A|p|aoe||ca| l|s| ol lr|rc|pa| Au||ors & Aroryrous wor|s 0|scussed |

lAN0800K 0l lATbl3TlC FXF0F3l3

|
|| A|p|aoe||ca| l|s| ol lr|rc|pa| Au||ors & Aroryrous wor|s 0|scussed
TlF 8l8lF lN ANClFNT Clbl3TlANlT
0erera| Fd||or
0. Jellrey 8|rg|ar
Fd||or|a| 8oard
booer| l. w|||er 8r|ar F. 0a|ey |aureer A. T|||ey
boo|r |. Jerser lrarces |. ourg C|r|s|op| |ar|sc||es
vo|ure 1
A|p|aoe||ca| l|s| ol lr|rc|pa| Au||ors & Aroryrous wor|s 0|scussed |||
lardooo|
ol la|r|s||c Fxeges|s
T|e 8|o|e |r Arc|er|
C|r|s||ar||y
oy C|ar|es Karrerg|esser
W||| spec|a| cor|r|ou||ors oy var|ous sc|o|ars
vo|ure l
8blll
lFl0FN 803T0N
zoo|
|v A|p|aoe||ca| l|s| ol lr|rc|pa| Au||ors & Aroryrous wor|s 0|scussed
T| |s ooo| |s pr|r|ed or ac|d-lree paper.
l|orary ol Corgress Ca|a|og|rg-|r-luo||ca||or 0a|a
Karrerg|esser, C|ar|es.
lardooo| ol pa|r|s||c exeges|s. ||e 8|o|e |r arc|er| C|r|s||ar||y | oy C|ar|es
Karrerg|esser, W||| spec|a| cor|r|ou||ors oy var|ous sc|o|ars.
p. cr. (T| e 8|o|e |r arc|er| C|r|s||ar||y, v. 1-z)
lrc|udes o|o||ograp||ca| relererces ard |rdex.
l38N o-o|-o81-1(se|. a||. paper) l38N o-o|-1;-(v. 1. a||.
paper) l38N o-o|-1;|-(v. z. a||. paper)
1. 8|o|eCr|||c|sr, |r|erpre|a||or, e|c.l|s|oryFar|y c|urc|,
ca. o-ooo. z. la||ers ol ||e c|urc|. l. T|||e. ll. 3er|es.
83oo.K|zoo
zzo. ooo1dczz zoooo1o
|sor o-o|-o81-1(3e|)
|sor o-o|-1;|-(vo|. z)
|ssr 1|z-1z
O Copyr|g|| zoo|oy Kor|r|||j|e 8r||| Nv, le|der, T|e Ne||er|ards
A|| r|g||s reserved. No par| ol |||s puo||ca||or ray oe reproduced, |rars|a|ed,
s|ored |r a re|r|eva| sys|er, or |rarsr|||ed |r ary lorr or oy ary rears,
e|ec|ror|c,
rec|ar|ca|, p|o|ocopy|rg, record|rg or o||erW|se, W|||ou| pr|or Wr|||er
perr|ss|or lror ||e puo||s|er.
Au||or|za||or |o p|o|ocopy ||ers lor |r|erra| or persora| use |s grar|ed oy 8r|||
prov|ded ||a| ||e appropr|a|e lees are pa|d d|rec||y |o T| e Copyr|g|| C|eararce
Cer|er, zzzboseWood 0r|ve, 3u||e 1o, 0arvers |A o1z, u3A. lees are
suojec|
|o c|arge.
lr|r|ed |r ||e Ne||er|ards
A|p|aoe||ca| l|s| ol lr|rc|pa| Au||ors & Aroryrous wor|s 0|scussed v
l0b lA|FlA
0l3CllvlAF |A0l3TbAF vX0bl 0llFCTl33l|AF
v| A|p|aoe||ca| l|s| ol lr|rc|pa| Au||ors & Aroryrous wor|s 0|scussed
T||s page |r|er||ora||y|el|o|ar|
A|p|aoe||ca| l|s| ol lr|rc|pa| Au||ors & Aroryrous wor|s 0|scussed v||
C0NTFNT3
vo|ure ore
l|s| ol 3pec|a| Cor|r|ou||ors |x
A|p|aoe||ca| l|s| ol lr|rc|pa| Au||ors
& Aroryrous wor|s 0|scussed x|
lrelace xv
Aoorev|a||ors xv||
lr|roduc||or 1
lar| A
0erera| Cors|dera||ors
l. la|r|s||c Fxeges|s. l|l|y ears ol lr|erra||ora| besearc| 23
ll. Juda|sr ard b|e|or|ca| Cu||ure.
TWo lourda||ora| Cor|ex|s lor la|r|s||c Fxeges|s 115
lll. la|r|s||c lerrereu||cs 1o5 lv. la|r|s||c Fxeges|s ol ||e 8oo|s ol ||e 8|o|e
271
lar| 8
1
l|s|or|ca| 3urvey
v. T| e 3ecord Cer|ury 377
vl. T| |rd-Cer|ury 0ree| C|r|s||ar l||era|ure 521
vll. T| |rd-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure 589
vlll. |ar| ard |ar|c|ae|sr o47
v| A|p|aoe||ca| l|s| ol lr|rc|pa| Au||ors & Aroryrous wor|s 0|scussed
T||s page |r|er||ora||y|el|o|ar|
A|p|aoe||ca| l|s| ol lr|rc|pa| Au||ors & Aroryrous wor|s 0|scussed |x
3lFClAl C0NTbl8uTl0N3
0av|d l. 8a|s ard la|r|s||c Fxeges|s ol ||e 8oo|s ol ||e 8|o|e
0. Jellrey 8|rg|ar (C|ap|er lv)
0eorge C. 8er||o|d |ax|rus Corlessor. T| eo|og|ar ol ||e word
(C|ap|er X, 3ec||or vlll)
T| oras 8o|r A||egory ard l|s|ory (C|ap|er lll, 3ec||or ll, |r
3uosec||or ll)
T| e Fxeges|s ol Ar|us. 8|o||ca| A||||ude ard
3ys|era||c lorra||or (C|ap|er lX, 3ec||or lll,
3uosec||or ll)
lare|a 8r|g|| Augus||re. T| e lerrereu||cs ol Corvers|or
(C|ap|er Xl, lo||oW|rg 3ec||or Xvll)
Noroer| 8rox lreraeus ard ||e 8|o|e (C|ap|er v, 3ec||or lX,
lo||oW|rg 3uosec||or vl)
3ydrey l. 0r|ll| || Fp|raer ||e Fxege|e. 8|o||ca| Correr|ary |r
||e wor|s ol Fp|raer ||e 3yr|ar (C|ap|er Xlll,
lo||oW|rg 3ec||or lll)
Jear-Noe| 0u|ro| T| eodore| ol Cyrus (C|ap|er lX, 3ec||or XlX)
l|erre Jay Jerore (C|ap|er Xl, 3ec||or Xlll)
3|ep|ar C. Kess|er 0regory ||e 0rea| (C|ap|er Xll, 3ec||or Xv)
Arre lasqu|er T| e va|er||r|ar Fxeges|s (C|ap|er v, 3ec||or
vlll, 3uosec||or lll)
C|r|s|op| 3c|auo||r T| e Cor|r|ou||or ol b|e|or|cs |o C|r|s||ar
lerrereu||cs (C|ap|er ll, 3ec||or lv)
||c|ae| A. 3|grer ard baoo|r|c l||era|ure (C|ap|er ll, 3ec||or ll)
3usar l. 0ra|ar
|ar||o 3|rore||| T| eodore ol |opsues||a (C|ap|er lX, 3ec||or Xl,
3uosec||or Xl)
A|oer| v|c|aro |ar| (C|ap|er vlll, 3ec||or l)
lerrarr J. vog| 0r|ger ol A|exardr|a (C|ap|er vl, 3ec||or lll)
booer| l. w|||er Cyr|| ol A|exardr|a (C|ap|er lX, 3ec||or Xll)
v| A|p|aoe||ca| l|s| ol lr|rc|pa| Au||ors & Aroryrous wor|s 0|scussed
T||s page |r|er||ora||y|el|o|ar|
A|p|aoe||ca| l|s| ol lr|rc|pa| Au||ors & Aroryrous wor|s 0|scussed x|
AlllA8FTlCAl ll3T
0l lblNCllAl AuTl0b3 & AN0N|0u3
w0bK3 0l3Cu33F0
l|a||crelererces are |o vo|ure 2
Acac|us ol Caesarea 774
Ac|s ol |ar|yrs431
Ae||a Fudoc|a 883
Alr|carus
, lur|||us 132o
, 3ex|us Ju||us 527
Arorose ol |||ar 1045
Aroros|as|er 1081
Arror|os ol A|exardr|a
(s.lll) 580
Arror|us ol A|exardr|a
(s.vl) 931
Arp|||oc||us ol lcor|ur
7o7
ArdreW ol Caesarea 938
Ar|ory ||e lerr|| 14o0
Ap|raa|es 1392
Apo|||rar|s ol l|erapo||s 442
Apo|||rar|us ol laod|cea 721
Appor|us 1278
Ara|or 1307
Ar|s|or ol le||a 517
Ar|us ard Ar|ar|sr o84
Arroo|us ||e ourger 128o
As|er|us
ol Arasea 828
ol Ar||oc| 838
A||aras|us ol A|exardr|a
2
708
A||eragoras ol A||ers 442
Augus||re
ol l|ppo 1149
`lr|s|' 1294
Av||us 1301
`8arraoas' 423
8as||
ol Caesarea 740
ol 3e|euc|a 919
8ered|c| ol Nurs|a 1320
8erjar|r ol A|exardr|a 14o7
8oe|||us 1318
Caesar|us ol Ar|es 1310
Cass|ar, Jo|r 1272
Cass|odorus 1327
Ca|erae 978
C|rora||us ol Aqu||e|a 1088
C|ryso|ogus (le|er ol
baverra) 12o1
C|rysos|or, Jo|r 783
C|aud|us |ar|us v|c|or|us
1029
C|erer|
ol A|exardr|a 507
ol bore 409
Corrod|ar o23
Cypr|ar
ol Car||age o25
||e loe| 1025
lseudo- 518
Cyr||
ol A|exardr|a 840
ol Jerusa|er 77o
0ar|e| ol 3a|a| 1438
0|dac|e413
0|dyrus ol A|exardr|a 725
0|odore ol Tarsus 780
x|| A|p|aoe||ca| l|s| ol lr|rc|pa| Au||ors & Aroryrous wor|s 0|scussed
0|orys|us
ol A|exardr|a 575
Fx|guus 1317
lseudo- 928
0racor||us 1030
Fp|raer ||e Fxege|e (||e
3yr|ar) 1395
Fp|p|ar|us ol 3a|ar|s 735
Fuc|er|us ol lyor 1283
Fudox|us ol Cors|ar||rop|e 772
Fug|pp|us 1303
Furor|us ol Cyz|cus 774
Fuseo|us
ol Caesarea o75
ol Fresa 734
0a|||carus 1314
Fus|a|||us ol Ar||oc| 771
Fu|rop|us 1245
Fvagr|us lor||cus 730
Fvod|us ol uza||s 1247
laus|us ol b|ez 1290
lor|ura||arus ol Aqu||e|a 1035
lu|ger||us ol buspe 1305
0auder||us ol 8resc|a 1039
0eorge l|s|des 940
0errarus ol Cors|ar||rop|e 972
0regory
ol Agr|ger|ur 13o9
ol F|v|ra 1017
||e 0rea| 133o
ol Naz|arzus 748
ol Nyssa 753
T|aura|urgus 578
ladr|ar 875
leges|ppus 471
3
lerras424
lesyc||us ol Jerusa|er 878
l||ary ol lo|||ers 997
l|ppo|y|us ol bore 528
lgra||us ol Ar||oc| 415
l|delorsus ol To|edo 1375
lreraeus ol lyor 477
`lr|s| Augus||re' 1294
lsaac
ol Ar||oc| 1431
ol N|reve| 1441
ls|o'oar Nur 1444
ls|o'dad ol |erW 1445
ls|dore
ol le|us|ur 870
ol 3ev|||e 1370
lur|||us Alr|carus 132o
Jacoo
ol Fdessa 1442
ol 3arug 1435
Jerore 1094
Jo|arres oar Ap||oraja 1437
Jo|r
Cass|ar 1272
C|rysos|or 783
ol 0arascus 974
Ju||ar ol Fc|arur 1253
Jus||r ol bore 434
Juvercus 1019
lac|ar||us 993
la||cer 1293
leo l, ||e 0rea| 1287
le||er |o 0|ogre|us47o
luc|ler ol Cag||ar| 1012
|ar| ard |ar|c|ae|sr o49
|ar Aoa 1429
|arce||us ol Arcyra 70o
A|p|aoe||ca| l|s| ol lr|rc|pa| Au||ors & Aroryrous wor|s 0|scussed x|||
|arc|or ol 3|rope 450
|ar|us v|c|or|rus 1014
|ar|us v|c|or|us, C|aud|us
1029
|ar|yr|os-3a|dora 1440
|ax|rus
Corlessor 942
ol Tur|r 1248
|e|e||us ol Ar||oc| 773
|e|||o ol 3ard|s 473
|e||od|us ol 0|yrpus 584
|||||ades 441
||ruc|us le||x 591
|oses oar Kep|a 144o
Narsa| ol Fdessa 1432
N||us ol Arcyra 832
Norros ol laropo||s 881
Nova||ar o34
0des ol 3o|oror429
0ecurer|us 937
0p|a|us ol |||ev|s 1137
0pus |rperlec|ur |r
|a|||aeur 1258
0r|ger ol A|exardr|a 53o
lac|or|us 14o5
lac|ar ol 8arce|ora 1041
lap|as ol l|erapo||s 421
la|r|c|us (la|r|c|) 1292
lau||rus ol No|a 1241
le|ag|us 1234
le|er
l ol A|exardr|a 583
ol baverra,
C|ryso|ogus 12o1
l|||as|er ol 8resc|a 1037
l|||oxerus ol |aooug 1433
4
l|ys|o|ogos42o
lo|ycarp ol 3ryrra 419
lo|yc|ror|us ol Aparea 831
lo|ar|us ol l|soor 101o
lr|ras|us ol ladrure|ur
1325
lr|sc||||ar ol Av||a 1043
lrooa 1021
lroc|us ol Cors|ar||rop|e 873
lrosper ol Aqu||a|re 1281
lruder||us 1023
lseudo8arraoas 423
Cypr|ar 518
0|orys|us 928
uodvu||deus 1251
baoou|a 1430
boraros ||e |e|od|s| 932
bul|rus ol Aqu||e|a 1134
bulus ol 3|o|ep 14oo
3a|dora (|ar|yr|os) 1440
3a|or|us ol 0ereva 1285
3edu||us 1027
3erap|or ol T| ru|s 729
3ever|ar ol 0aoa|a 833
3everus ol Ar||oc| 924
3ex|us Ju||us Alr|carus 527
3|reor ol Fdessa 1439
3o|oror, 0des ol429
3yreor ol |esopo|ar|a
143o
Ta||ar ||e 3yr|ar 439
Ter|u|||ar 593
T|eodore
ol lerac|ea 780
ol |opsues||a 798
T| eodore| ol Cyrus 885
x|v A|p|aoe||ca| l|s| ol lr|rc|pa| Au||ors & Aroryrous wor|s 0|scussed
T|eogros|os 581
T|eoras ol A|exardr|a 582
T|eop|||us
ol A|exardr|a 733
ol Ar||oc| 472
T||us ol 8os|ra 775
Tycor|us 1139
u|l||a 1011
va|er||rus ard va|er||r|ars 454
va|er|ar ol C|re||ur 1282
verecurdus ol Jurca 131o
v|c|or ol Capua 1324
v|c|or|rus ol loe|ov|o o37
wu|l||a 1011
Zero ol verora 1013
A|p|aoe||ca| l|s| ol lr|rc|pa| Au||ors & Aroryrous wor|s 0|scussed xv
lbFlACF
T| e preser| lardooo| ol la|r|s||c Fxeges|s Was |r ||e ra||rg lor over a
decade. A l|rs| |rcer||ve lor ||s corcep||or care |r ||e lorr ol a c|rcu|ar
|e||er lror 8r||| |rv|||rg exper|s |o co||aoora|e or a ruroer ol projec|ed
|ardooo|s. 3oor al|er ||e s|gra|ure ol ||e cor|rac| ||e |dea ol a co||ec||or
ol essays dea||rg W||| ||e W|o|e ||s|ory ol pa|r|s||c exeges|s revea|ed ||se|l
|o oe urWor|ao|e ard cour|er-produc||ve. T| e d|vers||y ol v|eWpo|r|s |r
spec|a||zed aproac|es exc|uded a co|erer| overs|g|| ol o|o||ca| |errereu||cs
dur|rg ||e pa|r|s||c per|od.
l rade ||e r|s|y dec|s|or |o oecore so|e|y respors|o|e lor ||e W|o|e
projec| urder cors|dera||or, W|||e ca|||rg or a ruroer ol lr|erds ard co||eagues
lor |e|p. T| e|r s|x|eer `3pec|a| Cor|r|ou||ors' er|arce ||e preser|
puo||ca||or. 0re ol ||ese cor|r|ou||ors, `la|r|s||c Fxeges|s ol ||e 8oo|s ol
||e 8|o|e,' oy 0av|d l. 8a|s ard 0. Jellrey 8|rg|ar |s ro|eWor||y |r ||s
s|eer vo|ure (|ere ||e er||re c|ap|er 4 ol lar| A) ard ||s re||odo|og|ca|
corp|erer|ar||y. W|ereas ||e lardooo| preser|s pa|r|s||c au||ors W|||
regard |o ||e 8|o|e, 8a|s ard 8|rg|ar corcer|ra|e or ||e 8oo|s ol ||e
8|o|e as preser|ed oy pa|r|s||c au||ors.
T|e urse|l|s| corr||rer| ard ex|rere pa||erce ol ||e cor|r|ou|ors
5
are lor re a source ol |r|erse gra|||ude. |y corpara||ve|y recer| lar|||ar||y W|||
Wr|||er Frg||s|, |oge||er W||| ||e c|a||erges ol |eac||rg corr||rer|s, as ruc|
as ||e arass|rg ol o|o||ograp||c |rlorra||or reeded lor a
syr||es|s rever a||erp|ed oelore, urder||es ||e over-|org |rcuoa||or ol ||e
lardooo|.
w|||ou| ||e ass|s|arce ol 0eacor l||| 0urr, ry lorrer s|uder| a|
Corcord|a ur|vers||y, W|o re|er||ess|y corpu|er|zed a|| o|o||ograp||c da|a,
ard W|||ou| ||e lr|erd|y We|core ol la||er C|aude-boger Nadeau, s. j. |r ||e
oas|s ol ||s 8|o||o||que de T| eo|og|e |r |or|rea|, ||e projec| Wou|d |ave
la||ed. T| e lu|| suppor| ol 0r. |ar||r 3|rger, 0ear ol ||e Co||ege ol Ar|s ard
3c|erce a| Corcord|a ur|vers||y, ard ||a| ol ||e 0epar|rer| ol T| eo|og|ca|
3|ud|es s|rce 1992 Were aro||er v||a| |rpu| |oWards ||e corc|us|or ol ||e
projec|. lear|le|| gra|||ude goes |o a|| |e|p|rg |ards lror W||c| ||e |rcuoa||rg
|ardooo| oerel|||ed dur|rg ||e pas| decade. ry Aus|ra||ar re|a||ves
ard lr|erds, Arre ard Jo|r 8r|g||, |aureer ard 0er|s |cNarara, lau||re
A||er ard |er s|all, ry lrerc| lar||y, espec|a||y Josp|a ard lerrard Jerry,
ry Japarese co||eagues, ard c|oser |o |ore, ry co||eague a| Corcord|a
ur|vers||y, busse| |oroz|u|, |r ||e |as| s|ages ol proolread|rg, ard 8errard
0|over, a|so ol Corcord|a, W|ose exper||se W||| corpu|ers rade r|rac|es.
lr d|llerer| Ways ||ey a|| a||oWed ||e projec| |o reac| corp|e||or. las| ou|
ro| |eas|, ||e puo||s|er 8r|||, |a||rg or lor re a |urar lace ||roug| ||e
xv| lrelace
er||us|as||c corr||rer| ol lars var der |e|j, l|r b|e|oroe| ard ||e|r s|all
(|r par||cu|ar, Fdgar 3r||| ard ||c|e| lauW) |r le|der (lo||ard) ard ol
la|r|c| A|exarder |r 8os|or, |ass. (u3A) rever la||ed |o prov|de a gererous
ard ||g||y corpe|er| suppor|. lrol. 0. Jellrey 8|rg|ar, a|ready rer||ored
as a spec|a| cor|r|ou|or, Was a|so ||rd|y |e|plu| |r ||e ed||or|a| s|age.
w||| lour rodes| la||r Words, ||e ded|ca|ory lorru|a |r|es |o express ||e
deo| ol gra|||ude oeyord a|| Words W||c| l oWe |o ry W|le, ry oes| lr|erd
ard s|uder| lor a|ros| a quar|er ol a cer|ury, ard ry |rsp|ra||or lor years
|o core.
C. Karrerg|esser
Cas||||or la 8a|a|||e,
rex| |o 3a|r|-Fr|||or.
3ep|eroer 15, 2003.
A|p|aoe||ca| l|s| ol lr|rc|pa| Au||ors & Aroryrous wor|s 0|scussed xv||
A88bFvlATl0N3
AA8 Arrua|re de |'Acader|e boya|e de 8e|g|que
AAb Arer|car Acadery ol be||g|or
AA3 Ac|a Apos|o||cae 3ed|s
AA3T A||| de||'Accader|a de||e 3c|erze d| Tor|ro
AAT Agyp|er urd A||es Tes|arer|
AAw Arze|ger lur d|e A||er|ursW|ssersc|al|
A8 Assyr|o|og|sc|e 8|o||o||e|
A8erb Arer|car 8ered|c||re rev|eW
A8|a Ara|e||a 8|a|ador
A8b Aus|ra||ar 8|o||ca| bev|eW
Aor-r. Aor-ra|ra|r. le|der
ACF8T Ars|erdarse ca||ers voor exegese er o|joe|se ||eo|og|e
AC| Ac|a c|ass|ca
ACb Aus|ra|as|ar Ca||o||c becord
ACra Ara|ec|a Cracov|ers|a
ACw Arc|er| C|r|s||ar wr||ers
Aeg. Aegyp|us. |||aro
AFb Arer|car Fcoror|c bev|eW
Aev Aevur
AllN Arra|es de |a lacu||e des le||res e| 3c|erces lura|res de
N|ce
AlC Arruar|ur ||s|or|ae corc|||orur
Al0l Arc||ves d'||s|o|re doc|r|ra|e e| ||||era|re du royer ge
AlFl Assoc|a||or lr|erra||ora|e d'F|udes la|r|s||ques
AJ8l Arrua| ol ||e Japarese 8|o||ca| lrs|||u|e
AJl Arer|car Jourra| ol l|||o|ogy
Al0lJ Aroe||er zur l||era|ur urd 0esc||c||e des |e||er|s||sc|er
Juder|urs
Al| Ar||sar |||urg|que
Al|A Arc||vur |a||r||a||s red|| aev|
A|AT A||| e reror|e de||' Accader|a Toscara d| 3c|erze e le||ere
'la Co|oroar|a'
Ar|C| l'ar| du c|erge
A||d| Arra|es du ||d|. bevue arc|eo|og|que, ||s|or|que e|
p|||o|og|que de |a lrarce rer|d|ora|e
A|us Aruar|o rus|ca|
Aru3|.l Arer|car ur|vers||y 3|ud|es. l|||osop|y
6
Aru3|.Tb Arer|car ur|vers||y 3|ud|es. T| eo|ogy ard re||g|or
xv||| Aoorev|a||ors
Ar8|o Ara|ec||ca 8|o||ca
Ar8o|| Ara|ec||ca 8o||ard|ara
ANl Ar|e-N|cere la||ers
Arg. Arge||cur. bora
Ar0reg Ara|ec||ca 0regor|ara
Ar|ra Ar|ra. 0||er
Arl||| l'arree p|||o|og|que
AN Ardover NeW|or quar|er|y
ANbw Auls||eg urd N|edergarg der ror|sc|er we||
ANTl Aroe||er zur reu|es|arer|||c|er Tex|lorsc|urg
ArTo| Ara|es To|edaros
Ar|or. Ar|or|arur. bora
ANTT Aroe||er zur reu|es|arer|||c|er Tex|lorsc|urg
A038| Ara|ec|a 0rd|r|s 3arc|| 8as|||| |agr|. bora
AllC Arara|c lapyr| ol ||e l|l|| Cer|ury
Alraer Ara|ec|a lraerors|ra|ers|a
A3F Ao|ard|urger zur 3oc|a|e||||
A3Fs Arra|| d| s|or|a de||'eseges|
A3N3l Arra|| de||a (b.) 3cuo|a Norra|e 3uper|ore d| l|sa
Asp. Aspreras. Napo||
As3e|gr Assero|ees du 3e|greur
A3T Ara|ec|a sacra Tarracorers|a
A3Tl Arrua| ol ||e 3Wed|s| T| eo|og|ca| lrs|||u|e (Jerusa|er)
A3v Ara|es de| 3er|rar|o de va|erc|a
AT| A Arree ||eo|og|que augus||r|erre
AT| ANT Ao|ard|urger zur T| eo|og|e des A||er urd Neuer
Tes | arer| s
AT| b Arg||car T| eo|og|ca| bev|eW
ATb Aus|ra|as|ar T|eo|og|ca| bev|eW
Aug(l) Augus||r|ara. louva|r
Aug. Augus||r|arur. bora
Augl Augus||rus-lex||or
Aug| Augus||rus rag|s|er
Aug3| Augus||r|ar 3|ud|es
Augus||rus Augus||rus. |adr|d
8A 8|o||ca| Arc|aeo|og|s|
8AC 8|o||o||eca de au|ores cr|s||aros
8A08 8u||e||r de |'Assoc|a||or 0u|||aure 8ude
8AlAC 8u||e||r d'arc|erre ||||era|ure e| d'arc|eo|og|e c|re||erres
Aoorev|a||ors x|x
8A3l 8u||e||r de |'Acader|e lrper|a|e des 3c|erces de 3|.
