Statistical Analysis of Ferroresonance Phenomena

for 400 kV Double-Circuit Transmission Systems

R. Zhang, J.S. Peng, S.P. Ang, H.Y. Li, Z.D. Wang and P. Jarman
AbstractInvestigation of ferroresonance that can occur in a
400kV double-circuit transmission system is carried out in this
paper, with consideration focusing on potential impacts of
transmission line up-rating. The possible distribution range of
inter-circuit capacitances is calculated in addition to the
distribution range of magnetizing curve especially around the
knee point area based on the test report database of 400kV
transformers. Through conducting simulations with parameters
in the distribution range, the frequency of occurrence of
ferroresonance under different line and transformer
combinations is obtained, showing that the chance of
encountering sustained ferroresonance, if is not the same, does
not increase significantly after transmission line up-rating.
Keywords: Statistical Analysis, Transformer, Ferroresonance.

I. INTRODUCTION

riven by the growth of demand, it is forecasted that the

system power capacity will continue to increase in the
UK[1]. Most of the generated power is expected to be
delivered to load centres through transmission overhead lines
which are nowadays considered to be over saturated and
reaching to their critical values of capacity and sag [2]. This
may be relieved by building new transmission corridors.
However, due to limited ground space as well as concerns over
economic and environmental justifications, the permit to build
new transmission lines is difficult to obtain. Therefore,
increasing the power transfer capability of overhead lines
through reinforcing existing transmission lines has become a
more applicable option. This can be achieved by overhead line
up-grading, up-rating and refurbishment [3].
In the UK, the configuration of 400kV double-circuit
transmission system can have potential risks of ferroresonance.
One example can be referred to a field test carried out in
National Grid [4-5] which confirms that the 162/3 Hz and the
50 Hz ferroresonance can be induced as a result of switching
out one of the double-circuit lines connected to a non-loaded
power transformer. Ferroresonance should be further

addressed when transmission lines are upgraded or up-rated,

since this may significantly changed the inter-phase and intercircuit spacing and increase the likelihood of ferroresonance
and also its severity.
Ferroresonance is not specific to the UK transmission
system, it was also reported in the USA where ferroresonance
occurred in a transformer terminated line, due to an energized
parallel line on the same right-of-way [6]. The work presented
in this paper is the continuation of the previous work published
in [7]. It makes further investigation on the inter-circuit
capacitances when they are modified by up-rating of existing
transmission lines. In addition, the study also considers the
possible variation of transformer magnetizing characteristics.
The statistical range of inter-circuit coupling capacitors and
that of transformer magnetizing characteristics are determined
first. Simulation was carried out to identify the critical
combination of line and transformer that may increase the
severity and likelihood of ferroresonance.
II. STATISTICAL DETERMINATION OF SYSTEM PARAMETERS
A. Ferroresonance Phenomenon
Ferroresonance is one of the main transient issues in
distribution and transmission systems. In general it can occur
in a lossless electric circuit which contains interaction between
capacitor and non-linear inductance. It may cause expensive
equipment failure and reduce system reliability. Field
measurements on power systems, experimental tests conducted
on system models, together with numerical simulations, enable
classification of ferroresonance in different modes, including
fundamental mode (FM), sub-harmonic mode (SM), chaotic
mode (CM) and quasi-periodic mode (QM) [8]. In the case
when the ferroresonance is not sustained, it is considered as
decay mode (DM). It is more harmful when the system is
locked into FM due to higher overvoltages and overcurrents,
and therefore it is normally of main concern.
Fig. 1 shows the single-line arrangement of a typical 400 kV
double-circuit transmission system.

This work was supported in part by National Grid, UK.

