WIRED

COMMUNICATION
S
IRINEO P. QUINTO
ECE / REE

ACES ECE RVW / AMPARO BLDG /

IPQUINTO

FUNCTIONS OF THE
TELEPHONE SET
TO CALL THE LOCAL EXCHANGE
TO TRANSMIT THE DESIRED
SUBSCRIBERS NUMBER
TO RECEIVE DIFFERENT TONE
SIGNALS
TO ANNOUNCE INCOMING CALLS
TO TRANSMIT AND RECEIVE
SPEECH
TO ORDER THE CLEARING OF
CONNECTION
ACES ECE RVW / AMPAR

PARTS OF A TELEPHONE
INSTRUMENT
HANDSET
CONTAINS THE
TRANSMITTER AND THE
RECEIVER
THE TRANSMITTER
CONVERTS THE SOUND
INTO ELECTRICAL
SIGNAL. IT IS A
CARBON TYPE
MICROPHONE.
THE RECEIVER
CONVERTS THE
ELECTRICAL SIGNAL
INTO SOUND WAVES. IT
IS A DYNAMIC TYPE
SPEAKER.

RINGER / ALERTER
USEDTO ANNOUNCE
INCOMING CALL
IT IS A SPEAKER IN
ELECTRONIC
TELEPHONE SET
IT IS MADE-UP OF AN
ARMATURE AND A
GONG IN ANALOG
TYPE ISNTRUMENT
(BELL)

ACES ECE RVW / AMPAR

PARTS OF A TELEPHONE
INSTRUMENT
HYBRID / SPEECH
CIRCUIT
USED MINIMIZE
THE SIDETONE
MATCHES THE
FOUR WIRE (RX &
TX) TO THE TWO
OF THE
SUBSRCIBERS
LOOP

TRANSMISSION
REGULATION
CIRCUIT
USED TO SET THE
DESIRED SIGNAL
LEVEL AT THE
TELEPHONE
INSTRUMENT

ACES ECE RVW / AMPAR

PARTS OF A TELEPHONE
INSTRUMENT
120
9

133
6
ABC
2

147
7
DEF
3

163
3
A

770 GHI
4

JKL
5

MNO
6

852

PRS
7

TUV
8

WXY
9

941

OPER
0

DIAL ASSEMBLY
USED TO
TRANSMIT THE
DESIRED
SUBSCRIBERS
NUMBER
PULSE TYPE OR
TONE TYPE
DIALING

697

ACES ECE RVW / AMPAR

FUNCTIONS OF A
TELEPHONE NUMBER
IT ROUTES THE CALL
IT ACTIVATES THE NECESSARY
APPARATUSES FOR PROPERCALL
CHARGING
00

6
3

INTERNATIONA COUNTRY
L ACCESS CODE
CODE

12
3

AREA
CODE

1,2
1,2
OR 3
OR 3
DIGIT
DIGIT
ACES ECE RVW
/ AMPAR

75314
96

TELEPHONE
NUMBER

SUBSCRIBER LOOP
INTERFACE CIRCUIT
PERFORMS THE
(SLIC)
FOLLOWING
BORSCHT FUNCTIONS
B
O
R
S
C
H
T

BATTERY
OVERVOLTAGE
PROTECTION
RINGING
SUPERVISO
RY
CODING
HYBRID
TESTING

ACES ECE RVW / AMPAR

SWITCHING
TECHNIQUES

CROSSBAR
SWITCHING

MANUAL
SWITCHING

USED SWITCH
BOARDS MAN BY
OPERATORS

STEP BY STEP
USED STROWGER
SWITCH
CONSISTS OF LINE
FINDER, SELECTOR &
CONNECTOR

USED COMMON
CONTROL
SWITCHING
USED CROSSPOINT
CONNECTIONS
ALLOWS ALTERNATE
ROUTE

ELECTRONIC
SWITCHING SYSTEM
ADDS MORE
FEATURES IN THE
TELEPHONE SYSTEM

ACES ECE RVW / AMPAR

SIGNALING FUNCTIONS
RINGING SIGNAL

USED TO OPERATE A
VISIBLE OR AUDIBLE
ALARM TO ALERT THE
SUBSCRIBER OF AN
INCOMING CALL

SUPERVISORY
SIGNALS

USED TO CONVEY
INFORMATION
REGARDING THE
SWITCHBOARD
CONDITIONS (ONHOOK OR OFF-HOOK)

ADDRESS SIGNALS

CONVEY DIALING OR
DIGITAL INFORMATION
NECESSARY TO
ESTABLISH THE
DESIRED
CONNECTIONS

SIGNALING
PROVIDES A MEANS
OF OPERATING AND
SUPERVISING A
TELEPHONE
COMMUNICATIONS
SYSTEM

ACES ECE RVW / AMPAR

TYPES OF SIGNALING
SUBSCRIBER LOOP
SIGNALING
WET-DRY
REVERSE BATTERY
HIGH-LOW

E & M SIGNALING
(EAR & MOUTH)