le|ersoourg
8A|| 8|o||o||eca A||era
888 8orrer o|o||sc|e 8e||rage
88lAK 8e||rage zur o|o||sc|er lardes- urd A||er|urs|urde
8eKa 8ed| K'ar|'||sa
8er. 8ered|c||ra. bora
8er| 8ered||||r|sc|e |ora|ssc|r|l|
8er3 8ered|c||re 3|ud|es
8ess. 8essar|ore. bora
8FT| l 8|o||o||eca ep|erer|dur ||eo|og|carur |ovar|ers|ur
8FT3 8u||e||r ol ||e Fvarge||ca| T|eo|og|ca| 3oc|e|y
8FvT| 8e||rage zur Fvarge||sc|er T| eo|og|e
8lCl 8u||e||r des lacu||es ca||o||ques de lyor
8lCT 8e||rage zur lorderurg c|r|s|||c|er T|eo|og|e
808F 8e||rage zur 0esc||c||e der o|o||sc|er Fxegese
808l 8e||rage zur 0esc||c||e der o|o||sc|er lerrereu|||
80rl 8|o||o||e| der gr|ec||sc|er l||era|ur
8l0 8|o||o||eca |ag|ograp||ca 0raeca
8lb 8|o||o||que d'|urar|sre e| de rera|ssarce
8lT| 8e||rage zur ||s|or|sc|er T| eo|og|e
8l 8|ograp|y lrdex
8|o 8|o||ca. bora
8l8l 8|o||o||que de p|||osop||e
8llA0 8u||e||r de |'lrs|||u| lrara|s d'Arc|eo|og|e 0r|er|a|e
8ll8b 8u||e||r de |'lrs|||u| l|s|or|que 8e|ge de bore
8llblT 8u||e||r d'|rlorra||or de |'lrs|||u||or de bec|erc|e e|
d'l|s|o|re des Tex|es
8|jdr. 8|jdrager. T|jdsc|r|l|voor p|||osop||e er ||eo|og|e
8|K| 8|oe| urd K|rc|e
8|le 8|oe| urd leoer
8|l| 8|oe| urd l||urg|e
7
8|0r 8|o||o||eca or|er|a||s. le|der
8|Tod 8|o|e Today
8Jbl 8u||e||r ol ||e Jo|r by|ards l|orary
8Kv 8|o||o||e| der K|rc|erva|er
8lF 8u||e||r de ||||era|ure ecc|es|as||que
8l|| 8|o||o||que |||urg|que
8N 8|o||sc|e No||zer
8la|r 8|o||ograp||a pa|r|s||ca
xx Aoorev|a||ors
8b 8|o||ca| besearc|
83 8|o||o||eca sacra
83AC 8u||e||r de |a 3oc|e|e d'Arc|eo|og|e Cop|e
83cb 8|o|o||que de sc|erces re||g|euses
83lF| 8u||e||r de |a 3oc|e|e lrara|se d'F|udes |ar|a|es
83NT3 8u||e||r ol ||e 3|ud|orur Nov| Tes|arer|| 3oc|e|as
830A3 8u||e||r ol ||e 3c|oo| ol 0r|er|a| ard Alr|car 3|ud|es
83be| 8|o||o|eca d| sc|erze re||g|ose. bora
833 8|o||o||eca sarc|orur
83| 8|o||sc|e 3|ud|er
8T 8|o||o||que de ||eo|og|e. lar|s
8urg. 8urgerse. 8urgos
8vC 8|o|e e| v|e c|re||erre
8y3| 8yzar||ros|av|ca. lra|a
8yZ 8yzar||r|sc|e Ze||sc|r|l|
8yz(T) 8yzar||ra. T|essa|or||e
8yz. 8yzar||or. 8ruxe||es
8Z 8|o||sc|e Ze||sc|r|l|
8ZAw 8e||el|e zur Ze||sc|r|l|lur d|e a|||es|arer|||c|e
w|ssersc|al|
8ZNw 8e||el|e zur Ze||sc|r|l|lur d|e reu|es|arer|||c|e
w|ssersc|al|
Ca||. Ca||o||c|sre. lar|s
C8|la Ca||ers de 8|o||a pa|r|s||ca
C8NT3 Cor|ec|area 8|o||ca. NeW Tes|arer| 3er|es
C8 Ca||o||c 8|o||ca| uar|er|y
CC Cor||rer|a| Correr|ar|es
CC|s| Co||ec|area C|s|erc|ers|a
CC|Cr C|v||| c|ass|ca e cr|s||ara
CCb Cop||c C|urc| bev|eW
CC30 Corpus C|r|s||arorur, 3er|es 0raeca
CC3l Corpus C|r|s||arorur, 3er|es la||ra
C0 0as c|r|s|||c|e 0eu|sc||ard
C0|os C|udad de 0|os
Ce||. Ce|||ca. 0uo||r
Cl| Cog||a||o l|de|
C0lNT Ca|erae 0raecorur pa|rur |r rovur |es|arer|ur
Cl Ca||ers d'||s|o|re
Cl8 Ca||ers de 8|o||a la|r|s||ca
C|l C|urc| l|s|ory
Aoorev|a||ors xx|
Clb Ca||o||c l|s|or|ca| bev|eW
C|le C|erc|a y le
C||N C||eaux |r de Neder|arder
C|eb C|ergy bev|eW
C| C|ass|ca e| red|aeva||a
C|ec| Co||ec|area |ec|||r|ers|a
CNbT| Ca||ers de |a Nouve||e revue ||eo|og|que
C0Cb Co||ec|area 0rd|r|s C|s|erc|ers|ur belorra|orur
Corrur|o Corrur|o. 3ev|||a
Corp. Corpes|e||arur. Corpos|e|a
Corc (0) Corc|||ur. F|rs|ede|r
Corc (F) Corc|||ur. |adr|d
Corc Corc|||ur. be||g|or |r ||e 3ever||es | F|g|||es
Corla| Corora la|rur
Cll Co||ec||or les pres dars |a lo|
Cl0 C|av|s la|rur 0raecorur
C C|ass|ca| uar|er|y
Cb C|urc| uar|er|y
CbAl Corp|es rerdus des searces de |'Acader|e des lrscr|p||ors
e| 8e||es le||res
CrCr Cross ard CroWr
Cr3| Cr|s||ares|ro re||a s|or|a
C3 Cor|r|ou||ors |r 3oc|o|ogy
C3C0 Corpus 3cr|p|orur C|r|s||arorur 0r|er|a||ur
8
C3Fl Corpus 3cr|p|orur Fcc|es|as||corur la||rorur
C3|or Ca||ers s|or|ers
CT|J Ca|v|r T| eo|og|ca| Jourra|
CT| | Ca|Wer ||eo|og|sc|e |orograp||er
Cu8| Cu||ura o|o||ca
Cu|or Cuderros rors||cos
Cw C|ass|ca| wor|d
08(l) 0|c||orary ol ||e 8|o|e. Fd. oy Jares las||rgs
08| 0e|||or o|o|||or re|e|or
083 0|c||orra|re de |a o|o|e. 3upp|erer|
0C 0ocurer|a||or ca||o||que
0l0F 0|c||orra|re d'||s|o|ree| de geograp||e ecc|es|as||ques
0|a|or|a 0|a|or|a. |a|rz 19oo-19o9
0|d(l) 0|das|a||a. l|soa
0|d. 0|das|a|e|or. Tor|ro
0|ss.T 0|sser|a||orer. T|eo|og|sc|e be||e
xx|| Aoorev|a||ors
0|ssAo 0|sser|a||or Aos|rac|s
0|v. 0|v|r||as. bora
00l 0uroar|or 0a|s lapers
0lAC 0|z|orar|o pa|r|s||co e d| ar||c|||
0b 0oWrs|de bev|eW
03p 0|c||orra|re de sp|r||ua|||e asce||que e| rys||que
0T 0|vus T| oras. lre|ourg, 3c|We|z
0TC 0|c||orra|re de ||eo|og|e c|re||erre
0uKu| 0uc|ovra Ku||ura
FA lu||er, |ar||r. 3ar|||c|e wer|e. Fr|arger
FAg = Fs|Ag
F8 0|e le|||ge 3c|r|l||r deu|sc|er uoerse|zurg. 'Fc||er 8|oe|'.
wurzourg
FC Frcyc|oped|a ca||o||ca
FCarr Fp|erer|des Carre||||cae
Fcc|. Fcc|es|a. Frcyc|oped|e popu|a|re des corra|ssarces
re||g|euses
FC Fas|err C|urc|es uar|er|y
FC3 Frcyc|oped|a ol Ca||o||c 3a|r|s
F0 Fur|es doce|e
FF Fs|ud|os ec|es|s||cos
FFC Frcyc|oped|a ol Far|y C|r|s||ar||y
FeT Fg||se e| ||eo|og|e
Fev Fspr|| e| v|e. largres
Fll|b F|udes d'||s|o|re e| de p|||osop||e re||g|euses
F|||l| F|||es|as||cos l|aros
F|T| F|||es|a |a| ||eo|og|a
Fl Fp|erer|des |||urg|cae
F| Frer||a. |adr|d
Frc8|o Frc|c|oped|a de||a o|o||a
FrcC Frcyc|oped|e ca||o||que
Fos Fos. wroc|aW
Fp||ar Fp|erer|des |ar|o|og|cae
Fr. Fraros. uppsa|a
FbT Fvarge||ca| bev|eW ol T|eo|ogy
Fs|Ag Fs|ud|o agus||r|aro
Fs|8 Fs|ud|os o|o||cos
FsTe Fs|ud|os |eo|og|cos
Fs|lr Fs|ud|os lrarc|scaros
Fs|Jos Fs|ud|os jos|l|ros
Aoorev|a||ors xx|||
Fs|Tr|r Fs|ud|os |r|r||ar|os
FT Fxpos||ory T|res
F|Carr F|udes carre|||a|res
FT| l Fp|erer|des ||eo|og|cae lovar|erses
FT| 3| Frlur|er ||eo|og|sc|e 3|ud|er
FTb F|udes ||eo|og|ques e| re||g|euses
F|udes F|udes. luo|. par des pres de |a Corpagr|e de Jesus
FuA Froe urd Aul|rag
Furl3 Furopa|sc|e loc|sc|u|sc|r|l|er
Fv Fvarge||ca| uar|er|y
FvT| Fvarge||sc|e T|eo|og|e
FwNT Fxege||sc|es wor|erouc| zur Neuer Tes|arer|
FX Fcc|es|as||ca Xaver|ara
laC| la||ers ol ||e C|urc|
ll lra|e lrarcesco
lK00 lorsc|urger zur K|rc|er- urd 0ogrergesc||c||e
9
lKT| lorur |a||o||sc|e T| eo|og|e
l|orla|r l|or||eg|ur pa|r|s||cur
l|3| lru|r|||e|a||er||c|e 3|ud|er
lr. lrarc|scara. 3|r|-Tru|der
lrbu lre|ourger burdor|els
l3 lrarz|s|ar|sc|e 3|ud|er
lT| 3| lre|ourger ||eo|og|sc|e 3|ud|er
lz8 lorsc|urg zur 8|oe|
lZl|T| lre|ourger Ze||sc|r|l|lur l|||osop||e urd T| eo|og|e
0C3 0|e gr|ec||sc|er c|r|s|||c|er 3c|r|l|s|e||er
00A 0o|||rg|sc|e ge|e|r|e Arze|ger
0ll 0|orra|e ||a||aro d| l||o|og|a
0|o||a 0|o||a. 0o|||rger
0N0 0regor|| Nysser| opera
00l.3 0o|||rger 0r|er|lorsc|urg. be||e 1, 3yr|aca
0o||sz 0o|||rger ||sze||er. 8e||rage zur agyp|o|og|sc|er
0|s|uss|or
00Tb 0ree| 0r||odox T|eo|og|ca| bev|eW
0r8 0razer 8e||rage
0b83 0ree|, borar ard 8yzar||re 3|ud|es
0reg 0regor|arur
0T| T 0erelorreerd ||eo|og|sc| ||jdsc|r|l|
xx|v Aoorev|a||ors
lardAr lardes arsoreaj
lF l|s|o|re de |'eg||se
le8 lor||e||ca e| o|o||ca
le|r. le|rar||ca. 3a|ararca
lFN lau|es e|udes rur|sra||ques
leyJ ley||rop Jourra|
l|oJ l|ooer| Jourra|
l|s|(8) l|s|or|a. 8ra||s|ava
lJ l|s|or|sc|es Ja|rouc|
lNT lardouc| zur Neuer Tes|arer|
llb lor||e||c ard las|ora| bev|eW
lb l|s|ory ol be||g|ors
l3 l|s|or|sc|e 3|ud|er
lT|b larvard T|eo|og|ca| bev|eW
luCA leoreW ur|or Co||ege Arrua|
l83| lr|s| 8|o||ca| 3|ud|es
lFb lr|s| Fcc|es|as||ca| becord
lKaZ lr|erra||ora|e |a||o||sc|e Ze||sc|r|l|
lKZ lr|erra||ora|e ||rc|||c|e Ze||sc|r|l|
l|uC|e l|us|rac|or de| c|ero
lrr lrrarue|. Jerusa|er
lr|erp. lr|erpre|a||or. b|c|rord, vA
lrer lrer||or. C|eve|ogre
ls|. ls||ra. 8ou|gre-sur-3e|re
lT| lr|s| T| eo|og|ca| uar|er|y
lT3 lrd|ar T| eo|og|ca| 3|ud|es
lZ80 lr|erra||ora|e Ze||sc|r|l|ersc|au lur 8|oe|W|ssersc|al|urd
0rerzgeo|e|e
JA Jourra| as|a||que
JAC Ja|rouc| lur Ar|||e urd C|r|s|er|ur
JAC.F Ja|rouc| lur Ar|||e urd C|r|s|er|ur. Frgarzurgsoard
JANF3 Jourra| ol ||e Arc|er| Near Fas|err 3oc|e|y
J8l Jourra| ol 8|o||ca| l||era|ure
J8b Jourra| ol 8|o|e ard be||g|or
JFA Jourra| ol Fgyp||ar Arc|aeo|ogy
JFC3 Jourra| ol Far|y C|r|s||ar 3|ud|es
JFl Jourra| ol Fcc|es|as||ca| l|s|ory
JF3 Jourra| ol Fcurer|ca| 3|ud|es
JFT3 Jourra| ol ||e Fvarge||ca| T| eo|og|ca| 3oc|e|y
Aoorev|a||ors xxv
Jll Jourra| ol ||e l|s|ory ol ldeas
JlTC Jourra| ol ||e lr|erderor|ra||ora| T| eo|og|ca| Cer|er
JJl Jourra| ol Jur|s||c lapyro|ogy
JJ3 Jourra| ol JeW|s| 3|ud|es
JlT Jourra| ol l||era|ure ard T| eo|ogy
J08 Ja|rouc| der os|erre|c||sc|er 8yzar||r|s|||
J080 Ja|rouc| der os|erre|c||sc|er 8yzar||r|sc|er 0ese||sc|al|
JlT| Ja|rouc|er lur pro|es|ar||sc|e T| eo|og|e
Jb JeW|s| uar|er|y bev|eW
Jb Jourra| ol be||g|or
Jbl Jourra| ol be||g|ous l|s|ory
10
J3J Jourra| lor ||e 3|udy ol Juda|sr |r ||e lers|ar, le||er|s||c
ard borar ler|od
J3l Jourra| ol 3acred l||era|ure (ard 8|o||ca| becord)
J3NT Jourra| lor ||e 3|udy ol ||e NeW Tes|arer|
J30T Jourra| lor ||e 3|udy ol ||e 0|d Tes|arer|
J30T.3 Jourra| lor ||e 3|udy ol ||e 0|d Tes|arer|. 3upp|erer|
3er|es
J33 Jourra| ol ||e 3|ar 3oc|e|y
JTC Jourra| ol T| eo|ogy ard ||e C|urc|
JT| 3 Jourra| ol T| eo|og|ca| 3|ud|es
Ka|ros Ka|ros. Ze||sc|r|l|lur be||g|orsW|ssersc|al|urd T| eo|og|e.
3a|zourg
KaKe Ka|or|||u-|er|yu
KeT| Ker| er ||eo|og|e
KlA Kyr|o||s|or|s| rss|r|l|
KKT3 Korless|ors|urd||c|e urd |or|rovers||eo|og|sc|e 3|ud|er
K| K|eroror|a. T|essa|or|||
K||o K||o. le|pz|g
Ko|r. Ko|ror|a. Fsser
Ku0 Kerugra urd 0ogra
Kyr|os Kyr|os. 8er||r
la|. la|erarur. bora
la|orus la|orus. 8ruxe||es
laur laurer||arur. bora
lCC l|orary ol C|r|s||ar C|ass|cs
lCl lex||or der c|r|s|||c|er l|orograp||e
l|rg8|o| l|rgu|s||ca 8|o||ca
lJ l||urg|sc|es Ja|rouc|
xxv| Aoorev|a||ors
lol l|orary ol ||e la||ers ol ||e lo|y Ca||o||c C|urc|
louv3| louva|r 3|ud|es
l3 leoerd|ge 3ee|sorge
lT| K lex||or lur T| eo|og|e urd K|rc|e
lTl lava| ||eo|og|que e| p|||osop||que
lu| l||urg|e urd |orc||ur
lur. lurer. v||or|a
lu|| lu||erar uar|er|y
lw lu| |erar wor|d
|ar |ar. lordor
|ar. |aruscr|p|a. 3|. lou|s
|arresa |arresa. 8arce|ora
|ar |ar|arur. bora
|8T| |urs|er|sc|e 8e||rage zur T| eo|og|e
|Cor ||sce|rea Cor|||as
|0 la |a|sor-0|eu
|Fl| |orurer|a ecc|es|ae |||urg|ca
|e||o |e||o. Kas|||
|lC |essage ol ||e la||ers ol ||e C|urc|
|0wJ |ora|ssc|r|l|lur 0esc||c||e urd w|ssersc|al|des
Juder|urs
|l |useur le|ve||cur
|l |ar |r lrd|a
||||3| |||||oWr 3|ud|es
|l0l ||||e||urger des lrs|||u|s lur 0r|er|lorsc|urg
|||r8ar |||ropo||a 8ara|u|u|
|r |rerosyre. le|der
|r.3 |rerosyre. le|der. 3upp|erer|
|or3 |oras||c s|ud|es
|oreara |oreara. Argres
|oT| |oderr T|eo|ogy
|3lCA ||sce||area d| s|ud| d| |e||era|ura cr|s||ara ar||ca
|3b |e|arges de sc|erce re||g|euse
|T| |e|||a ||eo|og|ca
|T| Z |urc|erer ||eo|og|sc|e Ze||sc|r|l|
|us |useor. bevue d'e|udes or|er|a|es
|y3a| |ys|er|ur sa|u||s
NAK0 Neder|ards(c|) arc||el voor |er|gesc||eder|s
NCF NeW Ca||o||c Frcyc|oped|a
Aoorev|a||ors xxv||
N0|d Nuovo d|das|a|e|or
NedT|T Neder|ards T|eo|og|sc| T|jdsc|r|l|
Neo|es|. Neo|es|arer||ca
N0TT Nederdu||se gerelorreerde |eo|og|ese ||jds|r|l
N0w0 Nac|r|c||er (vor) der 0ese||sc|al|der w|ssersc|al|er (zu)
11
|r 0o|||rger
NlNl N|cere ard los|-N|cere la||ers
NbT| Nouve||e revue ||eo|og|que. louva|r
N3Nu Nur||us 3oda||c|| Neo|es|arer||c| upsa||ers|s
NT Novur Tes|arer|ur. le|der
NTA Neu|es|arer|||c|e Ao|ard|urger
NT3 NeW Tes|arer| 3|ud|es
NTT Neder|ards ||eo|og|sc| ||jdsc|r|l|
NTT Nors| |eo|og|s| ||dss|r|l|
NZ3T| Neue Ze||sc|r|l|lur sys|era||sc|e T| eo|og|e
0CA 0r|er|a||a C|r|s||ara Ara|ec|a
0Cl 0r|er|a||a C|r|s||ara ler|od|ca
0lol 0r|er|a||a lovar|ers|a ler|od|ca
0ll 0r|er|a| l|orary luo||ca||ors
0lZ 0r|er|a||s||sc|e l||era|urze||urg
0r. 0r|er|a||a. bora
0rC|r 0r|ers C|r|s||arus
0rp| 0rp|eus. Ca|ar|a
0r3yr 0r|er| 3yr|er
0r|. 0r|odox|a. 8ucure||
03 0s|||rc|||c|e 3|ud|er
0T3 0ud|es|arer||sc|e s|ud|er
0Tw3A 0u Tes|arer||ese wer|gereers|ap var 3u|d-Alr||a
la|C| la|es|ra de| c|ero
lapyCas| lapyro|og|ca Cas|roc|av|ara
lar. larados|s. lr|oourg
lar0r laro|e de |'0r|er|
lav| laro|e d| v||a
lazr. lazraveo. verez|a
l8b la|r|s||c ard 8yzar||re bev|eW
l0 la|ro|og|a 0raeca
l0l la|r|s||c 0ree| lex||or
l||| l|||osop|y. lordor
l|J l|||osop||sc|es Ja|rouc|
xxv||| Aoorev|a||ors
l|oe. l|oer|x. le|der
l|w l|||osop||sc|es wor|erouc|. lre|ourg, 8r.
llA lroceed|rgs ol ||e b. lr|s| Acadery
ll8A lroceed|rgs ol ||e lr|s| 8|o||ca| Assoc|a||or
ll la|ro|og|a la||ra
ll3 la|ro|og|ae la||rae 3upp|erer|ur
l0 la|ro|og|a or|er|a||s
l0C lroc|e-0r|er| c|re||er
lb3| lerspec||ves |r be||g|ous 3|ud|es
l38.3l lr|rce|or 3er|rary 8u||e||r. 3upp|erer|ary lssue
l3v laro|a sp|r||o e v||a
lTA lapyro|og|sc|e Tex|e urd Ao|ard|urger
lT3 la|r|s||sc|e Tex|e urd 3|ud|er
0 uaes||ores d|spu|a|ae
ve|C|r uaderr| d| ve|era C|r|s||arorur
bAC bea||ex||or lur Ar|||e urd C|r|s|er|ur
bA| bevue d'asce||que e| de rys||que
bA|| b|v|s|a d| asce||ca e r|s||ca
b8 bevue o|o||que
b8er bevue oered|c||re de cr|||que, d'||s|o|re e| de ||||era|ure
re||g|euses
b8l bevue o|o||que |r|erra||ora|e
b8l buc| o|o||jry | |||urg|czry
b8ll bevue oe|ge de p|||o|og|e e| d'||s|o|re
b83 begu|ae 8ered|c|| s|ud|a
bCa|T bev|s|a ca|a|ara de |eo|og|a
bC8 bev|s|a de cu||ura o|o||ca
bCC| b|v|s|a d| cu||ura c|ass|ca e red|oeva|e
bF bea|ercy||opad|e lur pro|es|ar||sc|e T| eo|og|e urd K|rc|e
bFA bevue des e|udes arc|erres
bFArr bevue des e|udes arrer|erres
bFAug bevue des e|udes augus||r|erres
bF8 bev|s|a ec|es|s||ca oras||e|ra
bF8yz bevue des e|udes oyzar||res
bec|Aug bec|erc|es augus||r|erres
bec|8|o bec|erc|es o|o||ques
bF0 bevue des e|udes grecques
bFl bevue des e|udes |a||res
be|Cu|| be||g|or y cu||ura
12
Aoorev|a||ors xx|x
ber. berova||o. begersourg
bes| bes|ora||or uar|er|y
bFT bev|s|a espao|a de |eo|og|a
bevAg bev|s|a agus||r|ara. |adr|d
bev8|o bev|s|a o|o||ca
bev3b bevue des sc|erces re||g|euses
bl bazor y le
bllC b|v|s|a d| l||o|og|a e d'|s|ruz|ore c|ass|ca
blN3 b|v|s|a d| l||osol| a reo-sc|o|as||ca
b00 be||g|or |r 0esc||c||e urd 0egerWar|
blF bevue d'||s|o|re ecc|es|as||que
b|| b|e|r|sc|er |er|ur
bll|b bevue d'||s|o|re e| de p|||osop||e re||g|euses
bllr borero-laus-lro|o|o||e
blb bevue d'||s|o|re des re||g|ors
bl3 bevue d'||s|o|re des sc|erces e| de |eurs app||ca||ors
bl3p bevue d'||s|o|re de |a sp|r||ua|||e
blT bevue d'||s|o|re des |ex|es
blCl bevue de |'lrs|||u| Ca||o||que de lar|s
b|vAC b|v|s|a d| arc|eo|og|ca cr|s||ara
b|v8|o b|v|s|a o|o||ca
b|vl| b|v|s|a |||urg|ca
bl| bevue |||urg|que e| roras||que
b|ao bevue |ao|||or
b|Al bevue du royer ge |a||r
b|l b|e|r|sc|es |useur lur l|||o|og|e
b0C bevue de |'0r|er| c|re||er
bl| bevue de p|||o|og|e, de ||||era|ure e| d'||s|o|re arc|erres
b bor|sc|e uar|a|sc|r|l|lur c|r|s|||c|e A||er|urs|urde
b.3 bor|sc|e uar|a|sc|r|l|lur c|r|s|||c|e A||er|urs|urde.
3upp|erer||el|
bb bev|eW ol be||g|or. NeW or|
b38 b|v|s|a s|or|ca oerede|||ra
b3C b|v|s|a d| s|ud| c|ass|c|
b3Cl b|v|s|a d| s|or|a de||a c||esa |r l|a||a
b3lb b|v|s|a d| s|or|a e |e||era|ura re||g|osa
b30 b|v|s|a deg|| s|ud| or|er|a||
b3l|T| bevue des sc|erces p|||osop||ques e| ||eo|og|ques
b3b bec|erc|es de sc|erce re||g|euse
b3T| begersourger 3|ud|er zur T| eo|og|e
bTA| bec|erc|es de ||eo|og|e arc|erre e| red|eva|e
xxx Aoorev|a||ors
bT|or bevue ||or|s|e
bT| l| bevue de ||eo|og|e e| de p|||osop||e
bTK boczr||| |eo|og|czro-|aror|czre
bTl bevue ||eo|og|que de louva|r
bu0 bevue de |'ur|vers||e d'0||aWa
bv3 b|v|s|a d| v||a sp|r||ua|e
3ac0oc 3acra doc|r|ra
3aec. 3aecu|ur. |urc|er
3Al 3|ud|a Augus||r|ara ||s|or|ca
3a| 3a|es|arur. Tor|ro
3a|r. 3a|rar||cers|s. 3a|ararca
3ap. 3ap|er||a. la l|a|a
38 3|ud|a 8yzar||ra
38Aw 3||zurgsoer|c||e der 8ayer|sc|er A|ader|e der
w|ssersc|al|er
38Fsp 3erara o|o||ca espao|a
38l 3|ud|ur 8|o||cur lrarc|scarur
38lA 3|ud|| 8|o||c| lrarc|scar| ara|ec|a
38llA 3|ud|| 8|o||c| lrarc|scar| ||oer arruus
38l.3l 3oc|e|y ol 8|o||ca| l|orary. 3er|rar papers. Arrua| ree||rg
38T 3|ud|es |r 8|o||ca| T| eo|ogy
3C 3ources c|re||erres
3c. 3c|er||a. |||aro
3cC 3cuo|a ca||o||ca
3cFc 3c|erces ecc|es|as||ques
3cFs 3c|erce e| espr||
3c|o| 3c|o|as|||. lre|ourg, 8r.
3C| 3|ud|es |r C|r|s||ar |overer|
3C0 3|ud| c|ass|c| e or|er|a||
3cr. 3cr|p|or|ur. 8ruxe||es
3cr8 3cr|p|ure 8u||e||r
13
3crl|e 3cr|p|a l|eroso|yr||ara
3cr|rT| eo| 3cr|r|ur T| eo|og|cur
3cr|p. 3cr|p|ure. Fd|rourg|
3crT| 3cr|p|a ||eo|og|ca 3crv|c| 3cr|p|or|ur v|c|or|erse
3003T| 3|ud|er zur 0ogrergesc||c||e urd sys|era||sc|er
T|eo|og|e
3F 3acr|s erud|r|. Jaarooe| voor 0odsd|ers|We|ersc|apper
3FA 3vers| exege||s| rsoo|
Aoorev|a||ors xxx|
3FAug 3|ud|a ep|erer|des 'Augus||r|arur'
3ecCer T| e secord cer|ury
3el. 3elarad. |adr|d
3er 3er|||ca. lar|s
3lAw 3||zurgsoer|c||e der le|de|oerger A|ader|e der
w|ssersc|al|er
3|c0yr 3|cu|orur gyrras|ur
3l0lC Jourra| ol ||e 3erv|ce |r|erra||ora| de docurer|a||or
judeo-c|re||erre
3llC 3|ud| ||a||ar| d| l||o|og|a c|ass|ca
3JT| 3co|||s| Jourra| ol T| eo|ogy
3KZ 3c|We|zer|sc|e K|rc|erze||urg
3| 3acrarer|ur rurd|. lre|ourg, 8r.
3|3b 3|ud| e ra|er|a|| d| s|or|a de||e re||g|or|
30 3yroo|ae 0s|oerses
30.3 3yroo|ae 0s|oerses. lasc|cu|us supp|e||or|s
3oo. 3ooorros|. lordor
3l 3|ud|es |r l|||o|ogy
3pC 3porsa C|r|s||
3lClC 3|ud|orur lau||rorur Corgressus lr|erra||ora||s
Ca||o||cus
3lCK 3oc|e|y lor lroro||rg C|r|s||ar KroW|edge
3p|c3o| 3p|c||eg|ur 3o|esrerse
3l|ed 3|ud|a pa|r|s||ca |ed|o|erers|a
3pTo 3p|r||ua|||y Today
3b 3|ud|es |r be||g|or. Toror|o
3b0C 3|ud| e r|cerc|e su||'0r|er|e cr|s||aro
33l 3p|c||eg|ur sacrur lovar|erse
33b 3|ud|o d| soc|o|og|a de||a re||g|ore
33be| 3|ud| s|or|co-re||g|os|
33T| 3|ud|er zur sys|era||sc|er T| eo|og|e
3T 3|ud|es |r T| eo|ogy
3T(v) 3|udja |eo|og|czre. w||ro
3TA 3|ud|a e| |es||ror|a ar||qua
3|Ars 3|ud|a Arse|r|ara
3|8| 3|ud| o|o||c|
3|0 3|ud|es ard 0ocurer|s. lordor
3|Fcur 3|ud| ecurer|c| | b|v|s|a d| s|ud| ecurer|c|
3|Fv 3|ud|a evarge||ca
3|le|| 3|ud|a le||er|s||ca
3T| 0 3|ud|a ||s|or|ca 0o||oourgers|a
xxx|| Aoorev|a||ors
3|l|o 3|ud|a l|oerr|ca
3T| u 3c|We|zer|sc|e ||eo|og|sc|e ursc|au
3TK 3era|re T| eo|og|que de K|rs|asa
3||ed 3|ud| red|eva||
3||or 3|ud|a roras||ca
3Tl 3|ud| e |es|| d| pap|ro|og|a
3|la| 3|ud|a pa|av|ra
3|la|r 3|ud|a pa|r|s||ca
3|l|||o 3|ud|a l|||or|ca
3|l| 3|rora|a pa|r|s||ca e| red|aeva||a
3|ror 3|rora|a. 3ar ||que|
3|T 3|ud| e |es||
3|Teo| 3|ud|| |eo|og|ce
3|T| 3|ud|a ||eo|og|ca. lurd [e|c.|
3u 3|ud|a uroar|a
3v|gC|r 3upp|erer|s |o v|g|||ae C|r|s||arae
3vTK 3vers| |eo|og|s| |var|a|s|r|l|
3vT 3|. v|ad|r|r's T| eo|og|ca| uar|er|y
3wJT 3ou||Wes|err Jourra| ol T| eo|ogy
Ta3 Tex|s ard 3|ud|es. Caror|dge
TF Teo|og|a esp|r||ua|
Tl|| T|jdsc|r|l|voor l||osol| e
T0l T|jdsc|r|l|voor gees|e||j| |ever
14
TlAT T| eo|og|sc|es lardWor|erouc| zur A||er Tes|arer|
T|0|g T|eo|ogy 0|ges|
T|eo| T| eo|ogy. lordor
T|eo|(l) T| eo|og|e. lar|s
T|eor|a T| eor|a. lurd
T|0(8) T| eo|og|e der 0egerWar|
T|0| T| eo|og|e urd 0|auoe
T|l T|eo|og|e ||s|or|que
T|lZ T|eo|og|sc|e l||era|urze||urg
T|or. T| or|s|. was||rg|or, 0.C.
