VALVES Construction - Operation Troubleshooting : ServiceIn the petroleum industry, valves are used to control the flow of liquids and gases. In the Valves program, the trainee will learn about the con- struction and operation of the most widely used valves such as gate, globe, plug, and check valves. He will also learn what valves should be used with various types of service and how to troubleshoot difficulties that may develop due to fouling, leakage, or wear.INSTRUCTIONS ‘This is a programed learning course. Programed learning gives information in a series of steps called frames. Each frame gives some information and asks you to make use of it. Here is how it works. First, cover the response column at the right with a mask. Read this frame and use the information it gives to fill in the blank. A micrometer is an instrument designed to measure in thousandth of an inch. A micrometer is a good tool for measuring very —____ small differences in size. Move the mask down to uncover the word at the right of the frame. If you have filled the blank with that word or a word that means the same, you are ready to go ahead to the next frame. ‘The drawing of a microneter provides information that will help you fill in the next blanks. OBJECT TO BE MEASURED ANVIL THIMBLE SPINDLE RATCHET CAP FRAME Seven major parts are shown in the drawing, but only the _______and the ______eontaet the anvil; spindle object to be measured.‘The next frame calls for a choice. Circle or underline the ap- propriate word. Of the two parts that contact the object, only the (anvil/ spindle) moves. A program is a series of frames that work like the ones you have just done: Read the frame. Use the information to fill in the blanks or make a choice. Move the mask down and check the response column. Go on to the next frame. Remember to cover the response column with a mask before you begin each page. spindleVALVES 1. Liquids or gases flow from areas of higher pressure to areas of lower pressure. A pipe is connected to a tank of water. The water flows out of the pipe opening because the pressure in the tank is (greater/less) than the pressure outside. greater 2, There (is/is not) a pressure difference. is 3. For a liquid or gas to flow, a pressure difference, or drop must exist. 4, Suppose the opening of the pipe is partially closed with a piece of sheet metal. The amount of flow (changes/stays the same). changes 5. The amount of flow is (less/more). less 6. If the opening of the pipe is completely closed, the flow —— stops 7. Changing the size of the opening of the pipe (changes/ does not change) the amount of flow. changes 1)8. Flow through a pipe is stopped by closing the pipe's ——— opening, or end 9. By changing the size of opening of a pipe, the (rate/ direction) of flow is controlled. rate 10. In industrial piping, control of flow is of high impor- tance. Lo Mechanical devices that are used in industrial piping for flow control are called a valves 11. Basically, a valve stops flow through a pipe by closing the ______ of the pipe. opening 12. A valve that is half open allows (half/maximum) flow half to exist. 18. When a valve allows some flow, but not maximum flow, it is said to be in the throttling position. To throttle with a valve is to regulate the (rate/direc- tion) of flow. vate 14. A valve that is in the completely open position allows (some/maximum) flow. maximum, 15. Any valve can be in one of three positions: throttling, fully opened, or —___ . fully closed GATE VALVES 16. Two pipes are tightly joined together.18. This shows two gate valves installed between two pipes. 19. 20. 21. 17. A piece of sheet metal is inserted between the joints. SHEET METAL, The flow is Liquid is flowing through (valve A/valve B). A gate valve stops flow by placing a metal across the opening. * When the valve is completely open, the gate is raised (partially/completely) out of the line of flow. In the open position, the gate causes (practically no/ much) resistance to flow. When flow encounters resistance or changes direction, turbulence and pressure ______ occur. [3] stopped valve A gate completely practically no drop23, 24, 25. 28, 30. BL. Tn an open gate valve, there is little __________ or drop. ‘The enclosure of a gate valve is such that it (permits/ does not permit) the gate to be completely raised out of the line of flow. Flow exists due to pressure. When a gate valve stops the flow, the gate (resists/ does not resist) the pressure. . The gate has to be strong enough to withstand the = of the flow. . The pipes are always attached to the body of the valve. This valve has a body with __________ ends_ with bolt holes in them. ‘The end of the pipe is also ____. The pipe and valve are held together with To have a tight, leak-proof connection, a is inserted between pipe and valve. ‘The part of the valve that is mounted on top of the body to form a tight enclosure is called the _____. [4] turbulence; pressure permits resists pressure, or force