GSM

Global System for Mobile communications

(GPRS, EDGE, UMTS, LTE

and)
1

GSM History
Year

Events

1982

CEPT establishes a GSM group in order to develop the standards for a pan-European
cellular mobile system

1985

Adoption of a list of recommendations to be generated by the group

1986

Field tests were performed in order to test the different radio techniques proposed for
the air interface

1987

TDMA is chosen as access method (in fact, it will be used with FDMA) Initial
Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) signed by telecommunication operators
(representing 12 countries)

1988

Validation of the GSM system

1989

The responsibility of the GSM specifications is passed to the ETSI

1990

Appearance of the phase 1 of the GSM specifications

1991

Commercial launch of the GSM service

1992

Enlargement of the countries that signed the GSM- MoU> Coverage of larger
cities/airports

1993

Coverage of main roads GSM services start outside Europe

1995

Phase 2 of the GSM specifications Coverage of rural areas

GSM world coverage map

Differences Between First and Second

Generation Systems
Digital traffic channels first-generation systems are
almost purely analog; second-generation systems are
digital
Encryption all second generation systems provide
encryption to prevent eavesdropping
Error detection and correction second-generation digital
traffic allows for detection and correction, giving clear
voice reception
Channel access second-generation systems allow
channels to be dynamically shared by a number of users
5

GSM network
The GSM network can be divided into four subsystems:
The Mobile Station (MS).
The Base Station Subsystem (BSS).
The Network and Switching Subsystem (NSS).
The Operation and Support Subsystem (OSS).

GSM Network Architecture

Mobile Station
Mobile station communicates across Um interface (air
interface) with base station transceiver in same cell as
mobile unit
Mobile equipment (ME) physical terminal, such as a
telephone or PCS
ME includes radio transceiver, digital signal
processors and subscriber identity module (SIM)
GSM subscriber units are generic until SIM is inserted
SIMs roam, not necessarily the subscriber devices

Base Station Subsystem (BSS)

BSS consists of base station controller and one or more base
transceiver stations (BTS)
Each BTS defines a single cell
Includes radio antenna, radio transceiver and a link to a base
station controller (BSC)
BSC reserves radio frequencies, manages handoff of mobile unit
from one cell to another within BSS, and controls paging
The BSC (Base Station Controller) controls a group of BTS and
manages their radio ressources. A BSC is principally in charge of
handovers, frequency hopping, exchange functions and control of
the radio frequency power levels of the BTSs.

10

Network Subsystem (NS)

NS provides link between cellular network and public
switched telecommunications networks
Controls handoffs between cells in different BSSs
Authenticates users and validates accounts
Enables worldwide roaming of mobile users
Central element of NS is the mobile switching center
(MSC)

11

Mobile Switching Center (MSC)

Databases
Home location register (HLR) database stores
information about each subscriber that belongs to it
Visitor location register (VLR) database maintains
information about subscribers currently physically in the
region
Authentication center database (AuC) used for
authentication activities, holds encryption keys
Equipment identity register database (EIR) keeps track
of the type of equipment that exists at the mobile station

12

The Operation and Support Subsystem (OSS)

The OSS is connected to the different components of the
NSS and to the BSC, in order to control and monitor the
GSM system. It is also in charge of controlling the traffic
load of the BSS.
However, the increasing number of base stations, due to
the development of cellular radio networks, has provoked
that some of the maintenance tasks are transferred to the
BTS. This transfer decreases considerably the costs of the
maintenance of the system.

13

GSM Channel Types

Traffic channels (TCHs)
carry digitally encoded user speech or user data and have
identical functions and formats on both the forward and
reverse link.
Control channels (CCHs)
carry signaling and synchronizing commands between
the base station and the mobile station. Certain types of
control channels are defined for just the forward or
reverse link.

14

How a Cellular Telephone Call is Made

All base stations continuously send out identification
signals (ID) of equal, fixed strength. When a mobile unit
is picked up and goes off-hook, it senses these
identification signals and identifies the strongest. This
tells the phone which cell it is in and should he associated
with. The phone then signals to that cell's base station
with its ID code, and the base station passes this to the
MSC, which keeps track of this phone and its present cell
in its database. The phone is told what channel to use for
talking, is given a dial tone, and the call activity proceeds
just like a regular call. All the nontalking activity is done
on a setup channel with digital codes.
15

Mobile unit initialisation

Mobile-originated call
Paging
Call accepted
Ongoing call
Handoff

16

GSM Radio interface

Frequency allocation
Two frequency bands, of 25 Mhz each one, have been
allocated for the GSM system:
The band 890-915 Mhz has been allocated for the uplink
direction (transmitting from the mobile station to the base
station).
The band 935-960 Mhz has been allocated for the
downlink direction (transmitting from the base station to
the mobile station).

