Energy Crisis in Pakistan

2012
Energy Crises in Pakistan
MUHAMMAD HAMMAD
MALIK
Chairman Special Committee
on Energy Crises
Youth Parliament Pakistan
7/30/2012
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It gives me intense pleasure to present a report of the Special Committee

on Energy Crises Youth Parliament of Pakistan. The report is a result of
extreme efforts done by the members of the committee on the topic of
Energy Crises in Pakistan.
I am grateful to my colleague members of the committee Muhammad
Taimoor Shah (YP23-Punjab15), Ushna Ahmed (YP59-Sindh11), Yasir Riaz
(YP12-ICT02), Shaheera Jalil Albasit (YP56-SINDH 08), Ahmed Numair
Farooq (YP21-Punjab 01), Gohar Zaman (YP25-Punjab05), Osama
Mehm00d (YP42-Punjab22), Anum Zia (YP23-Punjab03) and specially
Touseef Abbasi (YP02-AJK02) for their cooperation, active participation
in the meetings, deliberations and sharing their ideas and views in
highlighting and resolving the issue of energy crises. I must acknowledge
their wisdom because of which the Committee has been able to play its
role, through recommendations to bring improvement in the areas, where
needed.
I also appreciate the efforts of Pakistan Institute of Legislative
Development and Transparency (PILDAT) for providing us a platform to
play our role in the development of the country and also assisting us in
holding the meetings with the related officials. I specially thank Mr.
Ahmed Bilal Mehboob for his sincere efforts in providing such a platform
for the Youth of Pakistan for the betterment of the future of the country.
By Muhammad Hammad Malik (YP16-KPK03)

Chairman Special Committee on Energy Crises in Pakistan
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I am sure that the circulation of this report will certainly benefit the better
understanding of the Energy Crises and will also help in devising the ways
to resolve this key issue.
Muhammad Hammad Malik
Chairman Special Committee on Energy Crisis
Youth Parliament Pakistan

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PREFACE
Energy Crisis in Pakistan is one of the severe challenges the country is

facing now-a-days. Electricity, natural gas, water and fuel are essential part
of our daily life and its outage has severely affected the economy and
overall living of our country. Thousands have lost their jobs, businesses;
our daily life has become miserable. Pakistan is currently facing up to 18
hours of electricity outage a day and 2 days of Gas outage a week, is
expected to face more if not dealt with in time.
A Special Committee was made by the Speaker Youth Parliament of
Pakistan on the issue of energy crises in response to the motion put in the
house by Muhammad Hammad Malik (YP16-KPK03), Mr. Yasir Riaz
(YP12-ICT02) and Mr. Muhammad Taimoor Shah (YP35-Punjab15).
Muhammad Hammad Malik (YP16-KPK03) was made the Chairperson.
The main purpose of this committee is to analyze the nature of this crisis
and to propose some short-term as well as long-term solutions to this
problem. For this purpose meetings were arranged with the concerned
authorities and also the data was acquired from related departments like
Wapda, Thar Coal Power Generation Project and Alternative Energy
Development Board.
This study is exploratory in nature. We have done our best to conclude and
sketch up some recommendations in the light of identified hurdles in the
way of implementing the appropriate solution to our problem.
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Our study finds some major holes in our system if they are covered up we
can not only overcome the deficiency of electricity in our systems but also
we can be able to export it to our neighboring countries.

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Table of Contents
Topic
Page No
Members of the Committee
List of Abbreviations
Background
Meetings held with the Concerned Authorities
12
1st Meeting: With Mr. Sham Ul Mulk
14
2nd Meeting: With Mr. Shams Ul Mulk
17
3rd Meeting: With Mr. Dr. Samar Mubarak Mand
22
4th Meeting: With Dr. Mirza Samad Baig
26
5th Meeting: With Mr. Muhammad Sarwar
30
Electricity Generation Potential in Pakistan
34
Wind Energy
36
Solar Energy
39
Coal
45
Hydro
48
Kalabagh Dam
50
Conclusions
51
Recommendations
54

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MEMBERS OF THE COMMITTEE
MUHAMMAD HAMMAD MALIK
(YP16-KPK03) Green Party
TOUSEEF ABBASI
(YP02-AJK02) Blue Party
MUHAMMAD TAIMOOR SHAH
(YP23-Punjab15) Green Party
USHNA AHMED
(YP59-Sindh11) Green Party
YASIR RIAZ
(YP12-ICT02) Green Party
SHAHEERA JALIL ALBASIT
(YP56-SINDH 08) Blue Party
AHMED NUMAIR FAROOQ
(YP21-Punjab 01) Blue Party
GOHAR ZAMAN
(YP25-Punjab05) Blue Party
OSAMA MEHMOOD
ANUM ZIA

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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
IPPs
Immediate Power Providers
AEDB
Alternative Energy Development Board
WAPDA
Water & Power Development Authority
IGCC
Integrated gasification combined cycle
LED
Light emitting Diode
AEDB
Alternative Energy Development Board
PCRET
Pakistan Council for Renewable Energy Technologies
FDI
Foreign Direct Investment
NREL
National Renewable Energy Laboratory
PMD
Pakistan Meteorological Department

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BACKGROUND
Pakistan has been facing an unprecedented energy crisis since the last few
years. The problem becomes more severe during summers. Initially, during
the peak crisis there was a power outage of 3-4 hours daily but it keep on
increasing as the demand of electricity rises. According to the reports of
Wapda, the electricity need of Pakistan increases more rapidly than it can
be generated which cause a major increase in the duration of load
sheading. The exact rate of demand and supply is given in the figure
below:
Fig 1: Rate of demand and supply of electricity (MW) from 2009 to 2030
The rate of supply diminishes due to the lack of Government interest in

establishing new resources for the power generation. The last effort
regarding this was made during the second government of Benazir Bhutto
when some independent power plants were set up. Had they not been
setup then we would have had a much bigger crisis with life almost
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coming to a standstill. General Musharraf (R) after becoming Chief
Executive used to talk about building dams especially Kalabagh Dam. This
was one of the many promises he failed to keep. Even after that very few
power plants have been set up to meet the demand for electricity and in a
sense no actual effort for the electricity generation has been made since
1970s, that is when Tarbela and Mangla dams were put into operation and
other dams, including Kalabagh, were actively pursued. When things start
getting out of control, haphazard and quick-fix measures were sought. A
typical example is the Independent Power Producers (IPPs) saga of the
1990s. In an attempt to avert an approaching energy crisis, as a result of
negligible capacity addition during the 1980s and the early 1990s, the
regime in 1993-94 decided to go for thermal generation through the IPPs.
Undoubtedly, the IPPs provided a very healthy contribution at the supply
end, enhancing power generation capacity by more than 5000MW but the
effort did not meet the actual requirement of the cheap electricity for the
country.

