CHS World Studies 2014-15

Unit 2 Population & Migration Vocabulary

Population
Age distribution
Age Structure: The number or proportion of individuals in each age group in a
population. (An age pyramid showing that 100,000 people in the population are
aged 50-54)
Population Composition: Demographic makeup of people in a specific
geographical area, generally used to project disease and death statistics. (There
are 208,000 children with diabetes in the Unites States)
Carrying capacity: The number of people that a region can support. (The
carrying capacity of places with more natural resources is higher than places
that have little resources for the people)
Challenges of highly-concentrated populations in certain areas of the
world
Child Mortality Rate: Number of deaths per thousand children, within the first
five years of life (The CMR in African Nations is lower than in the United States
because of the availability of medicines and pre- and postnatal care offered
here)
Cohort: A population group that is brought together by a common
characteristic. (Age is a common cohort, which groups people together for
statistical purposes)
Crude Birth Rate: The number of births per year per every 1,000 people. (The
crude birth rate is less accurate than the total fertility rate because of the 1,000
people, there could be a relatively small amount who are at child-bearing age)
Crude Death Rate: The number of deaths per year per every 1,000 people
(This is more accurate than crude birth rate because though death happens
more frequently in people of a certain age, it can happen to anyone at any
time.)
Demographic equation : Summarizes the changes in a population during a
particular time, which takes in account migration and natural increase. (A
country that has a steady birth and death rate and steady net migration, would
have a demographic equation number close to 0 because that is the
approximate net change)
Demographic momentum: How a growing population continues growing after
a decline in fraternity (When a country moves into a different stage in the
demographic transition model)
Demographic Transition model know all stages: The steps through which
a population progresses.
Stage 1: Pre-Modern (high birth and death rates)
Stage 2: Urbanizing/Industrializing (declining death rates, steady birth rates)
Stage 3: Mature Industrial (declining birth rates, low steady death rate)
Stage 4: Post Industrial (low birth and death rates)
Dependency ratio: A ratio of the number of people in a society that are either
too young or too old to provide for themselves, compared to the number of
people in the work force. (dependents are usually under 15 or over 65 and
expressed as n dependents: 100 people in work force)

CHS World Studies 2014-15

Unit 2 Population & Migration Vocabulary

Doubling time formula, consequences: Amount of time needed for a

population to double in size (It might take 30 years for a population to double
from 4 million to 8 million people) formula: 70/Rate of Natural Increase
Ecumene: Portion of the Earths surface that is permanently occupied by
humans (Approximately 60% of the Earth is considered part of the ecumene.)
Expansive vs. Restrictive Population policies: Expansive policies
encourage large families to raise the rate of population, restrictive policies
encourage less children, smaller families, and try to restrict population growth.
(Restrictive = Chinas one child policy)
Infant mortality rate: Number of deaths of children under age one per one
thousand children. (If 12 children out of 1,000 in the U.S. die before they turn
one, our Infant Mortality Rate would be 12)
J-curve: the trend of a countrys trade balance, where the curve falls originally
but eventually rises to be higher than the starting point. Shows exponential
growth (If a country has an initial significant loss in trade, but eventually makes
it up and has a higher export than import level)
Location and Characteristics of major population clusters: The major
population clusters (places in the world that contain the most people clustered
in the same area) are East Asia (mostly rural, some live along rovers otherwise
most on coasts), South Asia (similar dispersion to east Asia, also not very
urban), Europe(Very urbanized, dispersed based on old coal fields, not terrain
like Asia, population concentrated in cities), South East Asia(Less urban, more
rural populations), and Eastern North America (Large areas with small
populations, population is densely concentrated in major cities (Megalopolis).)
Location and characteristics of emerging population clusters: Places
with high rates of population growth such as Northeastern US, Southeastern
Canada, West Africa. These areas as generally clustered in cities and/or near
water. (Areas such as New York, Maine, etc are considered emerging population
clusters.)
Locations of high and low Total Fertility Rate (TFR), Crude Birth Rate
(CBR), Crude Death Rate (CDR), and Natural Increase Rate (NIR): TFR:
highest = Niger (6.89), Lowest = Singapore (.80), CBR: Highest = Niger (46.12),
Lowest = Monaco (6.72), CDR: Highest = South Africa (17.49), Lowest = Qatar
(1.53), NIR: highest = Niger (3.9%) Lowest = Bulgaria/Serbia (-.05%)
Indicators of Development Economic, Health, Demographic, Social:
Health measures a nations mortality levels, access to health care, nutrition and
common diseases. Demographics measures changes in population and ratio of
parts of the population to others. Economic measures macroeconomic
measures, finance, employment, technology, research and tourism. Social
measures poverty, government and education. (Health development is measure
by statistics such as crude death and birth rates, Demographic measure things
like migration and population growth, Economic uses GDP and the amount of
technology and the ways its being used and social measures the quality of life
for the citizens)
Malthus, Thomas: Argued that population growth leads to starvation and
proposed checks to curb growth and raise the death rate. He was one of the first
people to say that the world is increasing faster than food is being produced