17

Multiple access scheme

In GSM, a 25 MHz frequency band is divided, using a
FDMA, into 124 carrier frequencies spaced one from
each other by a 200 kHz frequency band.
Each carrier frequency is then divided in time using a
TDMA. This scheme splits the radio channel into 8
bursts.
A burst is the unit of time in a TDMA system, and it lasts
approximately 0.577 ms.
A TDMA frame is formed with 8 bursts and lasts,
consequently, 4.615 ms.
Each of the eight bursts, that form a TDMA frame, are
then assigned to a single user.
18

GSM bands

19

20

Maximum number of
simultaneous calls =
[(124) 8] / N = 330
(if N=3)
21

Multiframe components

22

GSM frame format

23

TDMS format

Trail bits: synchronisation between mobile and BS.

Encrypted bits: data is encrypted in blocks, Two 57-bit fields
Stealing bit: indicate data or stolen for urgent control signaling
Training sequence: a known sequence that differs for different
adjacent cells. It indicates the received signal is from the correct
transmitter and not a strong interfering transmitter. It is also used for
multipath equalisation. 26 bits.
Guide bits: avoid overlapping, 8.25 bits
24

25

Data rate
channel data rate in GSM
(1/120 ms) 26 8 156.25 = 270.8 33Kbps
User data rate
Each user channel receives one slot per frame
114 bits/slot 24 slots/multiframe
22.8kbps
120 ms/multifram
With error control

65data bits/slot 24 slots/mult iframe

13kbps
120 ms/multifr am
26

Traffic Channels
full rate channels offer a data rate of 22.8 kBit/s:
speech data: used as 13 kBit/s voice data plus FEC data
packet data: used as 12, 6, or 3.6 kBit/s plus FEC data
half rate channels offer 11.4 kBit/s:
speech data: improved codecs have rates of 6.5 kBit/s,
plus FEC
packet data: can be transmitted at 3 or 6 kBit/s
Two half rate channels can share one physical channel
Consequence: to achieve higher packet data rates, multiple
logical channels have to be allocated =) this is what GPRS
does
27

Speech coding
There are 260 bits coming out of a voice coder every 20 ms.
260 bits/20ms = 13 kbps
These 260 bits are divided into three classes:
Class Ia having 50 bits and are most sensitive to errors
3-bit CRC error detection code 53, then protected by a
Convolutional (2,1,5) error correcting code.
Class Ib contains 132 bits which are reasonably sensitive
to bit errors--protected by a Convolutional (2,1,5) error
correcting code.
Class II contains 78 bits which are slightly affected by bit
errors unprotected
After channel coding: 260 bits
456bits
28

Channel coding: block coding Then Convolutional coding

29

30

31

Signal Processing in GSM

32

33

34

Global Wireless Frequency Bands

35

GSM frequency allocations

Mobile phone
transmit frequency MHz

Base station transmit

frequency MHz

Vodafone GSM 900

O2 (BT) GMS 900

890 - 894.6 -23 chs

894.8 - 902

935 - 939.6
939.8 - 947

Vodafone GSM 900

O2 (BT) GMS 900

902 - 910
910 - 915

947 - 955
955 - 960

Vodafone GSM 1800

& O2 GSM 1800:

1710 - 1721.5

1805 - 1816.5

T Mobile GSM 1800

Orange GSM 1800:

