Chapter 7 Solutions

Neamen (3rd Ed), Chapter 7 (Frequency Response) Problems
EERI 322
Problems : Neamen Chapter 7
7.2 SYSTEM TRANSFER FUNCTIONS
Exercise 7.1.a
For the circuit shown, answer the questions:
RS = 4kΩ CS = ?
Vo
Vi RP = 4kΩ
Figure 7.2
i.) The corner frequency is f = 20 Hz , determine the value of CS .
From the corner frequency:

1
f =
2πτ S
1
∴τ S =
2π f
The time constant is also given by

τ S = ( RS + RP )CS
1
∴ = ( RS + RP )CS
2π f
1 1
∴ CS = = = 995nF
2π f ( RS + RP ) 2π (20)(8k Ω)
EERI322, 2008 (© CJVDM) 1/21

ii.) Find the magnitude of the transfer function at f = 40 Hz , 80Hz , and 200Hz
Open-circuit time constant:

τ S = ( RS + RP )CS = (8k Ω)(995μ F ) = 7.96ms
Midband gain
⎛ RP ⎞ ⎛ 4k Ω ⎞
⎜ ⎟=⎜ ⎟ = 0.5
⎝ RP + RS ⎠ ⎝ 8k Ω ⎠
The magnitude of the transfer function is

⎡ ⎤
⎛ RP ⎞⎢ 2π f τ S ⎥
T ( jf ) = ⎜ ⎟⎢
⎝ RS + RP ⎠ 1 + ( 2π f τ S )
2 ⎥
⎣ ⎦
⎡ ⎤
⎢ 2π f (7.96 × 10−3 ) ⎥
= ( 0.5 ) ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 1 + ( 2π f (7.96 ×10 ) )
−3 2
⎥⎦
Evaluate at different frequencies:
⎡ ⎤
⎢ 2π (40)(7.96 × 10−3 ) ⎥
T ( j 40 = ( 0.5 ) ⎢ ⎥ = 0.447
⎢⎣ 1 + ( 2π (40)(7.96 × 10 ) ) ⎥⎦
−3 2
⎡ ⎤
⎢ 2π (80)(7.96 × 10−3 ) ⎥
T ( j80 = ( 0.5 ) ⎢ ⎥ = 0.485
⎢⎣ 1 + ( 2π (80)(7.96 ×10 ) ) ⎥⎦
−3 2
⎡ ⎤
⎢ 2π (200)(7.96 × 10−3 ) ⎥
T ( j 200 = ( 0.5 ) ⎢ ⎥ = 0.498
⎢⎣ 1 + ( 2π (200)(7.96 ×10 ) )
−3 2
⎥⎦
Summary:
f 40 80 200
T ( jf ) 0.447 0.485 0.498
EERI322, 2008 (© CJVDM) 2/21

Exercise 7.1.b
For the circuit shown, if the corner frequency is f = 500kHz , determine the value of CP .
RS = 10kΩ
Vo
Vi RP = 10kΩ CP = ?
Figure 7.3
From the corner frequency:

1
f =
2πτ P
1
∴τ P =
2π f
The time constant is also given by

τ P = ( RS || RP )CS
1
∴ = ( RS || RP )CS
2π f
1 1
∴ CS = = = 63.7 pF
2π f ( RS + RP ) 2π (500kHz )(10k ||10k )
EERI322, 2008 (© CJVDM) 3/21

Exercise 7.2
For the circuit shown, the midband gain is −1dB , and the corner frequencies are
f L = 100 Hz and f H = 1MHz .
RS = 1kΩ CS = ?
Vo
Vi RP = ? CP = ?
Figure 7.10
a.) Determine RP , CS , and CP .
From the expression for the midband gain

⎛ RP ⎞
20 log10 ⎜ ⎟ = −1
⎝ RP + RS ⎠
RP
∴ = 0.891
RP + RS
∴ (1 − 0.891) RP = 0.891
∴ RP = 8.2k Ω
Lower cutoff-frequency
1
fL =
2π ( RS + RP )CS
1 1
∴ CS = = = 173nF
2π f ( RS + RP ) 2π (100)(1k + 8.2k )
Upper cutoff-frequency
1
fH =
2π ( RS || RP )CP
1 1
∴ CP = = = 179 pF
2π f ( RS || RP ) 2π (10 )(1k || 8.2k )
6
EERI322, 2008 (© CJVDM) 4/21

b.) Determine the open-circuit and short-circuit time constants.

