Wolverine Engineering Data Book II

Acknowledgement
Wolverine Tube Inc.

wishes to express its appreciation to
Dr. K. J. Bell and Dr. A. C. Mueller
for authorship of this manual.
Acknowledgement is made in the text for
material which has been used
from other sources.
2001, electronic distribution

by Wolverine Tube, Inc.
Research and Development Team
1984, original paper distribution

by Wolverine Division of UOP Inc.
All rights reserved.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter 1 Basic Heat Transfer
Section 1
Section 2
Section 3
Section 4
Section 5
Basic Mechanisms of Heat Transfer

Conduction
Single Phase Convection
Two Phase (Liquid-Gas/Vapor) Flow
11
Condensation
14
Vaporization
17
Radiation
19
Basic Heat Exchanger Equations

The Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient
21
The Design Integral
23
The Mean Temperature Difference

The Logarithmic Mean Temperature Difference (LMTD)
25
Configuration Correction Factors on the LMTD
27
Construction of Shell and Tube heat Exchangers

Why a Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger?
31
Basic Components of Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers
31
Provisions for Thermal Stress
34
Mechanical Stresses
36
The Vibration Problem
36
Erosion
37
Cost of Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers
37
Allocation of Streams in a Shell and Tube Exchanger
38
Application of Extended Surfaces to Heat Exchangers

The Concept of the Controlling Resistance
39
Types of Extended Surface
39
Fin Efficiencies and Related Concepts
40
The Fin Resistance Method
42
Some Applications of Finned Tubes
44
Section 6
Fouling in Heat Exchangers

Typical Fouling Resistances
45
Types of Fouling
45
Effect of Fouling on Heat Transfer
46
Materials Selection for Fouling Services
46
Removal of Fouling
47
Chapter 2 Sensible Heat Transfer

Section 1
Section 2
Section 3
Section 4
Section 5
Section 6
Heat Exchangers with Low- and Medium-Finned Trufin

Areas of Application
57
Description of Low- and Medium-Finned Trufin
58
Basic Equations for Heat Exchanger Design

The Basic Design Equation and Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient
59
Fin Efficiency and Fin Resistance
60
Mean Temperature Difference, F Factors
61
Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop during Flow across Banks of Trufin Tubes
Heat Transfer In Trufin Tube Banks
71
Pressure Drop During Flow Across Banks of Low-Finned Trufin Tubes
73
Effect of Fouling on Trufin
75
Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop Inside Tubes

Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop in Single Phase Flow inside Round Tubes
76
Heat Transfer in Two-Phase Flow Inside Tubes
82
Preliminary Design of Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers

Basic Principles of Design
84
Preliminary Design Decisions
86
Procedure for Approximate Size Estimation
88
Delaware Method for Shell-Side Rating of Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers
Introduction
95
Calculation of Shell-Side Geometrical Parameters
96
Shell-Side Heat Transfer Coefficient Calculation
105
Shell-Side Pressure Drop Calculation
106
Section 7
Examples of Design Problems for Low- and Medium-Finned Trufin in

Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers
Design of a Compressor After-cooler
115
Design of a Gas Oil to Crude Heat Recovery Exchanger
122
Chapter 3 Condensing Heat Transfer

Section 1
Section 2
Section 3
Section 4
Trufin Tubes in Condensing Heat Transfer

Modes of Condensation
142
142
Types of Tubes Available
143
Condensation of Vapor inside High-Finned Trufin Tubes

Vapor-Liquid Two-Phase Flow
144
Condensation Heat Transfer
154
Mean Temperature Difference for In-Tube Condensation
162
Condensation of Vapor outside Low- and Medium-Finned Trufin Tubes

Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers for Condensing Applications
166
The Basic Design Equations
172
Mean Temperature Difference
172
Condensation of a Superheated Vapor
173
Condensation with Integral Sub-cooling On the Shell-side
174
Film-wise Condensation on Plain and Trufin Tubes
178
Film-wise Condensation on Tube Banks
180
Pressure Drop during Shell-side Condensation
181
Examples of Design Problems for Low- and Medium-Finned Trufin in Shell

and Tube Condensers
Condenser Design for a Pure Component: Example Problem
183
Condenser Design for a Multi-component Mixture: Example Problem
193
Chapter 4 Trufin Tubes in Air-cool Heat Exchangers

Section 1
Heat Exchangers with High-Finned Trufin Tubes

209
High-Finned Trufin
210
Description of Equipment
211
Section 2
Section 3
Section 4
Section 5
Heat Transfer with High-Finned Trufin Tubes