flanged flanged bolts gasket bonnet82. In this valve, the bonnet and body are also bolted to- gether. BONNET GASKET BODY Between the bonnet and body, a bonnet —____ gasket is inserted for tight closure. Stem Designs 88. Look at this valve. ‘The gate of this valve is attached to a stem. The stem goes through a stuffing box located in the —____. bonnet, [5]84, 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41, The stuffing box is filled with a material called The function of the packing is to (hold the stem/stop leakage). If the stuffing box is not packed properly, the valve may —_. The stem of this gate valve is threaded at the (hand- wheel/gate) end. ‘The threaded end of the stem screws through the stem bushing. STEM BUSHING ‘The threads of the stem (are/are not) engaged by the threads of the bushing. The handwheel and the stem bushing are solidly con- nected. As the handwheel is turned, the stem bushing The bottom of the stem is solidly connected to the Neither the gate nor the stem can turn, As the handwheel is turned, the threaded bushing en- gages the threads of the [6] packing stop leakage leak handwheel are turns, or moves gate stem42. This makes the stem go —______. 48. If the stem rises, the gate also 44. If the handwheel is turned in the opposite direction, the stem and gate are pushed (down/up). 45. In this type of gate valve, the stem (rises/does not rise). 46. As the stem rises, it rises (outside/inside) of the valve. 47. This type of valve also has an outside yoke to support the handwheel and bushing. The abbreviation for this type of gate valve is OS & Y, which stands for — a SO yoke, 48. In an OS & Y gate valve, the stem (can/cannot) be seen when the valve is open. 49. By looking at an OS & Y valve, an operator can tell if the valve is _______ or closed. 50. The valve stem may also be threaded on the bottom. STEM GATE With such a stem, a gate is used that is on the inside. (71 INSIDE THREADS up, or down rises down, rises outside outside stem open threaded51. 55 56. 57. The handwheel of such a valve is solidly attached to the stem. STEM FLANGE The part of the stem that passes through the bonnet has $e Due to the flange on the stem, the stem (can/cannot) move up or down, As the handwheel is turned, the stem As the stem turns, it engages the threads on the inside of the gate. As the stem screws into the gate, it (pulls up/pushes down) the gate. If the handwheel is turned in the opposite direction, the stem unscrews and the gate is pushed —____. In such a valve design, the stem (rises/does not rise). The abbreviation for such a valve is NRS. NRS stands for non [8] flange cannot turns pulls up down does not rise rising stem58. 59. 60. 61. 62. ‘This drawing shows a valve with a bonnet threaded on the inside, ‘The threads of the bonnet (engage/do not engage) the threads of the stem. ‘The handwheel and the stem are also solidly connected. As the handwheel is turned, the stem ‘The threads on the stem engage the threads of the As the stem engages the bonnet threads, it (must also/ need not) move up or down. As the stem rises, the handwheel also ‘The stem is attached to the gate. As the stem is raised, the gate Review 64. 65. 66. 67. A gate valve stops flow by placing a metal — across the opening, ‘The part of the valve that is connected to the pipe is the ______ of the valve. A flanged-end body is (bolted/welded) to the pipe. ‘The top part of the valve that is mounted onto the body to form a tight enclosure is the —__ __. of the valve, [9] engage turns bonnet must also rises rises, or opens gate, or dise body, or flange bolted bonnet,68. Suppose that after a valve is installed, it leaks at point A. ‘Tightening the bolts (may/cannot) stop the leakage. may 69. If tightening the bolts does not stop the leakage, re- placing the ____________ may be necessary. gasket. 70. A worn gasket can cause leakage not only at point A but at point ____________as well. B 71. The leakage at point C is from the stem. enfin Cc This type of leakage occurs due to improper —____ packing of the stuffing box. [10]72, In an OS & Y gate valve, the stem is threaded on . top 73. Both of these valves are open. Valve A is an (OS & Y/NRS) valve. NRS 74. Valve B is an (OS & ¥/NRS) valve. OS & ¥ 75. In areas where not much overhead clearance exists, an _____ valve is used. NRS 76. The line of flow through an open gate valve is (in a straight/not in a straight) line, ina straight 77. When a gate valve is completely open, the gate is of the line of flow. out 78. The turbulence in a completely opened gate valve is (high/low). low 79. The pressure drop across a completely opened gate valve is little, or small [1]Gate Designs 80. The stem raises or lowers the gate. The gate is the part 81. 82. 83. 