;yhjijr; nrhy;fpwhd;.
7. jhsk; NghLfpwhd; - Jd;gg; gLfpwhd;.
8. gQ;rhfg; gwf;fpwhd; - nghUspd;wp miyfpwhd;.
9. fq;F fiuapy;iy vy;iy ,y;iy.
10. nfhb fl;bg;gwj;jy; - jdpg;GfNohL tho;jy;.
11. Nfhapy; ngUr;rhsp nghJ nrhj;ijj; jpUbj; jpd;gtd;.
12. rq;fg; gyif tphpe;J midtUf;Fk; ,lk; nfhLg;gJ.
13. Gj;jfg; g+r;rp cyf mwptpd;wp E}ywpT kl;LNk cs;std;.
14. kjpy; Nky; g+id epr;rak; ,y;yhj epiy.
15. kiyNawptpl;lJ gioa gof;fk; kiwe;J tpl;lJ.
16. kdg;ghy; Fbj;jy; - fw;gid nra;jy;
17. Kjiyf; fz;zhP ; - ngha; mOif Vkhw;Wjy;
18. Mfhaj; jhkiu - ,y;yhj xd;W.
19. mbahj khL gbahJ.
20. Mw;wpy; Nghl;lhYk; mse;J NghL.
21. cg;gpl;ltiu cs;sdTk; epid.
22. vhpfpw tPlb
; y; gpLq;fpdJ kpr;rk;.
23. xU ghid Nrhw;Wf;F xU NrhW gjk;.
24. Js;fpw khL nghjp Rkf;fhJ.
25. ke;jpuk; fhy; kjp Kf;fhy;.
26. kpd;Dtnjy;yhk; nghd;dy;y.
27. tpijnad;Wk; Nghlr; Riunahd;W Ki;sf;fhJ.
gpwnkhopr; nrhw;fis ePff

; p vOJf.
PH 04146 -226417
37
gpwnkhop jkpo;
cj;juT
mq;fj;jpdh;
mjpfhhp
mjpgh;
me;jpah;
mgpN~fk;
Mg+h;tk;
mh;jj
; k;
myq;fhuk;
mtruk;
mDkjp
Mgj;J
Muk;gk;
Muhjid
,Ujak;
rpfpr;ir
rpj;jpuk;
rpd;dk;
jpdrhp
jPgk;
e~;lk;
ehafd;
epGzh;
fhfpjk;
fl;lis
cWg;gpdh;
mYtyh;
jiyth;
mayhh;
FlKOf;F
GJik
nghUs;
xg;gid
tpiuT
,irT
,lh;
njhlf;fk;
topghL
neQ;R
kUj;Jtk;
Xtpak;
milahsk;
ehs;NjhWk;
tpsf;F
,og;G
jiytd;
ty;Yeh;
jhsp
gpwnkhop jkpo;
[hkPd;
gpiz
cgNahfk; gad;
cw;rhfk;
Cf;fk;
ftdk;
fUj;J
Fkhud;
Gjy;td;
Nfhgk;
rpdk;
tpQ;Qhdk; mwptpay;
tpujk;
Nehd;G
rhtp
jpwTNfhy;
re;jh
fl;lzk;
[hjp
,dk;
rq;fk;
kd;wk;
re;Njfk;
Iak;
rgjk;
#Siu
rhpj;jpuk;
tuyhW
gak;
mr;rk;
ghPli
; r
Njh;T
gpur;rid
rpf;fy;
Gj;jp
mwpT
Nghjid
fw;gpj;jy;
ke;jphp
mikr;rh;
Kf;fpak;
Kjd;ik
ikjhdk;
jply;
rpghhpR
ghpe;Jiu
kuGr; nrhw;fs;:tpyq;Ffspd; ,sikg; gaph;fs;

mzpw;gps;is
fPhpg;gps;is
rpq;ff;FUis
Gypg;gwo;
ahidf;fd;W
khd;fd;W
vUikf;fd;W
Fjpiuf;Fl;b
eha;fF
; l;b
g+idf;Fl;b
Ml;Lf;Fl;b
Fuq;Ff;Fl;b
fOijf;Fl;b
gd;wpf;Fl;b
vypf;Fl;b
tpyq;Ffspd; thoplq;fs;
Ml;Lg;gl;b
Fjpiuf;nfhl;by;
Nfhopg;gz;iz
khl;Lj;njhOtk;
ahidf;$l;lk;
thj;Jg;gz;iz
tpyq;F gwit ,dq;fspd; xypkuG

Me;ij myWk;
fOij fj;Jk;
fhf;if fiuAk;
fpsp; NgRk;
ML fj;Jk;
vUJ vf;fhskpLk;
Fuq;F myg;Gk;
Fjpiu fidf;Fk;
Fapy; $Tk;
Nfhop nfhf;fhpf;Fk;
rpq;fk; Koq;Fk;
g+id rPWk;
vyp fPrr
; pLk;
$if FoWk;
jhtu cWg;Gg; ngah;fs;

<r;r Xiy
jhio kly;
ehpCisapLk;
Gyp cWKk;
kapy; mfTk;
ahid gpspWk;
Nrty; $Tk;
Gwh FDFk;
tz;L KuYk;
gidNahiy

PH 04146 -226417
38
Nrhsj;jl;il
khtpiy
Ntg;ge;jio
njd;idNahiy
%q;fpy; ,iy
fKfq;$e;jy;
fha;fspd; ,sepiy
mtiug;gpQ;R
njd;dq;FUk;ig
gyh ,iy
thio ,iy
khtL
thiof;fr;ry;
KUq;ifgpQ;R
nts;shpg;gpQ;R
nrb nfhb kuq;fspd; njhFg;gplk;

Myq;fhL
fk;gq;nfhy;iy
gde;Njhg;G
rTf;Fj;Njhg;G
Nrhsf;nfhy;iy
gyhj;Njhg;G
njd;de;Njhg;G
Njapiyj;Njhl;lk;
g+e;Njhl;lk;
nghUs;fspd; njhFg;G
Ml;Lke;ij
jpuhl;irf; Fiy
khl;Lke;ij
fw;Ftpay;
Ntyq;fhL
ahidf;$l;lk;
rhtpf;nfhj;J
gRepiy
itf;Nfhw;Nghh;
nghUSf;Nfw;w tpidkuG
NrhWcz;
gok; jpz;
Nfhyk; ,L
jP %l;L
mk;G va;jhh;
ePhf
; F
; b
ghl;Lg;ghL
japh; fil
glk; tiu
Mil nea;jhh;
ghy;gUF
ftif ,aw;W
$iu Nta;
ckpfUf;fpdhd;>
khj;jpiutpOq;F
Xtpak; Gid
$il Kil
g+g;gwp
kuk; ntl;L
KWf;F jpd;
,yf;fz tof;F:ek; Kd;Ndhh; ve;jg; nghUis ve;jr; nrhy;yhy; toq;fp te;jdNuh> mjid
mg;gbNa ehKk; toq;fp tUtjw;F,yf;fz tof;F vd;W ngah;. ,/J ,ay;G
tof;F> jFjp tof;F vd ,Utifg;gLk;.
,ay;G tof;F
xU nghUisr; Rl;Ltjw;F> ve;jr; nrhy; ,ay;ghf tUfpwNjh> me;jr;
nrhy;yhNyNa toq;Ftij ,ay;G tof;F vd;gh;. ,jid ,yf;fzKilaJ.
,yf;fzg; Nghyp k&c vd %tifahff; $Wth;.
,yf;fzKilaJ.
,yf;fzg; gpio ,y;yhky; toq;fp tUtjid ,yf;fzKilaJ vd;gh;.
(v.fh) ahopdp ghlk; gbj;jhs;.
,yf;fzg;Nghyp
efh;gG
; wk;> fhy;tha; nfhk;G Edp Nghd;w ,yf;fzKila nrhw;fisg;
Gwefh;> tha;ff
; hy;> Edpf; nfhk;G vd khw;wp> ek; Kd;Ndhh; ,yf;fzKilaJ
Nghy toq;fp tUtij ,yf;fzg;Nghyp vd;fpNwhk;.
k&c : STUDY CIRCLE, DISTRICT EMPLOYMENT OFFICE , VILLUPURAM
PH 04146 -226417
39
jQ;rht+h; Nfhak;Kj;J}h; Nghd;w Ch;fs; jQ;ir> Nfhit vd rpije;J
tUtij k&c vd miof;fpNwhk;.
jFjp tof;F
jFjpahd nrhw;fisg; NgRtJ jFjp tof;F vd;gh;. ,/J ,lf;fulf;fy;>
kq;fyk;> F*cf;Fwp vd %tifg;gLk;.
,lf;fulf;fy;
gyh; Kd;Nd $Wtjw;F ,lh;gg
; hlhfj; Njhd;Wk; nrhw;fis ePff
; pj; jFe;j
nrhw;fshy; mg;nghUisj; njhptpg;gJ ,lf;fulf;fy; vd;gh;. rhd;whf tha; fOtp
te;Njd; vd;Dk; ,j;njhliu ePff
; p>tha;g+rp te;Njd; vdf;$Wth;.
kq;fyk;
yk :
mkq;fykhd nrhy;iy ePff
; p kq;fyk; nrhy;yhy; mg;nghUis toq;FtJ
kq;fyk; vd;gh;.
(v.fh) ,we;jtiu ,iwtdb Nrh;ej
; hh; vd;W Fwpg;gpLjy;.
F*cf;Fwp
xU FOtpdh; jkf;F kl;Lk; GhpAk; tifapy;> xU nghUSf;Ff; Fwpg;ghf
toq;Fk; ngaiuf; F*cf;Fwp vd;gh;. (v.fh) nghw;nrhy;yh; nghd;idg; gwp
vd;gh;.
Gzh;rr
; p
KUfd; te;jhd; ,j;njhlhpy; te;Js;s ,uz;L nrhw;fs; Nrh;eJ
;
xU
nghUis czh;jJ
; fpd;wd.
,tw;wpy; Kjypy; epw;Fk; nrhy; epiynkhop vd;Dk; mjNdhL te;J
NrUk; nrhy; tUnkhop vd;Wk; toq;fg;gLk;.
,t;thW epiynkhopAk; tUnkhopAk; Nrh;tij my;yJ ,iztijg;
Gzh;rr
; p vd;fpNwhk;.
nghd; + kiy = nghd;kiy
thio + kuk; =
thiokuk;
Gzh;rr
; pia gy tifahff; $wyhk;.
- ,ay;Gg; Gzh;rr
; p
- tpfhug; Gzh;rr
; p
- nka; <w;Wg; Gzh;rr
; p
- Fw;wpaypfug; Gzh;rr
; p
- Fw;wpaYfug; Gzh;rr
; p
- ,ay;> gPW> tpjpaPW Gzh;rr
; p
- gz;Gg; ngah;g; Gzh;rr
; p
vdf;$wyhk;. ,jid tphpthff; fhzyhk;.
,ay;Gg; Gzh;rr
; p
PH 04146 -226417
40
kyh; + khiy = kyh; khiy
gid + kuk; = gidkuk;
,tw;wpy; epiy nkhopNah> tUnkhopNah vt;tpj khw;wKk; ,d;wpg;
Gzh;e;Js;sd. vdNt ,ay;G Gzh;rr
; p vd;fpNwhk;.
fly; +miy = flyiy
,jpy; epiynkhop ,Wjpapy; cs;s y; vd;Dk; nka;naOj;NjhL> tUnkhop
Kjypy;
cs;s
m
vd;Dk;
caph;
vOj;J
Nrh;e;J
y
vd;Dk;
caph;nka;naOj;jhfpg;Gzh;e;Js;sJ.
nka;naOj;Jld; caph; vOj;J Nrh;e;J caph; nka; naOj;jhdJ ,ay;ghd
epfo;T. mJ Nghy y;+m = y vd;W caph; nka;ahfpr; Nrh;ej
; jhy; ,JTk;
,ay;Gg; Gzh;rr
; pNa vd;W njhpe;J nfhs;syhk;.
tpfhug; Gzh;rr
; p
epiynkhopAk; tUnkhopAkhfpa ,U nrhw;fs; GzUk; NghJ ,ilapy; rpy
khw;wq;fs; epfoyhk;. me;j khw;wq;fis tpfhuk; vd;gh; epiynkhopf;Fk;
tUnkhopf;Fk; ,ilapy; xU Gjpa vOj;J Njhd;wyhk;. epiynkhop <w;wpy;
XnuOj;J kw;Nwhh; vOj;jhfj; jphpayhk;. epiynkhopapd; <w;wpYk; tUnkhopapd;
KjypYk; cs;s ,U vOj;Jf;fSNk NtWgl;Lj; jphpe;J tplyhk;. XnuOj;J
nflyhk;. ,t;thW rpytif khw;wq;fSld; GzUk; Gzh;rr
; pia tpfhug; Gzh;rr
; p
vd;gth;.
Njhd;wy; tpfhuk;
kh + fha; = khq;fha; (q; Njhd;wpaJ)
thio + gok; = thiog;gok; (g; Njhd;wpaJ)
jphpjy; tpfhuk;
gy; +nghb = gw;nghb (epiynkhop <w;W y;w MdJ)
fy; + J}z; = fw;W}z; (epiynkhop <w;W y;w;w MdJ) tUnkhoP J}>E}
MdJ)
nfLjy; tpfhuk;
kuk; + Nth; = kuNth; (epiynkhop <w;W k; nfl;lJ)
epiynkhopahfTk;> tUnkhopahfTk; mikAk; nrhw;fspd; KjypYk; ,WjpapYk;
mikAk; vOj;Jf;fis mwpjy; Njit. ,t;ntOj;Jf;fis caph; vdTk;
nka; vdTk; Fwpg;gpLthh;
(1) miy> Mil> ,iy> Ch;> xsp> Xiy
,it caph; vOj;ij Kjyhff; nfhz;l nrhw;fs;. ,t;thW mikAk;
nrhw;fis caph; Kjy; nrhw;fs; vd;gh;.
2) fpsp> gid> gy> miy> xsp :
,r;nrhw;fspd; <w;wpy; (,Wjpapy;) cs;s vOj;Jf;fs; sp (s;+,)> id
(d;+I)> y(y;+m)> iy (y;+I)> sp(s;+,) ,it caph;nka; vOj;Jf;fs;. capUk;
nka;Ak;
Nrh;ej
; jdhy;
cUthd.
vOj;Jf;fs;
,it
caph;nka;
vdf;
Fwpg;gpl;lhYk;. Kjypy; nka;Ak; mjd;gpd; capUk; epw;gijf; fhzyhk;. vdNt
fpsp> gid> gy> miy> xsp vd;Dk; nrhw;fspd; <w;wpy; caph; xypfNs
epw;fpd;wd. vdNt ,tw;iw caph; <w;Wr; nrhw;fs; vd;gh;.
3)
fly;> Nth;> ghy;> jkpo;> kz;> gy;

gy
PH 04146 -226417
41
,r; nrhw;fspd; ,Wjpapy; nka; vOj;Jf;fs; ,Uf;fpd;wd. ,jid nka;
<w;Wr; nrhw;fs; vdyhk;.
4) fly;> Nty;> ghy;> jkpo;> kz;> gy;
gy
,tw;wpd; Kjypy; vOj;Jf;fs; f(f;+m)> Nt(t;>V) gh (g;+M)> j(j;+m)>
k(k;+m) g(g;+m) ,t;thW epw;fpd;wd. ,jid nka; Kjy; nrhw;fs; vd;gh;.
nka; <w;Wg; Gzh;rr

; p
,ay;G Gzh;rr
; papy; fly;+miy vd;w nrhy; flyiy vd;W Gzh;ej
; J.
epiynkhop <w;wpy; cs;s y; vd;Dk; nka;NahL m vd;Dk; tUnkhop
Kjy; caph; Nrh;e;J y vd;Dk; caph;nka; Njhd;wpg; Gzh;ej
; J.
cly; Nky; caph; te;J Gzh;tJ ,ay;Ng vd;gJ ed;D}y; tpjp
kz; + moF = kz;zoF
gy; + moF = gy;yoF
cs; + Ch; = cs;@h;
,tw;wpy; epiynkhopfspd; <w;wpy; nka;naOj;Jf;fs; te;Js;sd. tUnkhop
Kjypy; caph; vOj;Jf;fs; te;Js;sd. Mdhy; GzUk; NghJ epiynkhopapd;
<w;wpy; cs;s nka; vOj;J ,ul;bf;fpd;wJ (kz;z; + moF> gy;y + moF>
cs;s + Ch;) gpd;dh; me;j nka;Ald; tUnkhop Kjy; caph; Nrh;fpwJ (kz;z;
+ moF kz;zoF> gy;+ moF gy;yoF> cs;s + Ch; - cs;@h;)
,t;thW jdpf;Fwpiy mLj;J tUk; nka;naOj;ij <w;wpy; nfhz;l
nrhw;fd
; >; Kd;> tUnkhop Kjypy; cs;s caph; te;J GzUk; NghJ>
epiynkhop <w;Wnka; ,ul;bj;J> ,ul;bj;jme;j nka;Ald; caph; Nrh;e;J caph;
nka;ahfpg; Gzh;e;J xypf;Fk;.
jdpf;Fwpy; Kd; xw;W caph; thpd; ,ul;Lk; vd;gJ ed;D}y; tpjp (xw;W
nka;)
clk;gLnka; Gzh;rr
; p
(caph; Kd; caph;)
fpsp+moF = fpspaoF
jP + mize;jJ = jPaize;jJ
gid + Xiy = gidNahiy
NkNy cs;s vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfspd; epiy nkhopfspd; <w;wpy; caph; vOj;Jf;fs;
epw;f> tUnkhop KjypYk; caph; vOj;Jf;fNs tUfpd;wd. ,uz;L caph;
vOj;Jf;fs; xd;Wld; xd;W Nruh. ,t;thW epiynkhopapd; <w;wpYk; tUnkhopapd;
KjypYk; caph; vOj;Jf;fs; tUk; NghJ mtw;iw xd;WgLj;jj; Njhd;Wk;
nka;naOj;jpw;F clk;gL nka; vd;W ngah;
fpsp + moF fpsp + a; + moF fpspaoF
jP + mize;J + jP+a; + mize;jJ jPaize;J
gid+Xiy gid+a; +Xiy gidNahiy
,q;F epiynkhop <w;wpy; ,><> I> vd;Dk; caph; vOj;Jf;fspy; xd;W epw;f>
tUnkhop Kjypy; caph; te;jjhy; ,ilapy; afu cLk;gLnka; (a;) Njhd;wp
tUnkhop Kjy; capUld; Nrh;ej
; J.
gy+MW = gy+t;+MW gythW
gyh+moF - gyh+t; +moF = gyhtoF
PH 04146 -226417
42
jpU+M&h; - jpU+t; +m&h; - jpUth&h;
g+ + moF g++t; +moF g+toF
Nj+Muk; - Nj+t; +Muk; - Njthuk;
NkNy cs;s nrhw;fspd; epiynkhopaPww
; y; m>M>c>C>V.X vd;Dk; caph;
vOj;Jf;fs; epw;f> tUnkhop Kjypy; caph; vOj;Jf;fs; te;jjhy; ,ilapy; tfu
clk;gL nka;(t;) Njhd;wp tUnkhop Kjy; capUld; Nrh;ej
; J
Nr+mb-Nr+t; +mb Nrtb
Nr+mb - Nr+a; +mb Nrab
epiynkhop <w;wpy; V vd;Dk; vOj;J epd;W tUnkhop Kjypy; ve;j caph;
te;jhYk;> epiynkhop <w;wpy; ,><>I vd;Dk; caph; vOj;Jf;fs; ,Ue;jhy; afu
clk;gLnka; (a;) Njhd;wpg; GzUk; epiynkhop <w;wpy; ,><> I jtpu kw;w
capnuOj;Jf;fs; Njhd;wpdhy; t ,u clk;gLnka; Njhd;Wk;.
epiynkhop <w;wy; V vd;Dk; caph; vOj;J ,Ue;jhy; a;>t; vd;Dk;
,uz;Lk; Njhd;wp GzUk;.
Fw;wpaYfug; Gzh;rr
; p
ML> ghf;F> gq;F> gapW> rhy;G> v/F ,it Fw;wpaYfuj;ij ,Wjpapy;
ngw;w nrhw;fs; vd;W mwpNthk;.
,it Nghd;w Fw;wpaYfur; nrhw;fspd; Kd; caph; vOj;ij cila nrhy;
te;J GzUtJ gw;wpg; ghh;gN
; ghk;.
tUnkhop
Kjypy;
capnuOj;J
te;jhy;>
epiynkhop
<w;Wf;
Fw;wpaYfuj;jpy; cs;s cfuk; jhd; Vwp epw;Fk; nka;naOj;ij tpl;Ltpl;L
XbtpLk;. kpFe;J epw;Fk; nka;Ald; tUnkhop Kjy; caph; Nrh;e;J GzUk;.
khL + ,y;iy khl; + ,y;iy khby;iy
nfhf;F + ,y;iy nfhf;f + ,y;iy nfhf;fpy;iy
,JNt Fw;wpaYfuj;jpd; Kd; caph; te;J GzUk; KiwahFk;.
,t;thNw Fw;wpaYfuj;ij ,Wjpapy; ngw;w nrhy;yhf ,Ue;jhYk;><w;wpy;
cs;s cfu vOj;J jhd; Vwp epw;Fk; nka;naOj;ij tpl;L tpl;L XbtpLk;. vQ;rp
epw;Fk; nka;Ald; tUnkhop Kjy; caph; Nrh;eJ
; GzUk;.
fjT + ,y;iy fjt; +,y;iy fjtpy;iy
mJ + MtJ mj; + MtJ -- mjthJ
caph;thpd; vf;Fws; nka;tpl;L XLk;> Kw;Wk; mw;W vd;gJ tpjp
(cf;Fws; - Fw;wpaYfuk; Kw;W Kw;wpaYfuk; Fw;wpaypfug; Gzh;rr
; p)
nfhf;F + ahJ nfhf;fpahJ
fjT + ahJ fjtpahJ
epiynkhop <w;wpy; Fw;wpaYfuNkh> Kw;wpaYfuNkh epw;f> tUnkhop ah
vd;Dk; vOj;ij Kjyhf cila nrhy; te;J GzUk; NghJ>cfuk; ,fukhfj;
jphpe;J GzUk;.
caph;thpd; cf;Fws; nka;tpl;L XLk;. at;thpd; ,a;ahk; Kw;Wk; mw;W xNuh top
vd;Dk; ed;D}y;; tFj;Js;s tpjpahFk;.
,ay;gW
P > tpjpaPW Gzh;rr
; p :
,iy + ed;W - ,iyed;W
PH 04146 -226417
43
kiy + nghpJ - kiynghpJ
,tw;wpy; epiynkhopfshd ,iy> kiy vd;Dk; nrhw;fspd; <w;wpy; epw;Fk;
caph; xyp ,ay;G <W vdg;gLk;. ,it tUnkhopNahL vt;tif khWghLk;
,d;wpg; Gzh;ej
; d.
Gyp + gy; - Gypg;gy;
gok; + Rit gor;Rit
Gyp> gok; vd;Dk; epiynkhopr; nrhw;fs; ty;ypd nka;ia KjhnyOj;jhf
cila nrhw;fSld; Gzh;e;Js;sd. Gyp vd;Dk; nrhy;ypd; <w;wpy; caph;
,ay;ghf epw;f tUnkhop Kjy; ty;ypdj;Jld; Nru ,ilapy; g; nka; Njhd;wpg;
Gzh;ej
; J.
,jpy;
,ay;gha;
epd;w
caph;Kd; te;j
ty;ypdk; kpFe;J
Gzh;e;Js;sJ.
tUnkhop Kjypy; ty;ypdk; te;jjdhy; epiynkhopahf mike;j gok;
vd;gjd; <w;W kfu nka; (k;) nfl;L go vd MdJ. ,g;NghJ go vd;gJ
caph; <w;W epiy nkhop Mfptpl;lJ. vdNt tUnkhop Kjypd; (Rit) nka; r;
kpf;Fg; Gzh;ej
; J. ,q;F Gzh;tjw;fhf tUnkhop Nehf;fp> epiy nkhop ,Wjp
vOj;J nfl;L> caph; <whf khwp epd;wJ. ,JNt tpjpaPW vdg;gLk;.
epiynkhop <w;wpy; ,ay;gw
P hfNth> tPjpaPwhfNth epw;Fk; capnuOj;jpd; Kd;
tUnkhopapy; f;> r;jg
; ; vd;Dk; ty;ypd nka;ia Kjy; vOj;jhf nfhz;l nrhy;
te;J GzUk;NghJ> ,ilapy; me;j nka;naOj;J kpf;Fg; GzUk; vd;gJ ,jdhy;
tpsq;FfpwJ. ,t;thW caph; <w;W epiy nkhopapd; Kd;> tUnkhop Kjy;
ty;ypdk; kpFe;J GzUk; vd;gjidNa> ed;D}y; ,ay;gpYk; tpjpapDk; epd;w
caph; Kd; frjg kpFk; vd;Dk; tpjpahy; Rl;LfpwJ.
gz;Gg; ngah;g; Gzh;rr
; p
ehk; Mtifg; ngah;r; nrhw;fis mwpNthk;. mtw;Ws; Fzg;ngah;
vd;gJk; gz;Gg; ngah; vd;gJk; xd;Nw vd mwpayhk;. ed;ik> nrk;ik> rpWik>
fUik> Kjd;ik Nghd;W ,Wjpapy; ik vd;Dk; tpFjp ngw;w gz;Gg; ngah;fs;.
tUnkhopAld; Gzh;tijNa gz;Gg; ngah;g; Gzh;rr
; p vd;fpNwhk;.
$h;ik + tha; - $h;tha;
ed;id + kzp ed;kzp
rpWik + nghjp rpWnghjp
,tw;wpy; epiynkhopahd gz;Gg;ngahpd; <w;W vOj;J (<W) nfl;Lg; Gzh;ej
; J.
Kjd;ik + ciu - %Jiu
gRik + mil ghril
,tw;wpy; epiynkhopahd gz;Gg; ngahpd; <W nfl;lJld;> Kjy; vOj;J
nebyhfpg; (Mjp ePzL
; ) Gzh;ej
; J.
gRik + jkpo; - ige;jkpo;
gRik + njhb ige;njhb
,tw;wpy; epiynkhopahd gz;Gg; ngahpd; <W nfl;lJld;> Kjypy; epd;w mfuk;
(g)> Ifhukhfpg; (ig) (mb mfuk; I Mfpg;) Gzh;ej
; J.
rpWik + Ch; - rpw;W}h;
rpWik + czT rpw;WzT
,tw;wpy; epiynkhopahd gz;Gg; ngahpd; <W nfl;lJld;> vQ;rpa
nrhy;ypd; ,ilNa mjd; nka; ,ul;bj;J (jd; xd;W ,ul;bj;Jg;) Gzh;ej
; J.
PH 04146 -226417
44
nrk;ik + fhy; - nrq;fhy; ,sik + Fotp - ,sq;Fotp
nrk;ik + nrhy; - nrQ;nrhy; mUik + nrhy; - mUQ;nrhy;
ntk;ik + ePh; - nte;ehP ;
eWik + Njd; - eWe;Njd;
nrk;ik + jkpo; - nre;jkpo;
gRik + nghd; - gRk;nghd;
,tw;wpy; epiynkhopahd gz;Gg; ngahpd; <W nfl;lJld; vQ;rpa epiynkhopapd;
nka; vOj;J jphpe;J (Kd; epd;w nka; jphpe;J) Gzh;ej
; J kw;Wk; tUnkhop
Kjypd; ,dkhd nka;naOj;J Gjpjha; Njhd;wpg; (,dk; kpFe;J) Gzh;ej
; J.
rhpahd tpiliaj; Njh;T nra;J vOJf.
1)kuNth; vd;gJ
m) Njhd;wy; tpfhuk;
M) jphpjy; tpfhuk;
,) nfLjy; tpfhuk;
<)
,ay;Gg; Gzh;rr
; p
tpil : nfLjy; tpfhuk;
2) fpspaoF vd;Dk; ,j;njhlhpy;
m)
caph;Kd; nka;te;jJ
M) caph; Kd; caph; te;jJ
,)
nka; Kd; nka; te;jJ <)
nka; Kd; caph; te;jJ
tpil : caph; Kd; caph; te;jJ
3) gonkhop vd;Dk; njhlh; vt;tif Gzh;rr
; piar; Nrh;ej
;
m)
,ay;Gg; Gzh;rr
; p
M) clk;gLnka; Gzh;rr
; p
,)
,ay;Gg; Gzh;rr
; p
<)
gz;Gg;ngah; Gzh;rr
; p
tpil : gz;Gg; ngah;g; Gzh;rr
; p
4) fjtpy;iy - ,j;njhlhpy; mike;j Gzh;rr
; p
m)
Fw;wpaYfug; Gzh;rr
; p
M) Kw;wpaYfug; Gzh;rr
; p
,)
gz;Gg;ngah; Gzh;rr
; p
<)
Fw;wpaypfug; Gzh;rr
; p
tpil : Kw;wpaYfug; Gzh;rr
; p
5) mUQ;nrhy; - ,r;nrhw;fs; Gzh;ej
; tpjk;
m)
<Wnfl;Lg; Gzh;ej
; J
M) <Wnfl;L KjnyOj;J nebyhfpg; Gzh;ej
; J
,)
<J nfl;L epiynkhopapd; nka;naOj;J tUnkhopf;F ,dkhfj; jphpe;J
Gzh;ej
; J.
<)
<W nfl;LtUnkhopapd; ,dk; kpf;Fg; Gzh;ej
; J.
tpil : <W nfl;LtUnkhopapd; ,dk; kpf;Fg; Gzh;ej
; J.
Gzh;rr
; p tifNahL vLj;Jf;fhl;ilg;
Gzh;rr
; p tif vLj;Jf;fhl;L
1.
,ay;Gg; Gzh;rr
; p
2.
Njhd;wy; tpfhuk;
3.
clk;gLnka; Gzh;rr
; p
4.
Fw;wpaYfug; Gzh;rr
; p
5.
gz;Gg; ngah;g; Gzh;rr
; p
nghUj;Jf
(m) gilnaLj;jdh; (3)
(M) cynfyhk; (4)
(,) ed;kzp (5)
(<) kz;zLg;G
(c) kyh;khiy 1
(C) md;dhrpg;gok; (2)
Ntw;
; p
Ntw;Wikg; Gzh;rr
fly; + fle;jhd; - fly; fle;jhd;
PH 04146 -226417
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,j;njhlhpy; I vd;Dk; Ntw;Wik cUG kiwe;J te;J nghUSzh;j;JfpwJ.
,t;thW Ntw;Wik cUG kiwe;J epw;f Gzh;tJ Ntw;Wik Gzh;rr
; p vdg;gLk;.
fly; + I + fle;jhd; = fliyf;fle;jhd;.
,JTk; Ntw;Wikg; Gzh;rr
; pNa MFk;. Mdhy; ,jpy; I vd;Dk; cUG
ntspg;gl;L epw;fpwJ. ,t;thW Ntw;Wik cUG ntspg;gl;L epw;gJ Ntw;Wik
tphp my;yJ Ntw;Wik njhfh njhlh; vdg;gLk;.
,t;thW Ntw;Wik cUGfs; kiwe;jhapDk; ntspg;gl;lhapDk; nrhw;fs;
Gzh;tJ Ntw;Wikg; Gzh;rr
; p vdg;gLk;.
Ntw;Wikj; njhif
Nfhapy; fl;bdhd;
Ntnywpe;jhd;
Nrhod;kfd;
kiytPoUtp
kd;dd; if
kjpw;g+id
(I) Nfhapiyf; fl;bdhd;

(My;) Ntyhnywpe;jhd;
(F) NrhoDf;F kfd;
(,d;) kiyapd; tPoUtp
(mJ) kd;ddJ if
(fz;) kjpypd; fz; g+id
,t;ntLj;Jf; fhl;LfSs;> Ntw;Wikj; njhifAk; Ntw;Wik tphpAkhf

,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik Kjy; Vohk; Ntw;Wik <whf te;Js;sik fhzyhk;. vdNt
Ntw;Wikg; Gzh;rr
; p MWtifg;gLk; vd mwpayhk;.
my;topg; Gzh;rr
; p
Ntw;Wik cUG kiwe;jNjh> ntspg;gl;Nlh tUjypd;wp m/jy;yhj topapy;
epiynkhopAk; tUnkhopAk; Gzh;tJ my;topg; Gzh;rr
; p vdg;gLk;.
(my;top Ntw;Wik my;yhtop)
my;topg; Gzh;rr
; p njhlh;fs; njhifepiyj;njhlh;> njhfh epiyj; njhlh; vd
,Utifg;gLk;.
njhifepiyj; njhlh;
1.
RL+NrhW = RLNrhW - tpidj;njhif
2.
nrk;ik+fUk;G = nrq;fUk;G gz;Gj;njhif
3.
gtsk; + tha; = gtstha; - ctikj;njhif
4.
,uT + gfy; = ,uhg; gfy; - ck;ikj;njhif
5.
nghd; + njhb = nghw;nwhb te;jhs; - md;nkhopj;njhif.
njhfhepiyj; njhlh; :
1. ,skjp + ghbdhs; = ,skjpghbdhs; - vOtha;jn
; jhlh;
2. Ntyh + th = Ntyh th = tpspj;njhlh;
3. te;j + kfd; = te;j kfd; - nganur;rj; njhlh;
4. gbj;J + Kbj;jhd; = gbj;J Kbj;jhd;.-tpidnar;rj;njhlh;
5. te;jhd; + fe;jd; = te;jhd; fe;jd; - njhpepiy tpid Kw;Wj;njhlh;
6. nghpad; + Nrud; = nghpad; Nrud; - Fwpg;G tpidKw;Wj; njhlh;
7. kw;W + xd;W = kw;nwhd;W - ,ilr;nrhw;nwhlh;
8. edp + Ngij = edpNgij chpr;nrhw;nwhlh;
9. tUf + tUf = tUf tUf mLf;Fj;njhlh;
,t;thW njhif epiyj;njhlh; Ie;Jk; njhfh epiyj;njhlh; xd;gJk; Ntw;Wik
my;yhj topapy; Gzh;ej
; ikahy; my;topg; Gzh;rr
; p Gzh;rr
; pahjiy mwpayhk;.
caphPwW
; g; Gzh;rr
; p

PH 04146 -226417
46
capnuOj;Jf;fs; gd;dpnuz;Lk;> ,ilapd nka; MWk; qfuk; xope;j
nky;ypd nka; Ie;Jk; Fw;wpaYfuk; xd;Wkhf ,Ugj;J ehd;F vOj;Jf;fs;
nrhy;ypd; <w;wpy; epw;gdthFk;.
,ay;gW
P > tPjpaPW
gyh+ Ris = gyhr;Ris
g+ + njhil = g+j;njhil
Gyp+ gy; =Gypg;gy;
gyh> g+> Gyp vd;Dk; epiynkhopfspd;
epw;gdthFk;. vdNt ,it ,ay;gW
P vdg;gLk;.
<w;nwOj;Jf;fs;
,ay;ghf
,ay;gw
P w
; pd; Kd; f>r>j>g vd;Dk; ty;ypd; nka;fisf; nfhz;l nrhw;fs;
te;J GzUk;NghJ kpFe;J Gzh;eJ
; s;sd.
ku(k;) + fpis = kuf;fpis
Fy(k;) + rpwg;G = Fyr;rpwg;G
ku(k;) + J}z; = kuj;J}z;
kuk;> Fyk; vd;Dk; epiynkhopfs; Gzh;rr
; pf;fhf <w;nwOj;J nfl;L ku>
Fy vd epw;fpd;wd. ,tw;wpd; <w;wpYs;s m vd;Dk; vOj;J ,ay;ghdjd;W>
Gzh;rr
; pf;fhf khWgl;Ls;sJ. ,jid tpjpaPW vd;gth;.
tpjpaPww
; pd; Kd; f>r>j>g vd;Dk; ty;ypd nka;naOj;Jf;fs; te;jhy;
kpFe;J Gzh;e;Js;sd.
,ay;gpDk; tpjpapDk; epd;w caph;Kd;
frjg kpFk; tpj thjd kd;Nd
- ed;D}y; 165
caphPw;
wW
; kug;ngah; Kd; ty;ypdk; :
fs + fdp = fsq;fdp
kh + nrb = khQ;nrb
fs + gok; = fsk;gok;
kh + jsph; = khe;jsph;
Ntw;Wikg; Gzh;rr
; papy;> capnuOj;ij <w;wpy; nfhz;Ls;s kug;ngah;fspd;
Kd;dh; tUk; ty;ypdk; kpfhJ> nky;ypd nka; Njhd;wg; GzUk;.
thio + fha; = thiof;fha;
gyh + Ris = gyhr;Ris
nfhd;iw + jsph; = nfhd;iwj;jsph;
nfha;ah+ gok; = nfha;ahg;gok;
,t;thW caphPwW
;
kug;ngah; Kd; te;j ty;ypdk; kpFe;j czUk;. ,J
Ntw;Wikg; Gzh;rr
; papd; nghJ tpjpahFk;. (,ay;tpDk; tpjpapDk; frjg kpFk;)
caph; Kd; Q>e>k>a>t Gzh;rr
; p :
tps + Qhw;rp = tpsQhw;rp
rpy + ez;Lfs; = rpyez;Lfs;
gyh + kuk; = gyhkuk;
g+ + ahJ = g+ahJ
Nfh + tPoe
; j
; J = NfhtPoe
; j
; J
capnuOj;ij <w;wpy; nfhz;l epiy nkhopfspd; Kd; tUnkhopapy; Q> e>
k>a>t vDk; vOj;Jf;fs; Kjyhf te;jhy; ,ay;ghfg; GzUk;.
tpdhr;Rl;bd; Kd; ehw;fzk; Gzh;jy; :
PH 04146 -226417
47
v-tpdh vOj;J> m>,-Rl;nlOj;Jf;fs; ehw;fzk; - capnuOj;J> ty;ypd>
nky;ypd ,ilapd vOj;Jf;fs;)
capnuOj;J Gzh;jy;
v + mzp = vt;tzp
m + Mil = mt;thil
, + ,iy = ,t;tpiy
vfu tpdh> m>,> vDk; Rl;L vOj;Jfspd;
capnuOj;J tu tfuk; Njhd;wpg; Gzh;ej
; J.
ty;ypdk; Gzh;jy;
v + fly; = vf;fly;
v + rl;il = vr;rl;il ty;ypdk; kpFe;J Gzh;ej
; J
, +njU = ,j;njU
Kd;
nky;
; pdk; Gzh;jy;
nkyy
v + kiy = vk;kiy
m + ehL =me;ehL
nky;ypdk; kpFe;J Gzh;ej
; J
, + Qhyk; = ,Q;Qhyk;
tpdh> Rl;nlOj;Jf;fspd;Kd; ty;ypdk;> nky;ypdk;
mtw;wpd; nka;fNs kpf;F te;Js;sd.
tUnkhop
te;J
Kjypy;
GzUk;NghJ
,ilapdk; Gzh;jy;
v + ahf;if = vt;tif
m + ahid = mt;ahid t fu nka; Njhd;wpaJ
, + ahid = ,t;ahid
v + tPL = vt;tL
P
m + top = mt;top t fuk;
, + tz;b = ,t;tz;b
kpFe;J Gzh;ej
; J
tpdh> Rl;nlOj;Jf;fspd; Kd; afuk; te;jhy; ,ilapy;

Njhd;Wk; tfuk; te;jhy; mjd;nka;naOj;J kpFe;jJ tUk;.
tfu
nka;
gyrpy vd;gtw;wpy; Gzh;rr

; p
gy + gy = gygy
rpy + rpy = rpy rpy ,ay;ghfg; Gzh;e;Js;sd.
gy + gy = gyg;gy
rpy + rpy = rpyr;rpy tUnkhop Kjypy; cs;s ty;ypdk; kpf;fJ.
gy + gy = gw;gy
rpy + rpy = rpw;rpy
epiynkhopaPww
; py; cs;s mfuk; nfl;L> yfunka; wfu nka;ahdJ.
,t;thW> gy> rpy vd;Dk; nrhw;fs; jk;Kld; jhk; tUkhapd> ,ay;ghfTk;>
ty;ntOj;Jfs; yfunka; wfu nka;ahfj; jphpe;Jk; GzUk;.
gy + fiy gyfiy> gy;fiy
PH 04146 -226417
48
gy
gy
gy
gy
gy
rpy
rpy
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
rhiy - gyrhiy> gy;rhiy

njhil gynjhil> g/nwhil
kyh; - gykyh;> gd;kyh;
ehL gyehL> gd;dhL
tz;b gytz;b> gy;tz;b
tis rpytis> rpy;tis
mzp - rpytzp> rpy;tzp
,t;thW gy> rpy vd;dk; nrhw;fspd; Kd; gpw

epiynkhopapd; mfuk; nfl;L GzUk;> nflhkYk; GzUk;.
nrhw;fs;
te;jhy;>
g+g;ngah; Kd; ty;ypdk; Gzh;jy;

g+
g+
g+
g+
+
+
+
+
nfhb g+q;nfhb
Nrhiy g+Q;Nrhiy> g+r;Nrhiy
jlk; - g+j;jlk;> g+e;jlk;
giz g+g;giz> g+k;giz
,t;thW g+ vd;Dk;
XuOj;njhL nrhy;ypd; Kd; ty;ypdk; kpFe;J GzUk;
mj;Jld; tUnkhop Kjypd; ,dkhfpa nky;ypdk; kpFe;Jk; GzUk;.
nka;aw
P W
; g; Gzh;rr
; p
nka;aw
P w
; pd; Kd; caph;
caph
Njhd;wy; + mofd; - Njhd;wyofd;
Njh; + XLk; - NjNuhLk;
Nty; + vwpe;jhd; - Ntnywpe;jhd;
Gfy; + ,lk; - Gfyplk;
Ch; + mfd;whd; - Cufd;whd;
kzy; + Cw;W kzY}w;W
my;top
Ntw;Wik
,t;thW epiynkhopaPwW
;
nka;Ak; tUnkhop Kjypy; cs;s capUk; xd;wpg;
Gzh;ej
; J.
jdpf;Fwpy; Kd; Xw;W
fz; + ,uz;L fz; + z; + ,uz;L fz;zpuz;L
nghz; + cz;L nghd; +d; +cz;L nghd;Dz;L
tpz; + mfk; - tpz; +z; +mfk; - tpz;zfk;
kpd; +xsp kpd; +d; +xsp kpd;ndhsp
fz;> nghd;> tpz;> kpd; vd;Dk; epiynkhopfspy; jdpf;FwpNyhL xw;wike;j
nrhw;fshFk;. ,k;nka;aw
P W
;
nkhopfspd; Kd; caph; te;jhy;> epiynkhopapd;
<w;Wnka; ,ul;bj;Jg; GzUk;.
jdpf;Fwpy; Kd; xw;(W) caph;thpd; ,ul;Lk;
- ed;D}y; 20

PH 04146 -226417
49
Nts; + ahtd; - Ntspahtd;
kz; + ahJ kz;zpahJ
my;top
Nts; + ahid - Ntspahid

kz; + ahid kz;zpahid
Ntw;Wik
my;topapYk; Ntw;WikapYk; epiynkhopaPww

; py; afuk; my;yhj gpwnka;fs;
epd;W> tUnkhop Kjypy; afuk; tu ,ilapy; Njhd;wpg; GzUk;.
zfu dfu <W
kz; + ghz;lk; - kl;ghz;lk;
nghd; + rpyk;G nghw;rpyk;G
tUnkhop Kjy; ty;ypdk;
nghd; + kjpy; - nghd;kjpy;

kz; + tsk; - kz;tsk;
tUnkhop Kjy; nky;ypdk;
nghd; + tisay; - nghd;tisay;-tUnkhop Kjy; ,ilapdk;

,t;thW Ntw;Wikg; Gzh;rr
; papy; zfu> dfu <Wfs; tUnkhop Kjypy;
ty;ypdk; te;J GzUk; NghJ z fuk; lfukhfTk;>dfuk; wfukhfTk; jphpe;jd.
nky;ypdKk; ,ilapdKk; te;J GzUk;NghJ ,ay;ghapd.
kz; + fbJ kz;fbJ
nghd; rpwpJ nghd;rpwpJ
kz; + khz;lJ kz;khd;lJ
kz; + typJ kz;typJ
my;topg; Gzh;rr
; papy; zfu> dfu <Wfs; tUnkhop Kjypy; ty;ypdk;> nky;ypdk;>
,ilapdk; tu ,ay;ghapd.
afu wfu ofu <W
Nta; + fbJ Nta;fbJ
Nth; + rpwpJ Nth;rpwpJ
aho; + jPJ aho;jJ
P
my;top
nka; + fPhj
; j
; p nka;ff
; hP j
; j
; p
fhh; + gUtk; - fhh;gg
; Utk;
aho; + fUtp aho;ff
; Utp
my;top
epiynkhopaPww
; py; tUk; afu> ufu> ofu nka;fspd; Kd;> tUnkhop Kjypy; tUk;
f>r>j>g my;topapy; ,ay;ghfTk; kpf;F Gzh;e;Js;sd.
eha; + fhy; - eha;ff
; hy;
Njh; + jl;L Njh;jj
; l;L
Ntw;Wik
aho; + NfhL aho;fN
; fhL
Nta; + Foy; - Nta;fF
; oy;> Nta;qF
; oy;
Mh; + NfhL Mh;fN
; fhL> Mh;qN
; fhL
Ntw;Wik
kfpo; + NfhL kfpo;fN
; fhL> kfpo;qN
; fhL
PH 04146 -226417
50
epiynkhopaPww
; py; tUk; a>u>o nka;apd; Kd; ty;ypdk; tu Ntw;Wikapy;
kpf;Fk;. ,d vOj;NjhL capnuOj;Jk; GzUk;.
yfu sfu nka;Kd; ty;ypdk;
fy; + Fif fw;Fif
Ks; + nrb Ks;nrb
nrhy; + nghpJ nrhy;nghpJ> nrhw;nghpJ
vs; +rpwpJ vs;rpwpJ> vl;rpwpJ
my;top
yfu> sfu nka;fspd; Kd; ty;ypdk; tu Ntw;Wikg; Gzh;rr

; papy; yfuk;
wfukhfTk;> sfuk; lfukhfTk; jphpe;jd. my;topapy; xU fhy; ,ay;ghfTk; xU
fhy; jphpe;Jk; Co;ej
; d.
yfu sfu nka;Kd; nky;ypdk;
pdk
nrhy; + khz;lJ nrhd;khz;lJ
vs; + khz;lJ vz;khz;lJ
my;top
nrhy; + khl;rp nrhd;khl;rp

vs; + khl;rp vz;khl;rp
Ntw;Wik
yfu> sfu nka;fspd; Kd; nky;ypdk; tu ,UtopAk; yfuk; dfukhfTk;

sfuk; zfukhfTk; jphpe;jd.
yfu sfu nka;kK
; d; ,ilapdk;
,ilapdk
nrhy; + ahJ nrhy;ahJ
vs; + ahJ vs;ahJ
my;top
nrhy; + ahg;G nrhy;ahg;G

vs; + ahg;G vs;ahg;G
Ntw;Wik
yfu> sfu nka;kK

; d; afuk; tu ,UtopAk; ,ay;ghapw;W
jpirg;ngah;g; Gzh;rr
; p
jpirg;ngah;fNshL jpirg;ngah;fNsh> gpw nrhw;fNsh te;J GzUk; NghJ
epiynkhopapd; ,WjpapYs;s cahpnka;naOj;Jk; ffu xw;Wk; (f;) ePqf
; pg;
GzUk;.
epiynkhopapw;W caph;nka; ePqf
; pa gpd; wfuk; (w;) dfukhfNth(d;)
yfukhfNth (y;) jphpe;Jk; GzUk;.
njw;F + Nkw;F njd;Nkw;F
Nkw;F + ehL Nky; + ehL Nky;ehL
kfu <w;Wg; Gzh;rr

; p
1.
kfu <w;Wr; nrhw;fs; tUnkhopNahL GzUk; NghJ ,Wjp kfuk; nfl;L
cahPW Nghy epd;W caph; Kjy; nkhopNahL clk;gLngw;W GzUk;.
(v.fh.) kuk; + mb (kfuk; nfl;L) ku + mb vd;whfp clk;gLnka; ngw;W kut;
+ mb>cly;Nky;caph;te;J xd;whtJ ,ay;Ng tpjpg;gb ku(t; +m) b-kutb vd;W
GzUk;.
PH 04146 -226417
51
2. kfu
(v-fh.)
cs;s
vd;Dk;
<W nfl;L tUnkhop Kjypy; cs;s ty;nyOj;J kpf;Fk; GzUk;.

kuk; + fhy; - <W nfl;L ku + fhy; vd;whfpg; gpd; tUnkhop Kjypy;
f fu xw;W ,ay;gpDk; tpjpapDk; epd;w caph; Kd; frjg kpFk;
tpjpg;gb ku + fhy; - kuf;fhy; vd;w GzUk;.
3. kfu <W tUnkhop KjypYs;s ty;ypdj;jpw;F ,dkhf nky;ypdkhfj; jphpe;jJ

GzUk;. (v.fh.) fhyk; + fle;jJ fhyq;fle;jJ.
8. xyp NtWghlwpe;J rhpahd nghUisawpjy;

Xyp NtWghLfis mwpe;J rhpahd nghUis fz;Lgpbj;jNy ,g;gFjp
tpdhf;fshfTk; mikfpd;wJ. jkpopy; cr;rhpg;gpy; nky;ypa khWghLila
vOj;Jf;fshd (e> d> z)> (y> s> o) (u>W) Mfpa vOj;Jf;fis ikak;
nfhz;Nl tpdhf;fs; mikfpd;wd. vdNt mit xt;nthd;iwAk; gphpj;J
tifg;gLj;jpAs;Nshk;.
jd;ik
jz;ik
typ
tsp
top
xyp
xsp
xop
,iy
,is
nkypjy;
,io
kiu
kiw
Gfo;
Gfs;
my;yp
ms;sp
kzk;
kdk;
tpiy
tpis
tpio
fid
fiz
muz;
jiy
jis
jio
mspg;gJ
mopg;gJ
fiy
fis
fio
gzp
gdp
,ay;G
Fsph;rr
; p
Jd;gk;
fhw;W
ghij
rj;jk;
ntspr;rk;
ePqF
;
Xh; cWg;G
,isj;jy;>
E}y; ,io
khd;
Ntjk;
ew;ngah;
$W
kyh;
thhpnaLj;J
- ey;ythrid
cs;sk;
gzk;
- cw;gj;jpnra;
tpUk;G
Fuy;xyp
mk;G
rptngUkhd;
rpuk;
fl;L
,iy
nfhLg;gJ
- ,y;yhkw;nra;tJ
mwpTg;gFjp>
fiyj;JtpL
ePfF
;
%q;fpy;
Ntiy
Fsph;
,Uj;jy;
,Wj;jy;
khpj;jy;
kwpj;jy;
miy
mis
mio
cyT
csT
coT
thy;
ths;
tho;
xyp
xsp
xop
fyk;
fsk;
nfhy;
nfhs;
jhy;
jhs;
jho;
typ
tsp
top
rhiy
nty;yk;
nts;sk;
Ntiy
Ntis
fsp
fop
fop
this
thio
myF
mkh;ej
; pUj;jy;
jq;fpapUj;jy;
rhjy;
jOtjy;
ePuiy
tis
$g;gpLjy;
elkhL
NtT
gaph;jn
; jhopy;
cWg;G
fUtp
tho;jy;
Xir
ntspr;rk;
ePfF
;
fg;gy;
,lk;
nfhzUjy;
ngw;Wf;nfhs;
ehf;F
ghjk;
gzpe;JNgh
typik
fhw;W
ghij>
,dpg;Gf;fl;b
ePh;
gzp
nghOJ
kfpo;rr
; p
jb
cg;gq;fop
kPdt
; if
jhtuk;
gwit%f;F

PH 04146 -226417
52
msF
moF
myk;
msk;
My;
Ms;
Mo;
Myp
Msp
Mop
csp
cop
ciy
cis
cio
cy;F
csF
vy;
vs;
fyq;F
foq;F
tpisahl;Lg;
nghUs;
fhyp
fhsp
fhop
fpstp
fpotp
Fsk;G
Fok;G
$yp
nfhiy
Nfhy;
fyp
$yp
$sp
nfhiy
nfhis
Nfhy;
Nfhs;
#iy
#is
#y;
#s;
#o;
jtiy
jtis
Jiy
Jis
Njhy;
Njhs;
eyp
esp
ey;yhh;
ngz;kapy;>
-ftpd;
fyg;ig>
cg;gsk;
Mykuk;
MSjy;
KOF
kioj;Jsp>
tpyq;F
fly;
fUtp
,lk;
ciyf;fsk;>
gplhpkaph;
khd;
Rq;fk;>
epid
gfy;>#hpad;
jhdpak;
fyf;fkiljy;>
kfsph;
gRf;$l;lk;>
nja;tk;
kyk;
nrhy;>
- KJikailjy;
- tpyq;F cWg;G
Nkhh;fF
; og;G
rk;gsk;
nfhy;Yjy;
Cd;WNfhy;
Xir
rk;gsk;>
Nga;
nfhy;Yjy;
ghl;L
Cd;WNfhy;>
Gwq;$wy;>
Neha;>
- nrq;fy;#is
fUg;gk;>
rgjk;
Rw;W
ghj;jpuk;
tpyq;F
juhR>
Jthuk;
rUkk;>
Gak;
tUe;J>
eLf;fk;
ey;yth;
es;shu;
griy
epwNtWghL>
gris
ghy;
ghs;
gho;
muk;
mwk;
mhp
mwp
eWf;F
myhp
mywp
miu
miw
Mu
Mw
,uj;jy;
,wj;jy;
Muy;
Mwy;
,iu
,iw
murd;
cuT
cwT
cuy;
cwy;
cU
cW
ciu
ciw
vhp
vwp
fhp
mLg;Gf;fhp
fwp
fiu
fiw
Fiwj;jy;
Fuq;F
Fwq;F
$iu
$iw
rPhpa
rPwpa
nrhpjy;
nrwpjy;
jhp
jwp
jpiu
jpiw
fg;gk;
gifth;
kfsph;
xU nfhb
gRk;ghy;
jho;gg
; hs;
ghohjy;
fUtp
jUkk;
jpUkhy;
- njhpe;Jnfhs;>
-
myhpg;g+
mOJ
ghjp
tPlb
; d;gFjp
epuk;g
#L jzpa
ahrpj;jy;
rhjy;
xUtifkPd;
jzpjy;
jPdp
,iwtd;>
typik
-njhlh;G> cwtpdh;
- ,bf;Fk; cuy;
nghUe;Jjy;
tbtk;
kpFjp
Ngr;R
%b
jP
tPR
ahid>
fha;fwp>
Vhpf;fiu
mOf;F
RUf;Fjy;
thduk;>
njhil
tPlL
; f;$iu>
Jzp
rpwe;j
rpde;j
rPuikjy;
jpzpj;jy;
- mzpe;Jnfhs;>
- ntl;L, nerT
miy
-epiwe;J itj;jy;

PH 04146 -226417
53
epiu
epiw
gue;j
gwe;j
guit
gwit
ghp
gwp
kU
kW
kiu
kiw
tUj;jy;
tWj;jy;
tpuy;
tpwy;
tpuF
tpwF
mUF
mwF
,Uk;G
,Wk;G
Cu
Cw
XUj;jy;
XWj;jy;
Futh;
Fwth;
kwk;
kuk;
khp
KUfp
kiu
mzy;
mdy;
Mzp
Mdp
Cd;
fzk;
fdk;
mz;zk;
md;dk;
Miz
Miz
muz;
mud;
miz
md;id
Mz;
Md;
,iz
,id
cz;zp
cd;dp
thpir
gwit
gutpa
gwit
fly;
- gwf;Fk; gwit
Fjpiu
- gwpj;Jf;nfhs;Sjy;
kzk;>
Fw;wk;> jL
khd;>jhkiu
Ntjk;
Jd;GWj;jy;
-fha;fwp tWj;jy;
iftpuy;
- ntw;wp>typik
je;jpuk;
fl;il
rkPgk;
mWfk;Gy;
Xh;cNyhfk;
FWq;fhL
- efh;eJ
; nry;y
Ruf;f
ahid
jz;bj;jy;
nghpNahh;
xU rhjpah;
tPuk;
tpUl;rk;
,we;JNgh
kUkfs;
jhkiu
jhb
neUg;G
,Uk;GMzp
jkpo;khjk;
,iwr;rp
$l;lk;
ghuk;
(Nky;tha;)
(gwit)
fl;lis
ahid
Nfhl;il
rptd;
jOT
jha;
Mz;ghy;
gR
xg;G
tUe;J
rpWcaphp
epidj;J
cz;
cd;
vz;z
vd;d
vtd;
vtd;
Viz
Vid
fz;zd;
fd;dd;
fzp
fdp
Gwk;
GwT
nghwp
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gok;
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-
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nfhil
xyp
mk;G
fhL
ghh;
tis
Fzj;ij
tplhkio
xUkiy
jdpikahd
Fiw
,ay;G

PH 04146 -226417
54
jz;ik
jpd;ik
jpz;ik
jpid
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Jzp
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NjePh;
NjdPh;
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ve;ehs;
vd;dhL
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; p
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jhdpak;
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Mil
tpiuT
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B
Njd;Nghd;w
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9. xnuOj;J xU nkhopf;F
chpa nghUisf; fz;lwpjy;
jkpopy;
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246
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42
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kl;Lk; jdpg;nghUs; cz;L. ,e;j 42
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- %d;W E}Wfs;
ey;yE}y;
- Njd;fye;j ePh;
Njapiy ePh;
kiwj;jy;;
ahid
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fd;ik (mQ;Qdk;)
Kfh;jy;> Nkhj;jy;
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ghl;L> epoy;> moF
kyh;
Eiu> moF
gRik> ifg;ig
nry;> Nghjy;
ehf;F
eP
md;G> Neak;
tUe;J> iejy;
Neha;> tUj;jk;
Nrhiy

PH 04146 -226417
55
$
if
Nfh
th
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it
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nfsTjy;
rh
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kuzk;> Nga;
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nrhy;iyj;
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vjph;nfhs;s
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; p ngw;wpUj;jy;
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xU
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; japy;
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Nth;rn
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; J
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Nfl;f> Nfl;ly;
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; hd;
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PH 04146 -226417
56
rha;ej
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;
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; J
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;
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th
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thq;F
tho;jJ
;

PH 04146 -226417
57
tpw;wdh;
tpOq;fpdh;
tpQ;Rjy;
tPoj
; j
; pdh;
ntWj;jdh;
ntd;wdh;
tpy;
tpOf;F
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; J
;
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nty;
Nt
Ntz;L
fhz;
cz;
ghL
11. Nth;rn
; rhy;iyf; nfhLj;J tpidKw;W tpidnar;rk;
tpidahyizAk; ngau; njhopw;ngaiu cUthf;Fjy;
jy.
tpidKw;W :
xU nghUs; nra;j njhopiyf; Fwpj;J te;j Kw;Wg; ngw;w nrhy; tpidKw;W
vdg;gLk;. ,J jpiz> ghy;> ,lk; Mfpatw;Wld; fhyj;ijAk; fhl;Lk;.
rf;jp gbf;fpd;whd;.
fz;zd; vOJfpwhd;
khzth;fs; tpisahLfpwhh;fs;.
khL Nka;fpwJ
gwitfs; gwf;fpd;wd.
NkNy fhZk; nrhw;nwhlh;fspy; njhopy; nra;tijf; fhl;Lk;. mjthJ
tpidiaf; fhl;Lk; nrhw;fs; ahit?
gbf;fpwhd;>
vOJfpwhd;>
tpisahLfpwhd;>
Nka;fpwJ>
gwf;fpd;wJ
Nghd;wit jhNd.
,t;thW nghUl;fspd; nraiy> ,af;fj;ij njhopiy (tpidia) czh;jJ
; k;
nrhw;fs;tpidr;nrhy; vdg;gLk;.
- tpidr;nrhy; xU nghUspd; ,af;fj;ijf; fhl;Lk;
- tpidr;nrhy; fhyj;ij czh;j;Jk;.
- tpidr;nrhy; Ntw;Wik cUig Vw;fhJ.
tpidKw;wpid njhpepiy tpidKw;W kw;Wk; Fwpg;G tpidKw;W vd ,uz;lha;
gphpf;fyhk;
njhpepiy tpidKw;W
fz;zd; fbjk; vOjpdhd;
cotd; taiy cOfpwhd;
,j;njhlh;fspy; vOjpdhd;> cOfpwhd;>
vd;w tpidr; nrhw;fs; nray; Kw;Wg; ngw;wij czh;jJ
; k; mjdhy; mit
tpidKw;Wfs; vdg;gLk;.
vOjpdhd;> cOfpwhd; vd;Dk; nrhw;fs; nra;gtd;> fUtp> epyk;> nray;> fhyk;
nra;nghUs; vd;Dk; MwpidAk; ntspg;gilahf czh;jJ
; fpd;wd.
vOjpdhd;
cOfpwhd;
nra;gtd;
fz;zd;
cotd;
fUtp
vOJNfhy;
Vh;. cotd;
epyk;
miw
tay;
nray;
vOJjy;
cOjy;
fhyk;
,we;jfhyk;
epfo;fhyk;
nra;nghUs;
fbjk;
GOjpahjy;
,t;thW njhopYk; gpwTk; ntspg;glj; njhpAkhW tUk; tpidKw;W njhpepiy
tpidKw;W vdg;gLk;.
Fwpg;G tpidKw;W :
,uhkd; ,dpad;
PH 04146 -226417
58
,j;njhlhpy;
,dpad;
vd;Dk;
nrhy;>
tpidr;
nrhy;yhFk;.
,J
njhopiyAk;> fhyj;ijAk; ntspg;gilahff; fhl;ltpy;iy. vdpDk; ,dpa gz;ig
cilatdhf. ,t;thW vdf; Fwpg;ghy; fhyj;ij czh;jJ
; fpwJ. ,t;thW
nra;gtid kl;Lk; ntspg;gilahf czh;jj
; p gpwtw;iwf; Fwpg;ghf czh;j;Jk;
tpidKw;W Fwpg;G tpidKw;W vdg;gLk;.
(v.fh)
GfNoe;jp nghd;dd; (nghUs;)
Ntyd; kJiuahd; (,lk;)
eluhrd; jpUthjpiuahd; (fhyk;)
,uhkd; ,dpad; (gz;G)
ts;sy; nrq;fz;zd; (rpid)
rutzd; ebfd; (njhopy;)
vr;rtpid
te;jhd;> ghLfpwhd;> NgRNthh;> te;j> ghLfpw NgRk; te;J vOjp> ghb
Nkw;fz;l gl;baypy; te;jhd;> ghLfpwhd; vd;Dk; nrhw;fs; nray; Kw;Wg;
ngw;wijAk; fhyj;ijAk; fhl;Ltjdhy; tpidKw;W nrhw;fs; MFk;.
te;j ghLfpw> NgRk;> te;J> vOjp> ghb Mfpa nrhw;fs; nray;Kw;Wg; ngwhJ
vQ;rp epw;fpd;wd. ,it vr;rtpid vdg;gLk;.
nganur;rk;
te;j khztd;> ghLfpw ngz;> NgRk; fpsp Nkw;fz;l njhlh;fspy; cs;s
te;j> ghLfpw> NgRk; Nkw;fz;l njhlh;fspy; cs;s ghLfpw> NgRk; vd;Dk;
nrhw;fs; vr;rtpid vd mwpayhk;. ,r;nrhw;fs; khztd;> ngz;> fpsp vd;Dk;
ngah;r; nrhw;fisj; jOtp epd;W nghUs; Kbitj; jUtjhdy; mJ nganur;rk;
vdg;gLk;.
,g;nganur;rj;
njhlh;fs;
nraiyAk;
fhyj;ijAk;
czh;jJ
; fpd;wd. vdNt njhpepiyg; nganur;rk; vdg;gLk;.
njspthf
nghpa tPL> Gjpa rl;il> mofpa Foe;ij ,j;njhlh;fspy; nghpa> Gjpa>

mofpa vd;Dk; nrhw;fs; vr;rtpidr; nrhw;fs; ,it tPL> rl;il> Foe;ij
vd;Dk; ngah;r; nrhw;fisr; rhh;ej
; J. te;J nghUs; Kbitj; jUfpd;wd. Mdhy;
nghpa Gjpa> mofpa Mfpait fhyj;ij njspthff; fhl;ltpy;iy. ,t;thW
fhyj;ij ntspg;gilahff; fhl;lhLJ. gz;G mbahfg; gpwe;j nganur;rk; Fwpg;G
nganur;rk; vdg;gLk;.
tpidnar;rk;
te;J ghh;> tu vOJfpwhd;> te;jhy; kfpo;Ntd;.
Nkw;fz;l njhlh;fspy; cs;s te;J tu te;jhy; vd;Dk; nrhw;fs;
vr;rtpidfNs ,it ghh;> vOJfpwhd;> kfpo;thd; vd;Dk; tpid Kw;Wfisj;
jOtp epd;W nghUs; Kbitj; jUfpd;wd.
tpidnar;r tha;ghLfs;
hLfs
vr;rtpid kw;nwhU tpidia jOtp epd;W nghUs; jUkhdhy; mJ
tpidnar;rk; vdg;gLk;.
,t;tpidnar;rr;
nrhw;fs;
nraiyAk;
fhyj;ijAk;
njspthf
czh;jJ
; tjhy; njhpepiy tpidnar;rk; vdg;gLk;.
nghUs; ,d;wp thbdhd;
cz;ik my;yhky; $whd;
,j;njhlhpYs;s ,d;wp> my;yhky; vd;Dk; vr;r tpidfs; thbdhd; $wpdhd;
vd;Dk; tpidKw;Wfisj; jOtp epw;gjhy; tpidnar;rkhFk;.