USED TWO LEADS TO

CONNECT THE
SIGNALING
EQUIPMENT TO THE
TRUNK

OUT OF BAND
SIGNALING

USED ONE OR MORE

AC TONES THAT LIES
IN THE PASSBAND OF
THE TRANSMISSION
FACILITY BUT OUTSIDE
THE VOICE BAND
3700 Hz BELL; 3825
Hz CCITT

IN-BAND SIGNALING

SIGNALING TONE ARE

TRANSMITTED WITHIN
THE SPEECH BAND
1600, 2400 OR 2600 Hz
(TYPICAL)

ACES ECE RVW / AMPAR

SUBSCRIBERS LOOP
DESIGN
ATTENUATION
SIGNALING LIMIT
(OUTSIDE PLANT)
LIMIT
(TRANSMISSION
DESIGN CRITERIA)
REFERS TO THE AC
LOOP LOSS AT THE
REFERENCE
FREQUENCY
1000 Hz
CCITT/NORTH
AMERICAN
800 Hz - EUROPE

(RESISTANCE
DESIGN CRITERIA)
REFERS TO THE DC
VOLTAGE DROP (IR
DROP) DUE TO THE
RESISTANCE OF
THE
SUBSCRIBERS
LOOP
20-80 mA (TYPICAL
CURRENT RANGE)

ACES ECE RVW / AMPAR

BASIC RESISTANCE
DESIGN
RDC
=

0.10
95d2

R LOOP RESISTANCE
(OHMS/MILE)
d - DIAMETER OF THE CONDUCTOR
(INCH)

ACES ECE RVW / AMPAR

METHODS OF INCREASING
THE LOOP LENGTH
USED A LARGER WIRE
USED OF LINE AMPLIFIERS
AND/OR LOOP EXTENDERS
USED OF INDUCTIVE LOADING

ACES ECE RVW / AMPAR

EFFECTS OF LOADING
COIL

REDUCTION IN AC LOSS
UNIFORMITY IN ATTENUATION
INCREASE IN Zo THUS
IMPROVING THE ECHO RETURN
LOSS
DECREASED IN VELOCITY OF
PROPAGATION
LOWERS THE BANDWIDTH
ACES ECE RVW / AMPAR

EXAMPLE PROBLEM
Determine the additional length of the
subscriber loop in a telephone system using
cable from non-loaded to a loaded cable
with the following specifications:
AWG No.24: R=123/km, =1.21 dB/km
(non-loaded); R=127/km, =0.56 dB/km
(loaded): allowable loss=8dB:Tel.
Resistance=200, Loading Coil R=15
Resistance Limit = 1800
Assume one-point loading.
ACES ECE RVW / AMPAR

NOISE IN TELEPHONE
SYSTEM
THERMAL NOISE
INTERMODULATION NOISE
CROSSTALK

INTELLIGIBLE (AT LEAST 4 WORDS ARE

UNDERSTANDABLE IN AN EXTRANEOUS
CONVERSATIONS IN A 7 SECOND PERIOD)
UNINTELLIGIBLE

IMPULSE NOISE
ACES ECE RVW / AMPAR

CROSSTALK COUPLING
THE DIFFERENCE IN THE POWER
LEVEL BETWEEN THE DISTURBING
PAIR AND THE DISTURBED PAIR
USUALLY EXPRESSED IN dB
FAR-END CROSSTALK
AMOUNT OF COUPLING AT THE FAR END
OF THE LINE

NEAR-END CROSSTALK
AMOUNT OF COUPLING AT THE POINT
WHERE THE TONE GENERATOR IS
INSERTED
ACES ECE RVW / AMPAR

TEST TONE
A TEST TONE IS A PURE SIGNAL AT A
SIGNAL FREQUENCY AND POWER
LEVEL.
REFERENCE TEST TONE = 1000 Hz,
1mW APPLIED AT THE POINT OF ZERO
RELATIVE LEVEL (0 dB)
BASED ON TEST MADE, 1kHz PRODUCE
MORE INTERFERENCE THAN ANY
OTHER FREQUENCIES IN THE VOICE
CHANNEL
ACES ECE RVW / AMPAR

DIIFFERENT NOISE
UNITS

REFERENCE NOISE

IS THE POINT OF ZERO

INTERFERENCE

dBrn
Noise measured base on
the old 144 Handset
-90 dBm, 1kHz

dBa
Based on F1A handset
Adjusted reference noise
-85 dBm, 1 kHz

dBa0

The measurement of noise

referred to a test point of 0
dBm
The reading if the test tone
level is 0 dBm at the point
where the reading is being
made.

