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    ece2011 at monash university signal processing first lecture notes if you are studying at monash uni electrical engineering than this will help

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    Spfirst l10 Ev

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    ece2011 at monash university signal processing first lecture notes if you are studying at monash uni electrical engineering than this will help

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    ece2011 at monash university signal processing first lecture notes if you are studying at monash uni electrical engineering than this will help

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    58 views28 pages

    Spfirst l10 Ev

    Uploaded by

    kewancam
    ece2011 at monash university signal processing first lecture notes if you are studying at monash uni electrical engineering than this will help

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Signal

    Processing
    First

    Copyright Monash University 2009

    Lecture 10
    FIR Filtering
    Introduction

    READING ASSIGNMENTS
    This Lecture:
    Chapter 5, Sects. 5-1, 5-2 and 5-3 (partial)

    Other Reading:
    Recitation: Ch. 5, Sects 5-4, 5-6, 5-7 and 5-8
    CONVOLUTION

    Next Lecture: Ch 5, Sects. 5-3, 5-5 and 5-6

    Copyright Monash University 2009

    LECTURE OBJECTIVES
    INTRODUCE FILTERING IDEA
    Weighted Average
    Running Average

    FINITE IMPULSE RESPONSE FILTERS

    FIR

    Filters

    Show how to compute the output y[n] from the


    input signal, x[n]

    Copyright Monash University 2009

    DIGITAL FILTERING
    x(t)

    A-to-D

    x[n]

    COMPUTER

    y[n]

    D-to-A

    y(t)

    CONCENTRATE on the COMPUTER


    PROCESSING ALGORITHMS
    SOFTWARE (MATLAB)
    HARDWARE: DSP chips, VLSI

    DSP: DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING


    Copyright Monash University 2009

    The TMS32010, 1983

    First PC plug-in board from Atlanta Signal Processors Inc.

    Copyright Monash University 2009

    Rockland Digital Filter, 1971

    For the price of a small house, you could have one of these.
    Copyright Monash University 2009

    Digital Cell Phone (ca. 2000)

    Now it takes and plays video


    Copyright Monash University 2009

    DISCRETE-TIME SYSTEM
    x[n]

    COMPUTER

    y[n]

    OPERATE on x[n] to get y[n]


    WANT a GENERAL CLASS of SYSTEMS
    ANALYZE the SYSTEM
    TOOLS: TIME-DOMAIN & FREQUENCY-DOMAIN

    SYNTHESIZE the SYSTEM

    Copyright Monash University 2009

    D-T SYSTEM EXAMPLES


    x[n]

    SYSTEM

    y[n]

    EXAMPLES:
    POINTWISE OPERATORS
    SQUARING: y[n] = (x[n])2

    RUNNING AVERAGE
    RULE: Eg the output at time n is the average of three
    consecutive input values

    Copyright Monash University 2009

    DISCRETE-TIME SIGNAL
    x[n] is a LIST of NUMBERS
    INDEXED by n : , x[-1]=0, x[0]=2, x[1]=4,

    STEM PLOT

    Copyright Monash University 2009

    10

    SIMPLEST FILTER -3-PT AVERAGE


    ADD 3 CONSECUTIVE NUMBERS
    Do this for each n

    Make a TABLE

    y[n] 13 ( x[n] x[n 1] x[n 2])

    n=0
    n=1
    Copyright Monash University 2009

    3/19/2015

    11

    INPUT SIGNAL

    y[n] 13 ( x[n] x[n 1] x[n 2])


    OUTPUT SIGNAL

    3/19/2015
    Copyright Monash University 2009

    12

    ANOTHER 3-pt AVERAGER


    Uses PAST VALUES of x[n]
    IMPORTANT IF n represents REAL TIME
    WHEN x[n] & y[n] ARE STREAMS

    y[n] 13 ( x[n] x[n 1] x[n 2])

    Copyright Monash University 2009

    13

    PAST, PRESENT, FUTURE


    Causal filtering

    n is
    Noncausal
    TIME filtering

    Copyright Monash University 2009

    3/19/2015

    14

    GENERAL FIR FILTER


    FILTER COEFFICIENTS {bk}
    DEFINE THE FILTER

    y[n] bk x[n k ]
    k 0

    For example,

    bk {3, 1, 2,1}

    y[n ] bk x[n k ]
    k 0

    3x[n ] x[n 1] 2 x[n 2] x[n 3]