PH 04146 -226417
59
,it fhyj;ij ntspg;gilahf czh;jj
; tpy;iy. ,t;thW fhyj;ij
ntspg;gilahf czh;j;jhky; gz;gpd; mbg;gilapy; gpwe;j tpidnar;rk; Fwpg;G
tpidnar;rk; vdg;gLk;.
,yf;fzf; Fwpg;gwpjy;
tpidKw;W
xU nghUs; nra;j njhopiyf; Fwpj;J te;j Kw;Wg;ngw;w nrhy;
tpidKw;W vdg;gLk;.
mJ jpiz> ghy;> vz;> ,lk;> fhl;Lk;> fhyk; fhl;Lk; gadpiyahf tUk;>
Ntw;Wik cUig Vw;fhJ.
gbj;j khztd;
=
ngnur;rk;
gbj;Jr; nrd;whd; =
tpidnar;rk;
khztd; gbj;jhd; =
tpidKw;W
NkNy fhZk; nrhw;fspy; gbj;J> gbj;J vd;gtw;wpy; nray;Kbe;J tpltpy;iy.
mjyhy; mit vr;rq;fs; vdg;gLk;. Mdhy; mjd; gpd; cs;s gbj;jhd; vd;Dk;
nrhy;ypy; nray; KbT ngw;wpUg;gjhy; mJ tpid Kw;W vdg;gLk;.
1.
njhpepiy tpidKw;W :
nra;gtd;> fUtp> epyk;> nray;> fhyk; nra;nghUs; vd;Dk; MwpidAk;
ntspg;gilahfTk; njhptpf;Fk; tpidKw;W njhpepiy tpidKw;W vdg;gLk;.
v.fh : nry;tk; ghlk; vOjpdhd;.
nghUs;>
,lk;>
fhyk;>
rpid>
ngah;rn
; rhw;fisr; rhh;eJ
; tUk;.
Ntyd; nea;fpwhd;
muq;fk; epiwe;jJ
fhiy mUk;gpaJ
nts;is mbj;jhd;
Ml;lk; Kbe;jJ
fUtp> nra;nghUs;
Kw;NwahFk;.
vd
Fzk;>
njhopy;
vd;Dk;
nghUl;ngah;
rhh;ej
;
tpidKw;W
,lg;ngaiur;
rhh;ej
;
tpidKw;W
fhyg;ngaiur; rhh;ej
;
tpidKw;W
gz;Gg; ngaiur; rhh;ej
;
tpidKw;W
njhopw;ngaiur; rhh;ej
;
tpidKw;W
xd;wpuz;L
FiwapYk;
mJTk;
tifg;gl;l
njhpepiy
njhpepiy
njhpepiy
njhpepiy
njhpepiy
njhpepiy
tpid
njhpepiy tpidKw;W : mKjh Xtpak; tiufpd;whd;.

2. Fwpg;G tpidKw;W
nra;gtidAk;> jpiz ghy;fisAk; ntspg;gilahff; fhl;bf; fhyj;ijf;
Fwpg;ghf czh;jJ
; k; tpidKw;W Fwpg;G tpidKw;W tpidKw;W vdg;gLk;.
,t;tpidKw;W nghUs;> ,lk; fhyk; Kjyhd Mwd; mbg;gilapy; Njhd;Wk;.
v.fh Fioapds;> nghd;dpdd;
nghUs;
Cud;> Gwj;jpdd;
,lk;
Mjpiuahd;
fhyk;
nrq;fz;zd;
rpid
ey;yd;> fhpad;
Fzk;
PH 04146 -226417
60
,d;nrhy;yd;
fhh;Nkfk; nry;td;
nropad; (kJiuahd;)
,uhkd; etkpahd;
Nrhod; nrq;fz;zd;
jiyth; vspah;
jhkiu nkd; eilahs;
njhopy;
nghUl;ngah;
,lk;
fhyg;ngah;
rpidg;ngah;
Fzg;ngah;
njhopw;ngah;
3. cld;ghl;L tpidKw;W
nray; epfo;itf; Fwpf;Fk; tpidKw;W cld;ghl;L tpidKw;W vdg;gLk;.
v.fh. Jwg;ghh;> Nrh;kpd;.
4. vjph;kiw tpidKw;W
nray; epfohikiaf; Fwpf;Fk; tpidKw;W
v.fh. Jwthh;> tpUk;ghd;> thohjth;
5. Vty; tpidKw;W
Kd;dpiy ,lj;jpy; fl;lisg; nghUspy; vjph;fhyk; fhl;b tUk;
tpidKw;W Vty; tpidKw;W vdg;gLk;. ,J xUik> gd;ik czh;jJ
; k;.
v.fh.: thuha;> ghhPh;
Vty;gd;ik tpidKw;Wfs; ,h;><h;> kpd;> ck; vd;Dk; tpFjpfisg; ngWk;.
v.fh:
fhzPh;
Vty;gd;ik tpidKw;W
tUjp> nrt;tha;
Vty; xUik
tUtPh>; tUkpd;> thUk; - Vty; gd;ik
6. tpaq;Nfhs; tpidKw;W : f> ,a> ,ah;
Ntz;ly;>
tpjpj;jy;>
tho;jJ
; jy;>
itjy;
Kjypa
nghUl;fspy;
%tplq;fspYk; Ik;ghy;fspYk; tUk; tpidKw;W tpaq;Nfhs; tpidKw;W
vdg;gLk;. ,J xUikf;Fk;> gd;ikf;Fk; nghJthf tUk;.
f> ,a> ,ah; vd;Dk; tpFjpfisg; ngWk;.
v.fh. : tho;f> thopa> thopah;
Vty; tpidKw;W
tpaq;Nfhs
fhs; tpidKw;W
1. fl;lisg; nghUspy; tUk; tho;jJ
; jy;>
itjy;>
Ntz;ly;>
tpjpj;jy;> nghUspy; tUk;.
2. Kd;dpiy ,lj;jpy; kl;Lk; %d;W ,lq;fspy; tUk;.
tUk;
3. xUik> gd;ik cz;L
xUik>
gd;ik
vd;w
gFg;G
,y;iy.
njhpepiy tpidKw;W :
kyh;ej
; d> miyfpd;whh;>
Fwpg;G tpidKw;W :
ed;W> jPJ> cilahh;> fhad;
cld;ghl;L tpidKw;W
tho;thh;
nra;jhh;
ehZthh;
Jwg;ghh;
nfhiy jPJ
Nrh;kpd;
nrhy;thh;
fhzhh;
tho;f
cz;ghd;> ghLfpd;whh;> nra;jhd;> mwpe;jhP ;
vjph;kiw tpidKw;W
thohjhh;
nra;ahh;
ehzhh;
Jwthh;
Fwpg;G tpidKw;W
Vty; tpidKw;W
cld;ghl;L tpidKw;W
vjph;kiw tpidKw;W
tpaq;Nfhs; tpidKw;W

PH 04146 -226417
61
njhopw;ngah;
ngah
ngah
xU njhopiy czh;j;Jk; ngah;. njhopy; vd;gJ <z;L> xU nghUspd;
Gilngah;rr
; piaf; Fwpf;Fk;. ,it nrhw;fspy; jy;> my;> mk;> I> if> F> G> c>
jp> rp> tp> cs; Mfpa tpFjpfis (filrp vOj;Jf;fis nfhz;bUf;Fk;)
njhopw;ngah;
tpFjpfs;
1.
elj;jy;
jy;
2.
ghly;> Mly;
my;
3.
Ml;lk;> tl;lk;
mk;
4.
nfhiy
I
5.
njhOif> nraw;if
I
6.
ghh;it
it
7.
elg;G
G
8.
tuT
T> c
9.
kwjp
jp
10.
tsh;rr
; p> czh;rr
; p
rp
11.
cjtp>Gytp
tp
12.
flTs;> tpf;Fs;
cs;
13.
rhf;fhL
fhL
14.
Nfhl;ghL
ghL
15.
Njhw;wuT
muT
16.
thuhid
Miz
17.
nfhy;yhik> elthik
ik
18.
gha;eJ
;
J
19.
Nghf;F
F
20.
jhohy;
My;
v.fh. ghh;jj
; y;> ePqf
; y;> miwjy;> Nehw;wy;> ehl;ly;> eypjk;> fhl;rp> tho;fi
; f>
Nrh;fi
; f> ,d;nrhy;> ,wf;Fkjp> nfhiy> Mw;wy;> kwjp> tuT> elg;G.
Kjdpiyj; njhopw;ngah; :
njhopw;ngahpd; tpFjp ,y;yhky; gFjp kl;Lk; tUtJ Kjdpiyj;
njhopw;ngah; MFk;.
njhopw;ngah;
RLjy;
nfLjy;
gpbj;jy;
tpopj;jy;
Kjdpiyj;njhopw;ngah;
RL
nfb
gpb
tpop
Kjdpiy jphpe;j njhopw;ngah;

gah
njhopw;ngah; tpFjp
njhopw;ngah; MFk;.
njhopw;ngah;
gLjy;
ngWjy;
tpLjy;
RLjy;
nfLjy;
nfl;L
gFjp
Kjdpiy
njhopw;ngah;
gL
ngW
tpL
RL
nfL
jpupe;J
tUtJ
Kjdpiy
njhopw;ngah;
ghL
NgW
tPL
#L
NfL
Kjdpiy
jphpe;j

PH 04146 -226417
jphpe;j
62
tpidahyizAk; ngah;
ngah
xU tpidKw;W ngahpd; jd;ik mile;J Ntw;Wik cUG Vw;Wk;
Vw;fhkYk; NtnwhU gadpiyiaf; nfhz;L KbtJ tpidahyizAk; ngah;
vdg;gLk;.
mJ jd;ik> Kd;dpiy> glh;ff
; if vd;Dk; %d;W ,lq;fspy; %d;W
fhyq;fspYk; czh;jj
; p tUk; (tpidKw;W tpidiaf; Fwpf;fhky; tpidnar;rg;
nghUSf;Fg; ngauha; tUtJ tpidahyizAk; ngah;)
v.fh. mfo;thiu> ,fo;thiu
jd;ik
- ghbNdid (ghba vd;id)
cz;Nlid cz;fpd;Nwid> cz;Nlid
Kd;dpiy ghLfpd;whid (ghLfpd;w cd;id) te;jhia>
tUthia> tUfpd;whia
glh;fi
; f ghLthid (ghLgtid)
ele;jhid> elg;ghid> elf;fpd;whid.
njhopw;ngah;
1. njhopiy kl;Lk; czh;j;Jk;
2. glh;fi
; f ,lj;jpy; kl;Lk; tUk;
3. ngUk;ghYk; fhyk; fhl;lhJ
njhopw;ngah;
ebj;jy;
vOJjy;
cz;ly;
gbj;jy;
Nehd;G
Nrh;jy;
tho;jy;
nghWj;jy;
tpidahyizAk; ngah;
1. njhopiyAk;> njhopy;
nghUisAk; czh;jJ
; k;
%d;W ,lq;fspy; tUk;
3. fhyk; fhl;Lk;
nra;Ak;
tpidahyizAk; ngah;
ebj;jtd;
vOjpdtd;
cz;ltd;
gbj;jtd;
Nehw;ghh;
Nrh;ej
; hh;
tho;thh;
nghWj;jhh;

PH 04146 -226417
63
mfu thpirg;gb nrhw;fis rPuikj;jy;

m M
f fh
,
fp
<
fP
qh
qp
qP
rh
rp
rP
Q Qh Qp
QP
lh
c
F
C v
V
$ nf Nf
q+
nq Nq
R+
nr
n NQ
Q
nl Nl
Nr
z zh zp zP Z Z}
j
jh
jp
jP
n
N
z z
J} nj Nj
eh
ep
eP
E}
ne
Ne
g
k
gh
kh
gp
kp
gP
kP
G
K
G+
%
ng
nk
Ng
Nk
a ah
ap
aP
A+
na Na
u uh
y yh
up
yp
uP
yP
U
Y
& nu Nu
Y} ny Ny
t th
tp
tP
T+
nt Nt
oh
op
oP
no No
s sh
sp
sP
s+
ns Ns
wh
wp
wP
W}
nw
d dh
dp
dP
D D} nd Nd
Nw
I
i
f
i
q
i
r
i
Q
i
l
i
z
i
j
i
e
ig
i
k
i
a
iu
i
y
i
t
i
o
i
s
i
w
i
d
x
nfh
X
xs /
Nfh nfs f;
nqh
Nqh
nrh
Nrh
nq q;
s
nrs r;
nQh NQh
nlh
nQ Q;
s
Nlh nls l;
nz Nzh nz z
h
s
;
njh Njh njs j;
neh
Neh
nes e;
ngh
nkh
Ngh ngs g;
Nkh nks k;
nah Nah
na
s
nuh Nuh nus
nyh Nyh ny
s
nth Nth nt
s
noh Noh nos
a;
u;
y;
t;
o;
nsh Nsh
nwh
ns s;
s
Nwh nws w;
ndh Ndh
nd
s
d;
mfu thpirg;gb mikf;Fk; ,e;j tpdhtpw;F tpil mspf;Fk; NghJ

Kjypy; caph; vOj;J> gpd; MAjk;> mjd; gpd; caph; nka;naOj;J> mjd; gpd;
nka;naOj;J vd;W xt;nthU vOj;Jf;fisAk; thpirg;gLj;jp vOjpdhy;
kjpg;ngz; fpilf;Fk;.
cjhuzkha; m>M>,><>c>C>v>V>I>x>X>xs>/
mjd; gpd; f th;ff
; j;ij Nrh;ej
;
caph; nka;naOj;Jf;fs; thpir
,Wjpaha; f; vOj;J. ,ij Nghd;Nw xt;nthU caph;nka; mjd; nka;naOj;J
vd;W thpiraha; fzf;fpl;lhy; ,jpy; KO kjpg;ngz; ngw KbAk;.
PH 04146 -226417
64
13. nrhw;fis xOq;FgLj;jp nrhw;nwhlh; Mf;Fjy;

xU nrhw;nwhlh; vOtha; nrag;gLnghUs;+gadpiy vd;w tifapy; mika
Ntz;Lk;. ,r;nrhw;nwhlh; xOq;F gLj;Jjypy; ctikfs; kw;Wk; gonkhopfs;
,lk; ngWfpd;wd.
rpy gonkhopfs;
cLf;if ,oe;jhd; if Nghy
EzYk; jd; thahy; nfLk;
gRitg; gphpe;j fd;W Nghy
,iy kiw fha; Nghy
,Ujiyf; nfhs;sp vWk;G Nghy
rpWJsp ngUnts;sk;
filkil jpwe;jJ Nghy
Fuq;F ifg;gl;l G+khiy Nghy
MYk; NtYk; gy;Yf;F cWjp
ehYk; ,uz;Lk; nrhy;Yf;F cWjp
Fd;wpd; Nky; vhpAk; tpsf;F
Co;tpid cWj;J te;J Cl;Lk;
kpd;DtJ vy;yhk; nghd; my;y
ngah;rn
; rhy;ypd; tif mwpjy;
mwpjy;
ngah;rn
; rhy;
xd;wpd; ngaiuf; Fwpf;Fk; nrhy; ngah;rn
; rhy; vdg;gLk;. mJ nghUs;>
,lk;> fhyk;> rpid> Fzk;> njhopy; vd;Dk; Mwpd; mbg;gilapy; Njhd;Wk;.
nghUl;ngah;
KUfd;> ahid> fpsp> ehw;fhyp> kfs;> kuk;> Gj;jfk;> ge;J ,it caph;
cs;s caph; ,y;yhj nghUl;fis Fwpg;gjhy; nghUl;ngah; vdg;gLk;.
,lg;ngah;
Fsk;> Nfhtpy;> tPjp> kJiu> nrd;id> tPL> gs;sp> ,it Xh; ,lj;ijf;
Fwpg;gjhy; ,lg;ngah; vdg;gLk;.
fhyg;ngah;
jpq;fs; Nfhilf;fhyk;> Qhapw;Wf;fpoik> Mz;L> khh;fop> Gjd;> fhiy>
khiy ,it fhyj;ijf; Fwpg;gjhy; fhyg; ngah; vdg;gLk;.
rpidg;ngah;
jiy> fha;> fz;> if> ,iy> G+ ,it cWg;igf; Fwpg;gjhy; rpidg;ngah;
vdg;gLk; (rpid-cWg;G).
gz;Gg; ngah;

PH 04146 -226417
65
gz;gpidf; Fwpf;Fk; ngah; gz;Gg; ngah; vdg;gLk;. ,J gz;G> epwk;>
tbtk;> msT> Rit ,tw;wpd; topahfj; Njhd;Wk;.
gz;Gg; ngah;
tpFjpfs;
ed;ik
ik
njhy;iy
I
khl;rp
rp
khz;G
G
koT
c
ed;F
F
ed;wp
wp
ed;W
W
eyk;
mk; ed;dh; - mh; (m) eh;
(ik - tpFjp ngUk;ghd;ikahf tUk;)
(v.fh)
nrk;ikf;Nfhy;> %Nte;jh;> Kk;khhp> rJutay;> fUq;fy;> tl;lf;fpzW>

Nfhgk;> frg;G> Jth;gG
; > Kf;Nfhzk;> rJuk;> Fl;il> nrt;tfk;>
cauk;> cUz;il> nrk;ik> tl;lepyh> ePse
; fh;> Kf;fzk;> mfyk;>
Gspg;G.
njhopw;ngah;
xU njhopiy czh;jJ
; k; ngah;> njhopy; vd;gJ <z;L> xU nghUspd;
Gilngah;rr
; piaf; Fwpf;Fk;. ,it nrhw;fshy; jy;> my;> mk;> I> if> F> G> c>
jp> rp> tp> cs; Mfpa tpFjpfis (filrp vOj;Jf;fis nfhz;bUf;Fk;).
njhopw;ngah;
tpFjpfs;
1.
elj;jy;
jy;
2.
ghly;> Mly;
my;
3.
Ml;lk;> tl;lk;
mk;
4.
nfhiy
I
5.
njhOif> nraw;if
I
6.
ghh;it
it
7.
elg;G
G
8.
tuT
T> c
9.
kwjp
jp
10.
tsh;rr
; p> czh;rr
; p
rp
11.
cjtp> Gytp
tp
12.
flTs;> tpf;Fs;
cs;
13.
rhf;fhL
fhL
14.
Nfhl;ghL
ghL
15.
Njhw;wuT
muT
16.
thuhid
Miz
17.
nfhy;yhik> elthik
ik
18.
gha;eJ
;
J
19.
Nghf;F
F
20.
jhohy;
My;
(v.fh)
ghh;jj
; y;> ePqf
; y;> miwjy;> Nehw;wy;> ehl;ly;> tho;fi
; f> eypjy;>
fhl;rp> tho;fi
; f> Nrh;fi
; f> ,d;nrhy;> ,wf;Fkjp> nfhiy> Mw;wy;>
kwjp> tuT elg;G.
Kjdpiyj; njhopw;ngah;
njhopw;ngahpd; tpFjp ,y;yhky; gFjp kl;Lk; tUtJ Kjdpiyj;
njhopw;ngah; MFk;.
njhopw;ngah;
;Kjdpiyj;njhopw;ngah;
gahKjdpiyj;
PH 04146 -226417
66
RLjy;
nfLjy;
gpbj;jy;
tpopj;jy;
RL
-
nfL
gpb
tpop
Kjdpiy jphpe;j njhopw;ngah;

njhopw;ngahpd;
njhopw;ngah; MFk;.
tpFjp
nfl;L
gFjp
jphpe;J
njhopw;ngah;
Kjdpiy njhopw;ngah;
gLjy;
ngWjy;
tpLjy;
RLjy;
nfLjy;
gL
ngW
tpL
RL
nfL
tUtJ
Kjdpiy
jphpe;j
Kjdpiy jphpe;j
njhopw;ngah;
ghL
NgW
tPL
R+L
NfL
tpidahyizAk; ngah;
xU tpidKw;W ngahpd; jd;ik mile;J Ntw;Wik cUG Vw;Wk;
Vw;fhkYk; NtnwhU gadpiyiaf; nfhz;L KbtJ tpidahyizAk; ngah;
vdg;gLk;.
mJ jd;ik> Kd;dpiy> glh;fi
; f vd;Dk; %d;W ,lq;fspy; %d;W
fhyq;fspYk; czh;jj
; p tUk; (tpid Kw;W tpidiaf; Fwpf;fhky; tpidnar;rk;
nghUSf;Fg; ngauha; tUtJ tpidahyizAk; ngah;).
v.fh.
mfo;thiu> ,fo;thiu
jd;ikghbNdid (ghba vd;id)
k
cz;Nlid cz;fpd;Nwid> cz;Nlid
Kd;dpiypiy ghLfpd;whia (ghLfpd;w cd;id)
te;jhiaia> tUthia> tUfpd;whia
glh;fi
; ff ghLthid (ghLtid)
ele;jhid> elg;ghid> elf;fpd;whid
njhopw;ngah;
1. njhopiy kl;Lk; czh;j;Jk;
2. glh;fi
; f ,lj;jpy; kl;Lk; tUk;
3. ngUk;ghYk; fhyk; fhl;lhJ
tpidahyizAk; ngah;
1. njhopiyAk;>
njhopy;
nra;a
nghUisAk; czh;jJ
; k;
2. %d;W ,lq;fspy; tUk;
3. fhyk; fhl;Lk;
njhopw;ngah;
tpidahyizAk; ngah;
ebj;jy;
ebj;jtd;
vOJjy;
vOjpdtd;
cz;ly;
cz;ltd;
gbj;jy;
gbj;jtd;
Nehd;G
Nehw;ghh;
Nrh;jy;
Nrh;ej
; hh;
tho;jy;
tho;thh;
nghWj;jy;
nghWj;jhh;
nghJg;ngah; (jhd;> jhk;> vy;yhk;)
jhd; vd;Dk; nghJg;ngah; ,Ujpid> %tplq;fspYk; xUik czh;jj
; p
tUk;.
PH 04146 -226417
67
jhk;> vy;yhk; vd;Dk; nghJg;ngah;fs; ,Ujpid %tplq;fspYk; gd;ik
czh;jj
; ptUk;.
ehd; jhd; NgrpNdd;
jhd;
eP jhd; mioj;jha;
jd;ik> Kd;dpiy
mtd; jhd; mbj;jhd;
glh;fi
; f Mfpa 3 ,lq;fs;
kapy; jhd; MbaJ
,UjpizapYk; nghJthf
nry;td; jhd; vOjpdhd;
xUikapy; te;jJ
Fapy; jhd; $tpaJ
ehk; jhk; $wpNdhk;
ehk; vy;yhk; $wpNdd;
ePtph; jhk; ghh;jj
; Ph;; nrd;whP ;
kf;fs; jk; Nghuhbdh;
Fjpiufs; vy;yhk; Xbd
(jhk;> vy;yhk; vd;gd ,Ujpid %tplq;fspYk; gd;ik czh;jj
; pd).
Ntw;Wik cUG Vw;Fk;NghJ jphpAk; ngah;fs;:
,yf;fzk; Ntw;Wik cUGfNshL NrUk;nghOJ.
1.
ehd; vd;Dk; jd;ik xUikg; ngah; vd; vd;W jphpAk;.
2.
ehk; vd;Dk; jd;ik gd;ikg; ngah; vk;> ek; vd;W jphpAk;.
3.
eP vd;Dk; Kd;dpiy xUikg; ngah; epd;> cd; vd;W jphpAk;.
4.
ePh; vd;Dk; Kd;dpiyg; gd;ikg; ngah;> Ek;> ck; vd;Wk; jphpAk;.
5.
jhd; vd;Dk; nghJg;ngah; jd; vd;W jphpAk;.
6.
jhk; vd;Dk; nghJg;ngah; jk; vd;W jphpAk;.
v.fh.:
ehd; + I
vd;id
ehk; + I
ek;ik> vk;ik
eP + I
cd;id> epd;id
ePh; + I
ck;ik> Ek;ik
jhd; + I
jd;id
jhk; + I
jk;ik
ehd; + My; vd;dhy;
ehk; + F
ekf;F
jd;ikg; ngah;
NgRNthiuAk; mtd; rhh;eN
; jhiuAk; Fwpf;Fk; jd;ikg; ngah;.
ahd; vd;gJ vd; vd;Wk;
ahk; vd;gJ vk; vd;Wk;
ehk; vd;gJ ek; vd;Wk; jphpe;j Ntw;Wik cUGfis Vw;Fk;.
Ntw;Wikg;
ngah;
2
I
ahd;
vd;id
3
My;> XL
vd;NdhL
vd;dhy;
vk;NkhL
vk;khy;
4
F
5
,d;
6
mJ
7
fz;
vdf;F
vd;dpd;
vdJ
vd;dplk;

PH 04146 -226417
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ehd;> ahd;
ehq;fs;> ahq;fs;
jd;ik ngah;
jd;ik gd;ik ngah;
10. Kd;dpiy ngah;

NgRNthhpd; nrhy;iyAk; Kd;dpd;W Nfl;NghiuAk; mtd; rhh;eN
; jhiuAk;
czh;jj
; p tUk; ngah; Kd;dpiyg; ngah;.
eP - Kd;dpiy xUikg;ngah; ePqf
; s;> ePah;> vy;yh> ePtph; Kd;dpiyg;
gz;ikg; ngah;fs; eP vd;gJ epd; vd;Wk; ePh; vd;gJ Ek; vd;Wk; ePqf
; s; vd;gJ
Eq;fs; vd;Wk; jphpe;J Ntw;Wik cUGfis Vw;Fk;.
Ntw;Wikg;
ngah;
eP
epd;id
epidf;
F
epd;dpd;
epdJ
epd;dplk;
eP
cd;id
cdf;F
cd;dpd;
cd
J
cd;dplk;
ePh;
Ek;ik
epd;ndhL
epd;dhy;
cd;ndhL
cd;dhy;
Ek;nkhL
Ek;khy;
Ekf;F
Ek;kpd;
EkJ
Ek;kplk;
glh;fi
; f ngah;
jd;ik> Kd;dpiy xope;j ngah;fs; vy;yhk; glh;fi
; fg; ngah;fs;. ,JTk;
xUik gd;ik vd 2 tifg;gLk;.
uhrd; ,y;yk; - glh;fi
; f xUikg; ngah;
gRf;fs;> kdpjh;fs; - glh;fi
; fg; gd;ikg; ngah;
jhd; vd;gJ jd; vd;Wk; jhk; vd;gJ jk; vd;Wk; jphpe;J Ntw;Wik
cUGfis Vw;Fk;.
Ntw;Wikg;
ngah;
jhd;
jhk;
jd;id
jk;ik
jdf;F
jk;nkhL
jd;dpd;
jkf;F
jdJ
jk;kpd;
jd;dplk;
jkJ
jd;dhy;
jk;kplk;
ngah;rn
; rhy;
rhy
,jpy; ,uz;L ngah;fs; cz;L. ,jid ,LFwpg;ngah; kw;Wk; fhuzg;ngah;
vd;gh;.
,LFwpg;ngah;
,LFwpg;ngah; vd;gJ fhuzkpd;wp Kd;Ndhh; toq;fpa ngah;.
,jid ,LFwpg;nghJg;ngah; kw;Wk; ,LFwp rpwg;G ngah; vd;gh;. ,LFwpg;
nghJg;ngah;.
Kd;Ndhh; fhuzkpd;wp toq;fpa ngah;.
(v.fh.) kz;> kiy> kL> fy;.
,LFwp rpwg;Gg; ngah;.
kz;zpy;> nrk;kz;> tz;ly;> fspkz; vd tifg;gLk; ,LFwp rpwg;Gg; ngah;
vd;gh;.
kuk; ,LFwpg; nghJg;ngah;
njd;id kuk; mtw;wpy; rpwg;Gg; ngw;wJ. xU tif kuj;jpw;F kl;LNk
itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jid ,LFwp rpwg;Gg; ngah; vd;gh;.
v.fh.: njd;id> tapW> gy;> fhy;> if
fhuzg; ngah;
PH 04146 -226417
69
xU nghUSf;F ngah; itf;f rpwg;ghd fhuzk; ,Ue;jhy; mjid fhuzg;
ngah; vd;gh;.
v.fh.: gwit gwf;fpd;w fhuzj;jhy; mJ gwit vd;W ngah;.
fhuzg; nghJg;ngah;:
fhfk;> Fapy;> ehw;fhyp.
fhuz rpwg;Gg; ngah;: tisay; vd;gJ rpwg;ghd xd;iwf; Fwpg;gpLk; (tisak;
vd;gJ nghJthdJ) tisay; vd;gJ fhuzr; rpwg;G ngaUf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L.
fpisg;ngah;
cwTfisg; gw;wp Fwpg;gpLtJ fpisg;ngah;. mz;zd;> mz;zp> jq;if
Nghd;w cwTfspidf; Fwpg;gpLtd.
Fbg;ngah;
,dk; rhjp gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLtd Fbngah; vdg;gLk;. Fwtd;> Mad;> kwtd;>
cotd;> me;jzd;> tzpfd;> Ntshsd;.
MFngah;
xd;wd; ,aw;ngah; mjid czh;jj
; hky; mjNdhL njhlh;Gila kw;nwhU
nghUSf;F njhd;W njhl;L ngauhf tUtJ MFngah; vdg;gLk;.
ghhpKidf;F vjpy; te;jha;? vd;W Nfl;lhy;> 66y; te;Njd; vd;W
nrhd;dhy;> me;j 66 vd;gJ vz;iz Fwpf;fhJ. me;j vz;iz cila
NgUe;ij Fwpf;Fk;. ,JNt MFngauhFk;.
,J nghUs;> fhyk;> ,lk;> rpid> fUtp> gz;G> njhopy; fUj;jh> fhhpak;>
ctif vd gytifg;gLk;.
nts;isr; rl;il mzpe;jhd;
tPlb
; w;F nts;is mbj;jdh;.
Kjy; njhlhpYs;s nts;is vd;Dk; nrhy; epwj;ijf; Fwpj;j gz;Gg;
ngauhFk;. mLj;j njhlhpYs;s nts;is vd;Dk; nrhy; nts;is epwj;jpy;
mike;j Rz;zhk;G ePiuf; Fwpf;fpwJ.
,t;thW njhd;Wnjhl;L xd;wpw;F toq;fpte;j ,LFwpg;ngah; mjid
czh;jj
; hky; mjNdhL njhlh;Gila NtnwhU nghUSf;F MfptUkhapd;> mJ
MFngah; vdg;gLk;.
nghUshFngah;
Kjw;nghUspd; ngah;
nghUshF ngah; vdg;gLk;.
me;j
nghUspd;
rpidf;F
Mfp
te;jhy;
mJ
jhkiu fz;zh!
vd;W mioj;jhy; ,jpy; jhkiu vd;gJ G+itf; Fwpf;Fk;. rhjhuzkhf jhkiu
vd;w nrhy; jhkiuapd; ,iy> jz;L> G+> Nth; ,tw;iw Nrh;jJ
; j;jhd; Fwpf;Fk;.
Mdhy; ,q;F jhkiuf; fz;zd; vd;gJ jhkiu G+itg; Nghd;w fz;fis
cilatd; vd;W G+it czh;jj
; pajhy; ,J nghUshFngauhapw;W.
,e;j nghUshFngaUf;F NtW ngah; KjyhFngah; vd;gjhFk;.
g+rzpr; rhk;ghh; Ritahf ,Ue;jJ. g+rzp vd;Dk; nrhy; Nth;> nfhb>
,iy> g+> gpQ;R> fha; Mfpatw;Wld; mike;j g+rzpr; nrbahfpa KOg;
nghUisf; Fwpg;gjhFk;. Mdhy;> ,j;njhlhpy; rhk;ghh; Ritahf ,Ue;jJ
vd;Dk; Fwpg;ghy; G+rzp vd;Dk; nrhy; KOg; nghUisf; Fwpf;fhJ. mjd; Xh;
cWg;ghfpa g+rdpf;fha; czh;jJ
; fpwJ.
,t;thW xU KOg; nghUspd; ngah;> mjidr; Rl;lhJ> mjd; cWg;Gf;F
Mfp tUtJ nghUshF ngah; vdg;gLk;. ,jid KjyhF ngah; vdTk;
$Wth;.
(v.fh.) ky;ypif R+bdhs;.
,lthF ngah;

PH 04146 -226417
70
Xh; ,lj;jpd; ngah; me;j ,lj;jpy; cs;s nghUSf;F ngauhfp tUtJ
,lthF ngauhFk;. (v.fh.) jkpofk; ntd;wJ. cyfk; tpopj;jJ. Ch; $baJ. Ch;
rphpj;jJ> itak; vOe;jJ.
fhQ;rpGuk; vd;d tpiy? fhQ;rpGuk; vd;gJ ,lg;ngauhFk;. Mdhy;>
,j;njhlhpYs;s Fwpg;Gr; nrhw;fshy;>fhQ;rpGuk; vd;Dk; ,lg;ngah;> me;j
,lj;ijf; Fwpf;fhky; mt;tplj;jpy; nea;njLf;fg;gLk; gl;lhiliaf; Fwpf;fpwJ.
,t;thW Xh; ,lj;jpd; ngah; me;j ,lj;NjhL njhlh;Gila NtW nghUSf;F
MfptUtJ ,lthFngah; vdg;gLk;.
fhythF ngah;
xU fhyj;jpd; ngah; me;jf; fhyj;NjhL njhlh;Gila nghUSf;F ngauhfp
tUtJ fhythF ngah; vdg;gLk;.
(v.fh.) fhh; mWtilahapw;Wbrk;gh; R+bdhs;
Nfhil ed;whf tpise;Js;sJ. Nfhil vd;gJ fhyg; ngauhFk;. Mdhy;>
,j;njhlhpYs; tpise;Js;sJ vd;Dk; Fwpg;ghy;> Nfhilf;fhyj;jpy; tpisAk;
ney;iyf; (Nfhil ney;) Fwpf;fpd;wJ. ,t;thW fhyg;ngah; mf;fhyj;NjhL
njhlh;Gila NtnwhU nghUSf;fhfp tUtJ fhythF ngah; vdg;gLk;.
rpidahF ngah;
xU rpid nghUspd; ngah; mjd; Kjw;nghUSf;F ngauhfp tUtJ
rpidahF ngah; vdg;gLk;.
(v.fh.) jiyf;F xU gb ney; nfhL
jiyf;F gj;J &gha; Ntz;Lk;
jiyf;F xU goq;nfhL
ntw;wpiy el;lhd;
jiy vd;gJ kdpjdpd; Xh; cWg;ghFk;. Mdhy;> ,j;njhlhpy; jiy
vd;gij mLj;Js;s Fwpg;Gr; nrhw;fshy; xU kdpjidf; Fwpf;fpwJ. ,t;thW xU
rpidapd; (cWg;gpd;) ngah; mijg; ngw;Ws;s Kjw; nghUisf; Fwpg;gJ
rpidahF ngah; vdg;gLk;. rpidapd; ngah; Kjw;nghUSf;F MfptUtJ
rpidahF ngah;. Kjw; nghUspd; ngah; mjd; rpidf;F (cWg;Gf;F) Mfp
tUtJ nghUshF ngah; vd;Dk; NtWghl;il mwpf.
gz;ghF ngah;
xU gz;gpd; ngah; mg;gz;Gila gz;Gf;Fg; (nghUSf;F) ngauhfp tUtJ
gz;ghF ngah; MFk;. ,J FzthF ngah; vd;Wk; toq;fg;ngWk;.
,dpg;G cz;lhd;> fhuk; ntWj;jhd;
,dpg;G> fhuk; vd;Dk; gz;Gg; ngah;fs; mr;Ritiaf; nfhz;l nghUSf;F
MfptUk;.
nrtiyia tz;bapy; g+l;L. nrtiy vd;gJ rptg;G epwj;ijf; Fwpf;Fk;
gz;Gg; ngauhFk;. tz;bapy; g+l;L vd;Dk; Fwpg;Gr; nrhw;fshy;>nrtiy vd;gJ
epwj;ijf; Fwpf;fhky;> me;epwj;jpy; mike;j vUjpidf; Fwpf;fpwJ.
,t;thW
xU
gz;Gg;
ngah;>
mg;gz;igf;
nfhz;l
nghUSf;F
MfptUtJ>gz;ghF ngah; vdg;gLk;.
njhopyhF ngah;
xU njhopypd; ngah; mj;njhopiy cila nghUSf;F ngauhfp tUtJ
njhopyhF ngah; vdg;gLk;.
KWf;F jpd;whd; vd;gjpy; KWf;Fjy; vd;gJ njhopiyf; Fwpf;Fk;.
Mdhy;>
mj;njhopypd;
ngah;
mj;njhopiyf;
Fwpf;fhky;
mj;njhopyhy;
nra;ag;gl;l nghUisf; Fwpg;gjhy; njhopyhFngah; vdg;gLk;.
(v.fh.)
KWf;Fj; jpd;whd;> Rz;ly; rhg;gpl;lhd;> nghq;fy; cz;lhd;.
PH 04146 -226417
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nghhpay; Ritahf ,Ue;jJ. nghhpay; vd;gJ njhopiyf; Fwpg;gjhy;
njhopw;ngauhFk;. Mdhy;> ,j;njhlupy; Ritahf ,Ue;jJ> vd;Dk; Fwpg;ghy;
nghhpj;njLf;Fk; nrayhy; cz;lhd czTg; nghUisf; Fwpf;fpwJ.
,t;thW xU njhopypd; ngah; mj;njhopyhy; ngwg;gLk; nghUSf;F Mfp
tUtJ njhopyhF ngah; vdg;gLk;.
nrhy;yhF ngah;
ngah;
xU nrhy;ypd; ngah; mr;nrhy;Yila nghUSf;Fg; ngauhfp tUtJ
nrhy;yhF ngauhFk;. ehd; Kjy;tiug; ghh;jN
; jd; vd;gJ gs;spf; $lkhf
,Ue;jhy; mq;F cs;s jiyik MrphpaiuAk;> rl;lkd;wkhf ,Ue;jhy; mq;Fs;s
Kjy; ke;jphpiaAk; Fwpf;Fk;. vdNt> Kjy;th; vd;gJ me;j gjtpapid
tfpf;ff;$ba eghpidf; Fwpf;Fk;. vdNt> Kjy;th; vd;gJ xU nrhy;yhFk;.
vdNt ,J nrhy;yhF ngah; vdg;gLk;.
jhdpathF ngah;
fpuhkq;fspy; fwpfha; tpw;gth;fis mf;fwpfha;fis itj;J $g;gplhky;
mf;$ilia $g;gpL vd;W $g;gpLthh;fs;. vdNt> xU ,lj;jpy; cs;s
nghUspd; ngah;. mJ rhh;ej
; pUf;Fk; ,lj;jpw;F ngauhfp tUtJ jhdpathF
ngauhFk;.
(v.fh.) foy; gzpe;jhd; - ghiy ,wf;F
,lk; nghUSf;F Mfp tUtJ
,lthF ngah;> nghUs; ,lj;jpw;F MfptUtJ jhdpathF ngah;.
fUtpahF ngah;
fUtp vd;gJ xU nghUs; nra;ag; gad;glf;$ba nghUs;> gl;L vd;gJ
E}y;. ,J Mil nea;tjw;F gad;gLfpwJ. ehk; gl;L rl;il mzpe;Njhk; vd;W
nrhy;tjw;Fg; gjpyhf gl;L mzpe;Njhk; vd;W nrhy;fpNwhk;. ,JNt fUtpahF
ngauhFk;. xU fUtpapd; ngah; mf;fUtpahyhFk; nghUSf;Fk; (fhhpaj;Jf;F)
ngauhfp te;jhy; fUtpahF ngah; vd;W miof;fg;gLk;. (v.fh.) ehd; Fws;
gbj;Njd;.
fhhpathF ngah;
xU fhhpaj;jpd; ngah; mjd; fhuzj;jpw;F ngauhfp tUtJ fhhpathF
ngah; vdg;gLk;.
rikay; vd;gJ fhhpak;. Mdhy; rikay; gbj;Njd; vd;W nrhy;tJ
rikaiyf; Fwpf;fhky; Gj;jfj;ijf; Fwpf;Fk;. vdNt ,J fhhpathF ngah;
vdg;gLk;.
fUj;jhthF ngah;
fUj;jh vd;why; nra;jtd; vd;W nghUs;. fUj;jhitf; nfhz;L fUj;jh
nra;j nraiyf; Fwpj;jhy; mJ fUj;jhthF ngah;.
(v.fh.)
ts;Stiu gbj;Njd;> fk;gid fw;Nwd;> vd;W nrhd;dhy; mth;fs;
vOjpa E}y;fis Fwpf;Fk;.
ctikahF ngah;
Xh; ctkhdk; mjdhy; Fwpf;fg;gLk; ctNkaj;jpw;F Mfp tUtJ
ctikahF ngah; vdg;gLk;.
(v.fh.)
fhis te;jhd;> ghit rphpj;jhs; ,q;F fhis> ghit vd;gd fhis
Nghd;w tPuDf;Fk;> ghit Nghd;w ngz;Zf;Fk; Mfp te;jpUf;fpwJ.
fhis> ghit - ctik
,isQd;> ngz; - nghUs;
PH 04146 -226417
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vz;zy; msit MFngah;
xd;W ngw;why; xspkak; xd;W vd;Dk; vz;Zg;ngah; mt;ntz; Fwpf;fhky;
Foe;ijiaf; Fwpf;Fk; ngauhfp te;jJ.
vLj;jy; msit MFg;ngah;
Ie;J fpNyh vd;d tpiy?
,q;F fpNyh vd;Dk; vLj;jy; msitg; ngah;. msitf; Fwpf;fhky;
mstsTila nghUSf;F (mhprp> gUg;G) Mfp te;jJ. vdNt ,/J vLj;jy;
msit MFg; ngah;.
Kfj;jy; msit MFg;ngah;
ehd;F ypl;lh; Njit. ,tw;Ws; ypl;lh; vd;Dk; Kfj;jy; msitg; ngah;>
msitf; Fwpf;fhky; mt;tsTila nea;> vz;nza; Nghd;wtw;Wf;F Mfp
te;jJ.
ePll
; y; msit MFg;ngah;
%d;W kPll
; h; nfhL ,q;F kPll
; h; vd;gJ msitf; Fwpf;fhky; Jzpf;F
Mfp tUk;.
15. ,yf;fzf;Fwpg;gwpjy; vOj;jpyf;fzk;

zk;
vOj;Jf;fis KjnyOj;Jf;fs; kw;Wk; rhh;ngOj;Jf;fs; vd;W ,uz;lha;
gphpg;gh;.
KjnyOj;Jf;fs;
nkhopapy; Kjyhtjhf tuf;$baJk; jdpj;J ,aq;f $ba Mw;wy;
cilaJkhfpa vOj;Jfis KjnyOj;J vd;fpNwhk;. caph; 12k; nka; 18k; Mfpa
vOj;Jf;fis KjnyOj;J vd;fpNwhk;. ,J gpw vOj;Jf;fs; Njhd;wf; fhuzkhf
,Uf;fpwJ.
rhh;ngOj;Jf;fs;:
KjnyOj;Jf;fisr;
rhh;eJ
;
tuf;$baJk;
jdpj;J
,aq;f Mw;wy; ,y;yhj vOj;Jf;fisAk; rhh;ngOj;J vd;fpd;Nwhk;.
capnuOj;Jf;fs;:
jkpo; nkhopf;F capuha; ,Uf;ff; $ba vOj;Jf;fis
capnuOj;Jf;fs; vd;fpNwhk;.
m> M> ,><> c> C> v> V> I> x> X> xs
nka;naOj;Jf;fs;:
jkpo; nkhopf;F clyha; ,Uf;ff; $ba vOj;Jf;fis
nka;naOj;Jf;fs; vd;fpNwhk;.
f;> q;> r;> Q;> l;> z;> j;> e;> g;> k;> a;> u;> y;> t;> o;> s;> w;> d;.
jk;Kila gpwg;gpw;Fk; xypg;gpw;Fk; KjnyOj;Jf;fisr; rhh;e;J te;J jdpj;J
,aq;Fk; Mw;wypd;wp tUtJ rhh;ngOj;Jf;fshFk;. rhh;ngOj;J gj;J
tifg;gLk;. mit>
1. caph; nka;
2. Ma;jk;
3. capusngil
4. xw;wsngil
5. Fw;wpaYfuk;
6. Fw;wpaypfuk;
7. Ifhuf;FWf;fk;
8. xsfhuf;FWf;fk;
9. kfuf;FWf;fk;
10. Ma;jf;FWf;fk;;

PH 04146 -226417
73
caph; nka;naOj;Jf;fs;: clNyhL caph; te;J ,ize;jhy; caph;
nka;naOj;J vdg;gLk;. caph; vOj;Jk; nka;naOjh;Jk; Nrh;jJ
; tUtJ caph;
nka; vOj;J vdg;gLk;.
f;
f;
f;
f;
f;
f;
+
+
+
+
+
+
m = f
, = fp
c = F
v = nf
x = nfh
I = if
f;
f; +< =
f;
f;
f;
f;
+
fP
+
+
+
+
M = fh
C = $
V = Nf
X = Nfh
xs = nfs
caph; 12> nka; 18> vdNt 12 18 = 216 caph;nka; vOj;Jf;fshFk;.

caph; vOj;J
12
nka; vOj;J
18
caph; nka; vOj;J 12 18
216
Ma;j vOj;J
1
nkhj;jk;
247
Ma;jk;
capnuOj;jpYk;> nka;naOj;jpYk; tuhj Xh; vOj;J Ma;j vOj;jhFk;.
,e;j Ma;j vOj;J %d;W Gs;spfis ,l;lJ Nghd;W ,Uf;Fk;. mjdhy;
Kg;ghw;Gs;sp vdTk; miog;ghh;.
cjhuzk; : v/F> ,UgJ.
,t; Ma;j vOj;Jf;F xyp msT miu khj;jpiuahFk;. me;j mstpypUe;J
Fiwahky; xypj;jhy; Kw;wha;jk; vd;fpNwhk;. ,J jdpj;J tuf;$ba
Mw;wy; cilajhf ,Ug;gjhy; ,jw;F jdpepiy vd;w ngaUk; ngw;wJ.
msngil
msngil vd;why; ePl;bj;J xypj;jy; vd;W nghUs;. msngLj;jy;
ePlb
; j;J xypj;jy; vd;W nghUs;.
mUfpy; ,Ug;gtiu $g;gpl;lhy; KUfd; vd;Nghk;. mtNd J}uj;jpy;
,Ue;jhy; KUfhh..... vd;W xypia ePlb
; j;Jf; nfhz;Nl NghfpNwhk;
my;yth> mjw;F msngLj;jy; vdg;gLk;.
caph; vOj;Jf;fs; msngLj;jy; capusngil vdg;gLk;. xw;nwOj;Jf;fs;
msngLj;jhy; xw;wsngil vd ,Utifg;gLk;.
nra;Aspir msngil:
nra;Aspy; Xir FiwAk; ,lj;jpy; me;j Xir epiwT nra;a nkhopapd;
KjypYk;> ,ilapYk;> ,WjpapYk; epd;w caph;neby; vOj;Jf;fs; VOk; jdf;F
,dkhd Fwpy; vOj;Jf;fisg; ngw;W chpa khj;jpiuapypUe;J kpFe;njhypf;Fk;.
- ,jw;F ,ir epiw msngil vd;w ngaUk; cz;L.
neby; M < C V I X xs
Fwpy;; m , c v , x c
(v.fh) nflhm topte;j Nfz;ikahh; Nfz;ik tplhmh; tpioAk; cyF.
,jpy; M jdJ ,d vOj;jhd Fwpy; m tPidg; ngw;W nra;Aspy; Xiria
epiwT nra;fpwJ. mt;thW msngil Mf tutpy;iybadpy; mJ xuir
nfhz;l nrhy;yhf ,Uf;Fk; (xd;W Neh; my;yJ epiu)
PH 04146 -226417
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Fwpg;G : nghJthf <uirr;rhP ;
,d;dpir msngil
nra;Aspy; xir Fiwahj ,lj;Jk; ,dpa xir jUtjw;fhf Fwpy;
nebyhf khwp msngLg;gJ ,d;dpir msngil.
%tir nfhz;l rPhf
; spy; tUk;
- nfhLg;gJ}ck;> vLg;gJ}ck;
nrhy;ypir msngil
nra;Aspy; Xir Fiwahj ,lj;jpYk; ngah;rn
; rhy; tpidnar;rg; nghUs;
jUk; nghUl;L msntLg;gJ nrhy;ypir msngilahFk;.
(v.fh) FbjoP,> mbjoP,
xw;wsngil
Xir FiwAk; NghJ nkhopapy; ,ilapy; tUk; xw;nwOj;J ,ul;bf;Fk;
(v.fh.) ,yq;qn
; tz;gpiw
Fw;wpaYfuk;
jdpf;Fw;nwOj;ijr; rhuhJ nrhy;ypd; ,Wjpapy; cs;s ty;ypd nka;apd;
kPJ Vwpa cfuk; jdf;Fhpa xU khj;jpiu mstpypUe;J miu khj;jpiu mstpy;
Fiwe;jhy; mJ Fw;wpaYfuk; vdg;gLk;.
ty;ypd nka;fs; vd;why; vd;d vd;gijg; gw;wp mtrpak; njhpe;J nfhs;s
Ntz;Lk;. nka;naOj;Jf;fs; 18-y; %d;W tpjkhd vOj;Jf;fs; cs;sd. mit
ty;ypdk;-6> nky;ypdk; -6> ,ilapdk; -6> nkhj;jk; = 18.
typikahd vOj;Jf;fs; ty;ypdk; vd;Wk; nkd;ikahf cr;rhpf;ff; $ba
vOj;Jf;fSf;F nky;ypdk; vd;Wk; ,tw;Wf;F ,ilg;gl;L cr;rhpf;ff; $ba
vOj;Jf;fSf;F ,ilapdk; vd;Wk; ngah;.
ty;ypdk; - frljgw ntd MNw
nky;ypdk; - qQzekd ntd MNw
,ilapdk; - auytos ntd MNw
,e;j MW ty;ypd vOj;Jf;fs; nrhy;ypd; ,Wjpapy; te;J mjd; kPJ cfuk;
Vwpdhy;> mJ jdf;Fhpa miu khj;jpiu mstpy; ghjpahf xypf;Fk;.
vLj;Jfhl;L : ehL> tuF
,jpy; ehL (l;+ c)= l; vd;gJ ty;ypdk;.
,jd; kPJ cfuk; te;jhjjhy; jd; mstpypUe;J ghjpahf xypf;Fk;. mJ
Nghd;wNj tuF tuf; + c = tuF
Fw;wpaYfuk; MW tifg;gLk;
1. neby; njhlh;> 2. caph;j;njhlh;> 3. td; njhlh;> 4. nkd; njhlh;> 5. ,ilj;
njhlh;> 6. Ma;jj; njhlh;.
neby; njhlh; Fw;wpaYfuk; : xU nrhy;ypd; ,Wjpapy; mjthJ cfuj;jpw;F
Kd;ghf cs;s vOj;Jf;fs; nel;nlOj;jhf ,Ue;jhy; mJ neby; njhlh;
Fw;wpaYfuk;
vLj;Jf;fhl;L : ehL> thF
,tw;wpy; L f;F Kd;ghf eh vd;w nel;nlOj;J te;Js;sjhy; neby; njhlh;
Fw;waYfukhapw;W.
td; njhlh; Fw;wpaYfuk; : mJ Nghd;Nw cfuk; Vwpa ty;ypd vOj;jpd;
Kd;ghf ty;ypd vOj;Jf;fshf f;>r;>l;>j;>g;>w; te;jhy; mJ td;njhlh;
Fw;wpaYfuk; vdg;gLk;. vLj;Jf;fhl;L : gj;J> ghl;L
caph;j; njhlh; Fw;wpaYfuk; : <w;W vd;why; ,Wjp vd;W nghUs;. ,Wjp
vOj;Jf;F Kd;ghf caph; vOj;J te;jhy; mJ caph;jn
; jhlh; Fw;wpaYfuk;
vdg;gLk;. vLj;Jf;fhl;L : gfL> goF
nkd;njhlh; Fw;wpaYfuk; : Fw;wpaYfu nrhy;ypd; <w;W vOj;Jf;F Kd;ghf
nky;ypd vOj;Jf;fshd q>Q>z>e>k>d te;jhy; nkd; njhlh; Fw;wpaYfuk;
vdg;gLk;. vLj;Jf;fhl;L> ge;J> gq;F.

PH 04146 -226417
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,ilj;njhlh; Fw;wpaYfuk; : mNj Nghd;W <w;nwOj;Jf;F Kd;ghf
,ilapdkhfpa a;>h;>y;>t;>o;>s; te;jhy; mJ ,ilj;njhlh; Fw;wpaYfuk;
vdg;gLk;. vLj;Jf;fhl;L : ey;F> rhy;G
Ma;jj;njhlh; Fw;wpaYfuk; : Fw;wpaYfu nrhy;ypd; Kd;Nd cs;s vOj;J
Ma;j
vOj;jhapd;
mJ
Ma;jj;
njhlh;
Fw;wpaYfuk;
vdg;gLk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L : v/F> m/J.
Kw;wpaYfuk; :
cfuk;
cfuk;
jdJ
khj;jpiu
mstpy;
,Ue;J
Fiwahky;
xypj;jy;
Kw;wpaYfuk; vdg;gLk;.
(v.fh) jdpf;Fwpy;> vOj;ij mLj;J tUk; cfuk; jdJ KO Xirapy; xypf;Fk;.
(v.fh) gR> gF> gL> mJ.
F>R>L>J>G>W jtph;jJ
;
kw;w vOj;Jf;fis ,Wjpaha; ngw;W xypf;Fk; cfuk;
jdJ KO khj;jpiu mstpy; xypf;Fk;.
(v.fh) fhZ> cz;Z> vO> js;S> fjT.
Nkw;nrhd;d vLj;Jf;fhl;by; - Z z; + c Nghd;W midj;jpYk; c
tUfpd;wjy;yth. ,it F>R>L>J>G>W vOj;Jf;fisf; nfhz;bUj;jhjy; KO
mstpy; xypf;Fk;.
Fw;wpaypfuk;
Fw;wpaypfur; nrhw;fspd; gpd; afuk; te;jhy; Fw;wpaYfuj;jpy; cs;s c
fuk; , fukhfj; jphpAk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L : ehL vd;gJ Fw;wpaYfur; nrhy; ,e;j nrhy;Yf;Fg; gpd; afuk;
te;jhy; ,fukhf jphpAk;.
ehL + ahJ
ehl; + c + ahJ
ehl; + , + ahJ
ehb + ahJ = ehbahJ
ed;W + ahJ
ed;w; + c + ahJ
ed;w; + , + ahJ
ed;wp + ahJ = ed;wpahJ
FWf;fk; : msngLj;jYf;F Neh; vjph;gg
; jk; FWf;fkhFk;. Xh; vOj;J
VNjh xU fhuzj;jhy; FWfp xypf;Fkhdhy; mjw;F FWf;fk; vd;W
ngah;. ,J
Ifhhuf;FWf;fk;
2.
xsfhuf;
FWf;fk;>
3.
kfuf;FWf;fk;>
4.
Ma;jf;FWf;fk;
I fhuf; FWf;fk; : caph; vOj;Jf;fSs; xd;whd I vOj;Jf;F ,uz;L
khj;jpiu xyp msT cilaJ. Mdhy;> ,J kw;w vOj;Jf;fSld; $b
tUk;nghOJ jd; ,uz;L khj;jpiuapypUe;J Fiwe;J xypf;Fk;. ,jw;F I
fhuf;FWf;fk; vd;W ngah;.
Kjypy; 1 khj;jpiu> ,il> fil 1 khj;jpiu mstpYk; xypf;Fk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L : Ig;grp> jiyfs;> Ftis
xsfhuf;FWf;fk; : xs vOj;Jk; jdpj;J tUk;nghOJ ,uz;L khj;jpiu
mstpYk;> gpw vOj;Jf;fSld; tUk;nghOJ jd; khj;jpiuapypUe;J
Fiwe;Jk; xypf;Fk;. mjw;F xsfhuf;FWf;fk; vd;W ngah;. vLj;Jf;fhl;L :
xsitahh;.
PH 04146 -226417
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kfuf;FWf;fk; : z> fu> d> fu nka;fspd; gpd;Dk; t fuj;jpw;F Kd;Dk;
tUk; k; jdf;Fhpa miu khj;jpiuapypUe;J Fiwe;J fhy; khj;jpiuahf
xypf;Fk;. ,jw;F kfuf;FWf;fk; vd;W ngah;. vLj;Jf;fhl;L : Nghd;k>
nrd;k>; kUz;k>; tUk; tz;b.
Ma;jf;FWf;fk; : ,uz;L nrhw;fs; NrUk;NghJ Kjy; thh;ji
; jia
epiynkhop vd;Wk; NrUk; nrhy;iy tUnkhop vd;Wk; $WNthk;. mt;thW
epiy nkhop filrpapy; y s;> te;J tUnkhop Kjypy; j fuk;te;jhy;>
,uz;Lk; NrUk;nghOJ MAjk; Njhd;Wk;. mt;thW Njhd;Wk; Ma;jk; jd;
khj;jpiuapypUe;J fhy; khj;jpiuahf Fiwe;J xypf;Fk;. mjw;F Ma;jf;
FWf;fk; vd;W ngah;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L : fy; + jPJ = f/wPJ.
Ks; + jPJ K /BJ
fy; vd;gjpy; y Kd; jPJ vd;gjpy; j tUtjhy; MAjk; Njhd;WfpwJ. me;j
Ma;jk; jd; khj;jpiuapypUe;J Fiwe;J xypf;Fk;.
nrhy;yjpfhuk; :
nrhw;fis ,yf;fpa tifahf ehd;fhff; $Wth;. mjid
- ,aw;nrhy;
- jphpnrhy;
- jpirr;nrhy;
- tlr;nrhy; vd;W 4 tifahff; $Wth;.
,aw;nrhy; :
mjpfkhff; fy;tp ngwhjth;fshYk; Ghpe;J nfhs;sf;$ba nrhw;fs;
,aw;nrhy; vdg;gLk;.
,jid ngah; ,aw;nrhy; vd;Wk; tpid ,aw;nrhy; vd;Wk; ,uz;lha;
gphpg;gh;.
ngah; ,aw;nrhy; : jP> fhL> kuk;> kiy ,jid rhjhuzkhfth;fshYk; czu
KbAk;.
tpid ,aw;nrhy; :
vspjhf Ghpe;J nfhs;sf;$ba tpidr;nrhw;fis tpid ,aw;nrhy; vd;W
miof;fg;gLk;.
(v.fh) gbj;jhd;> J}q;fpdhd;.
jphpr;nrhy;
rhy
jkpopy; XnuOj;J xU nkhop> xU nrhy;Yf;F gy nghUs;> gy nrhy;Yf;F
xU nghUs; vd;W fhzg;gLtdtw;iw fw;wwpe;Njhuhy; kl;LNk Ghpe;Jf; nfhs;s
KbAk;.
(v.fh.) gPyp (kapw;Njhif> cfph; (efk;)> Mop (fly; rf;fuk;)
,jid
ngah;jphpr;nrhy;
vd;Wk;
tpidj;jphpr;nrhy;
vd;Wk;
,uz;L
tif
jphpnry;fisg; ghh;ff
; yhk;.
ngah; jphpr;nrhy; :
vapW (gy;)> Nta; (%q;fpy;)> kb>(Nrhk;gy;) ey;FuT (tWik)
tpidj;jphpr; nrhy;
tpdtpdhd;> tpspj;jhd;> Nehf;fpdhh;.
jpirr;nrhy;
tlnkhop jtpu kw;w tl;lhu nkhopfspy; ,Ue;J jkpopy; ,lk; ngw;w
nrhw;fs; jpirr;nrhy; vdg;gLk;.
(v.fh) Nfzp> (fpzW)> ngw;wk; (gR)
tlnrhy; :
tlnkhopapy; ,Ue;J jkpopy; Njhd;wpa nrhw;fis tlnrhy; vd;gth;.
(v.fh) fkyk; (jhkiu)> tp~k; (er;R)> G~;gk; (g+)
PH 04146 -226417
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nrhy;ypd; tiffs; : ,yf;fz hPjpahf nrhy;
,ilr;nrhy;> chpr;nrhy; vd ehd;F tifg;gLk;.
ngah;r;nrhy;>
tpidr;nrhy;>
ngah;rn
; rhy;.
xd;wpd; ngaiuf; Fwpf;Fk; nrhy; ngah;rn
; rhy; vdg;gLk;. mJ nghUs;>
,lk;> fhyk;> rpid> Fzk;> njhopy; vd;Dk; Mwpd; mbg;gilapy; Njhd;Wk;.
nghUl;ngah;
gah : KUfd;> ahid> fpsp> ehw;fhyp> kfs;> kuk;> Gj;jfk;> ge;J ,it
caph; cs;s caph; ,y;yhj nghUlfis Fwpg;gjhy; nghUl;ngah; vdg;gLk;.
,lg;ngah; :
Fsk;> Nfhtpy;> tPjp> kJiu> nrd;id> tPL> gs;sp> ,it Xh; ,lj;ijf;
Fwpg;gjhy; ,lg;ngah; vdg;gLk;.
fhyg;ngah;
gah :
jpq;fs; Nfhilf;fhyk;> Qhapw;Wf;fpoik> Mz;L> khh;fop> Gjd;> fhiy>
khiy ,it fhyj;ijf; Fwpg;gjhy; fhyg;ngah; vdg;gLk;.
rpidg;ngah; : jiy> fha;> fz;> if> ,iy> g+ ,it cWg;igf; Fwpg;gjhy;
rpidg;ngah; vdg;gLk; (rpid cWg;G)
gz;Gg; ngah;
ngah
gz;gpidf; Fwpf;Fk; ngah; gz;Gg; ngah; vdg;gLk;. ,J gz;G> epwk;>
tbtk;> msT Rit ,tw;wpd; topahfj; Njhd;Wk;.
gz;Gg; ngah;
tpFjpfs;
ed;ik
ik
njhy;iy
I
khl;rp
rp
khz;G
G
koT
c
ed;F
F
ed;wp
wp
ed;W
W
eyk;
mk; ed;dh; - mh; (m) eh;
(ik tpFjp ngUk;ghd;ikahf tUk;)
(v.fh) nrk;ikf;Nfhy;> %Nte;jh;> Kk;khhp> rJutay;> fUq;fy;> tl;lf;fpzW>
Nfhgk;> frg;G> Jth;gG
; > Kf;Nfhzk;> rJuk;> Fl;il> nrt;tfk;> cauk;>
cUz;il> nrk;ik> tl;lepyh> ePse
; fh;> Kf;fzk;> mfyk;> Gspg;G.
nghJg;ngah; (jhd;> jhk;> vy;yhk;) :
jhd; vd;Dk; nghJg;ngah; ,Ujpiz> %tplq;fspYk; xUik czh;jj
; p
tUk;.
jhk;> vy;yhk; vd;Dk; nghJg; ngah;fs; ,Ujpiz %tplq;fspYk; gd;ik
czh;jj
; ptUk;.
ehd; jhd; NgrpNdd;
eP jhd; mioj;jha;
mtd; jhd; mbj;jhd;
glh;fi
; f Mfpa 3 ,lq;fs;
kapy; jhd; MbaJ
jhd;
jd;ik> Kd;dpiy