τ S = ( RS + RP )CS
= (1k Ω + 8.2k Ω)(173nF )
= 1.59ms
Closed-circuit time constant:

τ P = ( RS || RP )CP
= (1k Ω || 8.2k Ω)(179 pF )
= 160ns
EERI322, 2008 (© CJVDM) 5/21

7.3 TRANSISTOR AMPLIFIERS WITH CIRCUIT CAPACITORS
Exercise 7.3
For the following circuit:
VCC = 10V
β = 200
VBE(on) = 0.7V R1 RC
VA = ∞ 20kΩ 2kΩ
VO
RSi = 100Ω CC
47μF
R2 RE
vi
2.2kΩ 100Ω
Figure 7.21
a.) Determine the expression for the time constant τ S .
The small-signal equivalent circuit:

Ri
Rib
Ii Ib
VO
+
RSi = 100Ω CC = 47μF Vπ rπ g mVπ
-
R1 || R2
vi RC = 2kΩ
= 1.98kΩ
RE = 100Ω
Small-signal equivalent
EERI322, 2008 (© CJVDM) 6/21


τ S = ( Ri + RSi )CC
b.) Determine the corner frequency and midband voltage gain.
First do a DC analysis
RTH = R1 || R2 = 2.2k Ω || 20k Ω = 1.98k Ω
⎛ R2 ⎞ ⎛ 2.2 ⎞
VTH = ⎜ ⎟ VCC = ⎜ ⎟ (10) = 0.991V
⎝ R1 + R2 ⎠ ⎝ 2.2 + 20 ⎠
V − VBE ( on ) 0.991 − 0.7
I BQ = TH = = 13.2μ A
RTH + (1 + β ) RE 1.98 + (201)(100)
I CQ = β I BQ = (200)(13.2μ A) = 2.64mA
Calculate small-signal parameters

β VT (200)(0.026)
rπ = = = 1.97k Ω
I CQ 2.64m
I CQ 2.64m
gm = = = 101.5mA / V
VT 0.026
Calculate resistances
Rib = rπ + (1 + β ) RE = 1.97 k + (201)(100) = 22.1k Ω
RB = R1 || R 2 = 1.98k Ω
Ri = RB || Rib = 1.98k Ω || 22.1k Ω = 1.817 k Ω
Calculate open-circuit time constant

τ S = ( Ri + RSi )CC
= (1.817 k Ω + 100Ω)(47 μ F )
= 90.1ms
The corner frequency is given by

1 1
f = = = 1.77 Hz
2πτ S 2π (90.1ms )
EERI322, 2008 (© CJVDM) 7/21

Midband voltage gain

⎛ g r R ⎞⎛ RB ⎞
Av (max) = − ⎜ m π C ⎟⎜ ⎟
⎝ RSi + Ri ⎠⎝ ( RB + Rib ) ⎠
I CQ β VT
But g m = and rπ =
VT I CQ
Therefore
⎛ β RC ⎞ ⎛ RB ⎞
Av (max) = − ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟
⎝ RSi + Ri ⎠ ⎝ ( RB + Rib ) ⎠
⎛ (200)(2000) ⎞ ⎛ 1980 ⎞
= −⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟
⎝ (100 + 1817 ⎠ ⎝ (1980 + 22100) ⎠
= − ( 208.65 ) ( 82.22 ×10−3 )
= −17.2
EERI322, 2008 (© CJVDM) 8/21

Exercise 7.4
The drain current is given as
I DQ = K n (VGS − VTN ) 2
a.) Rearrange to determine VGS

I DQ
= (VGS − VTN ) 2
Kn
I DQ
= (VGS − VTN )
Kn
I DQ
VGS = + VTN
Kn
0.8
= +2
0.5
= 3.265V
The DC gate current is zero, therefore

VS = −VGSQ = −3.265V
The source resistor

VS − (−5) V + 5 1.735
I DQ = ⇒ RS = S = = 2.17 k Ω
RS I DQ 0.8
Given VDQ = 0
The drain resistor is

VDD − VDQ 5
RD = = = 6.25k Ω
I DQ 0.8
b.) The time constant is

τ S = ( RD + RL )CC = (10 + 6.25) × 103 × CC
The corner frequency is

1 1
f = =
2πτ S 2π ( RD + RL )CC
From this, the coupling capacitance can be calculated

1 1
CC = = = 490nF
2π f ( RD + RL ) 2π (20)(16.25 × 103 )
EERI322, 2008 (© CJVDM) 9/21