    Copyright Monash University 2009

    15

    GENERAL FIR FILTER


    FILTER COEFFICIENTS {bk}
    M

    y[n] bk x[n k ]
    k 0

    FILTER ORDER is M
    FILTER LENGTH is L = M+1
    NUMBER of FILTER COEFFS is L
    Copyright Monash University 2009

    16

    GENERAL FIR FILTER


    SLIDE a WINDOW across x[n]
    M

    y[n] bk x[n k ]
    k 0

    x[n-M]

    Copyright Monash University 2009

    x[n]

    17

    FILTERED STOCK SIGNAL


    INPUT

    OUTPUT

    50-pt Averager
    Copyright Monash University 2009

    3/19/2015

    18

    SPECIAL INPUT SIGNALS


    FREQUENCY RESPONSE (LATER)
    x[n] = SINUSOID
    x[n] has only one NON-ZERO VALUE

    1 n 0
    [n ]

    0 n 0

    UNIT-IMPULSE

    1
    n
    Copyright Monash University 2009

    19

    SHIFTED UNIT IMPULSE [n-i]

    [n-i] is NON-ZERO
    Only when n-i = 0 !!!

    [n 3]

    n3

    3/19/2015
    Copyright Monash University 2009

    20

    MATH FORMULA for x[n]


    Use SHIFTED IMPULSES to write x[n]
    x[n] 2 [n] 4 [n 1] 6 [n 2] 4 [n 3] 2 [n 4]
    NOTE: {[n-k]}
    for - < k < is an
    orthonormal basis
    for D-T signals

    Copyright Monash University 2009

    x[n]

    x[k ] [n k ]

    3/19/2015

    21

    General formula for x[n]


    Use SHIFTED IMPULSES to write x[n]
    x[n]

    x[k ] [n k ] x[k ] [n]

    NOTE:
    k[n] = [n-k] for - < k <
    is an orthonormal basis for
    Discrete-Time signals
    Copyright Monash University 2009

    3/19/2015

    22

    UNIT STEP SIGNAL

    1 n 0
    u[n ]

    0 n 0

    [n]

    u[n]

    u[n-1]

    u[n] u[n 1]
    [n]

    Copyright Monash University 2009

    24

    4-pt averager with [n] input


    CAUSAL SYSTEM: USE PAST VALUES
    y[n] 14 ( x[n] x[n 1] x[n 2] x[n 3])

    INPUT = UNIT IMPULSE SIGNAL = [n]


    x[n] [n]
    y[n] 14 [n] 14 [n 1] 14 [n 2] 14 [n 3]
    OUTPUT is called IMPULSE RESPONSE

    h[n] {, 0, 0, 14 , 14 , 14 , 14 , 0, 0, }
    Copyright Monash University 2009

    25

    4-pt Avg Impulse Response


    y[n] 14 ( x[n] x[n 1] x[n 2] x[n 3])
    [n] READS OUT the FILTER COEFFICIENTS

    h[n] {, 0, 0, 14 , 14 , 14 , 14 , 0, 0, }
    h in h[n] denotes
    Impulse Response

    n = 1
    n=0
    n=1

    NON-ZERO
    When window
    overlaps [n]

    n
    n=4
    n=5
    Copyright Monash University 2009

    26

    FIR IMPULSE RESPONSE


    Convolution = Filter Definition
    Filter Coeffs = Impulse Response

    y[n] bk x[n k ]
    k 0

    Copyright Monash University 2009

    y[n ] h[k ]x[n k ]


    k 0

    CONVOLUTION
    3/19/2015

    27

    FILTERING EXAMPLE
    Input : x[n] (1.02)n cos(2 n / 8 / 4)

    7-point AVERAGER
    Removes cosine

    for 0 n 40

    y7 [n] 17 x[n k ]
    k 0

    By making its amplitude (A) smaller

    3-point AVERAGER
    Changes A slightly

    Copyright Monash University 2009

    y3[n] 13 x[n k ]
    k 0

    28

    3-pt AVG EXAMPLE

    USE 3 PAST VALUES

    Phase shift

    Copyright Monash University 2009

    3/19/2015

    29

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