CHAPTER 4

MODERN METALLIC
MATERIALS

TOPICS TO BE COVERED
Dual phase alloys & Micro alloyed steels - High

Strength Low alloy (HSLA) steel

Transformation induced plasticity ( TRIP) steel,
Maraging steel
Intermettalics - Ni and Ti aluminides
Smart materials
Shape memory alloys
Metallic glasses
Quasi crystals and nano crystalline materials.

DUAL PHASE ALLOYS

Dual phase alloy is a high-strength steel that has a

ferrite and martensite microstructure.

Ferrite is BCC iron phase with very limited solubility
for carbon. The maximum solubility is 0.025% carbon
till 910o C and it dissolves only 0.008% carbon at
room temp.
Martensite is a Fe-C phase with a BC tetragonal
structure and possesses an acicular or needle-like
structure.

DUAL PHASE ALLOYS

Ferrite

Martensite

DUAL PHASE ALLOYS

The transformation

to desired product
is based on cooling
rate in actual
practice.
It can be depicted
by use of two
diagrams
Continuous

cooling
Transformation
curve(CCT)
Time Temperature
Transformation
curve (TTT)

DUAL PHASE ALLOYS

Continuous Cooling
Transformation:
An increase in carbon content

shifts the CCT curves to the

right (this corresponds to an
increase in hardenability as it
increases the ease of forming
martensite - i.e. the cooling rate
required to attain martensite is
less severe).
An increase in carbon content

decreases the martensite start

temperature.
An increase in Mo content shifts

the CCT curves to the right and

also separates the ferrite +
pearlite region from the bainite
region making the attainment of

DUAL PHASE ALLOYS

DUAL PHASE ALLOYS

Advantages:
Low yield to tensile strength ratio (yield
strength / tensile strength = 0.5)
High initial strain hardening rates
Good uniform elongation
A high strain rate sensitivity (the faster it is crushed
the more energy it absorbs)
Good fatigue resistance
Due to these properties DPS(dual phase steel) is
often used for automotive body panels, wheels, and
bumpers

MICRO ALLOYED STEEL

It is a type of alloy steel that contains small amounts

of alloying elements(0.05 to 0.15%).

Standard alloying elements include: niobium,
vanadium, titanium, molybdenum, zirconium, boron,
and rare-earth metals.
They are used to refine the grain microstructure
and/or facilitate precipitation hardening.

MICRO ALLOYED STEEL

Advantages:
The alloy additions improve atmospheric corrosion
resistance.
The primary purpose of these steels is weight
reduction through increased strength.
The yield strength is usually in the range of 289 to
482MPa.
Weldability is good and can even be improved by
reducing the carbon content while maintaining
strength.

MICRO ALLOYED STEEL

Fatigue life and wear resistance are superior to

similar heat treated steels.

micro alloyed steels are not quenched and
tempered they are not susceptible to quench
cracking, nor do they need to
be straightened or stress relieved.
They are through hardened and do not have a
softer and tougher core like quench and
tempered steels
Disadvantages:
Ductility and toughness are not as good as
normal carbon steel.

HIGH STRENGTH LOW- ALLOY

STEELS
High-strength low-alloy (HSLA) steels, are

designed to provide better mechanical properties

than conventional carbon steels.
It is designed to meet specific mechanical
properties rather than a chemical composition.
The chemical composition of a specific HSLA
steel may vary for different product thickness to
meet mechanical property requirements.
The HSLA steels have low carbon contents (less
than 0.2% C) in order to produce adequate
formability and weldability, and they have
manganese contents up to 2.0 weight percent to
produce solid solution strengthening of the
ferrite.
They have a microstructure that consists of

HIGH STRENGTH LOW- ALLOY

STEELS
Small quantities of chromium, nickel, molybdenum,

copper, nitrogen, vanadium, niobium, titanium, and

zirconium are used in various combinations for
additional strengthening and other effects. This is
called microalloying.
HSLA steels are not hardened by heat treatments.
They are supplied and used in hot-finished
conditions.

