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    CS553 ST7 Ch08-Multiplexing

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    CS553 ST7 Ch08-Multiplexing

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    kjg

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    kjg

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    14 views40 pages

    CS553 ST7 Ch08-Multiplexing

    Uploaded by

    Akshit Samadhiya
    kjg

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 40

    William Stallings

    Data and Computer


    Communications
    7th Edition
    Chapter 8
    Multiplexing

    Multiplexing

    Frequency Division Multiplexing


    FDM
    Useful bandwidth of medium exceeds
    required bandwidth of channel
    Each signal is modulated to a different
    carrier frequency
    Carrier frequencies separated so signals
    do not overlap (guard bands)
    e.g. broadcast radio
    Channel allocated even if no data

    Frequency Division Multiplexing


    Diagram

    FDM System

    FDM of Three Voiceband Signals

    Analog Carrier Systems


    AT&T (USA)
    Hierarchy of FDM schemes
    Group
    12 voice channels (4kHz each) = 48kHz
    Range 60kHz to 108kHz

    Supergroup
    60 channel
    FDM of 5 group signals on carriers between 420kHz and
    612 kHz

    Mastergroup
    10 supergroups

    Wavelength Division
    Multiplexing

    Multiple beams of light at different frequency


    Carried by optical fiber
    A form of FDM
    Each color of light (wavelength) carries separate data
    channel
    1997 Bell Labs
    100 beams
    Each at 10 Gbps
    Giving 1 terabit per second (Tbps)

    Commercial systems of 160 channels of 10 Gbps now


    available
    Lab systems (Alcatel) 256 channels at 39.8 Gbps each
    10.1 Tbps
    Over 100km

    WDM Operation
    Same general architecture as other FDM
    Number of sources generating laser beams at
    different frequencies
    Multiplexer consolidates sources for transmission
    over single fiber
    Optical amplifiers amplify all wavelengths
    Typically tens of km apart

    Demux separates channels at the destination


    Mostly 1550nm wavelength range
    Was 200MHz per channel
    Now 50GHz

    Dense Wavelength Division


    Multiplexing
    DWDM
    No official or standard definition
    Implies more channels more closely
    spaced that WDM
    200GHz or less

    Synchronous Time Division


    Multiplexing
    Data rate of medium exceeds data rate of
    digital signal to be transmitted
    Multiple digital signals interleaved in time
    May be at bit level of blocks
    Time slots preassigned to sources and
    fixed
    Time slots allocated even if no data
    Time slots do not have to be evenly
    distributed amongst sources

    Time Division Multiplexing

    TDM System

    TDM Link Control


    No headers and trailers
    Data link control protocols not needed
    Flow control
    Data rate of multiplexed line is fixed
    If one channel receiver can not receive data,
    the others must carry on
    The corresponding source must be quenched
    This leaves empty slots

    Error control
    Errors are detected and handled by individual
    channel systems

    Data Link Control on TDM

    Framing
    No flag or SYNC characters bracketing TDM
    frames
    Must provide synchronizing mechanism
    Added digit framing
    One control bit added to each TDM frame
    Looks like another channel - control channel

    Identifiable bit pattern used on control channel


    e.g. alternating 01010101unlikely on a data
    channel
    Can compare incoming bit patterns on each
    channel with sync pattern

    Pulse Stuffing
    Problem - Synchronizing data sources
    Clocks in different sources drifting
    Data rates from different sources not
    related by simple rational number
    Solution - Pulse Stuffing
    Outgoing data rate (excluding framing bits)
    higher than sum of incoming rates
    Stuff extra dummy bits or pulses into each
    incoming signal until it matches local clock
    Stuffed pulses inserted at fixed locations in
    frame and removed at demultiplexer

    TDM of Analog and Digital


    Sources

    Digital Carrier Systems

    Hierarchy of TDM
    USA/Canada/Japan use one system
    ITU-T use a similar (but different) system
    US system based on DS-1 format
    Multiplexes 24 channels
    Each frame has 8 bits per channel plus
    one framing bit
    193 bits per frame

    Digital Carrier Systems (2)


    For voice each channel contains one word of
    digitized data (PCM, 8000 samples per sec)
    Data rate 8000x193 = 1.544Mbps
    Five out of six frames have 8 bit PCM samples
    Sixth frame is 7 bit PCM word plus signaling bit
    Signaling bits form stream for each channel
    containing control and routing info

    Same format for digital data


    23 channels of data
    7 bits per frame plus indicator bit for data or systems
    control

    24th channel is sync

    Mixed Data
    DS-1 can carry mixed voice and data
    signals
    24 channels used
    No sync byte
    Can also interleave DS-1 channels
    Ds-2 is four DS-1 giving 6.312Mbps

    DS-1 Transmission Format

    SONET/SDH

    Synchronous Optical Network (ANSI)


    Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (ITU-T)
    Compatible
    Signal Hierarchy
    Synchronous Transport Signal level 1 (STS-1)
    or Optical Carrier level 1 (OC-1)
    51.84Mbps
    Carry DS-3 or group of lower rate signals (DS1
    DS1C DS2) plus ITU-T rates (e.g. 2.048Mbps)
    Multiple STS-1 combined into STS-N signal
    ITU-T lowest rate is 155.52Mbps (STM-1)

    SONET Frame Format

    SONET STS-1 Overhead Octets

    Statistical TDM
    In Synchronous TDM many slots are
    wasted
    Statistical TDM allocates time slots
    dynamically based on demand
    Multiplexer scans input lines and collects
    data until frame full
    Data rate on line lower than aggregate
    rates of input lines

    Statistical TDM Frame Formats

    Performance
    Output data rate less than aggregate
    input rates
    May cause problems during peak periods
    Buffer inputs
    Keep buffer size to minimum to reduce delay

    Buffer Size
    and Delay

    Cable Modem Outline


    Two channels from cable TV provider dedicated to
    data transfer
    One in each direction

    Each channel shared by number of subscribers


    Scheme needed to allocate capacity
    Statistical TDM

    Cable Modem Operation


    Downstream
    Cable scheduler delivers data in small packets
    If more than one subscriber active, each gets fraction of
    downstream capacity
    May get 500kbps to 1.5Mbps

    Also used to allocate upstream time slots to subscribers

    Upstream
    User requests timeslots on shared upstream channel
    Dedicated slots for this

    Headend scheduler sends back assignment of future


    tme slots to subscriber

    Cable Modem Scheme

    Asymmetrical Digital
    Subscriber Line
    ADSL
    Link between subscriber and network
    Local loop

    Uses currently installed twisted pair cable


    Can carry broader spectrum
    1 MHz or more

    ADSL Design
    Asymmetric
    Greater capacity downstream than upstream

    Frequency division multiplexing


    Lowest 25kHz for voice
    Plain old telephone service (POTS)

    Use echo cancellation or FDM to give two


    bands
    Use FDM within bands

    Range 5.5km

    ADSL Channel Configuration

    Discrete Multitone

    DMT
    Multiple carrier signals at different frequencies
    Some bits on each channel
    4kHz subchannels
    Send test signal and use subchannels with
    better signal to noise ratio
    256 downstream subchannels at 4kHz (60kbps)
    15.36MHz
    Impairments bring this down to 1.5Mbps to 9Mbps

    DTM Bits Per Channel


    Allocation

    DMT Transmitter

    xDSL
    High data rate DSL
    Single line DSL
    Very high data rate DSL

    Required Reading
    Stallings chapter 8
    Web sites on
    ADSL
    SONET

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