PH 04146 -226417
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,UjpizapYk; nghJthf
nry;td; jhd; vOjpdhd;
xUikapy; te;jJ
Fapy; jhd; $tpaJ
ehk; jhk; $wpNdhk;
ehk; vy;yhk; $wpNdhk;;
ePtph; jhk; ghh;jj
; Ph;
ePtph; vy;yhk; nrd;whP ;
kf;fs; jhk; Nghuhbdh;
Fjpiufs; vy;yhk; Xbd
(jhk;> vy;yhk; vd;gd ,Ujpid %tplq;fspYk; gd;ik czh;jj
; pd).
Ntw;Wik cUG Vw;Fk;NghJ jphpAk; ngah;fs;
s :
,yf;fzk;: Ntw;Wik cUGfNshL NrUk;nghOJ.
1. ehd; vd;Dk; jd;ik xUikg; ngah; vd; vd;W jphpAk;.
2. ehk; vd;Dk; jd;ik gd;ikg; ngah; vk;> ek; vd;W jphpAk;.
3. eP vd;Dk; Kd;dpiyg; xUikg; ngah; epd;> cd; vd;W jphpAk;.
4. ePh>; vd;Dk; Kd;dpiyg; gd;ikg; ngah;> Ek;> ck; vd;Wk; jphpAk;.
5. jhd; vd;Dk; nghJg;ngah; jd; vd;W jphpAk;.
6. jhk; vd;Dk; nghJg;ngah; jk; vd;W jphpAk;.
v.fh.
ehd; + I
ehk; + I
eP + I
ePh; + I
jhd; + I
jhk; + I
ehd; + My;
ehk; + F
vd;id
ek;ik> vk;ik
cd;id> epd;id
ck;ik> Ek;ik
jd;id
jk;ik
vd;dhy;
ekf;F
jk;ikg; ngah;
ngah
NgRNthiuAk; mtd; rhh;eN
; jhiuAk; Fwpf;Fk; jd;ikg; ngah;.
ahd; vd;gJ vd; vd;Wk;
ahk; vd;gJ vk; vd;Wk;
ehk; vd;gJ ek; vd;Wk; jphpe;j Ntw;Wik cUGfis Vw;Fk;.
Ntw;Wikg;
ngah;
ahd;
ehd;> ahd;
ehq;fs;> ahfq;fs;
2 I
vd;
id
3
5
6
7
4
F
,d;
mJ
fz;
My;>
XL
vd;Ndh vdf; vd;dpd; vd vd;dpl
L
F
J
k;
vd;dhy;
vk;nkhL
vk;khy;
jd;ik ngah;
jd;ik gd;ik ngah;
10. Kd;dpiy ngah;

ngah :
PH 04146 -226417
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NgRNthhpd;
nrhy;iyAk;
Kd;dpd;W
Nfl;NghiuAk;
mtd;
rhh;eN
; jhiuAk; czh;jj
; p tUk; ngah; Kd;dpiyg; ngah;.
eP Kd;dpiy xUikg;ngah; ePqf
; s;> ePah;> vy;yh;> ePtph; Kd;dpiyg; gz;ikg;
ngah;fs; eP vd;gJ epd; vd;Wk; ePh; vd;gJ Ek; vd;Wk; ePqf
; s; vd;gJ Eqfs;
vd;Wk; jphpe;J Ntw;Wik cUGfis Vw;Fk;.
Ntw;Wikg;
2
ngah;
eP
epd;i
d
eP
cd;i
d
eP
Ek;i
k
3
epd;NdhL
epd;dhy;
cd;ndhL
cd;dhy;
Ek;nkhU
Ek;khy;
epidf; epd;dpd;
F
cdf; cd;dpd;
F
Ekf;F Ek;kpd;
epd
epd;dplk;
J
cd cd;dplk;
J
EkJ Ek;kplk;
glh;fi
; f ngah;
ngah
jk;ik> Kd;diy xope;j ngah;fs; vy;yhk; glh;fi
; fg; ngah;fs;. ,JTk;
xUik gd;id vd 2 tifg;gLk;.
uhrd; ,y;yk; - glh;fi
; f xUikg; ngah;
gRf;fs;> kdpjh;fs; - glh;fi
; fg; gd;ikg; ngah;
jhd; vd;gJ jk; vd;Wk; jhk; vd;gJ jk; vd;Wk; jphpe;J Ntw;Wik cUGfis
Vw;Fk;.
Ntw;Wikg; ngah;
jhd;
jhd;
2
3
jd;
jdf;F
id
jk;i jk;nkh
k
L
4
jd;dp
d;
jkf;F
5
jdJ
6
7
jd;dpl jd;dh
k;
y;
jk;kpd; jkJ
jk;kpl
k;
ngah;nrhy;
rhy;
,jpy; ,uz;L ngah;fs; cz;L. ,jid ,LFwpg;ngah; kw;Wk; fhuzg;ngah; vd;gh;.
,LFwpg;ngah;
gah : ,LFwpg;ngah; vd;gJ fhuzkpd;wp Kd;Ndhh; toq;fpa ngah;.
,jid ,LFwpg;nghJg;ngah; kw;Wk; ,LFwp rpwg;G ngah; vd;gth;. ,LFwpg;
nghJg; ngah;.
Kd;Ndhh; fhuzkpd;wp toq;fpa ngah;.
(v.fh.) kz;> kiy> kL> fy; ,LFwp rpwg;Gg; ngah;.
kz;zpy;> nrk;kz;> tz;ly;> fspkz; vd tifg;gLk; ,LFwp rpwg;Gg; ngah;
vd;gh;. kuk;- ,LFwp rpwg;G ngah; vd;gh;.
njd;id kuk; mtw;wpy; rpwg;Gg; ngw;wJ. xU tif kuj;jpw;F kl;LNk
itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jid ,LFwp rpwg;Gg; ngah; vd;gh;.
(v.fh) njd;id> tapW> gy;> fhy;> if
fhuzg; ngah;
ngah:
xU nghUSf;F ngah; itf;f rpwg;ghd fhuzk; ,Ue;jhy; mjid fhuzg;
ngah; vd;gh;.
(v.fh) gwit gwf;fpd;w fhuzj;jhy; mJ gwit vd;W ngah;.
fhuzg; nghJg; ngah;
ngah : fhfk;> Fapy;> ehw;fhyp.
fhuzg; rpwg;Gg; ngah;
ngah : tpidapy; vd;gJ rpwg;ghd xd;iwf; Fwpg;gpLk; (tisak;
vd;gJ nghJthdJ)
tisay; vd;gJ fhuzr; rpwg;G ngaUf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L.
tpidr;nrhy; :
PH 04146 -226417
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xU njhopy; epfo;tijf; Fwpg;gJ tpidr;nrhy; vdg;gLk;. tpidr;nrhy;

fhyj;ijf; fhl;Lk;.
(v.fh) ML> gb> el> ghL
,ilr;nrhy;
rhy
E}iyg; gbj;jhd;
I (Ntw;Wik cUG)
kf;fs; kfpo;ej
; dh;
mh; (tpFjp)
Njd; Nghd;w nkhop
Nghd;w (ctk cUG)
mt;tL
P > ,J
m>,> (Rl;nlOj;Jf;fs;)
czTk;> cilAk;
ck; (ck;ik)
gbj;jhah?
M (tpdh vOj;J)
FwNs rpwe;jJ
V (Vfhuk;)
NkNy cs;s nrhw;nwhlh;fis kPzL
; k; kPzL
; k; gbj;Jg; ghh;jj
; hy;.
I> mh; Nghd;w m>,> ck;> M> V vd;git jdpj;J tuhky; ngah;r; nrhw;fisAk;
tpidr; nrhw;fisAk; jkf;F ,lkhff; nfhz;L te;Js;sd. ,jid ,ilr;nrhy;
vd;W toq;fyhk;.
,ilr;nrhw;fshf tUtd :
Ntw;Wik cUGfs;> ctk cUGfs;> Rl;L vOj;Jf;fs;> tpdh vOj;Jf;fs;
kw;Wk; Vfhuk;> xfhuk; ck;ik Nghd;wit ,ilr; nrhw;fshf tUk;.
chpr;nrhy;
rhy
rhyg; nghpJ (kpfg; nghpaJ)
rhy
cW nghUs; (kpFe;j nghUs;)
cW
jtr;rpwpJ (kpfTk; rpwpJ)
jt
edp Ngrpdhd; (kpFjpahfg; Ngrpdhd;) edp
,Lk;ig $h; tapW (Jd;gk; kpf;f tapW) - $h;
fop ctif (kpFe;j kfpo;rr
; p)
fop
Nkw;fz;l nrhw;nwhlh;fspy; cs;s rhy> cW> jt> edp> $h;> fop vd;Dk;
nrhw;fs; kpFjp> vd;Dk; Fzj;ij czh;jj
; p ngah;> tpidfSf;F chpik gz;L
te;Js;sd.
,t;thW ngah;> tpidr; nrhw;fisr; rhh;e;J> mtw;wpd; Fzj;ij czh;jj
; p
tUk; nrhw;fs; chpr;nrhw;fs; vdg;gLk;.
,it xU Fzk;
,Utifg;gLk;.
jOtpa
chpr;
nrhy;
gyFzk;
jOtpa
chpr;nrhy;
vd
rhy> cW> jt> edp> $h;> fop vd;gd kpFjp vd;Dk; xU nghUisNa
czh;jJ
; td.
vdNt ,it xU Fzk; jOtpa gy chpr;nrhw;fs; MFk;.
fb
fb
fb
fb
fb
fb
efh;
Nty;
tpLtJk;KuR
fhw;W
kyh;
fhty; cila efuk;

$h;ikahd Nty;
tpiuthf tpLjk;
Mh;fF
; k; KuR
kpFjpahd fhw;W
kzk; cs;s kyh;

PH 04146 -226417
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Nkw;fz;l njhlh;fspy; cs;s fb vd;Dk; chpr;nrhy; fhty;> $h;ik>
tpiuT> Mh;jj
; y;> kpFjp> kzk; vd;Dk; gy nghUl;fis czh;j;Jfpd;wJ. vdNt
fb vd;gJ gy Fzk; jOtpa Xh; chpr;nrhy; MFk;.
njhifepiyj; njhlh;
ngah;rn
; rhy;NyhL tpidr;nrhy;Yk;> ngah;rn
; rhy;Yk; NrUk; njhlhpy;
,ilapy; Ntw;Wik cUGfNsh> tpid gz;G Kjypatw;wpd; cUGfNsh njhf;fp
(kiwe;j) epw;Fkhdhdy; mjid njhif epiyj; njhlh; vd;gh;. ,jid
RUf;fkhfj; njhif vd;gh;. ,it MW tifg;gLk;.
tpidr; nrhy;NyhL tpidr; nrhy; Nrh;e;J njhifepiy njhlh; miktjpy;iy.
1. Ntw;Wikj; njhif : I> My;> F> ,d;> mJ> fz;

xU njhlhpy; Ntw;Wik cUG kiwe;J te;J nghUs; czh;jJ
; tij
Ntw;Wikj; njhif vd;gh;.
ghy; mUe;jpdhd; (I) - ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wikj; njhif jiy tzq;fpdhd; (My;)
- %d;whk; Ntw;Wikj; njhif
gs;sp nrd;whd; (F)
- ehd;fhk; Ntw;Wikj; njhif
rpiw ePqf
; pdhd; (,d;) Ie;jhk; Ntw;Wikj; njhif
mofd; E}y; (mJ) Mwhk; Ntw;Wikj; njhif
kiyNth; (fz;)
- Vohk; Ntw;Wikj; njhif
2. cUGk;> gaDk; cld;njhf;f njhif

xU njhlhpy; Ntw;Wik cUGk;> mjd; nghUis tpsf;Fk; gaDk; Nrh;eJ
;
kiwe;J tUtJ cUGk; gaDk; cld; njhf;f njhif vdg;gLk;. ,JTk;
Ntw;Wikj; njhifNa MFk;.
Njh;gg
; hfd; - Njiu Xl;Lk; ghfd;) ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik cUGk; gaDk;
cld;njhf;f njhif.
nghd; tisay; - (nghd;dhy; nra;j tisay;) %d;whk; Ntw;Wik cUGk;
gaDk; cld; njhf;f njhif.
Foha;j; jz;zPh; - Ie;jhk; Ntw;Wik cUGk; gaDk; cld; njhf;f
njhif.
fhl;Lg;Gyp (fhl;bd;fz; thOk; Gyp) Vohk; Ntw;Wik cUGk; gaDk;
cld; njhf;fj; njhif.
(Mwhk; Ntw;Wikj; njhifapy; gad;jUk; nrhy; kiwe;J tUtjpy;iy).
3.
tpidj; njhif
,it %d;W fhyKk; ,uz;L nrhw;fSf;F ,ilNa kiwe;jpUf;Fk;.

tpidj; njhifapy; ,uz;L nrhw;fNs ,Uf;Fk;. Kjypy; ,Uf;Fk; nrhy; xU
tpidr; nrhy;. ,uz;lhtJ nrhy; ngah;rn
; rhy;yhf ,Uf;Fk;. ,ijf; nfhz;L
tpidj; njhifia mwpe;Jf; nfhs;syhk;.
v.fh. RLNrhW> ,yq;F E}y;> CWfha;> gha;Gdy;>
RLfpd;w NrhW
epfo;fhyk;
Rl;l NrhW
,we;jfhyk;
RLk; NrhW
vjph;fhyk;
,jid fhyk; fle;j nganur;rk; vdyhk;.
4.
gz;Gj; njhif
,it ik tpFjp kiwe;J tUtJ gz;Gj; njhif vd;Wk; nfhs;syhk;.

v.fh : Nrtb> nrq;fz;> neLq;fly;> %J}h;> jz;japh;> ige;njhb> ntz;rpiy>
ehw;gil
ed;ik> jPik
Fzj;ijf; Fwpf;Fk;
tl;lk;> rJuk;
cUtj;ijf; Fwpf;Fk;
ePyk;> gRik
epwj;ijf; Fwpf;Fk;
xd;W> gj;J
vz;zpf;ifiaf; Fwpf;Fk;
5.
ctikj; njhif
PH 04146 -226417
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,it Kjypy; ,uz;L nrhy; cs;s njhif jhdh vd;gij mwpe;j
nfhs;Sq;fs;. Kjypy; ,Uf;Fk; nrhy; Xh; ctikr; nrhy;yhf ,Ue;jhy; mJ
ctikj; njhifNa (ghidtha; vd;gjpy; ghid vd;gJ ctik). me;j
ctikr; nrhy;iy mLj;J Nghd;w vd;w nrhy; kiwe;jpUf;Fk;. (ghid tha; ghid Nghd;w tha; vd;W ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;).
v.fh: kjpKfk;> kyub> Jbapil> fkyf;fz;> fdptha;> Njd;nkhop> fy;tpop>
khd;tpop> ,bKuR.
6.
ck;ikj; njhif
,uz;L nrhw;fSf;F ,ilapy; ck; vd;Dk; ,ilr;nrhy; njhf;fp tUtJ

ck;ikj; njhif vdg;gLk;.
ehL efh; vd;gJ ehLk; efUk; vdg; nghUs; jUk; Mjypy; ,r;nrhw;fis
,izf;Fk; nrhy;yhfpa ck; kiwe;J te;jhy; mJ ck;ikj; njhif
vdg;gLk;.
(v.fh)
,uT gfy;
,uTk; gfYk;
fhL fiu
fhLk; fiuAk;
,d;gJd;gk;
,d;gKk; Jd;gKk;
NkLgs;sk;
NkLk; gs;sKk;
fgpyguzh;
fgpyUk; guzUk;
tPL thry;
tPLk; thrYk;
jha; je;ij> eiu jpiu> fha;fwp> mz;zd;> jk;gp> ghy;gok;.
Ntw;Wikj; njhif :
ghpjp nfhLj;jhd;
ghpjpf;F nfhLj;jhd;
Kjy; njhlh; ghpjp vd;gtd; NtW xUtDf;F xU nghUisf; nfhLj;jhd;
vd;Dk; nghUis czh;j;JfpwJ. ,j;njhlhpd; gb nghUisf; nfhLj;jtd; ghpjp
vd;W MfpwJ.
- ,j;njhlhpy; NtWghL vjdhy; Vw;gl;lJ?
,uz;lhtJ njhlhpy; ghpjp vd;Dk; ngah; nrhy;Yld; F Nrh;jj
; hy; nghUs;
NtWgl;L epw;fpwJ. ,t;thW ngah;rn
; rhy;ypd; nghUs; NtWgLtij Ntw;Wik
vd;gh; ,t;thW nghUs; Ntw;Wikia cz;lhf;Fk; F Nghd;wit cUGfs;
vdg;gLk;.
Ntw;Wik vl;L tifg;gLk;. mit Kjy; Ntw;Wik> ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik>
%d;whk; Ntw;Wik> ehd;fhk; Ntw;Wik> Ie;jhk; Ntw;Wik> Mwhk; Ntw;Wik>
Vohk; Ntw;Wik> vl;lhk; Ntw;Wik vd;gdthFk;.
Kjy; Ntw;Wik
jhkiu ghbdhs;
,j;njhlhpy; jhkiu vd;Dk; ngah;rn
; rhy; vOtha; MFk;. ,J ghbdhs;
vd;Dk; tpidr; nrhy;iyg; gadpiyahfg; ngw;W nghUs; jUk; NghJ vt;tpj
NtWghLkpd;wp> ,ay;ghf epw;fpwJ.
,t;thW xU njhlhpy;> xU ngah;r;nrhy; ,ay;ghf te;J vOthahfpg;
nghUs; jUkhapd;> mJ Kjy;Ntw;Wik vdg;gLk;. ,jid vOtha; Ntw;Wik
vd;gh;
Kjy;
Ntw;Wik
(vOtha;
Ntw;Wik)
tpidKw;W
ngah;rn
; rhy;>
tpidr;nrhy; Mfpatw;Ws; xd;iwg; gadpiyahff; nfhz;L KbAk;.
Mjtd; vOjpdhd; (tpidKw;iwg; gadpiyahff; nfhz;L Kbj;Js;sJ).
,skjp vd; kfd; (ngaiug; gadpiyahff; nfhz;L Kbe;Js;sJ).
PH 04146 -226417
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fiyaurp vd;gth; ahh;? (tpdhr; nrhy;iyg; gadpiyahy; ngw;W
Kbe;Js;sJ).
Kjy; Ntw;Wikf;F cUG ,y;iy. ,J fUj;jhg; nghUis czh;jj
; p
tUk;.
,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik
Nfhij ghiyf; Fbj;jhs;.
,j;njhlhpy; Nfhij vd;gJ vOtha;> ,/J ,ay;ghf mike;j
ngah;rn
; rhy;. Nfhij Fbj;j ghy; vd;Dk; ngah;rn
; rhy;Ny>I vd;Dk; cUig
Vw;W> ghiy vd;Dk; nrag;gLnghUis czh;jJ
; fpwJ.
I vd;gJ ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik cUghFk;. xU ngah;rn
; rhy; nghUisr;
nrag;gL nghUshf NtWgLj;JtJ ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik vdg;gLk;. ,jidr;
nrag;gLnghUs; Ntw;Wik vd;Wk; toq;Fth;.
Mf;fy;> mopj;jy;> milj;jy;> ePjj
; y;> xj;jy;> cilik vd;Dk; MW
tifapdthf ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik (nrag;gLnghUs; Ntw;Wik) mikAk;.
mofd; rpiy(iar;) nra;jhd; - Mf;fy;
tstd; gif(tiu) ntd;whd; - mopj;jy;
,sturp tPL(il) mile;jhs; - miljy;
fz;zd; rpdk;(j;ij) tpLj;jhd; - ePfF
; jy; (ePjj
; y;)
vopyd; fhisiag; Nghd;wts; - xj;jy; (vopyd; fhis)
fhh; Nkfk; nry;t(k;)j;ij cilatd; - cilik
%d;whk; Ntw;Wik
jkpohy; cah;epiy fpl;baJ
mwj;jhd; tUtNj ,d;gk;
fbjj;NjhL gzKk; te;jJ.
jiytNuhL njhz;lUk; te;jdh;.
Nkw;fz;l njhlh;fspy; ngah;rn
; rhw;fNshL Nrh;eJ
; s;s My;> Md;> xL> XL
vd;Dk;
cUGfs;
%d;whk;
Ntw;Wikf;F
chpa
cUGfshFk;.
,it
ngah;rn
; rhy;ypd; nghUisf; fUtpg; nghUshfTk;> fUj;jhg; nghUshfTk;
cldpfo;rr
; pg; nghUshfTk; NtWgLj;Jfpd;wd.
fUtpg; nghUs;
Ngdhthy; vOjpdhd; - vOJtjw;Fg; Ngdh fUtpahf ,Ue;jJ vd;gij
czh;jJ
; fpwJ.
mwj;jhd; tUtNj ,d;gk; - ,d;gk; tUtjw;F mwNk fUtp vd;gij
,j;njhlh; czh;j;JfpwJ.
,r;nraYf;F ,J fUtpahf ,Ue;jJ vd;gij tpsf;Ftjw;fhfg; ngah;r;
nrhw;fSld; My;Md; vd;Dk; cUGfs; ,izj;Js;sd. ,JNt fUtpg;
nghUspy; mike;j %d;whk; Ntw;WikahFk;.
fUj;jhg; nghUs;
nry;te;juhy; tPL fl;lg;gl;lJ. tPL fl;l nry;te;jh;. fUj;jthf> ,Ue;jhh;
vd;gijr; nry;te;jh; vd;Dk; nrhy;NyhL My; cUG Nrh;e;J czh;j;JfpwJ.
vdNt ,J fUj;jhg; nghUs; MFk;.
Gjpa tPli
; lr; nry;te;jh; jhNk fl;ltpy;iy. chpa gzpahl;fis Vtp
tPli
; lf; fl;b Kbj;jhh; vd;gJ ,jd; nghUs;. vdNt nry;te;jh; VTjw;fUj;jh
Mthh;.
jr;ruhy; fl;by; nra;ag;gl;lJ.
jr;rh; jhNk Kad;W fUtpfisf; nfhz;L fl;biyr; nra;J Kbj;Js;shh;.
vdNt jr;rh; ,aw;Wjy; fh;jj
; h Mthh;.
PH 04146 -226417
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,t;thW fUj;jh vd;gJ VTjw; fUj;jh kw;Wk; ,aw;Wjy; fUj;jh vd
,Utifg;gLk;.
cldpfo;rr
; pg; nghUs;
fbjj;NjhL gzKk; te;jJ.
,j;njhlhpy; cs;s XL vd;Dk; cUG fbjKk; gzKk; cld; te;jij
czh;jJ
; fpwJ.
jiytNuhL njhz;lUk; te;jdh;.
,j;njhlhpy; cs;s XL vd;Dk; cUG ,UtUk; ,ize;J te;jdh; vdg;
nghUs; jUfpwJ. ,t;thW xL> XL vd;Dk; cUGfs; ngah;rn
; rhy;ypd; nghUis
cld; epfo;Tg; nghUshf fhl;Ltjhy; cldpfo;rr
; pg; nghUs; vdg;gLk;.
nrhy;YUGfs;
%d;whk; Ntw;Wikf;F My;> Md;> xL> XL vd;gtdtw;Wld; NtW rpy
nrhw;fSk; cUGfshf miktJ cz;L. mtw;iw nrhy;YUGfs; vd;gh;
Crp nfhz;L ijj;jhd;
,b kpd;dYld; kio nghope;jJ.
,j;njhlh;fspy;
mike;Js;s
nfhz;L
cld;
vd;git
%d;whk;
Ntw;Wikapd; nrhy;YUGfshFk;.
ehd;fhk; Ntw;Wik
Nehgy; ghpR jh$Uf;F toq;fg; ngw;wJ.
jha; Foe;ijf;F czT Cl;bdhs;.
,j;njhlh;fspy; jh$h;> Foe;ij vd;Dk; ngah;rn
; rhw;fs; F vd;Dk;
cUigNaw;W nghUs; NtWghl;il czh;j;Jfpd;wd.
ehd;fhk;
Ntw;Wikf;F
chpa
cUG
F
,J
Nfhlw;nghUis
czh;jJ
; fpwJ. nfhLg;gij Vw;Wf; nfhs;tJ Nfhly; MFk;. ehd;fhk; Ntw;Wik
czh;jJ
; k; Nfhlw; nghUshdJ nfhil> gif> Neh;rr
; p> jFjp> mJthjy;
nghUl;L Kiw vd VO tifg;gLk;.
kd;dd; Gyth;fF
; g; ghprspj;jhd; - nfhil
Gifj;jy; kdpjDf;Fg; gif - gif
ghhpf;F ez;gh; fgpyh; - Neh;rr
; p (el;G)
fz;Zf;F mzpfyd; fz;Nzhl;lk; - jFjp
japUf;Fg; ghy; thq;fpdhd; - mJthjy;
ehl;bd; tpLjiyf;Fg; ghLgl;ldh; - nghUl;L
tstDf;Fj; jq;if tsh;kjp - Kiw
nrhy;YUGfs;
gzj;jpw;fhfj; jPait nra;Nay;
jiyth; nghUl;Lr; nrayhsh; Ngrpdhh;
,tw;wpy; cs;s MfpnghUl;L vd;git
nrhy;YUGfshFk;.
ehd;fhk;
Ntw;Wikf;Fhpa
Ie;jhk; Ntw;Wik
nfhilapy; rpwe;jtd; Fkzd;
xOf;fj;jpd; va;Jth; Nkd;ik
,j;njhlh;fspy; cs;s nfhil> xOf;fk; vd;Dk; ngah;r; nrhy;Yld; ,y;>
,d; vd;Dk; cUGfs; Nrh;eJ
;
nghUis NtWgLj;Jfpd;wd. ,/J Ie;jhk;
Ntw;Wik MFk;.
,y;>,d; vd;gd Ie;jhk; Ntw;Wikf;Fhpa cUGfshFk;. ,it ePqf
; y;>
xg;G> vy;iy>VJ (fhuzk;) vd;Dk; ehd;F nghUl;fis czh;jj
; p tUk;.
jiyapd; ,ope;j kaph; - ePqf
; y;
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flypd; tphpe;j GfOilath; - xg;G
godpahd; fpof;F kJiu - vy;iy
tPiz thrpg;gjpy; ty;ytd; - VJ
nrhy;YUGfs;
Ntyd; ChpypUe;J te;jhh;.
ntz;zpyh Nkfj;jpdpd;W ntspg;gl;lJ.
kd;didtplf; fw;NwhNu rpwg;Gilah;
jkpiof; fhl;bYk; Ritahd nkhopAz;Nlh!
,j;njhlh;fspYs;s ,Ue;J epd;W tpl fhl;bYk; vd;git Ie;jhk;
Ntw;Wikf;F chpa nrhy;YUGfshFk;.
Mwhk; Ntw;Wik
fgpyuJ ghl;L
vdhJ if
vd iffs;
,j;njhlh;fspy; mJ> MJ> m vd;Dk; cUGfs; ngah;r; nrhy;iyr;
Nrh;eJ
;
epd;W nghUs; NtWghl;il czh;jJ
; fpd;wd. ,t;thW tUtJ Mwhk;
Ntw;WikahFk; ,J fpoikg; nghUspy; tUk; (fpoik chpik) Mwhk;
Ntw;Wikf;F chpa cUGfs;: mJ> MJ> m.
nrhy;YUGfs;
ez;gUila ,y;yk;
MrphpaUila ,Uf;if
,j;njhlh;fspYs;s
cila
vd;gJ
Mwhk;
Ntw;Wikf;F
chpa
nrhy;YUGfshFk;.
Vohk; Ntw;Wik
tPlb
; y; Nrhiy cs;sJ
kiyf;fz; %ypif
gpwhplk; gif nfhs;shNj
khzth;fSs; nropaNd rpwe;jtd;
jiyNkYs;s Rik
NkNy fz;l njhlh;fspy; tPL> kiy> gpwh; khzth;fs;> jiy vd;Dk;
ngah; nrhw;fSld; ,y; fz;> ,lk;> cs;> Nky; vd;Dk; cUGfs; Nrh;e;J
nghUs; NtWghl;ilj; jUfpd;wd. ,/J Vohk; Ntw;Wik cUGfs; MFk;.
,t;Ntw;Wik ,lg;nghUis czh;j;Jk;.
(Ie;jhk;Ntw;Wikapy; ,y; xg;Gg; nghUspYk; VJg; nghUspYk; tUk;.
Vohk;Ntw;Wikapy; ,lg;nghUspy; kl;Lk; tUk;. ,y; cUig tpid Kbitf;
nfhz;L Ntw;Wikg; nghUis mwpa Ntz;Lk; (v.L) gzk; ngl;bapy; ,Uf;fpwJ
- ,lg;nghUs; (Vohk; Ntw;Wik) gzj;ijg; ngl;bapypUe;J vLj;jhd; - ePqf
; y;
nghUs; (Ie;jhk; Ntw;Wik).
vl;lhk; Ntw;Wik
fe;jh> tUf ,j;njhlhpy; fe;jd; vd;Dk; ngah;rn
; rhy; tpspf;fg;gLk; NghJ
fe;jh vd <w;nwOj;J nfl;L><w;way; ePzL
; xypf;fpwJ. ,t;thW ngah;r; nrhy;
tpspj;jy;> nghUspy; NtWgl;L tUtJ vl;lhk;Ntw;Wik MFk;. ,jid tpsp
Ntw;Wik vd;gh;.
glh;fi
; fapy;
cs;s
nghUis
Kd;dpiyg;
nghUshf
miof;f
,t;Ntw;Wik gad;gLfpwJ.
cUGk; gaDk; cld; njhf;f njhif

ePhf
; F
; lk;
PH 04146 -226417
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,j;njhlh; ePiu cila Flk; vd tphpe;J nghUs; czh;jJ
; fpd;wJ. ePh>;
Flk; vd;Dk; nrhw;fSf;F ,ilNa I vd;Dk;Ntw;Wik cUGk; cila
vd;Dk; tpsf;Fk; gaDk; kiwe;J te;Js;sd.
,t;thW xU njhlhpy; Ntw;Wik cUGk;> mjd; nghUis tpsf;Fk;
gaDk; kiwe;J tUtJ cUGk; gaDk; cld; njhf;f njhif vdg;gLk;.
ePhf
; F
; lk;
,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik cUGk; gaDk;
cld;njhf;f njhif.
kl;ghid
%d;whk; Ntw;Wik cUGk; gaDk;
cld;njhf;f njhif.
$ypNtis
ehd;fhk; Ntw;Wik cUGk; gaDk;
cld;njhf;f njhif.
njhl;bj;jz;zhP ;
Ie;jhk; Ntw;Wik cUGk; gaDk;
cld;njhf;f njhif.
tPlL
; g; G+id Vohk; Ntw;WikcUGk; gaDk;
cld;njhf;f njhif.
(Mwhk; Ntw;Wikj; njhifapy; gad; jUk; nrhy; kiwe;J tUtjpy;iy)
tpidj; njhif
RLNrhW> CWfha;
RL> CW vd;git tpidg; gFjpfs;. ,it KiwNa NrhW> fha; vd;Dk;
ngah;r; nrhw;fNshL Nrh;e;J fhyj;ij ntspg;gLj;jhj nganur;rq;fshapd.
,g;ngaur;rq;fspy; fhyk; fhl;Lk; ,ilepiyfs; njhf;fp ,Uf;fpd;wd.
NkYk; ,it Rl;l NrhW> RLfpw NrhW> RLk; NrhW vdTk; Cwpa fha;> CWfpw
fha;> CWk; fha; vdTk; Kf;fhyj;jpw;Fk; nghUe;Jk; gb tphpe;J nghUs;
jUfpd;wd.
,t;thW fhyk; fhl;Lk; ,ilepiyAk;> nganur;r tpFjpAk; kiwe;J tUk;
nganur;rk; tpidj;njhif vdg;gLk;. fhyk; fle;j nganur;rNk tpidj;njhif
MFk;.
gz;Gj;njhif
fUq;Ftis
fUikahd Ftis
tl;lg;ghiw
tl;lkhd ghiw
,d;Rit
,dpikahd Rit
,j;njhlh;fspYs;s fUik> tl;lk;> ,dpait vd;gd gz;Gg; ngah;fs;
Ftis> ghiw> Rit vd;git gz;G ngaiuj; jOtp epw;Fk; ngah;r;nrhw;fs;.
,t;tpuz;bw;Fk; ,ilapy; MfpaMd vd;Dk; gz;GUGfs; njhf;fp te;jd.
mtw;Wld; ik tpFjpAk; kiwe;J te;Js;sJ.
gz;Gg; ngaUf;Fk; mJ jOtp epw;Fk; ngah;rn
; rhy;Yf;Fk; ,ilNa ik
vd;Dk; gz;G tpFjpAk;> Mfpa Md vd;Dk; gz;G cUGfSk; kiwe;J tUtJ
gz;Gj; njhif vdg;gLk;
,Unganuhl;Lg; gz;Gj;njhif.
gidkuk;
,j;njhlh; gidahfpa kuk; vd tphpfpwJ. kuk; vd;gJ midj;J
kuq;fisAk; Rl;Lk; nghJg; ngauhFk;. gid vd;gJ gy kuq;fSs; xd;whfpa
kuj;ijf; Fwpg;ghfr; Rl;Ltjhy; rpwg;Gg; ngauhFk;. ,ilapy; Mfpa vd;Dk;
gz;GUG kiwe;Js;sJ.
rpwg;Gg; ngah; Kd;Dk;> nghJg; ngah; gpd;Dk; epd;W ,ilapy; Mfpa
vd;Dk; gz;G cUG njhf;fp tUtJ ,Unganuhl;Lg; gz;Gj; njhif vdg;gLk;.
ctikj; njhif
kyh;fi
; f
,j;njhlh; kyh; Nghd;w if vdg;nghUs; jUfpwJ.
PH 04146 -226417
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kyh; - ctik if(nghUs;) ctNkak;
,ilNa Nghd;w vd;Dk; ctk cUG kiwe;Js;sJ.
ctikf;Fk;> nghUSf;Fk; (ctNkaj;jpw;Fk;) ,ilapy; Nghy> Nghd;w>
epfu md;dvd;Dk; ctk cUGfSs; xd;W njhf;fp epw;f tUtJ ctikj;
njhif vdg;gLk;.
ck;ikj; njhif
ntw;wpiy ghf;F> cw;whh; cwtpdh;
,j;njhlh;fs; ntw;wpiyAk; ghf;Fk;>cw;whUk; cwtpdUk; vd tphpe;J
nghUis czh;jJ
; fpd;wd. ,ilapNyh> ,WjpapNyh ck; vd;Dk; ,ilr;nrhy;
,y;iy kiwe;J epd;W nghUis czh;j;Jfpd;wJ.
,U nrhw;fSf;F ,ilapYk; ,WjpapYk; ck; vd;Dk; ,ilr;nrhy;
njhf;fp tUtJ ck;ikj; njhif vdg;gLk;.
md;nkhopj; njhif
nghw;nwhb te;jhs; (njhb tisay;)
,j;njhlhpy; Kjypy; cs;s nghw;nwhb vd;Dk; nrhy; nghd;dhy; Md
tisay; vd;Dk; nghUisj; jUk; %d;whk; Ntw;Wik cUGk; gaDk;
cld;njhf;f njhifahFk;. ,j;njhlh; te;jhs; vd;Dk; tpidr; nrhy;iy jOtp
epw;gjhy; nghd;dhy; Md tisaiy mzpe;j ngz; te;jhs; vdg; nghUs;
jUfpwJ.
mzpe;j ngz; vd;gJ njhlhpy; ,y;yhj nkhopahFk; Ntw;Wikj;
njhifia
mLj;J
my;yhj
nkhop
njhf;fp
epw;gjhy;>
,j;njhlh;
Ntw;Wikj;njhifg; Gwj;Jg; gpwe;j md;nkhopj; njhif vdg;gLk;.
Ntw;Wik> tpid> gz;G> ctik> ck;ik Mfpa njhif epiyj;
njhlh;fSf;Fg; Gwj;Nj my;yhj rpy nkhopfs; njhf;fp epd;W nghUs; jUtJ
md;nkhopj; njhif MFk.;
rpy vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs;
fay;tpop Ngrpdhs;
kyh;if te;jhs;
njhfh epiyj; njhlh;

mwpturd; gbj;jhd;> Fapy; $tpaJ.
Kjy; njhlhpy; mwpturd; vd;Dk; vOthAk; gbj;jhd; vd;Dk;
gadpiyAk; njhlh;e;J epd;W nghUs; czh;jJ
; fpd;wd.
,uz;lhtJ njhlhpYk;> vOthAk; gadpiyAk; njhlh;e;J epd;W Fapy;
$tpaJ vd;Dk; nghUisj; jUfpd;wd.
xU njhlh; nkhopapy; ,U nrhw;fs; ,Ue;J> mtw;wpd; ,ilapy; nrhy;Nyh>
cUNgh kiwahJ nghUis czh;j
; J
; tJ njhfhepiyj; njhlh; vdg;gLk;.
epyT Njhd;wpaJ
,jpy; epyT vd;Dk; vOthiaj; njhlh;e;J
gadpiy mike;Js;sJ ,J vOtha;j; njhlh;.
ez;gh! gb
ez;gh vd;Dk; tpspg;ngah;>
Kbe;Js;sJ. ,J tpspj;njhlh;.
nrd;wdh; tPuh;
gb
vd;Dk;
Njhd;wpaJ
gadpiyiaf;
vd;Dk;
nfhz;L
tpidKw;W Kjypy; epd;W ngaiuj; njhlh;fpwJ. ,J tpidKw;Wj; njhlh;

MFk;.
PH 04146 -226417
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gbj;j ghlk;
gbj;j vd;Dk; vr;rtpid ghlk; vd;Dk; ngah;r; nrhy;iyf; nfhz;L
Kbe;Js;sJ. ,J nganur;rj; njhlh; MFk;.
Njbg; ghh;jj
; hd;
Njb vd;Dk; vr;rtpid ghh;jj
; hd;
Kbe;Js;sJ. ,J tpidnar;rj; njhlh; MFk;.
nra;Ais vOjpdhd;
vd;Dk;
tpidKw;iwf;
nfhz;L
,j;njhlupy;I vd;Dk; Ntw;Wik cUG ntspg;gilahf epd;W nghUis

czh;jJ
; fpwJ. ,J Ntw;Wikj; njhfh epiyj;njhlh; vdg;gLk;.
kw;Wg;gpw:
kw;W + gpw kw;W vd;Dk; ,ilr;nrhy;iy mLj;Jg; gpw
vd;Dk; nrhy; epd;W nghUs; jUtjhy; ,J ,ilr;nrhy; njhlh; MFk;.
rhy ed;W: rhy vd;gJ chpr;nrhy;. ,ijj; njhlh;eJ
;
ed;W vd;Dk;
nrhy; te;Js;sJ. ,J chpr;nrhy; njhlh; MFk;.
ed;W ed;W ed;W: xNu nrhy; gy Kiw mLf;fp te;Js;sJ. ,J mLf;Fj;
njhlh; MFk;.
,t;thW nkhj;jk; njhfhepiyj; njhlh;fs; xd;gJ tifg;gLk;.
rhpahd tpiliaj; Njh;T nra;f
1. miyfly; vd;gJ ..........................
m) gz;Gj; njhif
M) tpidj; njhif
,) ck;ikj; njhif
<) ctikj; njhif
2. nre;jkpo; vd;gJ ......................
m) ctikj; njhif
M) tpidj; njhif
,) gz;Gj; njhif
<) ck;ikj; njhif
3. kyh;fi
; f vd;gJ .................
m) Ntw;Wikj; njhif
M) ctikj; njhif
,) ck;ikj; njhif
<) gz;Gj; njhif
4. Nkhh;fF
; lk; vd;gJ ................
m) ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik cUGk; gaDk; cld;njhf;f njhif
M) ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wikj; njhif
,) Vohk; Ntw;Wikj; njhif
<) %d;whk; Ntw;Wikj; njhif
5. Nru> Nrho> ghz;bah; vd;gJ
m) Ntw;Wikj;njhif
M) ctikj;njhif
,) ck;ikj;njhif
<) gz;Gj;njhif
njhif epiyj; njhliuAk; vLj;Jf;fhl;ilAk; nghUj;Jf.
njhifepiyj;njhlh; tif
vLj;Jf;fhl;L
1. Ntw;Wikj;njhif
m. Fapyp te;jdd;
2. tpidj;njhif
M. fUq;Fjpiu
3. gz;Gj;njhif
,. ,uTgfy;
4. ctikj;njhif
<. CWfha;
5. ck;ikj;njhif
c. jhkiu Kfk;
,yf;fzf;Fwpg;G
tapw;Wf;Fk; - ,opT rpwg;Gk;ik
gphpj;jwpjy;: nrtpf;FzT nrtpf;F + czT
Nfl;f - tpaq;Nfhs; tpidKw;W
gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;: Nfl;f - Nfs;(l;) + f.Nf - gFjp> s;> l; MdJ
tpfhuk;> f - tpaq;Nfhs; tpidKw;W.
PH 04146 -226417
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,Of;fy;> xOf;fk; - njhopw;ngah;fs;> Cw;Wf;Nfhy; - Cd;WNfhy; vd;gjd;
typj;jy; tpfhuk;.
Md;w - nganur;rk;
gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;
czh;e;J + j;(e;) + j; + c
czh; - gFjp> j; - re;jp> j; - e; MdJ tpfhuk;
c - tpidnar;r tpFjp
Nfshj; jifaNt - <Wnfl;l vjph;kiwg; nganur;rk;
mtpapDk; thopDk; - vz;Zk;ik
gphpj;jwpjy;: RitAzuh = Rit + czuh
thAzh;T = tha; + czh;T
mw;wk; - njhopw;ngah;>
mOf;fyhfh - <Wnfl;l vjph;kiwg; nganur;rk;
XhP, - nrhy;ypirasngil>
ca;gg
; J tpidahyizAk; ngah;
nrd;w ,lj;jhy; - cUG kaf;fk; (Vod; cUG ,Uf;f Ntz;ba ,lj;jpy;
%d;wd; cUG epd;wJ)
ahh;ahH; - mLf;Fj;njhlh;
vz;nghUs;> Ez;nghUs; - gz;Gj;njhiffs;.
nry - tpidnar;rk;
joP, - nrhy;ypirasgil
kyh;jy;> $k;gy; - njhopw;ngah;fs;
kyh;jYk; $k;gYk; - vz;Zk;ik
vt;tJiwtJ - tpidahyidAk; ngah;
mt;tJiwtJ - njhopw;ngah;
mwpfy;yhjth; - tpidahyizAk; ngah;
mQ;RtJ - tpidahyizAk; ngah;
mQ;rhik - vjph;kiwj; njhopw;ngah;
mQ;ry; - njhopw;ngah;
mwpthh; njhopy; - Mwhk; Ntw;Wikj;njhif
mjpu - tpidnar;rk;
cilahh;> ,yh; - Fwpg;G tpidKw;Wfs;
mlq;fhik - vjph;kiwj;njhopw;ngah;>
MhpUs; - gz;Gj;njhif
fhf;f - tpaq;Nfhs; tpidKw;W
nghUsh - (nghUshf vd;gjd;) njhFj;jy; tpfhuk;
mjdpD}cq;F - ,d;dpirasngil
ngwpd; - nrapd; vd;Dk; tha;ghl;L tpidnar;rk;
mlq;fpahd; - tpidahyidAk; ngah;
kiyapDk; - cah;T rpwg;Gk;ik
vy;yhh;fF
; k; - Kw;Wk;ik
gzpjy; - njhopw;ngah;
jifj;J - Fwpg;G tpidKw;W
ed;wh - (ed;whFk;) njhFj;jy; tpfhuk;
cilj;J - Fwpg;G tpidKw;W
,yf;fzf; Fwpg;G
vOik> Ie;J - MFngah;fs;
fhthf;fhy; - vjph;kiw tpidnar;rk;
nghUl;ngah; - %d;whk; Ntw;Wik cUGk; gaDk;
PH 04146 -226417
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cld; njhf;f njhif
MDk; - MapDk; vd;gjd; tpfhuk;
ed;W - (ed;ik) gz;Gg;ngah;
Rl;lGz;> Rl;ltL - nganur;rq;fs;
mlq;fy; - njhopw;ngah;
Mw;Wthd; - tpidahyidAk; ngah;
xOf;fk; - njhopw;ngah;
gLk; - nra;Ak; vd;Dk; tha;ghl;L tpidKw;W
fhf;f - tpaq;Nfhs; tpidKw;W
ghpe;J> njhpe;J - tpidnar;rq;fs;
,ope;j gpwg;G - nganur;rk;
nfLk; - nrAk; vd;Dk; tha;gg
; hl;L tpidKw;W
nfhsy; - my;<w;Wj; njhopw;ngah;
cilahd; - tpidahyidAk; ngah;
cuNthh; - tpidahyidAk; ngah;
va;jhg; gop - <Wnfl;l vjph;kiwg; nganur;rk;
va;Jth; - glh;fi
; f gyh;ghy; tpidKw;W
gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;: va;Jth; - va;J + t; + mh;
va;J - gFjp> t;-vjph;fhy ,ilepiy mh; - glh;fi
; f gyh;ghy; tpidKw;W
tpFjp
ey;nyhOf;fk;> jPnahOf;fk; - gz;Gj;njhiffs;
nghWj;jy; - njhopw;ngah;
mfo;thh;> ,fo;thh; - tpidahyidAk; ngah;fs;.
gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;
mfo;thh; - mfo; + t; + Mh;
mfo;> gFjp> t; - vjph;fhy ,ilepiy
Mh; - gyh;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp
kwj;jy; nghWj;jy; - njhopw;ngah;fs;
ed;W - Fwpg;G tpidKw;W
gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;: kwj;jy; - kw + j; + j; + my;
kw - gFjp>
j; - re;jp> j; - ,ilepiy my; - njhopw;ngah; tpFjp.
tpUe;J - gz;ghFngah;>
xuhy;> nghiw - njhopw;ngah;fs;
ePqf
; hik - vjph;kiwj; njhopw;ngah;
Nghw;wp - tpidnar;rk;
xWj;jhh; - tpidahyidAk; ngah;
nghjpe;J - tpidnar;rk;
itahh; - tpidKw;W
gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;
itg;gh; - it + g; + g; + mh;
it - gFjp> g; - re;jp> g; - vjph;fhy ,ilepiy
mh; - gyh;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp.
xWj;jhh;> nghWj;jhh; - tpidahyidak; ngah;fs;
gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;
xWj;jhh; - xW + j; + j; + Mh;. xW gFjp
j; - re;jp> j; - ,we;j fhy ,ilepiy
jw;gpwh; - Vohk; Ntw;Wikj; njhif
PH 04146 -226417
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nra;apDk; - ,opT rpwg;Gk;ik
nehe;J - tpidnar;rk;
mwd;> jpwd; - <w;Wg;Nghypfs;
nra;jhiu - tpidahyidAk; ngah;
tply; - my; <w;W tpaq;Nfhs; tpidKw;W
,we;jhh;> Jwe;jhh;> Nehw;fpw;gth; - tpidahyidAk; ngah;fs;
,d;dhr;nrhy; =<Wnfl;l vjph;kiwg; nganur;rk;
gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;
,we;jhh; - ,w + j;(e;) + j; + Mh;
,w - gFjp> j;-e; MdJ tpfhuk;> j; - ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy
Mh; - tpFjp (gyh;ghy; tpidKw;W)
cz;zhJ tpidnar;rk;
Nrh;jJ
; vOJf
jd; + neQ;R - jd;ndQ;R
Gfo; + ,y;iy - Gfopy;iy
mis , - nrhy;ypir msngil
mfd;> Kfd; - <w;Wg;nghyp
Jd;GW}ck;> ,d;GW}ck; - ,d;dpir msngil
gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;
mwpe;J - mwp + j;(e;) + j; + c
mwpT - gFjp
j; - re;jp> j; - e; MdJ tpfhuk;> j; - ,we;j fhyk; ,ilepiy>
c - tpidnar;r tpFjp
fyq;fhJ - vjph;kiw tpidnar;rk;
tpidtyp> Jiz typ - Mwhk; Ntw;Wikj; njhif
nray; - tpaq;Nfhs; tpidKw;W
nry;thh; - tpidahyidAk; ngah;
mwpahh; - vjph;kiw tpidahyidAk; ngah;
xOfhd;> mwpahd; (Kw;Wfs; vr;rg; nghUspy; te;jd) Kw;nwr;rk;.
Edpf;nfhk;gh; - Kd; gpd;dhfj; njhf;f
Mwhk; Ntw;Wikj; njhif.
<f - tpaq;Nfhs; tpidKw;W
toq;Fk; newp - nganur;rj;njhlh;
MfhW> NghfhW - tpidj;njhiffs;
mfyhf;fil - <Wnfl;l vjph;kiwg; nganur;rk;
NfL - Kjdpiy jphpe;j njhopw;ngah;
Njhd;whf;nfLk; - nra;ah vDk; tha;gg
; hl;L tpidnar;rk;
tho;fi
; f - njhopw;ngah;
Ntz;lhf; flg;ghL - <Wnfl;l vjph;kiw nganur;rk;
cyF - ,lthF ngah;
je;jnghUs; - nganur;rk;
nghUl;L - Fwpg;G tpidKw;W
ngwy; - njhopw;ngah;
<z;Lk; - ck;ik vz;Zg;nghUs;
mwpthd;> tho;thd; - tpidahyidAk; ngah;fs;
kw;iwahd; - Fwpg;G tpidahyidAk; ngah;
NguwpT - gz;Gj;njhif
mthk; - mthTk;: nra;Ak; vd;Dk; vr;rk;
CUzp - fhuzg; ngah;
gad;kuk; - ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik cUGk; gaDk; cld;njhf;f njhif
(gaidj; jUk; kuk;).
PH 04146 -226417
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cs;Sh; - CUs; vd;gJ Kd; gpd;dhfj; njhf;f Mwhk; Ntw;Wikj;
njhif.
jg;gh kuk; - <W nfl;l vjph;kiwg; nganur;rk;
ngUe;jif - gz;Gj;njhif
fldwp fhl;rp - tpidj;njhif
xy;fhh; - tpidahyidAk; ngah;
,y;gUtk; - gz;Gj;njhif
Mjy; - njhopw;ngah;
ePh; - gytpd;ghw; ngah;
nrAk; - nra;Ak; vd;gjd; njhFj;jy; tpfhuk;
nra;ahky; - vjph;kiw tpidnar;rk;
nra;j - ,we;j fhyg; nganur;rk;
itafKk; thdfKk; - vz;Zk;ik
itafk; - G+kpf;Ff; fhuzg; ngah;
mhpJ - xd;wd; ghy; Fwpg;G tpidKw;W
fhyj;jpdh - cUG kaf;fk;
nghpJ xd;wd; ghy; Fwpg;G tpidKw;W
Qhyj;jpd; - ,d; Ie;jhk; Ntw;Wik cUG
cwo; nghUspy; te;Js;sJ.
J}f;fhh; - Kw;nwr;rk;
J}f;fpd; - vjph;fhy tpidnar;rk;
nrapd; - tpidnar;rk;
njhpthh; - tpidahyidAk; ngah;
rhy;G - gz;Gg; ngah;
tiuj;J - xd;wd; ghy; Fwpg;G tpidKw;W
cjtp tiuj;J - Fwpg;Gg; ngah;.
rhy;gpd; tiuj;J - m/wpid xd;wd; ghy; Fwpg;G tpidKw;W
kwtw;f> Jwtw;f - vjph;kiw tpaq;Nfhs; tpidKw;Wfs;
vOgpwg;Gk; - Kw;Wk;ik
Jilj;jth; - tpidahyidAk; ngah;.
ed;wp kwg;gJ - ,uz;lhk;Ntw;Wikj; njhif
kwg;gJ - njhopw;ngah; (kwj;jy; vd;Dk; njhopy; tUtjhy;)
cs;s tpidnar;rk;
nfLk; - nra;Ak; vd;Dk; tha;gg
; hl;L tpidKw;W
nrapDk; - ck; ,opT rpwg;Gk;ik
nfhd;whh; - tpidahyidAk; ngah;
nfhd;w - nganur;rk;
vd;g - gyh;ghy; tpidKw;W
Nkw;nfhs;gth; - tpidahyidAk; ngah;
gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;
mwpe;J - mwp + j;(e;) + j; + c
mwp - gFjp: j; - re;jp: j; - e; MdJ tpfhuk;
j; - ,we;jfhyk; ,ilepiy
c tpidnar;r tpFjp
fz;Nzhl;lk; - njhopw;ngah;
cs;sJck; - ,d;dpir msngil
md;W Fwpg;G tpidKw;W
nfhy;yh> nrhy;yh - <Wnfl;l vjph;kiwg; ngaur;rk;
gzpjy; - njhopw;ngah;
Mw;Wthh;> khw;whh; - tpidahyizAk; ngah;fs;.
gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;
Mw;Wthh; - Mw;W + t; + Mh; - Mw;W gFjp
PH 04146 -226417
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t vjph;fhy ,ilepiy
gzpjy; - gzp + jy;
gzp gFjp:
jy; - njhopw;ngah; tpFjp
,d;ik> jpd;ik gz;Gg; ngah;fs; xUtw;F xUtd; + F
,sptd;W - ,spT + md;W
rhy;ngd;Dk; - rhy;G + vd;Dk;
rhd;wth; - tpidahyidAk; ngah;
,U epyk; - chpr;nrhw;nwhlh;
kd;> x mirr; nrhw;fs;.
mwdwpe;J mwj;ij + mwpe;J> jpwdwpe;J jpwid + mwpe;J - ,uz;lhk;
Ntw;Wikj; njhiffs;.
Njh;eJ
; tpidnar;rk;:
nfhsy; - my; <w;W tpaq;Nfhs; tpidKw;W
cw;w Neha; - ngaur;rk;
cwh mik nra;Aspir msngil
ngw;wpahh; - tpisahyizAk; ngah;
nfhsy; - njhopw;ngah;
td;ik gz;Gg; ngah;
xOFjy; - njhopw;ngah;
#o;thh; - tpidahyizAk; ngah;
jf;fhh;> nrw;whh; - tpidahyizAk; ngah;fs;
Jizahh;> Ms;thh;> tpidahyizAk; ngah;fs;
,y;iy Fwpg;G tpidKw;W
gifnfhsy; - ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wikj; njhif
ngha;ah tpsf;fk; - <Wnfl;l vjph;kiwg; nganur;rk;
,UsDf;F (,Uis mWf;Fk;),uz;lhk; Ntw;Wikj; njhif
mwdPDk;> jpwdwpe;J - ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wikj;njhif>
te;j nghUs; - nganur;rk;
mwd;> jpwd; - filg;Nghypfs;
thuhg; nghUshf;fk; - <Wnfl;l vjph;kiwg; nganur;rk;
tply; - my; <w;W tpaq;Nfhs; tpidKw;W
jd;xd;dhh;> Nte;jd; nghUs; - Mwhk; Ntw;Wikj; njhif
nrWeh; nrUf;F Mwhk; Ntw;Wikj; njhif
<d; Fotp tpidj;njhif
Fd;Nwwp Vohk; Ntw;Wikj;njhif
xz;nghUs; - vz; nghUs; - gz;Gj; njhiffs;
fho;gg
; ,aw;wpahh; - nganur;rk;
tpidj;jpl;lk; - ehd;fhk; Ntw;Wik cUGk;
gaDk; cld;njhf;f njhif : Vohk; Ntw;Wikj; njhif
kdj;jpl;gk; - Mwhk; Ntw;Wikj;njhif
gpw gytpd; ghy; tpidKw;W
Ma;ej
; th; - tpidahyisAk; ngah;
xuhy;> xy;fhik njhopw;ngah;fs;
Nfhs; - Kjdpiy jphpe;j njhopw;ngah;
vw;wh - <Wnfl;l vjph;kiwg; nanur;rk;
nrhy;Yjy; - njhopw;ngah;
ahh;fF
; k; - Kw;Wk;ik
PH 04146 -226417
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vspa Fwpg;G tpidKw;W
nray; - njhopw;ngah;
nrhy;ypa nganur;rk;
va;jp tpidnar;rk;
khz;lhh; - tpidahyizAk; ngah;
cs;sg;gLk; - nra;Ak; vDk; tha;ghl;L tpidKw;W
vz;zpa tpisahyizAk; ngah;
va;Jg - gyh;ghy; tpidKw;W
vz;zpahq;F vz;zpa thq;F vd;gjd;
njhFj;jy; tpfhuk;
fz;L tpidnar;rk;
vs;shik njhopw;ngah;
cilj;J Fwpg;G tpidKw;W
ngUe;Njh; - gz;Gj; njhif
fyq;fhJ> Jsq;fhJ> fbe;J tpidnar;rq;fs;
J}f;fk; - njhopw;ngah;
nra;f tpaq;Nfhs; tpidKw;W
Ntz;lhiu tpidahyizAk; ngah;
cyF - ,lthF ngah;.
- Nghh;fF
; fd; : (Nghiur; nra;Ak; Ffd;) ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik cUGk; gaDk;
cld; njhf;f njhif.
- fy;jpus; Njhs; (kiy Nghd;w jpuz;l Njhs;) ctikj; njhif.
ePh; Kfpy; (ePiuAila Kfpy;) ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik cUGk; gaDk; cld;njhf;f
njhif.
jpiuf; fq;if (jpiuia cila fq;if (jpiu- miy)
- ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik cUGk; gaDk; cld; njhf;f njhif.
,Ue;j ts;sy; - nganur;rk;
te;J va;jpdhd; - tpidnar;rk;
epd;gzp (epdJ gzp) Mwhk; Ntw;Wikj; njhif
,iwth tpsp.
mioj;jp (miog;gha;) Kd;dpiy xUik tpidKw;W
tUf tpaq;Nfhs; tpidKw;W
gzpe;J> tisj;J> Gijj;J tpidnar;rq;fs;
,Uj;jp (,Ug;gha;) Kd;dpiy xUik tpidKw;W
NjDk; kPDk; - vz;Zk;ik
khjth; (kh + jth;) chpr;nrhw;nwhlh;
mike;j fhjy; - nganur;rk;
rPhj
; j
; jJ xd;wd; ghy; tpidKw;W
joP,a (jOtpa) nrhy;ypir msngil
fhh;Fyhk; (fhuJ Fyhk; - Nkff;$l;lk;) Mwhk; Ntw;Wikj; njhif
czh;jJ
; thd; (czh;j;Jgtd;) tpidahyizAk; ngah;>
ghh;jj
; fz;iz nganur;rk;.
jPhf
; pNyd; (ePqf
; khl;Nld;)>
nra;Fntd; (nra;Ntd;) jd;id xUik tpidKw;Wfs;.
jPuhf;fhjd; - <Wnfl;l vjph;kiwg; nganur;rk; kyh;ej
; fz;zd; - nganur;rk;
,dpa ez;g Fwpg;Gg; nganur;rk;
neLehtha; (neLik + ehthg;) gz;Gj;njhif
jhkiu eadk; (jhkiu Nghd;w fz;fs;) ctikj; njhif
edpfbJ chpr;nrhw;nwhlh;
PH 04146 -226417
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,yf;fzf;Fwpg;G :
NfL> Nfhs; : Kjdpiy jphpe;j njhopw;ngah;.
vz;Zaph; - Mwhk; Ntw;Wikj; njhif (vdJ caph;)
ez;Zjy; - gz;Gj; njhif
epd;Nfs ehd;fhk; Ntw;Wikj; njhif.
ky;yy; - chpr;nrhw;nwhlh;> neLkjpy; - gz;Gj;njhif
thq;Ftpy;> cah;Jiy tpidj; njhif
Fiwah - <Wnfl;l vjph;kiwg; nganur;rk;
,iyNty; - ctikj; njhif
kUg;g+rp> khh;Nghiy cUtfk;
khwd;fspW Mwhk; Ntw;Wikj; njhif
thapYk; khspifAk; - vz;Zk;ik
vk;kUq;Fk; - Kw;Wk;ik
khlKk; Mluq;F tpidj; njhif
Rw;wpa ghq;fh; - nganur;rk;
kaq;fp> gpzq;fp tzq;fp> caq;fp tpidnar;rq;fs;
nrw;w rpiy tpidnar;rk;
fhzPh; - Vty; tpidKw;W
NrhdhL Nrho ehL vd;gjd; k&c
tpl;lths; - nganur;rk;
kjpnawpe;J thndwpe;J - ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wikj; njhiffs;
J}q;Fk; kjp nra;Ak; vd;Dk; tha;ghl;Lg; nganur;rk;
NghpQ;R> KJKurk; - gz;Gj; njhiffs;
Nghh; Kurk; - Vohk; Ntw;Wik cUGk; gaDk; cld; njhf;f njhif.
jiu Mfngah; (Msg;ngWk; ehl;bw;F Mfp te;jJ)
gilg;guRuhkd; - ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik cUGk; gaDk; cld; njhf;f njif.
nghUTq;> Fil> tUk; ngUkhs; - nra;Ak; vDk; tha;ghl;Lg; nganur;rq;fs;.
Xq;fpAah; - xU nghUl; gd;nkhop
cauz;lk; - tpidj;njhif
nkhop
jUkzp>
gidjU
gUkzp>
tUkzy;>
epjpjU
ftpif
tpizj;njhiffs;.
nrtpaWj;J (nrtpia mWj;J) ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik njhif.
ntz;japh; - gz;Gj;njhif
fha. kha nganur;rq;fs;
ehopif thuk; - ck;ikj; njhif
ciuj;jpLk; re;jdk; - nra;Ak; vDk; tha;ghl;Lg; nganur;rk;.
jhgjh; cs;sk; - Mwhk; Ntw;Wikj; njhif
rpw;wd;id - gz;Gj;njhif
jho;gpwg;G
- tpidj;njhif
khy;foy;
- Mwhk; Ntw;Wikj;njhif
foy;
- (jpUtbf;F Mfpte;jJ)- jhdpahF ngah;
khiykjp
- Vohk; Ntw;Wik cUGk; gaDk; cld;njhf;f njhif.
kjpf;FQ;rp - ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik cUGk; gaDk; cld; njhf;f njhif.
<rDk; NghjDk; - vz;Zk;ik
me;jpfhiy - ck;ikj; njhif
ifk;kiy
- cUtfk;
ciwNtq;flk; - tpidj; njhif
kjptpsq;F
- cUtfk;
mtpah> kjptpsf;F - <Wnfl;l vjph;kiwg; nganur;rk;
Nrtb
- gz;Gj;njhif
Gide;Njhk; - jd;ikg; gd;ik tpidKw;W.
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ftp Gide;Njhk; - ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wikj; njhif
,Uf;F Mguzk; - ,Unganuhl;L gz;Gj;njhif
ew;wha;
- gz;Gj;njhif
Ntq;flkhatd; - Vohk; Ntw;Wik cUGk; gaDk;
cld;njhif njhif
ngUq;nja;tk; - gz;Gj; njhif
Ropnts;sk; - tpidj;njhif
td;fhak; - gz;Gj; njhif
,iuj;jpLk; Nrid vjph;fhyg; nganur;rk;
je;jghy;> file;j ghayhd; - ,e;j fhyg; nganur;rq;fs;.
kyh;fhy; - ctikj;njhif
td;fhdfk; - gz;Gj;njhif
mUe;jtk; - gz;Gj;njhif
jhdjh;kk; - ck;ikj; njhif
Nga;ff
; q;fs; - Mwhk; Ntw;Wikj;njhif
mikj;j> nfhLj;j> epd;w rgpj;j nganur;rq;fs;
nre;joy;> nte;joy; - gz;Gj;njhiffs;
MFf tpaq;Nfhs; tpidKw;W
MFf MFf mLf;Fj;njhlh;
jPzl
; d;kpd; -Kd;dpiyg;gd;ik Vty; tpidKw;W Nghh;Fwp Vohk; Ntw;Wik
cUGk; gaDk; cld; njhf;f njhif.
fzq;fzk;
mLf;Fj;njhlh;
vd;gNth Xfhuk; tpdh
gphpj;jwpjy;
je;Ja;kpd; - je;J + ca;kpd;
tpy;nyOjp tpy; + vOjp
g+l;Lkpd; - g+l;L + kpd;
kUg;g+rp kUg;G + Crp
khh;Nghiy khh;G + Xiy
vknjd;W vkJ + vd;W
nkha;apiy nkha; + ,iy
ehw;fuzk; - ehd;F + fuzk;
fuzj;Njh; - fuzj;J + Vh;
ehw;nghUs; - ehd;F + nghUs;
nrtpaWj;J nrtp + mWj;J
,sq;fdp - ,sik + fdp
ahnjdpy; = ahJ + vdpd;
ngha;ah njhOfpd; = ngha;ahJ + xOfpd;
Gwe;J}a;ik = Gwk; + J}a;ik
tpz;zg;gKz;L tpz;zg;gk; + cz;L
16. tpilf;Nfw;w tpdhitj; Njh;eJ