T|oug|| T| oug||. NeW or|
T|l| T| eo|og|e urd l|||osop||e
T|l T|eo|og|sc|-pra|||sc|e |ora|ssc|r|l|. lassau
T| T|eo|og|sc|e uar|a|sc|r|l|. Tuo|rger
T|b T|eo|og|sc|e burdsc|au
T|bev T| eo|og|ca| bev|eW. 8e|ru|
T|3l0 T| eo|og|sc|e 3|ud|er der 0s|erre|c||sc|er leogese||sc|al|
Aoorev|a||ors xxx|||
T|To T| eo|ogy Today. lr|rce|or, N.J.
T|Z T|eo|og|sc|e Ze||sc|r|l|. 8ase|
TJT Toror|o Jourra| ol T|eo|ogy
Tl8 T|eo|og|sc|es l||era|uroer|c||
TlZ T|eo|og|sc|e l||era|urze||urg
T T|eo|og|ca| uar|er|y
Tb T|eo|og|c| revue
Tr. Trad|| |o. NeW or|
TbF T|eo|og|sc|e bea|erzy||opad|e
TbF T|eo|og|sc|e bea|erzy|opad|e
Tbev T|eo|og|sc|e bevue
Tb3b Tes|| e r|cerc|e d| sc|erze re||g|ose
T3 T| eo|og|ca| 3|ud|es. woods|oc|, |d.
T3(l) Terra sar|a. Jerusa|er
TT| T|jdsc|r|l|voor ||eo|og|e
TT| Tuo|rger ||eo|og|sc|e uar|a|sc|r|l|
TT| Z Tr|erer ||eo|og|sc|e Ze||sc|r|l|
TTK T|dss|r|l|lor |eo|og| og ||r|e
TT3 Tuo|rger ||eo|og|sc|e 3|ud|er
Tu Tex|e urd ur|ersuc|urger
Tw8NT T| eo|og|sc|es wor|erouc| zur Neuer Tes|arer|
Tyr8 Tyrda|e 8u||e||r
Tyv Teo|og|a y v|da
TZ T| eo|og|e er z|e|zorg
uCl.C3 ur|vers||y ol Ca||lorr|a luo||ca||ors. C|ass|ca| 3|ud|es
ur3a urar sarc|ar. lar|s
vC verour caro
v0 verour 0or|r|
vF v|da y esp|r||ua||dad
veroo veroo. Frc|c|oped|a luso-8ras||e|ra de cu||ura
ve| C|r ve| er a C|r |s | |aror ur
vl ver|urd|gurg urd lorsc|urg
v|gC|r v|g|||ae C|r|s||arae
voxbel vox rel or ra| a
voxT| vox ||eo|og|ca v3 v|e sp|r||ue||e
v3.3 v|e sp|r||ue||e. 3upp|erer|s
vT ve|us Tes|arer|ur
vT.3 ve|us Tes|arer|ur. 3upp|erer|s
xxx|v Aoorev|a||ors
w|we| w|ssersc|al|urd we|s|e||
w3 wor|er urd 3ac|er
w3| w|erer 3|ud|er
wTJ wes|eyar T|eo|og|ca| Jourra|
wuNT w|ssersc|al|||c|e ur|ersuc|urger zur Neuer Tes|arer|
wZ(0) w|ssersc|al|||c|e Ze||sc|r|l| der Frrs|-|or||z-Arrd|ur|vers||a| 0re|lsWa|d
wZ(l) w|ssersc|al|||c|e Ze||sc|r|l| der |ar||r-lu||er-ur|vers||a|
la||e-w|||eroerg
C3 a|e C|ass|ca| 3|ud|es
ZAC Ze||sc|r|l|lur Ar|||es C|r|s|er|ur
ZAw Ze||sc|r|l|lur d|e a|||es|arer|||c|e w|ssersc|al|
Z0|0 Ze||sc|r|l|der 0eu|sc|er |orger|ard|sc|er 0ese||sc|al|
Z0lv Ze||sc|r|l|des 0eu|sc|er vere|rs lur 8uc|Weser urd
3c|r|l||ur
ZdZ 0|e Ze|c|er der Ze||
ZlT| Ze||sc|r|l|lur d|e ||s|or|sc|e T| eo|og|e
ZK0 Ze||sc|r|l|lur K|rc|ergesc||c||e
15
ZKT| Ze||sc|r|l|lur |a||o||sc|e T| eo|og|e
ZNw Ze||sc|r|l|lur d|e reu|es|arer|||c|e w|ssersc|al|
ZlF Ze||sc|r|l|lur lapyro|og|e urd Fp|grap|||
Zb00 Ze||sc|r|l|lur be||g|ors- urd 0e|s|esgesc||c||e
ZT|K Ze||sc|r|l|lur sys|era||sc|e T| eo|og|e
ZTK Ze||sc|r|l|lur T| eo|og|e urd K|rc|e
ZwT| Ze||sc|r|l|lur W|ssersc|al|||c|e T| eo|og|e
T| e lrojec| ol ||e lardooo| 1
lNTb00uCTl0N
cor|er|s
l. T| e lrojec| ol ||e lardooo|. l|s locus ard beaders||p 3
ll. lurpose ard |e||od 11
| T| e purpose ol ||e lardooo| 11
|| lo|r|s ol re||od 17
1 Terr||or|a| de|err|ra||or 17
2 C|roro|og|ca| dec|s|ors 19
3 T| e prosopograp||c preser|a||or 20
1
v| A|p|aoe||ca| l|s| ol lr|rc|pa| Au||ors & Aroryrous wor|s 0|scussed
T||s page |r|er||ora||y|el|o|ar|
T| e lrojec| ol ||e lardooo|
l
TlF lb0JFCT 0l TlF lAN0800K.
lT3 l0Cu3 AN0 bFA0Fb3lll
T| e |err `pa|r|s||c' l|rs| appeared |r pr|r| |r ||e Wor| ol ||e lu||erar
sc|o|ar J. l. 8uddeus |r 1;z;(|u||eroerg 1o, 1oo). T| e Word ca||s or a
very arc|er|, |rrer-c|urc| |rad|||or |r v|gor a| |eas| s|rce ||e lour|| cer|ury,
recogr|z|rg cer|a|r lorrer |eaders ol C|r|s||ar corrur|||es as pa|res,
`la||ers.' T| |s |oror|l|c ||||e |rp||ed or||odoxy, |r|e||ec|ua| |eaders||p, ard
|r ros| cases, a |||erary |egacy. w|||e ||e ||||e `la||ers' cor||rues |o oe W|de|y
used lor ||s corver|erce (ou| ro| W|||ou| cr|||c|sr lor ||s gerder o|as), |r
cor|erporary sc|o|ars||p || dero|es ||e |er||age ol ||e ear|y c|urc| as
lorr|rg a d|s||rc||ve cu||ura| rea|||y. T| e `pa|r|s||c' era |s |oca|ed |r ||s|ory
oe|Weer ||e gospe| ever|, |o W||c| ||e r| W||resses, ard ||e co||apse ol ||e
borar Frp|re, ||a| |s, lror ||e l|rs| |o ||e sever|| cer|ury ol ||e Corror
Fra |r ||e wes| or |o ||e r|r|| cer|ury |r ||e Fas|.
lor rary readers, ra||er ||ar lardooo| ol la|r|s||c Fxeges|s, a rore
access|o|e ||||e r|g|| oe lardooo| ol Arc|er| C|r|s||ar Fxeges|s, s|rce ||e
p|rase `arc|er| C|r|s||ar' |as a oroader currercy ||ar `pa|r|s||c.' 0r ||e
o||er |ard, |l `pa|r|s||c' |as oeer prelerred, || |s oecause ||e prec|se locus
ol ||e lardooo| |s or ||e acader|c ac||everer|s |r ||e l|e|d, ||a| |s, or ||e
Wor| ol roderr `pa|r|s||c' sc|o|ars aoou| arc|er| C|r|s||ar exeges|s, ra||er
||ar aoou| arc|er| C|r|s||ar exeges|s lor ||s oWr sa|e. lerce ||s goa| |s ro|
|o add aro||er s|udy |o ||e rary puo||ca||ors a|ready reg|s|ered W||||r ||s
pages, ou| ||roug| ara|yz|rg re|evar| sc|o|ar|y cor|r|ou||ors, |o a||erp| a
co|erer| urders|ard|rg ol sc|o|ar|y ac||everer|s W||||r ||e W|o|e l|e|d ol
pa|r|s||c exeges|s lor a|ros| a cer|ury. T| us ar |rpor|ar| goa| |s |o prov|de
a oroader readers||p W||| ar easy access |o W|a| |as oecore ||g||y spec|a||zed
researc| ard, or occas|or, ever |o |rlorr ||e spec|a||s|s ||erse|ves ol
W|a| |s go|rg or W||||r ||e d|sc|p||re.
T| ere |as oeer ro ear||er a||erp| |o produce suc| a lardooo| |r ||e
l|e|d ol pa|r|s||c exeges|s. A survey ol pa|r|s||c |||era|ure cer|ered or
|errereu||ca| |ssues, va|uao|e ard reeded as || ray oe, suc| as ||e recer|
lr|roduc||or |'||s|o|re de |'exegseoy 8. de |arger|e, or ||e succ|rc| lrol||ooy
|. 3|rore|||, or aga|r, ||e a||rac||ve Fpoc|er der 8|oe|aus|egurgoy l. 0ral
bever||oW, does ro| adequa|e|y corp|y W||| ||e requ|rerer|s ol a lardooo|.
TWo ra|r reasors ray exp|a|r ||e |ac| ol suc| ar |rpor|ar| |oo|.
(1) T| e s|udy ol pa|r|s||c exeges|s as ||e sc|er||l|c re|r|eva| ol ear|y C|r|s||ar
|rad|||ors |r a d|s||rc||ve l|e|d ol ||s|or|ca| researc| lourd ||s proper
|lr|roduc||or
sc|o|ar|y recogr|||or or|y al|er wor|d war ll. lerce a s|or| survey ol ||e
deve|oprer| ol re|evar| s|ud|es dur|rg ||e l|ve decades 1|-1reeds
|o lo||oW ||e preser| |r|roduc|ory rerar|s.
(z) T| e recogr|||or ol pa|r|s||c exeges|s as a d|s||rc||ve l|e|d s|rce ||e
ear|y 1os resu||ed |r suc| a pro||l|c ou|pour|rg ol s|ud|es ||a| a| l|rs| ||
seered |rposs|o|e |o a||erp| a co|erer| ard oa|arced assessrer| ol a|| ||e
sc|o|ars||p |rvo|ved. T| a| very recogr|||or |as ||se|l roW reac|ed ||e s|a|us
ol a cr|||ca| exper||se, |r add|||or |o reW |errereu||ca| ques||ors a|so |o oe
d|scussed |r ||e preser| |r|roduc||or.
As |org as ||e oas|c ro||ors aoou| ||e arc|er| |r|erpre|a||ors ol ||e 8|o|e
rera|red o|urred, a |ardooo| ol pa|r|s||c exeges|s Was |ard|y corce|vao|e.
T| e proo|er ol ||e aoserce ol a cr|||ca| corsersus aoou| pa|r|s||c |errereu||cs
arorg ||e exper|s ||erse|ves Was corpourded oy ||e rega||ve a||||ude
|oWards |||s exeges|s er|er|a|red |r ros| c|rc|es ol o|o||ca| sc|o|ars||p. As a
16
resu||, ||e |r|erpre|a||or ol 3cr|p|ure |r ||e ear||es| C|r|s||ar cer|ur|es, pr|or
|o wes|err ard 8yzar||re ||dd|e Ages, Was re|ega|ed |o ||e rea|r ol erud||e
cur|os|||es, |rre|evar| lor ary lorr ol crea||v||y |r cor|erporary ||oug||,
ard d|spersao|e lor ser|ous ||eo|ogy. l| rus| a|so oe adr|||ed ||a| over ||e
l|ve decades, 1|-1, || Was ro| or|y |grorarce or |rd|llererce ||a| cors|ar||y
s|oWed ||e reeded ||eore||ca| c|ar|l|ca||or ol pa|r|s||c |errereu||cs.
l| Was a|so sec|ar|ar prejud|ce ard corless|ora| apo|oge||cs |r ||e l|e|d ||se|l.
0r|y ar ex|erded o|o||ograp||c |rqu|ry car adequa|e|y |||us|ra|e ||e s|oW
process s|rce ||e erd ol wor|d war ll oy W||c| pa|r|s||c sc|o|ars l|ra||y
succeeded |r secur|rg lreedor ol judgrer| ard re||odo|og|ca| cr||er|a |r
regard |o ||e |errereu||ca| aspec|s ol C|r|s||ar lourda||ors, lor qu||e |oo
|org ooscured oy corsc|ous or urcorsc|ous par||sars||p.
ll a |ardooo| ol pa|r|s||c exeges|s |||e |||s |s roW a v|ao|e ard oppor|ure
projec|, |Wo cors|dera||ors, apparer||y cor|rad|c|ory, rus| oe |a|er |r|o
accour|. 0r ore s|de, ||e c|os|rg years ol ||e |Wer||e|| cer|ury rar|ed ||e
erd ol ar |r|erse per|od ol pa|r|s||c sc|o|ars||p W||c| |ad oeer grourded
|r ecc|es|as||c ard acader|c |rs|||u||ors a|| over Furope. l| Was a per|od
W||c| s|ar|ed W||| ||e s|rorg cu||ura| rev|va|s al|er wor|d war ll, W||c|
|ad oerel||ed lror ||e |rs|||u||ora| |rarslorra||or ol ||e 1oos ard ||e
l|rarc|a| lac|||||es ol ||e 1;os, oelore ra|ur|rg |r ||e ac||everer|s ol ||e
18os ard 1os. T| e co||apse ol rary c|er|ca| |rs|||u||ors, ||e recess|or ol
||eo|og|ca| ard c|ass|ca| s|ud|es, |oge||er W||| ||e |ac| ol pr|va|e ard puo||c
lurd|rg, ray We|| er|a|| a severe ||r||a||or ol suos|ar||a| cor|r|ou||ors |r
||e l|e|d lor ||e lu|ure.
0r ||e o||er s|de, rore |rrova||ve |||r||rg, reac||rg oeyord ||e
corver||ora| oourdar|es ol c|er|ca| ard sc|o|as||c d|sc|p||res |rposed or
T| e lrojec| ol ||e lardooo|
lorrer gerera||ors ol s|uder|s, |as opered a reW |or|zor lor ||e s|udy ol
wes|err |rad|||ors cors|dered |r ||e|r re||g|ous ard cu||ura| lourda||ors.
3|rce wor|d war ll, ||e per|od ol ||re co|rc|d|rg W||| ||e l|rs| cer|ur|es ol
||e C|r|s||ar roverer| |as oecore |der||l|ed as ||e ||g||y corp|ex era
ol la|e Ar||qu||y, ro |orger couc|ed |r |errs ||a| 0|ooor |ad so drara||ca||y
s|y|ed `||e dec||re' ard `||e la||' ol ||e borar Frp|re, ou| ra||er as
||e era ol ||e `C|r|s||ar|za||or' ol 0reco-borar c|ass|ca| cu||ure W||c| |ed
|o red|eva| ard roderr lorrs ol soc|e|y |r Fas| ard wes|. T| e rereWa| ol
||e ||s|or|ca| del|r|||or ol ||e per|od as la|e Ar||qu||y, a| orce prov|des
a proper crad|e lor rascer| C|r|s||ar |rad|||or as We|| as a rore adequa|e
perspec||ve lor ||e |r|erpre|a||or ol ||e or|g|ra| s|ruc|ur|rg ol wes|err
|der|||y.
lrs|ead ol oe|rg |so|a|ed lror ||e|r secu|ar cor|ex| lor rore rarroW|y
||eo|og|ca| purposes|oo lrequer||y ||e prac||ce |r pa|r|s||c s|ud|es ol ||e
pas|||e lourd|rg ac||everer|s ol rer ard Worer |r ||e ear|y c|urc|
oecare rore ard rore perce|ved as exerp||ly|rg ||e soc|a|, po||||ca|, ard
sp|r||ua| oe|av|or proper |o ||e|r oWr ||re. T| |s c|arged perspec||ve ol
C|r|s||ar or|g|rs urder||res ||e s||l|s currer||y a| Wor| |r pa|r|s||c sc|o|ars||p. T|
us, |r oecor|rg oper |o rore secu|ar ques||ors, ||e oas|c s|a|us ol
C|r|s||ar or|g|rs lourd ||se|l prolourd|y c|arged, a| |org |as| re|eased lror
||e corl|res ol corless|ora| apo|oge||cs. T| e correspord|rg rod|l|ca||ors
W||||r ||e d|sc|p||re ol pa|r|s||c exeges|s rel|ec|s ar orgo|rg process ol
a ruc| oroader lourda||ora| re-rode||rg ol C|r|s||ar |rad|||ors arorg
||eo|og|ars ard ||s|or|ars ol C|r|s||ar ||oug||. T| ere |s ro p|ace |ere lor
lur||er specu|a||or or ||ese ||res. 0r|y a leW oas|c cors|dera||ors ray oe
sugges|ed.
C|r|s||ar||y |as p|ayed a rajor ro|e as ore ol ||e rajor lorces |r ||e
ra||rg ol a wes|err cu||ure. w|||e |eep|rg ||s cors|ar| locus or ||e
|r|erpre|a||or ol ||e 8|o|e, ||e C|r|s||ar roverer| s|oW|y s|ruc|ured ||se|l as ||
pervaded ||e W|o|e |ex|ure ol arc|er| soc|e|y ol ||e borar Frp|re. w|er
||e oaroar|ar ||rgdors rep|aced ||e |rper|a| adr|r|s|ra||or |r W|a| Was
|o oecore Furope, ||e cu||ure ol la|e Ar||qu||y rerged |r|o ||e wes|err
||dd|e Ages, carry|rg W||| || a parop|y ol re||ods ard rode|s per||rer|
|o o|o||ca| exeges|s s|ardard lor |org cer|ur|es. Fver oelore |ry|rg |o exp|ore
||e r|c|es ol pa|r|s||c exeges|s || |s |rpor|ar| |o ro|e ||a| red|eva| au||ors
rever a||erp|ed |o rev|se, or ever |o ques||or, ||ese arc|er| re||ods ard
rode|s. le|er loroard |r ||s l|oer 3er|er||arur(s|or||y al|er 11|o), or ever
||e ques||rg r|rd ol Aoe|ard (1o;-11|z) |r ||s oWr scr|p|ura| relererces,
d|d ro| s|l|||roug| ||e op|r|ors ol ear||er ||eo|og|ars W||| ||e |r|er||or ol
rep|ac|rg or ever rod|ly|rg ||e ear||er |errereu||ca| sys|er. T| ey d|scussed
olr|roduc||or
||eo|og|ca| s|a|erer|s oased or ||e quo|ed o|o||ca| relererces ra||er ||ar
||e Ways |r W||c| ||e 8|o|e Was urders|ood oy ||e la||ers.
ll ||e au||or||y ol ||e la||ers Was ||e locus lor ||e ear|y 3c|o|as||cs, ||
Was ||e d|v|re au||or||y ol 3cr|p|ure ||se|l ||a| Was a| s|a|e lor ||e belorrers.
T| e|r reW s|arce |r ||e ||s|ory ol o|o||ca| |r|erpre|a||or d|d ro| d|rec||y
17
|arge| ||e pr|rc|p|es ol pa|r|s||c |errereu||cs, ra||er || l|rr|y der|ed a sys|er ol
|r|erpre|a||or oased or papa| au||or||y. T| e d|v|re |rsp|ra||or ol
3cr|p|ure Was |o oe cors|dered as gu|d|rg |r|erpre|ers oy ||s oWr |r|r|rs|c
au||or||y. 8y |rves||rg eac| reader W||| ||e capac||y lor a correc| |r|erpre|a||or ol
3cr|p|ure de|ega|ed |o ||r or |er oy 3cr|p|ure ||se|l, lu||er d|d ro|
ergage |r a cr|||ca| re|r|ev|rg ol pa|r|s||c exeges|s. |ore rad|ca||y, |e dec|ared
|| ooso|e|e. Corless|ora| apo|oge||cs superseded ||e s|ereo|yped correr|ar|es
ol ||e la||ers, s|rp|y parap|rased ur||| ||er. l| Was s|||| ||e case |r
||e l|rs| |a|l ol ||e |Wer||e|| cer|ury. w|||e ||e o|o||ca| sources served as a
prool-|ex| lor ||eo|og|ars |r ||e lrare ol ||e|r sc|o|ar|y (ard |ess sc|o|ar|y)
d|spu|es, |r |arge reasure ||e |errereu||ca| sys|er ol ||e ear|y c|urc| Was
|os| lor ||e corror oe||ever.
lr ||e lo||oW|rg cer|ur|es, ||e ||s|ory ol |r|erpre|a||or d|d ro| lo||oW
||e sare pa||s or ||e sare pace |r lro|es|ar| ard |r borar Ca||o||c
|rs|||u||ors. As ear|y as ||e e|g||eer|| cer|ury, due |o a grea|er ava||ao||||y lor
assur|rg ||e c|a||erges ol |oderr||y, ||e belorra||or c|urc|es, oo|| or
||e Cor||rer| ard or ||e 8r|||s| ls|es, ergaged |r|o ||e l|erce corl||c| ol
|r|erpre|a||ors |r oppos|rg ||e ra||ora||s||c |rerds lue|ed |r Furopear r|rds
oy ||e Fr||g||errer|. T| e borar C|urc|, c|oos|rg |o |eep |rue |o |er oWr
|rs|||u||ora| pas|, o|ur||y rejec|ed |oderr||y. NoW|ere Was ||a| rega||ve a||||ude
ol ||e por||l|ca| adr|r|s|ra||or |o produce rore devas|a||rg ellec|s
||ar |r |er |ard||rg ol sacred 3cr|p|ure. A delers|ve re|rlorcerer| ol a||
doc|r|ra| pos|||ors |r|er||ed lror ||e C|r|s||ar||y ol ||e l|rs| r|||err|ur
ard lror red|eva| sc|o|as||cs ro| or|y corso||da|ed ||e ooso|e|e read|rg
ol 3cr|p|ure or W||c| ||ose pos|||ors Were oased, ou|, oy ar |rev||ao|e
c|rcu|ar ellec|, ||e loss|||zed o|o||ca| |errereu||cs ||r|ed W||| ||e delerse
ol ||a| doc|r|re a|so |ed |o a corp|e|e c|osure ol ary borar doc|r|re |o
Fr||g||errer| cr|||c|sr.
lror ||e sever|eer|| ard e|g||eer|| cer|ury, ||e |rpac| ol ||e Furopear
Fr||g||errer| or ||e C|r|s||ar c|urc|es Was |o resu|| |r a reW ||rd ol
acader|c exeges|s, l|rs| |r lro|es|ar| c|rc|es, ||er ruc| |a|er, |r lac| or|y |r
r|d-|Wer||e|| cer|ury, |r ||e cer|ra| oll|ces ol ||e borar c|urc|. T| oug|
ra|r|a|r|rg ||s lor|ress-|||e |so|a||or, ||e borar C|urc| rera|red perreao|e |o
ror-borar |errereu||cs. lr lac|, |r predor|rar||y borar Ca||o||c
cour|r|es eroug| sc|o|ars||p |ad prospered ||roug|ou| ||e r|re|eer|| cer-
T| e lrojec| ol ||e lardooo| ;
|ury |o a||oW sore |rd|v|dua| |r|||a||ves W||c| arrourced ||e lu|ure, desp||e
||e cor|ro| ol a very corserva||ve lor||l|ca| 8|o||ca| Corr|ss|or. lr lac|, ||e
sare ques||ors aoou| |rerrarcy, d|v|re |rsp|ra||or, caror|c||y, or ||s|or|c||y
ol 3cr|p|ure Were deoa|ed |r ||e separa|e c|urc|es. T| e |rred|a|e pas|ora|
|rpac| ol ||ese deoa|es Was |o oper a gap oe|Weer ord|rary c|urc|goers
ard |earred s|uder|s ol 3cr|p|ure. 0r ||e ore |ard, ||e acader|c lourda||ors ol
exeges|s lavored a rea| co||aoora||or oe|Weer exper|s ol d|llerer|
C|r|s||ar deror|ra||ors, ou|, or ||e o||er |ard, |r a|| c|urc|es a lurdarer|a||s|
reac||or greW ou| ol ||e lrus|ra||or ard ||e reser|rer| ol C|r|s||ar
corrur|||es |o W|or ro access |o ||e acader|c deoa|e Was g|ver. lr lac|,
||e reW perspec||ves ol o|o||ca| acader|a Were oas|ca||y d|s|or|ed oy ||ese
cr|||ca| c|a||erges |o W||c| C|r|s||ar exeges|s c|a|red |o respord.
T| e cr|||ca| ro||ors ol |ru|| ard ver|l|ca||or, ever ||e cr|||ca| es|ao||s|rer| ol ||e
|||era| cor|er| ol 3cr|p|ure, Were ||e very prerequ|s||es ol
||e Fr||g||errer| ||se|l. T| ey d|s|rac|ed C|r|s||ar exege|es lror ||e |ess
sop||s||ca|ed corcerrs ol pas|ors, pr|es|s, ard o||er corrur||y |eaders |r
c|arge ol ||e|r l|oc|s. T| e pas|ors cor||rued |o use 3cr|p|ure as d|v|re|y
|rsp|red prool-|ex|s W|ose rarra||ve ard d|dac||c s|a|erer|s cou|d s|||| oe
parap|rased |r order |o perpe|ua|e a |rad|||ora| se| ol oe||els, a||||udes,
ard prac||ces. A| ||e sare ||re, ||e|r co||eagues |r ||e spec|a||zed rar|s
ol o|o||ca| exege|es sper| a|| ||e|r ||re ard erergy |r |ry|rg |o so|ve ||e
re||odo|og|ca| proo|ers |rposed or ||er oy ||e|r exege||ca| presuppos|||ors,
ol|er W|||ou| |a||rg |r|o accour| ||e ac|ua| reeds ol ||e c|urc|
corrur|||es. T| e recer| s||ua||or, seer ||roug| ||e eyes ol ||e corror
oe||ever, |s ||a| ol a sop||s||ca|ed l|e|d ol sc|er||l|c researc| ca||ed o|o||ca|
exeges|s, W||c| |as very |||||e correc||or W||| ac|ua| c|urc| corrur|||es.
T| e exeges|s ol ||e o|o||ca| |ex| Was de|ac|ed lror ||s lourd|rg re||g|ous
cu||ure oy ||e very lac| ol ||s secu|ar s|udy |r corlorr||y W||| ||e reques|s
ol ||e Fr||g||errer| ard ||erelore Was ol|er deep|y a||era|ed lror ||e
oe||ev|rg c|urc| assero||es.
lr a Word, ||e reed lor ||e acader|c s|udy ol 3cr|p|ure |r ||s |rad|||ora|
s|a|us (as exerp||l|ed |r arc|er| C|r|s||ar||y) carro| oe de|ac|ed lror ||e
reed |o g|ve ||e 8|o|e oac| |o ||e c|urc|es. T| e lurdarer|a| |ssue |s |o
corce|ve ||e |as| ol exeges|s as a sp|r||ua| exerc|se W||||r a recessary
suor|ss|or
|o acader|c cors|ra|r| ard sop||s||ca||or. T| |s does ro| rear |rdu|g|rg
|r ||e rorar||c ros|a|g|a ol ||ose W|o Wou|d sugges| go|rg oac| |o ||e
arc|er| read|rg ol 3cr|p|ure W||| ||s par||cu|ar syroo||c |rag|ra||or ard
18
||s spec|l| c |||erary orrarer|s. 0re ra||er rus| dare |o |r|erpre| 3cr|p|ure
W||| a pos|roderr r|rd-se|, W|||ou| lear|rg ||e |rev||ao|e co|||s|or oe|Weer
caror|zed oe||els, apparer||y |aooo |r ||e corror urders|ard|rg, ard or
8lr|roduc||or
||e o||er |ard |o s|arper a cr|||ca| aWareress |r ||eo|og|ca| ra||ers, ar
aWareress ard crea||v||y ||a| car or|y oe |r|ers|l|ed oy a cors|s|er| s|udy
ol 3cr|p|ure |r ||re W||| preser|-day exeges|s.
ll |||s proo|era||c s||ua||or |s correc||y eva|ua|ed, || seers recessary |o
del|re rore prec|se|y (1) ||e very purpose ol ||e preser| lardooo| ard ||s
re||od, (z) ||s sc|o|ar|y oac|grourd, ard l| ra||y () ||s |oo|s ard requ|rerer|s.
A g|ooa| survey ol ||e pas| l|l|y years |s lac||||a|ed oy syrc|ror|c s|ud|es ol
g|ver ||eres ard ol ||r||ed per|ods ol ||re. l| oerel||s lror gerera| eva|ua||ors
rade oy ||e exper|s lror d|llerer| v|eWpo|r|s.
w|||e ||e l|rs| c|ap|er ol |||s lardooo| |s devo|ed |o ar ara|ys|s ol
||e sc|o|ars||p ol ||e secord |a|l ol ||e |Wer||e|| cer|ury, a very accura|e
ard ||oug||lu| survey Was secured |r lrarce oy exper|s lror d|llerer|
cour|r|es or ||e occas|or ol ||e l|l||e|| arr|versary ol 3ources C|re||erres
( - ). les lres d 1|1 e |'Fg||se au XX
es|c|e. l|s|o|re-l|||era|ure-T| eo|og|e.