1721.5 - 1751.5
1751.5 - 1781.5

1816.5 - 1846.5
1846.5 - 1876.5
36

Evolution from 2G
2G

2.5G

IS-95

GSM-

GPRS

IS-95B
HSCSD

Cdma2000-1xRTT
3G

IS-136 & PDC

EDGE

W-CDMA
EDGE

Cdma2000-1xEV,DV,DO

TD-SCDMA

Cdma2000-3xRTT
3GPP2

3GPP

 Newer versions of the standard were backward-compatible with

the original GSM phones.
Release 97 of the standard added packet data capabilities, by
means of General Packet Radio Service (GPRS). GPRS provides
data transfer rates from 56 up to 114 kbit/s.
Release 99 introduced higher speed data transmission using
Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE), Enhanced
GPRS (EGPRS), IMT Single Carrier (IMT-SC), four times as
much traffic as standard GPRS. accepted by the ITU as part of the
IMT-2000 family of 3G standards
Evolved EDGE standard providing reduced latency and more than
doubled performance e.g. to complement High-Speed Packet
Access (HSPA). Peak bit-rates of up to 1Mbit/s and typical bitrates of 400kbit/s can be expected.
38

GSM-GPRS

39

 the Base Station Subsystem (the base stations and their

controllers).
the Network and Switching Subsystem (the part of the
network most similar to a fixed network). This is
sometimes also just called the core network.
the GPRS Core Network (the optional part which allows
packet based Internet connections).
all of the elements in the system combine to produce
many GSM services such as voice calls and SMS.
40

ITUs View of Third-Generation Capabilities

Voice quality comparable to the public switched telephone
network
High data rate. 144 kbps data rate available to users in highspeed motor vehicles over large areas; 384 kbps available to
pedestrians standing or moving slowly over small areas; Support
for 2.048 Mbps for office use
Symmetrical / asymmetrical data transmission rates
Support for both packet switched and circuit switched data
services
An adaptive interface to the Internet to reflect efficiently the
common asymmetry between inbound and outbound traffic
More efficient use of the available spectrum in general
Support for a wide variety of mobile equipment
Flexibility to allow the introduction of new services and
technologies
41

Third Generation Systems (3G)

The dream of 3G is to unify the world's mobile computing
devices through a single, worldwide radio transmission
standard. However,

3 main air interface standards:

W-CDMA(UMTS) for Europe
CDMA2000 for North America
TD-SCDMA for China (the biggest market)

42

43

UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications

System ) Services
UMTS offers teleservices (like speech or SMS) and bearer services,
which provide the capability for information transfer between access
points. It is possible to negotiate and renegotiate the characteristics of
a bearer service at session or connection establishment and during
ongoing session or connection. Both connection oriented and
connectionless services are offered for Point-to-Point and Point-toMultipoint communication.
Bearer services have different QoS parameters for maximum transfer
delay, delay variation and bit error rate. Offered data rate targets are:
144 kbits/s satellite and rural outdoor
384 kbits/s urban outdoor
2048 kbits/s indoor and low range outdoor
44

UMTS Architecture

45

Core Network
The Core Network is divided in circuit switched and packet
switched domains. Some of the circuit switched elements are
Mobile services Switching Centre (MSC), Visitor location
register (VLR) and Gateway MSC. Packet switched elements
are Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN) and Gateway GPRS
Support Node (GGSN). Some network elements, like EIR,
HLR, VLR and AUC are shared by both domains.
The Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) is defined for
UMTS core transmission. ATM Adaptation Layer type 2
(AAL2) handles circuit switched connection and packet
connection protocol AAL5 is designed for data delivery.
46

W-CDMA Parameters

47

Summary of UMTS frequencies:

Universal Mobile Telephone System (UMTS)

1920-1980 and 2110-2170 MHz Frequency Division

Duplex (FDD, W-CDMA) Paired uplink and downlink,
channel spacing is 5 MHz and raster is 200 kHz. An
Operator needs 3 - 4 channels (2x15 MHz or 2x20 MHz)
to be able to build a high-speed, high-capacity network.
1900-1920 and 2010-2025 MHz Time Division Duplex
(TDD, TD/CDMA) Unpaired, channel spacing is 5 MHz
and raster is 200 kHz. Tx and Rx are not separated in
frequency.
1980-2010 and 2170-2200 MHz Satellite uplink and
downlink.
48

Base station finder: http://www.sitefinder.ofcom.org.uk/

49

Frequency Spectrum in UK(Sep 2007)