84, 85. of the valve that controls the opening. When the gate is lowered to stop all flow, it makes a close fit with the —_____ The seat rings and the gate (make/do not make) con- tact each time the valve is closed. As the gate is opened or closed, friction between gate and seats (occurs/does not occur). When friction occurs, wear also ————_____.. When a valve is throttling, it regulates the (rate/di- rection) of flow. Liguids or gases flowing under high pressure tend to erode material that opposes their flow. ‘The gate will erode in position (A/B). [12] seat rings make occurs occurs rate86. 87. 88. 89. 90. 91. 92, 93. 94. 95. The valve in B is (throttling/allowing full flow). ‘The wear on the valve in B will be (evenly/unevenly) distributed. If the gate and the seat rings are worn or eroded un- evenly, positive shutoff upon closing (is/is not) possible. The design of the gate can vary. The most common one is the solid wedge gate. Such a gate is made out of (one part/two parts). Complete shutoff with a solid gate is accomplished through a close fit between the gate and the A solid wedge gate is lowered into closed position. SEAT RING A, la @ SEAT RING B ‘The flow exerts pressure on (one side/both sides) of the gate. As the gate is raised, the flow will press the gate against ring (A/B). Whether the gate is lowered or raised, there is more friction between the gate and seat ring This flow-pressure action tends to wear out (both seats/ one seat) quicker. When seat ring B wears beyond a certain point, com- plete shutoff becomes [13] throttling unevenly is not one part seat rings one side B B one seat impossible96. Another type of gate is the parallel discs and wedges gate. This type of gate is made out of (one/many) parts. many 97. When closing, the parallel discs descend between two matching seats. ‘When the lower wedge, or spreader, reaches the stop, it (can/cannot) descend further. cannot, 98. As the stem continues to descend, it (forces/does not force) the upper spreader onto the lower one. forces (14)99, 100. 101. 102. 103. 104. 105. As the upper spreader is forced onto the lower spreader the dises are pushed (outward/inward). outward This outward push forces the dises against the ey seat rings With this type of gate, a very tight closing (is/is not) is possible, One side of this dise is worn more than the other side. SEAT. WORN DISC Because of the tight closing produced by the wedging action, wear on one side (still allows/prevents) complete still allows shutoff, ‘The dises are attached to the spreader in such a way that they can rotate when they are raised or lowered. Due to the rotation, when wear occurs it is (more even/ uneven). more even When opening such a gate, the first turn of the hand- wheel (raises the dises/releases the spreader pressure), releases the spreader In some systems, temperature changes and pipe ex- DroREEe pansion can warp the body of a valve, causing extreme pressure on the gate. Warping (can/cannot) cause the gate to stick. can [15]106. 107. 108. 109. 110. 1 112. 113. Under such conditions a parallel dise gate is used. As soon as the upper spreader is raised, it (r does not release) the wedging pressure. leases/ As the wedging pressure is released, the dises (become freer/remain tightly wedged). Under conditions where warping of the valve body can occur, a (solid wedge/parallel disc) gate is easier to operate. Suppose a material with coarse particles is being han- dled. Because it has more parts, it is easier for a (solid gate/ parallel dise gate) to become fouled by particles. A parallel disc gate should be used with (any type of material/relatively clean material). At times, it is necessary to mount a valve in the vert ical position. A solid gate (can/cannot) be used in a vertical position. Because of the wedges, it is (easy/difficult) for a parallel dise gate in the vertical position to malfunetion. Another type of gate is the solid split gate. SPLIT GATE (FLEXIBLE) The gate is made out of (one piece/many pieces). (16) releases become freer parallel dise parallel dise gate relatively clean material one piece14, 115. ‘The outer edges of such a gate (are/are not) flexible. As the valve body warps, it exerts pressure on the gate. The outer edges of the split gate (will give/are rigid). Review 116. 117. 118. 119. 120. A gate valve stops flow by placing a across the opening. ‘The gate has to make a tight fit with the to produce positive shutoff. In an open gate valve, there is (little/much) resistance to flow. ‘The erosion that occurs in a throttling gate is (even/ uneven). Identify these gates. (17) are will give gate seat rings little uneven solid parallel dise solid split121. 122, 128, 124. 125, 126. 127. 128, Threading can be located on different parts of the stem. In an OS & Y valve, the stem is threaded on ___. The abbreviation NRS stands for —_- : valve. When a valve is used in an area where there is not much overhead clearance, an (OS & Y/NRS) valve is used. The material put in the stuffing box is called the ‘The packing is used to (hold the stem/prevent leakage). If possible, a gate valve (should/should not) be used for throttling. For longer seat ring and gate life, a gate valve should be used in systems where it is (frequently/not fre- quently) closed or opened. An operator looking at an OS & Y valve (can tell/ cannot tell) whether the valve is open or closed. GLOBE VALVES 129, In a gate valve, the flow is in a straight line, without bends. GLOBE VALVE In the globe valve, the line of flow (changes/does not change) direction. [18] top non-rising stem NRS packing prevent leakage should not not frequently can tell changes130, 181. 