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The last few years provide a perfect example of failure to make a timely
response to the growing energy needs. A threefold increase in energy
demand over the last two decades has been responded to with an illproportioned increment at the supply end. Consequently, with the advent
of 2008 the gap between demand and supply grew to 4,500MW indicating a
40% deficit of electricity. The prevalent energy crisis has not appeared
overnight the omens were evident for a number of years but the
authorities failed to react in time. Senior WAPDA officials claim that in
2002 the government was officially warned about the approaching
electricity crisis and was asked to take immediate measures to enhance
generation capacity. The timely warning failed to receive any appreciation.
The attitude of the relevant authorities has thus indirectly contributed to
the growth of the dire crisis.
Some of the examples worth quoting here is that of Kalabagh Dam and the
969MW Neelam-Jehlum hydroelectric project. Kalabagh dam has been
politicized to such an extent that its orchestration now appears to be next to
impossible. Evidences suggest that the issue has been used to serve the
vested interest of regimes and certain political and ethnical forces. It was to
be completely functional in 1986 at a cost of 6 Billion but was never
constructed and now if it is to be constructed it cost a price of 600 Billion.
The other example is of 969MW Neelam-Jehlum hydroelectric project
which was to be constructed in 2003 at a cost of $1.5 billion. It got
abandoned until the present power crises intensified towards the end of
2007. The revised estimate is around $2.25 billion. The delay is costing the
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country a fortune an extra $750 million in terms of project cost, apart
from enormous monetary dents inflicted by the five-year delay. It is also
noteworthy that WAPDA has traditionally pursued the major projects of
national interest but failed to get the due positive response from the policyand decision- makers. Interestingly, WAPDA plays the role of a scapegoat,
because the common man blames WAPDA for his sufferings.
In order to tackle the existing crisis and ensure a prosperous energy future,
the backbone of the future energy policies would have to be reliance on
domestic resources (hydropower, coal and solar and wind energy) and
energy conservation. Decisions on energy projects should revolve around
national interest rather than nave political and personal gains. Energy
offices should be run by qualified, committed and deserving people
equipped with due mandate. Relevant ministries and departments should
also be overhauled.

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Meetings held with the Concerned Authorities
To know the background of the Energy Crises and then its solutions,
meetings were arranged with the officials of Wapda and other related
authorities by the worthy members. We hold 4 meetings with different
Experts in Energy Sector.
In our 1st meeting with Mr. Shams Ul Mulk we discussed the core
issues involved behind Recent Energy Crises in Pakistan. We discussed the
role of Hydel in our Power Generation and also the benefits of small Dams
as well as Mega Dams. The Head of meeting in detail described the Kala
Bagh Dam Project, its feasibility, its benefits, what are the concerns of
people while making this project and the failure of this project. We also
discussed the role of Rental Power Plants to fulfill the shortfall of 500MW
in our Power Generation.
In our 2nd Meeting with Mr. Shams Ul Mulk we discussed some
remaining Issues included in our agenda. We started with the role of
Alternate Sources of Energy like Solar Systems, Wind Mills and Geo
Thermal and how Govt. should facilitate local industry to import these
Sytems in order to get rid of recent Energy Crises. In our last phase of
Meeting, we discussed the immediate solutions to fulfill the shortfall of
5000 MW in order to execute our full Power Generation. We also discussed
our direction towards defeating recent energy crises in next 5-10 years. At
the end of meeting we analyzed the position where we will be standing
after 10 to 15 years.
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In our 3rd Meeting with Mr. Samar Mubarak Mand, we firstly
analyzed the situation of recent Energy Crises. After that we discussed the
potential of Thar Coal in Pakistan and its benefits. We also discussed the
cost of the Thar Coal Plants to produce cheap electricity. Dr Samar briefed
about the recent progress of Thar Coal in Energy Sector. We also analyzed
the future of Thar Coal in our Power Generation and possible utilization of
Thar Coal as an immediate solution to fulfill the shortfall of 5000MW in
order to execute our full Power Generation.
The 4th meeting was held with Dr. Mirza Samad Baig, Director
General Thar Coal Underground Gasification Project. Dr. Samad told us
about the benefits of the Thar coal and its electricity potential and also
mentions the problems related with the underground gasification of the
coal for the generation of electricity. He mentioned that the Thar Coal is
the world 2nd largest coal reserve that covers the area of about 9000 km2
and estimates about 175 billion tons of Liginite quality coal which is equal
to 175 billion barrels of oil and has electricity geberation potential of 50,000
MW.
5th meeting was arranged with the Executive Pakistan Wind Energy
Pvt. Ltd. He discussed the urgent need of wind energy for Pakistan to solve
our recent energy crises.

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MINUTES OF THE MEETINGS
The minutes of the meetings are given below in detail:
1st Meeting: With Mr. Sham Ul Mulk

The Delegation met on 9th March 2012 at 11:00 p.m. at H#04, Nazim Uddin
Road, F-10/4, Islamabad. The Head of Meeting was Mr. Shams Ul Mulk
(Ex. Chairman WAPDA).
The following Members were Present:
Hassan Ashraf YP01-AJK01
Touseef Ahmed Abbasi YP02-AJK02
Amir Abbas YP08-FATA01
Muhammad Atique YP11-ICT01
Yasir Riaz YP12-ICT02
Salman Khan Shinwari YP18-KPK05
Mr. Shams Ul Mulk urged everyone to introduce themselves. After a brief