R. Zhang, J.S. Peng, H.Y. Li, Z.D. Wang are with School of Electrical and
Electronic Engineering at the University of Manchester, Manchester, M13
9PL, U.K. (Email: [email protected],
[email protected], [email protected],
Corresponding author: [email protected]).
S.P. Ang is with Institute Technology Brunei. He was formerly a PhD student
at the University of Manchester UK where this piece of research work was
conducted. (Email: [email protected]).
P. Jarman is with National Grid, Warwick Technology Park, Gallows Hill,
Warwick CV34 6DA UK (Email: [email protected]).
Paper submitted to the International Conference on Power Systems
Transients (IPST2011) in Delft, the Netherlands June 14-17, 2011

Fig. 1.

Single-line diagram of 400 kV transmission system

The short-circuit level of the upstream network is 20 GVA.

The line is un-transposed, with a length of 37 km. It is
terminated with two three-phase power transformers: one is
1000MVA (SGT1) and the other is 180MVA (SGT4); both of
them are autotransformer (400/275/13kV) with vector group of
YNa0d1. The occurrence of FM and SM has been recorded
when a series of switching operation was carried out in the
following way:
1. Prior to the operation, the disconnector X303 and the
circuit breaker T10 are opened. All the other disconnectors
and circuit breaker X420 connecting to busbar 2 are in
service.
2. The circuit is reconfigured by opening circuit breaker
X420. This operation will form a circuit consisting of
voltage source connected to SGT1 via the coupling
capacitances of double circuit transmission line.
In this typical double-circuit system, the initiation of
ferroresonance is essentially caused by the interaction between
the non-linear magnetizing inductance in the transformer and
the line capacitances. This interaction could be complicated by
the variation of system parameters. For example, between
transmission lines building on a specific tower, the inter-circuit
capacitances can be varied due to the change of sag, impacts of
weather and load variation.
In the future the increasing power transfer capacity requires
reinforcement of transmission lines, and more power
transformers due to aging will be put into asset replacement
schedule. Different applications and selections will result in
different line and transformer combinations. These factors
should be proactively taken into account to design a system
less susceptible to ferroresonance.
B. Statistical Analysis of Line Parameters
1) Different Tower Dimension
The three typical 400kV double-circuit transmission line
structure used by National Grid are represented by line 1, line
2 and line 3, as shown in Fig. 2 [9]. The geometrical distances
between conductors and between conductor and ground will be
used for calculating inter-circuit capacitances.

consider the scenario of thermal uprating. This could include

adjusting conductor attachment height, re-tensioning, reconducting or the possible use of composite cross-arm [10].
All of these will not bring fundamental change to the basic
dimension of the tower; however minor geometric changes do
exist. In this paper the possible geometric variation range in
terms of horizontal and vertical distances are studied. As
illustrated in Fig. 3, it is assumed that the horizontal distance
varies within 10% of the original value, and the vertical
variation is between everyday sag and maximum sag.
Taking one pair of transmission line as an example, which
is shown in Fig. 3, the transmission line with everyday sag and
original horizontal distance was defined as the base case. The
sag was then varied from everyday sag to maximum sag by
three equivalent steps. The horizontal distance was varied
within the range of 10% of the original distance with a step
change of 5%.
Base Line (Everyday sag)

Horizontal Variation

-10%

-5%

5%

10%
Original Distance

Sag Variation

Maximum Sag

Circuit 1

Circuit 2

Earth

Fig. 3.

Variation of horizontal distance and sag

3) Determination of Coupling Capacitances

The inter-circuit capacitance matrix [C] is obtained by the
inverse of the Maxwells coefficient matrix [P] given as:

[C ] inv[ P]

(1)

The diagonal elements Pii of matrix [P] can be calculated by (2)

and the off-diagonal elements Pik can be deduced from (3).
1
Pii
2

45

earth wire

2h
i
ln
r
0 i

(2)

40

1 Dik

Pik Pki
2 0 dik

35

vertical distance (m)

30

(3)

25

where:

20

15

10

circuit 1

line 2

line 3
0

-12

-10

-8

hi

= average height above ground of conductor i;

ri

= radius of conductor i;

Dik

= distance between conductor i and image conductor k;

dik

= distance between conductor i and k;

= permittivity of free space

circuit 2
5

line 1

-6

-4

-2

10

12

horizontal distance (m)

Fig. 2.