132, 133. 134. 135, 136, With the change of direction, turbulence (occurs/does not oceur). Turbulence increases the ____________ drop across the valve. A globe valve will produce a (higher/lower )pressure drop than a gate valve. The seats in a gate valve are perpendicular to the line of flow. GATE VALVE GLOBE VALVE ‘SEATS: ‘SEAT In the globe valve, the seat is (parallel/also perpen- dicular) to the line of flow. In the gate valve, all contact between the seating and the gate ends (as soon as flow begins/only when the valve is completely open). ‘Suppose a gate valve is being operated to increase flow. Friction between the gate and the seats ends only when the gate is completely In a globe valve, the disc comes down onto the seat. Flow starts (as soon as/some time after) seat and dise contact is broken. (19 ] oceurs: pressure higher parallel only when the valve is completely open open. as soon as137. Ina gate valve, there is much wear due to friction when closing and opening. In a globe valve, there is (very little/much) wear due to friction. 138. When a gate valve is partially open, (all of the gate/ part of the gate) is exposed to flow erosion. 139. When a globe valve is partially open, (all/part) of the dise is exposed to flow. 140, Wear or erosion of a disc is likely to be (even/uneven). 141, Because the gate in a gate valve is held between two seat rings, it (can/cannot) turn, 142, Suppose the disc of a globe valve is free to rotate on the stem. POINT A POINT A Liquid flowing through the opening between seat and disc can cause the dise to 143. Due to the turning, point A on the disc (will/will not) always make contact with point A on the seat ring. 144, The wear due to the contact friction is (more even/ uneven) on the disc of a globe valve. 145. When the seat and disc wear evenly, after long use complete closure is (still possible/not possible). 146. Suppose a globe valve is in a throttling position. When the direction of flow is from A to B, the flow is from (under/the side of) the disc. [20] very little part of the gate all even cannot rotate, or turn will not more even still possible under7. 148. 149. 150. 151. 152. 158. 154, When the flow is from A to B, there (is/is no) turbu- lence or preassure drop. Suppose the flow is from B to A. The turbulence (increases/decreases). For the least pressure drop, a globe valve should be installed so that the flow is from (under/the side of) the disc. ‘There are also globe valves which can be installed as shown. The flow through an angle valve has (more/fewer) changes of direction than in a regular globe valve. ‘The turbulence through an angle globe valve will be (less/more) than through a regular globe valve. ‘The stem in a gate valve is only for raising and lower- ing the gate. The stem in a globe valve, besides raising and lowering the disc, must also __________ the disc into the seat ring. In a gate valve, the gate is guided into place by the seating. In a globe valve, the stem (guides/does not guide) the disc, The part of the globe valve that controls the opening is called the 7 [21] is increases under fewer guide, or position guides dise155. Globe valve discs come in different designs. The most widely used one is the plug dise. SEAT RING PLUG DISC The plug dise is (cone/ball) shaped. cone 156. The seat ring has a (matching/nonmatching) cone- matehing shaped center. 157. Abrasive particles in liquids can chip or nick the disc. Disc Nick OR CHIP If the nicks or chips are not too large, tight closing is (still possible/not possible). still possible 158, A plug disc is used for heavy throttling service. Even after some wear occurs, positive shutoff is still possible 159. This drawing shows a composition disc. METAL SOFT MATERIAL, SEAT RING Here, the dise is made out of __—____ (how two many) different materials. [22]160. When completely closed, the seat ring makes contact with the (soft/hard) part of the disc. soft 161. Piping sometimes must handle liquids containing small, hard particles, These particles can accumulate on the seats or discs. PLUG Disc COMPOSITION DISC Such accumulation, if uneven, (can/cannot) prevent a can plug dise from completely closing. 162. When a composition disc is used, fine particles (can/ cannot) embed themselves in the soft part of the dise. can 168. A composition dise with particles embedded in it (can/ cannot) make a tight shutoff. can 164. This drawing shows a conventional disc. ‘The disc-to-seat area is (larger/smaller) than a plug smaller dise, 165. If such a disc is nicked or worn at point A, tight clo- sure is (possible/not possible). not possible 166. For extensive throttling service, a (plug/conventional) plug dise is preferred. 