Fin Temperature Distribution and Fin Efficiency
216
Effect of Fouling on High-Finned Trufin
218
Contact Resistance in Bimetallic Tubes
219
Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop in High-Finned Trufin Tube Banks

Heat Transfer Coefficients in Cross-flow
220
Mean Temperature Difference in Cross-flow
222
Pressure Drop in Cross-flow
224
Other Air-Side Pressure Effects
226
Preliminary Design Procedures

Principles of the Design Process
227
Selection of Preliminary Design Parameters
227
Fundamental Limitations Controlling Air-cool Heat Exchanger Design
229
Final Design
236
Chapter 5 Trufin Tubes in Boiling Heat Transfer

Section 1
Section 2
Section 3
Boiling Theory
Pool Boiling Curve
241
Nucleation
243
Nucleate Boiling Curve
244
Maximum or Critical Heat Flux
245
Film Boiling
246
Boiling Inside Tubes
247
Sub-cooling and Agitation
247
Vaporizers - Types and Usage

General
249
Boiling Outside Tubes
249
251
Other Types of Evaporators
253
Boiling Heat Transfer

Pool Boiling - Single Tube
255
Single Tube in Cross Flow
259
Boiling on Outside of Tubes in a Bundle
259
Section 4
Section 5
Section 6
260
Boiling of Mixtures
264
Falling Film Heat Transfer

Vertical In-Tube Vaporizer
268
Horizontal Shell-Side Vaporizer
269
Dry Spots - Film Breakdown
269
Special Surfaces
Boiling on Fins
270
Mean Temperature Difference
271
Pressure Drop
Tube-Side Pressure Drop
273
Shell-Side Pressure Drop
275
Section 7
Fouling
277
Section 8
Design Procedures
Section 9
Selection of Re-boiler Type
280
Pool Type Re-boilers
280
In-tube or Thermosyphon Re-boilers
281
Special Considerations
Examples of Design Problems
Section 10
285
Example of Design Problems for Trufin in Boiling Heat Transfer

Design Example - Kettle Re-boiler
286
In-Tube Thermosyphon - Example Problem
289
Boiling Outside Trufin Tubes - Example Problem
293

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Acknowledgement

Wolverine Tube Inc.

2001, electronic distribution

1984, original paper distribution

Basic Mechanisms of Heat Transfer

Single Phase Convection

Two Phase (Liquid-Gas/Vapor) Flow

Basic Heat Exchanger Equations

The Design Integral

The Mean Temperature Difference

Configuration Correction Factors on the LMTD

Construction of Shell and Tube heat Exchangers

Basic Components of Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers

Provisions for Thermal Stress

The Vibration Problem

Cost of Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers

Allocation of Streams in a Shell and Tube Exchanger

Application of Extended Surfaces to Heat Exchangers

Types of Extended Surface

Fin Efficiencies and Related Concepts

The Fin Resistance Method

Some Applications of Finned Tubes

Fouling in Heat Exchangers

Effect of Fouling on Heat Transfer

Materials Selection for Fouling Services

Chapter 2 Sensible Heat Transfer

Heat Exchangers with Low- and Medium-Finned Trufin

Description of Low- and Medium-Finned Trufin

Basic Equations for Heat Exchanger Design

Fin Efficiency and Fin Resistance

Mean Temperature Difference, F Factors

Pressure Drop During Flow Across Banks of Low-Finned Trufin Tubes

Effect of Fouling on Trufin

Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop Inside Tubes

Heat Transfer in Two-Phase Flow Inside Tubes

Preliminary Design of Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers

Preliminary Design Decisions

Procedure for Approximate Size Estimation

Calculation of Shell-Side Geometrical Parameters

Shell-Side Heat Transfer Coefficient Calculation

Shell-Side Pressure Drop Calculation

Examples of Design Problems for Low- and Medium-Finned Trufin in

Design of a Gas Oil to Crude Heat Recovery Exchanger

Chapter 3 Condensing Heat Transfer

Trufin Tubes in Condensing Heat Transfer

Types of Tubes Available

Condensation of Vapor inside High-Finned Trufin Tubes

Condensation Heat Transfer

Mean Temperature Difference for In-Tube Condensation

Condensation of Vapor outside Low- and Medium-Finned Trufin Tubes

The Basic Design Equations

Mean Temperature Difference

Condensation of a Superheated Vapor

Condensation with Integral Sub-cooling On the Shell-side

Film-wise Condensation on Plain and Trufin Tubes

Film-wise Condensation on Tube Banks

Pressure Drop during Shell-side Condensation

Examples of Design Problems for Low- and Medium-Finned Trufin in Shell

Condenser Design for a Multi-component Mixture: Example Problem