;
vLj;jy; MW tif tpdhTk;
mjw;F tpilahf vl;L tif tpilfSk; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sd.
d
MW tif tpdhf;fs;
s :
mwptpdh:
PH 04146 -226417
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mjpfk; njhpe;jth; kw;wtUk; njhpe;Js;sduh vd mwpa tpdTtJ Mrphpah;
khzthplk; Nfl;Fk; Nfs;tp ,e;j tifia rhh;ej
; J. v.fh rpyg;gjpfhuj;ij
,aw;wpath; ahh; vd Mrphpah; khzthplk; tpdTjy;.
mwpahtpdh:
mwpahtpdh
jhk; mwpahj xd;iw kw;wthplk; Nfl;L njhpe;J nfhs;Sjy;. khzth;
Mrphpauplk; tpdTtJ? v.fh ,e;j ghlypd; nghUs; ahJ?
Iatpdh:
Iatpdh
J}uj;jpy; njhptJ ghk;gh? fapwh? tpdTjy;
nfhsy; tpdh:
tpdh
xU nghUis thq;Fk;nghUl;LtpdTtJ nfhsy; tpdh.
nfhil tpdh
nghUis jhdkhf jUk; nghUl;L tpdTtJ v.fh mzpa Mil cs;sjh?
Vty; tpdh:
tpdh
xU nraiyr; nra;tjw;fhf VTk; Nehf;fpy; tpdtg;gLk; tpdh. filf;F
nrd;W nghUis thq;fp tUfpwhah? vd;W tpdtp fl;lhakhf nra;a Ntz;Lk;
vd;W VTk; Nehf;fpy; tpdtg;gLjy;.
vz;tif tpilfs;
tpilfs
Rl;Ltpil :
jpUr;rpf;F nry;Yk; top ahJ? vd;W tpdTk; nghOJ ,e;j topahf
nry;Yq;fs; vd;W Rl;Lf;fhl;Lk; tpil.
kiw tpil:
tpil
tpdTk; tpdhtpw;F vjph; kiwg;nghUspy; tpil ,Ue;jhy; mjw;F kiw
tpil. vd;W ngah;. filf;F nry;thah vd;W tpdTk; NghJ nry;y khl;Nld;
vd;W $Wjy;.
Neh;tpil :
tpdTk; tpdhtpw;F Neh;kiw gjpy; jUjy;. filf;F nry;thah vd;w
Nfs;tpf;F nry;Ntd; vd;W Fwpg;gpjy;.
Vty; tpil:
tpil
Nfl;fg;gLk; Nfs;tpf;F gjpyhf fl;lisf; njhdpapy; gjpyspj;jy; filf;F
nry;thah? vd;W Nfl;Fk; nghOJ ePNa nry; vd;W Fwpg;gpLjy;.
tpdh vjph; tpdhjy; tpil:
tpil
Nfl;fg;gLk; tpdhtpw;F kW tpdh tpdTjy;. filf;F nry;thah vd;w
Nfs;tpf;F nry;yhky; ,Ug;Ngdh? vd;W tpdTjy;.
cw;wJ ciuj;jy; tpil:
tpil
xU Nfs;tp Nfl;Fk; nghOJ mjw;F gjpyhf ele;j epfo;itf; Fwpg;gpLjy;.
filf;F nry;thah vd;w Nfs;tpf;F fPNo tpOe;Jtpl;Nld;. typf;fpwJ. vd;W
gjpy; $Wjy;.
cWtJ $wy; tpil:
tpil
Nfl;fg;gLk; Nfs;tpf;F gjpyhf elf;fg; NghFk; epfo;itf; Fwpg;gpLjy;.
filf;F nry;thah vd;gjw;F fhy; typf;Fk; vd;W $wjy;.
,dnkhop tpil:
tpil
xU tpdh Nfl;fg;gLk; nghOJ mjw;F tpilahf mjNdhL njhlh;Gila
xd;wpidg; gjpyhf mspj;jy;.
ghl;Lg; ghlj; njhpAkh? vd;w Nfs;tpf;F Mlj; njhpAk; vd;W gjpy; mspj;jy.;
17. vt;tif thf;fpak; vdf; fz;lwpjy;

nrhw;fs; gy njhlh;eJ
;
epd;W nghUs; jUtJ nrhw;nwhlh; vdg;gLk;.
,jid thf;fpak; vd;Wk; $Wth;.
thf;fpak; vd;gij fUj;Jtif thf;fpak;> mikg;G tif thf;fpak; vd
,Utifg;gLk;.
fUj;Jtif thf;fpak;
pak
PH 04146 -226417
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thf;fpaq;fspy; mike;Js;s fUj;jpw;Nfw;g mtw;iwr; nra;jp thf;fpak;>
tpdh thf;fpak; czh;rr
; p thf;fpak;> Vty; thf;fpak; vd tifg;gLj;jyhk;
(cld;ghl;L thf;fpak; vjph;kiw thf;fpak;)
nra;jp thf;fpak;
pak
ftpauR ghpR ngw;whd;
MlyuR rpwg;ghfr; nrhw;nghopthw;wpdhd;.
,t;tpU thf;fpaq;fSk; Fwpg;gpl;l nra;jpfisj; njhptpf;fpd;wd.
nra;jpia czh;jJ
; k; thf;fpak; nra;jp thf;fpak; MFk.;
,t;thW
tpdh thf;fpak;
pak
tpisahl;Lg; Nghl;bapy; ntd;wth; ahh;?
ghujpahh; vq;F Mrphpauhfg; gzpahw;wpdhh;?
,j;njhlh;fs; tpdhg; nghUis czh;j;Jfpd;wd. vdNt> ,j;jifa thf;fpak;
tpdh thf;fpak; vdg;gLk;.
czh;rr
; p thf;fpak;
Fw;why mUtpapd; moFjhd; vd;Nd!
kyh;f; fz;fhl;rpapy; vj;jid mofhd kyh;fs; g+j;Jf;FYq;Ffpd;wd !
,j;njhlh;fs; tpag;G czh;rr
; pia ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wd.
IaNfh! ,stofdhhpd; kiwT <L nra;atpaYNk?
,j;njhlh; mty czh;rr
; pia czh;jJ
; fpwJ ,t;thW ctif> mtyk;> mr;rk;>
,uf;fk;> ,opT> ntFsp> tpag;G Nghd;w czh;rr
; pfis ntspg;gLj;JtJ czh;rr
; p
thf;fpak; vdg;gLk;.
Vty; thf;fpak;
jpUf;Fwisg;gb
%j;Njhh; nrhy; Nfs;.
,j;njhlh;fs; Kd; ,Ug;gtiu VTjy; nghUspy; mike;Js;sd. ,t;thW
gpwiu VTjy; my;yJ gpwUf;Ff; fl;lisapLk; Kiwapy; miktJ Vty;
thf;fpak; vdg;gLk;. ,jidf; fl;lis thf;fpak; vd;Wk; $Wth;.
cld;ghl;L thf;fpak;
pak
jkpourp GJitf;Fr; nrd;whs;
,dpad; czT cz;lhd;.
,it xt;nthd;Wk; xt;nthU njhopy; epfo;ej
; ikia czh;jJ
; fpd;wd.
,q;qdk; njhopy; epfo;rr
; pia czh;jj
; p tUtJ cld;ghl;L thf;fpak; vdg;gLk.;
vjph;kiw thf;fpak;
pak
jkpourp GJitf;Fr; nrd;wpys;
,dpad; czT cz;byd;
,j;njhlh;fs; nray; epfohikia czh;j;Jfpd;wd. ,t;thW njhopy; epfohjij
czh;jj
; ptUk; thf;fpaq;fs; vjph;kiw thf;fpaq;fshFk;.
,tw;wpy; NkNy $wg;gl;l cjhuzq;fs; nghUs; khwpa vjph;kiw
thf;fpaj;jpw;F cjhuzq;fs; cld;ghl;L thf;fpaj;jpd; nghUs; khwhky; vjph;kiw
mikg;gpy; mike;Js;s thf;fpaq;fs; nghUs; khwh vjph;kiw vdg;gLk;.
,jw;F rpy vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf;fs;.
jkpourp GJitf;Fr; nry;yhky; ,y;iy
,dpad; czT cz;zhky; ,y;iy.
,dp mikg;G tif thf;fpaq;fs; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.

- jdpthf;fpak;> njhlh;thf;fpak;> fyit thf;fpak; Nghd;wit.
- Neh;f$
; w;W> maw;$w;W thf;fpaq;fs;
- nra;tpid> nrag;ghl;L tpid thf;fpaq;fs;
- jd;tpid> gpwtpid thf;fpaq;fs;.
jdp thf;fpak;
pak
PH 04146 -226417
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xU vOtha; my;yJ xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l vOtha; xU
nfhz;L KbAk;. (v.fh) jpU.tp.f ngz;fisg; Nghw;wpdhh;.
- fk;gd;> ts;Std;> ,sq;Nfh> MfpNahh; ,aw;ifiag; Nghw;wpdh;.
gadpiyiaf;
njhlh;thf;
thf;fpak;
jdp thf;fpaq;fs; gy gadpiyfisg; ngw;W tUk;. (v.fh) murd;
Gytiuf; fz;lhd;:; mtiu tuNtw;whd;> ghpR toq;fpdhd;.
fyit thf;fpak;
xU Kjd;ik thf;fpak; xU Jiz thf;fpaj;Jld; Nrh;eJ
; k; xd;Wf;F
Nkw;gl;l Jiz thf;fpaq;fSld; Nrh;eJ
; k; tUk;.
(v.fh) ahh; fy;tpr;nry;tk; ngWfpwhh;fNsh mth;fs; tho;tpy; tsk; ngWth;.
Neh;f$
; w;W> maw;$w;W thf;fpaq;fs;
Neh;f$
; w;W :
xUth; $wpaij mth; $wpagbNa $WtJ. Nkw;Nfhs; FwpaPL ,lk; ngWk;>
jd;ik> Kd;dpiyg; ngah;fs; ,lk; ngWk.;
maw;$w;W :
xUth; $wpaij mg;gbNa $whky; mayhh; $WtJ Nghy; $wtjpy;
Nkw;Nfhs; FwpaPL ,lk; ngwhJ. jd;ik> Kd;dpiyg; ngah;fs; glh;fi
; fg; ngahpy;
khwp mikAk;.
Neh;f$
; w;W -ehis ehd; kJiu nry;Ntd; vd;W ed;khwd $wpdhd;.
maw;$w;W -kWehs; jhd; kJiu nry;tjhf ed;khwd; $wpdhd.;
Neh;f$
; w;W-ehd; Gj;jfk; nfhz;L tUfpNwd; vd;
vd;W nry;tp Njhopaplk; $wpdhs;.
maw;
maw;$w;W- jhd; Gj;jfk; nfhz;L tUtjhf nry;tp Njhopaplk; $wpdhs.;
Neh;f$
; w;iw maw;$w;whf khw;w
1.
2.
Kd;dpiy tpspg;ngaiug; glh;fi

; fg; ngauhf;f Ntz;Lk; (v.fh. Ntyh
Ntyd;)
Vty; tpidia tpidnar;rkhf;f Ntz;Lk;. (gb gbf;FkhW)
3. Neh;f;$w;W $wpatiuAk; thf;fpaj;jpy; ,izj;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.

,yf;fzj;ij gbf;FkhW Ntydplk; Mrphpah; $wpdhh; (maw;$w;W)
ciuahly; Neh;f$
; w;wpid nra;jp maw;$w;whf khw;w
Neh;f$
; w;W
-,Uk;nghiw : J}Jt ! fOkyj;jpy; Nrhod; Fwpj;j ehSf;F Kd;dNu gilAld;
fhj;jpUg;Ngd; vd;W nrhy;.
maw;$w;W :
- ,Uk;nghiw J}Jtdplk;> Nrhod; Fwpj;j ehSf;F Kd;dNu> jhd; fOkyj;jpy;
fhj;jpUf;fg; Nghtijj; njhptpf;FkhW $wpdhd;.
Neh;f$
; w;W
maw;$w;W
,J> ,it
,d;W
,g;nghOJ
,jdhy;
ehis
mJ> mit
md;W
mg;nghOJ
mjdhy;
kWehs;

PH 04146 -226417
100
New;W
ehd;> ehk;> ehq;fs;
eP
Kd;dhs;
jhd;> jhk;> jhq;fs;
mtd;> mts;
maw;$w;iw Neh;f$
; w;whf kw;w
fPiu thq;fp tUkhW jhahh; kfdplk; $wpdhh;.
may;$w;W
1. glh;fi
; faha; Ntw;Wik cUG Vw;wpUf;Fk; ngaiu (kfdplk;-kfd; +,lk;)
kfNd vd tpspf;Fk; nrhy;yhf (miof;Fk; nghUspy; khw;w Ntz;Lk;).
2. tUkhW vd;Dk; tpid vr;rj;ij th vd Kd;dpiy Vty; tpidahf khw;w
Ntz;Lk;. ,t;thW khw;wpaikj;jy; kfNd! fPiu thq;fp th vd Neh;f;$w;whf
mikAk;.
3. ,jDld; $wpath; ngaiuAk; vd;W vd;Dk; nrhy;iyAk; Nrh;jj
; y; Ntz;Lk;.
kfNd ! fPiu thq;fp th vd Neh;f$
; w;whf mikAk;.
4. ,jDld; $wpath; ngaiuAk; vd;W vd;Dk;
nrhy;iyAk; Nrh;jj
; y; Ntz;Lk;.
kfNd! fPiu thq;fp th vd;W jhahh; $wpdhh; - Neh;f$
; w;W.
nra;tpid
vOtha;> nra;gg
; LnghUs;> gadpiy vd;w thpirNahL thf;fpak; mika
Ntz;Lk;. nrag;gLnghUNshL I vd;w ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik cUigr; Nrh;ff
;
Ntz;Lk;. (I-cUG> kiwe;Jk;> ntspg;gl;Lk; tUk;)
nrag;ghl;Ltpid
nrag;gLnghUs;> vOtha;> gadpiy vd;w thpirNahL thf;fpak; mika
Ntz;Lk;. vOthNahL My; vd;w %d;whk; Ntw;Wik cUigr; Nrh;ff
; Ntz;Lk;.
gadpiyNahL gL> gl;lJ vDk; nrhw;fisr; Nrh;fi
; f Ntz;Lk;.
(gL-Jiz tpid)
nra;tpid
nrag;ghl;L tpid
khzth;fs; tFg;ig J}a;ik

nra;jdh;
Mrphpah; ,yf;fzkfw;gpj;jhh;;
tFg;G>khzth;fshy; J}a;ik nra;ag;gl;lJ.
jr;rd; ehw;fhypia nra;jhd;
ehw;fhyp jr;rdhy; nra;ag;gl;lJ.
ehlhff;fiyQh;fs;
ehl;Lg;gw;iw tsh;jj
; dh;.
,yf;fzk;> Mrphpauhy; fw;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.
ehl;Lg;gw;W ehlff;fiyQu;fshy; tsh;ff

; g;gl;lJ.
nra;tpid
thf;fpaj;jpy;
vOthahf
,Ug;gJ
nrag;ghl;L
thf;fpaj;jpy; nrag;gL nghUshf khwp miktijf; fhzyhk;.
cld;ghl;L thf;fpak;> vjph;kiw thf;fpak; cld;ghl;L thf;fpak;

jkpourp GJitf;Fr; nrd;whs;
,dpad; czT cz;lhd;.
PH 04146 -226417
tpid
101
,it xt;nthd;Wk; xt;nthU njhopy; epfo;ej
; ikia czh;jJ
; fpd;wd.
,q;qdk; njhopy; epfo;rr
; pia czh;jj
; p tUtJ cld;ghl;L thf;fpak; vdg;gLk;.
vjph;kiw thf;fpak;
pak
jkpourp GJitf;Fr; nrd;wpys;
,dpad; czT cz;byd;
,j;njhlh;fs;
nray;
epfohikia
czh;jj
; Jfpd;wd.
,t;thW
njhopy;
epfohjij czh;jj
; ptUk; thf;fpaq;fs; vjph;kiw thf;fpaq;fshFk;.
nray; my;yJ njhopy; epfo;tijj; njhptpg;gJ cld;ghl;L thf;fpak;
MFk;.
nray; my;yJ njhopy; epfohikiaj; njhptpg;gJ vjph;kiw thf;fpak;
MFk;.
cld;ghL
1. fy;tpr; nry;tj;ij midtUk;
Nghw;Wth;
2. FLk;gj;jiytpf;F nghWg;G
cs;sJ.
3. jpUts;Stiu miztUk;
Nghw;Wth;.
4. Mrphpah;fSf;F vd;Wk;
vd;Wk; nry;thf;F cz;L.
vjph;kiw
1. fy;tp nry;tj;ij
Nghw;whjth; vtUk; ,yh;.
2. nghWg;G ,y;yhj
FLk;gj;jiytp ,ys;.
3. jpUts;Stiug; Nghw;whjth; ,yh;.
4. Mrphpah;fSf;F
vd;Wk; nry;thf;F,y;yhky; ,y;iy.
19. ctikahy; tpsf;fg;ngWk; nghUj;jkhd nghUis

Njh;eJ
; vLj;jy;.
mfo;thiuj; jhq;Fk; epyk; Nghy nghWik
ed;ghy; fye;ji
P kahy; jphpjy; Nghy jtwhd ez;gh;fshy; nfLjy;.
kug;ghit ehzhy; caph; kUl;ly; Nghy-kaq;Fjy;
mLj;jJ fhl;Lk; gspq;F Nghy ntspg;gil
mj;jp g+j;jhw;Nghy mupa nray;
mbaw;w kuk; Nghy tPoj
; y;
,yT fhj;j fpsp Nghy Vkhw;wk;
clYk; capUk; Nghy xw;Wik> neUf;fk;
fly; kil jpwe;jhw;Nghy ntspNaWjy;
gfytidf; fz;l gdp Nghy Jauk; ePqF
; jy;
cs;sq;if ney;ypf;fdp Nghy njspT

PH 04146 -226417
102
flypy; fiuj;j ngUq;fhak; Nghy gadw;wJ.
nfhLf;Fj; Njsha; nfhl;LtNjd; - mjpf gpur;rpid. tUj;jk;
,bNahir Nfl;l ehfk; Nghy eLf;fk; - gak;
nre;jkpOk; RitAk; Nghy xw;Wik
jhiaf; fz;l Nriag; Nghy mjpf kfpo;rr
; p
kio fhzhg; gapu; Nghy thLjy; - tUj;jk;
NtypNa gapiu Nke;jJ Nghy eatQ;rk;
mdypy; tpOe;j GOg; Nghy Ntjid
gj;jiu khw;Wj; jq;fk; Nghy ngUik> kjpg;G
ehAk; g+idAk; Nghy gif
miy Xa;ej
; fly; Nghy mikjp
gRkuj;jhzp Nghy vspjhfg;gjpjy;
Fd;wpd; Nkypl;l tpsf;F Nghy gaDilik.
fdpapUg;gf; fha; ftu;ej
; w;W -mwpahik> Njitaw;w nray;
,iy kiwf;fha; Nghy ntspg;gLjy;
miyapy; mfg;gl;l fUk;G Nghy Jd;gk;
Fuq;F ifapy; mfg;gl;l g+khiy Nghy ehrk;> NfL
nrtpld; fhjpy; Cjpa rq;F Nghy gadpd;ik
QhapW fz;l jhkiu Nghy kfpo;rr
; p
ePhN
; ky; vOj;Jg; Nghy epiyaw;wJ.
gok; eOtpg; ghypy; tpOe;jJ Nghy kpFe;j ,d;gk;> kfpo;rr
; p
nghd;kyh; kzk; ngw;wJ Nghy nghUl;nry;tk; cilath; mwpTr;nry;tk;
Njbf;nfhz;lJ.
ckp Fj;jpf; if typj;jJ Nghy tPzn
; ray;.
fz;zpy;yhjhd; fz; ngw;wJ ,oe;jJ Nghy. fpilj;j tha;gi
; g ,oe;J jtpg;G.
fiuahd; Gw;nwLf;ff; fUehfk; Fb GFe;jJ. Nghy mj;JkPwy;
mr;rpy; thu;jj
; hw;Nghy xNu rPuhf
PH 04146 -226417
103
mtiy epidj;J cuiy ,bj;jhw;Nghy;. ftdk;
miu fpzwpidj; jhz;batd; Nghy Mgj;J
Mg;girj;j Fuq;F Ntjidapy; rpf;Fjy;
Mok; njhpahky; fhiy tpl;lJ Nghy jpl;lkplhik
,Q;rp jpd;w Fuq;F Nghy tpopj;jy;
,b tpOe;j kuk; Nghy Ntjid
,Uk;igf; fz;l fhe;jk; Nghy fth;rr
; p
vs;spy; vz;nza; Nghy xspe;J ,Uj;jy; kiwe;J ,Uj;jy;
rp rp ,e;jg; gok; Gspf;Fk; - Vkhw;wk;
Vio ngw;w nry;tk; Nghy kfpo;rr
; p
fld;gl;lhu; neQ;rk; Nghy fyf;fk;> tUj;jk;
fhd kapyhl mJ fz;L MLk; thd;Nfhop nghwhik. jho;T cau;tpd;ik
Flj;jpy; ,l;l tpsf;F Nghy ,fo;rr
; p
ePUk; neUg;Gk; Nghy tpyFjy; gif
rpjwpa Kj;J Nghy gadpd;ik
rPhpa ehfk; Nghy Nfhgk;
ghk;gpd; tha; Njiu Nghy gpur;rpidapy; ,Ue;J kPs ,ayhik
ghy; kzk; khwhj Foe;ij Nghy ntFsp
kyUk; kzKk; Nghy xw;Wik
Ntk;Gk; muRk; Nghy xw;Wik
Nrw;wpy; gpwe;j nre;jhkiu Nghy fPo; epiyapy; ,Ue;J te;jhYk;
kjpf;fg;gLjy;.
fpspg;gps;is Nghy nrhd;dijf; Nfl;L nra;jy;> nrhe;j mwptpd;ik
fha;ej
; khL fk;gq;nfhy;iyapy; gha;ej
; hw;Nghy Ntfk;
Njhd;wp kiwAk; thdtpy; Nghy epiyahik
njhl;lidj; J}Wk; kzw;Nfzp Nghy mwpT
PH 04146 -226417
104
gRj;Njhy; Nghu;jj
; pa Gyp Nghy eatQ;rfk;
20. Nkhid> vJif> ,iaG ,tw;Ws; VNjDk; xd;iw Njh;eJ

;
vLj;jy;
njhil
kyh;fisj; njhLg;gJ NghyNt rPhf
; spSk; mbfspSk; Nkhid Kjypad
mikaj; njhLg;gJ njhil vdg;gLk;. (njhil nfhLf;fg;gLtJ> njhil khiy). ghtpd; Xirapd;jj
; pw;Fk; rpwg;gpw;Fk; ,j;njhil Ntz;LtjhFk;.
njhilaw;w ghl;L eilaw;Wg;NghFk; vd;gJ gonkhop.
njhil vl;L tifg;gLk;.
1. Nkhidj;njhil
2. vJifj; njhil
3. Kuz; njhil
4. ,iaGj; njhil
5. msngilj; njhil
6. ,ul;ilj; njhil
7. me;jhjpj; njhil
8. nre;njhil
mtw;Ws; Kjy; Ie;J njhilf;fhd tpsf;fq;fisf; fhz;Nghk;.
1. Nkhidj; njhil
nra;Aspy; mbNjhWk; Kjy; vOj;J xd;wptuj; njhLg;gJ mbNkhidj;
njhil vdg;gLk;.
vz;zpj;Jzpf fUkk; Jzpe;jgpd;
vz;Ztk; vd;g jpOf;F
Fws; 467
,f;Fwl;ghtpy; Kjy; mbapd; Kjw;rhP pYs;s Kjy; vOj;Jk; (v) ,uz;lhk;
mbapd; Kjw;rhP pYs;s Kjy; vOj;Jk; (v) xd;wp te;Js;sjhy;> ,J
Nkhidj;njhil.
2. vJifj; njhil
mbNjhWk; KjnyOj;J msntLj;J (Xirapy;) epw;f> ,uz;lhk; vOj;J
xd;wptuj;njhLg;gJ mbnaJifj; njhil vdg;gLk;.
mfu Kjy vOj;njy;yhk; Mjp
gftd; Kjw;Nw cyF.
,f;Fwl;ghtpy; Kjy; mbapYk; ,uz;lhk; mbapYk; f vd;Dk; ,uz;lhk; vOj;J
xj;J te;Js;sJ. vdNt> ,/J mbnaJifj; njhil vdg;gLk;.
3.Kuz;
3.Kuz; njhil
njhil
mbNjhWk; Kjw;rhP ; Kuz;glj; njhLg;gJ mb Kuz; njhil vdg;gLk;.
,d;gk; tpioahd; ,Lk;ig ,ay;ngd;ghd;
Jd;gk; cWjy; ,yd;
- Fws; 615.
,g;ghlypy; Kjybapy; ,d;gk; vd;Wk;> ,uz;lhk; mbapy; Jd;gk; vd;Wk;
Kuz;gl;l nrhw;fs; te;Js;sd. vdNt> ,/J mb Kuz;njhil vdg;gLk;.
4.,iaGj;
4.,iaGj; njhil
mbNjhWk; ,Wjpr;rhP ; xd;wptuj; njhLg;gJ mb ,iaGj; njhil vdg;gLk;.
nfhz;ly; NfhGuk; mz;ilapy; $Lk;
nfhbfs; thdk; gbju %Lk;
fz;l Nguz;lj; jz;liy ehLk;
fdf Kd;wpy; mdk;tpis ahLk;.
,g;ghlypy; mbNjhWk; ,Wjpr;rhP ; xd;wp te;Js;sjhy; mb ,iaGj; njhil
Mapw;W.
PH 04146 -226417
105
5.msngilj;
5.msngilj; njhil
mbj;NjhWk; Kjw;rhP ; msngLj;J tUtJ msngilj; njhil vdg;gLk;.
nfhLg;gJ}ck; nfl;ghh;fF
; r; rhh;tha; kw;whq;Nf
vLg;gJ}ck; vy;yhk; kio
Fws; 15
,g;ghlypy; nfhLg;gJ}ck;> vLg;gJ}ck; vd ,uz;lbfspYk; msngLj;J
te;Js;sikahy; msngilj; njhil vdg;gLk;.
njhil tpfw;gq;fs;
ehd;F rPhf
; Sila Xubapy; nghopg;G> xUc> $io> Nkw;fJtha;>
fPof;fJtha;> Kw;W Mfpad tuj; njhLg;gJ njhil tpfw;gk; vdg;gLk;.
,t;Ntok; Nkhid> vJif> ,iaG> Kuz;> msngil Mfpa Ie;J nghUe;jf;
njhil tpfw;gk; Kg;gj;ije;J tifg;gLk.;
Nkhid
Nkhidf;F KjnyOj;Njad;wp mjw;Fhpa ,dntOj;JfSk; xd;wp tUk;.
,jid ,dNkhid vd;Wk; fpis Nkhid vd;Wk; toq;Fth;.
,d Nkhidahf tUk; vOj;Jf;fs;
capnuOj;J
m> M> I> xs xhpdk;
,><> v> V Xhpdk;
c> C> X> X xhpdk;
caph;nka;naOj;J
Q> e Xhpdk;
k> t Xhpdk;
j> r Xhpdk;
nka;naOj;JfSs; mtw;wpd; th;ff
; vOj;JfSk; tUnkd mwpa Ntz;Lk;.
rpy vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs;
kdj;njhL tha;ik nkhopapd; - kh.th
ahnka;ahf; fz;ltw;Ws; ,y;iy vdj;Njhd;Wk; - ,>v
rhjdj; NjhL jr;rh; - rh> j
khepjp tUj;jpj; Njb kh> t
Ie;jtpj;jhd; Mw;wy; mfy; tpRk;Gdhh;Nfhkhd; - I> M> m
Xstpa neQ;rj;jhd; Mf;fKk; - xs> M
Nkhidj; njhlh; mbNkhid> ,izNkhid> nghopg;G Nkhid> x&c
Nkhid $io Nkhid> Nkw;fJtha; Nkhid> fPof
; f
; Jtha; Nkhid> Kw;W
Nkhid vd vz; tifg;gLk;.
,tw;wpy; mb Nkhid jtph;jj
; kw;w vOk; njhil tpfw;gk; vdg;gLk;.
mb Nkhid
PH 04146 -226417
106
mbNjhWk; Kjw;rhP ; KjnyOj;J xd;wp tUtJ mb Nkhid MFk;.
(v.fh) cs;sj;jhw; ngha;ah njhOjpd; cyfj;jhh; cs;sj;Js; vy;yhk; csd;.
,iz Nkhid
Kjy; ,U rPhf
; spYk; (1>2) tUk; Nkhid ,iz Nkhid vdg;gLk;.
(v.fh) fbj;j fbe;njhuhh; nra;jhh;fF
; mitjhk; Kbe;jhYk; gPio jUk;.
nkhopg;G Nkhid (1.3)
Xubapy; Kjw;rhP pYk; %d;whk; rPhpYk; tUk; Nkhid nghopg;G Nkhid.
(v.fh) Gidah Xtpak; Nghy epw;wYk;
x&c Nkhid (1.4) rPh;
ngha;ikAk; tha;ik ,lj;j Giu jPhj
; j
;
$io Nkhid (1>2>3) rPh;
jhdk; jtkpuz;Lk; jq;fh tpaDyfk;
thdk; toq;fh njdpd;.
Nkw;fJtha; Nkhid (1.3.4) rPh;
,UNrh; ,UtpidAk; Nruh ,iwtd;
fPof
; f
; Jtha;Nkhid (1.2.4)
Kw;W Nkhid (1.2.3.4
(1.2.3.4)
ngw;whh; ngwpd; ngWth; ngz;bh; ngUQ;rpwg;G
vJifj; njhil
jhdk; jtkpuz;Lk; jq;fh tpaDyfk;
thdk; toq;fh njdpd;.
KjnyOj;J msnthj;jpUf;f> ,uz;lhk; vOj;J xd;wptuj; njhLg;gJ
vJifj; njhilahFk;. ,g;ghlypy; vJif mbNjhWk; te;jjhy; ,/J
mbnaJifahFk;.
,Nj
Nghd;W
Xubapy;
rPhf
; s;
NjhWk;
vJifngw;W
tUtJ
rPnuJifahFk;
uJifahFk.
(v.fh) nrhy;Yf nrhy;ypw; gaDila nrhy;ywf.
,iznaJif (1>2)
ngha;ahik ngha;ahik Mw;wpd; mwk;gpw
nghopg;ngJif (1>3)
Njhd;wpd; GfNohL Njhd;Wf m/jpyhh;
Njhd;wypd; Njhd;whik ed;W.
x&c vJif (1>4)
Jizeyk; Mf;fk; jOck; tpideyk;
Ntz;ba vy;yhk; jUk;.
$io vJif (1>2>3)
fgw;W gw;ww;whd; gw;wpid mg;gw;iwg;
gw;Wf gw;W tplwF.
Nkw;fJtha; vJif (1>3>4)
mof;nfhz;l vy;yhk; mog;Nghk;
,og;gpDk; gpwgaf;Fk; ew;gh yit.
fo
P f
; f
; Jtha; vJif (1>2>4)
xOf;fk; tpOg;gk; juyhd; xOf;fk;
caphpDk; Xk;gg; gLk;.
PH 04146 -226417
107
Kw;nwJif (1>2>3>4)
Jg;ghh;fF
; j; Jg;gha Jg;ghf;fpj; Jg;ghh;fF
; j;
Jg;gha J}c kio.
Kuz; njhil
Kw;gfy; nra;apd; gpw;gfy; tpisAk;
mbKuz;
nfLg;gJ}ck; nfl;lhh;fF
; r; rhh;tha; kw;whq;Nf
vLg;gJ}ck; vy;yhk; kio.
mbNjhWk; Kjw;nrhy; Kuz;glj; njhLg;gJ mbKuz;.
,iz Kuz; (1>2)
ngha;ki
; kAk; tha;ik ,lj;j GiujPhj
; j
;
ed;ik gaf;F nkdpd;.
nghopg;G Kuz; (1>3)
nry;tUj;J Xk;gp tUtpUe;J ghh;jj
; pUg;ghd;
ey;tpUe;J thdj; jth;fF
; .
x&c Kuz; (1>4)
Gwj;J}a;ik ePuhd; mikAk; mfJ}a;ik
tha;ikahw; fhzg;gLk;.
$io Kuz; (1>2>3)
fUkplw;wd; nrQ;riljhd; ntz;zw
P w
; d; vd;Dk;
Nkw;fJtha; Kuz; (1>3>4)
ntz;tj; NjhWk; Nrahpf; fUq;fDk;
fPof
; f
; Jtha; Kuz; (1>2>4)
,Uf;ifAk; epiyAk; Ve;njopy; ,af;fKk;
Kw;WKuz; (1>2>3>4)
Jth;tha;j; jPQn
; rhYk; cte;njdpd; KdpahJ.
,iaGj; njhil
nfhz;ly; NfhGuk; mz;ilapy; $Lk;
nfhbfs; thdk; gbju %Lk;
fz;l Nguz;lj; jz;liy ehLk;
fdf Kd;wpy; mdk;tpis ahLk;.
nra;Aspd; mbapYk; rPhf
; spYk; ,Wjp vOj;Njh> mirNah rPNuh xd;wp
tUtJ ,iaGj; njhil vdg;gLk;. ,iaGj; njhilAk; gy epiyfspy; tUk;
ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghly;fspy; fhzyhk;.
nghUspyf;fzk;
mfg;nghUs;> Gwg;nghUs; vd;W nghUs; ,yf;fzk; ,U tifg;gLk;
mfg;nghUs;
mfg;nghUs; gw;wpa xOf;fNk mfj;jpizahFk;. jpiz vd;gjw;F xOf;fk;
vd;W nghUs;.
FwpQ;rp> Ky;iy> kUjk;> nea;jy;> ghiy> iff;fpis> ngUe;jpiz vd
mfj;jpizfs; VO tifg;gLk;. mtw;Ws; FwpQ;rp> Ky;iy> kUjk;> nea;jy;>
ghiy vd;gd md;gpd; Ie;jpiz vd tifg;gLk;. %d;W mfg;nghUs; $wg;gLk;.
Kjw;nghUs; chpg;nghUs; fUg;nghUs;.
Kjw;nghUs;
epyKk; nghOJk; vd Kjw;nghUs; ,U tifg;gLk;.
epyk;
FwpQ;rp kiyAk; kiy rhh;ej
; ,lKk;
Ky;iy fhLk; fhl;ilr; rhh;ej
; ,lKk;
PH 04146 -226417
108
kUjk; - taYk; tay; rhh;ej
; ,lKk;
nea;jy; - flYk; fly; rhh;ej
; ,lKk;
ghiy twz;l RuKk; Ruk; rhh;ej
; ,lKk;
nghOJ
ngUk;nghOJ rpWnghOJ vdg; nghOJ ,Utifg;gLk;.
ngUk;nghOJ
,sNtdpw;fhyk;> KJNtdpw;fhyk;> fhh;fhyk;> Fsph;fhyk;> Kd;gdpf;fhyk;>
gpd;gdpf;fhyk; vd MW tifg;gLk;.
,sNtdpw;fhyk; - rpj;jpiu> itfhrp
KJNtdpw;fhyk; - Mdp> Mb
fhh;fhyk; - Mtzp> Gul;lhrp
Fsph;fhyk; - Ig;grp> fhh;jj
; pif
Kd;gdpf;fhyk; - khh;fop> ij
gpd;gdpf;fhyk; - khrp> gq;Fdp
rpWnghOJ xU ehspd; MW $Wfs;

fhiy fhiy 6kzp Kjy; 10 kzp tiu
ez;gfy; - 10 kzp 2kzptiu
vw;ghL 2-6 (vw;ghL vy;+ghL> vy; -QhapW> ghL kiwAk; Neuk;)
khiy 6-10 tiu
ahkk; 10-2 tiu
itfiw 2-6 tiu
jpizAk; nghOJk;
jpiz
FwpQ;rp
ngUk;nghOJ
Fsph;fhyk;> Kd;gdpf;fhyk;
rpWnghOJ
ahkk;
Ky;iy
kUjk;
nea;jy;
ghiy
fhh;fhyk;
MWngUk; nghOJfs;
MWngUk; nghOJfs;
,sNtdpy;>
KJNtdpy;
gpd;gdp
khiy
itfiw
vw;ghL
ez;gfy;
chpg;nghUs;
kf;fs; jiytd; czh;rr
; pfs; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLtJ chpg;nghUs;.
FwpQ;rp - $lYk; $ly; epkpj;jKk; (Gzu;jYk; Gzu;jy; epkpj;jJk;)
Ky;iyy- ,Uj;jYk; ,Uj;jy; epkpj;jKk; (fhj;J ,Uj;jy;)
kUjk; - ClYk; Cly; epkpj;jKk;
nea;jy; - ,uq;fYk; ,uq;fy; epkpj;jKk;
ghiy -
gpupjYk; gphpjy; epkpj;jKk;.
fUg;nghUs;
kf;fs; ,iwtd;> czT> kf;fs;> nghOJ Nghf;F cl;gl kw;wtw;iw gw;wpf;
Fwpg;gpLtJ fUg;nghUs; MFk;.
fUg;nghU
FwpQ;rp
Ky;iy
kUjk;
nea;jy;
ghiy

PH 04146 -226417
109
s;
nja;tk;
kf;fs;
czT
KUfd;
(NrNahd;)
ntw;gd;
Fwtd;>
Fwj;jpah;
jpUkhy;
khNahd;
Njhd;wy;
Mah;
Ma;rr
; pahh;
kiyney;>
jpiz
tuF> rhik
,e;jpud;
(Nte;jd;)
Cud;>
coth;
coj;jpah;>
filah;
filr;rpah;
nre;ney;>
ntz;nza;
tUzd;
nfhw;wit
Nrh;gg
; d;
gujtd;
guj;jpah;
ckzh;
vapdh;
vapw;wpah;
kPd>; cg;G #iwahly;

khw;whf
%yk; tUk;
ngw;w
nghUs;
nghUs;
tpyq;F
Gyp>
fub> Kay;> khd;> vUik> ePh; Kjiy>
typapoe;j
rpq;fk;
Gyp
eha;
Rwh
ahid
g+
FwpQ;rp
Ky;iy
nrq;fO> ePh>; jhio>
Futk;> ghjphp
fhe;js;
Njhd;wp
jhkiu
nea;jy;
kuk;
mfpy;>Ntq;i nfhd;iw>
fhQ;rp
Gd;id>Qh ,Yg;ig>ghi
f
fhah
kUjk;
ok;
y
gwit
fpsp> kapy;
fhl;Lf;Nfhop ehiu>
flw;fhfk;
Gwh gUe;J
kapy;
ePuf
; N
; fhop>
md;dk;
Ch;
rpWFb
ghb> Nrhp
Ng&h; %J}h; gl;bdk;
FWk;G
ghf;fk;
ePh;
mUtp
ePh>; fhl;lhW
kidf;
kzy;
tw;wpa Rid
RidePh;
fpzW>ngha; fpzW>ct fpzW
if
h;ff
; op
giw
njhz;lfk;
VWNfhl;
kzKoh>
kPd;
Jb
giw
ney;yhp
Nfhl;giw
fpiz
gz;
FwpQ;rp
Ky;iy
kUjk;
nrt;topg;
gQ;Ruk;
gz;
njhopy;
Njd;>
VW
ney;>
kPd; cg;G
topg;gwp
fpoq;F
jOTjy;
mhpjy;
epiu
fis
Nka;jj
; y;
vLj;jy;
Gwg;nghUs;fs;
mwk;> nghUs;> tPL> gw;wpAk; fy;tp> tPuk;> nfhil Kjypad gw;wpAk;
$WtJ Gwg;nghUshFk;.
ntl;rp> fue;ij> tQ;rp> fhQ;rp> nehr;rp> copiQ> Jk;ig> thif> ghlhz;>
nghJtpay;> iff;fpis> ngUe;jpiz vdg; Gwj;jpizfs; gd;dpuz;L tifg;gLk.;
1. ntl;rpj; jpiz
gif ehl;bd; kPJ Nghh; njhLf;f tpUk;Gk; murd;; me;ehl;bYs;s
gRf;$l;lq;fSf;F Nghuhy; Jd;gk; Neuf; $lhJ vd;gjw;fhf ehl;bYs;s gRf;
$l;lq;fis fth;eJ
;
tur; nra;thd;. mt;thW epiuftur; nry;Yk; tPuh;fs;
ntl;rpg;g+itr; #br; nry;th;. mJNt ntl;rpj; jpziahFk;.
2. fue;ijj; jpiz
ntl;rp tPuh;fshy; fth;e;J nry;yg;gLk; jk; ehl;L Mdpiufis kPlf
; r;
nry;Nthh; fue;ijg; g+itr; #br; nrd;W kPlg
; h;. mJ fue;ijj; jpizahFk;.
3. tQ;rpj; jpiz
PH 04146 -226417
110
kz;zhirahy; gifth; ehl;ilf; ifg;gw;wf; fUjpg; NghUf;Fr; nry;Yk;
murd; tQ;rpg;g+it #br; nry;thd;. mJ tQ;rpj; jpizahFk.;
4. fhQ;rpj; jpiz
Xh; murd; jd; ehl;bd; kPJ Nghh; Fwpj;J te;j khw;wurNdhL vjph; nrd;W
Nghh; Ghpjy; fhQ;rpj; jpizahFk;. mtd; fhQ;rpg;g+it #br; nry;thd;.
5. copiQj; jpiz
khw;wurdpd; Nfhl;ilia ehw;GwQ; #o;ej
;
nghOJ jd; gilfSld;
mjDl; GFe;J mjidf; ifg;gw;Wjy; MFk;. Nfhl;ilia Kw;WifapLjy;
copiQ MFk;. tPuh;fs; copiQg; g+itr; #Lth.;
6. nehr;rpj; jpiz
gifaurdhy; Kw;Wifaplg;gl;l jk; kjpiy mk; kjpYf;Fhpa murd;
cs;spUe;J ntspNa ,Uf;Fk; giftNuhL NghhpLjy;. kjpy; fhf;Fk; tPuh;
nehr;rpg; g+it #Lth;.
7. Jk;igj;
gj; jpiz
gifNte;jh; ,UtUk; jj;jk; gilfSld; jd;dyk; fUjhJ ntw;wp
xd;iwNa fUjp Cf;fj;NjhL NghhpLjy; Jk;igj; jpizahFk;. ,jw;F Jk;igg;
g+it #Ljy; kuG.
8. thifj; jpiz
NghhpLk; Nte;jUs; ntw;wp ngWthd; thifg;g+it #b kfpo;thd;. ,J
thifj; jpizahFk.;
9. ghlhz; jpiz
,J kd;ddpd; Gfo;> typik> nfhil> ,uf;fk; Kjypatw;iwg; Gfo;jy;
ghlhz; jpizahFk.;
10. nghJtpay; jpiz.

ntl;rp Kjy; ghlhz; <whf cs;s Gwj;jpizf; nfy;yhk; nghJthf
cs;sdTk; mtw;Ws; $wg;glhjdTk; Mfpa nra;jpfisf; $WtJ nghJtpay;
jpizahFk.;
11. iff;fpisj; jpiz

iff;fpis vd;gJ xU jiyf; fhjy;. ,J Mz;ghw; $w;W> ngz;ghw; $w;W
vd ,U tifg;gLk;.
12. ngUe;jpiz
ngUe;jpizahtJ nghUe;jhf;fhkk;. ,J Mz;ghw; $w;W> ngz;ghw;$w;W
vd ,U tifg;gLk;.
jpUf;Fws;
jpUf;Fws; - (jpU+Fws;) rpwe;j Fws; ntz;ghf;fspdhy; Mfpa E}y;
Mjypd; ,g;ngah; ngw;wJ. Fws; - ,uz;lb ntz;gh. jpU. rpwg;G milnkhop.
Fws;
vd;gJ
Fwl;ghit
czh;jj
; hky;
mg;ghf;fshy;
Mfpa
E}iy
czh;jJ
; tjhy; MFngah; ,J jkpopy; toq;Fk; gjpndz; fPof;f
; zf;F E}y;fSs;
xd;W. ,e;E}y; mwj;Jg;ghy;> nghUl;ghy;> fhkj;Jg;ghy; vd %d;W ngUk;
gphpTfisf; nfhz;lJ.
PH 04146 -226417
111
mwj;Jg;ghy; :
ghaputpay;> ,y;ywtpay;> Jwtwtpay;> Copay; vd ehd;F ,ay;fisAk;
38 mjpfhuq;fisAk;.
nghUl;ghy;:
murpay;>
mq;ftpay;>
mjpfhuq;fisAk;.
xoptpay;
vd
%d;W
,ay;fisAk;
70
fhkj;Jg;ghy;
fstpay;>
nfhz;lJ.
fw;gpay;
vd
,uz;L
,ay;fisAk;
25
mjpfhuq;fisAk;
-jpUf;Fws;> Kg;ghy;> ngha;ahnkhop> thAiw tho;jJ

;
cj;juNtjk;> nja;tE}y;>
jpUts;Stk;> jkpo;kiw> nghJkiw> jpUts;Stg;gad;> nghJkiw> KJnkhop
vdg; gy ngah;fspy; miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
-jpUts;Stiu ehadhh;> Njth;> Kjw;ghtyh;> nja;tg;Gyth;> ehd;Kfdhh;>
khjhDgq;fp nre;ehg; Nghjhh;> ngUehtyh;> ngha;apy; Gyth; vdg; gy ngah;fshy;
ghuhl;Lfpd;wdh;.
-jpUf;FwSf;Fj; jUkh;> kzf;Flth;> jhkj;jh;> er;rh;> ghpjp> ghpNkyofh;>
jpUkiyahh;> ky;yh; ftpg;ngUkhs;> fhspq;fh; Mfpa gjpd;kh; (gj;J Ngh;) ciu
vOjpAs;sdh;.
-ts;Std; jd;id cyfDf;Nf je;J thd;Gfo; nfhz;l jkpo;ehL ghujpahh;.
-ts;Stidg; ngw;wjhy; ngw;wNj Gfo; itafNk ghujpjhrd;.
-fhyk; fp.K.31 vdf; nfhz;L jpUts;@tuhz;L fzf;fplg;gLfpwJ.
-cj;jpuNtjk;> nja;tE}y;> ngha;ahnkhop> thAiw tho;jJ
; > jkpo;kiw> nghJkiw>
jpUts;@tg; gad;> jpUts;Stk;.
mwk; 38.
nghUl;ghy; 70
,d;gk; 25
ghpNkyofh; ciu kpfr; rpwe;jJ
yj;jd
P ; - tPukh Kdpth;
n[h;kd; - fpuhy;
Mq;fpyk; - [p.A.Nghg;
gpnuQ;R Vhpay;
tlnkhop mg;gh jPlR
; jh;
,e;jp gp.b.n[apd;
njYq;F itj;aehjd; ehjh;
kiyahsk; - Nfhtpe;jk;gps;is
Mq;fpyk; - uh[h[p> Nf.vk;.ghyRg;gpukzpak;.
gjpndz
; f
; zf;F E}y;fs;:
gjpndz;
dz; fPof
mfE}y;fs;:
fhh; ehw;gJ
fz;zd; $j;jdhh;
40 ghly;fs;
Ie;jpiz Ik;gJ
khwd; nghiwah;
50 ghly;fs;

PH 04146 -226417
112
Ie;jpiz VOgJ
%thjpahh;
70 ghly;fs;
jpiznkhop Ik;gJ
fz;zd; Nre;jdhh;
50 ghly;fs;
jpizkhiy E}w;iwk;gJ
fdp %jhtpah;
50 ghly;fs;
ife;epiy
Gy;yhq;fhldhh;
60 ghly;fs;
GwE}y;
fstop ehw;gJ ngha;ifahh; - 40ghly;fs;
mfE}y;fs;:
fhh; ehw;gJ:
kJiu fz;zd; $j;jdhh;.
mfj;jpiz> Ky;iyj;jpiz
ghtif-ntz;gh
jpUkhy;> gyuhkd;> rptd; Mfpa ,iwth;fisf; $wpapUg;gjd; %yk; rkag;
nghiwapd; Kd;Ndhbauhff; fz;zd; $j;jdhh; epfo;fpd;whh;.
Ky;iyj;jpiz xOf;fk; - ,Uj;jy; gw;wp $WtJ.fhh;.ehw;gJ ehlfk;
ghq;F nfhLj;jJ.
Ie;jpiz Ik;gJ:
Mrphpah; - khwd; nghiwad;
fhyk; - fp.gp.2k; E}w;whz;L
jpiz Ie;J mfj;jpizfs;
Ky;iyj;jpizia Kjyhff; nfhz;l fPof
; zf;F E}y;.
Ie;jpiz VOgJ:
%thjpahh;
kzkfd; $Wk; cWjpnkhopfis kzkfs; Xh; Vl;by; vOjpg; ngWk;
tof;fk;.
eLfy; topghL> Ik;gilj; jhypiaf; Foe;ijfSf;F mzptpj;jy; gw;wpa
gof;f tof;fk;.
jpiznkhop Ik;gJ:
fz;zd; Nre;jdhh;.
kapy; nrhy;> klthd; nrhy; vd;Dk; ghly; mzq;F nrhy;> Ma; kapy;
nrhy;Nyh fdq;Fio> khjh; nfhy; khYnkd; neQ;R vd;w jpUf;Fws; rhay;
xl;b mike;Js;sJ.
jpizkhiy E}w;iwk;gJ
jpizf;F 30ghly; 150ghly;
,e;E}ypd; fUj;Jf;fs; Re;judpd; Njthuj;jpYk; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sJ.
ifepiy :
Gy;yq;fhldhh; ,jw;F Ie;jpiz mWgJ vd;w ngah; cz;L.
GwE}y;
fstop ehw;gJ ,jd; Mrphpah; ngha;ifahh; nkhj;jk; 40 ghly;fs;.
- Gwg;nghUs; gw;wpf; $Wk; E}y;
- fsk; ghLtjpy; Nghh;fsk; ghLjy;> Vh;fsk; ghLjy; vd ,uz;L cz;L ,J
Nghh;fsk; ghLjy; gw;wpaJ.
- xt;nthU ghlYk; ml;lfsj;J (my;yJ) nghUjfsj;J vd;w rpwg;gpf;fpwJ.
PH 04146 -226417
113
- Nrhod; nrq;fzhdhy; milf;fg;gl;l Nrud; fizf;fhy; ,Uk;Nghd;w> Nghh;
ele;j ,lk; fOkyk;> rpiw Flthapw; Nfhl;lk;.
- ,r;Nrud; jhd; Fotpapwg;gpDk; Cd;wb gpwg;gpDk; vd;w ghliy vOjpatd;.
- ,e;E}y; ehy;tifg; gilAs; ahidg; gilia gw;wpf; $WfpwJ.
- fhh;jj
; pif jpUtpoh gw;wpf; $WfpwJ.
- fypq;fj;J guzp Nghd;w gpw;fhy E}y;fSf;F topfhl;bahf mike;j E}y;.
mwE}y;fs;
ehybahh;
ehybahh
- Ntshd; Ntjk;> ehyb ehD}W> ehybahh; vd;Wk; toq;fg;gLk; E}y;
- ghz;ba ehl;L rkz Kdpth;fs; ,aw;wpaJ njhFj;jth; gJkdhh;.
- mjpfhuk; tFj;jth; gJkdhh;
Kg;ghyha; gFj;jth; jUkh;.
- mwj;Jg;ghy; 13 mjpfhuk;> nghUl;ghy; 24 mjpfhuk;> fhkj;Jg;ghy; 3 mjpfhuk;.
- nkhj;jk; 40 mjpfhuq;fSk; 12 ,ay;fSk; cs;sd.
- Jwtwtpay; Kjypy; cs;sJ.
- gjpndd; fPo; fzf;fpy; xNu njhif E}y; ehybahh;.
- Ip.A.Nghg; Mq;fpyj;jpy; nkhop ngah;jJ
; s;shh;.
- Kj;jpiuaiug; gw;wpf; $Wk; E}y;.
Nkw;Nfhs;
- fy;tp moNf moF
fy;tp fiuapy; fw;gth; ehs; rpy Muha;e;J mikTila fw;gNt ePh; xopa ghy;
cz; FUfpd; njhpe;J.
- nghpNahu; Nfz;ik gpiw Nghy ehSk; thpir thpirah ee;Jk;.
- thD}h; kjpak; Nghy itfYk;> NjANk jhNd rpwpNahh; el;G.
ehd;kzpf; fbif
- fbif vd;why; Jz;L (gFjp) vd;w nghUs;. fl;Ltlk; (Necklace) vd;w
nghUSk; Mguzk; vd;w nghUSk; cz;L.
- xt;nthU ghlypYk; ehd;F kzpahd fUj;Jf;fs;. tpsk;gpehfdhh; - 104
ghly;fs;.
- Ip.A. Nghh; (7>100) ghly;fis Mq;fpyj;jpy; nkhop ngaj;Js;shh;.
Nkw;Nfhs;
- ahh; mwpthh; ey;yhs; gpwf;Fk; Fb
- ,e;epyj;jJ kz;zhjy; Ntz;bd; mirapLf.
- jd;NdhL nry;tJ Ntz;bd; mwk; nra;J nty;tJ Ntz;bd;
ntFsp tpNly;
- ,sikg; gUtj;J fy;yhik Fw;wk; tskpy;yh Ngho;jj;J ts;sd;ik Fw;wk;.
- <d;whNshL vz;zf; flTSk; ,y;
kidf;F tpsf;fk; klths;
klthSf;F tpsf;fk; Gjy;th;
Gjy;th;fF
; tpsf;fk; fy;tp
fy;tpf;F tpsf;fk; Gfy; rhh; czh;T
- epyj;Jf;F mzp ney;Yk; fUk;Gk; Fsj;Jf;F mzp jhkiu
ngz;Zf;F mzp ehzk;.
,d;dh ehw;gJ fgpyh;> nkhj;jk; 40 ghly;fs;
- Jd;gk; nray;fis njhFj;Jf; $Wk; E}y;
- nkhj;jk; 164 ,d;dr; nray;fs;
Nkw;Nfhs;
fhs
- cz;zhJ itf;Fk; nghUk;nghUs; itg;G ,d;dh
- jPikAilahh; mUfpy; ,Uj;jy; ,d;dh
- Cidj; jpd;W Cidg; ngUf;fy; Kd;dpd;dh
PH 04146 -226417
114
- ,d;dh nghUs; ,y;yhh; td;id gphpT
,dpait ehw;gJ
g+jQ;Nre;jdhh;> 40 ghly;fs;
- flTs; tho;jJ
; rptd;> jpUkhy;> gpuk;kd; vd;w %tiuAk; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
- nkhj;jk; 124 ,dpa nray;fs;.
- Cidj;jpd;W Cidg; ngUf;fhik Kd; ,dpNj
- xg;g Kbe;jhy; kid tho;fi
; f Kd; ,dpNj
- tUtha; mwpe;J toq;fy; ,dpJ
jphpfLfk;
- kUj;jpd; ngauhy; Gfo;ngw;w E}y;
- Rf;F> kpsF> jpg;gpyp
- ey;yhjdhh;> 100 ghly;fs;
- xt;nthU ghlypYk; %d;whk; mbapy;
tUfpwJ.
,k;%d;Wk;
(my;yJ)
,k;%th;
vd
Nkw;Nfhs;
- neQ;rk; mlq;Fjy; tPlhFk;
- Ntshz; vd;ghd; tpUe;jpUf;f cz;zhjhd;.
- jhshsd; vd;gtd; fld;gl thohjhd;.
- nfhz;lhd; Fwpg;gwpths; ngz;lhl;b
Mrhuf;Nfhit
ngUthapy; Ks;spahh; 100 ghly;fs;
- md;whl tho;fi
; fapy; nra;Ak; rpW nray;Kiw ve;j Kiwapy; nra;a Ntz;Lk;
vd $WtJ.
Nkw;nfhs;
gfy; njw;F Nehf;fhh; ,uh tlf;F Nehf;fhh;
gfw;ngha;ah; jPADs; ePh;
gonkhop
Kd;Wiu miuahdhh;.
- 34 mjpfhuq;fspy; 400 ghly;fisf; nfhz;lJ.
- xt;nthU ghl;bd; ,WjpapYk; xU gonkhop cs;sJ.
,jd; gonkhopfs; midj;Jk; ,yf;fpa gonkhopfs; MFk;.
njhy;fhg;gpah; gonkhopia KJnrhy; vd;W Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;.
- rq;f fhy kd;dh;fs;> Gyth;fs;> %Nte;jh;fis gw;wpa Fwpg;Gfisf; nfhz;l
E}y;.
- gjpndz; fPof;f
; zf;F E}y;fSs; tuyhw;iw kpFjpahff; $Wk; E}y;.
ePjp E}y;fSs; jpUf;Fws;> ehybahUf;F mLj;J Gfo; ngw;w E}y;.
Nkw;Nfhs;
- mzpnay;yhk; Milapd; gpd;
- ,iwj;NjhWk; CWk; fpzW
- fld; nfhz;Lk; nra;thh; fld;
- fw;wypd; Nfl;lNy ed;W
- Fytpj;ijf; fy;yhky; ghfk; gLk;
- Fd;wpd; Nky; ,l;l tpsf;F
- jdpkuk; fhlhjy; ,y;
- jpq;fis eha; Fiuj; jw;W
- epiw Flk; ePh; jJk;gy; ,y;
- EzYk; jd; thahy; nfLk;.
PH 04146 -226417
115
rpW gQ;r %yk;
Mrphpah; fhhpahrd;
flTs; tho;jJ
; ld; 97 ghly;fs;
- kUe;jhy; ngah; ngw;w E}y;
- gQ;rk; vd;why; Ie;J> %yk; vd;why; Nth;
- Ntuhy; ngah; ngw;w E}y;> fz;lq; fj;jhp Nth;.
- rpWtOJiz Nth;> rpW neUQ;rp Ntu;> rpWky;yp Nth;> ngUky;yp Nth;.
- Njhy; fd;iwf; fhl;bg; gRitg; fwf;Fk; gof;fk; nfhbaJ vd;W $WfpwJ.
Nkw;Nfhs; : fz;tdg;gf; fz;Nzhl;lk; fhy; tdg;Gr; nry;yhik
E}w;F ,iae;j nrhy;ypd; tdg;Ng tdg;G
Ngijf;F ciuj;jhYk; nry;yhJ czh;T
KJnkhopf; fhQ;rp
Mrphpah; $lY}h; fpohh; (Iq;FWE}iwj; njhFj;jth;) nkhj;jk; 100 ghly;fs;
- gj;J gphpT> gphpTf;F gj;J ghly;
- xt;nthU gj;Jk; Mh;fyp cyfj;J vd;W njhlq;fpwJ.
- xt;nthU ghlYk; xt;nthU thpapidf; nfhz;l ghly;fs;.
ngah;ff
; huzk;
KJnkhop - %j;Njhh; nrhy;
fhQ;rp kfsph; ,ilazp
%j;Njhh; nrhw;fs; gytw;iwf; Nfhh;jj
;
Nfhit KJnkhopf; fhQ;rp vd;w
miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
Nkw;Nfhs;fs;
Mh;fyp cyfj;J kf;fl;nfy;yhk;
xjypw; rpwe;jd;W xOf;fk; cilik
- tz;ikapw; rpwe;jd;W fw;wJ kwthik
- Nkijapw; rpwe;jjd;W fw;wJ kwthik
- ,sikapw; rpwe;jd;W nka;gg
; pzp ,d;ik
Vyhjp
- kUe;jhy; ngah; ngw;w E}y;
- Vyhjp vd;gjw;F Vyj;ij Kjyhf cilaJ vd;W nghUs;.
- ngah; fhuzk;
Vyk; - 1 gq;F
,ytq;fg;gl;il 2 gq;F
ehfNfruk; - 3 gq;F
kpsF 4 gq;F
jpg;gpyp 5 gq;F
Rf;F 6 gq;F
vd Vyk; Kjyhd MW nghUl;fisAk; nghb nra;j kUe;J fyitf;F
Vyhjp vd;W ngah; ,e;j MW kUe;JfSk; clYf;F ed;ik gaf;Fk;. mJ Nghy;
cs;sj;jpw;F ed;ik gaf;Fk; ghly;fs;.
Nkw;Nfhs;
jha; ,oe;j gps;is jiy ,oe;j ngz;lhl;b
tha; ,oe;j tho;tpdhh;> tzpfk; Ngha; ,oe;jhh;.
ifj;J}z; nghUs; ,oe;jhh; fz; ,yth;f;F <e;jhh; itj;J toq;fp tho;thh;.
,d;dpiy
,d;dpiy vd;Dk; E}iyg; ghbath; ngha;ifahh;.
- mwj;Jg;ghy;> nghUl;ghy;> ,d;gj;Jg;ghy;> tPlb
; yf; flghy; vd ehd;F
tifg;ghLfis ,e;E}y; nfhz;lJ.
- ,jw;F ciu vOjp ntspapl;lth; t.c.rpjk;gudhh;.
PH 04146 -226417
116
xsitahh; ePjpE}y;fs;
s
Mj;jp#b (fp.gp 12)
-
109 xw;iw thpg; ghf;fs; nfhz;lJ. mfuepuy; nfhz;L vOjg;gl;l Kjy;