7.4 FREQUENCY RESPONSE: BIPOLAR TRANSISTOR
Exercise 7.9
A bipolar transistor has parameters β 0 = 150 , Cπ = 2 pF , and Cμ = 0.3 pF , and is
biased at I CQ = 0.5mA . Determine the beta cutoff frequency.
Diffusion resistance
β 0VT
rπ =
I CQ
(150)(0.026)
=
(0.5 ×10−3 )
= 7.8k Ω
Beta cutoff frequency

1
fβ =
2π rπ (Cπ + Cμ )
1
=
2π (7800)(2 + 0.3) × 10−12
= 8.87 MHz
EERI322, 2008 (© CJVDM) 10/21

Exercise 7.10
A BJT is biased at I C = 1mA , and its parameters are: β 0 = 150 , Cπ = 4 pF , and
Cμ = 0.5 pF . Determine f β and fT .
β 0VT
rπ =
I CQ
(150)(0.026)
=
(1× 10−3 )
= 3.9k Ω
Beta cutoff frequency

1
fβ =
2π rπ (Cπ + Cμ )
1
=
2π (3900)(4 + 0.5) × 10−12
= 9.07 MHz
Cutoff frequency
fT = β 0 f β
= (150)(9.07 ×106 )
= 1.36GHz
EERI322, 2008 (© CJVDM) 11/21

Exercise 7.11
DC Analysis
Thevenin resistance
RTH = R1 || R2 = 200k Ω || 220k Ω = 104.8k Ω
Thevenin voltage
⎛ R2 ⎞ ⎛ 220 ⎞
VTH = ⎜ ⎟ VCC = ⎜ ⎟ (5) = 2.62V
⎝ R1 + R2 ⎠ ⎝ 200 + 220 ⎠
Base current
VTH − VBE 2.62 − 0.7
I BQ = = = 9.316μ A
RTH + (1 + β ) RE 105 + (101)(1)
Collector current
I CQ = β I BQ = (100)(9.316μ A) = 931μ A
Small-signal parameters
Transconductance
I CQ 931μ A
gm = = = 35.83mA / V
VT 0.026
β VT (100)(0.026)
rπ = = = 2.79k Ω
I CQ 932 μ A
EERI322, 2008 (© CJVDM) 12/21

Miller capacitance
CM = Cμ [1 + g m ( RC || RL ) ]
= (2 × 10−12 ) ⎡⎣1 + (35.83 × 10−3 )(2200 || 4700) ⎤⎦
= (2 × 10−12 ) ⎡⎣1 + (35.83 ×10−3 )(1498) ⎤⎦
= 109 pF
3dB frequency
Base resistance
RB = rS || R1 || R2 = 100k Ω || 200k Ω || 220k Ω = 51.17k Ω
Frequency
1
f3dB =
2π ( RB || rπ ) ( Cπ + Cμ )
1
=
2π ( 51.17k Ω || 2.79k Ω )(10 + 109 ) ×10−12
= 506GHz
EERI322, 2008 (© CJVDM) 13/21

7.5 FREQUENCY RESPONSE: THE FET
Exercise 7.12
Transconductance
g m = 2 K n I DQ
= 2 (0.2 × 10−3 )(400 × 10−9 )

= 565.7 μ A / V
Unity-gain frequency (aka cutoff frequency)

gm
fT =
2π (Cgs + C gd )
565.7 ×10−6
=
2π (0.25 + 0.02) × 10−12
= 333MHz
EERI322, 2008 (© CJVDM) 14/21

Exercise 7.13
DC Analysis
Gate voltage
⎛ R2 ⎞
VG = ⎜ ⎟ VDD
⎝ R1 + R2 ⎠
⎛ 166 ⎞
=⎜ ⎟ (10 )
⎝ 166 + 234 ⎠
= 4.15V
Drain current is given as

I D = K n (VGS − VTN ) 2
KVL for input circuit

VG − VGS − I D RS = 0
Rearrange
VG − VGS
ID =
RS
Combining the equations

VG − VGS
K n (VGS − VTN ) 2 =
RS
K n RS (VGS2 − 2VTNVGS + VTN2 ) = VG − VGS
(0.5 ×10−3 )(500)(VGS2 − 4VGS + 4) = 4.15 − VGS
0.25VGS2 − VGS + 1 = 4.15 − VGS
0.25VGS2 = 3.15
VGS2 = 12.6
VGS = 3.55V
Transconductance
g m = 2 K n (VGS − VTN )
= 2(0.5 × 10−3 )(3.55 − 2)
= 1.55mA / V
EERI322, 2008 (© CJVDM) 15/21