introduction by everyone, the discussion began.
The delegation was having an agenda about Recent Energy Crises in
Pakistan and its possible Solutions. The Agenda was a complete
questionnaire and the Head of Meeting was supposed to provide answers
of these Questions.
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The Questions and their brief Answers are as follows:
Is there any real energy crises in Pakistan or its just an imaginary
Crises? What are your findings about this issue?
Regarding this issue, Mr. Shams Ul Mulk responded that Pakistan is not
such a country which should face Energy Crises Problem. There is no real
Energy Crises; its just the blame game between Govt. and the Power
Generation Companies. Pakistan has no shortfall of Energy as the demand
and supply chain is almost equal. We just need to increase our Power
Generation for our Future.
Problem of Energy Crises is due to the Shortage of Water or Missmanagement of authorities?
Regarding this issue, Mr. Shams Ul Mulk responded that Indus River is the
gift of God to Pakistan. There is no Shortage of Water as Pakistan has the
potential of producing 50,000 MW of Electricity. There is just the
Mismanagement of Authorities and lack of planning involved.
What are the core issues causing the Energy Crises in Pakistan?
Regarding this issue, Mr. Shams Ul Mulk responded that our authorities
have no interest in the prosperity of Pakistan. He further elaborated that
our Rulers never becomes the victims of their Wrong Decisions. Due to
their wrong decisions we are not able to overcome these Crises.

Page 15

Why you always emphasize that Govt. should construct mega Dams
except small Dams?
Regarding this issue, Mr. Shams Ul Mulk responded that 1 Kala Bagh
Dam= 750 Small Dams. He further elaborated that while making small
Dams, we have to spend a lot of money as compared to 1 Mega Dam.
Why people show so many concerns about Kala Bagh Dam?
Regarding this issue, Mr. Shams Ul Mulk responded that the people who
are opposing this project, they have no interest in the Prosperity of
Pakistan. They are doing politics just for their own purpose and interest
and off the record everybody accepts the benefits of this project to Pakistan.
Is this Project politicized or its a real threat for Pakistan?
Regarding this issue, Mr. Shams Ul Mulk responded that Kala Bagh Dam
was supposed to be completed in 1997 according to WAPDA Plan. There is
no threat while making this project. The people of KPK will be getting most
of the benefit of it and we will become safe in flood disaster while having
this Dam. This project is just politicizes just because of no reason.
Is Kala Bagh Dam Project in the interest of Pakistan?
Regarding this issue, Mr. Shams Ul Mulk responded that if we are serious
to resolve the Energy Crises then we have to complete this project as soon
as possible. He further elaborated that through Hydel, our per unit cost is
just 1.2 Rupees/ Unit.
Page 16

What was your progress about this crises when you the Executive of
WAPDA?
Regarding this question, Mr. Shams Ul Mulk responded that when he was
serving in WAPDA he was the project manager of Terbella and Mangla
Dams. He prepared the complete feasibility of the Kala Bagh Dam and
presented it to all Govt. Department. When he felt that no one is interest in
these important projects then he voluntarily resigned from there.
2nd Meeting: With Mr. Shams Ul Mulk

The Delegation met on 12th March 2012 at 10:30 a.m. The Venue was H#04,
Nazim Uddin Road, F-10/4, Islamabad. The Head of Meeting was Mr.
Shams Ul Mulk (Ex. Chairman WAPDA) .
Fahad Mazhar Ali YP15-KPK02
Muhammad Atique YP11-ICT01
Mr. Shams Ul Mulk urged the new participants in the delegation to

introduce themselves. After a brief introduction, the discussion began.
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This was our concluding meeting on Recent Energy Crises in Pakistan and
it possible Solutions. We completely diagnosed the problem, the reasons
behind these problems and their concrete Solutions. The delegation was
having the same agenda about Recent Energy Crises in Pakistan and its
possible Solutions as in our 1st meeting we were left with some important
question and the conclusion also. The Agenda was a complete
questionnaire and the Head of Meeting was supposed to provide answers
of these Questions.
The remaining Questions and their brief Answers are as follows:
Instead of WAPDA, can Fund Allocation for the development of
Mini Dams come under Provincial Fund Allocation in the Federal
Budget?
Regarding this issue, Mr. Shams Ul Mulk responded that provices are free
to construct Mini Dams according to their needs. They can also involve
Federal to allocate budget for their project but for the Mega Dams, federal
is fully responsible.
Power generation via Atomic Energy is cheaper than power
generation via Hydal Energy; how can we increase our reliance on
this source?
Regarding this issue, Mr. Shams Ul Mulk responded that power generation
via Atomic Energy is not so simple. It needs so much investment and after
that the power generation through this process is more costly than Hydel.
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Remember: Power Generation through Nuclear costs 5.30 rupees/Unit and
Power Generation through Hydel Costs 1.2 rupees/Unit.
Research says that the waste of Sugar-cane (the skin of sugar cane)
can produce enough electricity that will be sufficient for most parts
of Punjab. Is this a workable and realistic idea?
Regarding this issue, Mr. Shams Ul Mulk responded that this method is not
feasible in Pakistan. To some extent it can be applied to some villages in
Central Punjab which are the hub of Sugar-cane production. Gathering the
waste of sugar-cane from all over Pakistan is a big issue.
Do you think that Hydel Power Projects are the ultimate solution of
the Whole Crises?
Regarding this issue, Mr. Shams Ul Mulk responded that, yes I strongly
believe because you cant produce as cheaper electricity as Hydel can. As I
already told u the reason of per unit costs which are as follows:
Through Hydel: 1.2 rupees/unit
Through Gas: 5.41 rupees/unit
Through Furnace oil: 12.4 rupees/unit
Through Nuclear: 5.30 rupees/unit
But for the immediate solution, we can utilize Alternate Energy Sources
like Solar, Wind and Geo thermal Systems.
Do you think that Rental Power Houses were feasible to fulfill the
short fall of 5000 MW?? Why these Power Plants failed?
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Regarding this issue, Mr. Shams Ul Mulk responded that the Rental Power
Houses were the key of corruption and fraud. There was a political lobby
involved while importing there plants as they earned Million Rupees from
this Fraud. It was an extreme joke with the people of Pakistan.
Do you think that we should encourage and utilize Alternate Energy
Sources in order to get rid of recent Energy Crises? (As making mega
Dams will take many years to become the part of our Power
Generation).
Regarding this issue, Mr. Shams Ul Mulk responded that I believe Hydel
will be facilitating us after 2020 after completion of Bhasha Dam and
Neelum Jhelum Project and others but to get rid of recent crise our Govt.
need to facilitate power generation companies. Also we have to rely on
alternate sources of energy like solar and wind systems.
In your opinion what is the immediate solution to fulfill the shortfall
of 5000 MW in order to execute our full Power Generation?
Regarding this issue, Mr. Shams Ul Mulk responded that to resolve the
crises as immediate solution, we will be on a wrong way, it will cost 30
rupees a unit from rental plants.
There are few solutions which are:
1) Govt. should pay the dues of power generation Companies so that
they can produce electricity at their level best.