167. With a conventional dise, the contact between seat and dise (is/is not) metal-to-metal. is [23]168. Here, a small piece of a hard substance is caught on the seat. PLUG DISC CONVENTIONAL DISC A conventional disc (can/cannot) crush such a particle can more easily than a plug dise. Review 169. There are three major types of discs used in globe valves. ‘The disc that has the largest disc-to-seat area of contact is the _______ type. plug: 170. A conventional disc, upon closing, (makes/does not make) metal-to-metal contact. makes 171. Ina composition disc, the seating makes contact with the (hard/soft) material of the disc. soft 172, When a globe valve is used for extensive throttling service, a (plug/composition) disc is used. plug 178. The stem in a globe valve( guides/does not guide) the guides dise into the seating. 174. When a valve with little turbulence is needed, a (gate/ globe) valve is used. gate 175, For throttling service, a (globe/gate) valve is desirable, globe 176. A gate valve has an enclosure that allows for the gate to be out of the line of flow. ‘The disc in a globe valve, when completely open, (is/ is not) out of the flow. is not 177. To minimize pressure drop across a globe valve, the flow should be from (under/the side of) the disc. under [24]178. The outside appearance of a gate valve is (the same as/ different from) a globe valve. different from 179. A gate valve can be recognized by looking at it, Valve (A/B/C) is a gate valve. A 180. Valve C is an_____ valve, angle, or globe 181, An angle valve is a (gate/globe) valve. globe 182, The part of the globe valve that is attached to the pipe is called the ____of the valve. body 188. The bonnet of a valve is always on (top/bottom) of the top valve. 184, The stuffing box in a valve (is/is not) in the body. is not 185. Material called ________ is used in the stuffing packing box. 186. Packing is used to prevent —_. leakage, or leaks 187. In both gate and globe valves, it takes (one/more than one) turn of the handwheel to open or close the valve. more than one 188. To reach the open position, the movement of the gate or dise is (up/down). up 189. The valve with the least pressure drop is the —____ gate valve. 190. A gate valve has little pressure drop because it offers little ____to the flow. resistance, or stoppage 191, The flow through a gate valve is ina_______ lime, straight (25)PLUG VALVES 192, Another type of valve used in industrial piping is the plug valve. LUBRICANT VALVE BODY The part of this valve that controls the opening is called the —__. plug 193. The plug is located in the ___________ of the valve. body 194. The plug is made out of a solid piece. CLOSED ‘The plug (has/does not have) an opening through it. has [ 26)197. 198. 199, 200. 201. 202, 203. 204, 205. 206. 207. 208. . During operation, the plug (is/is not) raised out of the body. . The plug can be turned, When the opening of the plug is aligned with the open- ing of the valve, flow (can/cannot) exist. To stop the flow, the plug is turned (half a turn/a quarter turn). The line of flow through a plug valve is (straight/ curved or angled). The opening of the plug is closely matched with the opening of the body of the valve. With the valve in the fully open position, the plug offers (much/little) resistance to flow. ‘There is (much/little) turbulence through an open plug valve. ‘The pressure drop across a plug valve is (less/greater) than across a globe valve. The valve that can be opened or closed quicker is the (globe/plug) valve. A plug valve is made to stop flow by rotating the +. side across the opening. For complete shutoff with a plug valve, the plug and the ________ must make a close fit. Although a close fit is required, the plug has to be loose enough to be able to Each time the plug is turned, friction develops between the body and the Friction (can/cannot) wear out the plug and body. If the plug is worn out, it will seat —_\___ in ‘the body. |. With a worn plug, it is not possible to get complete ). The shank of the plug has a lubricant fitting that makes it possible to apply special lubricant to the itself, . If adequate lubricant exists between plug and body, friction is ________ to a minimum, . Besides helping to reduce friction, the lubricant acts as a sealant to prevent [27] is not a quarter turn straight little little less plug closed, or plug, or solid body turn. plug can loosely, or poorly shutoff, or stoppage plug. reduced, or kept leakage213, 214, 215. 216, 217, 218. 219, 220. 