thf;fpak; kw;Wk; ePjp E}y; ,J.
Mj;jp#b mkh;ej
; Njtid
Vj;jp Vj;jpj; njhONthk; ahNk
vd;gJ Mj;jp#bapd; flTs; tho;j;J
mj;jpkhiy mzpe;j rptngUkhidf; Fwpf;Fk; njhluhy; E}Yk; Mj;jp#b
vdr; Rl;lg;gLfpwJ.
mwk;
mwk; nra tpUk;G
MWtJ rpdk;
,ay;gJ fuNty;
<tJ tpyf;Nfy;
nfhd;iw Nte;jd;
d
,e;j E}Yk; mfu epuy; mikg;gpidf; nfhz;Ls;sJ 91 xw;iw thpg;ghfs;
mike;jJ.
md;idAk; gpjhTk; Kd;dwpT nja;tk;
,y;ywk; my;yJ ey;ywk; md;W
<ahh; Njl;ilj; jPahh; nfhs;thh;
- nfhd;iw Nte;jd; nry;td; mb,iz
vd;Wk; Vj;jpj; njhONthk; ahNk
vd;w flTs; tho;j;J Kjy; mb nfhz;L nfhd;iw Nte;jd; vd;W ,e;j
E}y; miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
%Jiu
thf;Fz;lhk;vdj; njhlq;Ftjhy; %Jiuf;Fthf;Fz;lhk; vd;Wk; ngah;.
Nkw;Nfhs; :
ney;Yf;F ,iwj;j
; ePh.; ..
fitahfpf; nfhk;ghfp...
fhd kapyhlf; fz;bUe;j thd; Nfhop
ey;top
ghYk; njsp NjDk; ghFk; gUg;Gk; vdj; njhlq;Fk; flTs; tho;jJ
; g;
ghly; nfhz;lJ ,e;j E}y;
- flTs; tho;jJ
; ePqf
; yhf 40 ntz;ghf;fs; cs;sd.
Nkw;Nfh; :
Ntjhsk;NrUNk nts;sUf;F g+f;FNk
cz;gJ ehop cLg;gJ ehd;F Kok;
Kr;rq;fk;
- rq;fk; vd;w nrhy; njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpy; ,y;iy.
- rq;fk; vd;w nrhy;iy Kjd; Kjypy; gad;gLj;jpath; kzpNkfiy Mrphpah;
rPjj
; iyr; rhj;jdhh;.
- rq;fk; gw;wpa Fwpg;G 7-k; E}w;whz;ilr; Nrh;ej
;
jpUehTf;furh; Njthuj;jpy;
tUfpwJ.
- Kr;rq;fk; gw;wpa tphpthd nra;jpia tuyhw;wpy; Kjypy; nrhd;dth;
,iwadhh; mfg;nghUs; ,iwadhh;. fstpay; vd;w E}ypd; ciuahrphpah; ef;fuP h;
Mthh;.
PH 04146 -226417
117
Kjw;rq;fk;
,Ue;j ,lk; - njd; kJiu (g/Wsp Mw;wq;fiu)
murh;fs; fha;rr
; pd tOjp Kjy; fLq;Nfhd; tiu: (89 Ngh;)
ghly; ,aw;wpa murh;fs;: VO Ngh;
549 Gyth; - 4440 Mz;Lfs; Gyth;fs; - 4449
E}y;fs;
ngUk; ghpghly;> KJehiu> KJ FUF> fshpah tiu> mfj;jpak;.
,yf;fz E}y; - mfj;jpak;
Gyth;fs;
mfj;jpah;> rptd;> KUfd;> FNgud; (epjpapd; fpotd;)
,ilr;rq;fk;
k
ntz;Nlh; nropad; Kjy; Klj;jpUkhwd; tiu
E}y;fs;
ngUq;fsp> FUF> ntz;ghsp> tpaho khiy> mfj;jpak;> njhy;fhg;gpak;>
khGuhzk;> g+jGuhzk;> ,irE}y; tpsf;fk;.
filr;rq;fk;
k
Klj;jpUkhwd; Kjy; cf;fpug; ngUtOjp tiu.
E}y;fs;
vl;Lj; njhif> gj;Jghl;L> $j;J> thp> Fw;wpif Nghpir.
nkhj;j fhyk;: 9990 Mz;Lfs;.
- ,il> filr; rq;fj;jpw;F chpath; - Klj;jpUkhwd;
- Kj;jkpo; ,yf;fz E}y; - mfj;jpak;
- ,aw;wkpo; ,yf;fz E}y; - njhy;fhg;gpak;
- ,irj;jkpo; ,yf;fz E}y; - KJehiu
- ehlfj;jkpo; ,yf;fz E}y; - ,e;jpu fhspak;> gQ;rkuG.
Gyth; jiyth; - mfj;jpah;
mfj;jpa khzth;fs; 12 NgUk; Nrh;eJ
; vOjpa E}y; gd;dpU glyk; (,J xU Gw
E}y;)
mfj;jpak;
12000 E}w;ghf;fs;;
12 gFjpfs;> vOj;J> nrhy;> nghUs;> ahg;G> re;jk;> tof;fpay;>
mikr;rpay;> ghh;gg
; dtpay;> N[hjpatpay;> fe;jh;tk;> $j;J.
vl;Lj;njhif E}y;fs;
ew;
ew;wpiz ey;y FWe;njhif Iq;FWE}W
xj;j gjpw;Wgj;J Xq;F ghpghly;
fw;wwpe;Njhh; Vj;Jk; fypNahL mfk;Gwk;
vd;W
; ,j;jpwj;j vl;Lj; njhif
njhif
.
vl;Lj;njhifAs; mfE}y; - 5
GwE}y; - 2
mfKk;> GwKk; -1 ghpghly;.
fhyj;jhy; Ke;jpaJ GwehD}W
ew;wpiz :
Mrphpag;gh mbvy;iy 9 mb 12mb 400 ghly;fs; - mfk;
PH 04146 -226417
murpay;>
118
njhFj;jtd; - njhpatpy;iy
njhFg;gpj;jtd; - gd;dhL je;j khwd; tOjp
flTs; tho;jJ
; ghujk; ghba ngUe;Njtdhh;
jpUkhiyg; gw;wpaJ
ntsthy;fSk; fdT fhZk; vd;w mwptpay; cz;ikiaf; $Wk;.
tzpfh;fSf;F toq;fg;gl;l
gl;lk; - fhtpjp> vl;b
njhz;b Nru ehl;Lj; JiwKfk;
khe;ij Nru ehl;Lj; JiwKfk;
kU$h;gg
; l;bdk; - ghz;ba ehl;Lf; flw;fiu efuk;
FWe;njhif
4-8 mb vy;iy mfj;jpiz Mrphpag;gh
ghly;fs; - 400
njhFj;jth; - g+hpf;Nfh
njhFg;gpj;jtd; - njhpatpy;iy.
flTs; tho;jJ
; ghujk; ghba ngUe;Njtdhh;
(KUfidg; gw;wpaJ)
fhpfhyd; kfs; Mjpke;jp mtd; fztd; Nru kd;dd; Ml;ldj;jp
Foy; msfk;> nfhz;il> gdpr;ir> JQ;ir> kfsph; $e;jy; xg;gidfs;
Xhp> FQ;rp> FLkp Mzpd; Kb
nfhq;FNjh; tho;fi
; f mQ;rpiwj; Jk;gp
fhkk; nrg;ghJ fz;lJ nkhopNkh
ahAk; QhAk; ahuhfpaNuh
ve;ijAk; Ee;ijAk; vk;Kiwf; Nfsph;
ahDk; ePAk; vt;topawpJk;
nrk;Gyg; ngay; ePhN
; ghy
md;Gila neQ;rk; jhk; fye;jdNt
epyj;jpDk; nghpNj thdpDk; caph;ej
; d;W
ePhD
; f; Mus tpd;Nw rhuy;
Iq;FWE}W :
3-6 mb
Ie;JNgh;
kUjk; - Xuk; Nghfpahh;
nea;jy; - mk;%tdhh;
FwpQ;rp fgpyh;
ghiy Xjyhe;ijahh;
Ky;iy Ngadhh;
njhFj;jth; : Gyj;Jiw $lY}h; fpohh;.
nea;jy; jpizapy; cs;s nehz;bg;gjJ me;jhjp Kiwapy; mike;Js;sJ.
,e;jpu tpoh Fwpj;Jf; $Wk; vl;Lj; njhif E}y;.
gjpw;W gj;J
,jpy; cs;s xt;nthU ghlYk; ghly; ngauhy; ngah; ngw;w E}y;.
gj;J + gj;J + gj;J + ,d; + ,w;W + gj;J = gjpw;Wg;gj;J
Nru murh;fs; gj;J Ngiu> egUf;F 10 ghly;fs; tPjk; ghLtJ.
,jw;F ,Uk;Gf; fliy vd;w ngah; cz;L. Kjy; gj;Jk; ,Wjpg; gj;J
fpilf;ftpy;iy. xt;nthU ghlypYk; Jiw tz;zk;> J}f;F Nghd;wit ,lk;
ngw;wpUf;Fk;.
,U jiyKiw
PH 04146 -226417
119
1) cjpaQ;Nruy;
2) ,Uk; nghiw
vd;w ,uz;L Nru tk;rq;fs; gw;wp ,e;j E}y; Fwpg;gpLk;.
ghly;fs; midj;Jk; ghlhz;jpiziar; rhh;ej
; J.
ghpghly; Nghy; ,irNahL mike;j ghly;.
ghpghly;
ghpghly
25-400 mb ghtifahy; ngah; ngw;w E}y; - ghpghly;.
Kjy; ,irg;ghly; E}y;.
vl;Lj; njhif E}y;fSs; mwk;> nghUs;> ,d;gk;> tPL vd;w ehd;ifAk; $Wk;
E}y;.
vl;Lj; njhifapy; ghz;bah;fisg; gw;wpf; $Wk; E}y; - ghpghly;>
fypj;njhif.
ehd;> Mkhk; Nghd;w nrhw;fs; ,jpy; kl;LNk cs;sd. (vl;Lj;njhifapy;)
mk;gh Mly; - ij ePuhly;
cyfk; Njhw;wk; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLk; E}y;.
nea;jy;> Ftis> Mk;gy;> rq;fk; nts;sk; jkpopd; Ngnuz;fs;.
fypj;njhif:
jhif
mfE}y; - nkhj;jk; 150 ghly; (flTs; tho;jJ
; )
njhFj;jth; - ey;ye;Jtdhh;
flTs; tho;jJ
; rptd; (ghbath; ey;ye;Jtdhh;)
Ie;jpiz E}y;
ghiy> FwpQ;rp> kUjk;> Ky;iy> nea;jy;
ghiyapy; 35 ghly;fs; - ngUq;fLf;Nfh
FwpQ;rp fgpyh; (29 ghly;fs;)
kUjk; - kUjdps ehfdhh; (35 ghly;fs;)
Ky;iy Nrhod; ey;YUj;jpd; (17 ghly;fs;)
nea;jy; - 33 ghly;fs; (ey;ye;Jtdhh;)
VW jOTjiyg; gw;wpf; $Wk; E}y;
E}y
ngUe;jpizg; ghly;fs; ,lk; ngw;w xNu rq;f E}y;.
Xuq;f ehlf mikg;G.
fw;wpe;Njhh; Vj;Jk; fyp
mfehD}W
13 Kjy; 31 mbfs;
400 ghly;fs; Mrphpag;gh
njhFj;jth; - cUj;jpu rd;kh;
njhFg;gpj;jtd; - ghz;bad; cf;fpug; ngUtOjp
flTs; tho;jJ
; ghujk; ghba ngUe;Njtdhh;.
neLe;njhif vd;w ngah; cz;L.
%d;W gFjpfs;
fspw;wpahid epiw (120 ghly;fs;) (1-120)
kzpkpilg; gtsk; (121-300) 180 ghly;fs;
epj;jpyf; Nfhit (301-400 ghly;fs;)
rupghjp (nrk;ghjpg;) ghly;fs; ghiyj; jpizg; ghly;fs; MdJ.
1>3>5>7>9>..... ghiyj; jpiz
2>8>12>18...... FwpQ;rp
4>14>24>34>.... Ky;iy
6>16>26>36>....kUjk;
10>20>30>40>..... nea;jy;
FlNthiyj; Njh;jy; Fwpj;Jf; $Wk; E}y; mfehD}W
tuyhw;Wr; nra;jpfis mjpfkhff; $Wk; mf E}y;
E}y.
tlehl;L nra;jpfis (ee;jh;fs;> Nkhhpah; gilnaLg;G)
PH 04146 -226417
120
jpUkz Kiwfs; (86> 136 ghly;)
fe;J topghl;bw;Fhpa kuj;J}z;.
GwehD}W
11 Gwj;jpizfs;> 65 Jiwfs; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sd. 400 ghly;fs;
mwk;> nghUs;> ,d;gk; %d;iwAk; $Wk; E}y;.
Gwk;> Gwg;ghl;L> Gwk;G> jkpof; fUt+yk; vd;w NgW ngah;fSk; cz;L.
Gwk; vd;gJ xUtdpd; tPuk;> nfhil> fytp Kjypa rpw;Gfisf; Fwpf;Fk;.
flTs; tho;jJ
;
rptd; gw;wpaJ. ngz;fs; cld;fl;il Vwpdh;. g+jg;ghz;bad;
kidtp ngUk; Nfhg;ngz;L cld; fl;il Vwpdhs;.
fztid ,oe;j ngz;fs; ifk;ik Nehd;G ,Ue;jdh;.
milhsg; g+
nfhb
Nrud;
- Nghe;ij (gid)
tpy;
Nrhod; Mh; (mj;jp)
Gyp
ghz;bad; Ntk;G
kPd;
jiyefuk;
Nrud; - tQ;rp> JiwKfk; - Krpwp> njhz;b
Nrhod; - ciwa+h;> jQ;rht+h; (gpw;fhyk;)> Gfhh; JiwKfk;.
ghz;bad; - kJiu> JiwKfk; - nfhw;if> njhz;b (mfehD}W)
gy;ytd; - fhQ;rpGuk;> JiwKfk; - khky;yGuk;
ghujg;Nghhpy; NrhW nfhLj;jtd; - ngUQ;Nrhw;W cjad; Nruyhjd;
njhy;fhg;gpak;
pak
njhd;ikahd fhg;gpaf; Fbapy; gpwe;jth; njhy;fhg;gpah;.
epyk; jpUtpw;ghz;bad; mitapy; ,lk; ngw;wJ. fhyk; fp.K. 50 E}w;whz;L
vd;gh;.
mjpfhuk; - 3> vOj;J> nrhy;> nghUs;
,ay; - 27> (mjpfhuj;jpw;F 9 ,ay;)
E}w;gh 1610
vl;Ltif nka;gg
; hLfs;
kUl;if> mr;rk;> ngUkpjk;> ntFsp> ctif> eif> mOif> ,sptuy;.
mb tiuaiw cilaJ gh.
mb tiuaiw ,y;yhjJ: E}y;> ciu> gprp> KJnkhop> ke;jpuk;> Fwpg;G. gprp
tpLfij> gz;zj;jp (ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghly;)
tdg;G : 8 tif> mk;ik> moF> njhd;ik> Njhy;> tpUe;J> ,iaG> Gyd;>
,ioG.
gj;Jg;ghl;L
,tw;wpy; Mw;Wg;gil E}y;fs; - 5
jpUKUfhw;Wg;gil
nghUzuhw;Wg;gil
rpWghzhw;Wg;gil
ngUk;ghzhw;Wg;gil
$j;juhw;Wg;gil (m) kiygLflhk;
,uz;L ghl;L vd;W KbAk; ghly;fs;
FwpQ;rpg;ghl;L
Ky;iyg;ghl;L
gl;bzg;ghiy
kJiuf;fhQ;rp
neLey;thil> mfkh> Gwkh> rh;ri
; rf;Fhpa E}y;.
PH 04146 -226417
121
njhy;fhg;gpak; $j;jh;> ghzh;> nghUeh;> tpwypah;. ,th;fs; jhk; ngw;w
tsj;ij tWikapy; thLk; gpwFk; ngw Ntz;Lk; vd;gjw;fhf mth;fisj; jhk;
nghUs; ngw;w ts;syplj;jy; topg;gLj;JtJ Mw;Wg;gil.
jpUKUfhw;Wg;gil
gj;Jg;ghl;by; fhyj;jhy; gpe;ja E}y;.
flTs; tho;jj
; hff; fUjp Kjypy; itf;fg;gl;lJ.
Mrphpah; ef;fuP h;
317 mbfs;
ghlg;gl;ltd; KUfd;
Mw;Wg;gil E}y;fs; ghprpy; ngwr; nry;Nthuhy; ngah; ngWk;. jpUKUfhw;Wg;gil
kl;Lk; ghprpy; nfhLg;Nghdhy; ngah; ngw;wJ.
Mrphpag;ghthy; MdJ.
MWgil KUfd; Nfhapy; gw;wpf; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
Kjy;
- jpUg;guq;Fd;wk;
,uz;lhtJ
- jpUr;nre;J}h;
%d;whtJ
- jpUMtpdd; Fb - ,jid itahGhp vd;Wk; miog;gh;.
itahtp vd;gJ Ngfidf; Fwpf;Fk;.
ehd;fhtJ
- jpUNtufk; (jpUg;gjp (v) Rthkpkiy)
Ie;jhtJ
- kiy ehl;L kf;fs;> ,th;fs; Fuit Mb tzq;Fjy;> Fd;W
Njhwhly; - jpUj;jzp.
MwthJ
- KUfd; vOj;jUSk; ,lq;fSk; mtdplk; mUs; ngUk;
Kiwfs;> goKjph;rN
; rhiy.
nghUeuhw;Wg;gil
Mrphpah; - Klj;jhkf; fz;zpahh;
ghl;Lilj; jiytd; - fhpfhyr; Nrhod;
248 mbfs;
nghUeh;
ghba
aho;
,irapy;
fs;tUk;
jpUj;jpajhf
$WtJ
,J.
Mrphpag;ghthy; MdJ.
Ntlk; jhq;fp ebg;ghh;fs; nghUeh;fs;.
Vh;ff
; sk;> Nghh;fsk;> guzp ghLk; Ntlk; jhq;fpa $j;jUk; nghUeh; vd
miof;fg;gl;ldh;.
,g;nghUeh; Nghh;ff
; sk; ghLNthd;.
ntz;zpg; Nghhpd; ngw;w ntw;wp Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
tpUe;Njhkgypd; rpwg;gpidf; $Wk; E}y;
tpUe;jpdh; gphpAk; NghJ Vob nrd;W topaDg;Gjy; kuG. ,jid fhpfhyd;
gpd;gw;wpdhd;.
rpWghzhw;
rpWghzhw;Wg;gil
Mrphpah;: ey;Y}h; ej;jj;jdhh;
jiytd; : Xa;kh ehl;L ey;ypaf; Nfhlhd;. 269 mbfs; ,d;iwa jpz;btdg;
gFjp xa;kh ehL MFk;.
ey;ypaf; Nfhldpd; thapy; ,utyh;fF
; milahsk;. filNaO ts;sy;fs; gw;wpf;
$Wk; E}y;.
Ngfd; - kapYf;F Nghh;it
ghhp Ky;iyf;F Njh;
fhhp - ,utyh;fF
; Fjpiu
Ma;tz;bud; - ePykzp ehfk; je;j rptypq;fk; rptDf;F toq;fpdhd;.
mjpakhd; - xsitf;F ney;ypf;fdp
es;sp kdjpy; cs;sij $wp eifj;jy;
fhhp - ,utyh;fF
; ehLfis ghprhf je;jJ.
filNaO ts;sy;fs;.
PH 04146 -226417
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ghhp gwk;Gkiy
Ngfd; - nghjpdpkiy
Xhp nfhy;ypkiy
Ma; - nghjpif kiy
mjpad; - jfLh;
Fkzd; - Kjpukiy
es;sp Njhl;bkiy
ngUk;ghzhw;Wg;gil
ghzhW vd;w ngaUk; cz;L.
500 thpfs;
ghbath; fbaY}h; cUj;jpuq; fz;zdhh;.
ghlg;ghl;ltd; - njhz;ilkhd; ,se;jpiuad;.
jpU.nt/fh. ,se;jpiuadpd; jiyefuk; (,d;iwa fhQ;rpGuk;)
,e;E}ypy; ePhg
; ; ngaw;W vd;w efh; gw;wp $WfpwJ.
ePhg
; n
; gw;W vd;gJ ,d;iwa khky;yGuk;.
mfg;ghly;fs;
s
Ky;iyg;ghl;L:
Ky;iy xOf;fk; vd;gJ ,Uj;jYk; ,Uj;jy; epkpj;jk; (jiytidg; gphpe;J
jiytp fhj;J ,Uj;jy;)
Xjy;> gif> J}J> nghUs;> mwg;Gwq;fhty; gphpTf;F fhuzk;.
Nehpir Mrphpag;gh
ghbath; eg;g+jdhh;
103 mbfs; - rpwpa E}y;
E}y
,tuJ ghly;fs; vJTk; vl;Lj; njhifapy; fhzg;gltpy;iy.
jpUkhy; thkddha; mtjhuk; vLj;j fij ,J mfE}y;. vdNt>
ghl;Lilj;jiytd; ,y;iy.
fhh; fhyj;jpy; tpid Nkw; ntspNa nrd;w jiytd; tPlL
; f;F tUtij
vz;zp jiytp jdJ neQ;ir Mw;wp ,Ug;gjhy; ,jw;F neQ;rhw;Wg;gil vd;w
ngah; cz;L.
rFdk; ghh;jj
; y;> tphpr;rp Nfl;ly; - ek;gpf;if ,jpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
FwpQ;rpg;ghl;L
261 mbfs;
Nehpir Mrphpag;gh
kiyAk; kiyrhh;e;j epyKk;> FwpQ;rp
,jid ngUq;FwpQ;rp vd;Wk; $Wth;.
Mhpa murd; gpufj;jDf;F jkpo; mwpTWj;jf; fgpyh; ghbaJ ,J.
mwj;njhL epw;wy; vd;w Jiwapy; ghlg;gl;lJ.
,q;F jkpo; vd;gJ mfg;nghUs; vd;W nghUs;.
$j;juhw;Wg;gil (my;yJ) kiygLflhk;

kiygLflhk
kiyf;F ahidia ctkpj;J kiyapy; cz;lhFk; Xirfisf; flhk;
vd;W $wpajhy; ,e;E}y; kiygLflhk; vd;W ngah; ngw;wJ.
$j;jd; xUtd; gpw $j;jh;fis Mw;Wg;gLj;Jtjhy; $j;jhw;Wg;gil
vdg;gLfpwJ.
Gyth;: ngUq;nfsrpfdhh;
jiytd;: ed;dd; Nra; ed;dd;
njhz;L: 9 vd;w vz;izf; Fwpf;Fk;
,uzpa Kl;lk; - kJiu mUNf Midkiyg;gFjp.
PH 04146 -226417
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fhl;bYs;s gyhg;goj;jpw;Ff; $j;jhpd; kj;jsk; ctikahfpwJ.
$j;jh;fs; vLj;Jr; nrd;w ,irf; fUtpfs;: Njhy; fUtp KoT> MFsp>
gjiy (xU gf;fk; kl;LNk)
Jisf;fUtp NfhL> Foy;>J}k;G
euk;Gf; fUtp aho;
fQ;rf; fUtp ghz;by;
jpizfs; : (njhy;fhg;gpak;)
mfk;
Gwk;
FwpQ;rp
Ky;iy
kUjk;
nea;jy;
ghiy
iff;fpis
ngUe;jpiz
ntl;rp
tQ;rp
copiQ
Jk;ig
thif
fhQ;rp
ghlhz;
Gwg;nghUs; ntz;gh khiy $Wk; jpizfspy;:

ntl;rp> fue;ij> tQ;rp> fhQ;rp> copiQ> nehr;rp> Jk;ig> thif> ghlhz;>
iff;fpis> ngUe;jpiz> nghJtpay;
jkpo; ,yf;fpak;
pak
Ik;ngUk; fhg;gpak;
fhg;gpak; nghJthf njhlh; epiy nra;As;> neLk; ,yf;fpak; vd;W
miof;fg;gLfpwJ. Kjy; ,uz;L fhg;gpaq;fs; rq;f fhyk; kUtpa fhyj;jpy;
vOjg;gl;lhYk; kw;wit Nrhoh;fs; fhyj;jpy; vOjg;gl;lhYk; Nrhoh; fhyj;ij
fhg;gpaf; fhyk; vd;gh;.
rpyg;gjpfhuk; - rpyk;G + mjpfhuk;mbfs; - 5001
Mrphpah; - ,sq;Nfhtbfs;
,katuk;gd; neLQ;Nruyhjdpd; ,isa kfd;.
%d;W fhz;lk; Kg;gJ fhij
Gfhh; fhz;lk;
; g;ghly; Kjy; ehLfhz; fhij tiu gj;J
k - kq;fy tho;jJ
fhijfs;
kJiuf; fhz;lk;: fhLfhz; fhij Kjy;fl;Liuf;fhij Kba 13 fhijfs;.
tQ;rpf;fhz;lk; -
Fd;w Fuit Kjy; tue;jUfhij Kba 7 fhijfs;.
fij khe;jh;fs;
jiytd;
Mly; kq;if
fz;zfpapd; je;ij
khjtpapd; jha;
fTe;jpabfs ;
khjtp
khjtpapd; Njhop -
Nfhtyd; jiytp fz;zfp

khjtp - Nfhtdpd; je;ij khrhj;Jthd;
kheha;fd;
rpj;jpuhtjp
rkzj;Jwtp
,ilf;Fy khjh; - kJiu
tae;jkhiy

PH 04146 -226417
124
kJiuf;F fhty; nja;tk; kJuhgjp
rpiy vLj;j NghJ cld; ,Ue;jth;fs; ,yq;if kd;dd; fathF> Nrho
kd;dd; ngUew;fps;sp> fdf tprah;.
fz;zfpNfhapypd; Kjy; G+rhhp Njte;jp
,uhkd; jpUkhypd; mtjhuk; vdf; $wk; Kjy; fhg;gpak;
eugyp nfhLf;Fk; gof;fk; gw;wp $WfpwJ. rpyg;gjpfhuk;
%d;W cz;ikfs;:
- murpay; gpioj;Njhh;fF
; mwk; $w;whFk;.
- Co;tpid cWj;J te;J Cl;Lk;
- ciurhy; gj;jpdpia cah;eN
; jhh; Vj;Jth;.
rpyk;gpd; Gfo;:
- neQ;rk; ms;Sk; rpyg;gjpfhuk; vd;Nwhh;
kzpahuk; gilj;j jkpo;ehL ghujpahh;
- ahkwpe;j GythpNy fk;gidg; Nghy;
ts;Stidg; Nghy; ,sq;Nfhitg; Nghy;
G+kpjdpy; ahq;fDNk gpwe;jpy;iy.
-ghujpahh;
,ir ehlfNk rpyg;gjpfhuf; fijapd; cUtk;.
Ie;jpid mikg;G Kiw:
FwpQ;rpj; jpiz
Fd;w Fuit
Ky;iyj; jpiz
Ma;rr
; pah; Fuit
kUjj;jpiz
ehLfz; fhij
nea;jy; jpiz
fhdy; thp
ghiy jpiz
Ntl;Lt thp.
gy;NtW ngah;fs;
- rpyg;gjpfhuk;
- jkpo; Kjy;fhg;gpak;
- ciuapilg;gl;l ghl;Lilr; nra;As;
- Kj;jkpo;f; fhg;gpak;
- Kjd;ik fhg;gpak;
- gj;jpdpf; fhg;gpak;
- ehlff; fhg;gpak;
- Fbkf;fs; fhg;gpak; (nj.ng.kPdhl;rp Re;judhh;)
- GJikf; fhg;gpak; - (eLfy; topghL ngz;fSf;F vLj;jjhy;)
- nghJik fhg;gpak;> xw;Wik ehl;bak;> %Nte;jh; fhg;gpak;> jkpo; Njrpaf;
fhg;gpak;.
- Nghuhl;l fhg;gpak;
- Gul;rp fhg;gpak;
- fz;zfp topghNl gpw;fhy khhpak;kd; topghl;bw;F fuhzk;.
kzpNkfiy
Mrphpah;
mbfs;
fhij
NtWngah;
$ythzpfh; rPjj
; iyr; rhj;jdhh;
4286
30 tpohtiwf; fhij Kjy; ngsj;jpuk;
mWf vdg; ghit Nehw;w fhij
kzpNkfiy JwT Kjy; rkaf;
fhg;gpak;> mwf;fhg;gpak;> rPhj
; j
; pUj;jf;
fhg;gpak;> Fwpf;Nfhs; ,yf;fpak;> Gul;rp
fhg;gpak; (guj;ijapd; kfis mwj;jpd;

PH 04146 -226417
125
jiytpahfTk; khw;wp fhl;bajhy;) grpg;
gpzp kUj;Jtf; fhg;gpak;> gR Nghw;Wk;
fhg;gpak;.
Nkw;Nfhs;:
-
tpidapd; te;jJ tpidf;F tpisthtJ

Nfhy;epiy jphpe;jpbd; Nfhs; tpiy jphpAk;
mwk; vdg;gLtJ ahnjdf; Nfl;gpd; kwthJ ,J Nfhs; kz;Zaph;f;
nfy;yhk;.
cz;bAk; ciwASk; my;yJ fz;ljpy;.
fij khe;jh;fs;
cjaFkhud; - murFkhud; - kzpNkfiyia kzk; Ghpa tpUk;Ggtd;.
kzpNkfyh nja;tk; - kzp gy;ytj;Jpt jPtpjpifapd; cjtpahy; mKjRugp
(NfhKfpg; ngha;if) fz;nlLg;G. mwtztbfspd; mwpTiug;gb Mjpiuaplk;
Kjd; Kjypy; gpr;irNaw;whs;.
mKjRugp Kw;gpwtpapy; MGj;jpudplk; ,Ue;jJ.
-kUjp> tprhif gj;jpdpg; ngz;fs;
fharz;bif fztd; fhQ;rdd;
rPtfrpe;jhkzp:
-
jpUj;jf;f Njth; epiyahik Fwpj;J vOjpa E}y;ehptpUj;jk;

tpUj;jghthy; ,aw;wg;gl;l Kjy; fhg;gpak; (tpUj;jghy; ty;yth; fk;gh;)
- kzE}y;> fhkE}y; Kf;jp E}y; vd;w ngah;fSk; cz;L.
- 13 ,yk; gfq;fisAk; 3145 ghly;fisAk; nfhz;lJ.
- Kjy; ,yk;gfk; ehkfs; ,yk;gfk;
- filrp ,yk;gfk;Kf;jp ,yk;gfk;
fhg;gpaj; jiytd; rPtfd;. kd;dDf;F kfdhf> murpd; tapw;wpy;
cUthdtd;. rPtfd;. vdpDk; tpjp trj;jhy; RLfhl;by; gpwd;whd;. ,td;
rpwe;j Njhw;wg;nghypT nfhz;ltd;. kpFe;j mwpT epuk;gpatd;> gy;NtW
fiyfspYk; ty;ytd;> rpwe;j tPud;. ,td; vl;L kq;ifaiu kze;J
nfhs;fpwhd;. ,t;thW gy kzk; Ghpe;jtd; MdhYk;> ,td; xU fhKfdhf
md;wp rpwe;j kd mlf;fk; nfhz;ltdhfNt rpj;jhpf;fg;gLfpwhd;. ,t;thW gy
ngz;fis kzk;Ghpe;jjd; %yk;> gzgyj;ijAk;> gilgyj;ijAk; ngUf;fpf;
nfhz;L murgjtpia milfpwhd;. 30Mz;Lfs; ePjpAld; Ml;rp nra;j rPtfd;>
Ml;rpg; nghWg;ig kfdplk; mspj;Jtpl;Lj; Jwtwk; G+z;L Kj;jp ngWfpwhd;.
Kf;fpa ghj;jpuq;fs;
rPtfd;
rr;re;jd; (je;ij> tprakhNjtp jha;)
fe;Jf;fld; (tsh;gG
; j; je;ij)> Ree;ij (tsh;gG
; j; jha;)
ee;jl;ld;> eGyd;> tpGyd; (tsh;gG
; j; je;ijapd; kf;fs;)
rPjj;jd;> Gj;jpNrdd;> gJKfd;> Njtjj;jd; (ez;gh;fs;)
fhe;jUtjj;ij> Fzkhiy> gJik> Nfkrhp> fdfkhiy> tpkiy>
RukQ;rhp> ,yf;fiz (rPtfd; kidtpah;)
mr;rze;jp (Mrphpah;)
fl;baq;fhud; (giftd;)
E}y; rpwg;G:
PH 04146 -226417
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-[p.A.Nghg; ,jid ,ypal;> XbrpAld; xg;gpl;Ls;shh;. jkpo;ff
; tpQh;fspd;
,sturd; vd;W jpUj;jf;f Njtiug; Gfo;e;J ghuhl;bAs;shh; [p.A.Nghg;.
- midj;J rkaj;jtUk; tpUk;gpfw;w rkzf; fhg;gpak;.
tisahgjp:
-
Mrphpah; ngah; njhpatpy;iy

rkzf; fhg;gpak;
tpUj;jhg;ghthy; MdJ.
fpilj;jit 72 ghf;fs;.
%yE}y; itrpf Guhzk; 35tJ rUf;fk;
etNfhb ehuhazd; gw;wpa E}y;
xl;lf;$j;jh; ftpaoF Ntz;b tisahgjpia
jf;fahfg; guzpapd; ciuahrphpah; njhptpf;fpwhh;.
Nkw;Nfhs;:
nghiwapyh mwpT Nghfg; Gzh;T ,yh ,sik.
epidj;jhh;
vd;W
Fz;lyNfrp:
Mrphpah; ehjFj;jdhh;.
ngsj;j fhg;gpak;
Fz;lyNfrp RUz;l jiyKbia cilats; vd;W nghUs;
Fz;lyNfrp tUj;jk;> mfy ftp vd;w NtW ngah;fSk; cz;L.
fhsd; vd;w fs;tid kzk;Ghpa gj;jpiu vd;w tzpf Fyg; ngz;
tpUk;Gfpwhs;. jpUkzj;jpw;Fg; gpd; gj;jpiu rpdk; nfhz;bUe;j Ntisapy;
fhsid fs;td; jhNd vd;W $wp tpLfpwhs;. gj;jiuia nfhy;y
kiyAr;rpf;F mioj;Jr; nry;fpd;whd;. mtdJ #o;rr
; pia mwpe;J nfhz;l
gj;jpiu jw;nfhy;ypia Kw;nfhy; vd;W jdJ fztiu nfhiy nra;ths;.
gpd;dh; mts; jdJ kapiu ePff
; p Gj;j Jwtpahfpwhs;. mg;NghJ tsh;ej
; KbNa
RUz;L ,Ug;gjhy; mJ Fz;lyNfrp vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
fiyQuhy; ke;jphp Fkhhp vd;W jpiug;glkhf;fg;gl;lJ.
IQ;rpW fhg;gpaq;fs;
midj;Jk; rkzf; fhg;gpaq;fNs.
ehfFkhu fhtpak;
fhtpak:;
Mrphpah; ngah; njhpatpy;iy. fe;jpahh; xUth; vOjpdhh; vd;gh;.
- ehfgQ;rkp Nehd;gpd; rpwg;igg; $Wk; E}y;
- ,e;E}Yf;F ehfgQ;rkp fij vd;w ngaUk; cz;L. kzj;ijAk;
Nghfj;ijAk; kpFjpahff; $Wk; rkz E}y;. ehfFkhu fhtpak; my;yJ
ehfgQ;rkp
fij
vdg;gLk;.
,e;E}y;
jkpopy;
Njhd;wpa
rpW
fhg;gpaq;fspy; xd;whFk; ,ij vOjpath; ahh; rpNuhzpf vd;w
jfty;fs; fpilf;ftpy;iy ehl;L kd;ddpd; Ntz;LNfhSf;F ,zq;fpf;
nfsjkh;
vd;ghh;
mtDf;Ff;
fij
$Wk;
ghq;fpy;
,e;E}y;
mikf;fg;gl;L cs;sJ. 170 tpUj;jg;ghf;fshy; Mf;fg;gl;l ,e;E}y;
Ie;J rUf;fq;fshfg; gphpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
rkz rka E}yhd ehfFkhu fhtpak; mr; rkaf; nfhs;iffis E}ypy;
tpsf;f Kw;gLfpwJ. ,sikf; fhyj;jpy; ,d;gk; Ja;gg
; jpNyNa jdJ fhyj;ijf;
fopj;j ehfFkhud; jdJ ,Wjpf; fhyj;jpy; tho;tpd; epiyahikia czh;eJ
;
PH 04146 -226417
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JwT Nkw;nfhs;tNj ,f; fijapd; rhuk;. gpwtpr; Roypy; ,Ue;J tpLgl;L Kj;jp
ngWtjw;Fj; Jwtpd; ,d;wpaikahik gw;wpg; NgRtNj ,f; fijapd; Nehf;fkhfj;
njhpfpwJ.
cjazFkhu fhtpak;:
Mrphpah; ngah; njhptpy;iy fe;jpahh; vd;gh;.
%yE}y; - ngUq;fij
fhz;lq;fs; - 6> tpUj;jg;ghf;fs; 369.
-#hpa Fyj;jpy; gpwe;j E}y; cjazd; vdg;gl;lhd;.
,e;E}ypy; MW fhz;lq;fs; cs;sd. cQ;irf; fhz;lk; ,yhtzf;
fhz;lk;> kfj fhz;lk;> tj;jt fhz;lk;> euthfd fhz;lk; kw;Wk; JwTf;
fhz;lk; ,f;fhg;gpaj;jpd; Kjw;gFjp cjazd; tuyhw;iwAk;> gpw;gFjp mtdJ
kfdhfpa euthfddJ tuyhw;iwAk; $WfpwJ.
aNrhju fhtpak;
fhtpak:;
Mrphpah; - ntz;zhtYilahh; Nts;
-caph;nfhiy jPJ vd;Wk; czh;j;Jk; E}y;
-VO tif eufq;fs; gw;wp $Wk; E}y;.
,Uspd; ,Us;> ,Us;> Gif> NrW>kzy;> ghy;> kUs;. 5rUf;fq;fspy; 320
tpUj;jg;ghf;fshy; Md ,jd; Mrphpah; ngaUk; njhpatpy;iy ,uhkrkhGuj;J
murd; khhpjj;jd; caph;fisg; gypapl;L te;jhd;. mtDf;F caph;f;nfhiy jPJ
vd;W czh;j;Jtjw;fhf vOjg;gl;l fhg;gpak; ,JgpwtpfkW rpw;wpd;gj;jpd; rpWik>
Nghpd;gj;jpd; ngUik> xOf;fj;jpd; cah;T Nghd;wtw;iw tpthpg;gJ ,e;E}y; ,J
xU tlnkhop E}ypd; jOty; vspa eilAk; eakhd ghf;fSk; fhyk; cila
E}y; ,J 13Mk; E}w;whz;L ,ir fhkj;ijj; J}z;Lk; vd;gijAk;> fh;kj;jpd;
tpisTfisAk; vLj;jpak;Gk; ,f;fij cj;juGuhzj;jpy; ,Ue;J vLf;fg;gl;lJ
vd;Wk;
Gl;ge;jh;
fijapd;
jkpo;
tbtk;
vd;Wk;
,jd;
Mrphpah;
ntz;zhtYilahh; Nts; vd;Wk; $WNthh; cz;L.
ePyNfrp:
ePyNfrp vd;why; fUj;j $e;jiyAilas; vd;W nghUs;.
ePyNfrpj;jpul;L vd;w NtW ngaUk; cz;L.
Fz;lyNfrp vd;W E}Yf;F khw;whf vOjg;gl;l E}y;. 10 rUf;fq;fspy; 864
ghf;fshy; MdJgj;jhk;.gp.fp E}w;whz;ilr; Nrh;eJ
;
fhg;gpaj; jiytp ePyp
gioaD}hpy; NgAUtpy; ,Ue;J Kdpr;re;jpuh; vd;fpw rkz Kdptuhy; Nga;ik
ePqf
; p mtUf;Nf khztpahfTk; rkzj; JwtpahfTk; Mfp ngsj;jh;fis thjpy;
ntd;w fijNa ,f;fhg;gpak;.
#shkzp:
Mrphpah;
Njhyh
nkhopj;Njth;
,aw;ngah;
th;jj
; khd
Njth;.
12
rUf;fq;fspy;
2131
tpUj;jg;ghf;fshy;
,aw;wg;gl;lJ
,e;E}y;
MUfj
kfhGuhzj;ijj; jOtpaJ ghftj;jpy; tUk; gyuhkd;> fz;zd; Nghd;W
,f;fhg;gpaj;jpYk; jptpl;ld; tprad; vd;Dk; ,U tlehl;L Nte;jh;fspd; tuyhwhf
,e;E}y; cs;sJghftjKk; #shkzpAk; fij epfo;rr
; pfspy; XusT xj;J
cs;sd rutzngy;Nfhyh fy;ntl;by; ,e;E}y; gw;wpa Fwpg;G cs;sJ. ,e;E}ypd;
ghapuk; jUk; Fwpg;gpd;gb fp.gp xd;gjhk; E}w;whz;ilr; Nrh;ej
; mtdp #shkzp
khwth;kd; vd;Dk; ghz;bad; mitf;fsj;jpy; muq;NfwpaJ vd;W njhpfpwJ. ,J
rpWfhg;gpa tifapy; ,Ue;jhYk; ngUq;fhg;gpak; gz;Gfs; kpFe;j E}yhff;
fUjg;gLfpwJ.
cjaFkhu fhtpak;
PH 04146 -226417
128
cjazpd; fijNa cjazFkhu fhtpaKk; $WfpwnjdpDk; ,yf;fpar;
Rit Fd;wpapUj;jw; nghUl;L mJ IQ;rpWq;fhg;gpa thpirapy; itf;fg;gl;lJ.
fhz;lq;fs;
E}w;gphpT: mfw;ghthy;
cs;sd.
1.cQ;irf; fhz;lk;.
2.,yhthz fhz;lk;.
3.kfj fhz;lk;
4.tj;jt fhz;lk;
5.euthz fhz;lk;
ghlg;gl;Ls;s
,e;E}Ys;
gpd;tUk;
Ie;J
fhz;lq;fs;
ngUq;fij:
Mrphpah; nfhq;FNts;
cjazd; tuyhw;iw jkpopy; $wpa Kjy; E}y;
rkz fhg;gpak; ,jw;F nfhq;FNts; khf;fij vd;w ngaUk; cz;L. Fzhl;bah;
vd;gtuhy; gpuhfpUj nkhopapy; vOjg;gl;l gpufj;fjh vd;Dk; ,yf;fpaj;ijj;
jOtp Mf;fg;gl;lNj ngUq;fij MFk;. Nrhoh; fhyj;ijr; Nrh;ej
; J ,ij
Mf;fpath;. nfhq;FNtsph; vd;gtuhthh; ,th; xU rkzh; nfsrhk;gp ehl;L
murdpd; kfdhd cjazd; vd;gtdpd; fijNa ,J.
fijaikg;G
cjazdpd; jha; fUTw;W ,Ue;j NghJ rugk; vd;Dk; xU gwit
muz;kidapy; ,Ue;J mtisj; J}f;fpr; nrd;W tpGyhryk; vd;Dk; ,lj;jpy;
Nghl;Ltpl;Lr; nry;fpwJ. mq;Nf cjazd; gpwf;fpwhd;. ,jpypUe;J cjazpd;
tPujPur; nray;fs;> murdhjy;> gy ngz;fis kzj;jy; vd;gtw;wpD}lhfj; JwT
G+Zk;tiuahd fijiaf; $WfpwJ ,f;fhg;gpak;.
rka ,yf;fpaj; jfty;fs;

s;
Mq;fpyk;> tzpfj;jpd; nkhop> ,yj;jpd; rl;lj;jpd; nkhop fpNuf;fk;
,irapd; nkhop> gpnuQ;R J}jpd; nkhop> ,j;jhyp fhjypd; nkhop vd;why; jkpo;
gf;jpapd; nkhop kiwj;jpU jdp ehaf mbfs;
rka kWkyh;rr
; pf; fhyk;
gy;yth; fhyk;
gf;jp ,yf;fpa fhyk;
gy;yth; fhyk;
irtg; nghpahh; ghba ghf;fs; jpUkiwfs; vdg;gLk;.
,it 12jpUKiwfs;
1>2>3> jpUKiwfs;
- jpUQhdrk;ge;jh;
4>5>6> jpUKiwfs;
- jpUehTf;furh;
7
jpUKiwfs;
- Re;juh;
8k; khzpf;fthrfh;
- jpUthrfk;> jpUf;Nfhit vd;w jpUr;rpw;wk;gyf;Nfhit
9k; jpUKiw
jpUtpirg;gh 9 Ngh; ghbaJ.
jpUg;gy;yhz;L Nre;jdhh; ghbaJ
jpUkhdpifj; Njth;
fUT+h; Njth;
Nre;jdhh;
G+e;Juj;jp fhlt ek;gp
Rz;luhj;jpj;jh;
Ntz;lhl;bfs;
jpUNtyp mKjdhh;.
GUNlhj;jk ek;gp
Nrjpuhah;
10k; jpUKiw
- jpUke;jpuk; - jpU%yh;
11k; jpUKiw
jpUthythilahh; - Iabfs;
PH 04146 -226417
129
fhlth; Nfhd;.
-fhiuf;fhy; mk;ikahh;
-Nrukhd; ngUkhs;
-fy;ylNjt ehapdhh;
-gl;bdj; jbfs;
-ef;fuP Njt ehapdhh;
-ek;gpahz;lh; ek;gpfs;
fgpy Njt ehadhh;
guz Njt ehadhh;
guz Njt ehadhh;
mjpuh mbfs;
vk;ngUkhdbfs; vd;w gd;dpUtuhy; ghlg;gl;lJ.
12. nghpa Guhzhk; - Nrf;fpohh;
jpUKiwfisj; njhFj;jtd; - ek;gpahz;lhh; ek;gp>
jpUKiwfisj; njhFg;gpj;jtd;- Kjyhk;Mjpj;
Mjpj;jd; my;yJ 2k; Mjpj;jd; my;yJ
Kjyhk; uh[uh[d; vd;W $Wth;.
Kjyhk; uh[ uh[d; - jpUKiw fz;l Nrhod; vd miof;fg;gLfpwhd;
Lfpwhd.
jpUQhdrk;ge;jh;:
,aw;ngah; MSila gps;is gpwe;j Ch; rPhf
; hop ,jw;F NjhzpGuk;>
gpukGuk;> NtZGuk; vd;w ngah;fSk; cz;L.
ghbait 16000 gjpfq;fs; fpilj;jit 384 gjfq;fs; -23 gz;fspy; ghbAs;shh;.
220 Ch;fSf;F nrd;W ,iwtid topgl;lth;
aho;Kwp gjpfk; ghbath;.
jpUehTf;furUf;F mg;gh; vd;w gl;lk; nfhLj;jth; ,th;.
kJiu : $d; ghz;baid epd;w rPh; neLkhwdhf;fpdhh;.
G+k;ghit jpUg;gjpfk; ghbdhh;.
,tuJ Njthuj;jpw;F jpUf;filf;fhg;G vd rpwg;gpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
fjT jpwf;fg;ghbaJ: ,uf;fk; xd;wpyph;
kd;dd; Neha; jPhf
; f
; g;ghbaJ :ke;
: jpukhtJ ePW
ey;yth;f;
fF
; eh@k; NfhSk; ,y;iy vd ghbaJ
NtapU Njhsp gq;fd;
fhjyhfp frpe;J fz;zhP ; ky;fp
rpwg;Gfs;
-fphpia vd;w rw;Gj;jpu khh;ff
; k;
-aho;kwp gjpfk; ghbath;
,aw;ifia mjpfkhfg; ghbath;
Mjprq;fuh; jk; E}yhd nrse;
nrse;jh;ayfhp
yfhp apy; jpUQhd rk;ge;jj;ij
jpuhtpl
jpuhtpl rpR
; s;shh;
rpR vd;W Gfo;eJ
hh.
jpUehTf;furh;
urh;
,aw;ngah;
- kUs; ePff
; pahh;
NtWngah; : jpUehTf;furh;
thrPfh;> mg;gh;> MSil muR> jhz;lf Nte;jh; jUkNrdh;.
ngw;Nwhh; Gfodhh; - khjphpahh;
jkf;if jpyftjpahh;
gpwe;j Ch; - jpUth%h;
gjpfj; njhil ghba ghd;ikahy; ehTf;furh; vdg;gl;lhh;.
rptdhy; ehTf;furh; vd miof;fg;gl;lhh;.
rkz rkaj;jpy; jUkNrdh; vd;w ngahpy; tpsq;fpdhh;.
jpUehTf;furh; rhpia vd;Dk; jhrkhh;fj;jpdh;.
jpUtjpifapy;

PH 04146 -226417
130
Nkw;Nfhs;:
$w;whapd thW Kjy; gjpfk;
khrpy; tPiz khiy kjpaKk;
ehkhhf;F
; k; Fbay;Nyhk; ekid mQ;Nrhk;
,d;gNk ve;ehSk; Jd;gk; ,y;iy
Kd;dk; mtDila ehkk; Nfl;Nld;
vd; fld; gzp nra;J fplg;gNj
jkpNohL ,irg;ghly; kwe;jwpNad;
Ml;Ltpj;j
; hy; MnuhUth; MlhjhNu
mlf;Ftpj;jhy; MnuhUth; mlq;fhjhNu
Re;juh;:
fapyhaj;jpy; ,tUf;F MshyRe;judhh; vd;W ngah;
jpUehtY}h;
td; njhz;lh;> jk;gpuhd; Njhoh;
,iwtidNa kidtpaplk; J}J mDg;gpath;
,iwtDf;F Njhod; - jk;g
; puhd; Njhod;.
guit rq;fpypahh; - ,tuJ kidtpfs;
,th; ghba jpUj;njhz;ilj; njhif nghpa Guhzj;jpy; %y E}y;.
mjd; Kjyb
jpy;iy tho; me;jzh; jk; mbahh;fF
; k; mbNad;
Re;jUld; el;G nfhz;bUe;j Mo;thh; jpUkq;if Mo;thh;
,th; Nahf Kiw vd;w rfkhh;fj;jpdhh;.
Nkw;Nfhs;:
-gpj;jh gpiw #b ngUkhNd mUshsh Kjw;ghly;
-nghd;dhh; NkdpaNd Gypj;Njhiy miuf;flj;J
-jk;khid mwpahj rhjpahUk; csNuh
khzpf;fthrfh;:
,aw;ngah; njhpatpy;iy.
ghz;bad; mhpkh;jj
; d ghz;badplk; mikr;ruha; ,Ue;j NghJ njd;dtd;
gpuk;kuhah; vd;W miof;fg;gl;lhh;. jpUthjT+uhh;. mUs;. thrfh;. khzpf;fthrfh;
vd;W miof;fg;gl;lhh;. ghz;ba kd;ddhy; Fjpiu thq;f mDg;gl;l ,th; ghjp
topapy; rptdpd; jpUtpisahlyhy; Nfhapy; fl;bdhh;. ,tUf;fhf rptd; ehpia
ghpahf;fpdhh;. (Fjpiu) ,sq;Nfhtpw;F gpd; ehl;Lg;Gw ghly; tbtj;jpw;F
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLj;jth;. 63 ehad;khh;fSs; ,th; ,lk;ngwtpy;iy. mk;khid>
nghw;Rz;zk; G+ty;yp Cry;> Jk;gp> njs;Nszk;> NjhNzhf;fk;> rhoy; ,it
kfsphpd; Ml;lq;fs;.
,th; vOjpa jpUtk;ghit khh;fop khjj;jpy; irth;fshy; ghlg;gl;lJ.
ghit ghba thahy; Nfhit ghLf vd;W Fwpg;gpl;ljhy; jpUf;Nfhit vd;w
jpUr;rpw;wk;gyf;Nfhit ghbdhh;. ,jpy; ehafd; ehafp ghtj;jpy; ghlg;gl;l mf
,yf;fpakhf mike;J ,Uf;Fk;. khzpf;fthrfhpd; jpUthrfk; gw;wp [p.A.Nghg;
mth;fs; jpUthrfj;jpw;F cUfhh; xUthrfj;jpw;Fk; cUfhh; vd;fpwhh;.
Nkw;Nfhs;:
-ekr;rpthak; tho;f ehjd; jhs; tho;f
-MjpAk; me;jKk; ,y;yh mUl;ngUQ;Nrhjp
-njd;dhLila rptNd Nghw;wp
ve;ehl;lth;fF
; k; ,iwth Nghw;wp
thdhfp kz;zhfp tspahfp xspahfp
-cw;whiu ahd; Ntz;Nld; Ngh; Ntz;Nld;
mk;ikNa mg;gh xg;gpyh kzpNa
PH 04146 -226417
131
Gy;yhfpg; G+lhfpg; GOthfpa kukhfpg; gy; kpUfk; gwitaha; ghk;ghfp
,th; ghba jpUr;rpw;wk;gyf; Nfhit ehafd; ehafp ghtk; nfhz;lJ.
gpd;gw;wpa khh;ff
; k;
jpUQhdrk;ge;jh;
- rj;Gju khh;ff
; k; - fphpia
jpUehTf;furh;
- (mbik) jhrkhh;ff
; k; - rhpia
Re;juh; (Nrho) rfkhh;ff
; k;
- Nahf khh;ff
; k;
khzpf;fthrfh;
- (rw;FU khzt rd; khh;ff
; k; - Qhdk; khh;ff
; k;)
10k; jpUKiw:
jpU%yh; - xd;Nw Fyk; xUtNd Njtd;
-clk;ig tsh;jN
; jd; caph; tsh;jN
; jNd
fhiuf;fhy; mk;ikahh;:
,aw;ngah; - Gdpjtjp fztd; - gukjj;jd;
-(fapiy) NgaU nfhz;lhh; fapiy kPJ jiyahNyNa ele;J nrd;whh;.
,iwtdhy; mk;ikNa vd miof;fg;gl;lhh;.
jpUthyq;fhl;bYk; ,iwtidf; fhzj; jiyahNyNa ele;J nrd;whh;. rk;ge;jh;
mk;ik jiyahy; ele;j gFjpia fhyhy; kpjpf;f kWj;jhh;.
-63ehad;kh;fSs; mkh;e;j Nfhyj;jpy; cs;sth; fhiuf;fhy; mk;ikahh;.
E}y;fs;:
jpUthyq;fhl;L %j;j jpUg;gjpfk; 2 E}y;fs;
jpU ,ul;il kzpkhiy> mw;Gjj;jpUte;jhjp>
-,tuJ ghly; kl;LNk %j;j jpUg;gjpfk; vd;W rpwg;gpf;fg;gLfpwJ fl;lisf;
fypj;Jiw vd;w GJtif ahg;ig gilj;jth;.
ef;fuP dpd; E}y;fs;
-jpUKUfhw;Wg;gil
-fapiy ghjp fhsj;jp ghjp me;jhjp
-jpU <q;Nfha; kiy vOtJ
- jpUtoQ;Rop Kk;kzpf;Nfhit
-jpU vOf;$w;wpUf;if
-Nfhgg;gpurhjk;
-fhnul;L
-Nghw;wp fypntz;gh
jpUKUfhw;Wg;gil ,uz;L E}y; mikg;gpy; gj;Jg;ghl;by; Mw;Wg;gil E}yhfTk;
gjpNdhwhk; jpUKiwapYk; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sJ.
ek;gpahz;lh; ek;gp:
-
jkpo; tpahrh; ,th; ,aw;wp 8 E}y;fSk; 11k; jpUKiwapd; ,Wjpapy;

Nrh;jJ
; f; nfhz;lhh;.
Nfhapy; jpUg;gz;zahh; tpUj;jk;
jpUj;njhz;lh; jpUte;jhjp
Vfhjr khiy
tpehafh; ,ul;il kzpkhiy
jpUr;rig tpUj;jk;
jpUKk; kzpf;Nfhit
MSil gps;isahh;
jpUTyhkhiy
jpUf;fyk;gfk;
jpUj;njhif jpUte;jhjp
PH 04146 -226417
132
gl;bzj; jbfs;
,aw;ngah; -jpUntz;fhlh;
(,thplk; Nre;jdhh; fzf;fuha; gzpahw;wpdhh;)
Nfhapy; ehd;kzpkhiy
jpUf;fOky Kk;kzpf;Nfhiy (rk;ge;jh; Fwpg;G)
jpUtpil kUJ}h; Kk;kzp Nfhit
jpUNtfk;gKilahh; jpUte;jhjp
jpUnthw;wpA+h; xUth xUg/J.
12k; jpUKiw
Nrf;fpohh; 63 ehad;khh;fisg; gw;wp tphpj;Jiuj;j nghpa Guhzk;
gd;dpuz;lhk; jpUKiw
-Nrf;fpohhpd; ,aw;ngah; mUz;nkhopj; Njth;.
-meghar; Nrhodplk; mikr;ruha; ,Ue;jth;.
mikr;ruha; ,Ue;j NghJ cj;jk Nrhoh gy;ytuhad; vd;w gl;lk; cz;L.
njhz;lh; rPh; guthh; vd;w NgaUk; cz;L.
- nghpaGuhzj;jpw;F
,th;
,l;l
ngah;
jpUj;njhz;lh;
Guhzk;/
jpUj;njhz;lh;khf;fij vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
- ,jd; Kjy; E}y; Re;juh; ghba jpUj;njhz;lh; njhif.
- topE}y; ek;gpahz;lh; ek;gp ghba jpUj;njhz;lh; jpUte;jhjp.
- cynfy;yhk; vd;W ,iwtd; mbnaLj;J nfhLf;fg; ghlg;gl;l E}y;
nghpa Guhzk;.
jpUtpisa
jpUtpisahlw;Guhzk;
uhzk;
Guhzk; vd;why; tuyhW. rptngUkhdpd; jpUtpisahly; fiyf; gw;wpf;
$Wk; E}y;.
-,iwtdpd; jpUtpisahly; gw;wp Kjypy; $wpa E}y;fs; fy;yhlk;> Re;ju
ghz;bak;. fy;yhlk; Mrphpah; fy;yhldh;.
-Kjd; Kjypy; jpUtpisahlw; Guhzk; ghbath; ngUk;gw;w GypA+h; ek;gp ,th;
ghba jpUtpisahlw; Guhzk; jpUthythAilahh; jpUtpisahlw; Guhzk;
mLj;J jpUtpisahlw; Guhzk; ghbath; guQ;N[hjp Kdpth;.
-,J Myh];a kfhj;jpak; vd;w tlnkhop E}ypd; jOty; E}yhrphpah;.
,e;E}iy ,aw;wpath; guQ;Nrhjp Kdpth; ,th; jQ;ir khtl;lj;Jj;
jpUkiwf;fhl;by; Njhd;wpath;. irtNtshs Mrphpa khh;gpy; gpwe;jth;.
E}ypd; mikg;G
68 gly;fSld; 3363 ghly;fs; nfhz;l jpUtpisahlw; Guhzk;. kJiu
$ly; jpUthytha; vd;w 3 fhz;lq;fis cilaJ.
E}ypd; rpwg;G
,iwtdpd; 64 jpUtpisahly;fisAk; fhg;gpar;RitAld; $WfpwJ.
mhpr;re;jpu Guhzk; - tPuftpuhah;
fe;j Guhzk; -fr;rpag;gg rpthr;rhypah;
$h;k Guhzk;-mjp tPuuhk ghz;bad;
fhQ;rp Guhzk;(Kjw; fhz;lk;) rptQhd Kdpth;
fhQ;rp Guhzk; (2tJ fhz;lk;) fr;rpag;g Kdpth;
jyGuhzk; vd;w Nfhapy; Guhzk; - ckhgjp rptk; ,tNu jyGuhzk; ghLk; kuig
njhlq;fp itj;jth;. jyGuhzk; ghLtjpy; Gfo; ngw;wth; kPdhl;rp Re;juk; gps;is.
Fku Fuguh;:
PH 04146 -226417
133
-gpwe;j Ch; =itFz;lk;.