900MHz
Vodafone
O2
Restricted to 2G
services only

1800MHz
Vodafone
O2

2100MHz ( 3G )
Vodafone
O2

T-Mobile

T-Mobile

Orange

Orange
Three
Restricted to 3G
services only

50

The UMTS/3G frequency allocations

Frequency (MHz)
1900 - 1900.3
1900.3 - 1905.2
1905.2 - 1910.1
1910.1 - 1915.0
1915.0 - 1919.9
1919.9 - 1920.3
1920.3 - 1934.9
1934.9 - 1944.9
1944.9 - 1959.7
1959.7 - 1969.7
1969.7 - 1979.7
2110 - 2110.3
2110.3 - 2124.9
2124.9 - 2134.9
2134.9 - 2149.7
2149.7 - 2159.7
2159.7 - 2169
2169.7 - 2170

Bandwidth (MHz) licence

4.9
4.9
4.9
4.9

licence D
licence E
licence C
licence A

14.6
10
14.8
10
10

licence A
licence C
licence B
licence D
licence E

14.6
10
14.8
10
10

licence A
licence C
licence B
licence D
licence E

holder
Guard band
T-Mobile
Orange
O2
3
Guard band
3
O2
Vodafone
T-Mobile
Orange
Guard band
3
O2
Vodafone
T-Mobile
Orange
51
Guard band

3G downlink Signal level measured at T701

O2

Vodafone

T-Mobile Orange
EE
52

3G download Signal level measured at T714

53

3G Uplink signal level

Uplink signal monitoring without 3G calls

Uplink signal monitoring with an Vodafone 3G call

54

MVNO
A mobile virtual network operator (MVNO) is a
mobile phone operator that provides services
directly to their own customers but does not own
key network assets such as a licensed frequency
allocation of radio spectrum and the cell tower
infrastructure.
The UK mobile market has 5 main mobile network operators and
has a total of more than 20 MVNOs (virgin, tesco, asda, lyca).
http://
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_Kingdom_mobile_virtual_n
etwork_operators
55

56

57

58

International Mobile Telecommunications

(IMT) Advanced
Key features of IMT-Advanced
a high degree of commonality of functionality worldwide while
retaining the flexibility to support a wide range of services and
applications in a cost efficient manner;
compatibility of services within IMT and with fixed networks;
capability of interworking with other radio access systems;
high quality mobile services;
user equipment suitable for worldwide use;
user-friendly applications, services and equipment;
worldwide roaming capability; and,
enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and
applications (100 Mbit/s for high and 1 Gbit/s for low mobility
were established as targets for research)*.
59

3.5G (HSPA)
High Speed Packet Access (HSPA) is an amalgamation of two
mobile telephony protocols, High Speed Downlink Packet Access
(HSDPA) and High Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA), that
extends and improves the performance of existing WCDMA
protocols
3.5G introduces many new features that will enhance the UMTS
technology in future. 1xEV-DV already supports most of the
features that will be provided in 3.5G. These include:
- Adaptive Modulation and Coding
- Fast Scheduling
- Backward compatibility with 3G
- Enhanced Air Interface

What is 4G
4th Generation of Mobile communications
First Gen Analog, AMPS
2G, Digital, IncreaseVoice Capacity- TDMA, GSM & 1xRTT
3G High Speed Data; EVDO, UMTS, HSPA
ITU defines 4G as 100 Mbps mobile, 1 Gbps stationary
LTE-Advanced & WiMax 2.0 4G certified, theoretically
capable
Realistic? Nokia lab demo w/ 8 antennas, 60 MHz & 1 user
Market 4G defined as ~10X 3G or 5-10+ Mbps
Current gen WiMax, LTE & HSPA+

61

4G (LTE)

LTE stands for Long Term Evolution

Promises data transfer rates of 100 Mbps
Based on UMTS 3G technology
Optimized for All-IP traffic

LTE Link Budget Comparison

Uplink
Budget Comparison
LTE Encyclopedia
https://sites.google.com/sit
e/lteencyclopedia/lte-radiolink-budgeting-and-rfplanning/lte-link-budgetcomparison

63

LTE Link Budget Comparison

Downlink
Budget Comparison

64

Mapping of Path Losses to Cell Sizes

https://sites.google.com/site/lteencyclopedia/lte-radio-link-budgetingand-rf-planning
65

Advantages of LTE

Comparison of LTE Speed

Major LTE Radio Technogies

Uses Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
(OFDM) for downlink
Uses Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access
(SC-FDMA) for uplink
Uses Multi-input Multi-output(MIMO) for enhanced
throughput
Reduced power consumption
Higher RF power amplifier efficiency (less battery power
used by handsets)