`l'aver|ure des 3ources C|re||erre'(lar|s, 1;). l| |rc|udes ||e lo||oW|rg
essays re|evar| lor pa|r|s||c exeges|s, ||s|ed |r ||e vo|ure order.
A. 0u|||auror|, `la d|llus|or de |a cu||ure grecque dars |'0r|er| c|re||er' ( - 11
). 8
J. lor|a|re, `Fs||e||que e| lo| d'aprs |a poes|e |a||re c|re||erre des prer|ers
s|c|es'
( - ). 1|;
|. A|exardre, `les ecr||s pa|r|s||ques grecs corre corpus ||||era|re' ( - ). 1o8;
J.-C. lredou|||e, `les ecr||s pa|r|s||ques |a||rs corre corpus ||||era|re' ( - ). 18zo1
A. le 8ou||uec, `l'appor| des c|re||ers au |argage syroo||que de |'Ar||qu||e. les
lres grecs' ( - ). zzo
J.-0. 0uoo|s, `l'appor| des c|re||ers au |argage syroo||que de |'Ar||qu||e.
l'exerp|e
de |a ||||era|ure apocryp|e c|re||erre' ( - ). z;|
3. 0e|ear|, `le |a||r des pres. ur dora|re ercore ra| exp|ore' ( - ). z1o|
b. 8raur, `Ter|u|||er e| |e rerouve||erer| du |a||r' (zo-;|).
0. 0or|va|, `la ru|a||or c|re||erre des |dees e| des va|eurs paierres' ( - ). z;|
C. 0agers, `ure cer|a|re rar|re de la|re de |a ||eo|og|e. 0e |'ac|ua|||e des
lres de
|'Fg||se |'auoe du llle r|||era|re' ( - ). 11o
|.-J. bordeau, `Jear 0ar|e|ou, lerr|-lreree |arrou e| |e rerouveau des e|udes
pa|r|s||ques' ( - ). 1;8
A. 0| 8erard|ro, `0r|er|a||ors ac|ue||es des rec|erc|es pa|r|s||ques' ( - ). ;|oz
J. |ar||rez, `la pa|ro|og|e er Fspagre. les del|s e| |es |c|es' ( - ). |o1o
l. J. vog|, `Ce qu| se la|| er A||eragre dars |e dora|re de |a pa|ro|og|e' ( - |z;
).
8. 8oor|rs|oy, `le rerouveau ac|ue| de |a pa|r|s||que dars |'0r||odox|e' ( - |;
). ||
l. |arava|, `la 8|o|e e| |es lres. 8||ar de c|rquar|e ars de rec|erc|es' ( - ||
). oo
A. 0e la||eux, `lourquo| |es Fg||ses or|-e||es oeso|r aujourd'|u| d'ure ||eo|og|e
pa|r|s||que' ( - ) 11z.
T| e lrojec| ol ||e lardooo|
0||er ||||es uselu| lor ar overv|eW ol ||e sc|o|ars||p ol ||e sare per|od are.
1. 0verv|eWs ol la|r|s||c 3|ud|es 1|-1.
Cava|car||, F., `u|rd|c| arr| d| s|ud| pa|r|s||c| |r l|a||a (0r|er|arer||
re|odo|og|c|),' |r |e|odo|og|a de||a r|cerca su||a |arda ar||c|||(ed. A. 0arzya,
Nap|es,
18), 18-zzz.
Karrerg|esser, C., `l|l|y ears ol la|r|s||cs,' T3 o(18). o-o.
|arger|e, 8. de, lr|roduc||or |'||s|o|re de |'exegse(vo|s., lar|s, 18o-18).
|u||eroerg, F., `la|r|s|||,' TbF zo.;-1oo(o|o||ograp|y).
bever||oW, l. 0ral, Fpoc|er der 8|oe|aus|egurg l. vor A||er Tes|arer| o|s
0r|geres
(|ur|c|, ). 1o
3|rore|||, |., lrol||o s|or|co de||' eseges| pa|r|s||ca(bore, ). 181
z. T| e la||ers as lr|erpre|ers ol 3cr|p|ure.
Agour|d|s, 3., `T| e la||ers ol ||e C|urc| as lr|erpre|ers ol ||e lo|y 3cr|p|ures,'
|r
F|segese|s lro|ou 0r||odoxou lerrereu|||ou 3yredrou(A||ers, 1;), 81-1oz.
8ardy, 0., `la d|llus|or de |a 8|o|e aux prer|ers s|c|es,' 8vC ( ). - . o1||oz
. `lr|erpre|a||or. Fxegse pa|r|s||que,' 083 ( ). - . |1|o1
. `la |ec|ure de |a 8|o|e aux prer|ers s|c|es,' 8vC ( ). - . o1||oz
19
8asev|, C., `lac|a |a es|ruc|urac|or de ura 'l|s|or|a de |a exeges| o|o||ca'.
Frsayos y
lerspec||vas,' 3crT| ( ). - . zz1ozz1|1
8erede|||, 0., `la 8|oo|a re||a |eo|og|a pa|r|s||ca e red|eva|e,' |r l ||or| d| 0|o(ed.
C. |. |ar||r, Tur|r, 1;), -118.
8ror||ey, 0. w., `T| e C|urc| la||ers ard lo|y 3cr|p|ure,' |r 0. A. Carsor ard J.
0.
woodr|dge, 3cr|p|ure ard Tru||(le|ces|er, 18), 1-zzo.
C|gre|||, l., `lr|z|az|ore a||a 8|oo|a re||a c||esa pa|r|s||ca,' lav| ( ). - z8181;
, ||
- zz, - , - . ;|o1o
Cur||, C., `Trad|z|ore esege||ca e |eo|og|ca re| 8asso lrpero,' la cu||ura |r
l|a||az,
;oz-1z.
0ar|e|ou, J., `T| e la||ers ard ||e 3cr|p|ures,' Tlord ;(1|). 8-8.
l|esserar var leer, F., Trad|||or ard 3cr|p|ure |r ||e Far|y C|urc|(Asser,
1|).
lor|a|re, J., `les |aics e| |es e|udes pa|r|s||ques |a||res dars |'ur|vers||e
lrara|se
aux XX
e
s|c|e,' b8er ( ). - . |18||||o1
0ardo|lo, F., la |e||era d| 0|o ag|| uor|r|. la 8|oo|a secordo |o sp|r||o de| ladr|
(3arorro, ) (|ex|s). 1;8
0argaro, 0., `la |e||ura o|o||ca de| ladr|,' 3|Fcur ( ). - , Frg||s| z18|1zo
. zo
0rar|, b. |., A 3|or| l|s|ory ol ||e lr|erpre|a||or ol ||e 8|o|e(1o), b. 0rar| ard
0. Tracy, 18|.
1olr|roduc||or
. `T| e 8|o|e |r ||e Arc|er| C|urc|,' Jb zo(1|o). 1o-zoz.
0reer, w. |., `la|r|s||c lr|erpre|a||or ol ||e 8|o|e,' bes| (1o1). zo-.
lerzog, b., ed., bes|aura||or urd Frreuerurg. 0|e |a|e|r|sc|e l||era|ur vor z8|
o|s
;|r. C|r.(lardouc| der |a|e|r|sc|er l||era|ur der Ar|||e , |ur|c|, 18).
Karrerg|esser, C., `la|ro|og|e,' 0rarde Frcyc|oped|e larousse1. 1;|-;o.
. `T| e 3p|r||ua| |essage ol ||e 0rea| la||ers,' |r 8. |c0|rr, ed., wor|d
3p|r||ua|||y. Ar Frcyc|oped|c l|s|ory ol ||e be||g|ous ues|(NeW or|, 18), 1o.
o1-88.
. `la 8|o|e dars |'Fg||se arc|erre. Na|ure e| presupposes de |'exegse
pa|r|s||que,'
Corcz(11). |-|, 0errar. `0|e 8|oe| W|e s|e |r der lru|er K|rc|e ge|eser
Wurde. 0|e pa|r|s||sc|e Fxegese urd ||re voraussse|zurger,' Corc(0) z;
(11). z-o.
l|orovs|y, 0. v., T| e ler||age ol ||e Far|y C|urc|. Fssays |r loror ol 0. v. l.
(ed.
0. Ne|rar ard |. 3c|a|||r, 0rC|rAr 1, bore, 1;).
le|o|r, l., `la |ec|ure de |'Fcr||ure se|or |es arc|ers lres,' bA| ( ). - |;1;118
. zoo
|arger|e, 8. de, `bel|ex|ors sur |'exegse pa|r|s||que,' Fev( ). - . 181z8o8;
. `T| ree 3ugges||ors aoou| ||e 3|udy ard 0|llus|or ol ||e 8|o||ca|
Correr|ar|es
ol ||e la||ers,' 0oC|z(18). 18-88.
|ar|r, |., `0r|er|arer|| d| eseges| o|o||ca de| ladres,' ve|C|r zo(18). z|;-
;|.
Naduv||ez|ar, J., `T| e 8|o||ca| lr|erpre|a||or ol ||e la||ers,' 8|o|e 8|as|yar1o
(18|). -11.
0rre, A. 0., T| e 0oc|r|re ol 3cr|p|ure |r ||e 0oc|ors ol ||e wes|err
C|urc|(d|ss.,
ur|vers||y ol 0eorg|a, 1;|).
laragopou|os, l., l |errere|a. la|r|s||c lr|erpre|a||or ol lo|y 3cr|p|ure. T|e
l|rs|
T| ree Cer|ur|es ard ||e A|exardr|ar Fxege||ca| Trad|||or |o ||e l|l| |(0r||odox
|ar|yr|a 8, A||ers, 11).
le||egr|ro, |., `l'eseges| o|o||ca re| ladr| de||a C||esa,' Aspreras 8(1o1). z1-
|.
lerrore, l., `l'|r|z|az|ore a||a 8|oo|a re||a |e||era|ura pa|r|s||ca,' Cr3| ( ). 1z11
1-zo.
3adoWs||, l., T| e C|urc| la||ers ard ||e 8|o|e. 3e|ec|ed bead|rgs(NeW or|,
18;).
3c|aler, b., 0|e 8|oe|aus|egurg |r der 0esc||c||e der K|rc|e(0u|ers|o|, 18o).
ver re| , A., la 8|o|e au |oyer-Age. 8|o||ograp||e (lar|s, 18).
w|||er, b. l., `3cr|p|ure ard 0ogra |r ||e Arc|er| C|urc|,' lw 1|(1o;). 1o-
;.
20
wood, J. 0., T| e lr|erpre|a||or ol ||e 8|o|e. l|s|or|ca| lr|roduc||or(lordor,
18).
T| e lrojec| ol ||e lardooo| 11
ll
lubl03F AN0 |FTl00
|. T|e lurpose ol ||e lardooo|
ll ||e purpose ol ary |ardooo| |s |o oller ar easy access |o spec|a||zed
researc| lor ||e ord|rary reader, |oW s|ou|d ore spec|ly `||e ord|rary
reader' |r ||e preser| case? A o|urred del|r|||or, resu|||rg lror vague d|s||rc||ors
oe|Weer sc|o|ar|y ard ror-sc|o|ar|y aud|erces, Wou|d ro| |e|p
|o p|rpo|r| ||e |r|erded purpose. 3uc| d|s||rc||ors |rpose superl|c|a|
ca|egor|es, W|ereas ||e currer| |rarslorra||or ol soc|e|y p|aces `|earred'
ard `ur|earred' a|||e |r lror| ol ar urpreceder|ed reWress ol ||le. 0r ||e
||res|o|d ol a c|v|||za||or c|arac|er|zed oy e|ec|ror|c corrur|ca||or,
ur|versa||zed |o ||e po|r| ol oe|rg a `g|ooa| v|||age,' ||e spor|areous oe|av|or
ol peop|e |r lar-l|urg par|s ol ||e Wor|d arrources ||e erd ol ||e 0u|eroerg
era. |e|ev|s|or, corpu|ers, ard |r|erre| ro| or|y c|a||erge ||e pr|racy ol
||e pr|r|ed |ex| lor |rarsr||||rg |roW|edge, ou| a|so c|a||erge ||e age-o|d
|egerory ol ||e corver||or ol ooo|-read|rg. lror ||e po|r| ol v|eW ol
sc|o|ars||p, ||ese reW sources ol corrur|ca||or appear |o d|sperse W|||
||e ros| |aoor|ous aspec|s ol researc||rg pr|rary sources, W||c| s|rce ||e
||re ol ||e lurar|s|s Was ore ol ||e ra|r du||es ol a |ra|red sc|o|ar. ur|||e
||e reac||or a cer|ury ago, leW Wou|d urcr|||ca||y app|aud ||e |rpac| ol
||e preser| |ec|ro|og|ca| c|arges or soc|a| ard ecoror|c procedures as
ev|derce ol progress. 0re Wou|d ra||er suspec| ||a| ||e erorrous |rproverer|s
|r|roduced everyW|ere oy e|ec|ror|cs, |r par||cu|ar |r produc||or ard
d|s|r|ou||or sys|ers, ray er|a|| cu||ura| rup|ures W||| oo|| ||e recer| ard
d|s|ar| pas|. |os| yourg peop|e |oday |ave oecore accus|ored |o |earr
||s|ory ||roug| |e|ev|s|or progrars. lar|||ar W||| corpu|ers lror pr|rary
sc|oo| or, ||ey ray We|| oecore `readers' ol ||e preser| lardooo| as a
produc| da||rg lror a lorrer s|age ol sc|o|ars||p. e| lar lror e||c|||rg
a|arr, suc| cors|dera||ors, W|||e We|| grourded |r ||e |ard lac|s ol currer|
cu||ura| ru|a||ors, |o|d ou| ||e prospec| ol ar ever W|der corrur|ca||or
lor ||e rary |op|cs |rc|uded |r ||e lardooo|. 3pec|a||s| ard ror-spec|a||s|
a|||e, W|||y-r|||y We s|ard or ||e ||res|o|d ol ||e `pos|-0u|eroerg' era. T|e
preser| lardooo| addresses readers W|o ray a|ready ro |orger oe `readers'
|r ||e corver||ora| serse.
T| e ques||or ol readers||p |eads |o a lur||er cors|dera||or. lace sore
ol ry |earred co||eagues, l carro| see |oW a lardooo| ol la|r|s||c Fxeges|s
corce|ved |r ||e precar|ous s||ua||or ol |oday's pa|r|s||c er|erpr|se car
er||re|y d|sperse lror oe|rg ar `lr|roduc||or' |o ||e l|e|d. lrdeed suc| a
1zlr|roduc||or
lardooo| |rev||ao|y addresses readers a||era|ed (ol|er aga|rs| ary corsc|ous
|r|er||or) lror ||e |rad|||ora|, |urar|s||c, ard C|r|s||ar cu||ure |r|er||ed lror
Furope.T| e recer| rup|ures |r wes|err |rad|||ors |rc|ude ||e |oss ol c|ass|ca|
|arguages, a d|s|arc|a||or lror es|ao||s|ed re||g|ous |rs|||u||ors, ard a
oeW||der|rg |deo|og|ca| vacuur as soor as ||s|or|c lourda||ors are |rvo|ed
lor ary parad|gra||c eva|ua||or. 3uc| readers deserve |o oe |rlorred oojec||ve|y
ard c|ear|y aoou| ||e cu||ura| |egacy ol arc|er| C|r|s||ar||y. T| e
lardooo| does ro| |r|er| |o de||ver a se|l-ce|eora|ory d|scourse ol pa|r|s||c
sc|o|ars||p, ou| |o pu| ||a| sc|o|ars||p |o ||e |es| ol ||s ac|ua| re|evarce |r
||e cross-cu||ura| ard ror|rad|||ora| puo||c arera ol |oday.
As a lardooo| ol la|r|s||c Fxeges|s, ||e a||erp|ed Wor| locuses or or|y
ore aspec| ol ||e cu||ura| C|r|s||ar |egacy lror oelore ||e ||dd|e Ages, ||a|
|s, ||s o|o||ca| core. A rore gerera| survey ol ||e arc|er| C|r|s||ar |egacy
Wou|d |ave |o rev|eW a|| aspec|s ol ||e C|r|s||ar|z|rg ol la|e Ar||qu||y,
d|verse |r ra|ure ard re|a||ve |r |rpor|arce as || Was. T| e g|gar||c s|ze ol
||e ercyc|oped|c les|sc|r|l| lor Josep| vog| (Tuo|rger), ed. oy l. Terpor|r|
ard w. laase, Auls||eg urd N|edergarg der ror|sc|er we||, |r|es |o ca|c|
||e ru|||p|e aspec|s ol ||a| C|r|s||ar|z|rg process dur|rg ||e l|rs| |Wo
cer|ur|es c.e., ou| ol W||c| ererged `C|r|s||ar' ||dd|e Ages |r ||e Fas|
ard ||e wes| ol ||e |ed||errarear Wor|d. As ||e reop|a|or|s| p|||osop|er
laro||c|us ro|ed sore||re |r ||e ear|y lour|| cer|ury, ||e ||re ol lourd|rg a
re||g|ous |rad|||or oy s|r|c||y ora| corrur|ca||or Was loregore al| er
A|exardr|ar cu||ure |ad spread over ||e W|o|e Frp|re |r la|e Ar||qu||y.
lr ||a| pos|c|ass|ca| cor|ex|, re||g|ous rys|er|es rour|s|ed gerera||ors ol
devo|ees ||roug| Wr|||er docurer|s. C|r|s||ar||y Was ro excep||or |r add|rg |o
leoreW 3cr|p|ures ||s oWr reve|a|ory, ||oug| ro| secre|, |||era|ure.
T| e lorra||or ol ||a| co||ec||or ol au||or|zed, or `caror|ca|,' Wr|||rgs Was
cer|ra| as lar as ||e c|urc| Was corcerred, ro| cer|ra| as a s|a||c relererce,
ou| as a dyrar|c source ol |r|e||ec|ua| crea||v||y.
T| e cer|ra|||y ol ||e 8|o|e |o ||e W|o|e pa|r|s||c rea|||y |s sore|||rg ||a|
|s ro| gerera||y recogr|zed. As Wr|||er reve|a||or, ||e 8|o|e qu|c||y oecare
21
||e exc|us|ve prool-|ex| lor es|ao||s||rg ||e ra|r lea|ures ol C|r|s||ar |der|||y.
wr|||er |r verracu|ar 0ree|, ||e r| ||se|l Was ||e Wor| ol ||e c|urc|.
urder ||e aeg|s ol apos|o||c au||or||y, ||e r| |ex|s preser|ed 0od as spea||rg |o
ear|y C|r|s||ar gerera||ors |r ||e|r ra||ve |arguage, Ko|re 0ree|,
||e ||rgua lrarcaol ||a| ||re |r ||e |ed||errarear Wor|d as |oday Frg||s|
|s arourd ||e p|are|. l|rgu|s||c |rred|acy Was ever exper|erced W||| ||e
o|, oecause || Was |r|er||ed |r ||e 0ree| vers|or, ||e 3ep|uag|r| (|xx). 0re
ol ||e ra|r c|a||erges lor ||e ear||es| C|r|s||ar |r|erpre|ers ol 3cr|p|ure
Wou|d cors|s| |r s|ress|rg suc| ar |rred|acy. T| ey Wou|d relorru|a|e |xx
T| e lrojec| ol ||e lardooo| 1
ser|erces, |oo oov|ous|y rar|ed oy ||e leoreW or|g|ra|, |r Ko|re 0ree| ard
|r a s|y||s||c las||or rore pa|a|ao|e |o la|e Ar||que readers. lr ||e r|dd|e
ol ||e lour|| cer|ury, ||e 0ora||s| Tycor|us |r borar Alr|ca, oecare ||e
l|rs| wes|err ||eore||c|ar ol o|o||ca| |errereu||cs. Cap||a||z|rg or cer|ur|es
ol a s|rorg ded|ca||or |o 3cr|p|ure as a sacred ooo|, 0ora||sr c|a|red |o
oe a |eg|||ra|e pro|es| aga|rs| o|s|ops accused ol oe|rg |rad||ores,`g|v|rg
aWay' or `oe|ray|rg' ||e sacred ooo|s. T| e Alr|car d|spu|e urder||res ||e
lac| ||a| ||e W|o|e ||le ol ||e ear|y c|urc| corrur|||es grav||a|ed arourd
||s scr|p|ura| po|e, |r ||e oap||sra| recep||or ol ||s reW reroers ard ||s
euc|ar|s||c |||urgy, |r ||e ou||d|rg up ol a corror urders|ard|rg ol la|||,
ard |r ary ercour|er W||| cu||ura| or re||g|ous opporer|s. T| e 8|o|e as a
pa|r|s||c rea|||y rear| ||le or dea|| lor ||e c|urc| as a W|o|e.
ll pa|r|s||c exeges|s |s a| ||e very core ol ||e cu||ura| |egacy ol ||e ear|y
c|urc|, || |s oecause gerera||ors ol oe||evers ou||| up ||e c|urc| oy |der||ly|rg
W||| ||e d|v|re reve|a||or rece|ved lror ||e 8|o|e. T| ese oe||evers
|r|||a|ed a rare, |l ro| ur|que, process |r ||e ||s|ory ol re||g|ors. ||ey |oo|
over ar |r|r|rs|ca||y exc|us|v|s| oody ol sacred Wr|||rgs, proper |o a par||cu|ar
re||g|ous |rad|||or, ard appropr|a|ed || |o ||e|r oWr |rad|||or, a |rad|||or oorr
ou| ol ||e lorrer ore, ou| oper |o a sp|r||ua| se|l-del|r|||or W||c| rejec|ed
||a| proper ard geru|re exc|us|v|sr. T| e |rrer dyrar|c ol re||g|ous la|||
expressed |r ||e ear|y c|urc| Was a|so s|rorg eroug| |o overcore ||e ar||l|ces ol
syrcre||sr, W|er C|r|s||ar oe||evers spo|e ou| ||e|r corv|c||or |r
||e |errs ol ||e leoreW 3cr|p|ure or |r ||ose ol ||e|r oWr pagar re||g|ous
oac|grourds. T| e |errereu||ca| c|rc|e ol ear|y C|r|s||ar||y Was corp|e|e.
||roug| ||e 8|o|e ||e corver|s |o C|r|s||ar||y dared |o |der||ly ||erse|ves
as C|r|s||ar, ard or|y as C|r|s||ars cou|d ||ey do so, as ||e c|urc| corrur||y
W||c| We|cored ||er c|a|red |o oe ro|||rg e|se ou| a corcre|e ard
co||ec||ve erood|rer| ol ||e scr|p|ura| ressage. lor ||a| reasor, 3cr|p|ure
rever la||ed |o sa||sly ||e reeds ard |o respord |o ||e expec|a||ors ol ear|y
C|r|s||ars.
8elore ergag|rg |r ||e re||odo|og|ca| cors|dera||ors |rposed oy ||e
corp|ex|||es ol ||e pa|r|s||c rea|||y, a l|ra| prec|s|or |s requ|red corcerr|rg
||e purpose ol ||e lardooo|. Fver ||ose or|y rarg|ra||y |rlorred aoou|
pa|r|s||c exeges|s are aWare ||a| || |s very d|llerer| lror cor|erporary exeges|s. l|
Wou|d oe oeyord ||e proper scope ol ||e lardooo| |o ergage |r
a d|scuss|or aoou| ||e ex|er| ol ||a| d|llererce. loWever, || |as |o g|ve ar
accour| ol pa|r|s||c exeges|s |r ||s oWr r|g||, W|||e a| ||e sare ||re |eep|rg
||e reader aWare ol ||e cu||ura| gap oe|Weer arc|er| ard roderr o|o||ca|
exeges|s. T| us ||e lardooo| addresses readers ol|er prejud|ced aga|rs|, ever
W|er |r|eres|ed oy, ||e exeges|s ol ||e la||ers.l| a|so addresses readers W|o
are
1|lr|roduc||or
ro| C|r|s||ar, or ro| recessar||y C|r|s||ar, ou| W|o see| |o eva|ua|e accord|rg |o
cor|erporary cr||er|a ||e ac||everer|s ol ear|y C|r|s||ar |r|erpre|ers
ol ||e 8|o|e. l| |s ar |rescapao|e lac| ||a| || Was |r ||a| lorr ol ac||v||y ||a|
C|r|s||ars gave ||e ros| co|erer| accour| ol ||e|r se|l-urders|ard|rg ard
||e|r v|eW ol ||e Wor|d.
T| e c|ass|ca| lourda||ors ol wes|err |rad|||ors Were |r|||a||y lorru|a|ed,
or Were re-lorru|a|ed, oy |r|e||ec|ua| |eaders ol arc|er| C|r|s||ar||y, ou|
a|| ||ese `lourders,' urcorsc|ous as ||ey Were |r ros| cases ol ||e ||s|or|c
rorer|ur ol ||e|r oWr ||res, urla|||rg|y soug|| |o e|aoora|e ard ar||cu|a|e
||e|r ||oug|| |r o|o||ca| |errs. w|a||s ca||ed ||e|r `exeges|s' ol ||e 8|o|e
Was |r lac| a cu||ura| |rc|us|or ol ||erse|ves as |rd|v|dua|s or as a group
|r|o ||e syroo||c lrare oll ered |o ||er oy ||e 8|o|e. ler|aps ||e oes| Way
|o perce|ve W|a| 3cr|p|ure rear| lor ear|y C|r|s||ar gerera||ors cou|d oe
||roug| ||e lo||oW|rg corpar|sor. W|a| peop|e adr|| |oday aoou| ||e
orr|preserce ol |e|ev|s|or ard ||e red|a |r ||e|r ||ves l|rds ||s para||e| |r ||e
orr|preserce ol ||e 3cr|p|ures |r arc|er| C|r|s||ar||y. lr la|e Ar||qu||y ||e
8|o|e served as ||e very oes| r|rror lor sou|s |r ques| ol |rarscerdercy ard
lor C|r|s||ar soc|e|y |r ques| ol ||se|l. lr lac|, |r ||s le||er |o |arce|||rus,
|||s |s ||e prec|se argurer| ||a| A||aras|us ol A|exardr|a uses |r ||s essay
or |oW |o pray ||e lsa|rs. l| Was ||roug| see|rg ||erse|ves |r ||a| r|rror
||a| C|r|s||ar oe||evers lourd a co|erer| express|or lor oo|| ||e|r ros|
|r||ra|e corv|c||ors ard ||e|r co||ec||ve oe|av|or.
22
T| e gradua| recogr|||or lor ||e reed lor ar |r-dep|| s|udy ol ||e rear|rg ol
exeges|s lor ||e arc|er| c|urc| oegar |o oe ar||cu|a|ed al| er wor|d
war ll. lr 11||e `F|erc|us 8|o||ograp||cus' ol 8|o||cavo|. z|raugura|ed
a reW sec||or. `1. 0e |psa l|s|or|a 3c|er||ae 8|o||cae,' W||| ||e rerar|. `0r
||e proper ||s|ory ol o|o||ca| sc|erce a cors|s|er| expos|||or seers |o oe
r|ss|rg' (0e |psa ||s|or|a sc|er||ae o|o||cae |rac|a|us sys|era||cus v|de|ur
des|derar|,z r. oz). loWever, or|y lour ||||es served |o erp|as|ze ||e
expressed reed.
Foe||rg, 0., K|rc|ergesc||c||e a|s 0esc||c||e der Aus|egurg der le|||ger 3c|r|l|
(Tuo|rger, 1|;).
l|rsc|oerg, |., `0|e 'F|rla|||ger' urd d|e ver|urd|gurg. Zur lrage e|rer 8re||er-
urd lo|er|erderz |r der 0esc||c||e der lerrereu|||,' FvT| 1o(1o-11).
|z-z.
le|po|d|, J., `Zur 0esc||c||e der Aus|egurg,' TlZ ;(1o). zz-|.
l|r|or, 0., `ls| d|e exege||sc|e lorsc|urg o|oss e|r bel|ex vor a||gere|rer urd
||eo|og|sc|er 0e|s|ess|rorurger?' (3Wed|s|), 3TK18(1|z). 11z-z|.
T| e lrojec| ol ||e lardooo| 1
lr order |o |||us|ra|e ||e s|a|e ol s|ud|es or ||e ||s|ory ol ||eo|ogy dur|rg
||e pa|r|s||c per|od ||e `F|erc|us' (11) added ||e lo||oW|rg ||||es.
A||arer, 8., la|ro|og|e(zrd ed., er|arged, lre|ourg, 1o).
. `0er 3|ard der pa|ro|og|sc|er w|ssersc|al|urd das lroo|er e|rer reuer
a||c|r|s|||c|er l||era|urgesc||c||e,' l3 0. |erca||, vo|. . 8|oo|a, le||era|ura 1
cr|s||ara ar||ca(3|ud| e |es|| CXXl, ), - . 1|o|8zo
0e 0|e|||rc|, J., la|r|s||que e| |oyer-Age. F|udes d'||s|o|re ||||era|re e|
doc|r|ra|e. l.
les rec|erc|es sur |es or|g|res du syroo|e des apo|res, ll. lr|roduc||or e|
corp|erer|s |'e|ude de |a pa|r|s||que, lll. Corp|erer|s |'e|ude de |a
pa|r|s||que
(louva|r, 1|o-1|8).
laor|o||e, l. de, l|s|o|re de |a ||||era|ure |a||re c|re||erre(d ed., oy 0. 8ardy, z
vo|s.,
lar|s, 1|;).
uas|er, J., la|ro|ogy l (wes|r|rs|er, |d., 1o).
3|egrurd, A., 0|e uoer||elerurg der gr|ec||sc|er c|r|s|||c|er l||era|ur |r der
|a|e|r|sc|er K|rc|e o|s zur 1z. Ja|r|urder|(|ur|c|, 1|).
