BLOCK DIAGRAM

SOLAR
PANEL

INVERTO
R

WINDMIL
L

RACK & PINION

AND CHAIN
SPROCKET
ARRANGEMENT

MAINS
DC
GENERATOR

INVERTER

BATTERY

ADC

ON/
OFF

AT89C51
MICRO
CONTROLLER

RELAY

LCD

LIGHT
LOAD

2.2 BATTERY:
Battery (electricity), an array of electrochemical cells for electricity storage, either individually
linked or individually linked and housed in a single unit. An electrical battery is a combination of one
or more electrochemical cells, used to convert stored chemical energy into electrical energy. Batteries
may be used once and discarded, or recharged for years as in standby power applications. Miniature
cells are used to power devices such as hearing aids and wristwatches; larger batteries provide
standby power for telephone exchanges or computer data centers.

Figure 2.4: Lead-Acid Battery

Lead-acid batteries are the most common in PV systems because their initial cost is
lower and because they are readily available nearly everywhere in the world. There are many different
sizes and designs of lead-acid batteries, but the most important designation is that they are deep cycle
batteries. Lead-acid batteries are available in both wet-cell (requires maintenance) and sealed nomaintenance versions.
Lead acid batteries are reliable and cost effective with an exceptionally long life. The Lead acid
batteries have high reliability because of their ability to withstand overcharge, over discharge
vibration and shock. The use of special sealing techniques ensures that our batteries are leak proof and
non-spoilable. The batteries have exceptional charge acceptance, large electrolyte volume and low
self-discharge, Which make them ideal as zero- maintenance batteries lead acid batteries
Are manufactured/ tested using CAD (Computer Aided Design). These batteries are used in Inverter
& UPS Systems and have the proven ability to perform under extreme conditions. The batteries have
electrolyte volume, use PE Separators and are sealed in sturdy containers, which give them excellent
protection against leakage and corrosion.[3]

2.2.1 Features:
Manufactured/tested using CAD
Electrolyte volume
PE Separators
Protection against leakage

2.2.2 Battery Connections:

Lead-acid batteries are normally available in blocks of 2V, 6V or 12V. In most cases, to generate the
necessary operating voltage and the capacity of the batteries for the Solar Inverter, many batteries
have to be connected together in parallel and/or in series. Following three examples are
Shown:

Figure 2.5: Parallel

Connection

Connection

Figure 2.6: Series

2.3 RECTIFIER:
The output from the transformer is fed to the rectifier. It converts A.C. into pulsating D.C. The
rectifier may be a half wave or a full wave rectifier. In this project, a bridge rectifier is used because
of its merits like good stability and full wave rectification.
The Bridge rectifier is a circuit, which converts an ac voltage to dc voltage using both half cycles of
the input ac voltage. The Bridge rectifier circuit is shown in the figure. The circuit has four diodes
connected to form a bridge. The ac input voltage is applied to the diagonally opposite ends of the
bridge. The load resistance is connected between the other two ends of the bridge.

Fig 2.7: Rectifier Circuit

For the positive half cycle of the input ac voltage, diodes D1 and D3 conduct, whereas diodes D2 and
D4 remain in the OFF state. The conducting diodes will be in series with the load resistance RL and
hence the load current flows through RL.
For the negative half cycle of the input ac voltage, diodes D2 and D4 conduct whereas, D1 and D3
remain OFF. The conducting diodes D2 and D4 will be in series with the load resistance RL and
hence the current flows through RL in the same direction as in the previous half cycle. Thus
a bi-directional wave is converted into a unidirectional wave.[4]

2.4 A.C. RIPPLE NEUTRALIZER:

Capacitive filter is used in this project. It removes the ripples from the output of rectifier and
smoothens the D.C. Output received from this filter is constant until the mains voltage and load is
maintained constant. However, if either of the two is varied, D.C. voltage received at this point
changes. Therefore a regulator is applied at the output stage.

Fig 2.8: capacitor filter

2.5 VOLTAGE REGULATOR:

As the name itself implies, it regulates the input applied to it. A voltage regulator is an electrical
regulator designed to automatically maintain a constant voltage level.

Fig 2.9: Voltage regulator circuit

In this project, power supply of 5V and 12V are required. In order to obtain these voltage levels, 7805
and 7812 voltage regulators are to be used. The first number 78 represents positive supply and the
numbers 05, 12 represent the required output voltage levels. These regulators can provide local oncard regulation, eliminating the distribution problems associated with single point regulation. Each
type employs internal current limiting, thermal shut-down and safe area protection, making it
essentially indestructible.