CLASSIICATIONS OF HIGH
STRENGTH LOW- ALLOY STEELS
Weathering steels: steels which have better corrosion

resistance.
Control-rolled steels: hot rolled steels which have a
highly deformed austenite structure that will transform to
a very fine equiaxed ferrite structure upon cooling.
Pearlite-reduced steels: low carbon content steels
which lead to little or no pearlite, but rather a very fine
grain ferrite matrix. It is strengthened by precipitation
hardening.
Acicular ferrite steels: These steels are characterized
by a very fine high strength acicular ferrite structure, a
very low carbon content, and good hardenability.

CLASSIFICATIONS OF HIGH
STRENGTH LOW- ALLOY STEELS
(CONT)
Dual-phase steels: These steels have a ferrite

microstructure that contain small, uniformly

distributed
sections
of
martensite.
This
microstructure gives the steels a low yield
strength, high rate of work hardening, and good
formability.
Micro alloyed steels: steels which contain very
small additions of niobium, vanadium, and/or
titanium to obtain a refined grain size and/or
precipitation hardening.

HIGH STRENGTH LOW- ALLOY

STEELS
Advantages:
Higher strengths (upto 690MPa) are attainable by
combinations of microalloying.
Good corrosion resistance.
Good formability
Acceptable weldability.
They provide significant weight reductions.

HIGH STRENGTH LOW- ALLOY

STEELS
Applications:
Due to less carbon and alloy content these steels
are primarily intended for structural-type
applications in which weldability is a prime
selection requirement.
Different alloying elements used in these steels
will have a different effect in properties
1.

Copper:
In small concentrations(<0.5%) it produces solid
solution strengthening of ferrite and the
atmospheric corrosion resistance of the steel can
be improved.

HIGH STRENGTH LOW- ALLOY

STEELS
They achieve improved corrosion resistance by
the formation of tenacious oxide film.
Cr, Ni and P are usually used in these alloys to
assist in the formation of the protective oxide film.
This film takes on the appearance of copper, but it
really rust that does not crack and flake off like
conventional rust.
Copper bearing HSLA steels are called weathering
steels.

HIGH STRENGTH LOW- ALLOY

STEELS
2. Niobium, Titanium, Vanadium & Nitrogen:
These are used as microalloying additions in a

significant number of HSLA steels.

Their role is to form precipitates that restrict grain
growth during hot rolling.
Concentrations of these elements are usually less
than about 0.2%.Thus the use of these elements for
strengthening does not significantly increase
manufacturing costs.

HIGH STRENGTH LOW- ALLOY

STEELS
3. Rare earth elements (Cerium, Lanthanum and
Praseodymium):
These are used in HSLA steels to obtain shape control

of sulfide and oxide inclusions.

These elements tend to combine with sulfides and
oxides and essentially reduce their plasticity so that
they do not elongate to form stringers during hot rolling.

HIGH STRENGTH LOW- ALLOY

STEELS
4. Aluminium, Silicon & manganese:
These are used in HSLA steels for de-oxidation.
Silicon are used to dissolve iron and reduce

chemical segregation in order to strengthen it.

Silicon also contributes to solid solution
strengthening of ferrite.
Manganese is useful deoxidizer & desulphuriser as
sulphides and oxygen are harmless and ductile.
Aluminium can control austenite growth in reheated
steels to control grain size.

TRANSFORMATION INDUCED
PLASTICITY STEEL
TRIP steel is a high strength steel typically used in the automotive

industry.
TRIP steel has a triple phase microstructure consisting of ferrite, bainite
and retained austenite.
During plastic deformation and straining, the metastable austenite phase
is transformed into martensite. This transformation allows for enhanced
strength and ductility.
the retained austenite is very finely dispersed in the ferrite phase. This
fine dispersion allows TRIP steels to retain their strength. The
transformation of austenite into martensite is almost instantaneous and
completely diffusionless.
The strain level at which retained austenite begins to transform to
martensite is controlled by adjusting the carbon content. At lower carbon
levels, the retained austenite begins to transform almost immediately
upon deformation, increasing the work hardening rate and formability
during the stamping process. At higher carbon contents, the retained
austenite is more stable and begins to transform only at strain levels
beyond those produced during forming. At these carbon levels, the
retained austenite persists into the final part. It transforms to martensite
during subsequent deformation, such as a crash event.
Silicon and Aluminium are the two most common elements used to