Small-signal equivalent circuit
Miller capacitance
CM = Cgd (1 + g m ( RD || RL ) )
= ( 0.1 p ) (1 + (1.55m )( 4k || 20k ) )
= 0.617 pF
Input resistance
RG = R1 || R2
= 234k Ω ||166k Ω
= 97.1k Ω
Time constant
τ P = ( RG || Ri ) ( Cgs + CM )
= ( 97.1k ||10k )(1.617 p )
= 14.7 ns
3dB frequency of small-signal voltage gain

1
fH =
2πτ P
1
=
2π (14.7 ns )
= 10.9MHz
EERI322, 2008 (© CJVDM) 16/21

7.6 HIGH-FREQUENCY RESPONSE OF TRANSISTOR CIRCUITS
Exercise 7.14
DC Analysis
Base voltage
VTH = 0V
Input resistance
RTH = R1 || R2
= 20k Ω || 20k Ω
= 10k Ω
Base current
VTH − VBE − VEE
I BQ =
RTH + (1 + β ) RE
0 − 0.7 − (−5)
=
10k + (126)(5k )
= 6.72 μ A
Collector current
I CQ = β I BQ
= (125)(6.72μ A)
= 840μ A
β VT (125)(0.026)
rπ = = = 3.87 k Ω
I CQ 840 μ
Transconductance
I CQ 840 μ A
gm = = = 32.3mA / V
VT 0.026
Output resistance
VA 200
ro = = = 238k Ω
I CQ 840 μ
EERI322, 2008 (© CJVDM) 17/21

High-frequency equivalent circuit
Output resistance
RL ' = ro || RC || RL
= 238k || 2.3k || 5k
= 1.565k Ω
Miller Capacitance
CM = Cμ (1 + g m RL ')
= ( 3 p )(1 + (32.3m)(1.565k ) )
= 155 pF
Input resistance
RB = R1 || R2
= 20k || 20k
= 10k Ω
Equivalent resistance seen by capacitors

Req = RS || RB || rπ
= 1k ||10k || 3.87 k
= 909 || 3.87 k
= 736Ω
Time constant
τ P = Req (Cπ + CM )
= (736)(24 p + 155 p)
= 131.7 ns
Upper 3dB frequency

1 1
fH = = = 1.21MHz
2πτ P 2π (131.7 ns )

⎡ RB || rπ ⎤ ⎡ 10k || 3.87k ⎤
( Av )M = − g m RL ' ⎢ ⎥ = − ( 32.3m ) (1.565k ) ⎢ ⎥ = −37.2
⎣ RB || rπ + RS ⎦ ⎣ (10k || 3.87 k ) + 1 ⎦
EERI322, 2008 (© CJVDM) 18/21

Exercise 7.15
DC Analysis
Base current
10 − 0.7 9.3
I BQ = = = 8.37 μ A
RB + (1 + β ) RE 100k + (101)(10k )
Collector current
I CQ = β I BQ = (100)(8.37mA) = 837 μ A
β VT (100)(0.026)
rπ = = = 3.10k Ω
I CQ 837 μ
Transconductance
I CQ 837 μ
gm = = = 32.19mA / V
VT 0.026
For the input circuit, the time constant is

⎡⎛ rπ ⎞ ⎤
τ Pπ = ⎢⎜ ⎟ || RE || RS ⎥ Cπ = [30.7 ||10k ||1k ] ( 24 p ) = 713 ps
⎣⎝ 1 + β ⎠ ⎦
Upper 3dB frequency

1 1
f Hπ = = = 223MHz
2πτ Pπ 2π (713 p)
For the output circuit, the time constant is

τ Pμ = [ RC || RL ] Cμ = [10k ||1k ] ( 3 p ) = 2.73ns
Upper 3dB frequency

1 1
f Hπ = = = 58.4 MHz
2πτ Pμ 2π (2.73n)
EERI322, 2008 (© CJVDM) 19/21


⎡ ⎛ rπ ⎞ ⎤ ⎡ ⎛ 3.1k ⎞ ⎤
⎢ RE || ⎜ ⎟ ⎥ ⎢ 10k || ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 1+ β ⎠ ⎥ ⎝ 101 ⎠ ⎥
( Av )M = g m ( RC || RL ) ⎢ = ( 32.22m ) (10k ||1k ) ⎢ ⎥ = 0.87
⎢ ⎛ rπ ⎞ ⎥ ⎢ ⎛ 3.1k ⎞ ⎥
⎢ RE || ⎜ 1 + β ⎟ + RS ⎥ ⎢⎣
10k || ⎜ ⎟ +1
⎣ ⎝ ⎠ ⎦ ⎝ 101 ⎠ ⎥⎦
EERI322, 2008 (© CJVDM) 20/21