Physical dimensions of 400 kV double-circuit transmission lines

2) Geometrical Variations
Uprating of existing transmission lines can include
increasing either thermal or voltage rating, and here we only

Given the inputs of n scenarios of geometrical variation, n

[C] matrixes can be generated using (1), (2) and (3). Therefore,
each inter-circuit capacitance, originated from [C], has n
samples. These samples form the distribution for each inter-

circuit capacitance ci. Standard deviation and probability

density function can be used to address these distributions.
Firstly, the Cmean which is the arithmetic mean of all the
samples should be estimated using (4):

C mean

1 n
c
n i 1 i

(4)

Then, to address the property of each distribution, the spread

of the distribution is measured by standard deviation
calculated using (5):

1 n
)2
( c c
n i 1 i mean

(5)

Imean

Fig. 4.

Mapping open-circuit test data of 750MVA transformers

This standard deviation is combined with the arithmetic

mean value to deduce the probability density function (PDF)
using (6):

PDF=

1
2 2

1 c c

i mean
2

(6)

C. Statistical Analysis of Transformer Magnetizing

Characteristics
Transformer saturation characteristics should be correctly
represented, especially for the knee point area, which accounts
for the modelling accuracy of ferroresonance studies [11].
However, in the UK, the transformer age varies from 40 years
old to brand new. Refinement of core material and change of
structure design has resulted in changes of transformer
saturation characteristics.
In order to identify the possible pattern of transformer
saturation characteristics, a statistical analysis of the
transformer open-circuit test data was performed. The
transmission transformers considered here include two types:
750MVA and 1000MVA autotransformers. Fig. 4 and Fig. 5
show the mapping of open-circuit test data, which include 12
units of 750MVA transformers and 25 units of 1000MVA
transformers, respectively. It should be noted that, for all units
included in the database, the open-circuit tests were carried out
with 90%, 100% and 110% rated voltage.
The mapping provides detail description of the
magnetizing characteristic shape around the knee point area. It
can be seen that: at 90% rated voltage, the working points for
all the available transformer units are nearly the same; at 100%
rated voltage, the working points start to deviate, with older
transformers showing a step change of magnetizing current
than the new; at 110% rated voltage, the deviation between
new and older transformers in terms of their magnetization
characteristics become even more significant.
Although the available test data cannot give estimation on
the deeper saturation behaviour, it indicates that the saturation
characteristics of a typical transformer should be described
with a range rather than an individual case.

Imean

Fig. 5.

Mapping open-circuit test data of 1000MVA transformers

III. DESCRIPTION OF MODELLING

A. Simulation Model
The circuit shown in Fig. 1 has been modelled by using
ATP software following the implementation described in [7].
The complete simulation circuit is given in Fig. 6. The source
impedance was calculated from the short-circuit level of the
upstream network. The power transformer (SGT1) was
modelled using HYBRID in which the saturation curve was
estimated using Frolich equation based on open-circuit test
data [12]; the transformer loss at the rated frequency was
considered in the model and it is about 0.15% of the total
capacity. The double-circuit line represented here was formed
by PI circuit [13] which includes the lumped elements of
circuit-to-circuit capacitances, ground capacitances, line-toline capacitances, self resistances, self inductances and mutual
inductances. The validation of this simulation circuit was
performed in [7].

37 km length double-circuit transmission line

Circuit 1
Circuit 1

SGT1

Source
able
cable
circuit
breaker
SGT4
Load

Self resistances,
self and mutual
inductances

Legend:

- Circuit-to-circuit capacitors
Fig. 6.