Figure 2.10: Voltage regulator

If adequate heat sinking is provided, they can deliver over 1 A output current. Although designed
primarily as fixed voltage regulators, these devices can be used with external components to obtain
adjustable voltage and currents.

2.6 UNIDIRECTIONAL CURRENT CONTROLLER:[5]

As name indicates this circuit allows only one direction current flowing. There are following some
devices allow on unidirectional current.
1.
Diode
2.
Thyristors
In this project we are going to use diode as Unidirectional Current control device. As we are already
familiar with the most common function of a diode is to allow an electric current to pass in one
direction (called the diode's forward direction).While blocking current in the opposite direction (the
reverse direction). Thus, the diode can be thought of as an electronic version of a check valve. The
diode used in this project is D=1N4007.

2.7 MICROCONTROLLER AT89S52:[6]

In this project we are going to use the Microcontroller AT89S52. The Pin diagram and Features of
AT89S52 are as follow.

2.7.1 Features of At89s52:

1.

ROM

8K bytes

2.

RAM

256 bytes

3.

Timer

4.

I/O pins

32

5.

Serial port

6.

Interrupt sources -

Here we are using AT89S52 to display the amount of battery get charged whenever we place our foot
on piezoelectric transducer.

2.7.2 Pin Diagram:

Figure 2.11 Microcontroller At89s52

2.7.3 At89s52 Microcontroller Configuration:

1. Pin 1 to 8 (Port 1) is an 8-bit parallel port of a two-way (bidirectional) that can be used for

different purposes (general purpose).

Pin 9 is a pin reset, reset is active if a high ration.
2. P3.0 (10): RXD (serial port data receiver)
3. P3.1 (11): TXD (serial port data sender)
4. P3.2 (12): INT0 (external interrupt 0 input, active low)
5. P3.3 (13): INT1 (external an interrupt input, active low)
6. P3.4 (14): T0 (external input timer / counter 0)
7. P3.5 (15): T1 (external input timer / counter 1)
8. P3.6 (16): WR (Write, active low) control signal from port 0 write data to memory and
input-output data externally.
9. P3.7 (17): RD (Read, active low) control signal of the reading of input-output data memory
external to the port 0. XTAL pin 18 as the second, the output is connected to the crystal
oscillator. XTAL pin 19 as the first, high input to the oscillator, connected to the crystal.
10.
Pin 20 as Vss, is connected to 0 or ground on the circuit.
11.
Pin 21 to 28 (Port 2) is 8 bits parallel ports in both directions. This port sends the address
byte
when accessing external memory is carried on.
12.
Pin 29 as the PSEN (Program Store Enable) is the signal used for reading, move the
program
the external memory (ROM / EPROM) to microcontroller (active low).
13.
Pin 30 as the ALE (Address Latch Enable) to hold down the address for accessing
external
memory.

Pin 31 as the EA (External Access) to select the memory to be used, the internal program
memory (EA = Fcc) or external program memory (EA = Vss), Pin 32 to 39 (Port 0) is an 8bit parallel port in both directions. Under which functions as a multiplexed address data to
access an external program and data memory.
15.
Pin 40 as Fcc, connected to +5 V as a ration to the microcontroller. All single chips in the
family division of MCS-51 have the address space to programs and data.
14.

2.8 ADC:
An analog-to-digital converter (abbreviated ADC, A/D or A to D) is a device that converts a
continuous quantity to a discrete time digital representation. An ADC may also provide an isolated
measurement. The reverse operation is performed by a digital-to-analog converter (DAC).
Typically, an ADC is an electronic device that converts an input analog voltage or current to a digital
number proportional to the magnitude of the voltage or current. However, some non- electronic or
only partially electronic devices, such as rotary encoders, can also be considered ADCs

2.8.1 ADC 0808:

Figure 2.12 Pin Diagram of ADC 0808

The ADC0808, ADC0809 data acquisition component is a monolithic CMOS device with an 8-bit
analog-to-digital converter, 8-channel multiplexer and microprocessor compatible control logic. The
8-bit A/D converter uses successive approximation as the conversion technique.
The converter features a high impedance chopper stabilized comparator, a 256R voltage divider with
analog switch tree and a successive approximation register. The 8-channel multiplexer can directly
access any of 8-single-ended analog signals. The device eliminates the need for external zero and fullscale adjustments. Easy interfacing to microprocessors is provided by the latched and decoded
multiplexer address inputs and latched TTL TRI-STATE outputs. The design of the ADC0808,
ADC0809 has been optimized by incorporating the most desirable aspects of several A/D conversion
techniques.
The ADC0808, ADC0809 offers high speed, high accuracy, minimal temperature dependence,
excellent long-term accuracy and repeatability, and consumes minimal power. These features make
this device ideally suited to applications from process and machine control to consumer and
automotive applications