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2) Immediately replace Street Lights of our Big Cities with an LED
Panel Lights. Through this we can save approximately 1900 MW of
Electricity.
3) Replace florescent Bulbs with Energy Saver bulbs and encourage the
Citizens to use Energy Saver bulbs as through this policy we can save
1150 MW of Electricity.
4) We must collect reliable and credible data for solar and wind mills
development. In meanwhile in few selected areas, projects of wind
and solar energy should be taken up.
5) Whatever we do, it must be affordable. Symbolic Houses like PM
House, and Presidency should be the part of load shedding schedule.
In your opinion, while facing this huge Energy Crises, where we will
be standing after 10 to 15 years?
Regarding this issue, Mr. Shams Ul Mulk responded that firstly we have to
sit and think what our mistake which results in huge Energy Crises was.
Making correct the mistake is called the price of knowledge. If our rulers
will not understand their responsibilities then our future will be bitter than
present. We have to plan for next 20 years in Hydel because Hydel is the
only cheap ultimate solution of the crises. Remember we are paying 132
billion Rupees per Year for not building Kalabagh Dam.
The Meeting Ended at 1:15 PM. The members of delegation thanked Mr.
Shams Ul Mulk for his valuable time to Youth Parliamentarians for
understanding this important Issue.
Page 21

3rd Meeting: With Mr. Dr. Samar Mubarak Mand
The Delegation met on 15th March 2012 at 12:00 p.m. The Venue was Room
# 139, 1st Floor, Planning Commission of Pakistan, Islamabad. The Head
of Meeting was Mr. Dr. Samar Mubarak Mand.
Elwina Rauf YP10-GB01
Mr. Dr. Samar Mubarak Mand urged the participants in the delegation to
introduce themselves. After a brief introduction, the discussion began.
This was our 3rd meeting on Recent Energy Crises in Pakistan and it
possible Solutions. In this meeting we discussed the role of Thar Coal in
Energy Sector and its possible utilization to overcome recent Energy Crises.
The Agenda was a complete questionnaire and the Head of Meeting was
supposed to provide answers of these Questions.
Why you always emphasize that Coal resources are the concrete
solution for overcoming Energy Crises Issue? What is the logic
behind your openion?

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Regarding this question Dr. Samar Mubarak Mand responded that I always
emphasize because we can produce so much electricity from Thar Coal
which will be enough for next 40 years without any single second of load
shedding. He further told that if all the oil reserves of Saudi Arab & Iran
are put together, these are approximately 375 Billion Barrels, but a single
Thar Coal reserve of Sindh is about 850 Trillion Cubic Feet, which is more
than oil reserves of Saudi Arabia and Iran.
Have you completed any project utilizing Coal Resources? What
about its strength?
Regarding this question Dr. Samar Mubarak Mand responded that our first
50 megawatts (MW) project has been successfully completed and its now
the part of our Power Generation. He further said that the project was to
cost Rs 8.898 billion with a foreign exchange component of Rs 5.847 billion
that was approved by the Executive Committee of the National Economic
Council.
What is the potential of Coal Reserves in Pakistan?
Regarding this question Dr. Samar Mubarak Mand responded that Thar
contains 175 billion Ton reserves of coal, out of which 1000 MW electric
power may be generated immediately for the next 30 years and can
produce 100 million barrel diesel per year also we can expand it with the
duration of time.

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He further told that just 2% usage of Thar Coal can produce 20,000 Mega
Watts of Electricity, adding if the whole reserves are utilized, then it could
easily be imagined how much Energy could be generated.
Dr. Samar said that Thar Coal reserves could play a pivotal role in meeting
energy crises both in long term and short term which would enhance
industrial competitiveness due to cost effectiveness. He said that the
industrial sector could not wait for long and the government should
present quick solution to fill in the gap between demand and supply of
energy. He said that the current energy crisis was causing loss of Rs.230
billion and bringing 400,000 people jobless. Current dependable power
supply hovers around 14,000MW in summer though it drops in the winter.
On the other hand power demand in 2030 would be more than 100,000MW,
he added. He emphasized that the development of the Thar coal was the
only viable long-term solution for meeting energy demands of the country.
Only Thar Coal can provide guaranteed long-term energy security to
Pakistan, he maintained.
He said indigenous coal can be used, and added that coal gas power plants
based on integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) plants would
generate electricity at a cost of about Rs.7 per KWH. He further said that
coal can also be converted into coal gas above the ground in machines
called surface gasifies, Dr. Samar said, that the efficiency of the conversion
of coal gas to electricity is about 40 percent.
Is there any possibility of Natural Gas within these Coal Reserves?
Can we utilize it to fulfill of daily needs?
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Regarding this question Dr. Samar Mubarak Mand responded that these
Coal Reserves in Thar estimated at 850 trillion cubic feet (TFC) of Gas, are
30 times higher than Pakistans proven Gas reserves of 28 Trillion Cubic
Feet. Dr Mubarak Mand said that the success of the Thar coal project will
lead to investment from the leading international companies. With the
completion of coal-fired power generation project, the nation would get
cheap and sufficient power supply thus resolving the current pestering
energy crisis.
What will be the cost while producing Electricity through Coal
Resources than producing Electricity through other means?
Regarding this question Dr. Samar Mubarak Mand responded that Coal
Power Generation would cost Pakistan PKR 5.67 per Unit while Power
generation by independent power projects cost PKR 9.27. He further told
that it requires just Rs. 420 Billion initial Investment, whereas Pakistan
receives annually Rs. 1220 Billion from electricity Tax only.
Is there any other Country Producing Electricity while utilizing their
Coal Reserves?
Regarding this question Dr. Samar Mubarak Mand responded that 41%
electricity in the World is being produced from coal while India is
producing 64.6 % electricity from it but Pakistan only producing 2.27 %
from it.