Exercise 7.16
DC Analysis
Base voltage (Q1)
⎛ R3 ⎞ + ⎛ 7.92k ⎞
VB1 = ⎜ ⎟ (V ) = ⎜ ⎟ (12) = 0.9502V
⎝ R1 + R2 + R3 ⎠ ⎝ 58.8k + 33.3k + 7.92k ⎠
Neglect base currents

VB1 − VBE1 0.9502 − 0.7
IC = = = 500 μ A
RE 500
β VT (100)(0.026)
rπ = = = 5.2k Ω
I CQ 500m
Transconductance
I C 500μ
gm = = = 19.23mA / V
VT 0.026
Miller capacitance
CM 1 = 2Cμ1 = 6 pF
Base resistance
RB1 = R2 || R3 = 33.3k || 7.92k = 6.398k Ω
Time constant for input portion of circuit

τ Pπ = [ RS || RB1 || rπ ][Cπ 1 + CM 1 ] = [1k || 6.398k || 5.2k ][ 24 p + 6 p ] = 22.24ns
3dB frequency for input portion of circuit

1 1
f Hπ = = = 7.15MHz
2πτ Pπ 2π (22.24ns )
Time constant for output portion of circuit

τ Pμ = [ RC || RL rπ ] Cμ 2 = [ 7.5k || 2k ] (3 p) = 4.737 ns
3dB frequency for output portion of circuit

1 1
fH μ = = = 33.6 MHz
2πτ Pμ 2π (4.737 ns )
⎡ RB1 || rπ 1 ⎤ ⎡ 6.4k || 5.2k ⎤

Av = g m 2 ( RC || RL ) ⎢ ⎥ = (19.23m )( 7.5k || 2k ) ⎢ ⎥ = 22.5
M
⎣ ( RB1 || rπ 1 ) + RS ⎦ ⎣ ( 6.4 k || 5.2 k ) + 1 ⎦
EERI322, 2008 (© CJVDM) 21/21

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Neamen (3rd Ed), Chapter 7 (Frequency Response) Problems

7.2 SYSTEM TRANSFER FUNCTIONS

i.) The corner frequency is f = 20 Hz , determine the value of CS .

From the corner frequency:

The time constant is also given by

EERI322, 2008 (© CJVDM) 1/21

Open-circuit time constant:

The magnitude of the transfer function is

Evaluate at different frequencies:

EERI322, 2008 (© CJVDM) 2/21

From the corner frequency:

The time constant is also given by

EERI322, 2008 (© CJVDM) 3/21

a.) Determine RP , CS , and CP .

From the expression for the midband gain

EERI322, 2008 (© CJVDM) 4/21

b.) Determine the open-circuit and short-circuit time constants.

Open-circuit time constant:

Closed-circuit time constant:

EERI322, 2008 (© CJVDM) 5/21

7.3 TRANSISTOR AMPLIFIERS WITH CIRCUIT CAPACITORS

a.) Determine the expression for the time constant τ S .

The small-signal equivalent circuit:

EERI322, 2008 (© CJVDM) 6/21

Open-circuit time constant:

b.) Determine the corner frequency and midband voltage gain.

Calculate small-signal parameters

Calculate open-circuit time constant

The corner frequency is given by

EERI322, 2008 (© CJVDM) 7/21

Midband voltage gain

EERI322, 2008 (© CJVDM) 8/21

a.) Rearrange to determine VGS

The DC gate current is zero, therefore

The source resistor

The drain resistor is

b.) The time constant is

The corner frequency is

From this, the coupling capacitance can be calculated

EERI322, 2008 (© CJVDM) 9/21

7.4 FREQUENCY RESPONSE: BIPOLAR TRANSISTOR

Beta cutoff frequency

EERI322, 2008 (© CJVDM) 10/21

Beta cutoff frequency

EERI322, 2008 (© CJVDM) 11/21

EERI322, 2008 (© CJVDM) 12/21

EERI322, 2008 (© CJVDM) 13/21

7.5 FREQUENCY RESPONSE: THE FET

= 2 (0.2 × 10−3 )(400 × 10−9 )

Unity-gain frequency (aka cutoff frequency)

EERI322, 2008 (© CJVDM) 14/21

Drain current is given as

KVL for input circuit

Combining the equations

EERI322, 2008 (© CJVDM) 15/21

Small-signal equivalent circuit

3dB frequency of small-signal voltage gain

EERI322, 2008 (© CJVDM) 16/21

7.6 HIGH-FREQUENCY RESPONSE OF TRANSISTOR CIRCUITS