TRANSFORMATION INDUCED
PLASTICITY STEEL
In order to produce a strong and ductile TRIP steel, an intercritical

annealing process is used to obtain the correct phase distribution.

the steel is brought to a temperature above the eutectoid, where the
material is composed of a solid austenite phase and a solid ferrite
phase.
The austenite phase is a high temperature solid phase which only
exists in equilibrium at temperatures above 727 degrees Celsius.
The material is then isothermally cooled at a temperature of
approximately 400 degrees Celsius, in order to allow the austenite to
form a bainite ferrite phase.
In a typical steel alloy, the excess carbon would form a high carbon
cementite phase. However, the silicon and aluminium prevent the
formation of cementite. In consequence, the excess carbon diffuses
to the remaining austenite phase.
The result of the intercritical annealing process is a material
composed primarily of ferrite, and bainite formed from the austenite

TRANSFORMATION INDUCED
PLASTICITY STEEL

TRANSFORMATION INDUCED
PLASTICITY STEEL
Bianite:

Martensite:

Pearlite:

MARAGING STEEL
Maraging steels are low carbon, high-Nickel alloy steels capable

of attaining yield strength in excess of 185 MPa in combination

with good fracture toughness.
These alloys contain carbon about 0.02%, Nickel 18% , Cobalt
8% and molybdenum 5 % along with small amounts of titanium
and aluminum as hardening agents.

Typical composition :
0.03% C, 18.5% Ni, 7.5% Co, 0.1% Al, 0.003% B, 0.1% Si, 4.8%
Mo, 0.4%Ti, 0.01% Zr, 0.1% Mn, 0.01%S and 0.01%P
Super high strength alloy.
Good weldability.

MARAGING STEEL
This alloy is martensic in the annealed condition and acquires ultra high

strength by an aging treatment.

The steel is first annealed at approximately 820 C for 15 minutes to
30 minutes for thin sections and for 1 hour per 25 mm thickness for
heavy sections, to ensure formation of a fully austenitized structure.
This is followed by air cooling to room temperature to form a soft,
heavily dislocated iron-nickel lath (untwinned) martensite.
Subsequent aging (precipitation hardening) of the more common
alloys for approximately 3 hours in the 480 C to 500 C range
produces a fine dispersion of Ni3(X,Y) intermetallic phases along
dislocations left by martensitic transformation, where X and Y are solute
elements added for such precipitation.

MARAGING STEEL
Overaging leads to a reduction in stability of the primary,

metastable, coherent precipitates, leading to their dissolution and

replacement with semi-coherent Laves phases such as
Fe2Ni/Fe2Mo. Further excessive heat treatment brings about the
decomposition of the martensite and reversion to austenite.

MARAGING STEEL
Maraging steels applications are aluminum die
casting dies, inserts, cores, extrusion dies, forging
dies, punches, cold heading dies, die holders etc.
Maraging steel's strength and malleability in the pre
aged stage allows it to be formed into thinner rocket
and missile skins, allowing more weight for payload
while still possessing sufficient strength for the
application. Maraging steels have very stable
properties, and even after overaging, due to
excessive temperature, only soften slightly. These
alloys retain their properties at mildly elevated
operating temperatures and have maximum service
temperatures of over 400 C (752 F).

MARAGING STEEL
Properties:
Due to the low carbon content maraging steels

have good machinability.

Maraging steels offer good weldability, but must
be aged afterward to restore the properties of
heat affected zone.
Non-stainless varieties of maraging steel are
moderately corrosion-resistant, and resist
stress corrosion.
Corrosion-resistance can be increased by
cadmium plating or phosphating.