T| ese puo||ca||ors arrource ||e |ay|rg doWr ol a sc|o|ar|y lourda||or ol
||g| qua|||y or W||c| pos|-wor|d war ll gerera||ors ol sc|o|ars Wou|d ou||d
||e|r oWr v|s|or ol pa|r|s||c exeges|s. A||arer's `0er 3|ard' |s ||g||y s|gr|l|car| lor
||e gerera| percep||or |r ||s day aoou| a reW oeg|rr|rg |r pa|r|s||cs.
T| e sare aWareress Was ar||cu|a|ed oy w. J. 8urg|ard|, `0r Far|y C|r|s||ar
Fxeges|s,' T311(1o). ;8-11o, w. 3c|reere|c|er, `weser urd Aulgaoe
der la|r|s||| |rrer|a|o der evarge||sc|er T| eo|og|e,' FvT| 1o(1o-11).
zo;-zz, l. 8ouyer, `le rerouveau des e|udes pa|r|s||ques,' v|e lr|e||ec|ue||e,
leoruary, 1|;, o-z. `lu||ress ard ur||y ol ||e v|s|or ol la||| W||| ||e
re||g|ous ard 'ex|s|er||a|' lea|ures ol ||s requ|red urders|ard|rg, l|ra||y ||e
ador|rg recogr|||or ol ||e rys|ery expressed |r dogra||c |errs, suc| are
||e oerel||s |o oe expec|ed lror ||e pa|r|s||c rev|va|. lrseparao|e lror ||e
re|urr |o ||e 8|o|e ard ||e reW |r|eres| |r ||e |||urgy, || |s supposed |o g|ve
us oac| a C|r|s||ar Way ol ||le lu|| ol v||a|||y' (z), l. l. Cross, `T| e lreser|
be|evarce ol ||e la|r|s||c Age,' Cb1|(1o). 11-zo, J. 0e 0|e|||rc|,
`les rec|erc|es pa|r|s||ques, progrs e| proo|res,' lrs|||u| Ca||o||que de
Tou|ous e, ed., l3 Cava||era(Tou|ouse, 1|8), o-8.
Add|||ora| ||||es |r `F|erc|us' 11rer||ored ||e |aurc||rg ol `3ources
C|re||erres' ard ol |Wo reW Arer|car ser|es ol pa|r|s||c |ex|s, `Arc|er|
C|r|s||ar wr||ers' ard `T| e la||ers ol ||e C|urc|' (see oe|oW, c|. z, lX),
as We|| as aro||er lurdarer|a| |oo| lor researc|, ||e lrdex |ocup|e||ss|rus,
`Fx|aus||ve (!) lrdex,' ol ||gre, rea||zed oy T. loplrer, 8er||r 1z8-1|.
T| e s|ar| Was g|ver |o a o|o||ograp||c survey ol ||e ||s|ory ol pa|r|s||c
1olr|roduc||or
exeges|s W||c| Wou|d ga|r |r s|ze ard suos|arce eac| year lor ||e rex| l|ve
decades.
C|ar||er, C., `Fxegse pa|r|s||que e| exegse sc|er||l|que,' Fspr|| e| v|ez(1|).
z-o.
0rar|, b. |., `l|s|or|ca| Cr|||c|sr |r ||e Arc|er| C|urc|,' Jbz(1|). 18-o.
Jouassard, 0., `les lres devar| |a 8|o|e,' |r F|udes de Cr|||que e| d'l|s|o|re
be||g|euse
(ed. lacu||e Ca||o||que de T| eo|og|e de lyor, l3 l. vagaray, lyor, 1|8), z-
.
wa||ac|, l., `T| e 0r|g|r ol Tes||ror|a 8|o||ca |r Far|y C|r|s||ar l||era|ure,' bb8
(1||). 1o-o.
T| e sare reW sec||or, `l|s|ory ol 8|o||ca| 3c|erce,' ra|es rer||or ol ||e
lo||oW|rg au||ors |r vo|. |(1).
0aroy, J. l., `la|r|s||c Correr|ary or ||e lo|y 3cr|p|ures |r ||e 8rev|ary,' lFb
;
23
(1z). 1-1oo.
0rar|, b. |., `T| e l|ace ol ||e o| |r Far|y C|r|s||ar||y,' lr|erp.(11). 18o-zoz.
bar||r, 0. 3., `o| lr|erpre|a||or, l|s l|s|ory ard 0eve|oprer|,' l|oJ|(11).
1|o-.
vo|. o(1) added.
8ardy, 0., `la d|llus|or de |a 8|o|e aux prer|ers s|c|es,' 8vCo(1|). |o-z.
0ar|e|ou, J., `T| e la||ers ard ||e 3cr|p|ures,' Tlord;(1|). 8-8, T|e
Fas|err
C|urc|es uar|er|y1o(1|). zo-;.
l|esserar-var leer, F., Trad|||or ard 3cr|p|ure |r ||e Far|y C|urc|(Asser,
1|).
vo|. 8(1;). F|r|ard, A. uoer||elerurg urd 8es|ard der |ag|ograp||sc|er
urd |or||e||sc|er l||era|ur der gr|ec||sc|er K|rc|e vor der Arlarger
o|s zur Frde des 1o. Ja|r|urder|s. Frs|er Te||. 0|e uoer||elerurg.
le|pz|g, J.C. l|rr|c|s, 1;-z.
A|exarder, J. N. 3., `T| e lr|erpre|a||or ol 3cr|p|ure |r ||e Ar|e-N|cere ler|od. A
8r|el Corspec|us,' lr|erp. 1z(18). z;z-8o.
v|sc|er, l., ard 0. lerc|, `0|e Aus|egurgsgesc||c||e a|s ro|Werd|ge
||eo|og|sc|e
Aulgaoe,' 3|la|r 1(1;). |1|-1.
wood, J. 0., T| e lr|erpre|a||or ol ||e 8|o|e. l|s|or|ca| lr|roduc||or(lordor,
18).
T| |s Was a rodes| s|ar|, W||c| |r or|y ore decade |ed |o ar ex|raord|rary
|rcrease |r ||e ruroer ol s|ud|es or pa|r|s||c exeges|s, arorg ||er ||e lo||oW|rg
0erera| Cors|dera||ors or 8|o||ca| Fxeges|s |r ||e Far|y C|urc|(||||es
corp||ed |r 8|o||ca, ou| ||s|ed |r a|p|aoe||c order).
T| e lrojec| ol ||e lardooo| 1;
Caror|dge l|s|ory ol ||e 8|o|e (T|e)(Caror|dge, 1o, 1;o).
Agour|d|s, 3., T| e la||ers ol ||e C|urc| as lr|erpre|ers ol ||e lo|y 3cr|p|ures(|r
0ree|) (A||ers, 1;).
8auer, J. 8., `l'exegse pa|r|s||que crea|r|ce de syroo|es,' 3aclag1(1).
18o-8o.
8erede|||, 0., la 8|oo|a re||a |eo|og|a pa|r|s||ca e red|eva|e(Tur|r, ). 1;
8orrarr, C. vor, `lerrereu||| l. l|||os.-||eo|.,' TbF1. 1o8-;.
Co|||rs, T. A., `l|s|ory ol Fxeges|s,' NeW Ca||o||c Frcyc|oped|az. |;-o;.
Crouze|, l., `Correr| corprerdre |'exegse des lres?' As3e|gr1(1o).
;1-8;.
Foe||rg, 0., `lerrereu|||,' b00(d ed., 1) .z|z-oz.
0ardo|lo, F., la |e||era d| 0|o ag|| uor|r|. la 8|oo|a secordo |o sp|r||o de| ladr|
(3arorro, 1;8).
0eroer, w. F., `Fxegese' lll (r| urd A||e K|rc|e), bACo.1z11-z.
0rar|, b. |., A 3|or| l|s|ory ol ||e lr|erpre|a||or ol ||e 8|o|e(lordor, 1o).
. `l|s|or|ca| Cr|||c|sr |r ||e Arc|er| C|urc|,' Jb z(1|). 18-o.
. `T| e l|ace ol ||e o| |r Far|y C|r|s||ar||y,' lr|r(11). 18o-zoz.
. `T| e 3|udy ol ||e Far|y la||ers Today,' AT|b||(1oz). z8-.
0reer, w. |., `la|r|s||c lr|erpre|a||or ol ||e 8|o|e,' bes(1o1). zo-.
Karpp, l., `0|e lur|||or der 8|oe| |r der K|rc|e 1. A||e K|rc|e,' TbF . - . oo
lods, |., `l'au|or||e de |a 8|o|e c|ez |es lres de |'Fg||se,' beel ( ). - 11o8|
.
|arger|e, 8. de, `bel|ex|ors sur |'exegse pa|r|s||que,' Fev ( ). - . 1181z8o8;
0||ororou, l., `lroposa|s lor ||e Fva|ua||rg C|ass|l|ca||or ol la|r|s||c
lr|erpre|a||ors ol ||e o|,' |r F|gegese|s lro|ou 0r||odoxou lerrereu|||ou
3yredr|ou
(A||ers, 1;), 11-z8.
0rre, A. J., T| e 0oc|r|re ol 3cr|p|ure |r ||e 0oc|ors ol ||e wes|err
C|urc|(d|ss.,
ur|vers||y ol ol 0eorg|a [0|ssAo , 1;|-;| 1;|).
lep|r, J., `lerrereu|||,' bAC 1|.;zz-;1.
becc||a, v., `l'|r|z|az|ore o|o||ca reg|| au|or| c|r|s||ar| ar||c||,' ve| C|rz(1o).
o;-.
3a|guero, J., `l|s|or|a de |a |r|erpre|a||or de |a 8|o||a,' lr|roduc|or a |a 8|o||a(8AC
zo8, |adr|d, ). 1o;
3c|aler, b., 0|e 8|oe|aus|egurg |r der 0esc||c||e der K|rc|e(0u|ers|o|, ). 18o
vog|, l. J., `Fxegese urd K|rc|ergesc||c||e. Ar|Wor| aul J. 8|ar|,' TT| 1
(1;). ||-|.
w|||er, b. l., `3cr|p|ure ard 0ogra |r ||e Arc|er| C|urc|,' lw1|(1o;). 1o-
;.
||. lo|r|s ol |e||od
1. Terr||or|a| 0e|err|ra||or
A l|rs| po|r| ol re||od |s |o de|err|re rore prec|se|y ||e oojec| ol |rqu|ry.
l| |s a |err||or|a| de|err|ra||or, ard cors|s|s |r de||r|||rg ||e proper l|e|d
18lr|roduc||or
|o oe covered oy ||e lardooo| as d|s||rc| lror re|g|oor|rg dora|rs ol
researc| W||| W||c| pa|r|s||c exeges|s er|er|a|rs a|| ||rds ol correc||ors.
24
T| us, W||| ||e excep||or ol ||e spec|a| cor|r|ou||or secured oy ||c|ae|
3|grer, ry lorrer co||eague a| ||e ur|vers||y ol No|re 0are, ard jo|r||y
s|gred oy ||rse|l ard 3usar l. 0ra|ar, ore W||| ro| l|rd |r |||s lardooo|
ary cors|s|er| s|udy aoou| ear|y JeW|s| or raoo|r|c exeges|s, l|||o ol
A|exardr|a, or ||e 0ead 3ea 3cro||s, or aga|r, JeW|s| Apocryp|a|s ard
JeW|s| apoca|yp||c |||era|ure. Fver JeW|s|-C|r|s||ar Apocryp|a|s |r ||re
W||| o| or r|, ||oug| rer||ored, |ave oeer exc|uded lror ||e l|e|d |o oe
covered, ro| |o spea| aoou| ||e |rrerse cor|erporary |||era|ure or ||e
o|o||ca| Wr|||rgs ||erse|ves. 3uc| exege||ca| s|ud|es car or|y oe rer||ored
W|er exp||c|||y dea||rg W||| pa|r|s||c da|a, |r o||er Words, W||| ||e ||s|ory
ol pa|r|s||c exeges|s.
Aro||er recessary de||r||a||or separa|es ||e |err||ory proper |o |||s
lardooo| lror ||e ever-groW|rg dora|r ol s|ud|es or arc|er| 0ros||c|sr.
lr |||s case, ||e spec|l|c corl|res rera|r ol|er o|urred, as C|r|s||ar 0ros||cs
|ep| a||ve ||e|r a||eg|arce |o c|urc| corrur|||es. l| Wou|d oe Wrorg |o
exc|ude ||e|r exege||ca| ac||everer|s lror a survey ol arc|er| C|r|s||ar
exeges|s, ever |l ||e|r |errereu||ca| ard doc|r|ra| pr|rc|p|es d|verged lror
ra|rs|rear |eac||rgs |r ||e c|urc|. Arre lasqu|er's spec|a| cor|r|ou||or or
`va|er||r|ar exeges|s' derors|ra|es ||e v||a| |rpor|arce ol |eep|rg gros||c
||oug|| |r locus W|er d|scuss|rg C|r|s||ar exeges|s ol ||e secord cer|ury.
8u| || |as oeer ore ol ||e rajor |rproverer|s ol pa|r|s||c s|ud|es |r ||e
secord |a|l ol ||e |Wer||e|| cer|ury, ||ar|s |o a oe||er |rlorred |roW|edge
ol 0ros||c|sr ||se|l, |o |a|e ||s s|udy ou| ol ||e pa|r|s||c v|eWpo|r| ard |o
es|ao||s| ||e ||s|ory ol arc|er| 0ros||c|sr as a separa|e dora|r W||| ||s oWr
re||odo|ogy ard ||s oWr |oo|s lor researc|. T| erelore, |||e ||e d|sc|p||res
ol o|o||ca| exeges|s, ||e pro||lera||rg rorograp|s ard ar||c|es or arc|er|
0ros||c|sr |ad |o oe exc|uded lror ||e preser| survey.
lr ||e proper rarge ol puo||ca||ors corcerr|rg pa|r|s||c exeges|s surpr|s|rg
||r||a||ors Were a|so |rposed.
(a) T| e lardooo| |s corcerred or|y W||| ed||edsources. 3|ud|es or
ye|-ured||ed docurer|s, |r|eres||rg lor ||e ||s|ory ol ear|y C|r|s||ar exeges|s,
ray oe rer||ored, ou| ||e docurer|s |r ques||or Wou|d ro| oe
lur||er exp|ored. 3uc| lasc|ra||rg researc| Wou|d oe oeyord ||e scope ol
||e preser| Wor|. T| e sare |s |rue ol papyro|ogy, pa|eograp|y, cod|co|ogy,
or o||er |ec|r|ca| aspec|s ol ||e recovery ol arc|er| sources, as |org as |r
suc| puo||ca||ors pa|r|s||c exeges|s |s ro| d|rec||y addressed.
(o) T| e |ex|ua| ||s|ory |ead|rg |o reW ed|||ors ol o|o||ca| ooo|s, suc|
as Kur| A|ard's r|, rus| a|so oe |ep| a| a d|s|arce, W|er locus|rg or ||e
T| e lrojec| ol ||e lardooo| 1
o|o||ograp|y ol pa|r|s||c exeges|s, ard so rus| ||e ex|ers|ve |||era|ure or ||e
so-ca||ed ve|us la||ra, ||e la||r |ex| ol ||e 8|o|e o|der ||ar Jerore's |rars|a||ors,
ard Jerore's vu|ga|a||se|l, oe cors|dered a||er |o ||e proper locus ol
suc| a o|o||ograp|y. Never||e|ess, ||e oov|ous re|evarce ol suc| erud||e da|a
lor a ||s|or|ca| s|udy ol ear|y C|r|s||ar exeges|s |as |o oe |a|er |r|o accour|
|r ||e lardooo| as soor as ||e exper|s ca|| or ||er lor a oe||er urders|ard|rg ol
pa|r|s||c exeges|s, ard |r suc| cases ||ey rus| oe reg|s|ered.
T| e ed|||or ol ||e ve|us la||ra|s a Wor| ol rajor propor||or rea||zed
a| ||e 8ered|c||re aooey ol 8euror. ve|us la||ra.0|e bes|e der a|||a|e|r|sc|er
8|oe| rac| le|rus 3aoa||er, reu gesarre|| urd |r vero|rdurg r|| der
le|de|oerger A|ader|e der w|ssersc|al|er |erausgegeoer vor der Frzao|e|
8euror (lre|ourg).
vo|. z 0eres|s (8. l. l|sc|er)
vo|. 1o. Car||cur Car||corur (par||y, F. 3c|u|z-l|uge|)
vo|. 11.1 3ap|er||a 3a|oror|s (w. T| |e|e)
vo|. 11.z 3|rac| (Fcc|es|as||cus) (par||y, w. T| |e|e)
vo|. Fsa|as (par||y, b. 0rysor) 1z
vo|. . Fp|s|u|a ad Fp|es|os (l. J. lrede) z|1
vo|. z|.z Fp|s|u|a ad l||||pperses e| Co|osserses (l. J. lrede)
vo|. z Fp|s|u|a ad T| essa|or|cerses, T|ro||eur, T||ur, l|||erorer,
leoraeos (l. J. lrede), Fp|s|u|ae ca||o||cae (par||y w. T||e|e).
(c) T| oug| locus|rg or pa|r|s||c exeges|s, ||e lardooo| does ro| repor| or
a|| aspec|s ol roderr sc|o|ars||p aoou| ||, ror does || re|race |r de|a|| ||e
||s|ory ol re|evar| wes|err erud|||or s|rce ||e ||re ol ||e belorra||or. lr
par||cu|ar, a d|s|rac||or Wou|d |ave oeer |rposed or ||e reader |r descr|o|rg a||
||e ed|||ors ol pa|r|s||c |ex|s secured dur|rg ||e pas| lour cer|ur|es.
A cors|ar| relererce |o |. 0eer|ard's C|av|s la|rur 0raecorurard |o ||e
|a|es| ed|||or ol F. 0e||ers' C|av|s la|rur la||rorur(1s|. ed., 11, d. ed.,
1) s|ou|d sull| ce |o gu|de ||e s|uder|s' a||er||or |o a oroader |rlorra||or |r
||a| regard. 0r|y ||e rore recer| or rore eas||y access|o|e ed|||ors
W||| oe |rd|ca|ed lor prac||ca| purposes, ard ro| a|Ways |r a sys|era||c Way.
Aga|r, ||e preser| lardooo| rever d|sperses lror corsu|||rg la|ro|og|es
lor cor|ex|ua| |rlorra||or, ror does || |r|erd |o repea| ||e|r o|o||ograp||ca|
relererces.
z. C|roro|og|ca| 0ec|s|ors
25
A secord po|r| ca||s lor c|roro|og|ca|dec|s|ors. la|r|s||c exeges|s |s deep|y
roo|ed |r |errereu||ca| ard r|e|or|ca| prac||ces ol ar ear||er ||re, |r
Juda|sr W||| l|||o ard ||e raoo|s, |r le||er|sr W||| ||e grarrar|ars ard
zolr|roduc||or
||e r|e|ors ol cer|ury-o|d sc|oo| |rad|||ors. l| a|so |as ||s oWr cu||ura| al|er||le, lor
|rs|arce |r ||e wes| W||| 0|d lr|s| sc|o|ars||p, 8ede, ard rary o||er
|earred ror|s ol ||e ear|y ||dd|e Ages. lr order |o avo|d ar urdue |rl| a||or
ol |rlorra||or, a cors|s|er| da||rg ol ||e per|od |r W||c| arc|er| C|r|s||ar
exeges|s l|our|s|ed reeds |o oe es|ao||s|ed. T| e ||re sca|e Wou|d ro| oe ||e
sare |r ||e la||r wes| ard or ||e eas|err s|ore ol ||e |ed||errarear. lr
||e 0r|er|a| Frp|re ard oeyord ||s eas|err oorder, e||r|c ard ||rgu|s||c
d|llererces Wou|d |rpose ||e|r oWr c|roro|ogy ol pa|r|s||c exeges|s.
. T| e lrosopograp||c lreser|a||or
A |||rd po|r| ol re||od, W|ose c|ar|l|ca||or |s esser||a| lor ||e s|ruc|ur|rg
ol ||e lardooo|, |sprosopograp||c|r ra|ure. lr pa|r|s||c, rore ||ar |r
cor|erporary exeges|s, ||e persora| exper|erce ol ||e |r|erpre|ers p|ays a v||a|
ro|e |r ||e|r |r|erpre||ve prac||ce. T| ey d|d ro| de|ac| ||e|r correr|ary or
sacred 3cr|p|ure lror ||e|r pr|va|e corr||rer| ard ||e|r puo||c oll| ce |r
||e c|urc| or lror ||e Wor|d ol ||e|r |oca| se|||rg. lr ||e recessary |rc|us|or ol
|rd|v|dua| s|ud|es ol arc|er| |r|erpre|ers |r ||e lardooo|, ||ere |s
||e reed |o avo|d a redup||ca||or ol W|a| car oe lourd |r ary la|ro|ogy.
3|rce ||e sever|eer|| cer|ury, lror gerera||or |o gerera||or, ||ese rarua|s
ol `pa|ro|ogy' (||e l|rs| appeararce ol ||a| ||||e |s due |o J. 0er|ard, W|ose
pos||urous Wor| da|es lror 1o) |ave accuru|a|ed |rlorra||or or ||e
s|ud|es ol |rd|v|dua| au||ors |r ||e pa|r|s||c era. T| ese ou|||res Were, ard s||||
are, esser||a||y prosopograp||c, au||or al|er au||or lorr|rg ar |rpress|ve
parop|y ol |roWr C|r|s||ar Wr||ers lror oelore ||e ||dd|e Ages, |rver|or|ed W|||
ex|ers|ve o|o||ograp||c ard cr|||ca| correr|ar|es.
lr a lardooo| ol pa|r|s||c exeges|s, |oWever, ||e |as| s|ou|d ro| cors|s|
|r se|ec||rg or|y ||ose au||ors W|o are spec|l|ca||y exege|es or |r ara|yz|rg
or|y exege||ca| Wr|||rgs. lrdeed ore ol ||e ros| proo|era||c aspec|s ol ||e
preser| lardooo| cors|s|s |r ||e reed |o descr|oe |r surrary or |o s|e|c|
a prol||e ol ||e exege||ca| ac||everer|s ol so rary au||ors W|or ore Wou|d
ro| cors|der as exege|es |r ||e roderr serse. lersora| prelererces as We||
as ed||or|a| c|o|ces |rev||ao|y |rposed ||e|r rar| or ||e Wr|||rg ol ||e
lardooo|. 0re ol ||e urexpec|ed corsequerces ol Wr|||rg a lardooo|
ray We|| oe ||a| ||e process ol locus|rg or ques||ors ol ||e purpose ard
re||odo|ogy ol a lardooo| ||se|l |rposes a res|ap|rg ol ||e o|ograp||ca|
prol||e ol ||e `la||ers.' T| e|r re|evarce |r ||e c|urc| ol ||e|r ||re or lor
pos|er||y |as |org derarded a recors|dera||or de|err|red spec|l|ca||y oy
||e|r use ol ||e 8|o|e.
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| z1
lar| A
0erera| Cors|dera||ors
v| A|p|aoe||ca| l|s| ol lr|rc|pa| Au||ors & Aroryrous wor|s 0|scussed
T||s page |r|er||ora||y|el|o|ar|
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| z
ClAlTFb 0NF
lATbl3TlC FXF0F3l3.
lllT FAb3 0l
lNTFbNATl0NAl bF3FAbCl
cor|er|s
lr|roduc||or 25
l. Co||ec||ors ol lr|rary Tex|s, NeW Fd|||ors ard Trars|a||ors 27
ll. lrs|rurer|a 3|ud|orur. 0|c||orar|es, Frcyc|oped|as,
la|ro|og|es, 8|o||ograp||es 45
lll. 3|ud|es or la|r|s||c Fxeges|s |r Co||ec||ors ol Fssays o1
lv. Jourra|s o7
| 3ore l|l|y sources ol |rlorra||or o7
|| Correr|s or se|ec|ed jourra|s o8
v. 8|o||ograp||c Too|s 74
vl. Corc|us|or. T| e besearc| or la|r|s||c Fxeges|s s|rce 1945 84
| T| e pos|-War rereWa| ol o|o||ca| s|ud|es 8o
|| T| e |rrer s|ruc|ur|rg ol ||e d|sc|p||re ol pa|r|s||c exeges|s 87
z
v| A|p|aoe||ca| l|s| ol lr|rc|pa| Au||ors & Aroryrous wor|s 0|scussed
T||s page |r|er||ora||y|el|o|ar|
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| zlNTb00uCTl0N
Arorg ||e rary cu||ura| ard |r|e||ec|ua| surges ol ||e per|od lo||oW|rg ||e
erd ol wor|d war ll Was a spec|acu|ar deve|oprer| |r ||e s|udy ol pa|r|s||c
exeges|s. As par| ol a rore gerera| ard |r|erra||ora||y oased rev|va| ol pa|r|s||c
sc|o|ars||p, || caug|| ||e Wave ol reW |r|eres|s ard re||ods ol researc| |r
o|o||ca| exeges|s. 8erel|||rg lror a s||l|ol a||er||or lror ||e c|ass|ca| |o ||e
pos|-c|ass|ca| |er||age ol Ar||qu||y |r ||e secu|ar acader|a, ||e exp|ora||or
26
ol pa|r|s||c |r|erpre|a||ors ol ||e 8|o|e oecare ||e pr|v||eged erdeavor ol a
W|o|e reW gerera||or ol sc|o|ars. T| e purpose ol |||s c|ap|er |s |o re|race
||e ||s|ory ol ||e re|evar| sc|o|ars||p s|rce 1|, or ||e ore |ard |rac|rg
||e prod|g|ous ruroer ol puo||ca||ors or W||c| |||s lardooo| res|s, ard
or ||e o||er |ard, ro||rg ||e |rev||ao|e ||r||a||ors ol ||e researc| |r ||ese
sare puo||ca||ors ||roug|ou| ||e decades urder scru||ry.
T| e |a|l cer|ury ||a| lo||oWed wor|d war ll Was l|||ed W||| a Wea||| ol
puo||ca||ors or pa|r|s||c exeges|s |||us|ra|ed oy a se| ol co||ec||ors ol pr|rary
|ex|s ard cr|||ca| s|ud|es |aurc|ed rear ||e erd ol ||e War. |ore ||ar ary
|rd|v|dua| puo||ca||or ol ||e lo||oW|rg decades ||e erdur|rg success ol ||ese
ed||or|a| |r|||a||ves, |oge||er W||| co||ec||ors ol pa|r|s||c sources W||c| Were
reac||va|ed al|er 1|, |es||l|es |o ||e sca|e ard ||e |r|ers||y ol pa|r|s||c s|ud|es |r
||e secord |a|l ol ||e |Wer||e|| cer|ury. T| oug| recessar||y s|e|c|y
ard ||r||ed, ||e lo||oW|rg survey ol ||ose |rva|uao|e ed|||ors ol sources |r
||e|r or|g|ra| |ex|s or |r |rars|a||or as oas|c |oo|s lor spec|a||zed researc| |s
ar |rd|ca||or ol ||e ex|er| ol ||e pa|r|s||c sc|o|ars||p ol ||e per|od.
T| |s docurer|ary c|ap|er pays |r|ou|e |o ||e gerera||ors ol sc|o|ars
W|ose corr||rer| |r Furope, |r ||e Arer|cas, ard |r Japar resu||ed |r
a prod|g|ous exp|os|or ol pa|r|s||c s|ud|es dur|rg ||e secord |a|l ol ||e
|Wer||e|| cer|ury. l| preser|s a surrary ol sore ol ||e ros| spec|acu|ar
ac||everer|s |r ||e l| e|d W|||ou| c|a|r|rg |o g|ve a lu|| p|c|ure ol ary
ol ||er.
l|rs|, ||e a||er||or locuses or ||e puo||ca||or ol (l) pr|rary sources.
lrd|v|dua| ed|||ors ard |rars|a||ors s|a|| oe rer||ored lor eac| pa|r|s||c
au||or |r ||e ||s|or|ca| survey ol lar| TWo, aga|r ro| a||ed|||ors ard |rars|a||ors,
ou| or|y ||e oes| |roWr or ||ose ac|ua||y |r use. lr lar| TWo c|ap|er
1, a corp|erer|ary ||s| ol suc| puo||ca||ors |r ||e C3C0 ro|es ror-0ree|
ard ror-la||r sources.
3ecord|y, (ll) |oo|s lor researc|, e|aoora|ed dur|rg ||e secord |a|l ol ||e
|Wer||e|| cer|ury, are rev|eWed. ercyc|oped|as, d|c||orar|es, |ex|ca, pa|ro|og|es.
T| oug| ro| |grored |r ||e survey, e|ec|ror|c lorrs ol puo||ca||ors
zo0re la|r|s||c Fxeges|s
Wou|d qu|c||y reed ar upda||rg. C|arac|er|s||ca||y, ||e ||s|ory ol pa|r|s||c
researc| |r ||e |Wer||e|| cer|ury |s rar|ed oy a l|ra| drara||c c|arge, |||s
||re |r ||e l|e|d ol |ec|ro|ogy.