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4th Meeting: With Dr. Mirza Samad Baig
The Delegation comprising the members of the Special Committee on
Energy Crises meets Dr. Mirza Samad Baig (Director Thar Coal
Underground Gasification Project) on April 5, 2012.
Attendees:
Muhammad Hammad Malik
YP16-KPK03
Osama Mehmood
YP42-PUNJAB22
Ahmed Numair Farooq
YP21-PUNJAB01
Agenda:
The main goal of the meeting was to discuss the details of the Thar
Coal Underground Gasification Project which is considered very
important to solve the present energy crises in the country.
Minutes:
The meeting was held in a friendly environment. After the
introduction Dr. Mirza Samad Baig give a brief overview of the project of
Thar Coal Underground Gasification. He mentioned that the Thar Coal is
the world 2nd largest coal reserve that covers the area of about 9000 km2 and
estimates about 175 billion tons of Liginite quality coal which is equal to
175 billion barrels of oil. He also told us that the pilot project that was
started from 1st march, 2010 has been completed and it is designed for
100MW electricity production.
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After this brief intro of the project the attendees raised certain
questions which were answered by the honorable guest. These questions
along with their answers are given below:
The Pilot Project of Thar Coal Underground Gasification that was

started in 2010, is it completely functional and producing electricity?
Dr. Samad said that it has been completed and they have achieved the goal
to burn the coal that is present under the surface but there are certain
technical problems they are facing which are to be overcome.
Could the project be completed in near future and will it solve our
energy problems?
Regarding this question Dr. Samad told us that they project is able to fulfill
all the energy needs of the country for at least the next 50 years. But for this
we need a lot of Funds and at least 5 years time.
Are there any other benefits of the project?

He said that by the burning of this Lignite quality coal we can get heat of
about 5000 BTU value. This heat can be used to make steam which can also
generate 38MW electricity further. The gases produced as a byproduct can
be used for urea production and we can run a Fertilizer plant by them.
Diesel generation can also be done by thermal cracking of the products.

Page 27

What are the main issues in the project and why will it take that
much long?
He told that for this purpose they need to dig 225 wells. Only 36 wells have
been dug so far for the pilot project in 2 years. Also the unavailability of
funds and lack of Govt. interest in the project are main issues. The policy
makers must include technical people who are masters of their field in the
policy making so that we can avoid the problems in our projects.
How much was the cost of the Pilot project and how much energy
can be produced from it?
The pilot project covers 65 km2 area and has 3 phases:
Phase 1 is Underground Coal Gasification and cost about 494 million
rupees.
Phase 2 is Syn Gas Holding and Purification and its cost is 490 million
rupees.
Phase 3 is Power Generation Phase and its cost is 8898.7 million rupees.
After this 100MW electricity can be produced experimentally.
Will the power generated from coal cheaper than the hydro power?
No, the power generated is not cheaper as it will cost about 5 rupees per
unit which is more than the hydro generated power.

Page 28

Why are we doing Underground Gasification? Isnt there any other
method that we can use to extract the coal and then use it?
Dr. Samad told that the coal seams are located about 175 feet below the
surface and also contain 1 water body above them and 1 in between the
seams which makes it impossible to mine as an open pit. Also the cost of
open pit mining is 3.5 times more than underground gasification and also
has some environmental issues.
Will underground gasification effect the water bodies present in the

area?
Regarding this Dr. Samad told us that efforts have been made to save the
drinkable water from contamination and we are successful in it.
Is any such project operational in any other country of the world?

Yes Uzbekistan is producing electricity from Underground Gasification
and there technical experts also visit Thar project and share their
experience.
After the completion of the Pilot project when can we expect over
power crises to be solved?
He said that for this purpose we need the people which are loyal to
Pakistan as the present Govt. is not showing any interest in the project. If
the required funds are allocated on urgent basis the project can be
functional in 5 years.
Page 29
What do you suggest can be done to overcome the recent energy

crises immediately?
Regarding this he said that there is no way that this crises can be solved
immediately. We need both short and long term planning. Unconventional
means of electricity production can be adopted like wind power, Solar
power, Bio Gas and Diesel etc. Along with all other unconventional energy
resources we must built dams to overcome over energy crises and Kala
Bagh Dam is the key to it.
The meeting last for 1 hour and 30 minutes in which we had very
fruitful discussion on the Energy and other crises that Pakistan is facing
now-a-days. Dr. Samad also urges that the youth must come forward and
do something for the betterment of the country as they are the only hope.
5th Meeting: With Mr. Muhammad Sarwar
The Delegation comprising the members of the Special Committee on

Energy Crises meets Mr. Muhammad Sarwar, Executive at Pakistan
Wind Energy Pvt. Ltd.
Attendees:
Shaheera Jalil Albasit
(YP56-SINDH08)
Ushna Ahmed
(YP59-SINDH11)

Page 30

Agenda:
The agenda of the meeting was to discuss the recent energy crisis and
to devise ways to overcome it with the help of non-conventional energy
resources like wind energy.
Minutes:
Which wind Turbines are more feasible, particularly for the urban
localities, Vertical Axis Wind Turbines or Horizontal/Lateral Axis
Wind Turbines?
The Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines are tried and tested for 600 years;
feasibility of the Vertical Axis Wind Turbines on the other hand has not yet
been proven.
Problems with the Vertical Axis Wind Turbines are:
The Lubricant-Losses in the Gear Mechanism of the Wind Turbines
are increased.
The complicated design of the Vertical Axis Wind Turbines increases
the R.P.M.
Turbulences are more frequent.
If Vertical Axis Wind Turbines are deployed at lower heights, then
the speed of the ground wind does not provide sufficient power.
Speaking regarding the projects of Alternative Energy and the role of

Alternative Energy Development Board (AEDB), he was of the
opinion that:
AEDB does not have any direct benefits to people like us who are running
our companies dedicated to the spread of Alternative Energy Sources in
Page 31

Pakistan. AEDB shows no keen interests in most of such projects and only
provides nominal facilitation. Corruption charges against AEDB go up, to
PKR 1.5 Arab. The lands which have recently been allocated to us and
other private companies, by the Government of Sindh are not very
beneficial either because they are either disputed or have security threats
by the locals. Apparently, Government of Sindh shows no keenness to
address these issues of Law & Order so that we could initiate our projects
immediately.
Answering the question regarding the potential of wind energy in