dBrnC
Based on type 500 handset or
the C-message weighting curve

dBrnC0
Same as dBa0

Picowatts,Psophometrically
weighted (pWp)
Refers to noise measurement
expressed in pW

ACES ECE RVW / AMPAR

CONVERSION OF NOISE
UNITS
dBa = dBm (pure test
tone) + 85
dBa = dBm (F1A
weighted) + 82
dBa0 = dBa - (test point
level)
dBrnC = dBa + 6
dBrnC0 = dBrnC (test
point level)
dBrnC = 10 log pWp

ACES ECE RVW / AMPAR

SYSTEM ENGINEERING
TRAFFIC ENGINEERING
PLANT ENGINEERING
(INSIDE / OUTSIDE)
TRANSMISSION ENGINEERING
EQUIPMENT ENGINEERING

ACES ECE RVW / AMPAR

PLANNING
Traffic Study (Initial Planning)
Technical Quality / Operating
Characteristic
Grade of Service / Reliability
Transmission Requirements / Facilities
Testing
Installation
Fine Tuning
ACES ECE RVW / AMPAR

TRANSMISSION
ENGINEERING
ATTENUATION
DISTORTION
RESULT OF AN
IMPERFECT
AMPLITUDEFREQUENCY
RESPONSE OF THE
SYSTEM

ENVELOPE DELAY
THE DERIVATIVE OF
PHASE SHIFT WITH
RESPECT TO
FREQUENCY

ENVELOPE DELAY
DISTORTION
MAXIMUM
DIFFERENCE IN THE
DERIVATIVE OVER ANY
FREQUENCY
INTERVAL
MEASURED IN ms or us

POWER LEVEL
VOICE: S/N = 30 dB
VIDEO: S/N = 45 dB
DATA: 15 dB

ACES ECE RVW / AMPAR

TRUNK
TRUNK
IS A VOICE
CIRCUIT
CONNECTING
TWO SWITCHING
CENTERS

DIRECT TRUNK
INTERCONNECTS
TWO CLASS FIVE
END OFFICES

TOLL CONNECTING
TRUNK
CONNECTS A CLASS
5 END OFFICE TO
ANY HIGHER
RANKING TOLL
OFFICE

INTER-TOLL TRUNK

CONNECTS ANY
CLASS 1 THROUGH
FOUR TOLL
SWITCHING OFFICE
TO ANY OTHER
CLASS 1 THROUGH
THE FOUR OFFICE
ACES ECE RVW / AMPAR

HIERARCHIAL
STRUCTURE

NORTH AMERICAN

CLASS 1. REGIONAL
CENTER
CLASS 2.
SECTIONAL CENTER
CLASS 3. PRIMARY
CENTER
CLASS 4. TOLL
CENTER
CLASS 5. END
OFFICE

CCITT

CLASS 1.
QUATERNARY
CENTER
CLASS 2. TERTIARY
CENTER
CLASS 3.
SECONDARY
CENTER
CLASS 4. PRIMARY
CENTER
CLASS 5. LOCAL
CENTER

ACES ECE RVW / AMPAR

SWITCHING
HIERARCHY
0 dB(MAX:0.5dB)
1

VNL(MAX:2.5dB)
2

VNL(MAX:1.4dB)
3

VNL(MAX:2.5dB)

VNL(MAX:2.9dB)
4

4
VNL+2.5
(MAX:5.5dB)
5

ACES ECE RVW / AMPAR

VIA NET LOSS DESIGN

THE TELEPHONE
SYSTEM MUST
PROVIDE SMALL
TRANSMISSION
LOSS TO GIVE
NATURAL RECEIVED
VOLUMES AND
MINIMUM
CONTRAST IN
RECEIVED VOLUMES
FROM CALL TO CALL

THE TELEPHONE
SYSTEM MUST
PROVIDE HIGH
TRANSMISSION
LOSS TO ENSURE
SATISFACTORY
PERFORMANCE
FROM THE
STANDPOINT OF
TALKER ECHO AND
NEAR SINGING

ACES ECE RVW / AMPAR

VNL FORMULA
VNL = VNLF (1-WAY LENGTH OF TRUNK, mi)
+ 0.4 dB
VNL = 0.20t + 0.4
dB
VNLF = 0.204 / VELOCITY
dB/mi

VNLF VIA NET LOSS FACTOR

t delay time in ms

ACES ECE RVW / AMPAR

VNLF
VNLF
(dB/mi)

VNLF
(dB/mi)