T| |rd|y, ore eroar|s or a rav|ga||or ol ||e rare ragrurol (lll) s|ud|es or
pa|r|s||c sources.8r|el descr|p||ors ol rajor ser|es ol suc| s|ud|es W|||
prov|de sore po|es lor or|er|a||or across ||e currer|s ol a ver||ao|e ocear
ol spec|a||zed |||era|ure. lere ever rore ||ar |r ||e lorrer sec||ors ol
||e c|ap|er, ||oug| ||e erud||e s|g||-see|rg |s very res|r|c|ed, ||e resu|||rg
overv|eW ol ||e resu||s ol co||ec||ve urder|a||rgs |as rever oeer oelore
a||erp|ed or suc| ar |r|erra||ora| sca|e.
lour|||y, a ||s| ol (lv)|earred jourra|scorp|e|es ||e |r|roduc|ory survey
ol ||e spec|a||zed docurer|a||or presupposed oy ||e lardooo| or |rc|uded
|r ||. T| e ||s| |s s|r|c||y ||r||ed |o per|od|ca|s relerred |o e|seW|ere |r ||e
preser| Wor|. 0||er jourra|s ray l|gure |r suosequer| o|o||ograp||es ou|
||ose ||s|ed |ere Were used |r ||e e|aoora||or ol ||e lardooo|. 3ore are
suojec|ed |o c|oser ara|ys|s oecause ||e|r prac||ca| |e|p Was ou|s|ard|rg.
3uc| a survey ol puo||ca||ors as ||e ore |rves||ga|ed |r |||s c|ap|er |s
|rev||ao|y rar|ed oy persora| lac|ors. 0ouo||ess|y, |l corp||ed oy a 8r|||s|
or a 0errar, ar l|a||ar or Arer|car au||or, ||e preser| c|ap|er Wou|d s||l|
||s or|er|a||or. lr sp||e ol oov|ous ||r||a||ors, ore |opes ||a| ||e preser|a||or ||a|
lo||oWs opers a reeded access |o |rlorra||or |r rary ol ||e ra|r
wes|err |arguages.
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| z;l
C0llFCTl0N3 0l lbl|Ab TFXT3,
NFw F0lTl0N3, AN0 TbAN3lATl0N3
lr 1;A. Ke||er oegar ||e puo||ca||or ol a rajor source ol |rlorra||or.
Trars|a||ores la|r|s||cae 0raecae e| la||rae. 8|o||ograp||e der uoerse|zurger
a||c|r|s|||c|er ue||er. Frs|er Te||. A.-l. 3|u||gar|. verracu|ar ed|||ors are
||s|ed |r Frg||s|, lrerc|, 0errar, l|a||ar, 3par|s|.
|. 8|o||o||que Augus||r|erre (8A)
Arorg ||e e|g||y-r|re vo|ures p|arred oelore wor|d war ll oy l. Cayre, ||e
lourder ol ||e corpus, r|re are ded|ca|ed |o Augus||re's exege||ca| Wr|||rgs
|r ||e s|r|c| serse. 3o lar or|y ore ol ||er, 0e 0eres| ad ||||erar(8A |;-|8,
ed. l. Agaesse ard A. 3o||grac, 1;z) |as oeer puo||s|ed. Add 8A ;1-;z,
||e lor|||es or ||e 0ospe| ol Jo|r, |. l. 8errouard ed., 1oard 1;8. A||
|||r|y-r|re vo|ures puo||s|ed a| |||s da|e, ol W||c| ||e ros| recer| |s 0e
doc|r|ra c|r|s||ara(vo|. 11|z, 1;), da|e lror al|er wor|d war ll W||| ||e
excep||or ol 8A z, , |, ard o, W||c| Were a|| repuo||s|ed |r secord ed|||ors
oe|Weer 1|8ard 1z. 3ee 0. |adec, la 8|o||o||que Augus||r|erre.
lreser|a||or d'ersero|e. Tao|e ara|y||que des |r|roduc||ors e| des ro|es
corp|erer|a|res (lar|s, 188).
||. Corpus C|r|s||arorur (CC)
27
Ar er|erpr|se ol g|gar||c propor||ors, ||e Corpus C|r|s||arorur Was
|aurc|ed oy ||e 8e|g|ar puo||s|er 8repo|s |r 1|lor ||e 3er|es la||ra,
|r 1;|lor ||e 3er|es 0raeca, ard |r 18lor ||e 3er|es Apocryp|orur. A
se|ec||or ol ||||es rore d|rec||y re|evar| lor ||e s|udy ol pa|r|s||c exeges|s |r
eac| ol ||e ||ree 3er|es s|ou|d sull| ce as a pre||r|rary |rlorra||or. A|| ||ese
||||es are relerred |o |r ||e ||s|or|ca| survey ol ||e preser| lardooo|.
3er|es la||ra (CC3l)
lll. Cypr|ar C., Ad lor|ura|ur(1;z), lllA. 0e dor|r|ca ora||ore(1;o)
lX. lor|ura|us Aqu||e|ers|s, Trac|a|us Xvll |r Fvarge||ur |a||ae|(1;)
lX A. C|rora||us Aqu||e|ers|s, Trac|a|us |r |a||aeur(1;)
z80re la|r|s||c Fxeges|s
Xlv. Aroros|us, lr lucar, Fsa|ar( ) 1;
XlX. Appor|us, lr Car||cur(18o)
XXXll. Augus||rus, 0e doc|r|ra c|r|s||ara( ) 1oz
XXXlll. . uaes||orur |r lep|a|euc|ur locu||orur ||or| vll, 0e
oc|o quaes||or|ous ex ve|er| Tes|arer|o( ) 18
XXXv. . 0e 3errore 0or|r| |r ror|e( ) 1o;
XXXvl. . lr lo|arr|s evarge||o |rac|a|us CXXlv(1|)
XXXvlll. . Frarra||ores |r ls. l-l(1o)
XXXlX. . Frarra||ores |r ls. ll-C(1o)
Xl. . Frarra||ores |r ls. Cl-Cl(1o)
Xll. . 3errores l-l de ve|ere Tes|arer|o( ) 1o1
Xllv 8. . uaes||ores evarge||orur. uaes||ores Xvl |r |a||aeur(18o)
XllX. . Cor|ra adversar|ur |eg|s e| prop|e|arur(18)
lX. uodvu||deus, l|oer pror|ss|orur(1;o)
lXvlll A. lrosper Aqu||arus, Fxpos|||o lsa|rorur( ) 1;z
lXXll. Jerore, leora|cae uaes||ores |r ||oro 0ereseos. l|oer
|r|erpre|a||or|s leora|corur ror|rur. Correr|ar|o|| |r
lsa|ros. Correr|ar|us |r Fcc|es|as|er(1)
lXXlll A. . Correr|ar|us |r Fsa|ar(1o)
lXXlv. . lr l|erer|ar(1oo)
lXXvl A. . lr lrop|e|as r|rores(1o-;o)
XXvll. . lr |a|||eur(1o)
lXXvlll. . lor|||ae |r lsa|ros, lr |arc| evarge||ur(18)
lXXXvlll. Ju||ar Aec|arers|s, Fxpos|||o ||or| loo, Trac|a|us lrop|e |arur
0see, lo|e| e| Aros( ) 1;;
lXXXvlll A. T|eodore |opsues|er|, Fxpos|||or|s |r lsa|ros lu||aro
Aec|arers| |r|erpre|e |r la||rur versae quae supersur|
( ) 1;;
XC. l|or||eg|a 8|o||ca Alr|cara saecu|| v( ) 1o1
XCll. lr|ras|us ladrure||rus, Correr|ar|us |r Apoca|yps|r
( ) 18
XCvll-XCvlll. Cass|odorus, Fxpos|||o lsa|rorur l-lXX( ) 18
XCvlll. Fxpos|||o lsa|rorur l-Cl( ) 18
Cvlll 8-C. 3cr|p|ores l|oerr|ae ||rores( - ) 1;1;|
Cvlll 0. l|or||eg|a, Tes||ror|a d|v|rae 3cr|p|urae( ) 18;
CXlll. 0regor|us |agrus, lor|||ae |r l|ezec|||e|er lrop|e|ar
(1;1)
CXllll. . |ora||a |r loo l-X(1;)
CXllll A. . |ora||a |r loo Xl-XXll(1;)
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| z Co||ec||ors ol lr|rary Tex|s, NeW
Fd|||ors, ard Trars|a||ors z
CXllll 8. . |ora||a |r loo XXlll-XXXv(18)
CXllv. . Fxpos|||o |r Car||cur Car||corur, lr ||orur lr|rur begur
(1o)
CXlv. . Fc|oga quar scr|ps|| la||cer l|||us 8a||| de |ora||ous loo quas
0regor|us lec||( ) 1o
3er|es 0raeca (CC30)
|ore |ec|r|ca| ard puo||s|ed W|||ou| |rars|a||ors, ||e 3er|es 0raeca |s ||e
Wor| ol spec|a||s|s Wr|||rg or a ||g| |eve| ol erud|||or, lor ||e|r peers. As
ore ro||ces, a|ros| a|| ||e vo|ures ol ||e 3er|es are d|rec||y exege||ca|.
1. |. 0eerard, C|av|s la|rur 0raecorur, vo|. l (18), ll (1;|), lll (1;),
lv (18o).
z. l. le|||, ed., Ca|erae graecae |r 0eres|r e| Fxodurl (1;;), ll Co||ec||o
Co|s||r|ara |r 0eres|r(18o).
. C. 0a|era, ed., Arp|||oc||| lcor|ers|s 0pera(1;8).
|. 3. learza, ed., lrocop|| 0azae| Ca|era |r Fcc|es|as|er. lseudo-C|rysos|or|,
Correr|ar|us |r eurder Fcc|es|as|er(1;8).
o. J. |. 0||v|er, ed., 0|odor| Tarsers|s Correr|ar|| |r lsa|ros, l. Correr|ar|us
|r ls. l-l(18o).
11. 3. luc, ed., Aroryrus |r Fcc|es|as|er Correr|ar|us qu| d|c||ur Ca|era
|r|ur la|rur(18).
1z. K.-l. u||erarr, Aras|as|| 3|ra||ae 3errores duo |r cors|||u||orer
28
|or|r|s securdur |rag|rer 0e| rec ror 0puscu|a adversus
roro||e|e|as(18).
1|. |. los|ers, Aroryr| auc|or|s T|eogros|ae (saec. lX|X). 0|sser|a||o cor|ra
ludaeos(18o).
1. l. le|||, Ca|erae 0raecae |r 0eres|r e| Fxodur, ll Co||ec||o Co|s||r|ara
|r 0eres|r(18o).
3er|es Apocryp|orur
T| e 3er|es Apocryp|orur resu||s lror a |ear Wor||rg urder ||e |eaders||p ol l.
8ovor, ||er a| ||e ur|vers||y ol 0ereva, a supero resu|| |rdeed
W||c| a||rac|ed corpe|er| spec|a||s|s or ar |r|erra||ora| sca|e. T|e |ex|s
puo ||s|ed |r ||e l| rs| cr|||ca| ed|||ors ol |||s ser|es are |ard|y |roWr oy
||e gerera| sc|o|ar|y corrur||y. T| e|r |rars|a||ors lror 0ree|, la||r,
Cop ||c, Arrer|ar, F|||op|ar, or la|eo-8u|gar|ar are ||erelore ||e rore
|rd|spersao|e lor lu|ure sc|o|ars||p. A vo|ure ol correr|ar|es, ol| er ||e
Wor| ol a W|o|e group ol exper|s lo||oWs eac| ed|||or ol a |ex|. A spec|a|
o0re la|r|s||c Fxeges|s
rer||or rus| oe rade ol ||e C|av|s Apocryp|orur Nov| Tes|arer||, oy
|. 0eerard (1z), W||c| oecare par| ol ||e ser|es, ard W||c| cor|a|red
de|a||ed |rlorra||or or ||e preser| s|age ol researc| ard puo||ca||or ol a||
|roWr r| Apocryp|a|s. T| ere |s ro reed |o erp|as|ze ||a| suc| apocryp|a|
|||era|ure, ||oug| d|s|arced lror ||e preser| lardooo|, carro| oe |grored
W|er || |rp|rges upor pa|r|s||c exeges|s.
J.-C. lae|eWyc|, C|av|s Apocryp|orur ve|er|s Tes|arer||(18).
|. 0eerard, C|av|s Apocryp|orur Nov| Tes|arer||(1z).
1.-z. F. Jurod - J.-0. Kaes|||, Ac|a lo|arr|s(18).
.- . l. le|o|r, Fcr||s apocryp|es sur |es Apo|res | Traduc||or de |'ed|||or
arrer|erre de ver|se, l. l|erre, lau|, Ardre, Jacques, Jear ( )ll. 18o
l||||ppe, 8ar||e|ery, T| oras, |a||||eu, Jacques lrre du 3e|greur,
T| addee, 3|ror, l|s|es d' Apo|res (1z).
.-o. J.-|. lr|eur, Ac|a Ardreae(18).
;.-8. l. 8o|||o|o, ed., Ascers|o lsa|ae(1), ll. F. Nore|||, Correr|ar|us
(1).
|||. Corpus 3cr|p|orur C|r|s||arorur 0r|er|a||ur (C3C0)
Crea|ed a| ||e oeg|rr|rg ol ||e |Wer||e|| cer|ury oy J.-8. C|aoo|, l. 0u|d|,
l. lyverra| ard 8. Carra de vaux, ||e 0r|er|a||s||c 3er|es ol louva|r, Corpus
3cr|p|orur C|r|s||arorur 0r|er|a||ur(C3C0), reac|ed a |o|a| ol e|g||y
puo||ca||ors oelore wor|d war ll. w||| ||s excep||ora| v|gor, ||s reW s|ar| |r
1o|||us|ra|es ||e co||ec||ve dyrar|c W||c| ro||va|ed sc|o|ars lor ||e rex|
l|ve decades. Approx|ra|e|y oolasc|c|es ol cr|||ca||y ed||ed |ex|s ard |rars|a||ors
|r d|ll erer| roderr |arguages W||| `3uos|d|a,' or add|||ora| erud||e
cor|r|ou||ors |r lorr ol d|c||orar|es, corcordarces, |ex| cr|||ca| ara|yses
ard o||er s|ud|es, Were produced |r C3C0 oe|Weer 1oard ||e erd ol
||e |Wer||e|| cer|ury. Furopear ard Nor|| Arer|car sc|o|ars jo|red lorces
|r a re|er||ess ell or| |o cover ||e W|o|e ol arc|er| 0r|er|a| |||era|ure W|ose
Wor|s up |o ||e |||r|eer|| cer|ury c.e. W||ress |o ||e r|c|es ol ||e pa|r|s||c
|egacy e|||er secre|ed aWay or s|||| oper|y l| our|s||rg urder ||e ru||rg ol
ls|ar. lr 3yr|ac, Cop||c, Arrer|ar, F|||op|ar, loer|ar (or 0|d 0eorg|ar),
ard Arao|c, ||e ser|es |rc|uded |ec||orar|es ard o||er |||urg|ca| docurer|s,
o|o||ca| |ex|s ard exege||ca| correr|ar|es, ca|eraeard |rrurerao|e |or|||es,
ao|e |o corrur|ca|e ||e va|ues ol pa|r|s||c |rad|||ors s|||| a||ve |r ||e
0r|er| a |org ||re al|er ||e co||apse ol ||e borar Frp|re.
T| e overW|e|r|rg ac||everer| ol ||e C3C0 preser|s a c|ear case ol a
|reasure |ouse ol docurer|a||or W||c| |as |ard|y oeer exp|o||ed oy ||e
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| 1 Co||ec||ors ol lr|rary Tex|s, NeW
Fd|||ors, ard Trars|a||ors 1
sc|o|ar|y corrur||y, ou| W||c| W||| prov|de a sourd lourda||or lor lu|ure
|r|erpre||ve Wor| s|||| |o oe urder|a|er |r a sys|era||c re|r|ev|rg ol arc|er|
C|r|s||ar||y. la|r|s||c exeges|s oe|rg a cer|ra| corcerr |r ||e louva|r
Corpus, ||e re|evar| lasc|c|es W||| oe ||s|ed oe|oW, |r lar| 8, C|ap|ers 1ard
1o|r ||e c|roro|og|ca| order ol ||e|r puo||ca||or ard c|ass|l|ed accord|rg
|o ||e|r or|g|ra| |arguages. T| us a| a g|arce, ||e reader d|scovers urlar|||ar
sources. T| ar|s |o ||e de|err|red |rves|rer| ol a re|a||ve|y sra|| ruroer
ol spec|a||s|s, a W|o|e Wor|d ol C|r|s||ar |||era|ure cover|rg |org cer|ur|es
ard vas| |err||or|es eas| ol ||e |ed||errarear |s s|||| Wa|||rg |r ||e C3C0
lor ||e erdeavors ol lu|ure sc|o|ars||p.
|v. Corpus 3cr|p|orur Fcc|es|as||corur la||rorur (C3Fl)
Aro||er arces|or arorg ||e currer| co||ec||ors ol pa|r|s||c |ex|s W||c| d|sp|ayed
a rereWed v||a|||y al|er wor|d war ll |s ||e Corpus ol v|erra. Crea|ed
oy ||e lrper|a| Acadery ol Aus|r|a |r 18o|, ||e Corpus v|rdooorerse
cour|ed ovo|ures |r 1. lor a reW s|ar| al|er 1|, || c|arged ||s
||||e |r|o Corpus 3cr|p|orur Fcc|es|as||corur la||rorur, ||ereoy |||e 0C3
rar||rg ||e exp||c|| W||| |o oper ||s |or|zor ol erud||e puo||ca||ors. T|e
Correr|ary or Ac|soy Ara|or (A. l. |cK|r|ay, ed., 11), Augus||re's 0e
doc|r|ra c|r|s||ara(0. |. 0reer, ed., 1o), Arorose's Correr|ar|es or
29
||e lau||re le||ers(l. J. voge|s, ed., 1oo, 1o8, 1o), ||e 0pera Fxege||ca
ol |ar|us v|c|or|rus (l. 0or, ed., 18o), Augus||re's Fxpos|||o quarurdar
propos|||orur ex ep|s|o|a ad boraros, Fp|s|o|ae ad 0a|a|as expos|||or|s ||oer
urus, Fp|s|o|ae ad boraros |rc|oa|a expos|||o(J. 0|vja|, ed., ), 0e 0eres| 1;1
cor|ra |ar|c|aeos(0. weoer, ed., 18), as We|| as lour vo|ures ol Jerore's
le||ers(||e lour|| vo|ure ol `lrd|ces e| Adderda,' |s due |o |. Karp|rer)
|r ||e reW ed|||or ol l. l||oerg (1o), represer| a va|uao|e add|||or |o ||e
cr|||ca| ed|||ors ol exege||c Wor|s secured oy C3Fl dur|rg ||e pas| lor|y
years 3ee |. Ze|zer, `F|r Ja|r|urder| (urd re|r) C3Fl, Fva|ua||or vor
Z|e| urd veroller|||c|urger,' |eror|a| 0or F||g|us 0e||ers, 038 = 3acFr
8(louva|r, 18-1), ;-.
v. 0r|ec||sc|e C|r|s|||c|e 3c|r|l|s|e||er (0C3)
T| e pres||g|ous Corpus ol 8er||r Was |r|||a|ed |r 181oy a Corr|ss|or
ol ||e lruss|ar Acadery ol 3c|erces W|ose reroers Were ||e p|||o|og|ca|
ce|eor|||es 0|e|s, 0|||rarr, 0eo|ard|, larrac|, lool, ard |orrser. T| e
z0re la|r|s||c Fxeges|s
l|rs| vo|ure W||| ||e exege||ca| ard |or||e||c Wor|s ol l|ppo|y|us appeared
|r 18;. T| |r|y vo|ures Were puo||s|ed up |o ||e erd ol wor|d war l, a
|as| ur|r|errup|ed oy ||e War ||se|l, W|||e a |o|a| ol lor|y vo|ures Were |r
pr|r| oelore ||e co||apse ol ||e T| |rd be|c|. w|er g|v|rg ||e ser|es a reW
s|ar| |r ||e ear|y 1os, ||e ed||ors dec|ded |o drop `dre|' |r ||s or|g|ra| ||||e.
`0r|ec||sc|e C|r|s|||c|e 3c|r|l|s|e||er der ers|er dre|Ja|r|urder|e.' T| e reW
oper c|roro|ogy a||oWed ||e |r|egra||or ol 8as|| ol Caesarea's lor|||es or
||e lexareror(F. Arard de |erd|e|a ard 3. . budoerg, eds., 1;) |r|o
||e Corpus, as We|| as Fuseo|us ol Caesarea's vo|ur|rous Correr|ary or
lsa|a|(J. Z|eg|er, ed. 1;).
l|g||y s|gr|l|car| a|so |r 0C3 Were reW cr|||ca| poss|o|||||es g|ver oy
a rore ||oroug| s|udy ol arc|er| raruscr|p|s |r ||e `Neuoearoe||urg
a||er o|s|er ersc||ererer 0r|geres-8arde,' `||e reWor||rg ol a|| vo|ures
ol 0r|ger puo||s|ed so lar' as arrourced |r `0r|geres lX' (1). A|
|eas|, 0r|ger's lor|||es or lu|e |r ||e Trars|a||ors ol Jerore ard ||e 0ree|
lragrer|s ol ||e lor|||es ard ||e Correr|ary or lu|e(|. bauer, ed.) s|ar|ed
|o ra|er|a||ze ||e projec| |r ||a| vo|ure ol 1, ou| ||e expressed |r|er||or
apparer||y |ad ro o||er lo||oW|rg.
v|. la|ro|og|ae Cursus Corp|e|us. 3er|es la||ra.
3upp|erer|ur (ll3up)
3pec|a| a||er||or rus| oe pa|d |o ||e 3upp|erer|urol ||gre's la||r la|ro|ogy
(ll3up), puo||s|ed oy A. larrar, lror 18|o 1;o|r l|ve vo|ures. T| e
upda||rg ol ll up |o ||e ear|y 1;os preser|s a|| pa|r|s||c ard red|eva| |ex|s
d|scovered ard puo||s|ed s|rce ||gre's ll Was pr|r|ed. T| ese reW |ex|s
cors|||u|e rary add|||ors |o ||gre W||c| Wou|d rorra||y l|rd ||e|r p|ace
|r a reW ed|||or ol ||e ce|eora|ed la|ro|og|a. Fver lor sra|| lragrer|s ol
|ex|s a|ready |r ll, |l ever produced |r a reW cr|||ca| ed|||or, A. larrar
cors|s|er||y |rd|ca|es |r lu|| de|a|| |oW ||e lragrer|s |ave oeer ed||ed as
We|| as ||e raruscr|p|s or W||c| ||e reW|y reproduced |ex|s are oased,
W||| ar ac|roW|edgrer| ol ||e|r l|rs| puo||s|ers. lr o||er Words, ro| or|y
|s ll ||ereoy upda|ed, ou| a| ||e sare ||re ar upda|ed survey |s secured
lor ||e cr|||ca| Wor| or la||r pa|r|s||c sources corp|e|ed |r ||e l|rs| |a|l ol
||e |Wer||e|| cer|ury. 3uc| ar |r|||a||ve, oerel|c|a| as || |s lor gerera||ors
ol s|uder|s |o core, W||resses |o a rerar|ao|e co||ec||ve aWareress arorg
pa|r|s||c exper|s |r ||e |rred|a|e al|erra|| ol wor|d war ll, ||a| a reW era
Was daWr|rg lor pa|r|s||cs.
T| e ||s| ol ||||es |r ll3up, Tex|us s|rgu||s scr|p|or|ous a||r|ou||, erurer-
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| Co||ec||ors ol lr|rary Tex|s, NeW
Fd|||ors, ard Trars|a||ors
a|ed |r vo|. v, lrd|ces(1;|), ||e Wor| ol l. 8a|||y ard J.-l. 8ou|o|, covers
over s|x|y pages ll lorra|. lror Arorose ol |||ar |o lope Zos|rus, eac|
au||or's rare |s lo||oWed oy ||e ||s| ol ||s Wr|||rgs repr|r|ed |r ll3up. e|g||
suc| ||||es lor Arorose, lor Augus||re 1|8(esser||a||y ||e co||ec||ors ol ||s
serrors puo||s|ed oy Ca|||au-3a|r|-ves, laroo|, |a|, |or|r, w|||rar|
ard o||ers), W||| ever a grea|er ruroer lor pseudo-Augus||re. Caesar|us ol
Ar|es, a|ros| er||re|y au||er||ca|ed |r ||e sources s|rce ||e ear|y |Wer||e||
cer|ury, |as a|ros| as rary ||||es as Augus||re. 0||er |eavy-We|g||s ol ||e
|Wer||e||-cer|ury cr|||ca| ed|||ors are C|rysos|orus la||rus, Fp|p|ar|us
la||rus, Fuseo|us 0a|||carus, 0regor|us |agrus, le|ag|us l. Jerore accour|s
lor 1o||||es. l| |s lasc|ra||rg |o exar|re ||e ed||or|a| Wor| |ead|rg |o suc|
ar accuru|a||or ol up-da|ed pr|rary sources, espec|a||y W|er ore cors|ders
||e ac||everer|s ol ||e secord |a|l ol ||e cer|ury, suc| as ||e d|scovery
ol reW serrors ard |e||ers ol Augus||re W||c| surpr|s|rg|y eroug| |ad
escaped ||e a||er||or ol a|| lorrer ed||ors.
v||. la|ro|og|a 0r|er|a||s (l0)
As a projec| corce|ved |r 18;a| a `Corgrs des 0r|er|a||s|es' |r lar|s, ||e
la|ro|og|a 0r|er|a||sWas lourded oy b. 0rall|r ard, lor a |org per|od ol
||re, d|rec|ed oy ||r ard l. Nau. T| e l|rs| vo|ure ol ||e ser|es appeared |r
30
1o;, ||s vo|ure z|r 1|, ||e ser|es ra|r|a|r|rg ||s puo||ca||ors ard ||s
s|ardards ||roug|ou| wor|d war ll urder b. 0rall| r's l|rr d|rec||or. 3||||
urder ||s superv|s|or, vo|ure zocare ou| |r 1|. Al|er b. 0rall| r's dea||,
years pas| oelore ||e ser|es |oo| a reW s|ar| W||| ||s rep|eW, l. 0rall| r, a
Jesu|| exper| |r 3yr|ac, as d|rec|or. lror 1;ur||| ||e |a|e 1os. |Wer|y
|rpos|rg vo|ures err|c|ed |||s pres||g|ous co||ec||or.
T| e lo||oW|rg ||||es ol l0 s|rce 1|are ol a spec|a| |r|eres| lor s|uder|s ol
pa|r|s||c exeges|s. No|e ||a| vo|. zo|s da|ed lror 1|, ou| ||s l|ve
lasc|c|es are ac|ua||y |o oe da|ed as lo||oWs. 1|(lasc. 1), 1|o(lasc. z).
1|8(lasc. ), 1o(lasc. |), 1|(lasc. ). T| e sare d|spos|||or |s |ep| |r
||e suosequer| vo|ures.
lr vo|. z;(1|-1;) arorg o||er Wor|s |s ||a| ol |. 8r|re, l. |ar|s,
8.-C. |erc|er, eds., l|ppo|y|e de bore, 3ur |es 8ered|c||ors d'lsaac, de Jacoo
e| de |oise(1|).
T|e F|||op|ar 3yraxar|or, or 8oo| ol ||e 3a|r|s, s|ar|ed puo||ca||or |r
l0, vo|. 1(l. 0u|d|, ed., 1o;). l| Was cor||rued |r vo|. ;(l. 0u|d|, ed., 111),
vo|. (l. 0u|d| ard 3. 0reoau|, eds., 11) ard vo|. 1(3. 0reoau|, ed., 1z;).
l|s cr|||ca| ed|||or ard |rars|a||or rece|ved a reW s|ar| s|||| W||| 3. 0reoau|
|0re la|r|s||c Fxeges|s
as ed||or |r 1|, ard Was lres||y ererg|zed oy 0. Co||r lror vo|. |(18o)
|o vo|. |o(1|).
T| e cr|||ca| ed|||or ard lrerc| |rars|a||or |r l0 ol 3everus ol Ar||oc|'s
ore |urdred |Wer|y-l|ve Ca||edra| lor|||esrequ|red ever rore erdur|rg
ellor|s |l ro| a |orger per|od ol ||re. 3|ar|ed |r vo|. |(1o8) W||| b. 0uva|
as ed||or, ||e|r puo||ca||or cor||rued |r vo|. 8(11z) ard 1z(11) W|||
|. 8r|re, vo|. 1o(1zz), W||| |.-A. Kugerer ard F. Tr|llaux as ed||ors,
vo|. zo(1z) W||| |. 8r|re, ed., ard vo|. zz(1o), aga|r W||| l. 0u|d|,
ed. Al|er wor|d war ll ||e ed|||rg ol 3everus's lor|||ess|ar|ed aga|r |r vo|.
zo(1|8), s|||| W||| |. 8r|re as ed||or. lr vo|. z(1o1) 8r|re's Wor| Was
puo||s|ed pos||urous|y, || cor||rued |o serve as ||e oas|s lor l. 0rall| r's
ed|||rg |r vo|. (1o), lor l. 0rall| r ard C. J. A. las|'s co||aoora||ve ed|||rg |r
vo|. o(1;z), ard aga|r lor l. 0rall| r's ||re|ess ded|ca||or |r vo|. o
(1;|), ;(1;) ard 8(1;o), ||e |a||er puo||ca||or oerel|||rg a|so lror
||e co||aoora||or ol C. J. A. las| ard J.-|. 3auge|. 0ur|rg a|ros| sever|y
years lror 1o8|o 1;o, ||e perseverarce ol e|g|| d|s||rgu|s|ed spec|a||s|s ol
3yr|ac |arguage l| ra||y rade ava||ao|e lor ||e l|rs| ||re |r a roderr
|arguage ore ol ||e ros| araz|rg rorurer|s ol pa|r|s||c preac||rg W|ose
or|g|ra| 0ree| |ex| |s |os|. T| |s ras|erp|ece s|||| Wa||s lor a proper ara|ys|s
W||| regard |o ||s re|evarce lor pa|r|s||c exeges|s.