2.8.2 Features:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Easy interface to all microprocessors

Operates ratio metrically or with 5 VDC or analog span
Adjusted voltage reference
No zero or full-scale adjust required
8-channel multiplexer with address logic
0V to VCC input range
Outputs meet TTL voltage level specifications

2.8.3 Key Specifications:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Resolution 8 Bits
Total Unadjusted Error LSB and 1 LSB
Single Supply 5 V DC
Low Power 15 mW
Conversion Time 100 s

2.9 INVERTER:
An inverter is an electrical device that converts direct current (DC) to alternating current (AC);
the converted AC can be at any required voltage and frequency with the use of appropriate
transformers, switching, and control circuits.
Solid-state inverters have no moving parts and are used in a wide range of applications, from small
switching power supplies in computers, to large electric utility high-voltage direct

current applications that transport bulk power. Inverters are commonly used to supply AC power from
DC sources such as solar panels or batteries.
There are two main types of inverter. The output of a modified sine wave inverter is similar to a
square wave output except that the output goes to zero volts for a time before switching positive or
negative. It is simple and low cost and is compatible with most electronic devices, except for sensitive
or specialized equipment, for example certain laser printers.
A pure sine wave inverter produces a nearly perfect sine wave output (<3% total harmonic distortion)
that is essentially the same as utility-supplied grid power. Thus it is compatible with all AC electronic
devices. This is the type used in grid-tie inverters. Its design is more complex, and costs 5 or 10 times
more per unit power.
The electrical inverter is a high-power electronic oscillator. It is so named because early
mechanical AC to DC converters was made to work in reverse, and thus were "inverted", to convert
DC to AC. The inverter performs the opposite function of a rectifier.[7]

2.9.1 Inverter Circuit:

Figure 2.13: Inverter Circuit Diagram

The IC1 Cd4047 wired as an Astable multivibrator produces two 180 degree out of phase 1/50 Hz
pulse trains. These pulse trains are preamplifiers by the two TIP122 transistors. The out puts of the
TIP 122 transistors are amplified by four 2N 3055 transistors (two transistors for each half cycle) to
drive the inverter transformer. The 220V AC will be available at the secondary of the transformer.
Nothing complex just the elementary inverter principle and the circuit works great for small loads like
a few bulbs or fans. If you need just a low cost inverter in the region of 100 W, then this is the best.

2.10 VOLTAGE SAMPLER (SAMPLE &HOLD CIRCUIT):

Sample-and-hold (S/H) is an important analog building block with many applications, including
analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) and switched-capacitor filters. The function of the S/H circuit is
to sample an analog input signal and hold this value over acertain length of time for subsequent
processing.

Figure 2.14 Samples and Hold Circuit

Taking advantages of the excellent properties of MOS capacitors and switches, traditional switched
capacitor techniques can be used to realize different S/H circuits [1]. The simplest S/H circuit in MOS
technology is shown in Figure 1, where Vin is the input signal, M1 is an MOS transistor operating as
the sampling switch, Ch is the hold capacitor, ck is the clock signal, and Vout is the resulting sampleand-hold output signal.

Figure 2.15 Simplest Sample-And-Hold Circuit In MOS

Technology.

As depicted by Figure 1, in the simplest sense, a S/H circuit can be achieved using only one MOS
transistor and one capacitor. The operation of this circuit is very straightforward. Whenever ck is high,
the MOS switch is on, which in turn allows Vout to track Vin. On the other hand, when ck is low, the
MOS switch is off.
During this time, Ch will keep Vout equal to the value of Vin at the instance when ck goes low.
CMOS Sample-and-Hold Circuits Page .Unfortunately, in reality, the performance of this S/H circuit
is not as ideal as described above. The next section of this paper explains two major types of errors,
charge injection.
and clock feed through, that are associated with this S/H implementation. The section after that
presents three new S/H techniques, all of which try to minimize the errors caused by charge injection
and/or clock feed through..

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