LTE Physical Channels

Physical Channels used in Long Term Evolution (LTE) downlink and
in uplink
Downlink Channels
Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH)
Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH)
Common Control Physical Channel (CCPCH)
Uplink Channels
Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH)
Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH)

69

Commercial LTE Speed evolution

LTE Advanced
Radio Systems

Peak rate

~50 Mbps

~150 Mbps

~1000 Mbps

Typical user rate downlink

5-30 Mbps

10-100 Mbps

Operator dependent

1-10 Mbps

5-50 Mbps

Operator dependent

Typical user rate uplink

Bandwidths

LTE brings excellent user and network experience

Release schedule & RAN features

1999
Release 99

2001

2009

2007

HSDPA

Release 6

HSUPA, MBMS

only
main
RAN
3GPP
WIaligned to ITU-R IMT
process
listed
3GPP
Releases evolve to
Release 7

HSPA+ (MIMO, etc.)

Release 8

LTE

Release 9

2011

2013

LTE
enhancements

Release 10

LTE-Advanced

meet:

Future Requirements for

IMT
ITU-R M.2012 [IMT.RSPEC]
Future operator and enduser requirements

Dr. Joern Krause

2015

3GPP work is structured in

releases (REL) of 1-3 years
duration
each release consists of several
work items (WI) and study
items (SI)
even if a REL is completed
corrections are possible later
existing features of one REL can
be enhanced in a future REL

IMT-2000 Recommendation

LCR TDD

Release 5

2005

ITU-R M.1457

W-CDMA

Release 4

2003

IMT-Advanced
Recommendation

Release 11

Further LTE
enhancements

Release 12

???

Main Features in LTE-A Release

10
100 MHz

Support of wider bandwidth (Carrier Aggregation)

Use of multiple component carriers (CC) to extend bandwidth up
to 100 MHz
Common L1 parameters between component carrier and LTE Rel8 carrier
Improvement of peak data rate, backward compatibility with LTE
Rel-8

f
CC
eNB

Advanced MIMO techniques

Extension to up to 8-layer transmission in downlink (REL-8: 4layer in downlink)
Introduction of single-user MIMO with up to 4-layer transmission
in uplink
Enhancements of multi-user MIMO
Improvement of peak data rate and capacity

Heterogeneous network and eICIC (enhanced Inter-Cell

Interference Coordination)
Interference coordination for overlay deployment of cells with
different Tx power
Improvement of cell-edge throughput and coverage

Relay

Relay Node supports radio backhaul and creates a separate cell

and appears
as Rel. 8 LTE eNB to Rel. 8 LTE UEs

Dr. Joern Krause

UE
macro eNB

micro/pico eNB
Donor eNB

Relay Nod

UE

LTE/LTE-A REL-11 features

Coordinated Multi-Point Operation (DL/UL) (CoMP):

Power Preference Indicator (PPI): informs NW of mobiles power saving preference

Interference avoidance for in-device coexistence (IDC):

Optical fiber
Minimization of Drive Tests (MDT): QoS measurements (throughput, data volume)
Self Optimizing Networks (SON): inter RAT Mobility Robustness Optimisation (MRO)
Carrier Aggregation (CA): multiple timing advance in UL, UL/DL config. in inter-band CA TDD
Machine-Type Communications (MTC): EAB mechanism against overload due to MTC
Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service (MBMS): Service continuity in mobility case
Network Energy Saving for E-UTRAN: savings for interworking with UTRAN/GERAN
Inter-cell interference coordination (ICIC): assistance to UE for CRS interference reduction
Location Services (LCS): Network-based positioning (U-TDOA)
Home eNode B (HeNB): mobility enhancements, X2 Gateway

RAN Enhancements for Diverse Data Applications (eDDA):

Coordination

Enhanced physical downlink control channel (E-PDCCH): new Ctrl channel

with higher capacity
Further enhancements for

cooperative MIMO of multiple cells to improve spectral efficiency, esp. at cell edge

FDM/DRX ideas to improved coexistence of LTE, WiFi, Bluetooth transceivers, GNSS receivers in
UE

High Power (+33dBm) vehicular UE for 700MHz band for America for Public Safety
Additional special subframe configuration for LTE TDD: for TD-SCDMA interworking
In addition: larger number of spectrum related work items: new bands/band combinations