-Ie;J taJ tiu Cikapy; ,Ue;J jpUr;nre;J}h; KUfd; mUshy; ghLk; jpwd;
ngw;wth;. Kjy; E}y; - Re;jh; fypntz;gh
kPdhl;rpak;ik gps;isj; jkpo; kJiuf; fyk;gfk; ePjpnewp tpsf;fk;> jpUth&h;
ehd;kzpkhiy> rpjk;gu Kk;kzpf;Nfhit> rpjk;gur; nra;Al; Nfhit> ,ul;il
kzpkhiy.
-fhrp fyk;gfk;> rfyfyh ty;yp khiy
-,th; gpuge;j Nte;jh; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwhh;.
,uhkypq;f mbfs;:
-kDKiw fz;l thrfk; [PtfhUz;l xOf;fk; ciueil E}y;fs;.
-rd;khh;ff
;
rq;fk;> rj;jpa jUkrhiy> rj;jpa Qhd rig> rpj;jp tshfk;
Nghd;wit epWtpa epWtdq;fs;.
-jkpo; ,yf;fpaj;jpw;Fs; kpfg; nghpa Mrphpa tpUj;jk; ghbath; - 1596 mbfs;
nfhz;l Mrphpak;.
,tUf;F jpU.mUl;gpufhr ts;syhh; vd;W ngahpl;lth; njhOT+h; NtyhAj
Kjypahh; ,tNu jpUtUl;ghit njhFj;jth;.
-,tuJ ghl;il kUl;gh vd;wth; MWKf ehtyh;.
-,tiu Gul;rpj; Jwtp vd;gh;.
-ghujpahh; ,tiu GJ newp fz;l Gyth; vd;W Nghw;Wfpwhh;.
Nkw;Nfhs;:
-mUl;ngUQ;N[hjp> jdpg; ngUq;fUiz
-mg;gh ehd; Ntz;Ljy; Nfl;L mUs;Ghpa Ntz;Lk;.
-cs;nshd;W itj;J Gwnkhd;W NgRNthh; cs;sf; fythik Ntz;Lk;.
jhAkhdth;:
-tp[auq;fehj nrhf;fypq;f ehaf;fhplk; fzf;fuhf ,Ue;jth;.
-cgepljf; fUj;Jf;fisj; jkpopy; kpFjpahfg; ghbath;.
rkur rd;khh;ff
; fUj;Jf;fis Kjypy; $wpath;.
guhguf; fz;zp> ve;ehlffz;zp> Mde;jf; fspg;G.
mUzfphpahh;
Kj;ijj; jU vd;W KUfd; mbnaOj;Jf; nfhLf;f jpUg;Gfo; ghbath;.
-ghbait jpUg;Gfo;> Re;juh; myq;fhuk; Re;jh; mDg+jp> Re;jh; me;jhjp> Nty;
tpUj;jk;> kapy;tpUj;jk;.
-re;jf; fsQ;rpak; yaf; fsQ;rpak; vdg;gLtJ jpUg;Gfo;. KUfrpj;jh; vd;W
miof;fg;gLfpwhh;.
Nkw;Nfhs;:
VWkapy; VwptpisahLk; Kfk; xd;Nw.
<rDld; Qhdnkhop NgRk; Kfk; xd;Nw.
rptg;gpufhrh;
pufhrh:;
Ch;. Jiw kq;fyk;
Mrphpah; - jpUney;Ntyp nts;spak;gpyj; jk;gpuhd;
E}yfs; - gpuGypq;f yPiy> ehy;th; ehd;kzpkhiy> ePNuhl;lfakf
jpUntq;iff; Nfhit> jpUntq;iff; fyk;gfk;.
-ed;ndwp vd;w ePjp E}y; ,aw;wpath;
-fw;gid fsQ;rpak;> fw;gid Cw;W> ftpjh rh;t ngskp
-fpwpj;jt kjj;jpw;F vjpuhf VRkj epuhfuzk; vd;w E}iy ,aw;wpath;.
itztk;
nkhj;jk; 12 njhFj;jth; ehjKzp ehthapuj; jpt;tpa gpuge;jk;.
jpuhtpl rhfuk; vd;w NtW ngah;fSk; cz;L.
PH 04146 -226417
me;jhjp>
134
4gphpTfs;
-Kjyhapuk;
-nghpa jpUnkhop
-jpUtha; nkhop
-,aw;gh
jpUkhypd; Ik;gilfs;
rf;fuk;
Rjh;rdk;
tpy;
rhuq;fk;
ths;
ee;jfk;
jz;L
nfsNkhjfp
rq;F
ghQ;rrd;dpak;
Kjyhapuk;
nghpaho;thh; jpUnkhop
(jpUg;gy;yhz;L cl;gl)
ehr;rpahh; jpUnkhop
ngUkhs; jpUnkhop
jpUr;re;j tpUj;jk;
jpUg;gs;sp vOr;rp
mkydhjpgpuhd;
fz;zp Ed; rpWj;jhk;G
nghpa jpUnkhop
jpUkq;if Mo;thh; ghly;fs;
jpUtha; nkhop
ek;kho;thh; ghly;fs;
,aw;gh
Kjy; jpUte;jhjp> ,uz;lhk; jpUte;jhjp> %d;whk; jpUte;jhjp> ehd; Kfd;
jpUte;jhjp> jpUtpUj;jk;> jpUthrphpak;> nghpa jpUte;jhjp> jpUvO $w;wpUf;if
rpwpa jpUkly;> nghpa jpUkly;.
ngha;ifahh;
fahh;
Ch; fhQ;rpg;Guk; - jhkiug; ngha;if
rq;fpd; mk;rk;
-ghbaJ Kjyhk; jpUte;jhjp
-jyhk; jpUte;jhjp 100 ghly;fs;
-Kjd; Kjyhfj; jpUkhypd; gj;J mtjhuq;fisg; ghbath;.
Nkw;Nfhs;
itak; jfspah> thh;flNy nea;ahf.
G+jj;jho;thh;
-kfhgypGuk; - FUf;fj;jp kyhpy; gpwe;jhh;.
-fjhajj;jpd; mk;rkhf gpwe;jth;
-,uz;lhk; jpUte;jhjp (100 ghly;fs;)
-ngUe;jkpod; vd;W jd;idf; $wpf; nfhs;Sk; Mo;thh;.
Nkw;Nfhs;
itak; jfspah> Mh;tNk nea;ahf
Ngaho;thh;
hh;
kapyhg;G+h; - nrt;ty;ypg; G+tpy; gpwe;jhh;.
-jpUkhypd; ee;jfk; vd;Dk; thspd; mk;rk;
-%d;whk; jpUte;jhjp (100 ghly;fs;)
Nkw;Nfhs;: jpUf;fz;Nld;> nghd;Nkdp fz;Nld;
PH 04146 -226417
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jpUkopiraho;thh;
hh;
Ch; - jpUkopir
-rf;fuj;jpd; mk;rk;
-rf;fuj;jho;thh;> gf;jp rhfuh; vd;W NtW ngah;fSk; ,tUf;F cz;L.
-,th; irtj;jpy; ,Ue;j NghJ rptthf;fpah; vd;w rpj;juhf ,Ue;jth;.
-ghbait ehd;fhk; jpUte;jhjp vd;w ehd;Kfd; jpUte;jhjp
-jpUkopir Mo;thhpd; rPld; fdpfz;zd; vd;gth; Mthh;.
ek;kho;thh;
hh;
Ch; Mo;thh; jpUefh; vd;w jpUf;FU$h; ,th; je;ij khwd;fhhp> guhe;jfd;
neLQ;riladpd; mikr;rh;
-mth; jpahdk; nra;j Gspakuj;ij MjpNr~dpd; mtjhuk; vd;gh; (jpUGs;sp
Mo;thh;)
-rlNfhgh; vd;W miof;fg;gl;lhh; jpUkhNy ehk;
-rlf;Nfhgd; vd;W mioj;jikahy; ek;kho;thh; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwhh;.;
-jpUthrphpak;> jpUtha;nkhop> jpUtpUj;jk;> nghpa jpUte;jhjp vd;Dk; ehd;F
E}y;fisg; ghbAs;shh;. vdNt ,tiu Ntjk; jkpo; nra;j khwd; vd;gh;(ehjKdp)
-,tuJ E}y;fSs; jpUtha; nkhopia jpuhtpl Ntjk; vd;gh;.
-ek;kho;thh; cly; vd;Wk; kw;wth;fs; cWg;Gk; vd;Wk; $Wth;.
-itztj;J khzpf;fthrfh; vd;W $wg;ngWthh;.
-ghuhq;Frh;- gwrkak; vd;w ahidf;F mq;Frk; Nghd;wth;.
kJu ftp Mo;thh;

hh;
Ch; - ghz;b ehL jpUf;Nfh@h;
-,th; ek;k
; ho;thhpd; rPlh;
-mtiu kl;LNk ghbath;
-,th; ghba ghly;fs; fz;zpEz; rpWj;jhk;G
vd;Dk; ghlypd; Kjy; thpahy; ngah; ngw;wJ.
FyNrfu Mo;thh;
Ch; - Nruehl;Lj; jpUtQ;irf;fdk; - jpUtujd; vd;w kd;ddpd; kfd;.
-nfhy;ypf; fhtyd;> $ly; ehafd;> Nfhopf;Nfhd; vdf; $wpf;nfhs;tjhy; ghz;b>
NrhoehLfSf;Fk; jiytuha; ,Ue;jhh; vdj; njhpfpwJ. jpUkhy; gf;jpahy; muR
Jwe;jhh;.
-mjw;Fk; gygb NkNy nrd;W jpUNtq;flkiyapy; gwitaha;> kPdha;> Mwha;
nfhbkukha;> gbaha gpwf;Fk; NgW fpilf;f Ntz;Lk; vd Ntz;Lfpwhh;.
-,th; jkpopy; ngUkhs; jpUnkhopAk; - tlnkhopapy; Kfe;j khiyAk;
nra;Js;shh;.
-,uhkDf;F jhyhl;Lg; ghbath; FyNrfuho;thh;.
-fz;zdplk; gf;jp nfhz;lth; nghpaho;thh;.
-ngUk;ghyhd Mo;thh;fs; fz;zdplk; gf;jp nfhz;lth;fs;.
njhz;lulbg; nghbaho;thh;
hh;
Ch; - jpUkz;lq;Fb
,aw;ngah; - tpg;uehuhazd;
ghbait: jpUkhiy> jpUg;gs;sp vOr;rp> jpUkhy; jpUg;gs;sp vOr;rp
njhz;lubg; nghb Mo;thh;.
rptd; jpUg;gs;sp vOr;rp khzpf;fthrfh; ghujkhjh jpUg;gs;sp vOr;rp
ghujpahh;.
-gr;irkh kiy Nghy; Nkdp gtstha; fkyr;nrq;fz;
jpUkq;ifaho;thh;
-jpUf;FiwaY}h; - jpUkq;if ehL> NrhoehL ehl;by; gpwg;G
PH 04146 -226417
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-tpy;ypd; mk;rk;
-,aw;ngah; - fypad;
-je;ij ngah; - ePyd;
-kidtp FKjty;yp
NtWngah;fs;
fyp ehld;> fypfd;wp> mUs;khhp>
kq;ifNte;jd;
-,th; Mz;l ehL jpUthypehL
gufhyd;>
Fiwayhsp>
kq;ifah;
Nfhd;>
MWE}y;fs;
nghpa jpUnkhop jpUneLe;jhz;lfk;> jpUf;FWe;jhzlfk;> jpUvO$w;wpUf;if>
rpwpa jpUkly;> nghpa jpUkly;.
-Kjd; Kjyhf kly; vd;w rpw;wpyf;fpa tifiaj; njhlq;fpath; ,thpd; kly;
njhy;fhg;gpa mfnewpf;F KuzhdJ.
-jhz;lfk; ghba Mo;thh;
ehl;Lg;Gwg;ghly; gphpTf;fSf;F ,lk; nfhLj;J ghbath;.
jpUg;ghzho;thh;
hh;
irtj;jpy; ghzFbapy; gpwe;jth; jpUePyf;fz;l aho;gg
; hzh;.
-ghzh; Fbapy; gpwe;jjhy; jpUtuq;ff; NfhapDs; nry;y ,ayhJ fhtphpf;fiuapy;
epd;W ghbath;.
-,tiu cNyhf fhuq;fs; Kjypa me;jzh;fs; fy;yhy; mbj;jdh;. gpd;dh;
cNyhf fhuq;fNu Njhspy; J}f;fpr; nrd;whh;.
-jpUtuq;fehjidf; fz;L ,th; ghba gjpfk; mkydhjp
mkydhjp gpuhd;
nghpaho;t
; hh;
hh;
Ch; - =tpy;ypGj;J}h;
-fUlho;thh; mk;rk;
-nghpa jpUtb vd;gJk; fUld;
-rpwpa jpUtb vd;gJ mDkd;
,aw; ngah; tp~;Zrpj;jh; NtWngah; gl;lh; gpuhd;> fpopaWj;j Mo;thh;.
-,thpd; tsh;gG
; kfs; Mz;lhs; ghbait: jpUg;gy;yhz;L> jpUnkhop
-gps;isj;jkpo; vd;w rpw;wpyf;fpa tifapd; Kd;Ndhb
-mk;Gypg; gUtj;jpy; rhk jhd Ngj jz;lk; vd;w mikg;gpy; ghLk; Kiwia
Kjd; Kjypy; Njhw;Wtpj;jth;.
-njhl;by; ghl;L vd;w jhyhl;Lg; ghl;lhfpa fz;zd; jhyhl;Nl gps;isj; jkpo;
,yf;fpa tifapd; Kd;Ndhb E}y;
-jd;id aNrhijahfg; ghtpj;Jg;ghba Mo;thh;.
-,uhkid Foe;ijahfg; ghtpj;Jj; jhyhl;Lg; ghbath; FyNrfuho;thh;.
Mz;lhs;
hs;
-=tpy;ypGj;J}h;
-nghpaho;thhpd; tsh;g
; G
; kfs;
-G+kfs; mk;rk;
-Joha; (Jsrp)tdj;jpy; fz;nlLf;fg;gl;lts;.
-khiy#l;b nfhLj;jjhy; Nfhij vdg;gl;lhs;
-,iwtDf;F kidtpahdjhy; ehr;rpahh;.
-Mz;ltidNa Mz;ljhy; Mz;lhs; Mdhh;.
-,iwtd; Mz;lhs; jpUkzk; - jpUuq;fk;
-ghbait: jpUg;ghit> jpUnkhop
jpUg;ghitNa Ntjk; midj;jpw;Fk; tpj;J vd;W $wpath; - ,uhkD[h;.
-fw;G+uk; ehWNkh fkyg;G+ ehWNkh?
-thuzk; Mapuk; #o tyQ;nra;J ehuazd; ek;gp elf;fpd;whd; vd;W vjph;
ehuazNd ekf;F giw jUthd;.
PH 04146 -226417
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-khh;fopj; jpq;fs; kjp epiwe;j ed;ehshk;
Mr;rhhpah;fs;
Mo;thh;fisj; njhlh;e;J itztk; tsh;jj
; th;fs; Kjy; Mr;rhhpahh;
ehjKdp itzt ,Wjp Mr;rhhpah; kzths khKdp Kf;fpakhdth; ,uhkD[h;
Ntjk; midj;jpw;Fk; tpj;J jpUghit vd;W $wpath; ,uhkhD[h;. ,uhkhD[hpd;
FU jpUf;Nfhl;bA+h; ek;gp ,uhkhD[hpd; rPlh; $uj;jho;thh; FUtpd; fl;lisia
kPwp jpt;tpa ufrpaj;ij (jpUke;jpuk;)midtUf;Fk; nrhd;dth; ,uhkD[h;>
kf;fSf;Fr; nrhd;d ,lk; jpUf;Nfhl;bA+h;.
-itztj;jpd; tsh;gG
; jha; ,uhkhD[h;
-tprp~;lhj;itj;jijj; Njhw;Wtpj;jth; ,uhkhD[h;
-,uhkhD[h; ,aw;wpa E}y;fs; = gh~;ak;> fPjh gh~;ak;> Ntjhe;j jPgk;> Ntjhe;j
rhuk;> Ntjhe;j rq;fpufhk;> jkpopy; xU E}Yk; vOjtpy;iy.
-Ntjhe;j Njrpfh; tpsf;Fk; newp tlfiy> ,uhkD[h; njd;fiy.
-,uhkhD}[h; E}w;we;jhjp jpUtuq;fuj;J mKjdhh;
-itzt rka kWkyh;rr
; pf;F cWJiz ,uhkhD}[h;.
esntz;gh
-GfNoe;jpg;Gyth;
-Mjhpj;jtd; re;jpud; Rth;ff
; p 100 ghlYf;F xUKiw ts;sisg; ghbAs;shh;.
(fk;gh; 1000ghlYf;F xU Kiw)
-esntz;gh %d;W fhz;lq;fs; - Rak;tuf;fhz;lk;> fypj;njhlh; fhz;lk;>
fypePqF
; fhz;lk; - nkhj;jk; - 425 ghly;fs;.
esdpd; tuyhw;iwf; $WtJ ,uz;L

1.esntz;gh
2.ieljk; mjptPuuhk ghz;bad; (ieljk; Gyth;fF
; xsljk;)
fk;gh;:
-NjuOe;J}hpy; gpwe;jhh;.
-ehif khtl;lj;jpy; kapyhLJiwf;F mUfpy; cs;sJ fk;ghpd; je;ijahh;
Mjpj;jd;.
-,uz;lhk; FNyhj;Jq;fd; fhyj;jpy; tho;e;jth;
-jpUntz;nza; ey;Y}h;r; rilag;g ts;sy; Mjhpj;jhh;.
-fhyk; 12k; E}w;whz;L
-nra;ed;wp kwth ,ay;gpdh;. rilag;g ts;siy Mapuk; ghly;fSf;F xU
ghly;fs; vd;W ghbAs;shh;.
-rlNfhguhe;jhjp> VnuOgJ ruRtjp me;jhjp> jpUf;if tof;fk; Mfpad fk;gh;
,aw;wpa gpw E}y;fs;.
-raq;nfhz;lh;> xl;lf;$j;jh;> GfNoe;jp MfpNahh; ,th; fhyj;Jg; Gyth;fs; fk;gd;
tPlL
; f; fl;Lj;jwpAk; ftpghLk;: ntz;gh ghLtjpy; ty;yth;> tpUj;jg;gh ghLtjpy;
ty;yth;.
fy;tpapw; nghpath; fk;gh;
E}y;Fwpg;G: ahkwpe;j GythpNy ghujpahh;.
,uhkdJ tuyhw;iwf; $Wk; E}y; ,uhkhazk; vdg;gl;lJ.
-thd;kf
P p
Kdpth;tlnkhopapy;
vOjpa
,uhkazj;ij
jOtpf;
fk;gh;
mjidj;jkpopy; ,aw;wpdhh;.
-fk;gh; ,jw;F ,uhkhtjhuk; vd ngahpl;lhh;. fhz;lk; ngUk;gphpT> glyk; vd;gJ
mjd; cl;gphpT
-fk;guhkhazk; ghyfhz;lk;> mNahj;jpah fhz;lk;> Muz;a fhz;lk;> fpl;fpe;jh
fhz;lk;> Re;ju fhz;lk;> Aj;j fhz;lk; vd MW fhz;lq;fis cilaJ. 113
glyq;fisAk; 10569 ghly;fisAk; nfhz;lJ.
-jpUf;FwisAk;> fk;guhkazj;ijAk; jkpoh;fF
; f; fjp vd;gh;.
PH 04146 -226417
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-ngUq;fhg;gpaj;jpw;Fhpa ,yf;fzk; ngw;wJ nghUs;> mzp> eil Mfpatw;why;
rpwe;jJ.
-nrhw;RitAk;> nghUl;RitAk; jkpo; gz;ghL kpsph;e;Js;sJ.
mNahj;jpah fhz;lk; ,uz;lhk; fhz;lk;. ,jpy; gjpd;%d;W glyq;fs; cs;sd.
,jpy; Ffg; glyk; Vohk; glyk; ,jw;F fq;ifg; glyk; vd;Wk; ngaUz;L.
tpy;ypGj;J}uhh;
}uhh; ghujk;
,aw;wpath; tpy;ypGj;J}h; - kfd; tue;jUthh; Ch; rdpA+h; re;jg;gh ghLtjpy;
ty;yth; re;jg;gh ,aw;Wtjpy; mUzfphpahhplk; Njhw;wth;.
-Mjh;jj
; td; - tf;fghif tugjpahl; nfhz;lhd; ,J xU top E}y;
-Ie;jhk; Ntjk; - kfhghujk;
-tpy;ypghujj;jpw;F ghapuk; vOjpath; tue;jUthh;
-10gUtk;> 4350 ghly;fs; tpahrh;ghuj;jpy; 18 gUtq;fs; (Kjy; 10 gUtq;fis
kl;Lk; tpy;yp ghbdhh;> gpw gUtq;fisg; ghbath; muq;fehjf; ftpuhah;
-Kjd;Kjyhf jkpopy; ghujk; ghbath; - ghujk; ghba ngUe;Njtdhh;.
-kfhghujk; jkpo;gg
; Lj;Jk; kJuhGhpr;rq;fk; itj;Jk; rpd;d kD}h;r; nrg;NgL.
-njs;shW vwpe;j ee;jp th;kd; fhyj;jpy; Njhd;wpaJ ghujntz;gh.
Gyth; Mjhpj;jth;fs;
fgpyiu Mjhpj;jtd; -ghhp
xsitahh; - mjpakhd;
ngUQ;rpj;jpudhh; - Fkzd;
fk;gh; - rilag;gts;sy;
ckWGyth; - rPjf;fhjp ts;sy;> mGy; fhrpk; kiuf;fhah;
Njk;ghtzp
Mrphpah; - tPukh Kdpth;
,aw;ngah; : fhd;]l
; hd;bd; N[hrg; ng];fp
NtWngah; - ijhpa ehjh;
E}w;ngah;fF
; fhuzk;:
,NaRtpd; je;ijahd #irf;F ,l;l ngauhfpa Njk;ghtzp vd;Dk;
ngaNu E}Yf;F Mapw;W. Njk;gh+mzp-Njk;ghtzp thlhjkiy. #irapd;
ifapy; ,Ue;j Nfhy; mtuJ epiwapd; fhuzkhf thlhJ (Njk;ghJ) ,Ue;jJ
(#ir vd;gJ tsd; vd;W khw;wpdhh; tPukh Kdpth;) 3 fhz;lq;fs; 3615
ghly;fs; 36 ghly;fs; nfhz;L tpUj;jg;gh nfhz;L ghlg;gl;lJ.
-tPukh Kdpth; ,aw;ngah; - fhd;]l
; hd;bd; N[hrg; ng];fp
,j;jhypnkhopapy;
fhd;]l
; hd;bd;
vd;w
ngaUf;F
ijhpa
ehjh;
vd;W
jkpo;nkhopapy; khw;wpf; nfhz;lhh;. jkpouwpQh;fs; ijhpaehjh; vd;w ngaiu tPukh
Kdpth; vd;W khw;wp itj;jdh;.
rPwhg;Guhzk;
uhzk:;
rPwh vd;gjw;F tho;fi
; f vd;gJ nghUs;. Guhzk; vd;gJ tuyhW vdNt
rPwhg; Guhzk; vd;gjw;F egpfs; ehafj;jpd; tho;fi
; f tuyhW vdyhk;.,e;E}y;
tpthjj;Jf; fhz;lk;> EGtj;Jf; fhz;lk;> `p[;uj;Jf; fhz;lk; vd;w %d;W
ngUq;fhz;lq;fisAk; 92 ghly;fisAk; 5027 tpUj;jg;ghf;fisAk; nfhz;lJ.
rPwhg; Guzhj;jpy; egpfs; ehafj;jpd; tho;T Kw;wpYkhf ghb epiwT
nra;ag;gltpy;iy.
-rPwhg;Guzhj;ij ,aw;wpth; ckWg;Gyth; ,th; vl;laGuk; fbif Kj;Jg; Gythpd;
khzth;. nra;F mg;Jy; fhjph; kiuf;fhah; vd;w ts;sy; rPjf;fhjpapd;
Ntz;Lf;Nfhspd; tz;zNk ckWg;Gyth; rPwhg;Guhzj;ij vOjj; njhlq;fpdhh;.
E}y; Kw;Wg; ngWk;Kd;dNu rPjfhjp kiwe;jhh;. gpd;dh; mGy;fhrPk; vd;w ts;sypd;
cjtpahy; rPwhg;Guhzk; epiwT ngw;wJ.
PH 04146 -226417
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-ckWg;Gyth; KJnkhop
gilj;Js;shh;.
khiy
vd;w
vz;gJ
ghf;fshy;
Mfpa
E}iyAk;
rpd;dr; rPwh
gD}
mfkJ
kiuf;fhah;
vd;gth;
egpfs;
ehaj;jpd;
KOtijAk;ghb Kbj;jhh;. m/J rpd;dr; rPwh vd;W toq;fg;gLfpwJ.
jpUtho;T
fpwpj;JtKk; jkpOk;
,uhgh;l; - b nehgpyp (,j;jhyp ehl;bdh; 1577 - 1656)
kJiu rq;fk; (Madura Chrisitian Mission) 1605y; Muk;gpj;jth; jj;Jt
Nghjfh;> ke;jpu khiy> Mj;Jk eph;zak;> QNdhgNjr fhz;lk;> VRehjh; rhpj;jpuk;>
RFz tptuzk;.
tPukhKdpth;
khKdpth;
,j;jhyp ehl;lth; Rg;ujPgf; ftpuhah; ,lk; jkpo; gapd;wth; fhd;]l
; hd;bd;
N[hrg; ng];fp ,aw;ngah; - Njk;ghtzp VRtpd; tsh;gG
; j;je;ij J}atsdhh;.
-rpw;wpyf;fpak; jpUf;fhtY}h;f; fsk;gfk;>
fpj;Njhpak;khs; mk;khid> milf;fy ehafp ntz;fypg;gh> md;id mOq;fy;
me;jhjp> fUzhfug; gjpfk;. ,tuJ ,aw;ngahpid fhd;]l
; hd;bd; vd;w ,yj;jd
P ;
nkhopf;F ,izahd ijhpaehjh; vd;W khw;wpf; nfhz;lhh;. jkpo; mwpQh;fs;
,jid tPukh Kdpth; vd;W khw;wpdh;.
ciueil
thkd; fij> gukhh;ej
; FU fij (jkpopd; Kjy; Vsd E}y;)
,yf;fzg;gzp
njhd;D}y; tpsf;fk; - Fl;bj; njhy;fhg;gpak; Ie;J ,yf;fz E}y;
nfhLj;jkpo; ,yf;fzk; (Ngr;Rj; jkpo;)
-fhy;Lnty;ypd; xg;gpyf;fz Kd;Ndhb
-rJufuhjp 96 tif rpw;wpyf;fpaq;fs; jkpo; mfuhjpapd; je;ij
-vOj;Jr; rPuikg;G v.X vOj;Jf;fs;
rPfd; ghy;F
n[h;kd; ehl;bdhh; jkpo; fw;gpj;j
; th; vy;ya;ah
-juq;fk;ghbapy; rkag;gzp Kjy; mr;rfk; njhlq;fpath;
-jk;gpuhz; tzf;fk; vd;w E}y;
-INuhg;gh nrd;w NghJ kiyag;gh; vd;gtiu cld; mioj;Jr;nrd;whh;.
fhy;Lnty;:
jpuhtpl nkhopfspd; xg;gpyf;fzk; (mah;yhe;J ehl;Lf; fhuh;) ney;iy
tuyhW.
-77 tajpy; nfhilf;fhdypy; caph; ePjj
; th; vy;yp];
1796y; nrd;id khtl;l Ml;rpah; jpUts;@hpd; glk; cs;s jq;f ehzak;
ntspapl;lth;.
[p.A.Nghg;
[p.A.Nghg;
,q;fpyhe;jpd; ehl;bdh; - 19tJ tajpy; jkpofk; te;jhh;. kfhtpj;Jthd;.
,uhkhD[f; ftpuhahplk; jkpo; gapd;whh;.
-Post of Tamil land, The lives of Tamil Saints vd;Dk;
E}y;fis ,aw;wpdhh;.
-Elementory Tamil Grammer jpU.tp.f. ,jd; %yk; kzpNkfiy> rptQhdNghjk;
Mq;fpyk; nkhopngah;gG
; .
- fy;yiwapy; jkpo; khztd; vd;W vOjf; $wpath;
ngh;rpty;
pty;
2000jkpo;g; gonkhopfisj; jpul;b mfuhjpia ntspapl;lth.;
PH 04146 -226417
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<ok;
-ey;Y}h; Qhdg;gpufhrh;
-jdpehah; mbfshh; - Tamil culture vd;w Mq;fpy ,jo; Tamil culture
jkpo;ehl;Lf; fpwpj;jth;fs;
Ntjehaf rh];jphpfs;
ngj;yNfk; FwtQ;rp> Qhdjr;rd; ehlfk;
khA+uk; Ntjehafk; gps;is
-gpujhg Kjypahh; rhpj;jpuk;> RFzRe;jhp rhpj;jpuk;
-rh;trka rkurf; fPhj
; j
; id
H.A. fpUl;
fpUl;bzg;gps;is
[hd; gdpad; vOjpa The Pilgrims Progress vd;Dk; E}iyj; jkpopy;
,ul;rzpa ahj;hpfk; vd;w ngahpy; ntspapl;lhh;.
-,tiu fpwpj;jtf; fk;gh; vd;gh;
-,th; vOjpa ,ul;rz;a kNdhfuk; - fpwpj;jth; Njthuk;.
jQ;ir Mgpufhk; - gz;bjh;
-fUzhkph;jrhfuk; - jkpoh;fs; 103 gz;fisf; fz;lwpe;jdh;.
M.tuFz
M.tuFz ghz;bad;
ad
ghzh;if top vdg;gLk; aho; E}y;
NjtNeag; ghthzh;
23nkhop ty;Ydh; - ,e;jpahy; jkpo; vt;thW nfLk;? jkpo;nkhop tuyhWk;
tlnkhop tuyhWk;> nrk;nkhop (Mq;fpy E}y;) jkpo; tuyhW.
,];yhkpak; jkpOf;F Mw;wpa njhz;L

ckWg; Gyth; rPwhg;Guhzk;. ,th; vOjpajpy; EGtj;Jf; fhz;lk; Kw;Wg;
ngwhky; ,Ue;jJ. (tpyhjj;Jf; fhz;lk;> EGt;tpj;Jf; fhz;lk;> `p[puj;Jf;
fhz;lk;)
rpd;drPwh mfkJ kiuf;fhah;
Fzq;Fb k];jhd; rhfpG
#gpg; Gyth;
,];yhkpaj; jhAkhdth;
epuhkaf; fz;zp> guhguf; fz;zp> uFkhd; fz;zp> kNdhd; kzpf; fz;zp
[t;thJg;Gyth;
ehiff;
fsk;gfk;>
kjPdj;J
me;jhjp>
nkhi`jPd;
Mz;lth;
gps;isj;jkpo;.tir ghLtjpy; fhs Nkfg; Gyth; xj;jth;.
ftpf;fsQ;rpag;Gyth;
ckWg;Gythpd; kfd;.egp mtjhu mk;khid
Nkj;jh
h Mfhaj;Jf;F mLj;j tPL rhfpj;a mfhlkp tpUJ ngw;wJ.
rpw;wpyf;fpaq;fs;
s;
FwtQ;rp:
FwtQ;rp vd;gjw;Ff; Fwth; Fyg; ngz; (Fwj;jp) vd;W ngah;.
-fl;bDk; foq;fDk; vd;w njhy;fhg;gpa E}w;ghtpd; mbg;gilapy; Njhd;wpa
,yf;fpak;.
-Fwk; Fwj;jpg;ghl;L vd;w NtW ngah;fSk; cz;L.
-FwtQ;rp Xh; mf ,yf;fpa E}y;.
PH 04146 -226417
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-ghl;Lilj; jiytd; cyh nry;Yk;NghJ fz;L fhjy; nfhz;L jtpf;Fk;
jiytpf;Ff; Fwj;jp xUj;jp Fwp nrhy;tjhf miktJ FwtQ;rp ,yf;fpak;.
-NrhpnkhopAk; nrk;nkhopAk; fye;j ,yf;fpak; (gs;S Nghd;W)
-,aw;wkpo;> ,irj;jkpo; ,uz;Lk; fye;j ,yf;fpak; FwtQ;rp.
-flTs; tho;j;J> fl;baf;fhud; tuT> jiytd;. cyh> jiytp ge;jhLjy;>
jiytp jiytidf; fz;L fhkk; nfhs;Sjy;> Fwj;jp tUjy;> kiytsk;
$Wjy;> Fwp nrhy;yy;> ghpR ngWjy;> rpq;fd; rpq;fp ciuahly;> tho;jJ
; Nghd;w
gFjpfs; ,lk; ngWk;.
-Kjy; FwtQ;rp E}y; Fw;whyf; FwtQ;rp.
-vJif NkhidahYk;> re;j mofhYk; fw;gidj; jpwj;jhYk; gbg;Nghiuf;
fth;tJ
-FkuFUguh; ,aw;wpa kPdhl;rpak;ik Fwk; FwtQ;rp ,yf;fpaj;jpd; Kd;Ndhb.
Nkw;Nfhs;
-thduq;fs; fdpnfhLj;J ke;jpnahL nfhQ;Rk;.
-Xlf;fhz;gJ G+k;Gdy; nts;sk;.
-Fw;whyf; FwtQ;rpia vOjpath; jphp$l uhrg;gf; ftpuhah;.
guzp
-guzp 96 tif rpw;wpyf;fpaq;fSs; xd;W
-Nghh;fsj; nja;tkhd; nfhw;witiag; ghLk; E}y; guzp.
-Miz Mapuk; mkhpil ntd;w
khdtDf;F tFg;gJ guzp
-Njhw;Nwhuhy; ngah; ngWk; XNu rpw;wpyf;fpak; guzp.
-guzp 13 cWg;Gfisf; nfhz;lJ.
-flTs; tho;jJ
; > filj;jpwg;G> fhL ghbaJ> Nfhtpy; ghbaJ> Njtpiag; ghbaJ>
Nga;fisg; ghbaJ> ,e;jpurhyk;> ,uhr ghuk;ghpak;> Nga;Kiwg;ghL> mtjhuk;>
fhspf;Ff; $sp $wpaJ. Nghh; ghbaJ> fsk; ghbaJ Mfpad.
-tpz;> kz;> efuk; vd;w %d;iwAk; ghLtJ guzp
-,uz;lbj; jhopirahy; ghlg;gLtJ guzp.
fypq;fj;Jg;guzp:
Kjy;
guzp
E}y;
fypq;fj;Jg;
guzp>
Kjyhk;
FNyhj;Jq;fdpd;
gilj;jsgjp fUzhfuj; njhz;ilkhd; kw;Wk; fypq;f kd;dd; Mde;j th;k
Nrhlq;fDf;Fk; ele;j Nghh; gw;wpf; $WtJ fypq;fj;Jg;guzp.
-,jid ,aw;wpath; n[aq;nfhz;lhh;.
-guzp ghLtjpy; ty;yth; n[aq;nfhz;lhh;.
-n[aq;nfhz;lhh; - jpUth&h; khtl;lk; jPgq;Fb vd;w Ch;ff
; huh;.
-n[aq;nfhz;lhh; Kjy; FNyhj;Jq;f Nrhodpd; mitf;fsg; Gyth;.
-guzpf;Nfhh; nraq;nfhz;lhh; vdg; gygl;ilr; nrhf;fehjg; Gyth; ghuhl;bAs;shh;.
-n[aq;nfhz;lhh;> ,irahapuk;> cyh> kly; Mfpa E}y;fisAk; ,aw;wpAs;shh;.
-fypq;fj;Jg; guzpapy; 599 jhopirfs; cs;sd.
-Xl;lf;$j;jh; ,e;E}iyj; njd;jkpo;j; nja;tg;guzp vdg; Gfo;eJ
; s;shh;.
-vdf;F kpf tpUg;gkhd ,yf;fpak; xd;W cd;nld;why; mJ fypq;fj;Jg;guzpNa
vd;whh; NguwpQh; mz;zh.
nfhg;gj;Jg;guzp
,g;NghJ fpilf;fpd;w guzp E}y;fSs; njhd;ikahdJ nfhg;gj;Jg; guzp.
guzp E}y;fSs; kpfg; goikahdJ Kjy; FNyhj;Jq;fd; kPJ ghlg; ngw;w
fypq;fj;Jg; guzpahFk;
. mjw;Fk; Ke;ijaJ nfhg;gj;Jg; guzp ,uz;lhk;
guz
,uhNre;jpu Nrhod; (fp.gp.1051-63)> Nkiyr; rhSf;fpa kd;ddhd Mftky;yDld;
nfhg;gk; vd;w ,lj;jpy; Nghhpl;L ntd;whd;. ,g;Nghh; gw;wpf; fPof
; f
; z;l E}y;fspy;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
fypq;fj;Jg; guzp (194)
tpf;fpuk NrhoDyh (19-20)

PH 04146 -226417
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tPu Nrhopak; (ciu Nkw;Nfhs;> gd;dpU Mrphpah; re;j tpUj;jk;) ,t;thW
Nghh; ntd;w ,uhNre;jpud; kPJ xU guzpg; gpuge;jk; ghlg;ngw;w nra;jp ,uhruhrd;
,uhruhrd;
cyhtpYk;
cs;sjhf K. mUzhryk; $Wfpwhh;.
cyh
Kj;njhs;shapuk;
%Nte;jh;fisg; gw;wpa %d;W njhs;shapuk; ghly;fisf; nfhz;lJ.
MapDk; ,e;E}y; KOikahff; fpilf;ftpy;iy. Gwj;jpul;L vd;Dk; E}y;
thapyhf 108 ntz;ghf;fSk; gioa ciu E}y;fspy; Nkw;Nfhs;fshf rpwg;G>
gilr;rpwg;G>
Nghh;jj
; pwd;>
nfhz;l
Kjypa
nra;jpfis
,g;ghly;fs;
tpsq;Ffpd;wd. rpwe;j ,yf;fpa eaKk; fw;gid tsKk; epiwe;j E}yhf
Kj;njhs;shapuk; jpfo;fpwJ. ,e;E}ypd; Mrphpah; ngah; njhpatpy;iy.
Nkw;Nfhs;
Nrud;
Nrud: gy;ahid kd;dhP ; gLepiw je;Ja;kpd;
Nrhod;
; Gwtpd; epiwjd; jpUNkdp
Nrhod: Nrh;ej
ghz;bad;:kUg;G+rpahf kwq;fdy;Nty; kd;dh;
jkpo;tpLJ}J
96 rpw;wpyf;fpaq;fSs; J}Jk; xd;W. fyntz;ghtpy; cah;jpizg;
nghUisNah m/wpidg; nghUisNah J}J mDg;Gtjhfg; ghLtJ J}J
,yf;fpak;.
-njhil thq;fp th vd;W $Wk; ,yf;fpak; J}J (njhil - khiy)
-vfpdk; (md;dk;) kapy;. fps;is (fpsp)> Nkfk;> G+it (ehfz tha;gg
; wit)
ghq;fp (Njhop) Fapy;> neQ;rk;> njd;wy;> gpukuk; (tz;L)Nghd;w gj;ijAk; J}jhf
mDg;Gth;.
-gj;J J}ijAk; ghbath; kPdhl;rp Re;juk; gps;is.
-jkpopd; Kjy; J}J ckhgjp rpthr;rhhpahh; ,aw;wpa neQ;R tpLJ}J. jkpo;
tpLJ}J vd;w E}y; ,uz;L cz;L. xU E}iy vOjpath;. mkph;jk; gps;is.
,d;ndhU E}iy vOjpath; ngah; njhpatpy;iy.
-Mrphpah; ngah; njhpahj jkpo;tpLJ}jpy; jiytp xUj;jp kJiur;
nrhf;fehjhplk; jkpioj; J}J mDg;Gfpwhs;.
ee;jpf;fyk;gfk;
fyk;gfk;
gy;tifg; ghf;fisAk; fye;J ghlg;gLk; rpw;wpyf;fpak; fyk;gfk;.
-me;jhjpj; njhil mikag; ghlg;gLk; rpw;wpyf;fpak; fyk;gfk;.
-mfg;nghUSk; Gwg;nghUSk; fye;J ghlg;gLk; ,yf;fpak; fyk;gfk;.
fyk;-12 gfk;-6 18 cWg;Gfs; ,lk; ngWk;.
Ga tFg;G> jtk;> tz;L> mk;khid> Ch;> Cry;> ghz;> kjq;F> klq;F>
iff;fpis> rpj;J> fsp> kwk;> fhyk;> ,uq;fy;> rk;gpujk;. fhh;> J}J Nghd;w 18
cWg;Gfisf; nfhz;lJ fyk;gfk;.
-ghly; vz;zpf;if xt;nthUtiug;ghLk; NghJk; khWgLk;.
Njth; - 100 ghly; mikr;rh; - 70ghly;
Kdpth; - 95 ghly; tzpfh; - 50 ghly;
kd;dh; - 90 ghly; Ntshsh; - 30 ghly;
-murh; kPJ 100 ghly;fs; nfhz;L ghlg;gl;l E}y; ee;jpf; fyk;gfk;.
%d;whk; ee;jpth;kdpd; ngUikiag; Nghw;Wk; E}yhf ,e;E}y; ee;jpf;fyk;gfk;
vdg; ngah; ngw;wJ. ,e;E}ypd; fhyk; fpgp 9k; E}w;whz;L.
-Kjy; fyk;gf E}y; ee;jpf;fyk;gfNk
-,jid vOjpath; ngah; njhpatpy;iy. ee;jpf; fyk;gfj;jpy; njs;shw;Wg;Nghh;
ntw;wp kpFjpahfg; ghlg;gl;Ls;sJ.
-fyk;gfj;jhy; ,we;j kd;dd; %d;whk; ee;jpth;kd;.
-mwk; itj;Jg; ghlg;gLk; ,yf;fpak;.
Nkw;Nfhs;
gjpnjhW Gay;nkhop jUkzp giz jU.
cyh:
PH 04146 -226417
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cyh tUk; jiytd; kPJ VO gUtg; ngz;fSk; fhjy; tag;gLtjhf
mikAk;. rpw;wpyf;fpak; cyh MFk;. ,J 96 tif rpw;wpyf;fpa tifAs; xd;W.
-cyhtpy; Kd;ndOepiy> gpd;ndOepiy vd;w ,uz;L epiy cz;L.
-Kd;ndO epiyapy; jiytdpd; Fbr;rpwg;G> kuG> ePjp><if> jiytid
ePuhl;Ljy;> ey;yzp G+l;Ljy;> jiytd; cyh Gwg;ghL Kjyhdit mlq;Fk;.
-gpd;ndO epiyapy;
Ngij
5-7taJ
ngJk;ig
8-11taJ
kq;if
12-13taJ
kle;ij
14-19taJ
mhpit
20-25taJ
njhpit
26-32taJ
Nghpsk;ngz; 33-40taJ
vd;w VOtifg; ngz;fSk; fhjy; nfhs;tJ Nghy; ghlg;gLtJ gpd;ndOepiy.
-Kjy; cyh E}y; Nrukhd; ngUkhs; ehadhh;. vOjpa jpUf;fapyha Qhd cyh
(Mjp cyh> nja;tf
P cyh vd;w NtW ngah;fs; cz;L)
Xl;lf;$j;jh; tpf;fpukNrhod;> ,uz;lhk; FNyhj;Jq;fd;> ,uz;lhk; ,uhruhrd;
vd;w %thpd; mitapy; mitf;fsg; Gytuha; ,Ue;jhh;. ,e;j %thpd; mitapy;
mitf;fsg;Gytuha; ,Ue;jhh;. ,e;j %th; gw;wpa cyhf;fNs %th; cyh vd;W
miof;fg;gLfpwJ. xl;lk; (ge;jak;) itj;Jg; ghLjy; ty;yth; vd;gjhy;
xl;lf;$j;j
; h; vdg;gl;lhh;.
tpf;fpukNrhod; cyh
Nrhoh; Fyg; ngUik> jiytd; ngUik> gs;spnaOjy; jiytd; ePuhb
myq;fhpj;Jf; nfhs;Sjy;> ahidkPJ tUjy;> ahidapd; tPur; nray;fs; cl;glg;
gy nra;jpfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. tpf;fpukid mth; Gfo;tijf; NfSq;fs;.
khlg; GfhUf;Fk; tQ;rpf;Fk; fhQ;rpf;Fk;
$lw;Fk; Nfhopf;Fk; NfhkhNd
(fhtphpg; G+k;gl;bdj;Jf;Fk;> tQ;rp efUf;Fk; fhQ;rp khefUf;Fk; kJiuf;Fk;
ciwA+Uf;Fk; jiytNd vd;gJ ,jd; nghUs;) Fyg;ngUik my;yJ
ghuk;ghpak; $Wk; gFjpapy; ,t;Tyfpy; Kiwahf midtiuAk; (gpukd;> fhrpgd;
njhlq;fp tpf;fpukd; tiu) Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;. ,jpy; guhe;jfd; njhlq;fp tpf;fpukd;
tiuapy; Fwpg;gpl;l murh;fs; xUth;gpd; xUtuha; Kiwahf murhz;lth;fs;
Mth;.; fy;ntl;Lfs; thapyhfTk;.
,jw;Fj; jf;f rhd;Wfs; fpilj;Js;sd.
FNyhj;Jq;f Nrho cyh

,J> ,uz;lhk; FNyhj;Jq;fd; kPJ xl;lf; $j;jh; ghba ,uz;lhtJ
rpwg;ghd E}yhFk;. njhlf;fj;jpy; Fyg;ngUik nrhy;yg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,uhkhDrh;
tuyhw;wpy; FNyhj;Jq;fNrhod; mtUf;Fj; njhy;iy nfhLj;jjhfTk;. jpy;iyapy;
vOe;jUspapUe;j ngUkhisf; flypy; J}f;fp vwpe;jhd; vd;Wk; rpy tuyhWfs;
$Wk;. ,t;Tyhtpy; ,r;nra;jp ,lk; ngw;Ws;sJ. gpd;dhspy; ,k; kd;ddpd; kfd;
flypypUe;J
jpUkhiyf;
nfhz;Lte;J
kPzL
; k;
jpy;iyapy;
gpujpl;il
nra;tpj;jjhff; $Wth;. %th; cyhf;fspy; ,t;Tyhtpd; rpwg;G vdg; ghh;jj
; hy;
mjw;F vOe;j gioa ciuiaf; $wyhk;.
,uhruhrd; cyh
,J xl;lf;$j;jh; ghba %d;whtJ cyhthFk;. gpukd; njhlq;fp ,uz;lhk;
,uhruhrd; tiu cs;s tuyhWfspy;> khh;gpy; 96 tp[ahyar;Nrhod; Gz; nfhz;l
PH 04146 -226417
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kd;dd; Kjy; ,g;ghl;Lilj;jiytd; tiuAs;s murh;fs; Kiw gpwo;rr
; p ,d;wpr;
nrhy;yg;gl;Ls;sdh;.
ghh;jj
; pgh;jk; njhy;iyj; jpUkuGf;nfy;yhk; njhOFykhk;
jpy;iyj; jpUeldk; rpe;jpj;J.ghh;jj
; pgh; - murh;
xl;lf;$j;jh;
%d;W Nrhokd;dh;fspd; mitf;fsg; Gyth; (tpf;fpukNrhod;> ,uz;lhk;
FNyhj;Jq;fd;> ,uz;lhk; uh[uh[d;)
,aw;wpa E}y;fs;
<l;b vOgJ> ehyhapuf; Nfhit> %th; cyh FNyhj;Jq;fd; gps;isj; jkpo;
- Kjy; gps;isj; jkpo;> jf;fahfguzp vd;w tPugj;jpuguzp (NtW ngah;)
-$j;jD}hpy; fiykfSf;F Nfhapy; fl;bath;.
-ftpr;rf;futh;jj
; p ftpuhl;rjd;> fhsf;ftp Mfpa gl;lq;fis ngw;wth;.
Kf;$lw;gs;S
gs;S:
96tif rpw;wpyf;fpaq;fSs; xd;W
-coth; tho;itf; $WtJ.
-kUjepy E}y;
-Vry; ,lk; ngWk; ,yf;fpak;
-coj;jpg; ghl;L vd;w NtWngaUk; cz;L. Kjw;gs;S E}y; Kf;$lw;gs;S.
-njhy;fhg;gpah; Fwpg;gpLk; vz;tif tdg;gpy; Gyd; vd;Dk; ,yf;fpa tif
gs;Stpw;Fg; nghUe;Jk; vd;gh;.
-jpUney;Ntypf;Fr; rpwpJ tlfpof;fpy;> jd;nghUis (jhkpuguzp)> rpw;whW>
Nfhjz;luhk MW Mfpa %d;W MWfSk; fyf;Fk; ,lj;jpw;F tlf;Nf cs;s
rpw;W}h; Kf;$ly;. ,jw;F M#h; tlfiu ehL vd;w ngah; cz;L. %j;jgs;spapd;
Ch; ,J. njw;Fg; gFjpapy; kUjPrh; tPww
; pUf;Fk; Ch; kUJ}h;. ,isags;spapd;
Ch;. ,jdhy; irtk;> itztk; vd ,Ukidtpfisj; jpUkzk; nra;j gs;sd;
mofh; FLk;gd; mtd; ngUik $wy;> ehl;L tsk;> FwpNfl;ly;> kio Ntz;b
topgly;> kiof;FwpNahh;jy;> Mw;wpd; ePht
; uT Kjyhd gy cWg;Gfisf;
nfhz;lJ gs;S ,yf;fpak;.
-,e;E}iy ,aw;wpath; ahh; vd;W njhpatpy;iy ,jd; ehlf tbt Mrphpah;
vd;dapdhg;Gyth;.
fhtbr;rpe;J
,jidg; ghbath; nrd;dpFsk; mz;zhkiy nul;bahh;.
,th; vOjpa kw;w E}y;fs;: tPiu me;jhjp> Nfhkjp me;jhjp> tPiug;gps;isj; jkpo;
Kjypad. fhtbr; rpe;J ,irg; ghtiffspy; xd;whfpa rpe;Jg;ghtif
tbtq;fspy; xd;W. fyk;gf cWg;ghf tUk; rpe;J NtW.
rpe;J vd;gJ ,irj;jkpo; ghFghLfspy; xd;whFk;. mJ Ie;J ,ir cWg;Gfshy;
Md ahg;G. vLg;G 1> njhLg;G 1> cWg;G 3 vd;W 5 cWg;Gfisf; nfhz;lJ
rpe;J ghly; (mit gy;ytp mEgy;ytp> %d;W fz;zpfs; mlq;fpa ruzk;
MFk;)
fhtbr;
rpe;J
gy;ytpAk;
mEgy;ytpAk;
,d;wpr;
ruzq;fSf;Fhpa
fz;zpfis khj;jpuk; ngw;W tUk; mz;zhkiy nul;bahh; fhtbr; rpe;J vd;Dk;
rpw;wpyf;fpaj;jpy; gyuhYk; Nghw;wg;gLk; E}yhFk;.
,J fhtb Ml;lj;jpw;Fg; ghlg;gLk; ,irg; ghtifahFk;. jkpo; ehl;bNy
gz;ilf;fhyk; njhlf;fk; Ngzg;gl;L tUk; xU ehl;lhh; tof;fpYs;s ,ir kuNg
fhtbr; rpe;J vdyhk;. Kw;fhyj;j
; pNy KUfg; ngUkhdpd; topghl;bw;fhff; ghy;
vLj;J tUgth;fs; Mly; ghly;fSld; Myaq;fis Nehf;fpr; nry;tJ tof;fk;.
mg;gbr;
nry;Yk;
nghOJ
mth;fspd;
Ml;lj;jpw;Fg;
ghlg;gLk;
ghly;
tiffspypUe;J ,f;fhtbr; rpe;J vd;w ghtbtk; Njhd;wp cUthfpaJ.
nrd;dpFsk;
mz;zhkiy
nul;bahh;
fhtbr;
rpe;ij
Kjd;
Kjypy;
mwpKfg;gLj;jpdhh;.
jpUNtq;flj;je;jhjp:
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145
rpw;wpyf;fpa tiffSs; xd;W me;jhjpahFk; me;jk; vd;w nrhy;Yf;F
,Wjp vd;Wk; nghUs;. xt;nthU nrhy;Yf;F Kjy; vd;Wk; nghUs;. xt;nthU
ghlypYk; cs;s ,Wjp vOj;Njh> mirNah rPNuh mbNah mjw;F mLj;J tUk;
ghlypd; Kjyhf tUk;gb mikj;Jg; ghLtJ me;jhjp vdg;gLk;. ,jidr;
nrhw;nwhlh; epiy vd;Wk; toq;Fth;.
jpUNtq;flj;jpy; Nfhapy; nfhz;bUf;Fk; jpUkhypd; mUis Ntz;bg; ghlg;ngw;w
me;jhjp E}y;.
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Njhd;wpa ,th; mofpa kzths jhrh; vdTk; miof;fg;gl;lhh; nja;tf;ftp vd;W
nghUs;gLk; jpt;tpaf;ftp vd;w ngauhYk; ,tiu mioj;jhh;. ,th; ,aw;wpa
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mYtyuha; mkh;eJ
;
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; f elj;jp te;j ,th; gpd;dh; ,iwj;njhz;by;
jd;id <LgLj;jpf; nfhz;lhh;.
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vOjpath; - FkuFUguh;
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mk;ik gps;isj; jkpo;
kJiuf; fyk;gfk;
rfyfyhty;yp khiy
jpUth&h; Kk;kzpf;Nfhtyd;
ePjpnewp tpsf;fk; Kjypad.
96rpw;wpyf;fpa tiffs; xd;W gps;isj;jkpo; ,iwtidNah ey;NyhiuNa
ghl;Lilj; jiytuhff; nfhz;L mtiuf; Foe;ijahfg; ghtpj;J ghl ngWtJ
gps;isj; jkpo;. gj;JgUtq;fs; mikj;J gUtj;jpw;Fg; gj;J ghlnyd E}W
ghlyhy; ghl;Lilj; jiytdpd; nraw;fhpa nray;fis vLj;J ,ak;GtJ
gps;isj;jkpo;.
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Mz;ghw;gps;isj; jkpo;:
fhg;G> nrq;fi
P u> jhy;> rg;ghzp> Kj;jk;> tUif> mk;Gyp> mk;khid>
foq;F (ePuhly;) Cry; xw;iwg;gil khjj;jpy; 3 Kjy; 21 khjk; tiu gj;J
gUtq;fs;> gUtj;jpw;F ,uz;L khjq;fs; vd ghlg;gLtJ ,e;j ,yf;fak;.
Gs;spf;F Nt@hpy; (itj;jR
P tud; Nfhtpy;) vOe;jUspapUf;Fk; KUfg;
ngUkhdpd; ngah; Kj;Jf; FkhuRthkp mth; Gfio ghlg;gl;ilahy; ,J
Kj;Jf;Fkhu Rthkp gps;isj; jkpo; vdg; ngah; ngw;wJ.
ngj;jyNfk; FwtQ;rp
cyhg; Nghe;j kd;didNah nja;tj;ijNah fz;L jiytp ikapy;
nfhs;tJk;. mjdhy; kdk; eyptJk; tPjpapNy Fwj;jp tUtJk; jiytp mtis
mioj;Jf; Fwpf;Nfl;f Kw;gLk; Fwj;jp jdJ rJug;ghL nghUs;fisnay;yhk;
tphpj;Jk; jdJ kiytsk;> ehl;Ltsk; gw;wpg; Gide;jJk; jiytpapd; ifiag;
Gfo;eJ
; k; iff;Fwp> Kff;Fwp> gy;ypr;nrhy; Kjypatw;whd; kdf;fUj;ijf;
fz;Lzh;eJ
;
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tUifAk; Fwtd; Fwj;jp Mfpa ,Uth; ciuahlYk; flTis tho;jj
; p tpil
ngWjYk; Mfpa fhl;rpfs; ehlf tbtpy; mikf;fg;gl;L ,Ug;gJ FwtQ;rp
ehlfk; MFk;.
PH 04146 -226417
146
,/J
ngj;jyNfk;
FwtQ;rp>
cyhtUk;
kd;dh;
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NjtNkhfpdpahfpa jiytp rPNahd; kfshfTk;> FwtQ;rp tpRthrkhfTk;
Fwp$Wjy; jPhf
; f
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,iwthf;F vd;w ew;nra;jpAk; cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
-,jd; Mrphpah; jQ;ir Ntjehaf rh];jphp Mthh;.
jpUney;Ntypapy; Njtrfhak; - Qhdg;G+ mk;ikahh; MfpNahUf;F kfdhfg;
gpwe;jhh;.
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; ; ghjphpahhpd; khzth;.
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mopahg; Gfo; ngw;whh;.
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mofh; fps;is tpLJ}J

J}J 96 tif rpw;wpyf;fpaq;fSs; xd;W jiytd; xUtidf; fz;L fhjy;
nfhz;l jiytp> xUj;jp jd; fhjiyAk; ghpthw;wikAk; ntspg;gLj;j tpUk;gpj;
jiytd;hghy; J}J mDg;Gtjhfg; ghLtJ J}J ,yf;fpakhFk;.
-ntz;lis tputpa fypntz;ghthy; J}J ,yf;fpak; ghlg;ngw;w Ntz;Lk;.
md;dk;> kapy;> fpsp> Fapy;> tz;L> neQ;rk;> Kfpy;>njd;wy;> khd;> jkpo;
Kjypatw;Ws; VNjDk; xd;iwj; J}jhf mDg;Gth;.
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nrhf;fehjg; gps;is vd;w Gyth; fpisia J}J tpLtjhf midj;Jg;
ghbapUg;gJ mofh; fps;istpL J}J MFk;.
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fz;zp vd;gh;.
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nra;J te;jdh;. ,th; je;ijahh; ngah; nrhf;fypq;fk; gps;is.
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E}y;fs;.
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ypl;ld; gpuG vd;ghh; Mq;fpyj;jpy; vOjpa ,ufrpa top vd;Dk; E}iyj;
jOtp mike;jJ. vdpDk; ,J top E}y; Nghy; mikahky; Kjy; E}y; Nghy;
Nghw;Wk; rpwg;Gg; ngw;wJ. ,e;E}y; Ie;J mq;fq;fisAk; ,UgJ fhl;rpfisAk;
nfhz;L tpsq;FfpwJ. ,ilNa rptfhkp rhpjk; vd;w Jizf; fij xd;Wk; ,lk;
ngw;Ws;sJ.
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E}y;fs;
E}y; njhif tpsf;fk;
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; p.
jpUQhdrk;ge;jh;
fhy
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; p>
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Nkw;Nfhs;
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ehl;lhgp khdKs; %l;ba rpdj;jP
ghQ;rhyp rgjk;:
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Nts;tp elj;jpdh;. mt;tstpy; fye;J nfhz;l Nguurh;fSk; rpw;wh;rh;fSk;
PH 04146 -226417
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md;gspg;Gfs; toq;fpaijf; fz;L
JhpNahjjd;.
nghwhikf; nfhz;lhd; mj;jpdhGu
kd;d
NkYk; mtd;> ghQ;rhypad; eifg;Gf;Fk; Mshdjhy; ghz;lth; tho;it

vg;gbahtJ mopf;f Ntz;Lk; vd vz;zpdhd; mjw;fhfj; JhpNahjdd;. jd;
khk;d rFdpapd; cjtpia ehbNdd;.
rFdp>ehKk; xU kz;lgk; mikj;J mjidr; fhd ghz;ltiu
miog;Nghk;: jUkidr; #jhlr; nra;J ehk; epidj;jij Kbg;Nghk; vd;whd;
mjpy; nfsuth;fs; ntd;wJk; ghQ;rhypia mtkhpahij nra;jJk; mjw;F
ghQ;rhyp nra;j rgjj;ijAk; ghujpahh; vOjpAs;shh;.
-ghQ;rhyp rgjk; ghujpahhpd; Kg;ngUk; fhg;gpaq;fSs; xd;W. ,J tpahrh; vOjpa
kfhghuj;ij jOtp vOjg;gl;lJ. ghQ;rhyp rgjk; ,U ghfq;fshy; nfhz;lJ.
,J #o;rr
; pr; RUf;fk;. #jhl;lr; mbikr; rUf;fk;> JfpYhpjy; rUf;fk;> rgjr;
rUf;fk; vd Ie;J rUf;fq;fisAk; 412 ghly;fisAk; nfhz;lJ.
Fapy;ghl;L
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fz;zd; ghl;L) J}j;Jf;Fb khtl;lj;jpy; cs;s vl;lahGuj;jpy; rpd;drhkp
IaUf;F ,yf;Fkp mk;ikahUf;Fk; kfdha; gpwe;jth;.
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ftpijfis kl;Lkd;wp Qhdujk;> re;jphpifahd; fij> juhR Kjypa ciueil
E}y;fisAk; vOjpath; ,tUila trdf; ftpijfs; thy;l; tpl;Nld;> fyPy;
fpguhd; Kjypa ftpQh;fspd; ftpijfNahL xg;gplj;jf;fit.
Nkw;Nfhs;:
fhdg;gwit fyfnyD NkhirapYk;
fhw;W kuq;fspilf; fhl;L kpirapdpYk;
fhsNkfg; Gyth;:
Fk;gNfhzj;jpy;
mUfpy;
cs;s
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jpUtuq;ff; Nfhtpy; klg;gs;spapy; gzpGhpe;jhh; itzt rkaj;jpy; ,Ue;J
irt rkaj;jpw;F khwpdhh;. fhh;Nkfk; Nghy; ftpij nghopAk; Mw;wy;
ngw;wjhy;>,th; fhsNkfk; vd miof;fg; ngw;whh;. ,th; ,UnghUs; mika
eifr;RitAld; ghLtjpy; ty;yth;.
Nkw;Nfhs;:
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,ul;Lw nkhopjy; vdTk; $Wth;.
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; w nkhopjy;.
mofpa nrhf;fehjg; Gyth;

jpUney;Ntyp
khtl;lj;jpy;
cs;s
jr;r
ey;Y}hpy;
gpwe;jth;.
,Uge;ije;Jf;Fk; Nkw;gl;l jdpg;ghly;fis ,aw;wpath; ,th; jk; fhyk; fp.gp.19k;
E}w;whz;L
Nkw;Nfhs;
fhs;
gpQ;R fplf;Fk; ngUkiof;Fj; jhq;fhJ.
PH 04146 -226417
148
rpj;jh;fs;:
rpj;jp ngw;wth;fisr; rpj;jh; vd;gh;. rpj;jp vDk; nrhy; mwpitf; Fwpf;Fk;
Fz;lypdp rf;jpiag; ngw;wth;fs; rpj;jh;fs;.
gjpndd; rpj;jh;fs;:
1.mfj;jpah;
2.,ilf;fhlh;
3.cNuhkKdp
4.fkyKdp
5.rl;ilKdp
6.nfhq;fdh;
7.Nfhuf;fh;
8.ghk;ghl;br; rpj;jh;
9.fLntspr; rpj;jh;
10.mofzpr; rpj;jh;
11.mfg;Nga; rpj;jh;
12.gl;bzj;jhh;
13.gj;jpfhpahs;
14.Nghfh;
15.fUT+h;r; rpj;jh;
16.Njiuah;
17.jpU%yh;
18.rpthf;fpah;.
rpj;Jf;fisr; nra;a ty;yth;fs; rpj;jh;fs; vdg;gLth;. rpj;Jfs; vl;L
tifg;gLk;. ,tw;iw mllkh rpj;jpfs; vd;gh;.
1.mzpkh : cliyr; rpwpjhf;fpf; nfhs;Sk; jpwk;.
2.kfpkh cliyg; nghpjhf;fpf; nfhs;Sk; jpwk;.
3.fphpkh fphp-kiy kiy Nghd;W cliyj; jplkhf;fpf; nfhs;Sk; jpwk;.
4.,yfpkh : ,yF NyrhdJ cliyg; gQ;R Nghy; ,Nyrpf;fp nfhs;Sk; jpwk;.
5.gufhkpak;: gpu-gpw gpwh; clypy; GFe;J ntspNaWk; jpwd;.
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(fhj;jy;) epiwT nra;Ak; (mopf;Fk;)jpwk;.
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nra;Ak; jpwd;.
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miof;fg;gLfpwJ. ,th; ghba jpUke;jpuk; 10k; jpUKiwapy; ,lk;; ngw;Ws;sJ.
jpUke;jpuk; xd;gJ je;jpufshfg; gFf;fg;gl;lJ.
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fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
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-clk;ghh; mopapd; capuhh; mopth; clk;ig tsh;jN
; jd; caph; tsh;jN
; jNd.
ehl;Lg;Gwg;ghly;
goq;fhyg; gz;ghl;bd; vr;rk; vdf; fUjg;gLk; ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghly;fs; Vl;by;
vOjhf; ftpijfs; MFk;. ,it toptopahfg; ghlg;gl;L tUk; tha;nkhop
,yf;fpaq;fNs. gonkhopfs;> tpLfijfs; fijg;ghly;fs;> njhopw;ghly;fs;
Kjypad ehl;Lg;Gw ,yf;fpaj;Js; mlq;Fk;.
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fhw;wpy;kpje;j ftpij vd;w ngahpy; ntspapl;lhh;.
PH 04146 -226417
149
-ehl;Lg;Gwg;ghly;fs; jpwdha;T MW
MW mofg;gd;
d
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-kiyaUtp fp.th.
fp.th.[fe;
fp.th.[fe;ehjd;
hjd
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jkpof ehl;Lg;Gw tpaypd; je;ij vdg; Nghw;wg;gLth; thdkhkiy.
thdkhkiy
,-gFjp
jkpo; mwpQh;fSk; jkpo;j; njhz;Lk;

ghujpahh;:
,aw;ngah;: Rg;gpukzpak; - Rg;igah vd miof;fg;gl;lhh;.
ngw;Nwhh;: rpd;drhkp Iah; yl;Rkp mk;khs;
Ch; : vl;laGuk;
fhyk;: 11.12.1882 Kjy; 11.09.1921 -39 Mz;Lfs; ghujp gl;lk; vl;laGuk; rk];jhdg; Gyth;fshy; mspf;fg;gl;lJ.
-n~y;ypjhrd; vd;W jd;id mioj;Jf; nfhz;lth;.
Gidg;ngah;fs;
Xh; cj;jk Njrgpkhdp> rhtpj;jphp trd ftpij vOjpath;
-,thpd; Kd;Ndhb thy;l; tpl;Nkd; (trdf; ftpijapy;)
-ghujpf;F kfhftp gl;lk; nfhLj;jth; t.uh.(t.uhkrhkp Iaq;fhh; - ghujpapd;
cileil thhpR)
-1905y; rf;futh;jj
; pdp vd;w ,jo; njhlq;fpdhh;.
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ghujpapd; Kg;ngUk; fhtpaq;
fhtpaq;fs;
fz;zd; ghl;L> Fapy;ghl;L> ghQ;rhyp rgjk;.
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-Qhdujk;> re;jphpifapd; fij> juhR ciueil ,yf;fpak; vOjpAs;shh;.
rpwg;G: ghl;Lf;nfhU Gytd;> ePLJapy; ePff
; g;ghb te;j epyh (ghujpjhrd;
ghuhl;baJ).
jw;fhy ,yf;fpaj;jpd; tpbnts;sp> Njrpaf;ftp> kfhftp.
ghujpjhrd;
,aw;ngah;: Rg;Guj;jpdk;
ngw;Nwhh;:fdfrig yl;Rkp mk;khs;
Ch;: GJr;Nrhp
tho;ehs;: 29.4.1891 Kjy; 21.4.1964 tiu
,thpd; Kjy; ghly;:
vq;nfq;F fhzpDk; rf;jpalh jk;gp
VOfly; mts; tz;zklh
E}y;fs;
ghz;bad; ghpR> vjph;ghuhj Kj;jk;> Nrujhz;ltk;> mofpd; rphpg;G> FLk;g
tpsf;F ,Uz;l tPL FwpQ;rpj;jpul;L> fz;zfp> Gul;rpf; fhg;gpak;> kzpNkfiy
ntz;gh> fhjy; epidTfs; fiof;$j;jpapd; fhjy;> jkpor;rpapd; fj;jp> mikjp
,isQh; ,yf;fpak;> nrskpad;> ey;y jPh;gG
; > jkpo; ,af;fk;> ,uz;ad; my;yJ
,izaw;w tPud;> fhjyh? flikah? rQ;rt
P p gh;tjj;jpd; rhuy;.
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-Fapy; vd;w ,jio elj;jpdhh;.
PH 04146 -226417
150
ftpkzp Njrpa tpehafk;

tpehafk; gps;is
ngw;Nwhh;: rptjhZgps;is> Mjpyl;Rkp
Ch; : Nj&h; (ehfh; Nfhapy; mUfpy;)
tho;ehs;:27.08.1876 Kjy; 26.09.1954 tiu
,thpd; Mrphpah; rhe;jypq;f jk;gpuhd;.
E}y;fs;
kyUk; khiyAk;> Mrpa N[hjp> ehQ;rpy; ehl;L kUkf;fs; top khd;kpak;>
fhe;j@h; rhiy> Njtpapd; fPhj
; j
; idfs;> ck;fa;ahk; ghly;fs;.
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; Mrpa N[hjp.
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; Mrpa N[hjp.
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-1940y; ftpkzp gl;lk; ngw;whh;. ehkf;fy; ftpQh; nt.,uhkypq;fk; gps;is
(mf;Nlhgh;) 19> 1888 Mf];l
; ; 24>1972 jkpowpQUk;> ftpQUk; Mthh;. fj;jpapd;wp
,uj;jkpd;wp Aj;jnkhd;W tUFJ Nghd;w Njrgf;jp ghly;fisg; ghba ,th;
Njrpaj;ijAk;> fhe;jpaj;ijAAk; Nghw;wpath; muritf; ftpQh; gjtpAk; gj;k
G+~z; gl;lKk; ngw;wth;. rhfpj;a mfhlkpapd; jkpo; gpujpepjpaha; gzpahw;wpdhh;.
Gfo;ngw;w Nkw;Nfhs;fs;
fj;jpapd;wp uj;jkpd;wp Aj;jnkhd;W tUFJ.
jkpod; vd;Nwhh; ,dKz;L jdpNa mjw;Nfhh; FzKz;L
jkpod; vd;W nrhy;ylh jiyepkph;e;J epy;ylh
ifj;njhopy; xd;iw fw;Wf;nfhs;> ftiy cdf;fpy;iy xj;Jf;nfhs;
vOjpa E}y;fs;
kiyf;fs;sd; (ehty;)
fhzhky; Nghd fy;ahzg; ngz; (ehty;)
gpuhh;jj
; id (ftpij)
ehkf;fy; ftpQh; ghly;fs;
jpUf;FwSk; ghpNkyofUk;
jpUts;Sth; jpLf;fpLthh;.
jpUf;Fws; GJ ciu
fk;gDk; thy;kf
P pAk;
fk;gd; ftpij ,d;gf; Ftpay;
vd;fij (Rarhpjk;)
mtDk; mtSk; (ftpij)
rq;nfhyp (ftpij)
khkd; kfs; (ehlfk;)
mutiz Re;juk; (ehlfk;)
ghlk; 2
kuGf; ftpij
Kbaurd;
,aw;ngah; Jiuuh[; jpuhtpl ,af;ff; ftpQh;.
E}y;fs;
Kbaurd; ftpijfs;>; fhg;gpag; ghit> G+q;nfhb (jkpo; ,af;fg; Nghuhl;l
tuyhW)
PH 04146 -226417
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ehlfk;
Cd;WNfhy; (gz;bjkzp fjpNur nrl;bahh; gw;wpaJ) G+q;nfhb jkpof murpd;
tpUJ ngw;wJ.
thzpjhrd;
,aw;ngah; vj;jpuh[; (v) muq;frhkp
ghujpjhrd; guk;giu> uhkp vd;W Gidg;ngah; cz;L.
E}y;fs;:
jkpor;rp> nfhbKy;iy> vopNyhtpak;> jPhj
; j
; ahj;jpiu> ,d;g ,yf;fpak;>
nghq;fy; ghpR> ,uT tutpy;iy. rphpj;jh Ezh> ,dpf;Fk; ghl;L vopy; tpUj;jk;>
njhLthdk;.
-GytNuW ftpQNwW ghtyh; kzp vd;w gl;lk; ngw;wth;.
Rujh:
etk;gh; 23> 1921[{d; 19> 2006 jkpoff; ftpQUk; vOj;jhsUk; Mthh;. Gul;rpf;
ftpQh; ghujpjhrdplk; nfhz;l gw;Wjyhy; ghujpjhrdpd; ,aw;ngauhfpa
Rg;Guj;jpdk; vd;gjpd; mbg;gilapy; jd; ngaiu Rg;Guj;jpdjhrd; vd;W
khw;wpf;nfhz;lhh;. jd; khw;Wg;ngahpd; RUf;fkhf Rujh vd;Dk; ngahpy; gy
kuGf;ftpijj; njhFg;Gfs; je;jth;. nra;As; kuG khwhky; vOjpte;j ,th;
ctikfs; jUtjpy; jdpg;Gfo; <l;bath;. ,jdhy; ,tiu ctikf; ftpQh; vd;W
rpwg;gpj;Jf; $Wth;. Ruhjhtpd; Kjy; E}y; rhtpd; Kj;jk; 1955,y; fhtpak; vd;w
thu ,jioj; njhlq;fpdhh;. ,t;tpjioj; njhlh;eJ
;
,yf;fpak; (1958)> Ch;tyk;
(1963) tpz;kd
P (; 1964) Rujh (1988) vdf; ftpij tsh;rr
; pf;Fg; gy ,jo;fis
ntspapl;lhh;. Rujhtpd; gilg;Gfs;.
Njd;kio (ftpijj; njhFg;G> 1986)