MARAGING STEEL
Applications:
Maraging steel's strength and malleability in the

pre-aged stage allows it to be formed into

thinner rocket and missile skins than other
steels, reducing weight for a given strength.
They are suitable for engine components, such
as crankshafts and gears, and the firing pins of
automatic weapons that cycle from hot to cool
repeatedly while under substantial load.
Stainless maraging steel is used in bicycle
frames and golf club heads.

INTERMETALLICS
Intermetallic compounds are compounds that are

formed by the combination of two metals.

They are not alloys.
Two metals chemically combine to form a
chemical compound with a definite ratio of one
element to the other.
FYI: A compound that forms in most steels is
Fe3C (Interstitial Metallic Compound).

INTERMETALLICS
Properties:
Sometimes they have metallic properties and
sometimes they have properties that are like those of
ceramic materials.
They are generally brittle and have high melting point.
They have desirable magnetic, superconducting and
chemical properties.
EX:
Magnetic materials e.g. alnico; sendust; Permendur;

FeCo; Terfenol-D
High-temperature structural materials e.g. nickel
aluminide, Ni3Al
Shape memory alloys e.g. Cu-Al-Ni (alloys of Cu3Al and
nickel); Nitinol (NiTi)
Hydrogen storage e.g. AB5 compounds (nickel metal
hydride batteries)

NICKEL ALUMINIDE (NI3AL)

Nickel Aluminide alloys, in the form of Ni3Al, are a new class of

intermetallics that offer improved high-temperature performance
over traditional stainless steels and many nickel-based super
alloys
Composition is 76% Ni and 24% Al.
This intermetallic has a face-center cubic structure like Ni and
the aluminum atoms take up sites on the cube corners.
Having specific sites for an alloy additive produced what is called
an ordered structure.
The unique feature of this is that its yield strength
doubles(900MPa) as the temperature is raised to about 800oC.
Unlike Most alloys does not get weaker as the temperature is
raised. It does not have to be heat treated to develop high
strength.
It is used for tough corrosion problems and for superalloy
applications such as rotor vanes in jet engines.
It is used in sophisticated magnetic and electrical devices.
make it ideal for special applications like coating blades in gas
turbines and jet engines.

TITANIUM ALUMINIDE
TiAl alloy is a new alloy based on intermetallic

compounds and is characterized by the properties of

light weight and high strength.
The two intermetallics of Ti are TiAl (60% Ti and 40%
Al) and Ti3Al (84%Ti and 16% Al). The alloys contain
major titanium, 38 to 46 atom % aluminum, 5 to 10
atom % niobium, with small amounts of Cr, Si and Ni
added according to required properties
They have attractive properties, such as the low
density, excellent high-temperature strength, and
good oxidation resistance(They have good corrosion
resistance).
They have high specific strength.
They have good fatigue resistance.
They are used in high temperature applications
(turbines and automotive applications).

SMART MATERIALS
Smart materials are materials that have more

properties that can be significantly changed by

external stimuli such as stress, light, temperature,
moisture, pH, electric or magnetic fields.
Smart materials are those that change in response
to changing conditions in their surroundings or by
the application of other direct influences e.g.
passing an electric charge through the material, or
changing the pH of a surrounding aqueous
solution.

SMART MATERIALS
The induced change might be electrical,

mechanical-structural, optical, magnetic etc. to

change the way the material functions in response
to the stimulus.
In a 'nutshell' smart materials can change their
state, and therefore their properties, in response to
an external stimulus.
Smart materials are highly responsive and have a
great capacity to sense and respond to any
environmental change. Hence these materials are
also known as responsive materials.

SMART MATERIALS
There is a huge variety of smart materials

with different special properties that make a

particular material well suited to a particular
use.
1. Piezoelectric materials: Materials that
produce a voltage when stress is applied.
Since this effect also applies in the reverse
manner, a voltage across the sample will
produce stress within the sample. Suitably
designed structures made from these
materials can therefore be made that bend,
expand or contract when a voltage is
applied.

SMART MATERIALS
2. Shape memory alloys: Materials in which

large deformation can be induced and

recovered through temperature changes
,stress changes (pseudoelasticity) or
change in magnetic field. The large
deformation results due to martensitic
phase change.
3. Magnetostrictive materials exhibit
change in shape under the influence of
magnetic field and also exhibit change in
their magnetization under the influence of
mechanical stress.