T| e 0|d 0eorg|ar vers|or ol o|o||ca| ooo|s ca||ed lor a l|rs| puo||ca||or
|r vo|. zo(1o), T| e 0|d 0eorg|ar vers|or ol ||e 0ospe| ol Jo|red., b. l.
8|a|e ard |. 8r|re, ||er lor a secord |r vo|. z;(1), la vers|or georg|erre
arc|erre de |'Fvarg||e de luc. |. 8r|re ed., ard a |||rd ore, vo|. z, T|e 0|d
0eorg|ar vers|or ol ||e lrop|e|s, b. l. 8|a|e ed., le|||s lrop||es, |. 8r|re
(1o1). T| e 0|d 0eorg|ar vers|or ol ||e 0ospe| ol |a|||eW|ad oeer ed||ed
oy b. l. 8|a|e |r vo|. z|as ear|y as 1.
Aro||er exarp|e ol a ru|||-au||ored ed||ors||p spread over a |org per|od ol ||re
|s due |o le Carde|aore du 3arc|ua|re de 0rego|re Aoou' llaradj
d|| 8ar|eoraeus. ua|r|re 8ase. |'lrcarra||or, J. K|oury, ed., vo|. 1(1o|),
Neuv|re 8ase. l|ore Aro||re, l.-l. lo|r|er, ed., vo|. |(18), 0|z|re 8ase.
besurrec||orF. Z|grurd Cerou, ed.,vo|. (1o), 0rz|re 8ase. Jugerer|
derr|erN. 3ed, ed., vo|. |1(18), ard l|ra||y 0ouz|re 8ase. larad|s, a|so
N. 3ed, ed., vo|. |o(181).
la c|aire arrer|erre sur |es Fpi|res Ca||o||ques, oy C. beroux, covers a|
preser| vo|. , lasc | . ( ), `l. la c|aire sur |'Fpi|re de Jacques', vo|. , 118 ||
lasc. ( ), `ll. la c|aire sur |es Fpi|res de l|erre', vo|. , lasc. - 1818; |o zoo
( ), `lll. la c|aire sur |a prer|re Fpi|re de Jear.' 1|
Ar |rpor|ar| se| ol exege||ca| |or|||es ard o||er Wr|||rgs ||g|||g||-
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| Co||ec||ors ol lr|rary Tex|s, NeW
Fd|||ors, ard Trars|a||ors
|rg ||e use ol 3cr|p|ure |r 3yr|ac ard Arrer|ar |rad|||ors corp|e|e ||e
0r|er|a||s||c cor|r|ou||or ol l0.
vo|. z;, lasc. - . l 1z |ppo|y|e de bore. 3ur |es 8ered|c||ors d'lsaac, de Jacoo e|
de |oise( ). 1|
o, lasc. . lyrres de 3a|r| Fp|rer corservees er vers|or arrer|erre, l. 1
|ar|s
ard C. |erc|er, eds., (1o1).
z, lasc. 1-z(1oo), lasc. -|(1o). 3ora 0eggua. Ar||p|ora|re du Carere.
Tex|e e|||op|er avec var|ar|es, 8. ve|a|, ed.
|, lasc. - . lore||es de Narsai sur |a Crea||or, l. 0|groux ,ed., ( ). | 1o8
, r. . le Codex Arrer|er Jerusa|er , l. lr|roduc||or aux or|g|res de 1o 1z1
|a |||urg|e ||eroso|yr||a|re. lur|res rouve||es, ( ), C. beroux, ed. 1o
o, r. . ll. Fd|||or corparee du |ex|e e| de deux au|res raruscr||s( ), 1o8 1;1
C. beroux, ed.
31
8, lasc. , r. . lore||es cor|re |es Ju|ls par Jacques de 3aroug|. A|oer|, 1 1;|
ed., ( ), lasc. , r. . Tro|s |ore||es syr|aques aroryres e| |red||es 1;o | 1;;
sur |'Fp|p|ar|e, A. 0esreuraux, ed., ( ). 1;;
|o, lasc. 1, r. 18z. Narsa|'s |e|r|ca| lor|||es or ||e Na||v||y, Fp|p|ary, lass|or,
besurrec||or ard Ascers|or. l. 0. |cleod (1;), vo|. |1, lacs. z, r. 18;.
8arsaoee de Jerusa|er sur |e C|r|s| e| |es Fg||ses|. var Fsoroec|, ed.,
(18z), lasc. |, r. 18. lore||es aroryres du ore s|c|e. 0|sser|a||or
sur |e 0rard lre|re, lore||es sur |a pec|eresse l, ll, lll, l. 0rall| r, ed.,
(18|).
|z, lasc. 1, r. 1o. lesyc||us de Jerusa|er, lore||es sur Joo, C. beroux, ed.,
C. |erc|er ard C. beroux, |rars|. (18).
|, lasc. |, r. 1o. Jacques de 3aroug, 3|x |ore||es les|a|es er prose,l. b||||e|
(18o).
v|||. 3ources C|re||erres (3C)
T| e perlorrarce ol 3ources C|re||erres |s spec|acu|ar, ever ur|que, as a
ser|es er||re|y ded|ca|ed |o ||e C|urc| la||ers. lrojec|ed oy ||e Jesu|| v.
lor|oyror| a| lyor |r ||e years 1z-1;, ||e co||ec||or ellec||ve|y s|ar|ed
|r 1|zard cour|ed |;vo|ures a| ||e erd ol ||e 1os. l|s |r|||a| proro|ers,
l. de luoac, J. 0ar|e|ou ard C. |ordeser|, a|| ||ree Jesu||s, |r|erded los|er|rg
a re|urr |o arc|er| `sources' ol C|r|s||ar sp|r||ua|||y W||c| Wou|d cour|eroa|arce
||e aos|rac| ar|d||y ol ||e sc|o|as||c sys|er preva|er| |r ||e ser|rar|es
ard ||eo|og|ca| c|rc|es ol Ca||o||c|sr a| ||a| ||re. Targe||rg a oroad puo||c
ol educa|ed |ay-peop|e as We|| as c|er|cs, ard ||ar|s |o a carelu| rarage-
o0re la|r|s||c Fxeges|s
rer| ard a We|| locused oper-r|rdedress |r ||e|r ||eo|og|ca| ro||va||or
(||e `rouve||e ||eo|og|e' ol lourv|re Was a cor|erporary p|eroreror),
||e lourders ol 3ources C|re||erresa||rac|ed rurerous co||aoora|ors. Al|er
||e l|rs| leW vo|ures ol ||e ser|es Were puo||s|ed W|||ou| cr|||ca| ed|||ors
(|a|er or ||ey a|| |ad suc| ed|||ors) ore puo||ca||or al|er aro||er s|oWed
cors|ar| sc|er||l|c |rproverer|. A| ||e s|ar|, 0ree| pa|r|s||c sources Were
pr|v||eged, lerr| de luoac es|ao||s|ed 0r|ger ol A|exardr|a as a lror|-rurrer
arorg ||e rary arc|er| au||or|||es W|ose Wor|s Were |aurc|ed |r|o
||e roderr Wor|d |r 3C. T| e ed|||or ol la||r au||ors s|ar|ed or|y W||| vo|.
1. A se| ol `ror-C|r|s||ar |ex|s' (|r lac|, a ||g||y proo|era||c ||||e! la|er ||
oecare ||e `3er|e arrexe de |ex|es parac|re||ers,' see vo|. ||) s|ar|ed W|||
vo|. z, Fx|ra||s de T|eodo|e, ard vo|. z|, l|o|eree, le||re l|ora.T|e |er|a||ve
|rc|us|or ol sources lror ||e ror-0ree| spea||rg |rad|||ors |r ||e
0r|er|, 3yr|ac ard Arrer|ar, |r par||cu|ar, W||| ||e lor|||esol l|||oxeros
ol |aoooug (vo|. ||), |rars|a|ed ard correr|ed or oy F. lero|re (1o),
re| W||| ar |rred|a|e success. T| |s |r|||a||ve Was lo||oWed oy ||e puo||ca||or ol
o||er sources ol ||ose |rad|||ors corrur|ca||rg a Wea||| ol sp|r||ua|
correr|ar|es or ||e 8|o|e. T| e 8oo| ol lrayersoy 0regory ol Nare|
(|rars|. lror Arrer|ar, l. Kec||c||ar, vo|. ;8, 1o1), ||e Correr|ary or
||e 0|a|essaroroy Fp|rer (|rars|. lror 3yr|ac ard Arrer|ar, l. le|o|r,
vo|. 1z1, 1oo), ||e lyrrs or larad|sea|so oy Fp|rer (|rars|. b. laverar|,
vo|. 1;, 1o8), ||e 3yr|ac Apoca|ypse ol 8aruc|(|rars|. W||| correr|ar|es,
l. 8ogaer|, vo|. 1||, 1o, zvo|s.), ||e poe||c Wor| or Jesus ||e 0r|y 3or ol
||e la||eroy Nerses 3ror|a||, W|o d|ed |r 11;(|rars|. lror Arrer|ar, l.
Kec||c||ar, vo|. zo, 1;, ||e 0|a|ogues ard Trea||sesol Jo|r ol Aparea,
a sp|r||ua| |eader ol ||e l|l|| cer|ury |r ror||err 3yr|a (|rars|. b. laverar|,
vo|. 11, 18|), ||e Fxpos|||orsoy ||e lour|| cer|ury Ap|raa| ||e w|se lror
lers|a (|rars|. lror 3yr|ac, |. J. l|erre, vo|s. |ard , 188-8). A rore
eccer|r|c ed|||or Was lseudo-l|||o, 8|o||ca| Ar||qu|||es, or|g|ra||y |r leoreW,
||e Wor| ol a JeW|s| sc|o|ar ||v|rg |r Jerusa|er (?) apparer||y oelore ;oc.e.
(|rars|. 0. J. larr|rg|or, vo|s. zz-zo, 1;o).
3|ar||rg W||| l||ary ol lo|||ers' Trac|a|us |ys|er|orur(vo|. 1, 1|;)
ard leo l's 3errors(vo|. zz, 1|;), arc|er| la||r sources l|our|s|ed |r 3C
|o a |o|a| ol ore |urdred ard |Wer|y-l|ve vo|ures |r 18. A reW ed|||or
ol Ter|u|||ar's Wor|s |s rear corp|e||or W||| l|l|eer vo|ures ava||ao|e,
W|ereas Augus||re, rass|ve|y puo||s|ed e|seW|ere, |s or|y preser| |r 3C
W||| ||s Correr|ary or ||e l|rs| le||er ol Jo|r, (vo|. ;, rd. ed., 18|), ard
||s Fas|er 3errors(vo|. 11o, 1oo). Arorg ||e ||||es accep|ed lor puo||ca||or |r
||e rear lu|ure l|gures Tycor|us's 8oo| ol bu|es. lr s|or|, Arorose ol
|||ar, Caesar|us ol Ar|es, Cypr|ar ol Car||age, 0regory ||e 0rea|, l||ary ol
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| ; Co||ec||ors ol lr|rary Tex|s, NeW
Fd|||ors, ard Trars|a||ors ;
lo|||ers, Jo|r Cass|ar, Jerore, lac|ar||us, leo ||e 0rea|, |ar|us v|c|or|rus,
bul|rus ol Aqu||e|a, ard Ter|u|||ar, arorg o||ers, lorr |r 3C a c|orus ol
exc|us|ve|y la||r vo|ces, cross|rg l|ve cer|ur|es ol arc|er| C|r|s||ar||y, ard
g|v|rg a d|vers|l|ed accour| ol arc|er| o|o||ca| exeges|s |r ||e wes|.
3C ollers ar |rpress|ve arour| ol pr|rary |ex|s |r|er||ed lror
0ree|-spea||rg c|urc|es. Au||ors lror ||e l|rs| (C|erer| ol bore) |o
||e |||r|eer|| (N|c|o|as Caoas||as) cer|ury c.e. oller a oroad access |o ||e
ra|r gerres ol o|o||ca| exeges|s ro|W|||s|ard|rg aroryrous produc||ors
32
suc| as ||e le||er |o 0|ogre|us,||e `C|aire pa|es||r|erre sur |e lsaure
118' (vo|s. 18-1o, 1;z), ||e Apop||egra|a la|rur(vo|. 8;, 1), ard
o||ers. 3ore Wr|||rgs Were |o|a||y ur|roWr |r ||e|r or|g|ra| |ex|s oelore
reac||rg ||e po|er||a||y Wor|d-W|de readers||p ol 3C. 3uc| Were ||e |Wo
||ousard le||ersol ls|dore ol le|us|ur (vo|. |zz, 1;, aro||er vo|ure |o
core), ||e Correr|ary or ||e Car||c|eoy ||e ror| N||us ol Arcyra (vo|.
|o, 1|, aro||er vo|ure arrourced) ||e Corresporderceol 8arsarup||us
ard Jo|r ol 0aza (vo|s. |zo-|z;, 1;-8), as rary l|rs| cr|||ca| ed|||ors
ol docurer|s s|ar||rg |o v|ora|e W||| reW ||le ||ar|s |o corpe|er| ed||ors
ard correr|a|ors. T| e 0ree| C|r|s||ar sources lorr ar ocear ol syroo||c
|arguage |r la|e Ar||qu||y. To c|ar| ||a| ocear ard |o record ||e|r l| rd|rgs
|r roderr cr|||ca| ed|||ors, rore ||ar ore ser|es ol 3C Wou|d oe requ|red.
lerce ||ere |r ro surpr|se ||a| rary exege||ca| Wor|s are s|||| r|ss|rg ever
|r ||e urpara||e|ed ac||everer| ol 3C, |r W||c| currer||y over a |urdred
||||es s|gra| a proper|y exege||ca| cor|er|, ard ros| o||ers a||oW ||e roderr
reader |o oecore lar|||ar |r ore Way or aro||er W||| exege||ca| prac||ces
|r a var|e|y ol |||erary gerres.
T| roug| ||e agercy ol 3C a corp|e|e ed|||or W||| |ex|s, lrerc| |rars|a||ors ard
correr|ar|es, |r |||r|y-s|x vo|ures, ol l|||o ol A|exardr|a
|as oeer produced. A ser|es `|ed|eva| Cor||rua||or' Was added |o 3C,
|raugura|ed |r 18W||| Ae|red ol b|evau|x, w|er Jesus was TWe|ve ears
0|d(vo|. oo), ard cor||rued W||| w||||ar ol 3a|r|-T| |erry's Trea||se or ||e
Cor|erp|a||or ol 0od,(vo|. o1, 1), b|c|ard ol 3a|r| v|c|or's 0e Tr|r||a|e
(vo|. o, 1), ard rary o||ers |r ||e rex| lour decades (arorg ||e lor||cor|rg
vo|ures l|gure ||e secord vo|ure ol 8errard ol C|a|rvaux's 3errors
or ||e Car||c|eard ||e l|rs| vo|ure ol ||s le||ers). T| us ||e o|o||ca| r|rd
ol ||e la||ers |s prover |o oe crea||ve|y a| Wor| |r red|eva| sc|o|ars||p a|
|eas| |r ||s roras||c es|ao||s|rer|.
80re la|r|s||c Fxeges|s
|x. 3ources ol la|r|s||c Fxeges|s |r o||er
Co||ec||ors (oy ||rgu|s||c areas)
0u|c|
v|g|||ae C|r|s||arae, 3upp|erer|s. Tex|s ard 3|ud|es ol Far|y C|r|s||ar l|le ard
larguage, J. l. wasz|r| ard J. C. |. var w|rder eds., lror 18;.
vo|. 1. J. l. wasz|r| ard J. C. |. var w|rder eds., Ter|u|||arus, 0e |do|o|a|r|a,
18;.
o. l. |ar||, |rars|., bul|rus ol Aqu||e|a, 0e |e|ur|o l-ll, 18.
;. 0. A. |. boW|ors|, |rars|., les lyrres pasca|es d'Fp|rer de N|s|oe, ll.
Tex|es, 18.
1o. l. X. b|sc|, ed., lseudo-8as|||us, Adversus Furor|ur lv-v, 1z.
zo. |. v|rzer|, |rars|., As|er|us vor Kappado||ar, 1.
z1. b. lerr|rgs, 0er 8r|elWec|se| zW|sc|er Augus||rus urd l|eroryrus urd der
3|re|| ur der Karor des AT urd d|e Aus|egurg vor 0a| z, 11-1|, 1|.
|. |. |arcov|c|, ed., C|erer||s A|exardr|r| lro|rep||cus, 1.
. |. v|rzer|, ed. ard |rars|., |ar|e|| vor Ar|yra, d|e lragrer|e.0er 8r|el
ar lu||us vor bore, 1;.
Frg||s|
Ar|e-N|cere la||ers ard N|cere ard los|-N|cere la||ers
T| |s douo|e ser|es (ANl, 1ovo|s., NlNl1
, 1|vo|s.,NlNlz
, 1|vo|s.), or|g|ra||y puo||s|ed |r 0rea| 8r||a|r dur|rg ||e secord |a|l ol ||e
r|re|eer||
cer|ury as ar |rpos|rg p|ece ol Arg|o-Ca||o||c apo|oge||cs, Was repr|r|ed
|r ||e ur||ed 3|a|es |r 188ard 188o. T| e |a|es| repr|r| |r |assac|use||s
da|es lror 1.
Tex|s ard 3|ud|es (T3)
lr|||a||y crea|ed oy J. A. boo|rsor |r Caror|dge |r 181, ou| c|osed |r
1z, ||e ser|es s|ar|ed aga|r |r 1|urder ||e d|rec||or ol C. l. 0odd.
l| |as g|ver l|ve add|||ora| cor|r|ou||ors |o ||e s|udy ol pa|r|s||c exeges|s,
c|ose|y ||r|ed W||| cr|||ca| ed|||ors.
|. 8|ac|, ed., A C|r|s||ar la|es||r|ar 3yr|ac loro|og|or, 1|.
l. A. |o|r, Codex C||rac| bescr|p|us 0raecus(|s. 0regory 1o1, l), 1o.
0. w. 0ood|rg, T| e Accour| ol ||e Taoerrac|e. Trars|a||or ard Tex|ua|
lroo|ers ol ||e 0ree| Fxodus, 1.
. w. |urcey, T| e NeW Tes|arer| Tex| ol 3|. Arorose1.
l. lo 8ue, T| e Tur|r lragrer|s ol Tycor|us' Correr|ary or beve|a||or, 1o.
3ources ol la|r|s||c Fxeges|s |r 0||er Co||ec||ors
Arc|er| C|r|s||ar wr||ers(ACw)
Crea|ed |r was||rg|or, 0.C., |r 1|ooy J. uas|er, w. J. 8urg|ard|, ard
J. C. l|urpe, a| ||e Ca||o||c ur|vers||y ol Arer|ca, ore |urdred |Wer|y
vo|ures ol pa|r|s||c sources |ave oeer puo||s|ed |r Frg||s| |rars|a||ors,
arorg ||er exege||ca| Wor|s oy Augus||re, 0regory ol Nyssa ard Jo|r
C|rysos|or. T| e or|g|ra| or|er|a||or ol ||e ser|es Was |oWards arc|er|
C|r|s||ar apo|oge||cs.
33
T| e la||ers ol ||e C|urc|(laC|)
luo||s|ed |r NeW or|, N.., urder ||e ed||ors||p ol l. 3c|opp lror
1|;or, ||e ser|es |rc|udes rary exege||ca| Wor|s ol pa|r|s||c au||ors.
Arorose ol |||ar, 0r Crea||or, 0r larad|se, 0r Ca|r ard Aoe|, 0r 0eres|s,
W|||
o||er exege||ca| Wor|s.
Augus||re ol l|ppo, 0r 0eres|s, 0r ||e 0ospe| ol Jo|r.
8as|| ol Caesarea, Fxege||ca| lor|||es.
Jerore, lor|||es or ||e lsa|rs.
Jo|r C|rysos|or, lor|||es or Jo|r.
Arorg ||e vo|ures puo||s|ed |r ||e 1os ore ro|es.
vo|. 1. 3|. Fp|rer ||e 3yr|ar, 3e|ec|ed lrose wor|s. Correr|ary or 0eres|s,
Correr|ary or Fxodus, lor||y or 0ur lord, le||er |o lus||us. Trars|.
oy F. 0. |a||eWs, Jr., ard J. l. Arar. Fd. oy K. |cvey. was||rg|or, 0C
1|(W||| gerera| |r|roduc||or ard o|o||ograp|y).
vo|. z. 3|. Augus||re, Trac|a|es or ||e 0ospe| ol Jo|r11z-1z|. Trac|a|es or
||e l|rs| Fp|s||e ol Jo|r. Trars|. oy J. w. be|||g, 1.
vo|. |, 0r|ger, lor|||es or lu|e.lragrer|s or lu|e. Trars|. oy J. T. l|er|ard,
1o(lr|roduc||or) .
vo|. ;, 0r|ger, lor|||es or Jerer|a|. lor||y or 1K|rgs z8. Trars|. oy J. C.
3r||| (18).
0xlord Far|y C|r|s||ar Tex|s(0FCT), l. C|adW|c|, ed.
Crea|ed oy lerry C|adW|c|, ||e ser|es prov|ded ||e lo||oW|rg puo||ca||ors.
|. 8evero|, Cypr|ar, 0e laps|s ard 0e Fcc|es|ae Ca||o||cae ur||a|e, 1;1.
F. Fvars, ed., Ter|u|||ar, Adversus |arc|orer, 1;z.
w. b . 3 c | o e d e | , A||eragoras. lega||o ard 0e resurrec||ore, 1;z.
b. w. T|orsor, A||aras|us, Cor|ra 0er|es ard 0e lrcarra||ore. 1;1.
|o0re la|r|s||c Fxeges|s
0xlord Far|y C|r|s||ar 3|ud|es(0FC3)
A|so |r|||a|ed oy l. C|adW|c| |r 1;1ard co-ed||ed W||| b. w||||ars
ard A. lou||, ||e ser|es prov|des ||e lo||oW|rg ||||es lor ||e s|udy ol ear|y
C|r|s||ar exeges|s.
b. l||||er, Ara|or, 0r ||e Ac|s ol ||e Apos||es. A 8ap||sra| Correr|ary, 1.
T. 0e 8ruyr, le|ag|us' Correr|ary or 3|. lau|'s Fp|s||e |o ||e borars, 1.
C. T. b. layWard, |rars|., Jerore's leoreW ues||ors or 0eres|s, 1.
b. F. le|re, |rars|., 0regory ol Nyssa's Trea||se or ||e lrscr|p||ors ol ||e
lsa|rs,
1.
b. l. l. 0reer, Augus||re, 0e 0oc|r|ra C|r|s||ara, 1o.
A. 8. 3co||, 0r|ger ard ||e l|le ol ||e 3|ars. A l|s|ory ol ar ldea, 11.
l. w. l. wa||er, lo|y C||y, lo|y l|aces?C|r|s||ar A||||udes |o Jerusa|er ard ||e
lo|y lard |r ||e lour|| Cer|ury, 1o.
C. F. l|||, begrur Cae|orur. la||errs ol lu|ure lope. Apoca|yp||c l||era|ure |r
||e Far|y C|urc|, 1z.
b. l. vagg|ore, Furor|us ol Cyr|cus ard ||e N|cere bevo|u||or, zoo1.
3cr|p|ores la||r| l|oerr|ae, 0uo||r, 1.
lrerc|
lc|ys. le||res C|re||erresWas crea|ed oy A. larrar |r 1;as a c|a||erge
|o 3C oy d|s|r|ou||rg popu|ar |rars|a||ors ol C|urc| la||ers or a |arge
sca|e ard a| ruc| rore allordao|e pr|ces. T| e success ol ||e er|erpr|se
corl|rred ||e ex|s|erce ol a geru|re cor|erporary |r|eres| lor sources ol ear|y
C|r|s||ar ||oug|| preser|ed W|||ou| sc|o|ar|y appara|us. T| e preva|er| use
ol 3cr|p|ure |r arc|er| C|r|s||ar Wr|||rgs |s oov|ous |o ||e eye ol ary reader
d|scover|rg suc| sources lor ||e l|rs| ||re. lr lu|| or par||a| quo|a||or |ex|s
Were preser|ed urder ||era||c |eads.
1. T| e 8|r|| ol C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
z. T| e Frp|re ard ||e Cross
. l|||osop|y |urrs |o C|r|s|
|. l|ves ol ||e 0eser| la||ers
. 8ap||sr
o. b|c| ard loor |r Far|y C|r|s||ar||y
;. C|r|s||ar lr|||a||or
8. T| e |ys|ery ol C|r|s|ras
. Fuc|ar|s|
1o. T| e |ys|ery ol Fas|er
3ources ol la|r|s||c Fxeges|s |r 0||er Co||ec||ors |1
11. ways |oWard 0od
1z. worer
1. |arr|age
0errar
8|o||o||e| der gr|ec||sc|er l||era|ur Was |aurc|ed oy ||e 8yzar||r|s| l. w|r||
ard ||e pa|r|s||c sc|o|ar w. 0esse|, |r 3|u||gar|, `|r |||s s||ua||or ol lareWe|||rg
Ar||qu||y' (|r d|eser 3||ua||or des 'Aosc||eds vor der Ar|||e')'.
1o. 0r|geres. 0|e gr|ec||sc| er|a||erer Jerer|a|or|||er, ed. F. 3c|ade|
34
( ). 18o
18. 0r|geres. 0er Korrer|ar zur Fvarge||ur rac| |a||aus, l, ed., l. J.
vog| ( ). 18
lor|es C|r|s||ar|(188)
w||| N. 8rox, 3. 0opp, w. 0eer||rgs, 0. 0res|a|e, b. l|grer, b. 3c||eller as
ed||ors, ||e ser|es `lor|es C|r|s||ar|. ZWe|sprac||ge Neuausgaoe c|r|s|||c|er
ue||er|ex|e aus A||er|ur urd ||||e|a||er' cors|||u|es s|rce 188a 0errar
equ|va|er| ol 3ources C|re||erres, W|ose cr|||ca| |ex|s are occas|ora||y
reproduced. T| e e|egar| vo|ures ru|||p||ed |r ||g| speed W||| ar oov|ous
success |r 0errar-spea||rg cour|r|es. 0ver lor|y ol ||er c|rcu|a|ed oy
1. T| e W|o|e ser|es |s currer||y prograrred W||| ||ree |urdred ||||es.
Arorg ||e ||||es a|ready puo||s|ed, sore are spec|a||y va|uao|e lor ||e
s|udy ol pa|r|s||c exeges|s, suc| as vo|. 1(11), 0|dac|e-Trad|||o apos|o||ca,
vo|. z, 1-(11-1o), T| . le|||ers ed|||or ol 0r|ger's Correr|ary or
borars, vo|. , - ( ), l. J. 3|eoer, 0r|ger. |1z11 lr lucar lor|||ae, vo|.
8|1(1), N. 8rox, lreraeus. Ad laereses,vo|. 1o, 1-(1|), l. 0urz|,
0regory ol Nyssa. lr Car||cur Car||corur, vo|. 1;, 1- z(1|-), l. 8rurs,
T| eodore ol |opsues||a. Ka|ec|e||sc|e lor|||er, vo|. 18(1), 0. 3c|r|eder,
Fvarge||a lrlar||ae Apocryp|a. Apo|ryp|e K|rd|e||sevarge||er, vo|. 1(1),
|. la|||e, 0der 3a|oros. A l| rs| ser|es ol |Wer|y-l|ve vo|ures Was corp|e|ed |r
1o, s|ru||areous|y, a secord ser|es ol aro||er |Wer|y-l|ve vo|ures Was
arrourced, W||| Augus||rus. uoer d|e c|r|s|||c|e le|re, zvo|s.
(1), 0regor der 0rosse. Fvarge||er|or|||er, zvo|s. (18) arorg ||e
lor||cor|rg ||||es.
Tes||ror|a. 3c|r|l|er der a||c|r|s|||c|er K|rc|e(Tes|), 0usse|dorl, 1oo.
la|r|s||sc|e Tex|e urd 3|ud|er(lT3), 8er||r, 1o|, K. A|ard ard w. 3c|reere|
c|er eds..
|z0re la|r|s||c Fxeges|s
1. |. Te|z, ed., F|re Ar|||og|e des Fu||er|os vor Tyara, 1o|.
|. l. 0orr|es, F. K|os|errarr, |. Kroeger eds., 0|e oge|s|||c|er lor|||er
des |a|ar|os, 1o|.
;. 8. Ko||er, 0|e 3c|r|l|er des Jo|arres vor 0aras|os, vo|. l, 1o, vo|. 1z, ll,
1;, vo|. 1;, lll, 1;, vo|. zz, lv, 181, vo|. z, v, 188.
Tex|e der K|rc|erva|er(TKv). F|re AusWa|| rac| T| erer geordre|, vo|ures,
|ur|c|, 1o-1oo.
lrepared ard ed||ed oy A. le||rarr, W||| ||e sc|er||l|c ass|s|arce ol
l. Kral|, ||ese l| ve a||rac||ve vo|ures exerp||ly ||e des|re, ra|r|y expressed
|r borar Ca||o||c c|rc|es al| er wor|d war ll, |o d|ll use pa|r|s||c Wr|||rgs or
a rore popu|ar |eve| ||ar ||e ore J.-l. ||gre |ad |arge|ed |r ||e r|re|eer||
cer|ury. T| e lrerc| ser|es 3C |ad erg|reered suc| ar a||erp| or ||e grard
sca|e. TKv represer|s a ruc| rore rodes| ac||everer|, ||e rurerous
exege||ca| quo|a||ors |r ||s co||ec||ors ol excerp|s |rars|a|ed W||| grea| care.
