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    13 Folded Plate

    Uploaded by

    Meghanaagarwal9
    shell structures

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    13 Folded Plate

    Uploaded by

    Meghanaagarwal9
    134 views27 pages
    shell structures

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

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    PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

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    shell structures

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    134 views27 pages

    13 Folded Plate

    Uploaded by

    Meghanaagarwal9
    shell structures

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 27

    Folded Plate

    Cylindrical Shell
    Folded plate and cylindrical shell structures

    Prof Schierle

    Photo: Michael Bodycomb, 1977 Kimbell Art Museum, reproduced with permission

    Cylindrical Shell

    Folded Plate
    Folded plate and cylindrical shell structures

    Prof Schierle

    Folded Plate
    1
    2
    3
    4
    5

    Beam compression/tension
    Buckling
    Ribs resist buckling
    Edge buckling
    Curbs resist edge buckling

    Folded plate and cylindrical shell structures

    Linear compositions
    1 One-edge fold
    2 Two-edge fold
    3 Twin fold
    4 Folded roof and wall

    Prof Schierle

    Other compositions
    1 Triangular unit / composition
    2 Square unit / composition
    3 Hexagonal unit / composition

    Mining shelter Pomezia Italy


    Architect: Renzo Piano
    This shelter for sulfur mining was designed to
    allow moving it along with mining progress.
    A folded plate vault of reinforced polyester
    provides light weight to facilitate movement.
    Folding thin sheets of polyester provides strength,
    stiffness, and stability with minimum weight.
    Translucent polyester also provides natural lighting
    to save energy.
    Triangular windows at the base provide additional
    Lighting as and view to the outside.

    Folded plate and cylindrical shell structures

    Prof Schierle

    Air force Chapel, Colorado Springs


    Architect/Engineer: Skidmore Owings and Merill
    The air force chapel features:

    A folded plate of tubular steel

    A dramatic space of vertical dominance

    Two inclined triple tetrahedrons

    Concrete buttresses support gravity load and


    lateral thrust

    The tetrahedrons are glad with aluminum

    Stain glass windows close gaps between


    tetrahedrons

    Folded plate and cylindrical shell structures

    Prof Schierle

    Portable exhibit hall


    Architect/ Engineer: Santiago Calatrava
    The roof and wall of folded plate plywood was
    designed for easy assemblage. The parabolic
    form implies constant bending stress.
    Assume:
    plywood glued to ribs
    DL = 10 psf
    LL = 20 psf
    = 30 psf

    C2=16

    L=41

    C1=8

    d=24

    b=50

    Uniform load
    w = 30 psf x (50/12)
    w = 125 plf
    Bending moment
    M = 26,266 #
    M = w L2/8 = 125x 412/8
    Moment of Inertia
    I ~ (BD3-bd3)/36
    I ~ 3360 in4
    I ~ (50x243-47.2x22.83)/36
    Top panel stress
    (most relevant effects full top panel)
    fb=M c1/I=26266x12x8/3360
    fb = 750 psi
    Extreme fiber stress @ bottom
    fb = 1500 psi
    fb=M c2/I=26266x12x16/3360
    Folded plate and cylindrical shell structures

    Prof Schierle

    Train station Savona, Italy


    Architect: Antonio Nervi
    Engineer: Pier Luigi Nervi
    The 38x75m folded plate roof provides column-free space
    Inclined rebars resist longitudinal shear stress and
    plate bending stress.
    Folded plates stabilize adjacent plates against buckling.
    Tendons at the folded plate base resist bending stress.
    Tendons on top resist overhang bending stress.

    Folded plate and cylindrical shell structures

    Prof Schierle

    w=0.6 klf

    L=90

    C=30

    X=40

    b=7.5

    z=4.8
    d=6

    Section A-A
    Folded plate and cylindrical shell structures

    Assume:
    0.6 tendons, design load
    DL = 68 psf (average)
    LL = 12 psf
    = 80 psf
    Uniform load per unit (see A-A)
    w = 80 psf x7.5/1000
    Reactions
    Rl = 0.6x120x30/90
    Rr = 0.6x120x60/90
    X = Rll / w = 24/0.6
    Max. bending moment
    Max. M = RaX/2 =24x40/2
    Z = 0.8d ~0.8(6)
    Tendon tension
    T = M/Z = 480/4.8
    Number of tendons required
    # = T/P= 100/35 =2.86
    Use 3 tendons
    Note:
    a Concrete compression block
    d Effective depth (rebar center to top)
    Z Lever arm of resisting moment
    Prof Schierle

    P = 35 k

    w = 0.6 klf
    Rl = 24 k
    Rr = 48 k
    X = 40
    M = 480 k
    z ~ 4.8
    T = 100 k
    3 0.6

    Tempodrom Berlin 2001


    Architect: GMP
    Photo: Tomas Schmidt
    Concrete folded plate, designed to
    represent a tent, as the original
    tent structure of 1980 it replaced