SMART MATERIALS
4. Temperature responsive polymers are

materials which undergo changes upon

temperature.
5. Halochromic materials are commonly
used materials that change their color as
a result of changing acidity.
6. Chromogenic systems change color in
response to electrical, optical or thermal
changes. These include electrochromic,
thermochromic and photochromic
materials.
7. Ferrofluid is a liquid which becomes
strongly magnetized in the presence of
magnetic field.

SMART MATERIALS
8. Photomechanical materials change shape

under exposure to light.

9. Self-healing materials have the intrinsic
ability to repair damage due to normal
usage, thus expanding the material's
lifetime.
10. Dielectric elastomers (DEs) are smart
material systems which produce large
strains (up to 300%) under the influence of
an external electric field.
11. Thermoelectric materials are used to build
devices that convert temperature differences
into electricity and vice-versa.

SMART MATERIALS

SMART MATERIALS

SMART MATERIALS
Applications:
1. Automotive industry.
2. Structural engineering
3. Aerospace industry
4. Marine

5. Biomedical engineering
6. Dentistry
7. Computer and other electronic devices

SHAPE MEMORY ALLOYS

Shape Memory Alloys (SMAs) are metallic alloys

that undergo a solid-to-solid phase transformation

which can exhibit large recoverable strains.
Example: Nitinol, Cu-Al-Ni alloy
Austenite
High temperature phase
Cubic Crystal Structure
Martensite
Low temperature phase
Monoclinic Crystal Structure

SHAPE MEMORY ALLOYS

SMART MATERIALS

SHAPE MEMORY ALLOYS

The transition from martensite phase to

austenite phase is only dependant on

temperature and stress, not time.
It is the reversible diffusion less transition
between these two phases that results in special
properties.
Shape memory alloys have different shape
memory effects. Two common effects are one
way effect and two way shape memory effect.

SHAPE MEMORY ALLOYS

The procedures are very similar: starting from

martensite(a), adding a reversible deformation for the
one-way effect or severe deformation with an
irreversible amount for the two-way (b), heating the
sample (c) and cooling it again (d). For one way it
retains the staight shape but twoway starts to deform

SMA-ONE WAY MEMORY EFFECT

When a shape-memory alloy is in its cold state

(below As), the metal can be bent or stretched and

will hold those shapes until heated above the
transition temperature.
Upon heating, the shape changes to its original.
When the metal cools again it will remain in the hot
shape, until deformed again.
A deformation is necessary to create the lowtemperature shape.

SMA-TWO WAY MEMORY EFFECT

The two-way shape-memory effect is the effect

that the material remembers two different

shapes: one at low temperatures, and one at the
high-temperature shape.
A material that shows a shape-memory effect
during both heating and cooling is called twoway shape memory.
This can also be obtained without the application
of an external force

SMA-TWO WAY MEMORY EFFECT

Under normal circumstances, a shape-memory

alloy "remembers" its high-temperature shape, but

upon heating to recover the high-temperature
shape, immediately "forgets" the low-temperature
shape.
It can be "trained" to "remember" to leave some
reminders of the deformed low-temperature
condition in the high-temperature phases.
A shaped, trained object heated beyond a certain
point will lose the two-way memory effect, this is
known as "amnesia.

SHAPE MEMORY ALLOYS

The special property that allows shape-memory

alloys to revert to their original shape after

heating is that their crystal transformation is fully
reversible.
A reversible transformation does not involve this
diffusion of atoms, instead all the atoms shift at
the same time to form a new structure.

SHAPE MEMORY ALLOYS

Shape-memory alloys are typically made by

casting, using vacuum arc melting or induction

melting.
There are specialist techniques used to keep
impurities in the alloy to a minimum and ensure
the metals are well mixed.
The way in which the alloys are "trained" depends
on the properties wanted.