Pakistan, he said:
Wind Energy has the potential to add 85,000 Megawatts to the national
grid. 50 kilo Megawatts can be generated from Sindh and Balochistan,
particularly the coastal belt. Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa, especially the areas of
Chakwal and Kallar-Kahaar, can add 5000 Megawatts. Currently, Duddar
camp in Balochistan has various areas which function on wind turbines.
Also, from K. T. Bandar to Bhambuur, there are 175 villages which function
on wind turbines.
Discussing the loopholes in the current system of electricity

generation and power supply, he added:
Owing to the shocking state of corruption in the power sector, Pakistan has
lost 40 percent of its industry, which has shifted to Bangladesh. There are
extreme logistic difficulties in the current system of power supply. For
instance, one High Tension Tower costs up to PKR 5 to 6 lacs and there are
multiple such High Tension Tower deployed in Balochistan, near Hub
Chowki. If one Power Grid is to be spread over a distance of 20 kilometers,
it would cost up to PKR 1.5 crore. If the same grid is to provide electricity
Page 32

to 1,400 villages in Interior Sindh, it would mount the costs to PKR 2,100
crore. To address this issue, our company suggested to Hyderabad Electric
Supply Company (HESCO) that we could provide electricity to those 1,400
villages right there, through our sources of alternative power generation
via Wind Energy, but we did not receive any encouraging response from
HESCO. The current power supply mechanism includes costs incurred by
the Spreading of Transmission Lines and Maintenance of Grid Stations;
these costs can be cut-down if management becomes transparent and
sincere. Our company is also working on a very practical application of
having Pre-paid meters. These pre-paid meters can be interfaced with
mobile phones of the consumers and they will be able to pay their bills
more effectively. Pre-paid meters, if deployed, will also minimize chances
of monetary corruption.
Talking about the idea that their company presented to HESCO for
those 1,400 villages in Interior Sindh included:
Under-ground spreading of wires.

There would be only 1 office in which meters would be installed.
Only 1 person per village would be employed for maintenance.
No heavy vehicles would be required nor would high-tech engineers
be needed, which will make this project cost-effective.

Page 33

Electricity Generation Potential in Pakistan
Few years back Pakistan used to get half of its electricity from hydel power
and remaining from thermal generation. However there is a limit to the
extent of exploitation of hydel resources and thermal power plants due to
environmental and other concerns. Modalities for overcoming the energy
crisis are multifold. To meet the challenge there is a dire need to go to the
alternate sources of energy.
Fig: Different methods of Power Generation in Pakistan
WE are fortunate to live in a country that offers us a multitude of natural

resources yet to be harnessed for their entire potential. Arguably the most
important of these, with reference to the present atrocious energy crisis and
the intensifying effects of climate change, are the renewable sources of
energy.

Page 34

The Pakistan Council for Renewable Energy (PCRET) has already
undertaken some groundbreaking work in this regard by researching the
potential of renewable sources of energy for commercial and personal use
through localized design and development principles.
Pakistan, tracking the UK, Germany, Bangladesh can encourage banking
sector to finance individual homes to shift to renewable. It will save
trillions being lost to corruption, line loses, administrative cost and
maintenance. Specially, Punjab government needs to spearhead the drive
to adopt renewable energy as the most populous province and support
agri-sector.
Renewable energy can be used to reduce Pakistans ever increasing $10bn
annual fuel imports. By adopting mass transport, Pakistan can cut diesel
fuel imports, which reportedly constitutes 80 per cent of total national fuel
import. It can help Pakistan fight poverty, generate millions of jobs, end
privatization of national silver and bring more than $100bn annually in
foreign direct investments (FDIs). In 2010, $230bn was invested in
renewable energy in worldwide; due to friendly policies, private sector
alone has invested $191bn in renewable energy.
Renewable energy can save our future generations from being
unemployed. Our leaders need to use renewable energy to educate and
employ youth, attract billions of dollars in FDIs and revive and sustain
economy.

Page 35

Nations are using renewable energy, transport policies and eco-cities to
overcome poverty, create millions of jobs, expand industries, attract direct
foreign investment and strengthen economies. In conclusion, Pakistan can
solve its energy crisis and join modern world provided our leaders are
willing to adopt effective laws, transparent policies, get rid of corrupt
practices, and adopt renewable energy.
Wind Energy:
Pakistan can have wind energy on lines of China to generate 20,000 MW.
China has planned to generate or 30GW with wind energy by year 2020.
Gansu province alone is going to add 7Gw to its existing 10GW installed
capacity by 2015. Wind energy project costs have dropped to below US
$625 a kilowatt, making wind power generation a profitable business in
Gansu. China is going to harness 750GW of offshore wind energy. In G-20
countries, 48 per cent investment in clean energy has gone in wind energy
and it has added 40 GW of generating capacity, which is enough to power
30 million homes.
Pakistan has been gifted with an immense wind resource. The wind map of
Pakistan has been developed after extensive analysis carried out by
National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), USA in collaboration with
USAID, Pakistan Meteorological Department (PMD) and Alternative
Energy Development Board (AEDB) using data available from PMD met
sites and satellite imaginary.
Page 36

The Ghoro - Keti Bandar Wind Corridor spreading 60 km along the
coastline of Sindh province and more than 170 km deep towards the land
alone has a potential to generate more than 60,000 MW of electricity.
AEDB also approaching relevant forums for installation of wind masts in
Balochistan province and other parts of the country to assess the wind
potential to explore the opportunities of investment for private sector. This
will enable public sector investment in promotional, demonstrative and
trend setting wind energy projects that would result in devising measure to
support the private sector in mobilizing and financing wind power projects
in Balochistan province and other parts of the country.
Fig: Zorlu Wind Farm (6MW) at Jhampir (Sindh)

Page 37
A wind turbine at Zorlu Wind Farm (6MW) Jhampir (Sindh)