CR1R2
CR1Y2
CR1B2
CY1R2
CY1Y2
CY1B2
CB1R2
CB1Y2
CB1B2

1.4135
0.7222
0.3336
0.7222
0.7339
0.5141
0.3336
0.5141
0.7021

0.0905
0.0836
0.0135
0.0836
0.2415
0.0941
0.0135
0.0941
0.1297

0.064
0.116
0.041
0.116
0.329
0.183
0.041
0.183
0.185

- Ground capacitors

- Line-to-line capacitors

ATP simulation circuit

B. Parameter Determination
Following the statistical analysis process introduced in
section II, 27 scenarios were considered. The results
calculated are shown in Table 1 where the mean values and
standard deviations of each inter-circuit capacitance are given.
As shown in Fig. 7, the element CR1R2 in Table 1 represents
the capacitance between red phase of circuit 1 and that of
circuit 2. Similarly, CR1B2 represents the one between red
phase of circuit 1 and blue phase of circuit 2. This rule of
abbreviation applies to other elements.
The mean value shows that the maximum inter-circuit
capacitance is the one between R1 and R2, due to their
closest horizontal distance. The minimum one is found to be
the one between B1 and R2. Meanwhile, it can be identified
that CR1Y2=CY1R2, CR1B2 =CB1R2 and CY1B2= CB1Y2 due to the
symmetric structure.
Based on the Cmean and standard deviation , the
corresponding PDF for each inter-circuit capacitance was
calculated, which were also normalized for comparison. Fig.
7 compares the PDFs of CR1R2, CR1Y2 and CR1B2. It suggests
that CR1B2 is least sensitive to geometrical variation, which can
also be concluded from the ratio between Standard deviation
and arithmetic mean (/cmean).
TABLE 1
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF INTER-CIRCUIT CAPACITANCES
Inter-circuit
Cmean(nF/km)
(nF/km)
/ cmean
capacitance

cable

Circuit 2

PDF

Circuit 2

4.5
4
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
-15

Fig. 7.

-10

-5

R1R2

R1Y2

R1B2

10

15

Normal distribution curves for inter-circuit capacitances

Similarly, the same statistical approach was used to

quantify the mean value and standard deviation of
transformer magnetizing currents, as shown in Table 2. When
the applied voltage is 90% of rated voltage, the ratio between
standard deviation and the mean of magnetizing current is
small; whereas in the case of 110% of rated voltage, the ratio
is high, indicating that the possible range around the knee
point region is wider.
TABLE 2
NO-LOAD MAGNETIZING CURRENT EXPRESSED IN -1, MEAN AND +1
750 MVA transformers
Applied Voltage

Tmean(A)

(A)

/ Tmean

90%

6.73

2.02

0.3

100%

22.18

10.65

0.48

110%

53.71

43.9

0.82

1000 MVA transformers

Applied Voltage

Tmean(A)

(A)

/ Tmean

90%

5.14

2.7

0.53

100%

11.15

8.54

0.77

110%

30.32

29.45

0.97

IV. CASE STUDY AND RESULT ANALYSIS

1

A. Simulation Cases

0.8
0.7

per unit

Based on statistical data shown in Table 1 and Table 2,

simulations considering various line and transformer
combinations were carried out and analysed, with the
complete results shown in the appendix. Two typical cases
are discussed in detail.
Case I: The line capacitances were fixed at the value
corresponding to Cmean. The impacts of the 750MVA
transformer magnetizing curves are considered. The input
parameters are the Tmean, Tmean and Tmean+ of transformer
saturation characteristic given in Table 2. The results are
shown in Fig. 8 where the columns of blue, red and green are
the number of occurrence of FM, SM and DM respectively.
Typical responses of these three modes can be referred to
Fig. 9 where the voltage-waveform appearing at the primary
side of SGT1 transformer follows the DM, SM and FM mode
respectively (note that only phase A is shown here to
facilitate the illustration). It can be seen that upon the
switching action, the system will undergo a transient period
before going into the FM, SM or DM mode. By comparing
these three modes, the FM gives sustain overvoltages and
therefore is of more concern.
Case II: To assess the impacts of various inter-circuit
capacitor networks, the 1000MVA transformer is chosen and
its magnetizing characteristic is described by the mean
magnetizing curve. The inter-circuit capacitances of the Cmean,
Cmean and Cmean+ according to Table 1 are considered,
with results presented in Fig 10.