SHAPE MEMORY ALLOYS

Properties:
The yield strength of shape-memory alloys is lower
than that of conventional steel, but some
compositions have a higher yield strength than
plastic or aluminum.
The yield stress for Ni Ti can reach 500 MPa.
High level of recoverable plastic strain that can be
induced. The maximum recoverable strain these
materials can hold without permanent damage is up
to 8% for some alloys. This compares with a
maximum strain 0.5% for conventional steels.

SHAPE MEMORY ALLOYS

Applications:
Aircraft industry(Variable geometry chevron that
reduces aircrafts engine noise)
Automotive industry (Shape memory coupling for
piping)
Telecommunication(Autofocus actuator for a smart
phone)
Robotics
Medicine(Optometry, Orthopedic surgery, Dentistry)

METALLIC GLASSES
Metallic glasses are amorphous metallic solids

have high strength, magnetic properties, better

corrosion resistance and will possess both the
properties of metals and glasses.
Metals are made into glassy state by increasing
the rate of cooling to very high level 2106
oC/sec. Due to this the atoms are unable to
arrange in a proper manner and form a new
amorphous state.
The materials formed by the rapid cooling
technique are called metallic glasses.

METALLIC GLASSES
The temperature at which the metals in the

molten form transforms into glasses is called

glass transition temperature.
It is a pseudo second order phase transition.

METALLIC GLASSES
1.Structural properties:
It does not have any crystal defects.
2. Mechanical properties:
They are strong in nature.
They have high corrosion resistance.
They have very good malleability and ductility.

METALLIC GLASSES
3. Magnetic properties:
They can be easily magnetized and
demagnetized.
They have narrow hysteresis loop.
4. Electrical properties:
High electrical resistance and it will not vary with
temperature.
Low eddy current losses.

METALLIC GLASSES
Applications:
Since they are malleable and ductile they are used
in filament winding.
As they are strong they are used to manufacture
different kinds of springs.
They have corrosion resistance they can be used in
surgical clips and marine vessels.
They behave as superconductors hence they are
used in production of high magnetic field.
They are not affected by magnetic radiation they
are used in nuclear reactors.

QUASICRYSTAL
Quasicrystals are structural forms that are

ordered but not periodic.

They form patterns that fill all the space but lack
translational symmetry.
Classical theory of crystals allows only 2, 3,
4,and 6-fold rotational symmetries, but
quasicrystals display symmetry of other orders
(folds).
Just like crystals, quasicrystals produce Bragg
diffraction, but where crystals have a simple
repeating structure, quasicrystals are more
complex.

QUASICRYSTAL
ORDERED

PERIODIC

CRYSTAL

QUASICRYSTAL

AMORPHOUS

QUASICRYSTAL

QUASICRYSTAL

QUASICRYSTAL

Atomic model of an
aluminium-palladiummanganese (Al-Pd-Mn)
quasicrystal surface.

The pattern is called

a quasicrystal because it has an ordered
structure, but the structure never repeats
exactly. The waves produced by dropping
four or more stones into a pond always

QUASICRYSTAL
Classification of quasicrystals:
1. Based on structure:
A.Quasiperiodic in two dimensions (polygonal

or dihedral quasicrystals) - There is one

periodic direction perpendicular to the
quasiperiodic layers.
i. Octagonal quasicrystals with local 8-fold
symmetry [primitive & body-centered lattices]
ii. Decagonal quasicrystals with local 10-fold
symmetry [primitive lattice]
iii. Dodecagonal quasicrystals with local 12-fold
symmetry [primitive lattice]

QUASICRYSTAL
B. quasiperiodic in three dimensions - no

periodic direction
i. icosahedral quasicrystals with 5-fold symmetry
[primitive, body-centered & face-centered
lattices]
ii. icosahedral quasicrystal with broken symmetry.

QUASICRYSTAL
Based on thermal stability:
i. stable quasicrystals grown by slow cooling or
casting with subsequent annealing,
ii. metastable quasicrystals prepared by meltspinning, and
iii. metastable quasicrystals formed by the
crystallization of the amorphous phase.
2.