Page 38

Solar Energy:
Solar sector is the fastest-growing clean-energy industry in the world.
Prices of solar panels have declined by more than 60 per cent in the last 30
months. By the end of this year, solar modules are expected to cost half as
much as they did four years ago. In 2010 alone, 17 GW of solar-generation
capacity was added in the world which could power more than 12.5
million homes. China produced 48 per cent which is about 13GW, of the
worlds solar panels in 2010, in coming two year time it will be the worlds
largest market. The solar feed-in tariff, the price of solar-generated
electricity, could drop below 12.5 cents for each kilowatt-hour (kWh) by
2015, equal to conventional coal-fired electricity by that time.
India is encouraging individuals to develop 12-acre solar farms to sell
energy to state. Almost entire textile sector of India has shifted to
renewable energy. Pakistan needs to legislate to shift industry to renewable
energy to free gas, end energy theft, and meet international emission
standards and competitiveness. Though initial cost of installing solar
panels is comparatively high but through them the highest levels of
efficiency can be reached.
Solar Energy is available at a rate of 1000 watts per square meter in
Pakistan (about 19 Mega Joules per square metre of solar energy) according
to the Alternative Energy Development Board (AEDB) sources. This can be
converted to DC electricity with the help of Solar Photovoltaic cells, which
may be used to pump water, operate fans, TV and telecommunications
Page 39

directly during daytime. The electrical energy generated during the day
time (5-8 hours of sunshine), can also be stored in deep cycle lead acid
batteries which can be used at night to provide power for lighting, radio,
Television and fans. The system will be user-friendly and designed as a
stand-alone system for each household, who will be trained to operate and
maintain it. The user will only be required to switch on/off the system, as
is done in normal home lighting systems. In addition, Solar Photovoltaic
Panels can generate enough electricity to pump water from depth of 350 ft,
700 ft and up to 1000 ft.
Fig: Solar Powered Tube well.

Page 40

On 29th May 2012 Prime Minister of Pakistan Syed Yousaf Raza Gillani
inaugurated the first ever Solar Power Generation plant. The project was
the joint venture of Pakistan Engineering Council (PEC) and Planning
Commission of Pakistan and was funded by Japan International
Cooperation agency (JICA) under its Cool Earth Partnership Program.
The system has been completed in 3 years at a cost of 553.63 million. Under
the project, 178.08 KW photovoltaic system each in the premises of PEC
and Planning Commission has been installed. The combined generation
capacity is 356.16 KW.
Fig: Pakistan's First Ongrid Solar Electricity Generation System installed by Pakistan
Engineering Council. The capacity of the project is 178.9 KW.
Page 41

Baluchistan has great solar potential. It is not only the valley of minerals
but it has a lot of wind and solar energy, having a scattered habitat and
ample sunshine. But the number of solar panels installed there are very
few. Some important advantages which favor the use of solar energy use in
Pakistan include low operational and maintenance cost, environment
friendly dimension etc.
In the last few years, PCRET has designed and developed 10 solar dryers
for drying of dates, a solar hybrid system for dehydration of apricot on
commercial scale and more than 500 solar cookers handed over to NGOs
for dissemination and popularization.
Fig: Solar Panels used for the drying of dates in Gilgit.

Page 42

A commendable initiative taken by the CDA is giving a local manufacturer
the approval to install solar-powered lampposts along the strip of Jinnah
Avenue in the Blue Area, Islamabad, with no cost to the city exchequer.
The manufacture, installation and maintenance costs are to be borne by the
providing company, which will recover its project cost by renting out
advertising space on the lamp posts.
Fig: Solar Powered LED Street lights
The Karachi administration has also announced that the city will utilize
solar power for lighting in public places. Solar PV technology, coupled
with LED lights, has a high potential for saving significant amounts of
energy.

Page 43
Fig: Solar panels installed at Mizar-e-Quaid Karachi.
Solar energy is the best and suitable form for Pakistan as the country
has a potential of generating 100,000 MW electricity or over 2.324 million
MW electricity per annum through solar system.

Page 44

Coal:
Few years back Pakistan used to get half of its electricity from hydel power
and remaining from thermal generation. However there is a limit to the
extent of exploitation of hydel resources and thermal power plants due to
environmental and other concerns. Modalities for overcoming the energy
crisis are multifold.
Fig: Coal Fields of Pakistan
To meet the challenge there is a dire need to go to the alternate sources of

energy. Some people suggest that process of converting coal into product
gas underground can be a good alternate source of energy. Technically this
process is called as underground coal classification. Through this the

Page 45

underground deposit of coal is treated with controlled fire. Gradually the
coal turns into gas.
Fig: Underground Coal Gasification process.
The largest coal reserves of Pakistan exist in Thar which are about 175
Billion Tons or 850 Trillion Cubic feet. There this source can be cashed. A
pilot project has been completed for the generation of 100MW electricity.
Although the project has certain complications but they can be overcome
by the allocation of needed funds according to the Thar Coal Underground
Gasification Project sources.

Page 46
Fig: Coal reserves of Pakistan along with Thar Coal
Australia
80%
China
78%
India
69%
USA
50%
Germany
47%
Pakistan
0.1%
Fig: Global Power Generation from coal

Page 47

Hydro:
The total hydroelectric potential in the country has not been fully
investigated, but conservatively estimated to be 45,000 MW. This consists
of all sizes of hydropower plants, including storage-based and high-head
schemes on mountainous streams in the north and low-head, run-of-the
river plants on rivers and canals in the southern plains.
Pakistan has an installed hydroelectric capacity of 5,928 MW of large (>250
MW), 437 MW of medium (>50 MW and <250 MW), and 253 MW of small
to micro (<50 MW) plants, mostly in the northern parts of the country. This
amounts to 6,608 MW of total capacity, or less than 15% of the identified
potential.
Fig: Existing Installed Power Generation Capacity in Pakistan

Page 48

Gilgit-Baltistan has maximum hydroelectricity resources as compared to
anywhere in the country. The region has an area of 72000 square kilometers
and a population of nearly two million. It is a mountainous region and the
population is widely scattered. A large number of micro hydro power
station units have been established in the area.
The major hydro-electricity sites are as under:

Diamir Basha Dam
4500 MW
Bunji
7100 MW
Munda
740 MW ( 9 years for completion)
Akhori
600 MW ( 5 years for completion)
Kurram Tangi
83.4 MW (4 years for completion)
Other small and medium size projects: 22,986 MW

Total Potential:
31,000 MW
Total estimated investment:
60 billion US$

Page 49
Fig: Proposed view of Diamer Basha Dam project
Kala Bagh Dam:

Kala Bagh Dam is the most important project that must be completed to
overcome the energy as well as water crises of Pakistan. It was to be
completely functional in 1986 at a cost of 6 Billion but was never
constructed and now if it is to be constructed it cost a price of 600 Billion.
The project has its too much importance for the future of Pakistan but is
under high political monopoly.