    Folded plate and cylindrical shell structures

    Prof Schierle

    Yokohama Terminal
    Architect: Moussavi & Zaera-Polo

    Folded plate and cylindrical shell structures

    Prof Schierle

    10

    Yokohama Terminal

    Folded plate and cylindrical shell structures

    Prof Schierle

    11

    Industrial building in Villanueva, Honduras

    Folded plate and cylindrical shell structures

    Prof Schierle

    12

    Factory in San Pedro Sula, Honduras

    Folded plate and cylindrical shell structures

    Prof Schierle

    13

    Folded plate gymnasium roof

    Folded plate and cylindrical shell structures

    Prof Schierle

    14

    Folded plate gymnasium cafeteria roof, two spans 50 & 60 feet

    Folded plate and cylindrical shell structures

    Prof Schierle

    15

    Folded plate church roof/wall

    Folded plate and cylindrical shell structures

    Prof Schierle

    16

    Folded plate roof


    Church building. Designed as a folded plate
    concrete shell, structurally this building can
    be compared with the A-frame or the
    3-hinged arch as the bending stiffness
    approaches zero at the apex and at
    the supports. (Las Vegas, Nevada)

    Folded plate and cylindrical shell structures

    Prof Schierle

    17

    Folded plate vault

    Folded plate and cylindrical shell structures

    Prof Schierle

    18

    Folded plate dome

    Folded plate and cylindrical shell structures

    Prof Schierle

    19

    Folded plate dome

    Folded plate and cylindrical shell structures

    Prof Schierle

    20

    w=0.6 klf

    L=90

    C=30

    X=40

    Force scale
    Assume: model concrete = original concrete
    Geometric scale
    Sg= 1:50
    Em= 30,000ksi
    Em (steel wire)
    Eo (strand)
    Eo = 22,000 ksi
    Force scale
    Sf = (1/50)2 (Em/Eo) = (1/50)2 (30/22)
    Sf = 1:4167
    3 tendons 0.6 70% metallic
    3 tendons A = 3(.7)(0.3)2

    b=7.5

    z=4.8
    d=6

    Section A-A
    Folded plate and cylindrical shell structures

    Assume single wire in model


    Equiv. original = 2(0.5938/)0.5
    Model = 0.87/50 = 0.0174
    Use model diameter
    Adjust force scale
    Sf = (1/50)2 (0.2)/(0.174)
    Original load
    Po = 0.6 klf (120)
    Model load
    Pm = Po / Sf = 72,000 / 2175
    Use 30 cups, each 33.1 / 30
    Prof Schierle

    A = 0.5938 in2
    = 0.87 in
    = 0.02 in
    Sf = 1: 2175
    Po =72,000 #
    Pm = 33.1 #
    Pcup = 1.1 #
    21

    Cylindrical Shell
    Structural action
    1-3 Bending/shear patterns
    4-5 Bending/shear stress
    6-7 Buckling
    8-9 Buckling resisting walls/ribs

    Folded plate and cylindrical shell structures

    Skylight integration
    1 Slanted skylights
    2 Top skylights
    3 Vertical skylight

    Prof Schierle

    Examples
    1 Shells with skylight ends
    2 Shells cantilever from beam
    3 Shells of two-way cantilever

    22

    Science & Industry Museum


    Los Angeles
    Architect: California State Architect Office
    Engineer: T Y Lin

    Folded plate and cylindrical shell structures

    Prof Schierle

    23

    Science & Industry Museum


    Los Angeles
    Architect: California State Architect Office
    Engineer: T Y Lin

    Assume:
    0.6 tendons, design load
    DL = 81 psf (concrete + roofing)
    LL = 12 psf
    = 93 psf

    P = 35 k

    Uniform load per shell


    w = 93 psf x21.5/1000
    Max. bending (at mid support)
    M = w L2/12 = 2x712/12
    Lever arm
    Z ~ 0.85 d ~ 0.85x7
    Tendon tension
    T = M / Z = 840 / 6
    Number of tendons required
    # = T / P = 140 / 35 = 4
    Use 4 tendons

    w = 2 klf
    M = 840 k
    Z ~ 6
    T = 140 k
    4 0.6

    Tendon tension

    d
    Concrete compression

    Folded plate and cylindrical shell structures

    Prof Schierle

    24

    Kimbell Art Museum, Fort Worth


    Architect: Louis Kahn
    Engineer: Kommendant
    The Kimbell Art Museum features:
    Recessed main entrance
    Two gallery wings, one on each side of entry
    Atriums within gallery wings
    16 modules, 30x100 each
    Cycloid cross-sections (point on moving wheel)
    Post-tensioned cast-in-place concrete
    Inverted Us between cycloids for ducts & pipes
    Linear skylight with deflectors to project
    daylight onto the cycloids

    Photos: Michael Bodycomb, 1977 Kimbell Art Museum, reproduced with permission
    Folded plate and cylindrical shell structures

    Prof Schierle

    25

    Oceanographic Center Valencia


    Architect/Engineer: Santiago Calatrava

    Folded plate and cylindrical shell structures

    Prof Schierle

    26

    Cylindrical shells are strong and efficient

    Museum of Science and Industry

    Photo: Michael Bodycomb, 1977 Kimbell Art Museum, reproduced with permission

    Folded plate and cylindrical shell structures

    Prof Schierle

    27

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