JiwKfk; (ghly; njhFg;G> 1976)
rphpg;gpd; epoy; (ghly; njhFg;G> 1974)
RtUk; Rz;zhk;Gk; (ghly; njhFg;G> 1974)
mKJk; NjDk;> 1983
ghujpjhrd; guk;giu (njh.M)> 1991
tpdhf;fSk; Rujhtpd; tpilfSk;
cjl;by; cjL
vr;rpy; ,uT
vg;NghJk; ,Ug;gth;fs;
fiyQiug; gw;wp ctikf; ftpQh;
rhtpd; Kj;jk;
rpwe;j nrhw;nghopTfs;
Rujh ftpijfs; (ifalf;fg; gjpg;G)
RtUk; Rz;zhk;Gk;
nrhd;dhh;fs;
jkpo;r; nrhy;yhf;fk;
njhlhj thypgk;
neQ;rpy; epWj;Jq;fs;
gl;lj;jurp
ghNte;jhpd; fhsNkfk;
Gfo;khiy
kq;ifah;ff
; urp
Kd;Dk; gpd;Dk;
PH 04146 -226417
152
thh;ji
; j thry;
tpdhf;fSk; Rujhtpd; tpilfSk;
ntl;l ntspr;rk;
fz;zjhrd;:
,aw;ngah; - Kj;ijah
ngw;Nwhh; - rhj;jg;gd;> tprhyl;rp
Ch; - rpW$ly;gl;b (fhiuf;Fb mUfpy;)
tho;ehs;: 24.06.1927 Kjy; 17.10.1981 tiu 54taJ ryfz;lGuk; fz;zd;jhrd;
(gh.fz;zd; -ehlf Mrphpah;) vd;gNj fz;zjhrd;.
Gidg;ngah;fs;:
fhiuKj;Jg; Gyth; - tzq;fhKb> fkfkg;gphpah> Jg;ghf;fp.
,jo;fs;: njd;wy;>Ky;iy> fz;zjhrd;> fbjk;> jkpo;kyh;.
E}y;fs;:
khq;fdp> mh;jj
; Ks;s ,e;Jrkak; gilj;jth;.
khq;fdp> Ml;ldj;jp Mjpke;jp FWq;fhg;gpaq;fs; (khq;fdp-jpUr;rp rpiwapy;)
Ml;ldj;jp Mjpke;jp (Mjpke;jp fhpfhyd; kfs;)
Ml;ldj;jp Nrukd;dd; ,ilNa cs;s fhjy;
-,NaR fhtpak; - jd; tho;ehspd; filrpf; fhtpak;.
-,uhrjz;lid ehlfk; (fk;gh; - mk;gpfhgjp tuyhW)
ehty;fs;
-Fkhpf; fhz;lk; - Mapuk; jPT mq;faw;fz;zp>
-Nrukhd; fhjyp (rhfpj;a mfhjkp tpUJ - 1980)
Ntshq;Fbj; jpUtpoh> Cikad; Nfhl;il> tpsf;F kl;Lkh rptg;G> Mapuq;fhy;
kz;lgk;> rpq;fhhp ghh;jj
;
nrd;id> rptfq;ifr; rPik> uh[ jz;lid>
ghhpkiyf;nfhb> mdhh;f
; yp> rptfq;ifr; rPik> kiythrk; cl;gl;l 60E}y;fs;
vOjpAs;shh;. mh;jj
; Ks;s ,e;Jkjk; vOjpath;.
jd;tuyhw;W E}y;
tdthrk;> kzthrk;
-jpiu ,irg;ghly; %yk; Gfo; ngw;wth;.
cLkiy ehuhazftp:
-fiythzh; vd;. v];. fpU~;zdhy; jpiu cyfpw;F te;jth;.
-ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghly; nkl;Lfis jpiug;glj;jpy; mwpKfk; nra;jth;.
-jpuhtpl ,af;ff; ftpQh;.
-ftpuhah; gl;lk; ngw;wth; - gFj;jwpTf; ftpQh;.
gl;Lf;Nfhl;il fy;ahz Re;juk;:

-nghJ cilikf; fUj;Jf;fis jpiug;glg; ghlypy; GFj;jpath;.
-vdJ tyJif vd;W ghujpjhrdhy; Gfog;gl;lhh;. mth; Nfhl;il ehd; Ngl;il
vd;W Ntbf;ifahfr; nrhd;dth; cLkiy ehuhazftp.
fhyk;: 13.04.1930 08.10.1959
kf;fs; ftpQh; vd;W Gfog;gl;lhh;.
ngw;Nwhh; : mUzhr;ryk; gps;is tprhyhl;rp mk;khs;.
PH 04146 -226417
153
Ch; : nrq;fg;gLj;jhd; fhL> GJf;Nfhl;il jhYf;fh.
-ghujpahuhy; elj;jg;gl;l Fapy; gj;jphpf;ifapy; gzpahw;wpdhh;. nghJTilikf;
ftpQh;> kf;fs; ftpQh; vd;W miof;fg;gl;lhh;.
kUjfhrp:
,thpd; Mrphpah; ghgehrk; rptdpd; rNfhjuh; uh[Nfhghiyah;.
-jpiu ,irg;ghly;fs; vOJtjpy; Gfo;ngw;whh;.
-khlh;d; jpNal;lhpd; ,ul;ilf; ftpQh;fs; kUjfhrp.- fh.K.n~hpg;
-jpiuf;ftpj; jpyfk; vd;w gl;lk; ngw;wth.;
ghly; 3
GJf;ftpij:
tpUe;Nj jhDk;
GFtJ fpse;j ahg;gpd; Nkw;Nw
vd;w njhy;fhg;gpah; $Wk; tdg;gpd; 8y; xd;whd tpUe;jpd; fPo; $Wth;.
-Kjd; Kjypy; GJf;ftpij vOjpath; thy;l; tpl;kd;.
(Gy;ypd; ,jo;fs; vd;w E}y;)
-jkpopy; Kjy; Kaw;rp ghujpahh; - trdf; ftpij vd;gh;.
-jkpo;g; GJf;ftpijapd; je;ij e.gpr;r%h;jj
; p Kjypy; GJf; ftpijia ntspapl;l
,jo; kzpf;nfhb.
e.gpr;r%h;jj
; p:p:
,aw;ngah;: e.Ntq;fl kfhypq;fk;
Ch;: Fk;gNfhzk;
fhyk;: 15.08.1900 04.12.1976 tiu
E}y;fs;: fpspFQ;R> G+f;fhhp> topj;Jiz> fpspf;$z;L
-jkpo;gG
; Jf; ftpijapd; je;ij> Kd;Ndhb
-kzpf;nfhbapy; vOjpath;.
rp.R.nry;yg;gh:
kzpf;nfhb ,jopy; vOjpath;.
-vOj;J ,jio 1959 njhlq;fpdhh;.
E}y;fs;
khw;W ,jak;> eP ,d;W ,Ue;jhy;> GJf;Fuy;>
jUK rptuhK:
rptuhK:
vOj;J fhyfl;lk;> kWkyh;rr
; p fhy GJf;ftpQh;> ifg;gpbasT fly;> Nky;
Nehf;fpa gazk;> fz;zhbAs;spUe;J gilg;Gfs;.
vOj;Jfhy ftpQh;fs;:
gpr;r%h;jj
; p> jUK rptuhK> itjP]t
; ud;> f.eh> Rg;gpukzpak;> grta;ah>
NtZNfhghyd;> rp.R.nry;yg;gh> eFyd;.
gRta;ah:
h
,aw;ngah;
Re;ju
uhkrhkp
,thpd;
ahNuhxUtDf;fhf - ,thpd; gilg;Gfs;.
gilg;Gfs;
eLeprp
eha;fs;>
,uh.kPdhl;rp
ftpQh; ,uh.kPdhl;rp. (R.Meenakshi) xU jkpo;f; ftpQh;> GJf;ftpijg;
gilg;gpy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fth;.
vOj;J fhyj;jpy; ,Ue;J vOjj; njhlq;fp ,d;Wtiu njhlh;ej
; vOjp tUgth;
jw;NghJ MNuhtpy; rh;tNjr efuj;jpy; njhz;lhw;wp tUfpwhh;. ,th; vOjpa
cja efhpypUe;J vDk; E}y; jkpo; tsh;rr
; pj; Jiwapd; 2006 Mk; Mz;Lf;fhd
rpwe;j E}y;fspy; GJf;ftpij vDk; tifg;ghl;by; ghpR ngw;wpUf;fpwJ.
gilg;Gfs;
PH 04146 -226417
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neUQ;rp. RLG+f;fs;. jPghtspg; gfy;.
kWgazk;> kPdhl;rp ftpijfs; thridg; Gy;> cjaefhpypUe;J nfhbtpsf;F>
nrk;kz; kly;fs;
rpw;gp:
kuGf; ftpijapy; ,Ue;J GJf; ftpijf;F te;jth;.
,aw;ngah;: ghyRg;gpukzpad;.
E}y;fs;: epyTg; G+> rphpj;j Kj;Jfs;> rh;gg
; ahfk;> nksd kaf;fq;fs;> #hpa epoy;>
Mjpiu> xU fpuhkj;J ejp rhfpj;a mfhjkp tpUJ (2002)
rp.kzp:
kWkyh;rr
; p
fhy
vOj;jhsh;>
tho;f;ifapy;
ftpijahf;Fk; ghq;F ,thplk; cz;L.
-neLq;ftpij> tUk;NghFk;> xspr;Nrh;fi
; f.
midj;J
epfo;TfisAk;
fy;ahd;[p
,aw;ngah; fy;ahzRe;juk; - gilg;Gfs; epfo;fhyk; vg;gbapUf;fpwJ. vjph;fhyk;
,Ushfg; Nghapd. vit fz;zpw;Fj; njhpAk.;
fyhg;gphpah:
nrhe;jg; ngah; - Nrhk Re;juk;. fyg;gphpah vOjpa FUlh; gs;spapy; nfhbNaw;wk;.
GJf;ftpijapd; nry;thf;fhd fhyj;jpy; ftpij vOj te;jth;.
-kdpj ,dj;jpd; mof;ifj; NjhYhpj;Jf; fhl;Ltdhf ,tuJ ftpijfs; cs;sd.
Qhdf;$j;jd;
gilg;Gfs;: ,ul;il epoy; jpUg;jp miyfs; ,Oj;j G+khiy ek;ik mJ
jg;ghNjh? nrhd;dijf; Nfl;l rd;dy; ftpij. ,d;DnkhU Gj;jfk;. J}f;fj;jpy;
mOif.
NjtNjtd;:
NjtNjtd; vd;w Gidg;ngauhy; mwpag;gl;l gpr;Rkzp ifty;ak; xU
etPdj; jkpo; ftpQh; Mthh;. gpr;Rkzp ifty;ak; vd;wg; ngahpy; fijfisAk;
vOjp tUfpd;whh;. ,th; vOjpa NjtNjtd; ftpijfs; vDk; E}y; jkpo;ehL
murpd;; jkpo; tsh;rr
; pj; Jiwapd; 2005Mk; Mz;Lf;fhd rpwe;j E}y;fspd;
GJf;ftpij
vDk;
tifg;ghl;by;
ghpR
ngw;wpUf;fpwJ.
ifty;aj;jpd;
Kjy;ftpijj; njhFg;G Fspj;Jf; fiuNawhj Nfhgpah;fs;. 1982Mk; Mz;L
ntspte;jJ. ,uz;lhktJ njhFg;G kpd;dw;nghONj J}uk;. khw;wg;glhj tPL.
2005Mk; Mz;L mtuJ ftpijfSf;fhd KOj;njhFg;G NjtNjtd; ftpijfs;
vd;w ngaUld; ntspaplg;gl;lJ. NjtNjtd; ftpijgw;wp vd;w ciuahly;
E}iyAk;
mypghghTk;
Nkhh;[pahdhTk;
vd;w
ehlhf
E}iyAk;
vOjp
ntspapl;bUf;fpwhh;.
1970-80fspy; J}j;Jf;Fbapy; fiyg;glq;fSf;fhd jpiug;gl rq;fk; xd;iwAk;
elj;jpte;jhh;.
jkpof murpd; jkpo;tsh;rr
; pf;fof tpUJ ngw;wth;.
NjtNjtidg; gw;wp n[aNkhfd; KOikahd jpwdha;T E}y; xd;iw
vOjpapUf;fpwhh;. etPdj;Jtj;jpw;Fg; gpd; jkpo;f; ftpij NjtNjtid
Kd;itj;J
vd;w
me;E}y;
ftpjh
gjpg;gfj;jhy;.
1998
Mk;
Mz;L
ntspaplg;gl;lJ.
jkpopdp ntspaPlhf n[.g;uhd;]p]; fpUgh ,af;fj;jpy; NjtNjtidg;gw;wp ahJk;
CNu ahtUk; Nfsph; vd;w nra;jpg;glk; 2007Mk; Mz;L ntspaplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
rhypdp,se;
rhypdp,se;jpiuad; :
,aw;ngah; : fdfrTe;jphp
gilg;Gfs;: ,uz;L Fuy;fs;> jkpo;f; fdpfs;> jkpoNd jiykfd;. jkpo; je;j
ngz;fs;> tho;fi
; f tuyhw;W ,yf;fpak;. gz;ghl;bd; gLFop> ve;jpuf;fyg;ig>
Gjpa jlq;fs; rq;fj;jkpohpd; kdpj Nea kzpnewpfs;.
K.Nkj;jh:
KOg;ngah; Kfk;kJ Nkj;jh. gbkf; ftpQh; GJf; ftpij> tuyhw;W ehtpy;
vdg;gyJiwfspYk; Gfo; ngw;wth;.
PH 04146 -226417
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-fz;zhP ; G+f;fs;> ehak; xU fhtpak; Kjypa njhFg;Gfisj; je;jth;.
-thdk;ghb ,af;fj;jth;.
-Mfhrj;Jf;F mLj;jtPL vd;w gilg;Gf;F rhfpj;a mfhjkp tpUJ ngw;Ws;shh;
(2006)
E}y;fs;:
fz;zhP g
; ; g+f;fs;> Ch;tyk;> kdr;rpwF> Kfj;Jf;F Kfk;> ntspr;rk; ntspNa
,y;iy> mth;fs; tUfpd;whh;fs;> ele;j ehlfk;> fhj;jpUe;j fhw;W> jpUtpohtpy;
xU njhlh;ghlfd;> ee;jtd ehl;fs;> xU thdk; ,U rpwF> ,jaj;jpd; ehw;fhyp.
tuyhw;W ehty; : Nrho epyh
<NuhL jkpo;dg
; d;
d:
,aw;ngah; n[fjPrd;
-kugpy; G+j;Jg;GJikapy; fdpe;jth;.
gilg;Gfs;:
Njhzp tUfpwJ> tpbay; nghOJfs;> #hpag; gwitfs;> ee;jid vhpj;j
neUg;gpd; kpr;rk;> fhyj;jpw;F xU ehs; Ke;jp> xU tz;b nrd;hpA+ tzf;fk;
ts;St ,thpd; gilg;Gfs;.
-tzf;fk; ts;St GJf; ftpijapy; rhfpj;a mfhjkp tpUJ ngw;w Kjy; E}y;
(2004 Mz;L)
mg;Jy;uFkhd;: thdk;ghbf; ftpQh;

ftpQh.
-thzpak;ghb ,];yhkpaf; fy;Y}hpg; Nguhrphpauhf tpsq;fpath;. kugpy; Nth;
ghh;jJ
; GJikapy; ftp ghh;jj
; th;.
-ftpf;Nfh vd;w gl;lk; ngw;wth;.
-gbkf; ftpQh;.
E}y;fs;:
ghy;tj
P p> Neah; tpUg;gk;> Rl;Ltpuy;> Myhgid> nrhe;j rpiwfs;> gpj;jd;>
Kl;ilthrpfs;> mtSf;F epyh vd;W ngah;. 1971- Myhgid rhfpj;a mfhjkp
tpUJ.
rhiy ,se;jpiuad;
piuad:;
ngw;Nwhh;
whh ,uhikah md;dyl;Rkp
Ch; - jpUney;Ntyp khtl;lj;jpYs;s rhiy eapdhh; gs;spthry;.
-jpy;ypg; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; jkpo;j;Jiw tphptiuahshuhf jko;jJ
; iw jiytuha;
gzpahw;wpdhh;.
fhyk;:06.09.1930 04.10.1998 1991y; jkpof murpd; ghNte;jh; tpUJ ngw;whh;.
gilg;Gfs;
G+j;jJ khDlk; Gul;rp KOf;fk;> ciutPrR
;
Mye;J}h; Nfh. Nkhfduq;fd;

01.06.1942y; nrd;idia mLj;j Mye;J}hpy; gpwe;jth;.
ngw;Nwhh;: k.Nfhghy; - kPdhk;ghs;.
-vz;zw;w ,irg;ghly;fisAk; ftpij ehlfq;fisAk; gilj;Js;shh;.
-,kak; vq;fs; fhybapy; - ftpijj; njhFg;G E}y; murpd; tpUJ ey;y
cyfk; ehis kyUk; vd;w ftpijj; njhFg;G E}y; ,tUilaJ.
ghly; 4
jkpof fbj ,yf;fpak;
pak;
;
NeU
NeU jd; kfs; ,e;jpufhe;jpf;F tiue;j kly;fs; cyf tuyhwhf
cjTfpwJ.
fhe;jp:
fhe;jp vOjpa fbjq;fs; njhFj;J ntspaplg;gl;L
; s;sd.
K.t:
K.t
PH 04146 -226417
156
md;idf;F jk;gpf;F> jq;iff;F> ez;gh;f;F vd mwpQh; K.t. vOjpa fbjq;fs;
fbj ,yf;fpaq;fs; vdg;Nghw;wj;jf;fd. r%f tho;tpaypy; rpf;ifiyj; jPhf
; F
; k;
rpe;jid Nehf;fpy; tiuag;gl;lit.
mwpQh; mz;zh
mwpQh; mz;zh jk;gpf;F tiue;j fbjq;fs; ,isQh;fisj; jl;b vOg;g
ty;yd.
Mde;juq;fk; gps;is:
nrd;id nguk;G+hpy; 1709k; Mz;L khh;r; 30y; gpwe;jhh;.
-%d;W tajpy; jhahh; kiwT
-vd;ghh; vd;gthplk; fy;tp gapd;whh;.
-,thpd; je;ij jpUNtq;flk; GJitapy; FbNaw;wpdhh;. gpd; jpthdhfg; gjtp
cah;T ngw;whh;.
-Ja;gn
; sf;]; (Duplex) Msehd; nkhop ngah;gg
; hsh;. ,we;J Nghdjhy;
Mde;euq;fk; gps;is mkh;jj
; k; gl;lhh;. nkhop ngah;gg
; hsh; gps;is mkh;jj
; k;
gl;lhh;. nkhop ngah;gg
; hsh; (Jghrp)ahf gjtp Cw;whh;.
-Jghrahfg; gzpahw;wpa fhyj;jpy; 1730 Kjy; 1761 tiu ehl;Fwpg;G
vOjpAs;shh;.
-,e;jpahtpd; ngg;gpR vd;W miof;fg;gl;lhh;. ehl;Fwpg;G Nte;jh; vdTk;
Nghw;wg;gLfpwhh;.
ghlk; 5
ehlff; fiy - ,irf;fiy njhlh;ghd nra;jpfs;:
-jkpo; ,aw;wkpo;> ,irj; jkpo;> ehlfj;jpd; vd Kg;ngUk; ghFghL nfhz;lJ.
ehlfk;:
ehL +mfk;. ehl;il mfj;jpy; nfhz;lJ ehlfk;. fijia epfo;rr
; pia> czh;it
ebj;Jf; fhl;LtJk; $j;jhf Mbf;fhl;LtJk; ehlfk; vd;gh;. ,jw;F $j;Jf;fiy
vd;Dk; ngaUk; cz;L.
-gz;ila kug;ghitf; $j;J nghk;kyhl;lk; tsh;rr
; paile;j gpd;dh; Njhy;ghitf;
$j;J> epow;ghitf; $j;J Mfpad kf;fspilNa tof;fpy; ,Ue;jd.
,yf;fpaq;fspy; ehlfk; gw;wpa Fwpg;Gfs;
njhy;fhg;gpa nka;gg
; hl;bapy;> ehlfg; ghq;fpyhd czh;TfSf;F ,yf;fzk;
tFj;J ,Uf;fpwJ. $j;jhl;litf; Fohj;jw;Nw vd;Dk; Fws; topahf ehlf
muq;fk; ,Ue;j nra;jp njhpa tUfpwJ.
-rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpy; ehlfNkj;Jk; ehlff; fzpif vd;W ehl;bakhFk; khjtpiaf;
Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;.
eld ,yf;fz E}y;fs;
KWty;> rae;jk; nrapw;wpak; kjpthzh; ehlfj; jkpo;> tpsf;fj;jhh; $j;J>
FzE}y;> $j;J E}y; Kjypa gy ehlfE}y;fs; ehl;baj;jpw;Fk; ehlfj;jpw;Fk;
,yf;fzk; tFj;Js;sd.
rpyg;gjpfhuk; ehlfj;jpd; jpiur;ri
P yfs; gad;gLj;jd gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
-xU Kf vopdp> nghUKf vopdp> fue;Jtuy; vopdp vd;w jpiur;ri
P yfs; gw;wpf;
Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
-Rthkp tpGyhde;jhpd; kjq;f #shkzpAk; kiwkiyabfspd rFe;jyKk;
ehlfj;ijg; gw;wpa Muha;rr
; p E}y;fs;.
-ehlf Mrphpah; gk;ky; rk;ke;jdhh; jk; ehlfj; jkpo; vd;Dk; E}ypy; njhopy;Kiw
muq;Ffisg; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;.
fhyk; NjhWk; ehlff;
ehlff; fiy
-Vohk; E}w;whz;by; kNfe;jputh;kdpd; kj;j tpyhrk; vd;Dk; E}y;.
-gjpNdhwhk; E}w;whz;by; ,uhruhrNrhod; Ml;rpf;fhyj;jpy; ,uhruhrNrf;fu ehlfk;.
PH 04146 -226417
157
-kuhj;jpa kd;dh;fs; Ml;rpf;fhyj;jpy; jQ;irapy; ehlfq;fs; elj;jg;gl;ld.
-ehaf;f kd;dh;fspd; fhyj;jpy; FwtQ;rp> gs;S ehlfq;fs;.
-gjpNdohk; E}w;whz;bd; gpw;gFjpapy; K];yk
P ; kjj;jpd; jhf;fj;jpdhy; nehz;b
ehlfq;fs;.
-18k; E}w;whz;bd; mUzhryg; ftpuhahpd; uhk ehlfk;> Nfhghy fpU~;z
ghujpahhpd; ee;jdhh; rhpj;jpuk;.
-fhrp tpRtehj Kjypahhpd; lk;ghr;rhhp tpyhrk; jkpopd; Kjy; r%f ehlfk;.
-ypl;ld; vOjpa kiwtopiaj; jOtp Re;judhh; mth;fshy; ,aw;wg;gl;l kNzhd;
kzpak;.
-fjhpd; ntw;wp jkpofj;jpy; elj;jg;gl;l Kjy; Njrpa rKjha ehlfk;
(fpU~;zrhkpg; ghtd;)
rq;fujhR Rthkpfs;: 18671867-1922tiu
-ehlf cyfpd; ,kakiy> jkpo;ehlfj; jiyik Mrphpah;.
-gpufyhjd;> rpWj;njhz;lh;> ,ytFrh> gtsf;nfhb mgpd;A
jpUkzk;> rj;jpathd; rhtpj;jphp.
-rkur rd;khh;ff
; rig> gha;]; fk;ngdp ehlff;FOf;fs;
Re;jhp>
ts;sp
gk;ky; rk;ge;jdhh;:
KOg;ngah; jpUQhdrk;ge;jk;.
-jkpo; ehlfj; je;ij
-Nrf;]g
; pahpd; ehlfq;fis nkhopngah;eJ
; s;shh;.
-$j;jhbfs; vd;w ngaiu fiyQh;fs; vd;W khwf; fhuzkhdth;fs;.
-RFz tpyhr rig ehlff; FO
,aw;wpa ehlfq;fs;:
gpwnkhopj; jOty;:
fhspjhrdpd; rhFe;jiy> khstpfhf;dpkpj;uk;> `h;]th;jj
; dhpd; ,uj;jpdhtsp>
Nrf;]g
; pahpd; N`k;nyl; - mkyhjpj;jdhf> Nkf;gj; - Nkfgjpahf ntdp];
nkh;rr
; d;l; - thzpGuj;J tzpfd; Mf te;jJ.
,thpd; vs;sy; ehlfq;fs;:
rghgjp> Vkhe;j ,U jpUlh;fs;> rjprf;jp> itFz;l thj;jpahh;.
Jz;by; ehlfq;fs;:
kNdhfuh> ,U ez;gh;fs;
ghpjpkhw; fiyQh;
fiyQh:
ehlfg; Nguhrphpah
,aw;ngah;: #hpa ehuhaz rh];jphp
tho;fi
; f: 1870-1903
,th; vOjpa ehlf ,yf;fz E}y;> ehlftpay;
ehlfq;fs;: &ghtjp> fyhtjp> khdtp[ak;> R+h;gg
; eif.
&ghtjp mwf;fUj;J epiwe;jJ.
fyhtjp ehlftpaYf;F ,yf;fpak;.
khdtp[ak; - fstop ehw;gjpd; jOty.;
ehlf kWkyh;rr
; p je;ij :fe;jrhkp mth;fs;
mwpQh; mz;zh:
rj;jpNuhjak; - Kjy; ehlfk;> Xh; ,uT> Ntiyf;fhhp> ePjpNjtd; kaf;fk;>
ey;yjk;gp> rpth[p fz;l ,e;J rhk;uh[;ak;.
Mh;.v];.kNdhfud;:
rhzf;fpa rgjk;> yq;Nf];tud;
PH 04146 -226417
158
Nf.ghyr;re;jh:;
h:
ePhf
; F
; kpop> nkOFth;jj
; p>
Re;juk;> [d;dy;fs;> rJuhq;fk;.
vjph;er
P r
; y;>
ehzy;>
Nk[h;
re;jpufhe;j>;
ghujpjhrd;:
,uz;ad; my;yJ ,izaw;w tPud;. irskpad;> fw;fz;L>
ngz;fs;> fiof; $j;jhbapd; fhjy;> Nrujhz;ltk;> gprpuhe;ijahh;.
rh;th;
gbf;fhj
b.Nf.v];. rNfhjh;fs;
Kj;Jrhkp rq;fud;> rz;Kfk;> gftjp =ghy rz;Kfhde;jrgh>
nj.ngh.fpU~;zrhkpg; ghtyh;: fjhpd; ntw;wp> Njrpaf; nfhb> gk;gha; nkapy;.
,irf;fiy
njhy; fhg;gpaj;jpy; ,ir:
ntz;gh> Mrphpag;gh fypg;gh> tQ;rpg;gh vd;Dk; ehy;tifg; ghf;fisAk;
gy;NtW tz;zq;fisAk; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;.
rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpd; ,ir
Fuy;> Jj;jk;> iff;fpis> cio> ,sp> tpshp> jhuk; vd ,irfs; Vohfj;
jkpoh; tiuaiw nra;jpUe;jdh;.
$j;juhw;Wg;gil ,irf; fUtpfs; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
Njhy; fUtp: KbT> gjiy> MFsp
Jisf; fUtp: Foy;> NfhL> J}k;G
euk;Gf; fUtp: aho;
fQ;rf; fUtp: ghz;by;
ahopd; cWg;Gfshf gr;ir nrwpJis> Nghh;it tWthya;> fitfil> euk;G>
NfhL> jpt;T vd;w vl;L cWg;Gfisf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh;.
rpyk;gpy; ,ir:
Mw;Wthp>
Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
fhdy;
thp>
Cry;
thp>
Ntl;Lt
tphpg;ghly;fs;
gw;wpf;
gy;yth; fhyj;jpy; ,ir:

kNfe;jputh;kd; rq;fuP zk; vd;Dk; jhsj;ijf; fz;lwpe;jjhy; rq;fuP z rhjp
vdg;gl;lhd;. ghpthjpdp vd;Dk; tPizapYk; ty;ytdhf tpsq;fpdhd;.
-FLk;gpahd; kiyapy; kNfe;jputh;kdpd; ,irf; fy;ntl;L cs;sJ.
-,urrpk;kd; tPzh ehujd;> thj;jpa tpj;jpahjud; vdg;Gfog;gl;lhd;.
Nrhoh; fhyj;jpy; ,ir:
Mdha ehadhhpd; ,iriaf; Nfl;L kuq;fSk;> kiyaUtpfSk; fhd;ahWk;
flYk;> ,bAk; KfpYk; $l mirTw;W epd;wjhfr; Nrf;fpohh; $Wfpwhh;.
-rPtfrpe;jhkzpapy; RukQ;rhp ,yk;gfKk; fhe;jtUjj;ijahh; ,yk;gfKk; ,ir
El;gq;fis tpthpf;fpd;wd.
kuhl;bah; fhyj;jpy; ,ir:
jpUg;Gfo; ghba mUzhfphp ehjh; 1008 Nksfh;jj
; h gz;fSf;Fk; jpUg;Gfo;
ghbAs;shh;.
PH 04146 -226417
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fPhj
; idfspy; ,ir:
Kj;Jj;
jhz;lthpd;
jpy;iyj;
jpUj;jyf;
fPhj
; j
; id>
mUzhryf;
ftpuhahpd; ,uhkehlff; fPhj
; j
; id goikahd fPhj
; j
; idfs;.
-Nfhghy fpU~;z ghujpahhpd; jpUePyfz;l ehadhh; fPhj
; j
; id> ee;jdhh; rhpj;jpuf;
fPhj
; j
; id> ,aw;gif ehadhh; rhpj;jpuf; fPh;jj
; idfs;.
-mz;zhkiy nul;bahhpd; fhtbr; rpe;J.
-khA+uk; Ntjehafk; gps;isapd; rh;t rka rkurf; fPhj
; j
; id.
,irj; jkpo; rhd;Nwhh;
-jQ;ir Mgpufhk; gz;bjhpd; fUzhkph;j rhfuk;.
mtuJ kfd; tuFz;ghz;badpd; tuFzghz;badpd;ghzh; iftop vdg;gLk;
aho;E}y;.
-jkpopir ,af;fk;.
1943-y; uh[h rh; mz;zhkiyr; nrl;bahhpd; jkpopirr; rq;fk;.
-nts;isr; thuzdhh; jw;fhy mfj;jpah;
kiwe;J Nghd ,ir E}y;fs;:
,iwadhh; fstpay; ciuapd; %yk;>
KJehiu> KJFUF> ngUehiu> ngUq;FUF> gQ;r ghujpak;> rpw;wif> Nghpir>
,ir EDf;fk; Nghd;w E}y;fspd; ngah;fis mwpe;J nfhs;s KbfpwJ.
ghlk; 6
jkpopy; rpWfijfs;
rpWfijf;fhd ,yf;fzk;:
-mkh;eJ
; xNu %r;rpy; gbf;ff; $bad.
-njhlf;fKk; KbTk; tpWtpWg;ghf ,Uf;Fk;
-Njitaw;w nrhw;fs; $lhJ.
-kdpj tho;tpd; rpwpa gFjpiaf; fhl;Lk;.
-xUthpd; kdij rd;dy; %yk; ntspNa ,Ug;gJ ghh;gg
; J Nghy; ,Uf;f
Ntz;Lk;.
-rpWfijapd; Kd;Ndhb vl;fh; Myd;Ngh.
-jkpo;r; rpWfijapd; Kd;Ndhb tPukhKdpth;.
t.Nt.R.Iah:
t.Nt.R.Iah:
tufNdhp Ntq;fl Rg;gpukzpa Iah;.
-jkpopy; Kjy; rpWfijahd Fsj;jq;fiu muR kuk; 1913y; vOjpdhh;. ,J
kq;ifah;ff
; urpapd; fhjy; vd;w E}ypy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sJ.
-iyyhk[;D> mdhh;ff
; yp fhjiy Kjypy; jkpopy; vOjpath;: jkpo;
rpWfijapd; je;ij.
GJikg;gpj;jd;:
,aw;ngah; Nrh.tpUj;jhryk;
-rpWfijj; njhFjpfs;: fghlGuk;> Gjpa xsp> rpj;jp> Mz;ik> md;W ,uT>
GJikg;gpj;jd; rpWfijfs;.
rpWfijfs;:
-flTSk; fe;jrhkpg; gps;isAk;.
-mfy;ia> rhg tpNkhrdk;> Jd;gf;Nfhdp>
kdpjae;jpuk;> rpw;gpapd; eufk;> jpahf %h;jj
; p> nghd;dfuk;> fapw;wuT> fy;ahzp>
epidTg;ghij Ntjhsk; nrhd;d fij.
PH 04146 -226417
160
-edNthil cj;jpiag; gad;gLj;jpath;.
-jkpofj;jd; khg;grhd;.
-rpWfij kd;dd;.
n[afhe;jd;:
cjak;> xUgpbr; NrhW> ,dpg;Gk; fhpg;Gk;> Njtd; tUthuh> Rikjhq;fp>
Afrf;jp> Gjpa thh;gG
; fs;. Rajhprdk;> FugPlk;> GJnrUg;Gf; fbf;Fk;> cz;ik
RLk;> xU gpbNrhW> ,Uisj; njd;dpe;jpahtpd; khg;grhd;.
R.rKj;jpuk;:
Kjy; rpWfij mq;Nf fy;ahzk; ,q;Nf fyhl;lh
NghJk; cq;f cgrhuk;> xNu xU Nuh[h ,yT fhj;j fpsp> gyNtrk;.
F.g.uh[Nfhghyd; (v) F.g.uh:
Kjy; rpWfij E}Yd;dp]h
-Gdh; n[d;kk;> fhzhkNy fhjy;> fdfhk;guk;> fhQ;rd khiy> rpwpJ ntspr;rk;>
tpbAkh> jpiu.
fy;fp:
fy;fp ,uh. fpU~;z%h;jj
; p
-jpU.tp.f.tpd; kPJ nfhz;lgw;wpdhy; fy;fp vd itj;Jf; nfhz;lhh;.
-Nfjhhpapd; jhahh;> fhhpUspy; xU kpd;dy;> miyapd; fz;zhP >; khlj;Njtd;
Rid> tPizthzp> fizahopd; fdT> jpUntOe;J}h; rptf;nfhOe;J ];tg;gd
Nyhfk;> tPidgthdp.
mwpQh; mz;zh:
gyhgyd;>RL%Q;rp> md;djhdk;>
#jhb> nrt;thio> jQ;ir tPor
; r
; p>
nrhh;fj;jpy; eufk;.
Nga; xbg; Nghr;rp> ,U guk;giufs;>

gpb rhk;gy;> Gyp efk;> uh[hjpuh[h
fp.uh[ehuhazd;
fp.uh[ehuhazd;:
fjT> fd;dpik> Ntl;b> mk;kh gps;is> mg;gh gps;is> ehw;fhyp.
-fhpry; fijfspd; je;ij.
-tl;lhuf; fijfspd; je;ij. ,thpd; Nfhgy;yGuj;J kf;fs; ehty; 1991y; rhfpj;a
mfhjkp tpUJ ngw;wJ.
nksdp: jkpo;r; rpWfijapd; jpU%yh;
,aw;ngah;: Rg;gpukzp mopahr;Rlh;> kzf;Nfhyk;> fhjy; miy> khWjy; gpugQ;r
fhdk;> kdj;Njh;> rhtpy; gpwe;j rpU~;kp.
gp.v];.uhikah
kzpf;nfhb ,jior; rpWfij ,johf khw;wpath;
-gzk; gpioj;jJ> jOk;G> epidT Kfk;> kwf;ftpy;iy> fhkjfdk;> el;rj;jpuf;
Foe;ij> nfhj;jdhh; Nfhapy;.
-kzpf;nfhbf;fhyk; 1982y; rhfpja mfhjkp tpUJ ngw;wJ.
-,tUila vy;yhf; fijfspYk; tUk; xU ghj;jpuk; Fq;Fkg; nghl;Lf; Fkhurhkp.
F.mofphprhkp
Kjy; rpWfij cwf;fk; nfhs;thd;. rpf;ftpy;iy> jtg;gad;> fhyfz;b>
nja;tk; gpwe;jJ. ,U rNfhjh;fs;> fw;gf tpUl;rk; tug;gpurhjk;> md;gspg;G.
-Mz;kfd;> GJcyfk;> jphpGuk;> ,Ungz;fs;> jphpNtzp> Qhgfh;jj
; k;.
-,thpd; md;gspg;G 1970y; rhfpj;a mfhjkp tpUJ ngw;wJ.
uh[h[p
PH 04146 -226417
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uh[Nfhghyhr;rhhp
epue;junry;tk;> gps;isahh; fhg;gw;wpdhh;> fw;gidf; fhL> jpf;fw;w ghh;tjp
-1958y; rf;futh;jj
; pf; jpUkfd; (ehty;) rhfpj;a mfhlkp tpUJ.
tpUe;J.
rp.R.nry;yg;gh
rurhtpd; nghk;ik> kzy; tPL> mWgJ> rj;ahfpufp> nts;is.
ehty;: thbthry;
tpahrh;
ty;ypf; fz;zd;
d
Kjy; rpWfij re;jpufhe;jf;fy;> ehl;baf;fhhp> nghpa kD~p> ftpij
tho;T> jj;Jt jhprdk;> Mz; rpq;fk;> tho tpUk;gpatd;.
ghlk; 7
rpw;gf;fiy Xtpaf;fiyNgr;
fiy
iyNgr;Rf;fiy
jpiug;glf;fiy
rpw;gf;fiy:
jkpoyf;fpaq;fs; rpw;gq;fs; nra;Ak; Kiw njhlh;eJ
;
tof;fpy; ,Ue;jd
vd;gijf; fhl;Lfpd;wd. nfhy;ypg;ghit> fz;zfp rpiy> ngUk; khspifapy;
fij cUtq;fs; mikj;jy; Mfpatw;iw cjhuzkha; $wyhk;. rq;ffhyj;jpy;
kz;zl
P l
; hsh; vd;w fiyQh;fs; kz; cUtq;fisr; nra;jdh;.
gy;yth; fhye;njhl;L Nfhapy;fspy; gy;tifahd rpw;gq;fisf; fhzKbfpwJ.
flTsh;fspd;
jpUTUtq;fs;>
mf;fhyj;jpa
kf;fspd;
cUtq;fs;
kw;Wk;
tpyq;fpdq;fs; gwitapdq;fs; Mfpatw;wpd; cUtq;fshFk;. tpyq;fpdq;fspy;
Fwpg;ghf ahidfspd; cUtj;ijr; nrJf;Ftjpy; gy;yth;fhyr; rpw;gpfs; if
Njh;ej
; h;th;fshf tpsq;fpapUf;fpd;whh;.
-gy;yth; fhyr;Rijf; Nfhapy;fspy; fij rpw;gq;fs; ,Ue;jd. (fij rpw;gq;fs;
vd;gJ Rz;zhk;ig ed;F miuj;Jf; fUk;GrhW> nty;yr;rhW> ney;ypf;fhapd;
rhW Kjypatw;iw Cw;wp tr;rpuk; Nghy; nra;J mijf; nfhz;L cUtk;
nra;jy;)
-nrq;fw;fshy; Rth;fis vOg;gp mtw;wpd; Gwq;fspy; fijahyhd cUtq;fis
mikg;gJ kuG.
jpUtjpiff; Nfhapy;.
fw;rpw;gq;fs;:
-rq;ffhyj;jpy; ,we;j tPuh;fSf;F fy;ypy; cUtk; nrJf;fp topgl;ldh; (eLfy;)
-fz;zfp cUtr; rpiy mikf;fg;gl;lJ gw;wp rpyg;gjpfhuk; $WfpwJ.
-jkpofj;jpy; fw;rpw;gq;fisj; njhlq;fp itj;j ngUik gy;yth;fSf;F chpaJ.
-gy;yth;fs; fl;ba Filtiuf; Nfhapy;fspYk; fl;Lkhdf; Nfhapy;fspYk;
vz;zw;w rpw;g cUtq;fs; cs;sd. fl;blk; NtW rpw;gk; NtW vd;W ghpj;jwpa
Kbahj jd;ik ,f;fhyr; rpwg;G (gilg;Gr; rpw;gq;fs;)
-kNfe;jputh;kzhy;
nra;ag;gl;l
Fiff;Nfhapy;fspy;
cs;s
thapw;fhtyh;.
cUtq;fs;> rpq;fk; Rke;j J}z;fs; ,f;fhyr; rpw;gf; fiyf;F vLj;Jf; fhl;Lfs;.
khky;yGur; rpw;gq;fs;
Kjyhk; eurpk;kth;kd; fhyk; kfplhRukh;j;jpdp Fif> Mjptuhfh; kz;lgk;>
Kk;%h;jj
; p kz;lgtk;> tuhfh; Fif Mfpait Gfo;ngw;wit.
-ghiwr; rpw;gq;fspy; mh;rR
; dd; my;yJ gfPujd; jtk; rpwg;ghdJ.
Nfhtpy;
Nfhtpy;fspy; rpw;gk;
fhQ;rpg;Guk; ,uz;lhk; eurpk;kd; (v) uh[rpk;kd; ifyhrehjh; Nfhtpypy;
rptd; gy;NtW Njhw;wq;fNshL cs;shh;. Njtpah;fspd; gy;tz;zj;Njhw;wKk;>
jpUkhy;l;>
ehz;Kfd;>
KUfd;
nfhw;wit
cUtq;fspd;
gy;tz;zj;
PH 04146 -226417
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Njhw;wq;fSk; ,q;Fs;sd. ,J Nghd;w fiy mikg;G itFe;jg; ngUkhs;.
,uz;lhk; ee;jpth;kd; NfhtpYk; cs;sJ.
ghz;bah; fhyr; rpwg;G:
fp.gp.6>7>8 k; E}w;whz;by; cUthf;fg;gl;l jpUnka;ak;> gps;isahh;gl;b>
Fd;wf;Fb> jpUg;guq;Fd;wk; vDk; ,lq;fspy; ,tw;iwf; fhzyhk;.
fp.gp.8k; E}w;whz;by; fOFkiy xw;iwf; fy; Nfhapy; ghz;bah; fhy
cd;dj jd;ikiaf; fhzyhk;.
-mjpakhd; ftpd; rpw;gj;ij ehkf;fy; Filtiuf; Nfhtpypy; fhzyhk;.
Nrhoh; fhyr; rpw;gq;fs;
Fle;ijf; fPof
; N
; fhl;lk;> rPdpthr ey;Y}h; Fuq;fehjh; Nfhtpy;> gRgjp Nfhtpy;>
jpUth&h; mwnewpr;ruk; Mfatw;wpy; ,th;fs; fhyr; rpw;gq;fs; cs;sd.
-gy;yth;fs; fhyj;jpy; rpw;gq;fs; Nfhapw; Rth;fspNyNa gilg;Gr; rpwgq;fshfr;
nrJf;fg;gl;ld. Mdhy; Nrhoh; fhyj;jpy; rpw;gq;fs; jdpNa nra;ag;gl;L
mtw;Wf;nfd Rthpy; mike;j Nfhl;lj;jpy; nghUj;jg;gl;ld.
-,uh[uh[d; thdshTk; fl;blj;ij fUq;fy;yhy; fl;bdhd; mtd; fl;Ltpj;j
NfhGuq;fisAk; tpkhdq;fisAk; Vuhskhd rpw;gq;fs; myq;fhpj;j NghjpYk;
mit fl;blj;jpw;F mq;fkhf fl;blj;jpd; ngUkpjj;jpy; kiwe;J fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
,Njepiy jhd; mtd; kfd; vOg;gpa
fq;if
nfhz;l
NrhoGuj;Jr;
rpw;gq;fSf;Fk;.
-vdpDk; fq;if nfhz;l NrhoGuj;J nghpa Nfhtpypy; fiykfs; rpw;gKk;>
rz;bf;F rptd; mUs;GhpAk; rz;Bfg;gjk; gw;wpa rpw;gq;fSk; jdpj;jd;ik
nfhz;L jpfo;fpd;wd.
-jhuhRuj;J IuhtjP]t
; uh; Nfhapy; rpw;gq;fs; jpy;iyf; NfhGur; rpw;gq;fSk;
moFilad vdpDk; fl;blj;jpd; mofpy; kaf;fk; ngWfpd;wd.
tpraefuj;jhh; fhyr; rpw;gq;fs;
-Mapuq;fhy; kz;lgq;fSk; fy;ahz kz;lgk; Gfo;ngw;wJ.
-Fjpiuapd; Kd; fhiyj; J}f;Fk; epiyapy; cs;s rpw;gq;fs;.
-ngz;fspd khh;gfq;fs; ,e;jf; fhyj;jpy; Jzpahy; Nghh;jj
; g;gl;l epiyapy;
miktijf; fhzyhk;.
-mhpaehj Kjypahh; fhl;ba Mapuq;fhy; kz;lgKk; GJkz;lKk;> kPdhl;rp
NfhapYk; ehaf;f kd;dh;fspd; ngUikiaf; fhl;Ltd.
-kJiu kPdhl;rp Nfhapypy; gpl;rhldh;> Nkhfpdp> fhspapd; eldk;> rptDila
Copf;$j;J> jpUf;fypahd fhl;rp ,tw;iw Fwpf;Fk; rpw;gj; J}z;fs; moFld;
tpsq;Fk;.
-Mapuq;fhy; kz;lgj;jpy; Kfg;Gj; J}z;fspy; cs;s mhpr;re;jpud;> Fwtd;> Fwj;jp
gw;wpa rpw;gq;fs; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fit.
-ghisaq;Nfhl;ilaUNfAs;s
fpU~;zhGuj;jpy;
jpUNtq;flehjh;
Nfhapypy;
cs;s Fwtd; Fwj;jp rpw;gq;fs; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fit. ghz;baehl;by;jpUtpisahly;
Guhz epfo;rr
; pfisf; Fwpf;Fk;. rpw;gq;fs; ehaf;fh;fs; fhyj;jpy; jhd; Vw;gl;ld.
Xtpaf;fiy
goq;fhy kf;fs;> jk; cs;sf; fUj;Jfisg; Gyg;gLj;j ghiwfspYk;
FiffspYk; fPwp vOjpdh;. jk; vz;zj;ijr; rpj;jpuk; tiue;J ntspg;gLj;jpdhh;.
jkpofj;jpy; ,Uge;ije;Jf;Fk; Nkw;gl;l ,lq;fspy; (khd;> Nghh;> nra;jy;> tpyq;F
Ntl;il) Mfpatw;iwf; Fwpf;Fk; Fif Xtpaq;fs; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
-njhy;fhg;gpak; eLjy; tzf;Fk; gw;wpf; $WfpwJ.
eLfy;ypy; Nghhpy; tPukzk; va;jpa tPudJ cUtk;> ngah;> ngUikf; Fhpa
nray; Kjypadtw;iwg; nghwpf;Fk; gof;fk; ,Ue;jJ. rpw;gp jhd; nrJf;ftpUe;j
cUtj;ij tiue;J ghh;jj
; gpd;dNu nrJf;fpa kuG cz;L.
-Xtpaf;fiy> XT> Xtk;> Xtpak;> rpj;jpuk;> glk;> glhk;> tl;bifr; nra;jp vdg;gy
ngah;fshy;
toq;fg;ngWfpwJ.
-Xtpaf; fiyQd; Xtpah;> Xtpag;Gytd;> fz;Zs; tpidQd;> rpj;juf;fhuh;>
PH 04146 -226417
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tpj;jf tpidQd;> tpj;jfh;> fpstp ty;Nyhd; vd miof;fg;gl;lhh;. Xtpaf;
fiyQh; FOit Xtpakhf;fs; vd;W mioj;jdh;. Mz; Xtpah; rpj;jpuq;fehjd;
vdTk; ngz; Xtpah; rpj;jpuNrdh vdTk; ngah; ngw;W ,Ue;jdh;.
tiufUtpfs;
Nfhy; J}hpif> Jfpypif> tl;bif> tz;zq;fs; Fog;Gk; gyiff;F tl;bifg;
gyif vdg;ngah;.
Xtpaq;fs; tiuAkplq;fs;
rpj;jpuf;$lk;> rpj;jpukhlk;> vOepiy kz;lgk;> vOnjhopy; mk;gyk;.
-GwehD}w;wpy; Xtj;jidia ,lDil tdg;G vd tPlb
; d; moif xtpaj;jpw;F
xg;Gikaha; fhl;lg;gLfpwJ.
-tz;zf;fhl;rpfs;
jPll
; g;gl;l
jpiur;ri
P yfs;
Xtpa
vopdp
vd;W
miof;fg;gl;lJ.
-tz;zq;fythky; fhpe;Jz;Lfshy; tbtk; kl;Lk; tiutjidg; Gidah xtpak;
vd;gh;.
-ML Kjyhd gz;zpuz;L ,uhrpfisAk;> tpz;kd
P f
; isAk; tiue;j nra;jp
neLey; thil Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
gy;yth; fhyk;:
kNfe;jputh;k gy;ytd; rpj;jpuf; fhug; Gyp vd miof;fg;gLfpwhd;.
jl;rpzrpj;jpuk; vd;w Xtpa E}Yf;F ciu vOjpAs;shh;.
-gdkiy> jpUkiy> khky;yGuf; Fiff; Nfhtpy;> khkz;^h;> fhQ;rpf; ifyhrehjh;
Nfhapy; Nghd;wtw;wpy; gy;yth; fhy Xtpaq;fs; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
-Nruh; fhy Xtpaq;fs; jpUee;jpf; fiuapy; fpilj;Js;sd.
-rpj;jd;dthry;> GJf;Nfhl;ilf;F mUfpy; cs;sJ.
,q;F cs;s Xtpaq;fs; fpgp 9k; E}w;whz;by; mtdpa Nrfu =ty;ygd; vd;w
ghz;ba kd;dh; fhyj;jpy; kJiu Mrphpah; ,sk;nfsjkd; ,t;Nthtpaq;fis
tiue;jhh;.
Nrhoh; fhy Xtpaq;fs;
jQ;irg; nghpa Nfhtpypy; fhzyhk;.
-ftpd;kpF fapiyf; fhl;rp fz;fSf;F tpUe;jspg;gd. Nrukhd;> Re;juh; fapiy
nry;Yk; fhl;rp> rptngUkhd; Kg;Guk; vhpj;j fhl;rp> Re;juiu jLj;jhSk; Nfhyk;>
ehl;ba kfsph;> khkd;dh; ,uhruhrd;> fUt+h;jN
; jth; Kjypa Xtpaq;fs; tuyhw;Wr;
rpwg;ig czh;jJ
; fpd;wd.
tp[aefu ehaf;f kd;dh;fspd; xtpaq;fs;
jpUtuq;fk;> jpUg;gjp> jpy;iy jpUth&h;> Flj;ij kJiu fhQ;rp Kjypa
,lq;fspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
Ngr;Rf; fiy
Mafiy mWgj;J ehd;fpy; Ngr;Rf; fiyAk; xd;Wk;.
Ngr;Rk; Nkilg;Ngr;Rk; NtW NtwhdJ. Ngr;rpy; czh;ej
; ij czh;ej
; thW
njhptpj;jhy; NghJkhdJ Mdhy; Nkilg; Ngr;rpNyh czh;ej
; ij czh;e;Jk;
tifapy; njhptpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
- Ngr;rhshpd; neQ;rpy; cs;s fUj;J Nfl;ghhpd; neQ;rpy; ghaNtz;Lk;. kpd;rhuk;
ghaf; fk;kp fUtpahf cs;sJ Nghyf; fUj;ij tpsf;f nkhop fUtpahf
cs;sJ.
- nrhy;iy Muha;eJ
; njspthfg; Ngr Ntz;Lk;.
Kf;$Wfs;
NgRk; nghUis xOq;FKiwf;Ff; fl;LgLj;jpf; njhlf;fk;> ,ilg;gFjp>
KbT vdg;gFj;J NgRtijNa Ngr;RKiw vd;fpNwhk;. ,jid vLj;jy;>
njhLj;jy;> Kbj;jy; vdTk; $wyhk;.
vLj;jy;
Ngr;ir njhlq;FtJ vLg;G> Ngr;rpd; njhlf;fk; ed;whf ,Ue;jhy; jhd;
Nfl;fpwtupd; cs;sq;fisf; ftUk;.
njhLj;jy; Kiw
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njhlf;f ciuf;Fg; gpwF> nghUis tphpj;J NgRk; Kiw njhLj;jy;
vdg;gLk;. md;wyh;ej
;
kyiu moFgl khiyahfj; njhLj;Jk; Nghd;W
,ilapilNa Rit kpf;f nrhw;fSk; Fzkpf;f fUj;Jf;fSk; gpize;Jg;
NgRtNj njhLj;jy; vdg;gLk;.
Ngr;rpd; mzpfyd;fs;
xU Ngr;Rf;Ff; fUj;Jg; nghypTk; FuNyhirAk; kl;LNk Nghjpad my;y.
,ilapilNa
Nfl;Nghh;
Ritf;fj;jf;f
ctikfs;>
vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs;
nrhy;yhl;rpfs;> gy;NtW tifahd eilfs;> rpWrpW fijfs; Kjypad mikag;
NgRtNj rpwe;j Ngr;rhFk;.
czh;jJ
; k; jpwd;
nrhy;yf; fUJk; nra;jpia Ritgl> epuy;gl> jpwk;gl kw;Wk; njspthfTk;
nrhy;y Ntz;Lk;. czh;rr
; p cs;s Ngr;Nr capUs;s Ngr;rhFk;. mg;Ngr;Nr
Nfl;Nghh; cs;sj;jpy; CLUtpr; nrd;W> Nfl;gth;fSila cs;sj;ijg; gzpf;Fk;
Mw;wy; tha;ej
; jhf mikAk;.
fbj;jy;
Ngr;irj; njhlq;FtjpYk; nghUis tphpg;gjpYk; nrYj;Jk; ftdj;ij
moFwg; Ngr;ir Kbg;gjpYk; ftdk; nrYj;j Ntz;Lk;.
- Nkilg;Ngr;rpy; ey;y jkpiof; nfhz;L kf;fis <h;jN
; jhh; jkpo;j; njd;wy;
jpU.tp.f. NguwpQh; mz;zh> uh.gp. NrJg;gps;is> ehtyh; NrhkRe;ju
ghujpahh;> Fd;wf;Fb mbfshh;; Nghd;Nwhh; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fth;.
jpiug;glf; fiy
- xspg;glk; vLf;Fk; fUtp 1830y; fz;lwpag;gl;lJ. vl;th;L ikgphpl;R vd;w
Mq;fpNyah; Kjypy; xLk; Fjpiuia ,af;fg;glkhf vLj;J ntw;wp ngw;whh;.
- <];lk
; d; vd;gth; glr;RUs; cUthf;Fk; Kiwiaf; fz;lwpe;jhh;.
- vbrd; xUth; kl;Lk; ghh;fF
; k; glf;fUtpiaf; fz;lwpe;jhh;.
- gpuhd;rp]; nrd;fpd;R vd;w mnkhpf;f 1894y; hpr;kz;l; vd;Dkplj;jpy;
,af;fg;glj;ijg; gyUk; ghh;fF
; k; tifapy; tbtikj;jhh;.
- jpiug;glk; vLf;fg; gad;gLk; glr;R&s; nry;Yyha;L vd;w nghUshy; MdJ.
glk; vLf;fg; gad;gLk; RUs;> vjph;rR
; Us; vdg;gLk;. xyp> xspg; gjpTfis jdpj;
jdp Rus;fspy; mikg;gh;.
- glg;gpbg;Gf;fUtpapy; xub ePsKs;s glr;RUspy; gjpdhW glq;fs; tPjk; xd;wd;
gpd; xd;whfj; njhlh;rr
; pahf vLf;fg;gLk;.
fUj;Jg;glk;.
Kjypy; fUj;Jg;glk; mikj;jth; thy;l; b];dp.
ghlk; -8
jkpopd; njhz;ik
tPWil nrk;nkhop jkpo;nkhop cyfk;
Nt&d;wpa ehs; Kjy; caph;nkhop
vd;W jkpopd; ngUikiag; giw rhw;Wthh; ghtyNuW ngUQ;rpj;jpudhh;.
- jpUj;jpa gz;Gk;> rPhj
; j
; ehfhPfKk; nghUj;jpa J}a;nkhop jkpo;r; nrk;nkhopahk;
vd;W ghpjpkhw;fiyQh; nrk;nkhopf;f ,yf;fzk; tFj;Js;shh;.
- njhz;ik> Kd;ik> Ez;ik> jpz;ik> vd;ik> xz;ik> ,dpik> jdpik>
,sik> tsik> jha;ik> J}a;ik> Kk;ik> nrk;ik> ,ad;ik> tpad;ik vd
tUk; gjpdhW nrt;tpay; jd;ikfisf; nfhz;lJ nrk;nkhop : mJNt ek;nkhop
vd;ghh; ghthzh;.
epiyj;j nkhop

PH 04146 -226417
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cyfpy; <uhapukhz;Lfl;Fk; Nkw;gl;l tuyhw;Wj; njhd;ikAila nkhop
rpyNt. mit jkpo;> rPik> rkq;fpUjk;> ,yj;jd
P >; <g;U> fpNuf;fk;> Mfpad.
,tw;wpd; yj;jD
P k; <g;UTk; tof;F xope;jd.
nrk;nkhopj; jFjpg;ghLfs;
1. njd;ik
2. gpwnkhopj; jhf;fkpd;ik
3. jha;ik
4. jdpj;jd;ik
5. ,yf;fpatsk;
6. nghJikg;gz;G
7. eLTepiyik
8. gz;ghL> fiy gl;lwpT
9. cah;rpe;jid
10. fiy ,yf;fpaj;jdpj; jd;ik ntspg;ghL
11. nkhopf; Nfhl;ghL vd gjpndhU jFjpf; Nfhl;ghLfis mwptpay; jkpopwpQh;
KRj;jghTk; nkhopty;eh;fSk; tiuaWj;Js;shh;fs;.
njhd;ik
cyfk; Njhd;wpaNghNj Njhd;wpa jkpio mjd; njhd;ik fUjp fk;gh;
vd;WKs njd;jkpo; vd;fpwhh;.
gpwnkhopj;jhf;fkpd;ik
gpwnkhopr; nrhw;fis ePff
; pdhYk; jdpj;J ,aq;Fk; jd;ik ngw;wJ.
jha;ik
jpuhtpl nkhopfshd fd;dlk;> njYq;F> kiyahsk;> JStk; Kjypa
nkhopfSf;Fj; jha;nkhop. gpuhFap tlGynkhopfSf;Fk; jha;nkhop vd;fpwhh;
fhy;Lnty;. Mapuj;njz;Z}W nkhopfSf;F Nth;r; nrhy;fisAk; E}w;nwd;gJ
nkhopfSf;F cwTg;ngah;fisAk; je;Js;sJ jkpo;.
jdpj;jd;ik
,ay;> ,ir ehlfk; vd;w Kg;ngUk; gphpTfisf; nfhz;lJ jkpo;> jkpoh;
mfk;> Gwk; vd;W tho;tpaYf;F ,yf;fzk; tFj;jdh;.
,yf;fpa tsk;> ,yf;fzr; rpwg;G
rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fs; jkpoh;fspd; nrhj;J> ,J 26>350 mbfisf; nfhz;lJ>
mf;fhyj;Nj ,t;tstpw;F tphpthf cUthf;fg;gl;l ,yf;fpaq;fs; NtW ve;j
nkhopapYk; ,y;iy vd;fpwhh; nrf; ehl;L
nkhop mwpQh; fkpy;Rtygpy;. khf;Rky;yh; (nrUkd;) jkpNo kpfTk; gz;gl;l
nkhopnad;Wk;
jdf;Nf
chpa
,yf;far;
nry;tq;fisg;
ngw;wpUf;Fk;
nkhopnad;Wk; ghuhl;bapUf;fpwhh; rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fis kf;fs; ,yf;fpak; vdyhk;.
nghJikg; gz;G
jkpoh; jkf;nfd thohJ gpwh;fF
; hpatiu Vw;wdh;. xd;Nw Fyk;> jPJk;
ed;Wk; gpwh;ju thuh> nrk;Gyg;ngay; ePh; Nghy md;Gs;sk; nfhz;ldh;.
eLTepiyik
rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fs; ,dk; nkhop> kjk; fle;jit. ,aw;ifNahL ,ae;jit
: cyfj;jhh; Vw;Fk; nghJf; fUj;Jf;fs; cilait>
eLtzuR 2004 mf;Nlhghpy; jkpio ,e;jpahtpd; nrk;nkhopahf mwptpj;jJ.
jpuhtpl nkhopfs;
nkhopfs