221, If the lubricant is lost, excessive wear occurs due to (friction/corrosion). A plug valve of this type should be lubricated ‘The plug valve and the gate valve both have (little/ much) pressure drop. A plug valve is a (quick-/slow-) shutoff or opening valve. In terms of operating speed, the gate valve with a handwheel is a relatively __________ valve to open or close. ‘This drawing shows a special kind of gate valve. It (has/does not have) a threaded stem. ‘The gate of this valve is solidly attached to a stem which is connected toa —___. If the lever is pushed a quarter turn to the right, the gate (is raised/is not raised) to full open position. This type of gate valve is a (quick-/slow-) opening valve. [28] friction often, or frequently little quick- slow does not have lever, or handle is raised quick-(CHECK VALVES 222. This drawing shows a swing check valve. DISC ASSEMBLY VALVE BODY VALVE SEAT ‘The only moving part is a disc assembly that is attached to the body by a___"__ pin, 228. The pivot-pin mounting leaves the dise assembly free to swing toward and away from the valve 224. When there is no flow through the valve, the disc is positioned so that the valve is (closed/open). 225, Liquid or gas flows only when there is a in pressure between two points. 226. Suppose the pressure is higher at A than at B. The direction of flow is from —________ to 227, Because the disc is free to move, the flow — the disc to the open position. 228, Suppose the flow stops. Unless the material being piped has extremely high viscosity, the disc should —_——____ back across the seat. [29] pivot seat closed difference, or drop > raises, or moves drop, or swing229, 230. 231, 232, 233, 234, 236. 237. ‘The line of flow through a swing check valve (is/is not) relatively in a straight line. ‘The turbulence through an open swing check valve is (great/little). A swing check valve is opened (manually/automati- cally). ‘Suppose the direction of flow in this check valve is from A to B. Flow in this direction opens the valve. The line pressure is higher at point (A/B). Suppose the pressure becomes greater at B. ‘The pressure drop is in the (same/opposite) direction. With the flow now from B to A, the dise (remains/ does not remain) in the open position. As the flow reverses) it forces the disc into the _______ position. A check valve allows flow in (only one/either) direction. A. check valve is used for controlling (rate/direction) of flow. [80] is little automatically opposite does not remain closed only one direction238. The drawing shows a lift check valve. 239, 240, 241, 242, 243, 244, 245. 246, ‘The line of flow through a lift check valve is similar to the line of flow through a (gate/globe) valve. When flow occurs from A to B, it (raises/does not raise) the dise. As flow stops, gravity (pulls/does not pull) the dise onto the seating. ‘The lift check valve allows flow in (only one/each) di- rection. ‘The direction of the flow is always from (under/the side of) the dise. Suppose the same lift check valve is installed in a verti cal position, A A When flow occurs from A to B the disc (is forced away from/remains against) the seat ring. If flow stops, gravity (does/does not) pull the dise onto the seat ring. Suppose the flow reverses direction so that it is from Bto A. ‘The dise (will/will not) allow flow. ‘The lift check valve works correctly when installed in the (horizontal/vertical) position. (31] globe raises pulls only one under is foreed away from does not will horizontal247. 248, 249, 250. 251. 252. 253. 254, Based on its correct operating position, this lift check valve is called a ____ lift cheek valve. ‘The lift check valve comes in another design. ‘When flow occurs from A to B, the dise - When flow stops, gravity (lowers/does not lower) the dise onto the seat. If mounted in a vertical position, this left check valve (operates/does not operate) properly. ‘This is a (vertical/horizontal) lift check valve. ‘The bail valve is also a check valve. ‘The line of flow through such a valve (is/is not) in a straight line. ‘The part of the valve that controls the opening is a When flow occurs, the ball is raised by the —_____ of the flow. [ 32] horizontal raises, or opens lowers operates vertical is not ball pressure, or force255. As flow stops, gravity pulls the ball into the (closed/ open) position. closed 256. The ball check valve also comes in two designs. SEAT A B Valve A is a (horizontal/vertical) ball check valve. horizontal Valve B is a _____ alll check valve. vertical Review 257, A valve is a mechanical device for the control of flow 258. Any valve can be in one of three positions: fully opened, | fully elosed, or —___. throttling 259, Throttling regulates the (direction/rate) of flow. rate 260. The best valve for throttling is the (gate/globe) valve. globe 261. An OS & Y gate valve is one with a ——____ rising, or outside stem. ? 262. The advantage of an OS & Y valve is that the operator, by looking at the valve, can tell if the valve is —___ open eee closed 263. In places where not much clearance exists, (OS&Y/ NRS) valves are used. NRS 264. In an NRS valve, the gate rises on the —_____ stem of the valve. 