0.9

0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
DM

0.2
0.1

SM

Tmean-

FM

Tmean
FM

Tmean+
SM

DM

Fig. 8. Results of case I considering variation of transformer saturation

characteristic when inter-circuit capacitances are fixed at Cmean

Switching action
Transient period

DM

(a) Transformer terminal voltage waveform of decay mode (DM)

Switching action
Transient period

SM

(b) Transformer terminal voltage waveform of sub-harmonic mode (SM)

Switching action
Transient period

FM

B. Result Analysis
(c) Transformer terminal voltage waveform of fundamental mode (FM)
Fig. 9. Typical voltage waveforms under DM, FM and SM ferroresonance

1
0.9
0.8
0.7

per unit

From the generated reuslts in case I and II, it is found that

the DM ferroresonance is more likely to occur than sustained
ferroresonance. Since FM is the most destructive case, the
fact that DM is the dominating mode is favourable. While for
sustained ferroresonance, the chance of encountering FM is
lower than that of SM. Certain trends related to sustain
ferroresonance modes can be observed from these two case
studies. Specifically, in case I, the number of SM can see an
increase when the magnetizing curve changes from to +.
The result further indicates that the SM is sensitive to
magnetizing characteristic around the knee point area.
However, there was no initiation of FM in case I, which
indicates that the FM is unlikely to occur when the intercircuit coupling is weak, despite the variation of transformer
magnetizing characteristics. While in case II, as the intercircuit capacitances change from to +, the likelihood of
initiating FM can be increased, so is SM. This could be due
to the increased power supply through inter-circuit
capacitances.

0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
DM

0.2
0.1

SM

Cmean-

FM

Cmean
FM

Cmean+
SM

DM

Fig. 10. Results of case II considering variation of inter-circuit capacitances

when the magnetizing curve is fixed at Tmean of 1000MVA transformer

V. CONCLUSIONS

Transfomrer for 750MVA

Tmean-
1

Tmean

Tmean+

0.9
0.8
0.7
per unit

This paper presents a statistical analysis of ferroresonance

phenomena for 400kV double-circuit transmission systems.
The circuit parameters have been statistically analyzed,
specifically the ranges for inter-circuit coupling capacitances
were identified and the variation of transformer magnetizing
curves was taken into account. Simulation case studies were
performed and the results show that the chance of
encountering sustained ferroresonance, if is not the same,
does not increased significantly for all the evaluated line and
transformer combinations.

VIII. APPENDIX

0.6

0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0

Cmean-

DM
SM
FM

Cmean
Cmean+

VI. ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors would like to express their grateful
appreciation for the technical and financial support provided
by National Grid, UK.

FM

SM

DM

Fig. A1. The frequency of occurrence of ferroresonance with consideration

of 750MVA transformer
Transfomrer for 1000MVA
Tmean-

VII. REFERENCES

[2]

[3]
[4]
[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]
[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

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http://www.nationalgrid.com/uk/Electricity/SYS/current/.
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Ferroresonance Tests on Brinsworth-Thorpe Marsh 400 kV Circuit,
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of a power transformer model for ferroresonance with system tests on a
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Parniani, A. Sharshar, D. Shirmohammadi, R. A. Walling, and D. A.
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Parameters," in Power Engineering Society General Meeting, 2007.
IEEE, 2007, pp. 1-1.
ATP Rule Book and Theory Book, EEUG 2007.

Tmean Tmean+

0.8
0.7

per unit

[1]

1
0.9

0.6

0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0

Cmean-

DM
SM
FM

Cmean
Cmean+
FM

SM

DM

Fig. A2. The frequency of occurrence of ferroresonance with consideration

of 1000MVA transformer