PH 04146 -226417
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,e;jpahtpy; Ngrg;gLk; nkhopf; FLk;gq;fs; ,e;Njh Mrpa nkhopfs;> jpuhtpl
nkhopfs;> M];jpNuh Mrpa nkhopfs;> rPd-jpngj;jpy; nkhopfs; vd ehd;F
nkhopf; FLk;gj;jpy; mlq;Ftd.
- ,e;jpahtpy; Mapuj;J Ke;E}Wf;Fk; Nkw;gl;l nkhopfSk; mjd; fpis
nkhopfSk; Ngrg;gLfpd;wd. Mjyhy; ,e;jpahit nkhopfspd; fhl;rpf; rhiy
vd;W Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;. r.mfj;jpaypq;fk;.
jpuhtpl nkhopf; FLk;gq;fs;
23f;F Nkw;gl;l jpuhtpl nkhopfs; eLj;jpuhtpl nkhopfs;> tljpuhtpl
nkhopfs; vd %tifaha;g; gphpg;ghh;.
njd;jpuhtpl nkhopfs;
jkpo;> kiyahsk;> fd;dlk;> FlF JS> Njhlh;> Nfhj;j> nfhufh> ,Ush
eLj;jpuhtpl nkhopfs;
njYq;F> Nfhz;b> Nfhah> $ap> $tp> Nfhyhkp gh;[p> Nfhz;lh> ehaf;fp>
ngq;Nfh> [jG.
tljpuhtpl nkhopfs;
F&f;> khy;Njh> gpuhFa;.
- jpuhtplk; vd;w nrhy;iyg; gad;ghl;bw;Ff; nfhz;L te;jth; fhy;Lnty;.
- jkpioAk; mjd; fpisnkhopfshd kiyahsk;> njYq;F> fd;dlk; Mfpa
nkhopfis xU fhyj;jpy; jkpspapd; my;yJ jKypf; vd;w mioj;jdh;.
- jpuhtplh; vd;w nrhy;Ny jkpopypUe;J cUthdJ vd;fpwhh;. <uh]; ghjphpahh;.
- jkpo; - jpukps jpuhtpl jpuhtplk; vd;W cUthapw;W vd;fpwhh; <uh];
ghjphpahh;.
- jpuhtpl jpuhtpl jpukps jkpo; vd;W cUthdJ vd;fpwhh; fhy;Lnt];.
ghlk; - 9
ciueil
kiw kiyabfs; : (1870 - 1950)
Rthkp Ntjhryk; vd;w ngaiuj; jkpo;gw;wpd; fhuzkhf kiwkiyabfs;
vd khw;wp itj;Jf; nfhz;lhh;.
- jdpj;jkpo; ,yf;fk; Njhw;Wtpj;jth;.
- Ky;iyg;ghl;L Muha;rr
; p> gl;bdg;ghiy Muha;rr
; p FwpQ;rpg;ghl;L Muha;rr
; p>
jpUf;Fws; Muha;rr
; p> rptQhdNghj Muha;rr
; p> khzpf;fthrfh; tuyhWk; fhyKk;>
jkpoh; kjk;> jpUthrf tphpTiu Kjyhd E}y;fis vOjpAs;shh;.
Nfhfpyhk;ghs; fbjk;> ehfehl;lurp Kjyhd Gjpdq;fs; rpwg;G kpf;fd. jhk;
elj;jpa; QhdNrfuk; vd;w gj;jphpf;ifia mwpTf; fly; vd;W khw;wp mikj;Jf;
nfhz;lhh;.
ghpjpkhw;fiyQh; : (1878 - 1903)

tp.Nfh. #hpa ehuhazrh];jphpghh; vd;w ngaiu ghpjpkhw;fiyQh; vd;W
khw;wp mikj;Jf; nfhz;lhh;. (jhk; ,aw;wpa jdpg;ghjuj; njhif vd;w E}ypy;
khw;wpdhh;)
gpwg;G : kJiuia mLj;j tpshr;Nrhp.
ngw;Nwhh; : Nfhtpe;j rptdhh; - ,yl;Rkp mk;khs;.
kJiuj; jkpo;rq;fk; : - 4k; jkpo;rq;fk; gh];fuNrJgjp jiyikapy;
ghz;bj;Jiuj; Njth; Kd;dpiyapy; cUthdJ. ghpjpkhw;fiyQh; c.Nt.rh.
,uhftdhh; Mfpa Nguhrphpah;fs; cjtp nra;jdh;.
- aho;gg
; hzk; rpit. jhNkhjudhh; - jpuhtpl rh];jphp vd;w gl;lj;ij toq;fpdhh;.
- &ghtjp> fyhtjp Kjypa ehlfq;fis ,aw;wpait.
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- rpj;jpuf;ftp vd;Dk; E}iy ,aw;wpdhh;.
- FkuFUguhpd; ePjpnewptpsf;fj;jpw;F ciu vOjpath;.
- ghpjpkhw;fiyQh;> K.rp. g+h;zypq;fj;jpdhy; njhlq;fp elj;jg;gl;l QhdNghjpdp
vd;Dk; ,jio elj;jpdh;. QhdNghjpdpapYk; - tpNtf rpe;jhkzpapYk; jhd;
vOjpatw;iw jkpo; tpahrq;fs; vd;w ngahpy; ntspapl;lhh;.
e.K. Ntq;flrhkp ehl;lhh; : (1884 - 1964):

rpyg;gjpfhuk;> kzpNkfiy> mfehD}W>
E}y;fSf;F ciu.
- ef;fuP h;> mfj;jpah;> fgpyh; Ma;T E}y;fs;.
- fs;sh; rhpj;jpuk; vd;w ciueil E}y;.
jpUtpisahlw;
uh.gp. NrJg;gps;is : (1896 - 1961) :

- nrhy;ypd; nry;th; vd miof;fg;gLfpwhh;.
Guhzk;
Mfpa
CUk; NgUk;> nre;jkpOk;

rpyg;gjpfhu E}y;eak;> jkpo;
nfhe;jkpOk;> jkpopd;gk;> jpUts;Sth; E}y;eak;>

tpUe;J> NtYk; tpy;Yk;> jkpo;ehl;L etkzpfs;.
- jkpo; ,d;gk; rhfpj;a mfhjkp tpUJ ngw;w Kjy; E}y; (1955)
jpU.tp.f :
jkpo;j; njd;wy;
gpwg;G: nrd;idf;F mUfpy; Js;sk;. 17.09.1953 Kjy; 26.08.1983.
ngw;Nwhh; : - tpUj;jhrydhh;> rpd;dk;ik
- fjpiuNtyhplk; jkpo; ,yf;fpak;> irt rpj;jhe;jk; gapd;whh;.
- ,tUf;F tha;ej
; ciueil kiy vd cah;ej
; J vd;fpwhh; nj.ngh. kPdhl;rp
Re;judhh;.
ciueilE}y;fs;
kdpj tho;fi
; fAk; fhe;jpabfSk;> ngz;zpd; ngUik my;yJ tho;fi
; fj;
Jizeyk;. ,kakiy my;yJ jpahdk; KUfd; my;yJ moF> irrj;JwT>
irtj;jpd; rkurk;> flTl; rhl;rpAk; jhAkhdtUk;> ,uhkypq;f Rthkpfs;
jpUTs;sk; jkpo;ehLk; ek;kho;thUk;> ehad;khh; tuyhW> jkpo; E}y;fspy;
ngsj;jk;> fhjyh? Kbah? rPhj
; pUj;jkh? vd; fld; gzp nra;J fplg;gNj>
,e;jpahTk; tpLjiyAk; jkpo;rN
; rhiy> cs;nshsp>
nra;As; E}y;fs; :
KUfd; mUs;Ntl;ly;> jpUkhy; mUs; Ntl;ly;> fpwp];Jtpd; mUs;
Ntl;ly;> mUfd; mUNf chpik Ntl;ly;> nghJik Ntl;ly;> nghUSk; mUSk;
my;yJ khh;ff
; paKk; fhe;jpaKk;.
,jo;fs;
Njrgf;jd;> etrf;jp
- jhd; jsuhj tajpy; K.t. cjtpAld; tsh;rr
; pAk; tho;Tk; my;yJ gLf;if
gpjw;wy; ntwpapl;lhh;.
itahGhpg;gps;
; s
psi
- jkpo; Ngufuhjp gjpg;gpw;Fj; jiyik tfpj;jth;.
- Gwj;jpul;L vd;w E}ypd; Mrphpah;.
- Ma;T newpKiwfisj; jkpOf;F mwpKfk; nra;jth;.
- Mq;fpyj;jpy; jkpo;nkhop ,yf;fpa tuyhW vOjpath;.
gilg;Gfs; :
,yf;fpak; jPgk;> ,yf;fpa cjak;> ,yf;fpar; rpe;jidfs;> nrhw;fiy
tpUe;J>
fhyhq;fhyk;>
jkpo;rR
; lh;
kzpfs;>
jkpoh;
gz;ghL>
,yf;fpar;
rpe;jidfs;> cyf ,yf;fpaq;fs.;
ghlk; - 10
PH 04146 -226417
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c.Nt.rhkpehj Iah;> nj.ngh. kPdhl;rp Re;judhh;

; zp njhlh;ghd nra;jpfs;.
rp. ,yf;Ftdhh; - jkpo;gg
c.Nt. rhkpehj Iah;
Iah; :
gpwe;j Ch; - jpUth&h; khtl;lj;jpy; cs;s cj;jk jhdGuk; - 19.02.1855
28.04.1942 tiu
,aw;ngah; - Ntq;fluj;jpdk;
Mrphpah; ngah; - kfhtpj;Jthd; kPdhl;rp Re;juk;gps;is.
Mrphpah; itj;j ngah; - rhkpehjd; - Mjdhy; mth;
cj;jkjhdGuk; ntq;flRg;gptpd; kfdhh; rhkpehjd; vd;gjd; RUf;fNk c.Nt.rh
vd;W miof;fg;gl;lhh;.
gjpg;gpj;j E}y;fs; :
vl;Lj;njhif 8
J}J 6
gj;Jg;ghl;L 8
ntz;gh E}y;fs; - 13
rPtfrpe;jhkzp 1
me;jhjp 3
rpyg;gjpfhuk; - 1
guzp 2
kzpNkfiy 1
Kk;kzpj;Njhif 2
Guhzq;fs; 0 12
,ul;il kzpkhiy 2
cyh 9
gpw gpuge;jq;fs; - 4
Nfhit 6
FwpQ;rpg;ghl;ilg; gjpg;gpf;Fk; NghJ Njkhk;g+ nrk;kzpg+> ngU%q;fpw;g+ vd;Dk;
thpfs; rpije;jpUe;jd. jUkGu Mjpd klj;jpypUe;J ngUKaw;rpf;F gpwF
fpilj;j VLfspd; %yk; c.Nt.rh fz;lwpe;J gjpg;gpj;jhh;.
- tho;fi
; f tuyhW vd; ehpjk; vd;w ngahpy; vOjpdhh; (njhluhf Mde;j
tpfldpy; vOjpdhh;)
- c.Nt.rh mth;fspd; epidthf 1942 y; nrd;id ngrd;l; efhpy; c.Nt.rh.
E}y; epiyak; njhlq;fg;gl;lJ ,d;Wk; nray;gLfpwJ.
- eLtiuR 2006-k; Mz;L mQ;ry; jiy ntspaplhJ.
nj.ngh.kPdhl;rp Re;judhh;
udhh.;
(fhyk; 1901 - 1981) njd;gl;bdk;> fhQ;rpGuk; khtl;lk;> je;ij
nghd;Drhkp fpuhkzp
gilg;Gfs; : fhdy;thp> FyNrfuh;> Fbkf;fs;
fhg;gpak;> gpwe;jJ vg;gbNah Kjyhd ,tuJ E}y;fs;>
- kJiu fhkuh[h; gy;fiyf; fofj;jpd; Kjy; JizNte;jh; (1966 - 1971)
- 1976-y; gj;kg+rd; tpUJ ngw;whh;.
- nkhop tpsf;f ,ay;JiwapYk; xg;gpyf;fpaJiwapYk; <Lgl;lhu;.
rp. ,yf;Ftdhh;
,aw;ngah; . rp.,yl;Rkzd;
gpwg;G : 17.11.1909-03.09.1973
ngw;Nwhh; : rpq;fhuNtyh; - ,uj;jpdk; mk;ikahh;
gpwe;j ,lk; :
tha;NkL> Ntjuhz;ak; tl;lk;> ehfg;gl;bzk; khtl;lk;.
ngw;w gl;
l;lq;fs; :
Kj;jkpo; fhtyh; - nre;jkpo; khkzp> gapw;rp nkhopf; fhtyh; jkpoh; jsgjp>
,yf;fzr; nrk;ky;> jkpo; mhpkh> ,Ughjk; E}w;whz;L njhy; fhg;gpah;>
,uz;lhk;ef;fuP h;> ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;L ,sNfhtbfs;> Fws; newpf;fhtyh;.
,jo;fs; : rq;f ,yf;fak; rpWfij tbtpYk; Xuq;f ehlfq;fshfTk;
rq;fg;ghlypy; mwpKfk; nra;jhh;.
PH 04146 -226417
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gilg;Gfs; :
,yf;Ftdhupd; njhy;fhg;gpa Ma;Tk; nkhopngau;gG
; k;>
Ma;T> FwSiu> ,yf;Ftdhupd; ftpijg; gilg;Gfs;.
rq;f
,yf;fpa
ghlk; - 11
Njt Neag; ghthzh;
ghthzh;
jkpopd; njhd;ikia cyfwpar; nra;jth; fhy;Lnty;> jdpj;jkpOf;F tpj;jpl;lth;
ghpjp khw;fiyQh; jkpioj; jiof;f nra;j nrk;ky; kiwkiyabfs;. jkpio
Mnyd tsh;j;J khz;Gwr; nra;jth; NjtNeag; ghthzh;.
- nkhop QhapW> jdpj;jkpo; Cw;W> nre;jkpo; QhapW>
,yf;fpag; ngl;lfk;> ,yf;fzr; nrk;ky;> jkpo;
milnkhopfshy; miof;fg;gLfpwhh;.
-
khdq;
fhj;jth;
vd;w
cyf Kjd;nkhop jkpo; : ,e;jpa nkhopfSf;F %yKk; NtUk; jkpo;>

jpuhtpl nkhopfSf;Fj; jha;nkhop jkpo; vd epWtpah;.
- cyfpd; Kjy; khe;jd; jkpod; : Njhd;wpa ,lk; Fkhpf; fz;lNk vd;gJk;

nkhfq;rjhuh> `ug;gh ehfhpfk; goe;jkpoh; ehfhpfk; vd;gJk; ghthzhpd; $w;W.
- jkpio tlnkhop ty;yhz;ikapypUe;Jk; kPlg
; jw;fhfNt ,iwtd; vd;idg;
gilj;jhd; vd;W $wpdhh;.
ngw;Nwhh; : QhdKj;J ghpg+uzk;
Ch; - rq;fud; Nfhtpy;
tho;fi
; f : 07.02.1902 Kjy; 15.01.1981 tiu
- nre;jkpo;r; nry;th;> nre;jkpo; QhapW> jkpo;gn
; gUq;fhtyh; vd 174 rpwg;Gg;
ngah;fs;.
Njt Neag; ghthzhpd; gilg;Gfs; :
jkpo; tuyhW> Kjy; jha;nkhop> jkpo;ehl;L tpisahl;Lfs;> jkpoh;
jpUkzk;> tlnkhop tuyhW> jkpoh; kjk;> kz;zpNy tpz;> gz;ilj; jkpoh;
ehfhpfKk; gz;ghLk;> cah;juf; fl;Liu ,yf;fz nrhy;yhuhar;rpf; fl;Liufs;>
jpUf;Fws; gug;Giu
- nrhw;gpwg;gpay; mfu Kjyp njhFg;Gfis ntsp nfhzh;ej
; hh;.
- Njt Neag; ghthzh; ngahpy; nrd;id mz;zhrhiyapy; khtl;l ika
E}yfk; nray;gLfpwJ.
- ghthzh; Nfhl;lk;> mth; KO cUtr; rpiy> mth; ngahpy; E}yfk; Nghd;wit
mth;
gzpahw;wpa
,uhrghisaj;jpw;F
mUfpy;
Kwk;G
vd;w
,lj;jpy;
mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
- 05.01.1981 md;W kJiuapy; eilngw;w Ie;jhtJ cyfj; jkpo; khehl;by;
khe;jd; Njhw;wKk; jkpoh; kuGk; vd;w jiyg;gpy; mth; Mw;wpa nrhw;nghopT
mthpd; filrp nrhw;nghopT.
ghtyNuW ngUQ;rpj;jpudhh;
pudhh;
,aw;ngah; : khzpf;fk;
Ch; - Nryk; khtl;lj;jpYs;s rKj;jpuk;
ngw;Nwhh; - Jiurhkp FQ;rk;khs;
fhyk; - 10.03.1933 11.06.1995

PH 04146 -226417
170
E}y;fs; : fdpr;rhW> Iia> nfha;ahf; fdp> ghtpaf; nfhj;J> gs;spg; gwitfs;>
E}whrphpak;
- ghNte;jh; ghujpjhrdpd; jiy khzhf;fh;
,jo;fs; : Njd;nkhop> jkpo;rr
; l
P L
; > jkpo; epyk; gs;spg;gwitfs; vd;w E}y;
FQ;RfSf;F> gwitfSf;F> kzpnkhop khiy vd;Dk; %d;W gphpTfshf
mike;Js;sJ.
ghlk; - 12
[p.A.Nghg; jkpo;jn
; jhz;L
KOg;ngah; - [pahh;[; Af;Nsh Nghg;
ngw;Nwhh; - [hd; Nghg; - nfjhpd; Ashg;
fhyk; : 24.4.1820 11.02.1908 gpwe;j ,lk;: gpuhd;R ehl;L vl;th;L jPT (,d;W
fdlh)
Nghg;gpd; jikadhh; fpwpj;jt rkaj;ij gug;Gk; rka FUthfg; gzpahw;wpath;.
- 1842 Kjy; 1849 k; Mz;L tiu fy;tpg; gzpAk; rkag; gzpAk; Mw;wpa Nghg;>
,q;fpyhe;Jf;F nrd;whh;. 1850 k; Mz;by; jpUkzk; nra;J kPzL
; k; jkpohfk;
te;jJ jQ;rht+hpy; rkag; gzpahw;wpdhh;.
- ,e;jpad; rQ;rpif> ,e;jpahtpd; njhy;nghUs; Ma;T Kjyhd VLfspy;
GwehD}W> Gwg;nghUs; ntz;gh khiy> jkpo;gG
; yth; tuyhW Nghd;wtw;iw
vOjpdhh;.
- Elementary Tamil Grammer vd;w jkpo; ,yf;fz E}y; ntspapl;lhh;.
- jkpo; Mq;fpy mfuhjp> Mq;fpy mfuhjp> Mq;fpyk; - jkpo; mfuhjp ntspapl;lhh;.
- jpUf;Fws;> ehybahh;> jpUthrfk; Gwg;gnghUs; ntz;gh khiy> kzpNkfiy>
rptQhd Nghjj;ij Mq;fpyj;jpy; nkhop ngah;jj
; hh;.
- jpUthrfj;jpw;F cUfh;> xU thrfj;jpw;Fk; cUfhh; vd;W Fwpg;gpl;lhh;.
- jdJ fy;yiwapy; ,q;Nf xU jkpo; khztd; cwq;fpf; nfhz;bUf;fpwhd; vd
vOj Ntz;Lnkd jdJ ,WjpKwpapy; (capy;) vOjp itj;jhh;.
tuP kh Kdpth;
,aw;ngah; : fhd;]l
; hz;bd; N[hrg; ng];fp
gpwg;G - ,j;jhyp ehL.
jkpo; nkhopg; gw;wpdhy; fhd;]l
; hz;bd; vd;w ngaiu ijupadhjh; vd;W khw;wp
itj;jhu;. jkpo; mwpQh;fs; ,jid tPukh Kdpth; vd;W khw;wp itj;jdh;.
- Njk;ghtzp ghbath; (,NaRtpd; tsh;gG
; j; je;ijahd J}atsdhh; kPjhd
ghly;)
- rJufuhjp vd;w mfuKjypia jkpOf;F Kjd; Kjyhf toq;fpdhh;. (rJh; ehd;F. ngah;> nghUs;> njhif> njhil vd;Dk; ehd;F epiy nfhz;lJ ,jdhy;
jkpo; mfuhjpfspd; Kd;Ndhb vd;w miof;fg;gLth;.)
- jkpo; vOj;J thp tbtj;ij jpUj;jp vOj;J rPhj
; pUj;jk; nra;jhh;.
- Fl;bj;njhy;fhg;gpak; vd;Dk; njhd;D}y; tpsf;fj;ijg; gilj;jhh;. ,jdhy;
nre;jkpo; Njrpfd; vd miof;fg;gLfpwhh;.
- fyk;gfk; mk;khid KJypa rpw;wpypaf;fq;fis ,aw;wpdhh;. jpUf;fhty;hf
;
fyk;gfk;> fpj;Njhpak;kd; mk;khid> milf;fy ehafp ntz; fypg;gh>
md;id mOq;fy; me;jhjp> fUzhfug; gjpfk; Kjyhd rpw;wpyf;fpaq;fis
,aw;wpAs;shh;.
- gukhh;jj
;
FU fij vd;Dk; eifr;Rit kpFe;j fijia vOjpdhh;. ,J
jkpopd; Kjy; vs;sy; ,yf;fpak;.
- Ngr;Rj; jkpo; gw;wpa nfhLe;jkpo; ,yf;fzk; gilj;jth;.
ghlk; - 13
PH 04146 -226417
171
nghpahh; :
njhz;L nra;J gOj;j gok;
J}ajhb khh;gpy; tpOk;
kz;ilr; Rug;ig cyF njhOk;
kdf;Fifapy; rpWj;ij vOk;
vd;W nghpahh; gw;wp ghNte;jh; ghujpjhrd; ghbdhh;.
ngz;Zhpik>
ngz;fSf;F
nrhj;Jhpik>
ngz;fSf;F
Nghd;wtw;iw typAWj;jpdhh;.
muRg;
gzp
- %l ek;gpf;iffs; Njitaw;w rlq;Ffis vjph;jj

; hh;.
- kzpf;nfhil kWg;G> ifk;ik xopg;G (tpjitfs; kWkzk;) Nghd;wtw;iw
typAWj;jpdhh;.
- xOf;fnkd;gJk;>
,Uf;fl;Lk; vd;whh;.
fw;ngd;gJk;>
Mz;fs;>
ngz;fs;
,UtUf;Fk;
nghJthf
mz;zh :
- jpuhtpl Kd;Ndw;wf; fofj;ij njhlq;fpath;
- 1967 Kjy; 1969 tiu Kjyikr;rh;
rpWfijfs; :
gyhgyd;> RL%Q;rp> md;djhdk;> Nga;> xbg;Nghr;R> ,Uguk;giufs;> #jhb>
nrt;thio jQ;ir tPor
; r
; p> gpb rhk;gy;> Gyp efk;> uh[hjp uh[h nrhh;ff
; j;jpy;
eufk;.
ehty;fs; :
Fkhpf;Nfhl;lk;>
ghh;tjp
gp.V.
uqNfhd;
uhjh>
fNghjpGuf;
fhjy;>
Fkh];jhtpd; ngz;> fypq;fuhzp.
ehlfq;fs; :
ePjp Njtd;kaf;fk;> re;jpuNkhfd;> Xh; ,uT> Ntiyf;fhhp> re;jpNuhjak;>
,d;g xsp> nrhh;ff
; thry;> fz;zhapuj;jpd; cyfk;.
fbj ,yf;fpak; - jk;gpf;F (K.t.Tk; jk;gpf;F vd fbj ,yf;fpak; vOjpath;.)
Ma;T E}y;fs; nrhw;nghopTfs; : V jho;e;j jkpofNk: jkpohpd; kWkyh;rr
; p> #hpa
khia> NuhkhpGup uhzpfs;> fk;gurd;> jP gutl;Lk;.
,jo;fs; : jpuhtpl ehL> fhQ;rp
gRk;nghd; Kj;Juhkypq;fj; Njth;

ngw;Nwhh; cf;fpu ghz;bad; - ,e;jpuhzp mk;ikahh;
fhyk; : 30.10.1908 Kjy; 30.10.1963 Mrphpah; - Fiwtw thrpj;jhd; gps;is.
jkpo;> Mq;fpyk; ty;yik ngw;wth;. rpyk;gk; Fjpiu Vw;wk;> Jg;ghf;fp RLjy;>
Nrhjplk;> kUj;Jtk; Nghd;wtw;iwf; fw;wwpe;jth;.
- epyf;fpohh; xopg;G> Mya EioT Nghuhl;lj;jpy; Kd;dpd;wth;.
- rkge;jp Kiwia Cf;fkspj;jhh;.
Fw;wk;guk;giur; rl;lj;ij ePff
; pg; ghLg;gl;lhh;.
-
Mq;fpNya muR tl ,e;jpahtpy; jpUfUf;F thag;g+l;Lr; rl;lk; Nghl;lJ

Nghy; njd;dhl;by; jpyfUf;F ,l;lJ.
- Njrpak;fhj;j nrk;ky; vd;W jpU.tp.fh ,tiug; ghuhl;bAs;shh;.

- 1937> 1976> 1952> 1957> 1962 Njh;jy;fspy; ntw;wp ngw;wth;.
PH 04146 -226417
172
- nja;tf
P k;> Njrpak; vd ,uz;ilAk; ,U fz;fshfg; Nghw;wpath;.
- Ntjhe;j gh];fh;> gpuzt Nfrhp> rd;khh;ff
; rz;lkhUj ,e;J Gj rka Nkij
vdg; ghuhl;L ngw;wth;.
-
tpNtfhde;jhpd;
J}juhf>
Nejh[papd;
jsgjpahf
rj;jpa
rPyuhf>
KUfgf;uhf> Md;kpf Gj;uhf jkpoghLk; rpj;juhf> njd;ghz;br; rPikapd;
Kb#lh kd;duhf ePjp toth Neh;ikahsuhf> Gyikapy; fgpyuhf
typikapy; fhpfhydhf nfhilapy; fh;zzhf gf;jpapy; guk`k;ruhf
,e;jpaj; jhapd; ed;kfdhf tho;ej
; th; Kj;Juhkypq;fh;.
kdpjdpd; kdepiyia ,Us;> kUs;> njUs;> mUs; vdf; Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;.
mk;Ngj;fh; :
,aw;ngah; : gPkhuht; uhk;[P
ngw;Nwhh; : ,uhk;[p rf;ghy; - gPkhgha;
fhyk; - 14.4.1891 6.12.1956
Kjy; chpikg; Nghh; :
1927 khh;r; 20
vLf;Fk; Nghuhl;lk;.
kuhl;baj;jpy;
kfhj;Jk
Fsj;jpy;
elj;jg;gl;l
jz;zhP ;
tl;lNkir khehL :
1930 Kjy; khel;by; miutapw;Wf; fQ;rpf;F my;yw;gLk; Cikfspd;
cWg;gpddhf ehd; NgRfpwd;. vd;W jd; fUj;ijj; njhlq;fpdhh;. %d;W
tl;lNkir khehLfspy; fye;J nfhz;lhh;.
- murpay; rl;lj;ij cUthf;Fk; vOth;
,e;jpahtpw;fhd rl;lj;ij cUthf;fpdhh;.
FOtpd;
jiytuhf
,Ue;J
- murpay; rl;lj;ij cUthf;Fk; vOth;

,e;jpahtpw;fhd rl;lj;ij cUthf;fpdhh;.
FOtpd;
jiytuhf
,Ue;J
- 1946-,y; kf;fs; fy;tpf; fofj;ijj; njhlq;fpdhh; ,d;W rpj;jhh;jj

; h cah;
fy;tp epiyakhf tsh;rr
; p mile;Js;sJ.
- ,th; vOjpa ,e;jpahtpd; Njrpa gq;F tPjk; vd;w E}y; nghUshjhuj;jpy;
,tUf;F cs;s Gyikia ntspg;gLj;jpaJ.
- mk;Ngj;fh; cyfj; jiyth;fSs; xUth;. gFj;jpwTr; nrk;ky;. Muha;rr
; papd;
rpfuk;> kf;fspd; khngUk; topfhl;b vd;W nghpahh; ghuhl;bAs;shh;.
- 1990 k; Mz;L ,e;jpa muR ghuj uj;dh tpUJ toq;fpaJ.
fhkuh[h;
ngw;Nwhh; : Fkhurhkp rptfhkp mk;ikahh;
fhyk; - 15.07.1903 Kjy; 2.10.1972
nka;fz;lhd; Gj;jfrhiy vd;w E}y; epiyak; nrd;W
neg;Nghypad; MfpNahhpd; tho;fi
; f tuyhw;iwg; gbj;jhh;.
,nydpd;>

PH 04146 -226417
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173
- ,sikapy; fhq;fpurpy; Nrh;ej
; hh;. irkd; FO vjph;gG
; > cg;G rj;jpahfpufk;>
nts;isaNd ntspNaW Mfpa Nghuhl;lq;fspy; gq;F nfhz;lhh;.
- 1939-y; jkpo;ehl;Lf; fhq;fpuRf; fl;rpapd; jiyth;.
- 1945 y; gpufhrk; mikr;ruit> Nk 1947-y; xke;J}h;,uhkrhkp ,ikr;ruitAk;
1979 Fkhurhkp mikr;ruit cUthf;ff; fhuzkhf ,Ue;jhh;. mjdhy;
jiyth;fis cU$hf;Fgth; vd;W miof;fg;gl;lhh;.
-
1954-y; Kjyikr;rh; gjtp 1963-y; gjtpia tpl;L tpyfpdhh; (fhkuhrh;

jpl;lk; %yk;)
njhopy; Kd;Ndw;wk; :
- fpz;b mk;gj;J}h;>
mikj;jy;.
,uhzpg;Ngl;il
Kjypa
,lq;fspy;
njhopw;Nghl;ilfs;
- nea;Ntyp epyf;fhp Ruq;fj; njhopw;rhiy> ,e;J];jhd; Nghl;Nlh gpypk;

njhopw;rhiy> fpz;b mWitr; rpfpr;irf; fUtpj;njhopw;rhiy>rh;ff
; iu Miy>
Nrhlh cg;Gj; njhopw;rhiy> rpnkz;l; njhopw;rhiy> Mtb ,uapy;Nt thfdj;
njhopw;rhiy> Nkl;^h;f; fhfpjj;njhopw;rhiy Kjypad ,tuJ Ml;rpapy;
njhlq;fpd.
- Ntshz;ikf;nfd ghrd trjpfs; nra;ag;gl;ld.
- ,th; fhyj;jpy; $l;LwT ,af;fk; Nt&d;wpaJ. fy;tpg; Gul;rp.
- njhlf;fg; gs;spfspy; kjpa czTj; jpl;lk;
- gs;sp Ntiy ehl;fs; 180-y; ,Ue;J 200 ehl;fshf cah;j;jg;gl;lJ.
- gs;sp rPuikg;G khehLfs;
- cah;epiyg; gs;sp tiu ,ytrf; fy;tp
- xt;nthU khtl;lj;jpYk; njhopw; El;gf; fy;Y}hp njhlq;fg;gl;lJ.
jQ;rht+h;g;
gz;izahs;
ghJfhg;Gr;
rl;lj;ij
jpUj;jp
nra;Ak;njhopyhspf;F 60& gq;F fpilf;f toptif nra;jhh;.
- 1963-y; GtNdRth; khehl;by; mfpy ,e;jpa fhq;fpuR jiyth;.
rhFgb
ghlk; - 14
jkpofk; - CUk; NgUk;
,aw;ifNahL ,iae;J tho;e;j jkpo; kf;fs; jhq;fs; tho;ej
; gFjpf;F Ch; vd;W
ngahpl;ldh;.
- ghgpNyhd; mUfpy; Ch; vd;Dk; ngahpy; xU efuKk; Ch; ek;K vd;Dk; CUk;
cs;sJ.
- epytiff; Nfw;g fhl;^h;> kiyas+h;> kUJ}h;> flY}h; vdg; ngahpl;ldh;.
FwpQ;rp epy Ch;fs;
kiyapd; mUNf cs;s Ch;fSf;F Midkiy> rpWkiy> jpUz;zhkiy>
ehfkiy> ts;spkiy> tpuhypkiy vdg; gy Ch;fs; cs;sd.
Fd;iw
mLj;Js;s
Ch;fs;
Fd;W}h;
Fd;wj;J}h;>
Fd;wf;Fb
vd
toq;fg;gLfpwJFl;lg; ghiw> rpg;gpg; ghiw> g+k;ghiw> kl;lg;ghiw> kzg;ghiw
thy;ghiw vdg; ngah;fs; cs;sd.
- kiyia Fwpf;Fk; tlr;nrhy; fphp> ,jidnahl;b fpU~;zfphp Nfhj;jfphp>
rptfphp> epyfphp vd cs;sdh;.
PH 04146 -226417
174
- FwpQ;rp epy kf;fs; gpw ,lq;fspy; jq;fpa NghJk; jk; epyg; ngaiu kwf;fhJ
Mo;thh;Fwpr;rp> fy;ypilf; FwpQ;rp> fs;sf;Fwpr;rp> nkhlf; Fwpr;rp vdg;
ngahpl;lLs;sdh;. FwpQ;rp vd;Dk; nrhy;Ny kUtp Fwpr;rpahapw;W.
Ky;iy epy Ch;fs;.
mj;jp (Mh;) kuq;fs; #oe;j Ch; Mh;ff
; hL vdTk;> My kuq;fs; epiwe;j
Ch; Myq;fhL> vdTk; fshr; nrb epiwe;j gFjp fshf;fhL ,Nj Nghy;
khq;fhL> gidaGuk;> fhl;bd; eLtpy; tho;ej
;
kf;fs; tpyq;Ffspy; ,Ue;J
jk;ikf;
fhghgw;w
Ntyp
fl;bg;
ghJfhj;jdh;.
mt;t+h;fs;
gl;b
ghb
vd;wiof;fg;gLfpwJ. Ml;ilahk;gl;b> fhspg;gl;b>Nfhtpy;gl;b> rpW$ly;gl;b> rpd;d
nfhy;gl;b> nghpa nfhy;gl;b Kjypa Ch;fs; cs;sd.
kUj epy Ch;fs;
epy tsKk; ePo; tsKk; gaph; tsKk; nrwpe;j kUjeyf; FbapUg;Gk; Ch;
vd;Nw toq;fg;gl;lJ.
- MW ghAk; Ch; Mw;W}h; ,J kUtp Mj;J}h; vd toq;FfpwJ.
- flk;gkuk; #o;ej
; gFjp flk;g+h;> flk;gj;J}h;
- njd;id #o;ej
;
gFjp njq;$h; Gspakuq;fs; #o;ej
;
gFjp Gspaq;Fb>
Gspaq;Fsk;> Gspak;gl;b vd;W cs;sJ.
- Fsk;> Vhp> CUzp Kjypa ePh; epiyfis cUthf;fp mtw;NwhL
Ch;gn
; gah;fisAk; ,izj;jdh;. rPtyg;Nghp> Gspaq;Fsk;> Nguht+uzp> khq;Fsk;>
Ntg;Nghp vd;gd rpy.
nea;jy; epy Ch;fs;
flw;fiuapy; cUthd Ng&h;fs; gl;bdk; vdTk; rpw;W}h;fs; ghf;fk; vdTk;
ngah; ngw;wpUe;jd. neba flw;fiuia cila efh;fs; fPof;fiu> Nrhbaf;fiu
ePyhq;fiu vdg; ngah; ngw;wd. kPdth; thokplq;fs; Fg;gk; vd;Dk; ngaiug;
ngWfpd;wd.
muRk; Ch;fSk; :
Nfhl;il> #otpUe;j Ch;fs; fe;jh;tf;Nfhl;il> Nfhl;il> Njtf;Nfhl;il>
ehl;lurd;Nfhl;il> ePyf;Nfhl;il> gl;Lf;Nfhl;il> GJf;Nfhl;il vdg; gy Ch;fs;
cs;sd.
jpir :
jpirapd; gb fPOh;> NkY}h;> njd;goQ;rp> tlgoQ;rp
ghisaq;fs; :
ehaf;f kd;dh;fs; 72 ghisaq;fshf ehl;il Mz;ldh;. mjd;gb
Mug;ghisak;>
,uhrg;ghisak;>
fzf;fk;
ghisak;>
Fkhughisak;>
Nkl;Lg;ghisak; vdTk; gy.
- fhyg;Nghf;fpy; ngah;fs; gy rpijj;J NghAs;sd.
- fy;ntl;Lfspy; cs;s kjpiu kUijahf khwp kJiuahf
Nfhtd;Gj;J}h; Nfhak;Gj;J}h; Mf khwp,d;W Nfhitahd khwpAs;sJ.
khwpaJ.
ghlk; - 15
cyfshtpa jkpoh;fs;
fy; Njhd;wp kz;Njhd;whf; fhyj;Nj
tdnshL Kd;Njhd;wp %j;j Fb
-Gwg;nghUs; ntz;ghkhiy.
-154 ehLfspy; jkpopdk; gutpAs;sJ 20 ehLfspy;
jkpoh;fs; tho;fpd;wdh;.
,yl;rj;jpw;Fk;
Nkw;gl;l
jpiuflNyhbAk; jputpak; NjL vd;whh; xsitahh; rhJtd;

nra;Ak; nghUl;L fly; fle;J nrd;w Fwpg;G kzpNkfiyapy;
thzpgk;
cs;sJ.
jkpoh; Gyk; ngauf; fhuzq;fs; :

PH 04146 -226417
175
Mq;fpNyah;fs;> gpypQRf;fhuh;fs; jkpoh;fis mbikfshf;fp $ypfshf gy
ehLfSf;Fk;
mioj;Jr;
nrd;wdh;.
gQ;rj;jpd;
fhuzkhfTk;
me;epyg;
gilnaLg;gpd; fhuzkhfTk; jkpofj;ij tpl;Lr; nrd;whh;fs;.
gz;ghl;L epiy :
rpq;fg;g+h;> kNyhrpah> gpdhq;Fj;jPT Mfpa jPTfspy; Nfhtpy;fs; fl;b
topghL nra;fpd;wdh;. rpwpa hPa+dpad; jPtpy; ngUk;ghd;ik jkpoh;fNs mth;fs;
gpnuQ;Rf;fhuhh;fshy;
GJr;Nrhp>
fhiuf;fhy;
gFjpapy;
,Ue;J
Fbakh;jj
; g;gl;lth;fs;.
nkhopepiy :
,yq;ifapy; 95% f;F Ngh; njhlf;fg;gs;sp Kjy; gy;fiyf;fofk; tiu
jkpopNyNa fy;tp gapy;fpd;wdh;.
GJr;Nrhp> rpq;fg;g+h;> nkhhprpaR> kNyurpah> gp[pj;jT
P fs;> njd; mnkhpf;fh>
fdlh> gphpl;ld; Mfpa ehLfspy; jkpo; xU ghlkhff; fw;gpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
- mnkhpf;f ehl;Lg; Nguhrphpah;fs; tp.v];.,uh[d;. [hh;[.; vy;.`hh;l;> nfsry;ah
`hh;l;> rpk;.ypz;l; N`hk;> ,e;jpuh> ehh;kd;> `hy; rpg;Nkd;> lgps;a+> FNshj;jp>
N[k;];
gpuhq;Nfh>
kiwe;j
Nguhrphpah;
V.Nfh.
,uhkD[k;
Kjypahh;
jkpOf;Fj;njhz;lhw;wp cs;sdh;.
jkpo; Ml;rpnkhop :
,yq;if> rpq;fg;g+h;> kNyrpahtpy; Ml;rp nkhopahf cs;sJ.
ghlk; - 16
jkpo;nkhopapy; mwptpay; rpe;jidfs;
idfs;
Md;k ,ay; NgRk; jpUthrfk; tpz;zpaiyAk; NgRfpwJ.
Mz;lg; gFjpapd; cz;ilg; gpwf;Fk;
msg;gUe;j jd;ik tsg;ngUq;fhl;rp
xd;wDf; nfhd;W ePdn
; wopy; gfhd;
E}w;nwhU Nfhbapd; Nkw;gl tphpe;jd. ,e;jg; ghlypy; ngUntbg;Gf; nfhs;ifapd;
gb Nguz;lk; tphpe;J epw;gij khzpf;fthrfh; Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;.
- cyfk; vd;w nrhy; cyT vd;gjd; mbahfg; gpwe;jJ. cyT vd;why; Rw;Wjy;
vd;W nghUs; vydk; jd;idAk; QhapiwAk; Rw;wp tpLfpwJ.
- Qhyk; vd;w nrhy; Qhy; vd;Dk; nrhy;ygbahfg; gpwe;jJ. Qhy; vd;why;
njhq;Fjy; vd;W nghUs; cyfk; gw;Wf; Nfhbd;wp mz;lntspapy; njhq;Ftij
Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
- ty;td; Vth thD}h;jp (Gwk; - 27) tpkhdp ,y;yhj tpkhdj;ijf; Fwpf;fpwJ.
,J nraw;iff; Nfhshf ,Ue;jpUf;fyhk;.
- thdj;jpy; fhw;wpy;yhg; gFjpAk; cz;L vd;gij twpJ epiy ,a
fhaKk;(Gwk; 30) vd;w ghly; thp czh;j;Jk;.
- fUk;igg; gpoptjw;Fk; ve;jpuq;fs; ,Ue;jjhf gjpw;Wg;gj;jpd; jPkg
; pop ve;jpuk;
ge;jy; tUe;j vd;w thpapd; %yk; czuyhk;.
-
epyj;jpy; ,Ue;J ePiu cwpQ;rp ,iwf;Fk; Mo;Jis fpzW me;jf;

fhyj;jpy; ,Ue;jpUf;fyhk; vd;gij me;jf; NfzpAk; ve;jpuf; fpzWk;
vd;Dk; ngUq;fij thpapd; %yk; czuyhk;. ngUq;fijapy; tUk;
ve;jpahid fpNuf;f njhd;kj;jpy; Fwpg;gplg;gLk; buha; NghUld; ,ize;Jg;
Ngrg;gLk; ve;jpuf; FjpiuAld; xj;jJ.
fdpktpay; mwpT
rpyg;gjpfhuk; gy;tif kzpfisAk; mjd; jd;ikfisAk; tpsf;FfpwJ.
Ch; fhz; fhijahy;
xUikj; Njhw;wj;J INtW tdg;gpd;
,yq;Ffjph; tpLck; eyq;nfO kzpfSk; gh
PH 04146 -226417
176
vd;Dk; thpfspy; Itif kzpfSk; xsptpLk; jpwj;jdhy; ntt;NtW ngah;fisg;
ngw;whYk; mtw;wpd; %yg;nghUs; xd;Nw.
kz;zpay; mwpT :
epwj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; nrk;kz; vd;Dk; (,jidr; nrk;Gyg; ngay; ePh;
Nghy vd;Dk; FWe;njhif thp czh;jJ
; k;) cth; epyk;> kpFe;j ePiug;
ngw;wpUe;Jk; gad;jUtjpy;iy. ,jid mfy;tply; nghope;Jk; cWkplj; Jjth
cth;epyk; vd;Dk; GwehD}w;W thpfs; Gyg;gLj;Jfpd;wd.
vjw;F gad;glh epyk; fsh;epyk; ,jidg; gapthf; fsuidaph; fy;yhjth;
vd;fpwhh; jpUts;@h;
mZtpay; mwpT :
mZitg; gphpf;f KbAk; vd;w fUj;J gy fhyj;jpw;F Kd;Ng jkpopy;
,lk; ngw;W cs;sJ.
xsit mZitj; Jisj;J Vo;fliyg; Gfl;b vd;W Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;.
fk;gh; - Ch; mZtpidf; rj $wpl;l NfhzpDk; Cd; vd;W Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;.
ePhpay; mwpT
ePh; kioahf kz;zpw;F tUtJk; Mtpahfp tpz;zpw;Fr; nry;tJkhd
Row;rp vf;fhyj;Jk; epfo;e;J nfhz;bUg;gJ ,jid jpUts;@th;.
neLq;flYk; jd;dhP i
; k Fd;Wk; jbe;njopyp
jhd;ey;fh jhfp tpbd;.
Fws; : 17
vd;w Fwspy; Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;.
kUj;Jt mwpT :
clk;gpd; moptpd; capuhh; mopth; vd;ghh;
jpU%yh;.
kUe;jhfpj;jg;gh kuj;jw;why; vd;Dk; jpUf;Fws; thp> jkpo; kUj;Jtj;jpd;
njhd;ikia vOj;jpak;Gk;
kUj;njd Ntz;lhthk; ahf;iff;F mUj;jpahJ
mw;wJ Nghw;wp czpd;.
- Fws; : 942
vd;w Fws; kUj;Jt cz;ikiaj; njhptpf;fpwJ.
mWit kUj;Jtk;
tk :
fz;zpke; jg;gpa fz;zg;gd; tuyhW CDf;F Cd; vd;w nra;jpiaAk;.
clk;gpil Njhd;wpq; nwhd;iw mW;jjd; cjpuk; Cw;w mly; cwr;Rl;L
NtNwhh; kUj;jpdhy; Jauk; jPht
; h; vd;Dk; fk;gh; thf;F. mWit kUj;J$j;ij
nka;gg
; pf;fpd;wd.
- kzpNkfiyapd; Njhop Rkjpapd; je;ijia khL Kl;bajhy; mthpd; Fly;
rhpe;jJ rhpe;j Fliyg; Gj;jj; Jwtpah; rhp nra;j nra;jpia kzpNkfiy
vLj;Jiuf;fpwJ.
- jpUthrf thpfspy; tUk; Gy;yhfpg; g+lha; vd;w thpfs; %yk; ghpzhk
tsh;rr
; p fhl;lg;gLfpwJ.
ghlk; - 17
jkpo; kfsphpd; rpwg;G : md;dp ngrd;l; mk;ikahh;> %tY}h; uhkhkph;jk;khs;>
lhf;lh;. Kj;Jyl;Rkp nul;b tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; kfsph; gq;F (jpy;iyahb)
ts;spak;ik> uhzp kq;fk;khs;.
jpy;iyahb ts;spak;ik :
ngw;Nwhh; : KDrhkp kq;fsk;
KDrhkp GJr;Nrhpapy; tho;ej
; th;
kq;fsk; - jpy;iyahbapy; gpwe;jjth;
KDrhkp kq;fsk; N[hfd;gh;f>; njd; Mg;ghpf;fh gpiog;Gj; Njbr; nrd;W
fha;fwp fil elj;jpdh; ,th;fSf;F kfshf 1898 y; ts;spak;ik gpwe;jhh;.
PH 04146 -226417
177
- fpwpj;jt kj rl;lg;gb eilngwhj jpUkzq;fs; nry;Yg;gbahfhJ vd;W
njd;dhg;gphpf;f ePjpkd;wk; 1913-y; xU jPh;gi
; g ntspapl;lJ. ,jdhy; mq;fpUe;j
,e;jpah;fs; ghjpf;fg;gl;ldh;. ,jid vjph;jJ
;
elj;j Nghuhl;lj;ij fhe;jpabfs;
jiyikNaw;W elj;jpdh; 23.12.1913-y; thyf;]u; ];l; vd;w ,lj;jpy; eilngw;w
Nghuhl;lj;jpy; ts;spak;ik ifJ nra;ag;gl;L %d;W khj fLq;fhty; jz;lid
ngw;whh;. 1914 gpg;guthp 22 md;W jdJ 16 tajpy; kuzk; mile;jhh;.
,e;j kuzk; gw;wp fhe;jp Fwpg;gpLk; NghJ vd;Dila rNfhjhpapd;
kuzj;ij tplTk; ts;spak;ikapd; kuzk; vdf;Fg; Nghpbahf ,Ue;jJ vd;W
fhe;jpabfd; kdk; tUj;jpdhh;.
- rj;jpaj;jpw;fhf cah;ej
P j
; mtUila cUtk; vd; fz;Kd; epw;fpwJ. ek;gpf;if
jhd; mtuJ MAjk; vd;W jpy;iyahb ts;spak;ik Fwpj;J ,e;jpad; xg;gd
P pad;
,jopy; fhe;jpabfs; vOjpAs;shh;.
- njd;dhg;gphpf;f tuyhw;wpy; ts;spak;ikapd; ngah; vd;Wk; epiyj;J epw;Fk;
vd;W fhe;jpabfs;> njd;dhg;gphpf;f rj;jpahfpufk; vd;w E}ypy; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;.
,uhzp kq;fk;khs;
jkpo;ehl;by; ehaf;fh; kugpy; ngz;fs; Kb #b Ml;rp nra;atpy;iy.
Mdhy; fhghg;lr
; ahsuhf Ml;rpGhpe;J cs;sdh;. ,jw;F ehd;whf cs;sth; ,uhzp
kq;fk;khs;. kJiuia Mz;l nrhf;fehj ehaf;fhpd; kidtp ,uhzp kq;fk;khs;.
jdJ kfd; muq;f fpU~;zKj;J tPug;gDf;F cjtpahy; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;
vd;gjw;fhf fztd; ,we;j gpd;G cld; fl;il Vwhky; ,Ue;jhh;.
,tuJ kfd; ,we;jgpd;G fp.gp.1688-y; ngaud; tprauq;fr; nrhf;fehjd;
ngaustpy; mhpaizapy; Vw;wg;gl;lhd; ghl;b kq;fk;khs; fhg;ghl;rpahsuhf
Ml;rpg; nghWg;gpid Vw;whh;.
kq;fk;khs; mwr; nray;fs;
s :
kf;fs; eyk;NgZk; ey;y gzpfisf; kq;fk;khs; nra;Js;shh;. kJiuapy;
md;de; rj;jpuk; fl;bdhh;. Gjpa rhiyfs; gy mikj;jhh;. fd;dpaFkhhpf;F
kJiuf;Fk;
,ilNa
mike;j
neLQ;rhiy
kq;fk;khs;
rhiy
vd
miof;fg;gLfpwJ Fjpiufs; gRf;fs;> fhisfs; Kjypad ePh; mUj;Jtjw;F
trjpahfr; rhiyNahuq;fspy; jz;zhP ; njhl;b jpwf;f Mizapl;lhh;.
- kJiu kPdhl;rp mk;kd; Nfhtpypy; Mdpj; jpq;fspy; CQ;ry; jpUtpoh eilngw
Vw;ghL nra;jhh;.
- kj;jpar; re;ij> kJiuf; fy;Y}hp cah;epiyg;gs;spf; fl;blk; ,uhkehjGu
khtl;l Ml;rpj; jiythpdd; gioa mYtyfk; Kjypatw;iw kq;fk;khs;
fl;bajhff; $Wth;.
jkpofj;jpd; md;dpngrd;l; :
mwpQh;
mz;zh
mth;fshy;
jkpofj;jpd;
md;dpngrd;l;
vd;W
miof;fg;gl;lth; %tY}h; ,uhkhkph;jk; mk;ikahh;.
fhyk; : gpwg;G : 1883
,wg;G 27.06.1982
- Njtjhrpfs; FLk;gj;jpy; gpwe;jth;. Njtjhrp Kiwia xopf;f mUk;ghLgl;lhh;.
Rak;G vd;gtiu kze;jhh;.
- 1917 y; Kjy; Nghuhl;ly; - kapyhLJiwapy; Njtjhrp Kiwia xopf;f
Nghuhl;lk;.

PH 04146 -226417
178
- Njtjhrp Kiwia xkpf;f ,tUld; nghpahh;> jpU.tp.f. tujuh[PY> jUkhk;khs;>
ePyhk;gpif> kyh; Kfj;jk;ikahh;> jhkiuf; fz;zpak;ikahh; Nghd;Nwhh;
,ize;J ghLg;gl;ldh;.
- 1938-y; nkhopg;Nghh; Nguzpapy; ciwa+h; (jpUr;rp) Kjy; nrd;id tiu fye;J
nfhz;l xNu ngz; (42 ehs; eilgazk;)
- 1989 Kjy; %tY}h; ,uhkhkph;jk; mk;ikad; ngahpy; Vio ngz;fSf;fhd
jpUkz cjtpj; jpl;lk; nray;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
Kj;Jyl;
; kp nul;b
ylR
(1886-[Piy 22> 1968) GJf;Nfhl;il> jkpo;ehL) ,e;jpahtpy; xU Kd;Ndhbg; ngz;
kUj;Jth;> r%fg; Nghuhsp> jkpohu;tyh;. ,th; 1912 Mk; Mz;L nrd;id
kUj;Jtf; fy;Y}hpapy; ,Ue;J gl;lk; ngw;W kUj;Jtr; Nritahw;wpdhu;.
r%fg;gzp
-
1926-Mk; Mz;L 43 ehLfspd; gpujpepjpfs; fye;J nfhz;l mfpy cyfg;

ngz;fs; khehL> gpuhd;R ehl;Lj; jiyefh; ghhPrpy; eilngw;wJ mjpy;
- ,e;jpahtpd; rhh;gpy; Kj;Jyl;Rkp nul;b fye;J nfhz;lhu; md;iwa
nrd;id khfhz
- rl;lrigf;F
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; jLf;fg;gl;l Kjy; ngz;kzp vd;w ngUik
ngw;wh;.
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tpthfq;fis jil nra;Ak; rl;lk; Nghd;w rl;lq;fspidf; nfhz;Ltu
ghLgl;lhu;.
- mdhij Foe;ijfSf;F ey;y vjph;fhyj;ij cUthf;f mt;it ,y;yk;
milahwpy; mikj;jth; Kj;Jyl;Rkp.
- milahW Gw;WNeha; kUj;Jtkidf;Fg; gpujkh; NeU 1952-Mk; Mz;L
mf;Nlhgu; khjj;jpy; mbf;fy; ehl;bdhh;.
tpUJfs;
Kj;Jyl;Rkpapd; NritfSf;fhf kj;jpa muR gj;k g+~d; tpUJ nfhLj;J
nfsutpj;jJ.
ghlk; - 18
jkpoh; tzpfk; - njhy;ypay; Ma;Tfs; - flw;gazq;fs; jkpohpd;
flw;gzk;
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fdpad; g+q;Fd;wtdhhpd; ahJk; CNu ahtUk; Nfsph; vd;Dk; nkhopAk;
jkpoh;fspd; cyfshtpa rpe;jidf;Fk; gd;dhl;Lj;njhlh;Gf;Fk; rhd;Wfs;.
njhy;fhg;gpak;
flwgazj;ij
Ke;ePh;
tof;fk; vdf;
Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;.
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fhy; (jiu topg;ghpjy;) fyj;jpy; (ePht
; opg; ghpjy;) gphpT vd ,Utifahd
gphptpidf; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
- jkpoh;fspd; Nkw;Nf fphPR> cNuhk;> vfpg;J Kjy; fpof;Nf rPdk; tiuapy;
fly;top tzpfj; njhlh;G nfhz;bUe;jdh;. vfpg;J ghy];jd
P k;> nkfgNlhkpah>
ghgpNyhdpah> rPdk; Kjypa ehLfs; jkpohpd; nghUl;fis tpUk;gpg; ngw;wd.
VyKk; ,ytq;fKk; kpsFk; Nkw;rhrpa ehLfspy; ey;y tpiyf;F tpw;fg;gl;ld.
jkpoh; fpNuf;fiuAk; cNuhkhdpaiuAk; atdh; vd mioj;jdh;.
PH 04146 -226417
179
fg;gy;
fyk; nra; fk;kpah; vd;w njhopyhsh;fs; fg;gy;fisf; fl;bdh;. kUj epy
murdJ
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nry;Yk;
fg;gYf;F
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GwehD}w;wpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
- Mop> Mh;fhy;> Ke;ePh>; thuzk;> ngstk;> ghiu Gzhp Nghd;wit fliyf;
Fwpf;Fk; jkpo;r; nrhw;fs;.
- fg;gy;> fyk;> fl;Lkuk;> ehtha;> glF> ghprpy;> Giz> Njhzp> njg;gk;> jpkpy;>
mk;gp> tq;fk;> kpjit g/wp> Xlk; vd;gJ kuf;fyj;jpw;fhd jkpopy; cs;s gy
ngah;fs;. flypy; nry;Yk; ghpa fg;gy; ehtha; vdg;gLk;. Gfhh; eufj;jpy;
epWj;jg;gl;l ehtha;fs; miyfshy; miyg;Gz;L jwpapy; fl;lg;gl;l ahid
mirtJ Nghy; mire;jd vdTk; mtw;wpd; cr;rpapy; nfhbfs; mire;J Mbd
vd;W gl;bdg;ghiy Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
ghlk; - 19
czNt kUe;J
grp te;jplg; gj;Jk; gwe;JNghk; vd;gJ cyfwpe;j cz;ik. vdNt jhd;gprpapd;
nfhLikiag; grpg;gpzp vd;Dk; ghtp vd;wJ kzpNkfiyf; fhg;gpak;. ,g;gpzf;F
kUe;J czNt. Mjyhy; jhd; cz;b nfhLj;Njhh; caph; nfhLj;NjhNu vdg;
GwehD}Wk; kzpNkfiyAk; $Wfpd;wd.
- jpUf;Fwspy; kUe;J vd;Dk; mjpfhuj;jpy; czNt kUe;jhFk; jd;ikiaj;
jpUts;Sth; njspthf vLj;Jiuj;Js;shh;. cz;l czT nrhpj;j gpd;dNu
kPzL
; k; cz;z Ntz;Lnkd jpUts;Sth; njspthf vLj;Jiuj;Js;shh;.
kUe;njd Ntz;lhthk; ahf;iff;F mUe;jpaJ mw;wJ Nghw;wp czpd;
jkpofj;J czT njhd;W njhl;L kUj;Jt Kiwapy; rikf;fg;gLfpwJ. ntg;g
ehlhd ekJ ehl;Lf md;whlr; rikaypy; $l;Ltdtw;Ws; kQ;rs; neQ;rpYs;s
rspia ePfF
; k;. nfhj;jky;yp> gpj;jj;ijg; Nghf;Fk;. rPufk; tapw;Wr; #l;ilj;
jzpf;Fk;. kpsF> njhz;ilf fl;ilj; njhiyf;Fk; g+z;L tspafw;wp (thAit
Nghf;Fk; - grpia kpjf;Fk;) ntq;fhak; Fsph;rr
; pia cz;lhf;fpf; FUjpiaj;
(,uj;jj;ijj;) J}a;ikahf;Fk;.
ngUq;fhak; tspia ntspNaw;Wk; (thAitg; Nghf;Fk;) ,Q;rp gpj;jjij xLf;fp
fhar;riyf; fz;bf;Fk; Njq;fha; ePhf
; N
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; Ntz;Lk;. cg;G epiwe;j nghUl;fshd CWf;fha>
mg;gsk;> tlhk;> fUthL> Ke;jphpg; gUg;G> tWj;j cUisr; rPty;> thiof;fha;r;
rPty; Gspj;j Nkhh; Kjyhtw;iw KOtJkhfj; jtph;jj
; y; Ntz;Lk;.
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; Ntz;Lk;.
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- nehWq;fj;jpd;why; E}W taJ.
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PH 04146 -226417
180
ntspNaWtjw;Fk; ePh; ,d;wpaikahjJ (ehnshd;Wf;F Fiwe;jJ %d;W ypl;lh;)
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rkr;rhP ; czT :
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rj;Jfs; Nrh;ej
; Nj rkr;rhP ; czT.
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$lhJ. vdNt xsitahh; kPJ}d; tpUk;Ngy; vd;fpwhh;.
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; r; rsp>
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miue;Jg; Nghl gil ePqF
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;
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toq;fg;gLk;. ,jid ey;nyz;izAk; rikj;J cz;lhy; Rthrfhrk; mfYk; (21
ehs;) ,isg;G ,Uky; NghFk; Qhdg;gr;rpiy vd ts;syhh; ,jidg;
Nghw;Wfpwhh;. ,J Fuy; tsj;ij Nkk;gLj;Jk;.
Fg;igNkdp :
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nghbahf;fp g+rpdhy; FzkhFk;.
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;
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; k;.
Nkdp Jyq;f Fg;ig Nkdp vd;gJ gonkhop.
fw;whio :
Nrhw;Wf; fw;whioNa kUe;jhfg; gad;gLfpwJ. Kb tsu %yr;#L Fiwa
kUe;jhfg; gad;gLfpwJ. ,jw;F Fkhp vd;w NtW ngaUk; cz;L. fUg;ig
rhh;ej
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fwpNtg;gpiy : tplf;fb kUe;J> rPjNgrp> er;Rj;jd;ik kUe;J.
fhprhyhq;fz;zp :
,uj;jNrhif> nrhpkhdf; NfhshW> kQ;rs; fhkhiyf;F ey;y kUe;J>
,jw;F fhprhiy> ifahe;jfiu> gpUq;fuhrk;> Njfuhrk; vd;w NtW ngah;fSk;
cz;L.
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- Ntg;gq;nfhOj;jpid cz;L te;jhy; khh;Gr; rsp ePqF
; k;. Ntg;gpiyia
miuj;Jg; g+rpdhy; mk;ikahy; te;j ntg;G Neha; mfYk;.
ghlk; - 20
jpU.tp.f
PH 04146 -226417
181
jkpo;j; njd;wy;> uhag;Ngl;il jkpo;
Kdpth;> njhopyhsu;fspd; je;ij
gpwg;G : nrd;idf;F mUfpy; Js;sk;. 17.09.1953 Kjy; 26.08.1983.
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;
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; fAk; fhe;jpabfSk; ngz;zpd; ngUik my;yJ tho;fi
; fj;
Jizeyk;. ,kakiy my;yJ jpahdk; KUfd; my;yJ moF> irtj;JwT>
irtj;jpd; rkurk;> flTl; rhl;rpAk; jhAkhdtUk;. ,uhkypq;f Rthkpfs;
jpUTs;sk; jkpo;ehLk; ek;kho;thUk;> ehad;khh; tuyhW> jkpo; E}y;fspy;
ngsj;jk;> fhjyh? Kbah? rPhj
; pUj;jkh? vd; fld; gzp nra;J fplg;gNj>
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; rhiy> cs;nshsp>
nra;As; E}y;fs; :
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Ntl;ly;> mUfd; mUs; Ntl;ly;> chpik Ntl;ly;> nghJik Ntl;ly;> nghUSk;
mUSk; my;yJ khh;ff
; paKk; fhe;jpaKk;.
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gpjw;wy; ntspapl;lhh;.
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Nkw;Nfhs;
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STUDY CIRCLE

DISTRICT EMPLOYMENT OFFICE, VILLUPURAM

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