265. In a gate valve, the gate (rises/does not rise) out of the rises line of flow when open. 266. In a plug valve, the plug (does/does not) rise out of the does not body. 267. A plug valve controls flow by (rotating/sliding) the rotating plug. 268. Both gate and plug valves, when fully open, offer (little/ much) resistance to flow. little [ 33]OPERATORS 269. Suppose a non-rising stem gate valve is required in a 270. 271. 272. 278. 274, 275. 276. given piping installation. ‘The NRS gate valve is more likely to insure (high speed of operation/tight closure). Suppose both high speed and tight closure are needed. One way to make the gate of the NRS valve slide shut faster is to make the stem rotate —______. ‘This shows a motor attached to the stem of the valve. A motor-driven NRS valve probably shuts (faster/ slower) than one driven by hand. ‘Suppose the valve is too big to be operated by one man. A motor can provide the extra __________ needed. to turn the stem. ‘Mechanical operators such as motors can make valves open and shut (faster/no faster) than a man can, and can operate the valves with (greater power than/only as much power as) several men at once. Suppose a valve is located where a man can't reach it easily. If a motor is connected to it, the valve (can/eannot) be operated from a distance. Mechanical operators make remote locations accessible. Using remote operators also makes it possible for one man to operate —__ valves at once. Mechanical operators must be selected to meet special requirements, For example, in any location where there could be ex- plosive fumes, a spark-causing device is (acceptable/ undesirable). [34] tight closure faster faster power faster greater power than can many, or more undesirable277. Fire can melt electric wires or short out electric motors. In conditions where fire or explosion can occur, an elec- trical operator is generally (safe/unsafe). unsafe 278. Some motors use other sources of power. REMOTE CONTROL ‘This is a motor that operates on —____. air pressure 279, Air operators can be supplied with the compressed air that drives them either by hose or by pipe. Where the power supply is compressed air, fire (can/ cannot) short cireuit the operator. cannot 280. In a situation where danger of explosion exists, an air operator is —_____. desirable, or needed 281. An air operator (can/cannot) be controlled from a dis- can tance or remotely. 282, Electrical and air operators are used for (accessibility/ speed/strength/all of these). all of these 283. There are times when an overhead valve is inaccessible and an electric or air operator cannot be installed on it. SPROCKET WHEEL AND CHAIN ‘The drawing shows a sprocket wheel and ——_____ chain arrangement that can be attached. [ 35]284. As the chain is pulled, the sprocket wheel 285. Because the sprocket wheel is attached to the stem, as the wheel turns, the stem 286. Although the sprocket wheel does increase the power somewhat, the chain operator is primarily used to in- crease (accessibility/operating power). 287. A valve located within easy reach but requiring much strength still can be operated without a motor. ‘This valve is operated through a system of 288, Such an operator is called a __________ operator. Review 289. Devices that are attached to valves for operating them are called —__ 290. In places where there is danger of fire or explosion, an ______ operator is used. 291. A gear operator is used for (accessibility/power). [36 ] turns moves, or opens, or closes accessibility gears gear operators, or power operators air power292. A chain operator is primarily used for —_______. accessibility 293. An electrical operator is used for power and _____. speed, or accessibility 294. To open or close valves rapidly, —________ or electrical ; operators are used. OPERATING DIFFICULTIES 295. Accumulation of sludge or particles can foul a valve. If too much is accumulated at point A, the valve will not be able to ________ completely. close 296, If the accumulation is in the bonnet area, the valve will not be able to _____~_ completely. open 297. Some bonnets have a bonnet plug. Steam under high pressure forced into the plug can sometimes remove the ______ condition. fouling, or sludge 298. If a fouling-removing chemical is added to the flow through the pipe, the chemical (will/will not) circulate will through the body of the valve and produce some purging. 299. If conditions allow, however, the best method is to (dis- mantle the valve/add chemicals). dismantle the valve 300. When the valve is dismantled, all parts can be as inspected, or cleaned 301. When badly worn parts are found they should be replaced [37]802. At times, the stem in a gate valve can become detached or break away from the gate. If this happens, the gate (rises/does not rise) as the does not rise stem is raised. 