Page 50

Conclusion
After all the literature that we reviewed we can sketch up some

rough hurdles that are there that wont let implement our identified
solutions. These hurdles are explained in short below;
Hurdles Implementing the Solutions to this Crisis:

1. Circular Debt:
We identified that the Government is not serious in paying the IPPs
circular Debt. Once this debt is paid off, the IPPs can pay off their
petroleum import expenses and start producing at optimum levels. As long
as the debt is left un-paid, we may continue to have such crisis forever.
2. Line Losses:
We identified that WAPDA is facing huge line losses due to electricity theft
or illegal usage of electricity. The burden is beard by the Government so in
order to cover up such losses and to ensure adequate and clean facility of
electricity; we must ensure that no body breaks into the transmission
system.

Page 51

3. Inadequate Power Generation Capacity:
We identified that most of the systems here run on either Gas or Coal i-e
they are thermal systems. Both Gas and Coal are considered as scarce and
expensive commodities for electricity producers. We must not rely mostly
on such production systems. We must ensure usage of efficient Thermal
plants instead of in-efficient ones to conserve the scarce resources.
4. Lack of Capacity of Transmission of Electricity:
We identified that most electricity transmission lines here in Pakistan are
incapable of transmitting electric voltages of more than two phases. This
makes them in-compatible to carry higher voltages, so even if we produce 3
phase electricity, it would be of no use in this case. We need to upgrade our
transmission lines.
5. Lack of Capacity of Distribution of Electricity:
We identified that we lack high quality lower end grids that are used to
carry electricity from power houses to the ultimate consumers via grid
stations. The infrastructure is old and deteriorated. The system is unable to
sustain extreme weather conditions hence most of the grids shut down at
extreme temperature or either completely stops working.
6. Privatization of K.E.S.C:
After the privatization of K.E.S.C is enhanced its production capacity but
the Government for a certain reasons did not provide it with adequate
distribution network. As production alone is not sufficient, the
Page 52

Government must provide a clean transmission system for IPPs especially
to K.E.S.C as it is responsible to provide electricity to two of our provinces
Sindh and Balouchistan.
7. Governments dependence on IPPs:
The IPPs at current are responsible to provide electricity to half of our
country. As the Govt. did not pay their debt so now they are charging or
demanding higher per unit prices from the consumers. This hike in
electricity prices is affecting not only our local industries and homes but is
also affecting our exports of manufacturing goods. The govt. must
intervene and pay out the circular debt. Or provide subsidy on electricity.
8. Lack of Governments interest in building dams:
Pakistan being rich in hydro-electricity resources can generate all of its
electricity through water but this sector is totally neglected by the
Government and no mega Dam project is initiated for the last 30 years.
Hydroelectricity being the cheapest is the need of the country but was
totally neglected. The govt. should take this seriously and allocate funds
for the initiation of Mega Dam projects.

Page 53

Recommendations
Following are some recommendations for resolving the energy crisis in
the country:
1. Funds must be initiated on the priority basis to solve the biggest and
most important problem of the energy crises.
2. To overcome the problem on urgent basis, electricity from the
neighboring countries can be utilized and during this duration means
should be adopted to generate energy.
3. Removing the Circular Debt of WAPDA and PEPCO. This requires a
lot of investment to be put into WAPDA for the purchase of oil
however with the current financial condition the government cannot
take such a valiant step. A proposed solution is giving electricity on
credit to the industries as well as the government institutions.
4. Ensuring payment of dues by the government departments and
agencies. This will require moral courage on part of the government
but the payment of outstanding dues by the government agencies is
imperative for removing the circular debt of WAPDA.
5. IPPs should be paid on regular basis so that no short fall from the
Thermal power sector is encountered.
6. Improvement of the efficiency of various Thermal Power units. This
is very important for utilizing the installed capacity of the National
Grid. The investment required for the rehabilitation of the Thermal

Page 54

Power units in various parts of the country is very less as compared
to the money spent on Rental Power Projects.
7. Mega projects like construction of Big Dams should be initiated on
priority basis and for this purpose foreign investment should be
taken.
8. The funds allocated by the Federal Government are not large enough
to initiate mega generation projects such as Bhasha Dam and Bunji
Dam, funding for these projects has to be brought in from
International monetary agencies, for which rescheduling and
improvement in debt to GDP ratio is required.
9. The funds allocated for solving energy crisis should be used for
rehabilitation of thermal power units, establishment of small and
medium sized hydroelectric power plants.
10.Along with big dams, small dams and micro-hydro projects must
also be started for the short term solution.
11.Government should take all the provinces onboard and solve
confusions regarding Kalabagh dam keeping in view of its
importance for the betterment of the country.
12.Alternative energy from unconventional means like Thermal, Solar,
Tidal and wind must be encouraged. For this purpose private sector
can be involved.
13.The government should also enhance partnership with trade partners
like China to establish Photo Voltaic cell manufacturing units in
Pakistan in order to promote solar energy.
Page 55

14.The electricity for agricultural sector can be provided by covering the
irrigation canals with solar panels. The initial funding required for
this project can be derived from the agricultural subsidy.
15.Bank loans without interest must be initiated for the private sector
and people for the use of Solar and Wind and resources locally.
16.Immediate funding must be done for the completion of Thar Coal
project and the project must be extended to the large scale for the
utilization of Thar coal for energy purposes.
17. In northern areas, Private sector must be encouraged for the
installation of turbines on high energy streams to overcome the
energy need locally. For this purpose community funding can also be
done to meet the initial cost.
18.The air corridor of Gawadar must be utilized completely only for the
purpose of wind energy.
19.Industries that consume 32% of our electricity, must apply Energy
Conservation Systems and Management measures. They can start
producing their own energy with their own investment without
depending upon the grid.
20.Industrialists and new investors must consider the Energy Sector as
good an investment as any other. Needs image building.

Page 56

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2012

Energy Crises in Pakistan

Energy Crises in Pakistan

It gives me intense pleasure to present a report of the Special Committee

By Muhammad Hammad Malik (YP16-KPK03)

Energy Crises in Pakistan

By Muhammad Hammad Malik (YP16-KPK03)

Energy Crises in Pakistan