Basic Concepts in Disaster

Basic Concepts in Disaster
(The health sector preparedness

and response)
Joseph Al L. Alesna, MD.,FPSPS.,FPCS.,MM
SWU
Objectives
At the end of this session the pax will be able
to:
Define / familiarize concepts / terms
frequently used in disaster/emergency
situation.
Be aware of PD 1655 / NDRRMS
Understand the different terms, types,
phases, responses universally applied in
emergencies / disaster.
Glimpse of Guinsaugon experience.
Definition of Terms
Disaster ( UN )
a serious disruption of the functioning
of society causing widespread human,
material or environmental losses which
exceed the ability of the affected people to
cope using its own resources.
Emergency ( WHO )
any occurrence which requires an
immediate response.
WHO view
Disaster
implies failure to cope

- use of the term should be limited
Emergency
implies a positive organized approach to

cope
with a threat
- appropriate for use as general term
PD 1655 / NDRRMS
NDCC national
RDCC regional
PDCC provincial
CDCC/MDCC- city / town
BDCC barangay
when the mountain come upon

us.
Guinsaugon, St Bernard, S. Leyte

2-17-06
Hazard
a threatening event or
phenomenon in the natural or
human- made that may adversely
affects human life, property or
activity to the extent of causing a
disaster.
Categories of Hazard
A. Source
B. Onset
Internal
External
Sudden/ acute
Slow/ chronic
C. Cause
Natural
Human-made
National Situation
The Philippines is a highly disaster
prone country :
7108 islands
Much coastal areas and long coastlines
Thick rainfall and rising water basins
Active geological fault line
Natural Hazards
Average of 19-20 typhoons annually

Drought due to prolonged dry season
Storm surges and tsumanis
Prone to earthquakes
21 active volcanoes which may erupt anytime
Seasonal and flash floods, averaging 15
recurrences a year, usually occurring after a
typhoon or heavy rain
Landslides
Average of 3.4 m individuals affected
annually by a typhoon.
Man-made Hazards
Social unrest continues to cause

heavy displacement of people
Average of 300 fire occurrences
annually in congested areas
Environmental degradation and
pollution
Industrial accidents
Marine mishaps and aircrashes
Regional Hazard Situation
One active volcano Mt Canlaon

Seasonal flash floods from heavy
downpour
Landslides Toledo city, Argao
Drought due to prolonged dry season
Super Typhoons Nitang, Ruping, Frank
Sea mishaps MV Asia/Korea, Sulpicio
lines
Risk
The level of loss or damage that
can be predicted from a particular
hazard affecting a particular place at a
particular time.
Risk assessment
Risk of death
Risk of injury
Risk of disease
Risk of loss of property
Risk of loss of income
Risk of breakdown of security
Risk of damage to infrastructure
Risk of breakdown in essential services
Risk of having a crippled reputation
2 components of Risk
Susceptibility ( external factors )- the

factors (of the hazard) which allow a
hazard to cause an emergency; e.g.
being in an earthquake prone area
Vulnerability ( internal factors ) the

factors (of the community) which allow
a hazard to cause a disaster; e.g. the
level of underdevelopment of the
community
Human Habitat
Hazard + Risk
= Disaster
Disaster
a serious disruption of the
functioning of society causing
widespread human, material or
environmental losses which exceed
the ability of the affected people to
cope using its own resources.
In disaster, what are lost?
Lives
Properties
Reputations
Types of disaster (cause)
Natural
Man-made
Natural
Volcanic eruption
Earthquakes
Landslide
Flood
Drought
Tidal waves
Forest fire
Typhoon
Man- made
Technology
Behavior related
Civil disruption
Caused by biological agents
Fires
Traffic accidents
Blast
Disease outbreak
Epidemics
Pandemic
Complex scenario
Terrorism
Phases of Disaster
Pre-disaster long term or short term (barely few

hours or days) period before a disaster strikes.
Actual/during disaster- period immediately after the

impact of disaster when the presence of extreme
stress, strong emotional alarm and apprehension is
still felt by the victim.
Post-disaster- period when the victims are relieved

from environment stresses , able to cope with the
situation and ready to move for rehabilitation.
Disaster continuum (phases)

Impact/ disaster
phase
Pre- disaster
phase
Post-disaster
phase
Emergency (Disaster) Management

A collective term
encompassing all aspects of planning
for responding to disaster, including
both pre- and post-disaster activities;
management of both the risks and the
consequences of disaster
Emergency (Disaster) Response