803. If conditions permit, when the stem is detached or broken from the gate, the valve should be dismantled pi, i repaired, or replaced 304. At times, conditions do not permit the dismantling of a valve even though the gate must be raised. Li tt ks Jack SCREW Drilling the bottom of the valve and screwing in a jack screw (will/will not) raise the gate. will 305. Drilling a hole through the bottom of the valve while the valve is in service (can/cannot) be dangerous due to can possible leakage. [38]806. For safety reasons, before drilling the hole, an attach- ment is used. WELDED COUPLING NIPPLE GATE VALVE NIPPLE STUFFING BOX First, a coupling is welded to the _________ of the body damaged valve. 807. To the, eoupling, a nipple, gate valve, and a nipple with a box is attached. stuffing 308, After the attachment is set up, the drill is inserted through it. GATE VALVE A DRILL SHAFT PACKING GLAND. GLAND BOLT of As the bolts attaching the gland to the nipple are tight- ened, the packing (is/is not) compressed around the is driller shaft. 309. The packing around the shaft prevents —_——____ leakage when the body of the damaged valve is pierced. [39]310. After the hole is drilled, the drill is pulled out past the 811, 312, 813. gate valve A. GATE VALVE A Valve A is closed, thus stopping any —____ that may exist. After entirely removing the drill, a tap is inserted. Once again the gland is tightened. Now the temporary gate valve A is — permitting the tap to be inserted further. After the drilled hole is tapped, the tap is removed as in frame 811, The jack screw is inserted in the same manner. JACK SCREW As the jack screw is screwed in, the gate Due to the attachment, leakage is ____. [40] leakage, or pressure opened rises, or opens prevented314. Suppose the stem bushing of an outside yoke valve is stripped or broken. BROKEN STEM BUSHING ‘The handwheel (will/will not) raise the stem. will not 815. If possible, the stem bushing should be replaced. How- ever, in case of emergency, the gate can still be raised. An overhead hoist is installed and connected to the stem. As the hoist is operated, it ________ the stem. 316. Tapping the stem with a soft-headed hammer (will/ will not) close the gate. raises, or lifts will (41)317. Every valve with a stem has a stuffing box. STUFFING BOX ‘The stuffing box is filled with mee packing 318, Each manufacturer specifies a given type and size of packing for each stuffing box. Once cut to the proper length, the packing is installed in rings so that each cut is the other. opposite ( 42]319. 820. 321, 822, 323, 324, 825, 326. After the packing is installed in the stuffing box, it is compressed by a_______, which also serves as the gland stuffing box cover. Leaks that develop around the stem are usually due to either the wrong packing or not packing. enough, or proper To correct the leak, the stuffing box should be —___ repacked, or packed properly. If the gland is removed from the stuffing box whil valve is under pressure, the pressure will —____ force, or blow the packing out. When repacking a valve there should be no —___ pressure present. During emergencies, a valve may have to be repacked while in service. PACKING BONNET BUSHING = STEM END If the valve is opened as far as possible, the stem end and the bonnet bushing make a __________ fit. tight This is back-seating. In actuality, the stem end and bushing form a valve within the —___ bonnet, or valve Back-seating can be dangerous and should only be done in cases of severe emergency [43]827, Valves may develop leaks in various places while in service. When a leak develops at point C, it is probably due to improper — a “ packing 828, A leak at point B is in the joint between the body and the of the valve. bonnet, 329. If tightening the bonnet and body bolts does not elim- inate the leak, replacing the ____ is indicated. gasket 330, A valve is leaking between the bonnet and the body. METAL BAND Welding a metal band around the joint (will stop/will not stop) the leak. will stop [44]331, Welding a metal band should be done only when, due to body or bonnet warping, replacing a gasket does not stop Review 882, A mechanical device used for flow control is called a 333, The part of the valve that is connected to the pipe is called the 884, The bonnet and body form a ______ enclosure. 335. All gate valves stop flow by placing a metal across the opening. 386. Globe valves are used for regulating the rate of flow or for —___. 887. Check valves are used for controlling the of flow. 388. When a valve cannot be operated directly by hand, a valve______is attached to it. 339. Electrical operators are usually used for (power/ac- cessibility/speed/all of these). 840. When there is danger of explosion or fire, an = operator is preferred. 341. When repacking or packing a valve, there should be no —_____— in the valve. 342. For longer valve life, a gate valve should not be used for extensive service. 343. The valves with the least pressure drop across them are the and _______ valves. 344. Check valves are usually (manually/automatically) operated. [45] leakage valve body tight, or valve gate, or dise throttling direction operator, or motor all of these air pressure throttling gate plug automatically