2-WIRE

4-WIRE

TOLL CABLE: 19H172-63 & 16H172 -63

19B88-50 (SIDE &
PHANTOM)
19H88-50 (SIDE &
PHANTOM)
19H44-25 & 16H44-25

0.04
0.04
0.03
0.02

0.02
0.02
0.014
0.01

VOICE FREQQUENCY OPEN WIRE

0.01

CARRIER / MICROWAVE RADIO

VOICE FREQUENCY (LOADED & NONLOADED)

0.0015
0.04

ACES ECE RVW / AMPAR

0.017

CATEGORICAL LEVELS OF
LOSS USED IN DDD
TOLL CONNECTING
TRUNKS: VNL + 2 dB
INTERTOLL TRUNK
WITHOUT ECHO
SUPPRESSOR: VNL
INTERTOLL TRUNKS
WITH ECHO
SUPPRESSOR: 0 dB

ECHO
SUPPRESSOR
AN ELECTRONIC
CIRCUIT
INSERTED IN THE
FOUR WIRE
TRUNK PATH TO
EFFECTIVELY
BLOCK THE
PASSAGE OF
REFLECTED
SIGNAL

ACES ECE RVW / AMPAR

TELEPHONE TRAFFIC
TRAFFIC

BUSY HOUR

CALL

CALL
CONCENTRATION

REFERS TO THE
AGGREGATE OF ALL
USER REQUESTS
BEING SERVICED BY
THE NETWORK
AN ACTUAL
ENGAGEMENT OR
SEIZURE OF A
CIRCUIT

ATTEMPT

ANY EFFORT ON THE

PART OF A TRAFFIC
SOURCE TO SEIZE A
CIRCUIT

THE CONTINUOUS 1
HOUR OF THE DAY
DURING WHICH THE
HIGHEST USAGE
OCCURS

RATIO OF THE BUSY

HOUR CALLS TO THE
TOTAL DAY CALLS

HOLDING TIME

LENGTH OF TIME
WHICH A CALL
ENGAGES A TRAFFIC
CHANNEL

ACES ECE RVW / AMPAR

TRAFFIC UNIT
CALL HOUR
QUANTITY
REPRESENTING 1 OR
MORE CALLS HAVING AN
AGGREGATE DURATION
OF 1 HOUR

CALL SECOND
QUANTITY REPRESENTED
BY 1 OR MORE CALLS
HAVING AN AGGREGATE
DURATION OF 1 SECOND

CENTI-CALL SECOND(CCS)
OR (HCS)

EQUATED BUSY HOUR

CALL (EBHC)
THE AVERAGE
INTENSITY IN ONE OR
MORE TRAFFIC PATHS
OCCUPIED IN THE BUSY
HOUR BY 1 TWO MINUTE
CALL

NOTE: THE MAXIMUM

CAPACITY OF A SINGLE
SERVER (CHANNEL) IS 1
ERLANG

THE QUANTITY
REPRESENTED BY 1 100SECOND CALL OR BY AN
AGGREGATE OF 100 CS

ACES ECE RVW / AMPAR

TRAFFIC CALCULATION
A = Cho /
T
A TRAFFIC, ERLANG
(E)
C NO OF CALLS
ho AVERAGE HOLDING TIME
(HR)
T TIME =1 HR
1 E = 30 EBHC = 36 CCS = 60 CM
= 3600 CS
ACES ECE RVW / AMPAR

GRADE OF SERVICE, B
B=

An / n!
1 + A + A2/2! + A3/3! + . . . . . +
An/n!

B PROBABILITY THAT A CALL WILL BE LOST

A TRAFFIC IN ERLANG
n NUMBER OF CIRCUITS (E.G. TRUNK)

ACES ECE RVW / AMPAR

MULTIPLEXING
FREQUENCY
DIVISION
MULTIPLEXING
(FDM)
TRANSMISSION OF
MULTIPLE SIGNALS
OVER THE SAME
CHANNEL AT
DIFFERENT
FREQUENCY
BANDS

CCITT
STANDARD GROUP
60-108 kHz, 12 VC

SUPERGROUP
312 552 kHz, 5
groups

MASTERGROUP
812 2044 kHz, 5 SG

SUPERMASTERGRO
UP
8519 12388 kHz

ACES ECE RVW / AMPAR

MULTIPLEXING
TIMED DIVISION
MULTIPLEXING
(TDM)
TRANSMISSION
OF MULTIPLE
SIGNALS AT THE
SAME
FREQUENCY BUT
AT DIFFERENT
TIME INTERVALS

LINE DIGITAL
TYPE SIGNAL

T1
T1C
T2
T3
T4
T5

DS1
DS1C
DS2
DS3
DS4
DS5

ACES ECE RVW / AMPAR

BIT
RATE
(MBPS
)

CAP
(VC)

1.544
3.152
6.312
46.304
274.17
6
560.16

24
48
96
672
4032
8064