QUASICRYSTAL
Examples of quasicrystals:
1. Icosahedral quasicrystals (5-fold symmetry: Al-

Pd-Mn, Al-Cu-Fe, Ag-In-Yb),

2. Decagonal quasicrystals (10-fold symmetry: AlCo-Ni, Al5Ir),
3. Octagonal quasicrystals (8-fold symmetry: Mn4Si,
Cr5Ni3Si2).
4. Dodecagonal quasicrystals (12-fold symmetry:
V3Ni2, Cr70.6Ni29.4).

PROPERTIES OF QUASICRYSTALS
High electrical and thermal resistivity.
The coating of QC on bulk metallic parts act as

an efficient thermal barrier layer for engines.

The electrical behavior of QC leads to class of
related properties involving the Hall effect,
thermo electric power, magnetic susceptibility,
and optical conductivity.
Thermoelectric power coefficients for QC are
quite large.

PROPERTIES OF QUASICRYSTALS
Regarding corrosion resistance, QC can be

compared quite well with stainless steel: their

performance is ranked between austenitic and
ferritic steels
Low thermal conductivity and corrosion
resistance become especially useful at high
temperatures when quasicrystalline coatings are
superplastic. Rocket motors and aero-engine
turbine would benefit from this technology.

APPLICATIONS OF
QUASICRYSTALS
1.
2.
3.
4.

WEAR RESISTANT COATING (Al-Cu-Fe(Cr))

NON-STICK COATING (Al-Cu-Fe)
THERMAL BARRIER COATING (Al-Co-FeCr)
HIGH THERMOPOWER (Al-Pd-Mn)

5.

IN POLYMER MATRIX COMPOSITES (AlCu-Fe)

6.

SELECTIVE SOLAR ABSORBERS (Al-CuFe-(Cr))

QUASICRYSTAL
The Fibonacci sequence has a curious

connection with quasicrystals* via the GOLDEN

MEAN ()
Fibonacci1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34...
Ratio1/1 2/1 3/2 5/3 8/5 13/8 21/13 34/21... = ( 1+5)/2

NANO CRYSTAL
Nano-crystalline material are poly crystalline

materials with grain size of up to about 100nm.

A nano-structure is an object of intermediate
size between molecular and
microscopic(micrometer-sized) structures.
In describing nano-crystalline structures it is
necessary to differentiate between the numbers
of dimensions on the nanoscale.

TYPES OF NANO CRYSTALS

TYPES OF NANO CRYSTALS

TYPES OF NANO CRYSTALS

zero-dimensional (0D), one-dimensional (1D), two-

dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D)

nanomaterials.
Zero-dimensional nanomaterials include nanocluster
materials and nanodispersions, i.e. materials in
which nanoparticle are isolated from each other.
One-dimensional nanomaterials are nanofibre (nanorod)
and nanotubular materials with fibre (rod, tube) length from
100 nm to tens of microns
Two-dimensional nanomaterials are films (coatings) with
nanometer thickness.
Three-dimensional nanomaterials include powders, fibrous,
multilayer and polycrystalline materials in which the 0D, 1D
and 2D structural elements are in close contact with each
other and form interfaces.

PROPERTIES OF
NANOCRYSTALLINE MATERIALS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.

Increased strength/hardness
Enhanced diffusivity
Improved ductility/toughness
Reduced density
Reduced modulus
Higher electrical resistance
Increased specific heat
Higher thermal expansion coefficient
Lower thermal conductivity
Superior soft magnetic properties
Improved magnetic properties

APPLICATIONS OF
NANOCRYSTALS
Cutting tools, wear resistant

Pigments paints
Biosensors detectors
Functional fluids
Pharmaceuticals and drugs
Nanobiomaterials, magnetics
Nanoparticles, films In electronic

APPLICATIONS OF
NANOCRYSTALS

Jewelry, optical semiconductors

Drug delivery, wound healing
Flame retardants additives
Propellants nozzles additives
Nanopower ,Nanoelectrical
Fast switches sensors
Current applications in nanotechnology and a
timeline of events for future direction Highresolution displays