CHS World Studies 2014-15

Unit 2 Population & Migration Vocabulary

(One of the things he suggested was that people marry later in life to avoid
having as many children)
Natality Anti-natalist policies vs. Pro-natalist policies: Neo-natalist
policies restrict births and therefore population growth, and pro-natalist policies
encourage births. (Chinas One Child policy is an example of a neo-natalist
policy)
Neo-Malthusian: People who believe in Malthuss theory that by limiting
resources we are limiting population growth (Neo-Malthusian Paul Ehrlich
believed in 1970 that the world was already filled to its capacity)
Overpopulation: When the number of people in an area is greater than the
resources available to support life. (Singapore is considered the most
overpopulated country in the world)
Population Density - Agricultural, Arithmetic, Physiological: Agricultural
density is a ratio of the number of farmers to the amount of farmable land.
Arithmetic is the total number of people divided by total land area and
physiological is the number of people per farmable land. (U.S. arithmetic density
is 96.67)
Population distributions: How the people of the world are spread through the
continents. (61.11% of people live in Asia, 15.69% in Africa, 10.24% in Europe,
8.54% in Latin America, 4.88% in North America and .54% in Oceania)
Population projection: The estimates of future population size, age ratios and
sex ratios based on data we have today (It is estimated that in 2050, there will
be 1.5 billion people age 65 and over in the world, which is triple what it is
today. It is expected that there will be 86 million in the US which is double
todays population of elderly)
Population pyramid: A chart that shows the amount of people of a specific
age in the shape of a pyramid. Ages are separated into cohorts. (The more
pyramid shaped the pyramid is, the more underdeveloped the nation. Straighter
pyramids show steady growth and generally also developed nations)
Rate of natural increase: Number of births minus the number of deaths per
year, multiplied by 1,000. (The NRI for the U.S. is .4%)
S-curve: When an exponential curve levels out. (When a population that was
initially growing rapidly eventually levels out after a significant period of time
the graph would show an S curve)
Sex ratio: The ratio of men to woman in a population (The US sex ratio is .97
males/females)
Zero population growth: When the TFR is at 2.1. This shows a stable
population, that does not increase or decrease. (Turkmenistan in 2014 was at
exactly 2.10 TFR)

Migration
Activity space: The space in which daily activity occurs. (My activity space is
generally the borders of Chanhassen on the weekday, but is much greater,
extended further into the metro area on the weekend)
Asylum: Shelter and protection in one area for refugees from another country
(There are currently many people from the middle east who move to America to
seek asylum)

CHS World Studies 2014-15

Unit 2 Population & Migration Vocabulary

Brain Drain: When a majority of smart, capable resources leave their original
country because of various factors (The majority of intelligent people born in
underdeveloped nations move to more developed areas to find better jobs)
Chain Migration: When people from one area follow those from the same area
who have moved to another area, generally to a different country. (If a group of
people from Somalia move to the United States, it is likely that those who lived
near them will follow because thats what the people they knew are doing)
Colonization: When members from one nation go to another usually less
powerful nation and set up a colony a life and a set of rules dictated by the
colonizing party. (Europeans colonized the Congo by going in with the pretense
of collecting ivory and abused the natives and tried to westernize the African
tribes they came across)
Distance decay: When a phenomenon decreases in importance as it gets
further away from its place of origin. (Diseases like malaria, while gaining
significant attention from developed nations, are much more important in the
countries that it is present and killing people in.
Forced migration: permanent movement (migration) usually brought about by
cultural factors. (An example is the government forcing all Native Americans to
move and live on reservations)
Gravity model: Says that the use of a business in a location is directly related
to the number of people there and inversely related to the distance people have
to travel to get there. It also follows that nearby related businesses will thrive
because of their closeness to each other. (If Target in Chanhassen is successful,
it follows that the Chaska one will be as well because people will travel the small
distance to compare the items)
Guest Worker: Someone who has permission to work temporarily in another
country (Often someone brought in from a developing country to be a laborer in
an industrialized nation)
Internal migration: Migration within one nation. (When large numbers of
Americans moved from the eastern part of the country to the west under the
idea of Manifest Destiny)
Internally displaced person (IDP): Someone who is forced to leave their
home but remains in their own country. They are called refugees usually but are
not legally considered a refugee. (This could be people in war-torn countries who
rebelled against the government and live in camps along the border until they
can leave)
Intervening opportunity: A theory to describe the likelihood of migration. It
says that the likelihood is influenced by the opportunities at the destination not
the distance traveled to get there. (When people moved across the country to
California during the Gold Rush because of the opportunities there for good
minors)
Migration patterns
Intercontinental: permanent movement from one continent to another (If
a family from the United States moves to Australia)
Interregional: permanent movement from one region in a country to
another (If a family moves from Minnesota to Arizona)

CHS World Studies 2014-15

Unit 2 Population & Migration Vocabulary

Rural-urban: permanent movement from an area that is sparsely

population to a metropolitan area (When my parents moved from rural
Rugby, ND to Bloomington)
Push-pull factors: Push factors are negative factors that force people to leave
and migrate to other places, pull factors are what attract people to leaving and
moving to a new place (Both factors would be at work if my dad lost his job,
meaning we had to move to another state in which a new job was offered)
Ravensteins 5 Laws of Migration:
Most migrants only a short distance
Pull factors attract people to fill gaps in a rapidly growing location
Each time people migrate in a certain direction there is a counter-flow of people
migrating the opposite way
People who migrate fat away go to major economic areas
People who live in cities are less likely to migrate than those from rural areas
Females are more likely to migrate than men
Economic factors are the main cause of migration
Refugee: Someone who has been forced to leave their country (People in
African countries who escape across country boundaries to avoid war)
Remittances: sending money from someone working in a foreign nation back
home (Someone from Africa who is working in Europe and sends the money
back to his family)
Step migration: When someone migrates in a series of short migrations ( to
move from a farm in Wisconsin, to Eau Claire, to eventually end up in
Minneapolis)
Voluntary migration: People who chose to move. (My aunt and uncle chose to
migrate from North Dakota to Florida after college)