Dr. Joern Krause

Generations of
Mobile Communication Systems

1G: analogue systems from 1980s

(e.g. NMT, AMPS, TACS, C-Netz)
2G: first digital systems of 1990s
(e.g. GSM, CDMAone, PDC, D-AMPS)
3G: IMT-2000 family defined by ITU-R
(e.g. UMTS, CDMA2000)
4G: fulfilling requirements of
IMT-Advanced defined by ITU-R
(e.g. LTE-A, WiMAX)
5G: ?
too early to be a topic in standardization,
further 4G enhancements expected before
driven by requirements from customers &
network operators
restricted by spectrum limitations
often influenced by new
technologies/applications

Dr. Joern Krause

Ofcom (The Office of Communications) awards 4G

licences in 2.34 billion auction Feb 2013
Everything Everywhere, Hutchison 3G UK, Telefonica
(O2), Vodafone (VOD) and BT (BT.A)'s Niche Spectrum
Ventures secured the 4G licences. Vodafone was the highest bidder
at 791 million, securing five chunks of 4G spectrum.
When mobile operator EE, a joint venture between T-Mobile and
Orange, became the first to launch a 4G service in October 2012 in
a brief monopoly, it struggled to attract users. It was forced to cut
its prices in January, lowering its entry price to 31 from 36 a
month.
Ofcom: Independent regulator and competition authority
for the UK communications industries.
76

Ofcom announces winners of the 4G mobile auction

February 20, 2013 http://consumers.ofcom.org.uk/4g-auction/
Winning
Spectrum won
Base price
bidder
Everything
Everywhere Ltd

2 x 5 MHz of 800 MHz (796-801; 837-842MHz) and

2 x 35 MHz of 2.6 GHz (2535-2570; 2655-2690MHz) 588,876,000

Hutchison 3G UK
2 x 5 MHz of 800 MHz (791-796; 832-837MHz)
225,000,000
Ltd
Niche Spectrum 2 x 15 MHz of 2.6 GHz (2520-2535; 2640-2655MHz)
Ventures Ltd (a and
186,476,000
subsidiary of BT 1 x 25 MHz of 2.6 GHz (unpaired) (2595-2620MHz)
Group plc)
Telefnica UK
Ltd (O2)

Vodafone Ltd

Total

2 x 10 MHz of 800 MHz (811-821; 852-862MHz)

(coverage obligation lot)

550,000,000

2 x 10 MHz of 800 MHz, (801-811; 842-852MHz)

2 x 20 MHz of 2.6 GHz (2500-2520; 2620-2640MHz)
790,761,000
and
1 x 25 MHz of 2.6 GHz (unpaired) (2570-2595MHz)
2,341,113,000
77

Vodafone

O2

Measured signal strength of LTE in 800MHz in T718 LSBU

Vodafone

Vodafone

Vodafone

BT

Measured signal strength of LTE in 2.6 GHz in T718 LSBU

78

4G coverage in UK

http://opensignal.com/

79

The State of LTE (February 2013)

What is the difference between LTE and 4G?
4G: 100Mbp/s while on moving transport and 1Gbp/s when
stationary.
While LTE is much faster than 3G, it has yet to reach the
International Telecoms Union's (ITU) technical definition of 4G.
LTE does represent a generational shift in cellular network speeds,
but is labelled 'evolution' to show that the process is yet to be fully
completed.

80

Feb 2013; http://opensignal.com/reports/state-of-lte/

81

The Global Rollout

76 Countries with LTE
18 LTE scheduled
Australia (24.5Mbps) Fastest Country With LTE
Claro Brazil (27.8Mbps) Fastest Network With LTE
Japan (66% LTE improvement) Most Improved country for
LTE Speed
Tele2 Sweden (93% coverage) Network With Best Coverage
South Korea (91% average coverage) Country with Best
Coverage

82

Feb 2014; http://opensignal.com/reports/state-of-lte-q1-2014/

83

84

85

On average LTE is the fastest wireless technology worldwide,

representing a real increase in speed on both 3G and HSPA+. 4G
LTE is over 5x faster than 3G and over twice as fast as HSPA+ and
represents a major leap forward in wireless technology. 86

References
Dr. Joern Krause, Future 3GPP RAN standardization
activities for LTE ppt, Oct 2012.
http://www.ofcom.org.uk/

87