Disaster /
Emergency Response
Emergency (Disaster)
preparedness
Development
Disaster (emergency
rehabilitation
Emergency Mngt (Disaster) Cycle

continuum - EMC
Pre
During
Emergency response
Post
Preventive
Mitigation
Preparedness
Rehabilitation
Reconstruction
Development
Development
EMC continuum
Prevention prevent a natural

phenomenon or a potential hazard from
having harmful effects on either persons
or properties
Mitigation reduce the harmful effects
of a disaster; long term structural and
non-structural measures which minimize
the negative effects of hazards
EMC continuum
Preparedness limit the impact of a

disaster by structuring the response
and effecting a quick and orderly
reaction to the disaster
Organization
Disaster implementation plan
Stockpiling of supplies
Training of volunteers
Community kitchen
Identify / prepare evacuation centers
EMC continuum
Emergency response essential services

provided to disaster victims at the time of the
emergency
Rehabilitation actions taken hours or in the
weeks or months following a disaster to
restore basic services to enable the
population to return to pre-disaster condition
Reconstruction activities focused on the
rebuilding of community and the physical
environment with improved safety standards
measures to attain normalcy and productivity
EMC continuum
Development normal community

activities have set in
Disaster/Emergency Responses
Disaster/ Emergency
Response
survey services
rescue/relief/ems
health services
Disaster/Emergency
a. preventive
Disaster
Preparedness
b. disaster epidemiology Rehabilitation
capability building
c. promotive
livelihood
logistics
d. rehab
Infra-structure
vulnerability analysis e. curative
hazard mapping
site selection/planning
networking/coordination
research/ documentation
data banking
Development
policy review and analysis
Prevention
decision making and legislation
Mitigation
advocacy
public edu
evaluation and planning
Haddon Matrix
Ex: MVA
HOST
VECTOR
ENVIRONMEN
T
PRE
Any eye problem,

Existing illness
Status of
Brake,
Tires, etc
Road signs,
weather
DURING
Injuries
sustained
Degree of
damage
EMSS
POST
Physical
condition
Integrity of
vehicle
Policy, Laws,
Legislation
DOH capability building

Target group
Public Health & Hosp
Hospitals
General Public
Training
HEM course
Participants
Program coordinators
ATLS
all MDs
ACLS
ALS / EMT
MDs & RNs

Selected nonMedical/Med
BLS 2
All hospital personnel
ALS / EMT
Paramedics/ rescue grp
BLS 2 cert
BLS 1
General Public
General Public
Health Sector Response
Public Health PrePHC
hospital
care
EMSS
Hospital
(HEICS)
Internal
disaster plan
External
disaster plan
Hospital
setting
Pre-hospital setting
(advance medical
post)
Incident commander
Field operation
Search and
rescue
Collection area
Disaster Health Care Principles
Primary Health Care

Good organization
Four camp risk factors
Development oriented
humanitarian
assistance
Public Health Setting
Primary Health Care
Concept
Philosophy
Structure
Services
Approach
Goal
PHC
S = sustainable, self-reliant and self

determined
A = acceptable, appropriate, accessible
and affordable
F = full participation
E = essential to life ( H2o , food, shelter,
sanitation, and disease control )
Organization of DOH
Services Level of care

Programs Health sector network local /
international
Evacuation center
Four Camp Risk factors
Water &
sanitation
crowding
shelter
pneumonia
GastroenteritisScabies
Dysentery
vector
direct
Cholera
Typhoid
Measles
Hepa A
malaria
Meningitis
Polio
dengue
Pertussis
Diphtheria
TB
food
Marasmus
Kwashiorkor
Iodine def
Pellagra
Beri-beri
Relative impact of health measures

1. Curative care alone
2 safe h2o, enough food
New cases
3. above, Plus proper sanitation /housing

4, above & active preventive health measures
& public health educ
Time
Development oriented
humanitarian response- principle
Self-help community participation

Preserve community and family
environment
Priorities and long term consideration
Innovate with care
Allocation and distribution
Appropriate & standardized provision
the indirect victim
Critical incident stress debriefing
debriefing
In summary
Define disaster, differentiate it from

emergency.
Aware of PD 1655.
Introduce the terms hazard, risk,
disaster, there categories/types.
Understood the phases of disaster
and the spectrum of responses.
Experience a unique disaster.
Safety First
Salamat

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Basic Concepts in Disaster

(The health sector preparedness

implies failure to cope

implies a positive organized approach to

when the mountain come upon

Guinsaugon, St Bernard, S. Leyte

Average of 19-20 typhoons annually

Social unrest continues to cause

Regional Hazard Situation

One active volcano Mt Canlaon

Susceptibility ( external factors )- the

Vulnerability ( internal factors ) the

In disaster, what are lost?

Types of disaster (cause)

Caused by biological agents

Pre-disaster long term or short term (barely few

Actual/during disaster- period immediately after the

Post-disaster- period when the victims are relieved

Disaster continuum (phases)

Emergency (Disaster) Management

Emergency (Disaster) Response

Emergency Mngt (Disaster) Cycle

Prevention prevent a natural

Preparedness limit the impact of a

Emergency response essential services

Development normal community

Any eye problem,

DOH capability building

MDs & RNs

All hospital personnel

Paramedics/ rescue grp

Health Sector Response

Public Health PrePHC

Disaster Health Care Principles

Primary Health Care

Public Health Setting

Primary Health Care

S = sustainable, self-reliant and self

Services Level of care

Four Camp Risk factors

Relative impact of health measures

3. above, Plus proper sanitation /housing

Self-help community participation

the indirect victim

Critical incident stress debriefing

Define disaster, differentiate it from

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