T| e lour co||ec||ors ol quo|a||ors are suo||||ed.
l. 0od, Crea||or, |ar, 3|r.
ll. 0race, C|r|s|, 3arc||l|ca||or.
lll. C|r|s||ar l|le, C|ar||y, C|r|s||ar 3oc|e|y (||e ros| ex|erded sec||or).
lv. C|urc|, 3acrarer|s, 3cr|p|ure (pp. 1-81), Fsc|a|o|ogy.
v. bea||zed oy l. K. Kral|, |rc|udes a `lex|cor ol C|urc| la||ers' |r
a| p|a oe||c order ol l|ve |urdred pages, a sor| ol r|r|-pa|ro|ogy, ard
`lrd|ces.'
Fac| excerp| |r ||e lour ser|es |s |r|roduced W||| ar |rd|ca||or ol ||s
cor|er|s ard lo||oWed oy a relererce |o ||e quo|ed source. A corp|e|e ||s|
ol ||ose |rd|ca||ors ard relererces a| ||e erd ol vo|ure v lac||||a|es ||e
use ol ||e co||ec||or.
Trad|||o C|r|s||ara(TC), Zur|c|, 1o.
0ree|
Corsu|| ||e pip\io9psv F\\pvv ldv sdss\pidisv dv,
`l|orary ol ||e la||ers ard Fcc|es|as||ca| wr||ers', puo||s|ed oy ||e Apos|o||c
0|a|or|a ol ||e 0ree| C|urc| puo||s|ed |r A||ers.
l|a||ar
8|o||o|eca la|r|s||caWas |aurc|ed oy |. Na|d|r| ard |. 3|rore|||, |r
l|orerce.
|. C|erer|e A|essardr|ro. Fs|ra||| prole||c|, ed., C. Nard|.
3ources ol la|r|s||c Fxeges|s |r 0||er Co||ec||ors |
1o. lppo|||o. l'Ar||cr|s|o, ed., F. Nore|||.
18. 0r|gere. 0re||e su| 3a|r|, ed., F. lr|rz|va||| ( ). 11
Co||ara d| |es|| pa|r|s||c|, d|rec|ed oy A. uacquare|||.
1. 0r|gere. Correr|o a| Car||co de| Car||c|
z. A|aras|o. l'|rcarraz|ore de| veroo
1|. 0r|gere. 0re||e su||a 0eres|
1o. 0regor|o Naz|arzero. la lass|ore d| Cr|s|o
1;. 0regor|o |agro. 0re||e su Fzec||e|e l-ll
z|. 0|ovarr| 0arascero. 0re||e cr|s|o|og|c|e e rar|are
z;. 0r|gere. 0re||e su||' Fsodo
35
. 0|ovarr| Cr|sos|oro. Correr|o a|| |e||era a| 0a|a||
Corora la|rur 3a|es|ara. 3arc|orur la|rur 0raecorur e| la||rorur 0pera
3e|ec|a, ed. l. b|ca|dore, Tur|r, 1o.
T| e ser|es, d|rec|ed a| ||e |rs|ruc||or ol ||e l|a||ar c|ergy, |rc|udes 3er|es
la||raard a 3er|es 0raeca, W||| cr|||ca| |ex|s oorroWed lror ear||er ed|||ors,
easy |rars|a||ors, o|o||ca| relererces, ard ara|y||ca| |ao|es ol cor|er|.
Japarese
3|rce ||e oeg|rr|rg ol ||e |Wer||e|| cer|ury, Augus||re's Corless|ors|as
oeer |rars|a|ed a| |eas| r|re ||res |r|o Japarese. A corp|e|e |rars|a||or ol
Augus||re's Wor|s |r |||r|y vo|ures (arorg ||er, vo|. o. 0e doc|r|ra c|r|s||ara,
|rars|. T. Ka|o, vo|s. 1o-1;. 0e 0eres| ad ||||erar, |rar|. F. Ka|ayarag|,
vo|s. 18-zo. Frarra||ores |r lsa|ros, vo|s. z-z. Trac|a|us |r lo|arr|s
Fvarge||ur, |rars|. l. lzur|, l. Kare|o, T. 3||ge|zur|, e| a|.) oegar |o oe
puo||s|ed |r 1;ard |s roW corp|e|ed.
Ar |r|erse prograr ol |rars|a||ors, pu| |r|o ellec| a| ||e lrs|||u|e ol
|ed|eva| T| oug|| a| 3op||a ur|vers||y, To|yo, locuses or a Corpus lor||ur
rer||s red|| aev|.
vo|. 1. Far|y 0ree| la||ers. 0|dac|e, Jus||rus |ar|yr, T| eop|||us Ar||oc|erus,
lreraeus lugdorers|s, C|erers A|exardr|rus, l|ppo|y|us borarus,
0r|geres, 0regor|us T|aura|urgus, |e||od|us 0|yrpus, Fuseo|us
Caesar|ers|s, A||aras|us A|exardr|rus.
vo|. z. 0o|der Age 0ree| la||ers. Ar|us, A|exarder A|exardr|rus, Fuseo|us,
A||aras|us, Cyr|||us l|eroso|yr||arus, 8as|||us Caesar|ers|s, 0regor|us
Naz|arzerus, 0regor|us Nysserus, Jo|arres C|rysos|orus.
vo|. . la|er 0ree| la||ers ard 8yzar||re la||ers. Fvagr|us lor||cus, Nes
|or|us, Cyr|||us A|exardr|rus, lseudo-|acar|us, lseudo-0|orys|us Areopag||a,
Jo|arres C||racus, |ax|rus Corlessor, Jo|arres 0arascerus,
||0re la|r|s||c Fxeges|s
T| eodorus 3|ud||a, 3yreor Novus T| eo|ogus, ||c|ae| lse||us, 0regor|us
la|aras, N|co|aus Caoas||as.
vo|. |. Far|y la||r la||ers(1). Ter|u|||arus, Nova||arus, Cypr|arus, lac|ar||us,
|ar|us v|c|or|rus, l||ar|us, Aroros|us, l|eroryrus, lruder||us, lau||rus
No|arus, 3u|p|c|us 3everus, le|ag|us, Augus||rus, lo|arres
Cass|arus, lrosper Aqu||arus, leo lapa, Caesar|us Are|a|ers|s.
vo|. . la|er la||r la||ers(1). 8oe|||us, 8ered|c|us de Nurs|a, Cass|odorus,
|ar||rus ep|scopus 8racarers|s, 0regor|us |agrus, ls|dorus ep|scopus
l|spa|ers|s, l|delorsus ep|scopus To|e|arus, 0elersor rora c|us
loco g|acers|s.
T| |s ser|es cors|||u|es a rorurer|a| ac||everer| |r ||e ||s|ory ol
Japarese pa|r|s||c s|ud|es.
Aro||er ser|es, Kyo-8ur KWar's 3e|ec|ed wor|s ol Far|y C|r|s||ar wr||ers
(lror ||e l|rs| |o ||e |||rd cer|ury) |rc|udes vo|s. 8-1o. 0r|geres, Cor|ra
Ce|sur(|rars|. |. 0erura) ard 0r|geres, 0e lr|rc|p||s, Correr|ar|ur |r
lo|arr|s Fvarge||urard Correrar|ur |r Car||cur Car||corur, (|rars|.
T. 0da|a). 0regory ol Nyssa, lor|||es or ||e 3org ol 3orgs, |s a|so |rars|a|ed
|r ||a| ser|es.
3par|s|
8|o||o|eca de la|r|s||ca(18o)
TWer|y-l|ve vo|ures puo||s|ed, corparao|e W||| ||e l|a||ar Co||ara d|
Tes|| pa|r|s||c|, addressed |o ||e gerera| puo||c.
luer|es pa|r|s||cas(1;)
w||| or|g|ra| |ex|s, |rars|a||ors, ard arro|a||ors d|rec|ed |o ar acader|c
readers||p, urder ||e respors|o|||y ol F. borero lose.
lr process. |orurer|a c|r|s||ara |oer|ca, see J. |ar||rez, `la la|ro|og|e er
Fspagre'. les lres de |'Fg||se au XXre s|c|e. lar|s 1;, |o-|1o.
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| |ll
lN3Tbu|FNTA 3Tu0l0bu|.
0lCTl0NAblF3, FNCCl0lF0lA3, lATb0l00lF3,
8l8ll00bAlllF3
|. 8as|c belererce 8oo|s
A||arer, 8. - 3|u|oer, A., la|ro|og|e,Was a| ||s e|g||| ed|||or |r 1;8, al|er ||e
sever|| |r 1oo, ard ||e s|x|| |r 1oo, |r add|||or ||ere Was ar Arer|car
|rars|a||or |r 1o1, a lrerc| ed|||or |r 1oz, a secord l|a||ar ed|||or |r 1||,
ard a 3par|s| ed|||or |r 1;z(A||arer's or|g|ra| ed|||or da|es lror 18, a
l|rs| l|a||ar vers|or lror 1|o, a lurgar|ar vers|or lror 1|;).
A. 0| 8erard|ro puo||s|ed ||e |Wo vo|ures ol ||e 0|z|orar|o la|r|s||co
e d| ar||qu|| cr|s||are|r 18ard 18|, W||| over 1;oco||aoora|ors ||s|ed.
lour |rpor|ar| er|r|es or pa|r|s||c exeges|s are s|gred oy |. 3|rore|||.
`A||egor|a,' `Correr|ar| 8|o||c|,' `0|odoro d| Tarso,' `Fseges| pa|r|s||ca.'
A|so re|evar| are ||e ar||c|es `8|oo|a' (F. lere||o), `Car||co de| Car||c|'
(l. |a|or|), `Ca|ere 8|o||c|e' (C. Cur||), `0erer| |e||erar|' (l. 3|r|sca|co), ard
cor|r|ou||ors oy F. 0assrarr, J. 0r|ooror|, A. uacquare|||, v. 3axer. A
lrerc| |rars|a||or lo||oWed |r 0|c||orra|re ercyc|oped|que du C|r|s||ar|sre
arc|er, 1o, ar Frg||s| |rars|a||or Frcyc|oped|a ol ||e Far|y C|urc||r
36
1z.
lergusor F., Frcyc|oped|a ol Arc|er| C|r|s||ar||y,suppor|ed oy a s|rorg
|ear ol cor|r|ou|ors, l|rs| appeared |r 1, ||er |r a secord ard er|arged
ed|||or |r 1;. pp. |-;, `A||egory' (J. w. Tr|gg), ;|-;8, `Apocryp|a|s'
(0. |. 3c|o|er. r|, J. J. Co|||rs o|), zo-z11, `Caror' (ol 3cr|p|ure) (l. |.
|c0ora|d), |o-8, `0eres|s' (J. l. leW|s), 8o-8|, `lr|erpre|a||or ol ||e
8|o|e' (0. lar|asla|y), 8o-88, `b|e|or|c' (l. w. Norr|s). T| ere |s ro er|ry
or `Fxeges|s.' lor |rd|v|dua| er|r|es ol pa|r|s||c |r|erpre|ers or ooo|s ol ||e
8|o|e, corsu|| ||e lrdex.
larrar, A., 0u|de lra||que des lres de |'Fg||se, lar|s, 1o;. T| |s puo||ca||or
|s ro| lor ||e spec|a||s|, ou| corce|ved as ar |r|||a||or ol zopages
lor yourg (or ro| so yourg) s|uder|s. l| |s p|easar||y Wr|||er, |||us|ra|ed
W||| We||-c|oser quo|a||ors. a ras|erp|ece ol `vu|gar|sa||or' |r ||e lrerc|
|err, || Was corce|ved as a corpar|or vo|ure |o ||e ser|es `lc|ys,' W||c|
Was crea|ed W||| s|r||ar |r|er||ors oy ||e au||or.
uas|er, J., la|ro|ogy.vo|. l . T| e 8eg|rr|rgs ol la|r|s||c l||era|ure, vo|. ll.
T| e Ar|e-N|cere l||era|ure al| er lreraeus, vo|. lll. T| e 0o|der Age ol 0ree|
la|r|s||c l||era|ure. u|rec|| - 8russe|s 1o, 1, 1oo. A. d| 8erard|ro,
|o0re la|r|s||c Fxeges|s
la|ro|og|avo|. lll. 0a| Corc|||o d| N|cea ( ) a| Corc|||o d| Ca|cedor|as z
(|1). l ladr| |a||r|. Caoa|e 1;8. lrerc| ed|||or. J. lapor|e, |rars|., lr|||a||or
aux lres de |'Fg||se, vo|s. lar|s 1, 1;, 1o. J.-l. 8ago|, |rars|., vo|. lv.
`les lres la||rs' lar|s 18o.
l| |oo| ||ree decades |o corp|e|e ||e oes|-|roWr la|ro|ogy |r ||e
Frg||s|-spea||rg Wor|d, a Wor| ol ||g| erud|||or, pedagog|ca| ard a||rac||ve, W|||
exce||er| o|o||ograp||es. l| Was qu|c||y recogr|zed as a c|ass|c.
||. Augus||rus lex||or(Augl)
w||| Corre||us |ayer ard o||ers as ed||ors, vo|ure l. lasc. 1-zAaror-
Ar|ra, ar|rus, appeared |r 18o, acc|a|red oy ||e cr|||cs as `a ro|ao|e
ever| ard a ros| We|core add|||or |o ||e resources ava||ao|e |o ||e s|uder|'
(l. C|adW|c|, JFl [188| 1|o). lr 0errar, Frg||s|, or lrerc|, ||s prograrre
arrources 1zooer|r|es. l| locuses or ||e persor ard ||e Wor| ol ||e
o|s|op ol l|ppo W|||ou| reg|ec||rg ary ol ||s lr|erds or loes. To arc|aeo|ogy
ard |opograp|y (W||| raps), ||e Augladds |||urg|ca| ard doc|r|ra| ||eres
ard corcep|s. A|| ||e Wr|||rgs ol ||e versa|||e o|s|op |ave ||e|r cr|||ca| ro||ce
oroug|| up |o ||e |a|es| s|a|e ol researc|. 3ore ol Augus||re's rore larous
s|a|erer|s are |r|roduced |r|o ||e a|p|aoe||ca| se| ol er|r|es ard |oca|ed |r
||s Wr|||er |egacy. |os| uselu| lor ||e s|udy ol Augus||re's lar|||ar||y W|||
3cr|p|ure are ||e ar||c|es dea||rg W||| o| or r| l|gures, ||ose or a||egory
ard o||er |errereu||ca| |ssues.
T| e |ead|rg exper|s ol Augus||r|ar s|ud|es lror a|| over ||e Wor|d cor|r|ou|e |o
||e Augl. lr 1|||s l| rs| vo|ure Was corp|e|ed, a |as| douo|e
lasc|c|e ;-8, C|v||as 0e|Corvers|o, or|rg|rg ||s cor|er| |o a |o|a| ol 1,z|
co|urrs. F|g|| years reeded lor ||e l|rs| ||ree |e||er ol ||e a|p|aoe| represer|
a s|oW pace. lr .-|. 0uva|'s Words, ||e er|erpr|se `r|g|| progress rore
s|oW|y ||ar ore Wou|d W|s| lor, ou| || progresses' (bFAug|1[1| oz).
l|ve years |a|er, ro acce|era||or Was ro||ceao|e, ou| ||e ||g| s|ardard ol ||e
Auglcor||rued |o oe ce|eora|ed oy ||e spec|a||s|s.
C. |ayer, C0-bor Corpus Augus||r|arur 0|sserse(CA0). lr ||e
sare puo||s||rg |ouse, 3c|Waoe & Co, 8ase| (W|ere ||e l|rs| ed|||or ol
Augus||re's Wor|s Was pr|r|ed |r 1o-11;!), Corre||us |ayer, |eac||rg
a| ||e ur|vers||y ol 0|esser (0errary), produced ||e resu|| ol l|l|eer years
ol a We||-orgar|zed co||ec||ve prepara||or, a C0-bor W||| ||e lu|| |ex| ol
||e Augus||r|ar 0pera orr|aard a o|o||ograp|y ol c|rca o,ooo||||es. T| e
W|o|e Augus||r|ar |ex|, pa|rs|a||rg|y rev|sed or ||e oas|s ol ||e |a|es| cr|||ca|
ed|||ors, |rc|udes ||e ros| recer| d|scover|es, suc| as ||e 0o|oeau serrors.
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| |; lrs|rurer|a 3|ud|orur|;
A|| o|o||ca| ard o||er c||a||ors are |der||l|ed W||| ||e|r relererces, A|| lorrs
are |erra||zed as |r ||e puo||ca||ors ol louva|r's CFTF00C. 0re l|rds
|r CA0`||e |r|egra| ra|er|a|s lor a 8|o||a Augus||r|ara,ard l guess ||a| |l
A. -|. la 8orrard|re |ad |roWr ||, l|l|y years ago, s|e Wou|d |ave corp|e|ed
|er prograrre ol correr|ar|es or ||e use rade oy Augus||re ol
o|o||ca| ooo|s' (0. |adec, bFAug|z[1o| z).
|||. 8|o||a la|r|s||ca
lr 1o, Ardre 8ero|| ard l|erre lr|ger| crea|ed a `Cer|re d'Ara|yse e| de
0ocurer|a||or la|r|s||ques' (CA0l) a| ||e lro|es|ar| lacu||e de T|eo|og|e
ol 3|rasoourg (A. 8ero|| e| l. lr|ger|, `les C||a||ors de |'Fcr||ure c|ez |es
lres,' bll|bo[1oo| 1o1-o8). Al|er a s|or| ||re ||e Cer|re oecare
assoc|a|ed W||| ||e CNb3, ||e `Na||ora| Cer|re lor 3c|er||l|c besearc|' |r lar|s,
W|ose l|rarc|a| suppor| a||oWed ||e |aurc||rg ol 8|o||a la|r|s||ca|r 1;.
8y ||e erd ol ||e cer|ury, s|x vo|ures ard a 3upp|erer| Were puo||s|ed.
1. 0es or|g|res C|erer| d'A|exardr|e e| Ter|u|||er, lar|s 1;.
z. le Tro|s|re s|c|e (0r|gre excep|e), lar|s 1;;.
. 0r|gre, lar|s . 18o
37
|. Fusoe de Cesaree, Cyr|||e de Jerusa|er, Fp|p|are de 3a|ar|re, lar|s . 18;
. 8as||e de Cesaree, 0rego|re de Naz|arze, 0rego|re de Nysse, Arp|||oque
d'lcor|ur, lar|s 11.
o. l||a|re de lo|||ers, Aroro|se de |||ar, |'Aroros|as|er, lar|s 1.
3upp|erer|. l|||or d'A|exardr|e, lar|s 18z.
Fac| vo|ure co||ec|s oe|Weer |o,oooard o,oooo|o||ca| quo|a||ors |r
pa|r|s||c sources. Al|er ||s|s ol ||e sources ara|yzed, ol ||e|r ed|||ors ard
||e|r aoorev|a|ed ||||es, a|| o|o||ca| occurrerces are erurera|ed lror 0r 1.
1|o bv zz.1, ever W|er ||r||ed |o sra|| e|erer|s ol verses or |o a||us|ors.
lru||lu| exc|arges W||| ||e ve|us la||ra lrs|||u|e ol 8euror ard ||e lrs|||u|
lur Neu|es|arer|||c|e Tex|lorsc|urg ol |urs|er|w. lac||||a|ed ||e g|gar||c
|as|. Al|er |Wer|y years ol a rea| success s|ory, l. |arave|, ||e d|rec|or ol
CA0l arrourced lor||cor|rg vo|ures or `||e Fgyp||ar Wr||ers, ||er ||ose
ol ||e 3yr|ac |arguage, l|ra||y a|| ||e o||er la||ers ard 'r|ror' Wr||ers (|l ||a|
ra|es serse) ol ||e lour|| cer|ury', |e descr|oes as `quas|- esc|a|o|og|ca|
perspec||ves' ||e vo|ures projec|ed or Jerore, C|rysos|orus, Augus||re,
Cyr|| ol A|exardr|a, T| eodore| ol Cyrus, ard o||ers (les lres de |'Fg||se
au XX
e
s|c|e,|o). A |ac| ol puo||c lurd|rg ard leWer |urar resources
ray or|rg ||e er|erpr|se |o a |a|| desp||e ||e cor||ruous |rproverer| ol
e|ec|ror|c |ec|ro|ogy.
|80re la|r|s||c Fxeges|s
|v. Corpus C|r|s||arorur(CFTF00C)
3|rce 18z, urder ||e gerera| ||||e lrs|rurer|a lex|co|og|ca la||ra, ard
||ar|s |o ||e d|||gerce ol lau| Toroeur, ||e Corpus C|r|s||arorurl|rds
||se|l err|c|ed year al| er year oy lasc|c|es ol corpu|er|zed lorrs ol Words
lor sore vo|ures ol ||e la||r ser|es, preser||rg ||e |ex|ca| ||esaurus, or
`|reasure,' ol spec|l|c au||ors or Wor|s. lor |rs|arce.
CCT| esaurus la|rur la||rorur. T| esaurus 3arc|| 0regor|| |agr|.
3er|es A. lorrae. Frurera||o lorrarur. lrdex lorrarur a |ergo ord|ra|arur
Corcordar||a lorrarur (or r|crocards). CFTF00C, lau| Toroeur,
ed., Ca||o||c ur|vers||y ol louva|r, louva|r-|a-Neuve, 18o.
CClrs|rurer|a lex|co|og|ca la||ra. `T| e lrs|rurer|a lex|co|og|ca
la||ra|ave oeer corce|ved |o prov|de exper|s W||| lurdarer|a| |oo|s lor
researc|, reeded oy ||e sc|er||l|c s|udy ol a |ex| or ||e |rqu|ry aoou| g|ver
p|erorera W|ose occurrerce |r a spec|l|c Wor| reeds c|ar|l|ca||or (lorrs, a
se| ol lorrs or express|ors, c||a||ors, er|r|es s|gr|l|car| lor ||e|r or||ograp|y,
rorp|o|ogy, syr|ax ard s|y|e,' `les lrs|rurer|a lex|co|og|ca la||raor| e|e
corus de |e||e rar|re que |es c|erc|eurs pu|sser| d|sposer des |rs|rurer|s
de |rava|| lordarer|aux que recess||er| |'e|ude sc|er||l|que d'ur |ex|e ou |a
rec|erc|e corcerrar| des p|erorres dorres dor| or veu| savo|r s'||s sor|
a||es|es dars ure oeuvre prec|se (lorres, ersero|es de lorres ou express|ors,
c||a||ors, |erres carac|er|s||ques or||ograp||ques, rorp|o|og|ques,
syr|ax|ques e| s|y||s||ques' (l. Toroeur).
3evera| lasc|c|es ol ||e ser|es are ol spec|a| |r|eres| lor ||e s|udy ol
pa|r|s||c exeges|s.
lasc.z. Jerore, C. bul|rus
o. Ars Aroros|ara
8. 0regory ||e 0rea|, lr Car||cur Car||corur, lr l|orur lr|rur begur
zo. lr|ras|us, Correr|ary or ||e Apoca|ypse
o. Appor|us, lr Car||cur
|o. leo ||e 0rea|
|z. l|or||eg|a. l|or. lr|s|rgerse
lr add|||or |o ||e lrs|rurer|aa|ready rer||ored, ||e Ce|edoc lrdex
ol la||r lorrs, or T| esaurus lorrarur |o||us |a||r||a||s a l|au|o usque ad
saecu|ur XXur, `represer|s a l| rs| s|ep |oWards produc|rg a |uge la||r
d|c||orary da|aoase, . . . a revo|u||orary |oo|, cor|a|r|rg a|ros| ;or||||or
lorrs draWr lror ||e er||re|y ol arc|er| la||r |||era|ure, lror ||e |||era|ure
ol ||e pa|r|s||c per|od, lror a vas| oody ol red|eva| ra|er|a| (|rc|ud|rg |r
par||cu|ar ||e opera orr|aol T| oras Aqu|ras), ard lror co||ec||ors ol
Neo-la||r Wor|s. . . . 8y 'lorrs' |s rear| ||e d|llerer| ac|ua| occurrerces ol
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| | lrs|rurer|a 3|ud|orur|
a |ex|ca| er|ry W||||r ary ex|ar| d|scourse. . . . w||||r ||e ||r||s ol ||e |ex|s
|rcorpora|ed |r ||e da|aoase, sc|o|ars ge| |rlorra||or or ||e l| rs| occurrerce ol
a lorr, a|| ||e Wor|s |r W||c| || appears, ||e au||ors W|o use ||, ||s
lrequercy ol occurrerce ||roug|ou| ||e cer|ur|es.'
3|rce ||e erd ol 1;, ||e Ce|edoc lrdex ol la||r lorrs|s ava||ao|e as a
pr|r|ed word||s|prov|d|rg ||e corp|e|e a|p|aoe||ca| ||s| ol lorrs, |oge||er
W||| |rd|ca||or ol lrequerc|es accord|rg |o per|od, ard as a C0-b0|`W||c|
a||oWs users |o searc| ||e er||re da|aoase ol ;or||||or lorrs |r ||e ros|
corp|ex Ways.'
v. 0|c||orary ol 8|o||ca| lr|erpre|a||or
w||| Jo|r l. layes as gerera| ed||or ard lour |urdred cor|r|ou|ors, ||e
38
0|c||orary ol 8|o||ca| lr|erpre|a||or, puo||s|ed |r 1, |r Nas|v|||e, Terr.,
cor|a|rs a syr||es|s ol Wor|d-W|de sc|o|ars||p |r |Wo vo|ures ol over ooo
pages eac|. Fxper|s W||| JeW|s|, or C|r|s||ar, or |us||r ard o||er re||g|ous
oac|grourds, preser| a very readao|e |ex|, d|v|ded |r|o |Wo co|urrs per
page. T| e recep||or-||s|ory ol eac| ooo| ol ||e 8|o|e rece|ves spec|a| a||er||or,
lor |rs|arce 0eres|s |r 1co|s., Fxodus |r over 1|, 0eu|erorory |r |,
Jerer|a| |r zz, ard Joo |r z. A o|o||ograp|y lo||oWs eac| ro||ce. 3ore rajor
|rerds or d|s||rc||ve areas are s|rg|ed ou| suc| as `Alrocer|r|c-, Arrer|ar-,
As|ar-, F|||op|ar-, Fvarge||ca|-, ler|r|s|-, 0ros||c-, l|spar|c Arer|car-,
|ujer|s|a-, 0r||odox-, los| co|or|a|-, los|roderr-, worar|s| 8|o||ca|
lr|erpre|a||or.' 0||er gerera| surveys dea| W||| `T| e 8|o|e ard Ar|'(1
co|s.), `T| e 8|o|e ard wes|err l||era|ure,' (a|ros| 1co|s.), `l|oera||or
T| eo|og|es' (1oco|s.), `T| e 8|o|e ard |us|c,' (z8co|s.). 3pec|a| a||er||or |s
g|ver |o ||e var|ous d|sc|p||res ergaged |r ||e s|udy ol ||e 8|o|e, suc| as
arc|aeo|ogy, Assyr|o|ogy, Fgyp|o|ogy, |ex|cograp|y, geograp|y (`|aps ol
||e 8|o||ca| wor|d'), ry||o|ogy, soc|o|ogy, ||eo|ogy, or ol ||e procedures
ol o|o||ca| |r|erpre|a||or, suc| as lorr-, |||erary-, rarra||ve-, redac||or-, ard
r|e|or|ca| cr|||c|sr, as We|| as s|ruc|ura||sr ard decors|ruc||or, ard |ex|ua|
cr|||c|sr. T| e ou|| ol ||e Wor| cors|s|s |r a spec|acu|ar array ol |rd|v|dua|
ro||ces ded|ca|ed |o o|o||ca| |r|erpre|ers lror ||e secord |o ||e |Wer||e||
cer|ury, |rc|ud|rg sore cor|erporary sc|o|ars.
lor ||e pa|r|s||c per|od, a leW gerera| ar||c|es are jo|red |o ||e |rd|v|dua| ro||ces.
`A|exardr|ar 3c|oo|,' `Ar||oc|ere 3c|oo|,' e|c. NoW|ere |s
||e d|s||rc||ve cor|r|ou||or ol ||e zo|| cer|ury |o ||e r|||err|a ol o|o||ca|
|r|erpre|a||or oe||er exerp||l| ed ard docurer|ed ||ar |r |||s d|c||orary.
o0re la|r|s||c Fxeges|s
v|. 0|c||orra|re cr|||que de ||eo|og|e(0CT)
Fd||ed oy J.-l. lacos|e, lar|s, 18, ||e 0|c||orra|re cr|||que de ||eo|og|e
|rc|udes or|y ||ree ar||c|es re|evar| lor ||e lardooo|.
`Fxegse. ju|ve, de |'Fg||se, savar|e,' A. F. larvey, pp. ||-|, W||| a sourd
eva|ua||or ol cor|erporary |ssues.
`3ers de |'Fcr||ure,' l. 8eauc|arp, pp. - . 1o88
`lres de |'Fg||se,' 0. |. de 0urard, pp. - . 8
v||. 0|c||orra|re d'Arc|eo|og|e C|re||erre
e| de l||urg|e(0ACl)
T| e ou||y vo|ures (vo|. 1. ,z;|pages!) ol ||e 0ACls|ar|ed appear|rg
|r lasc|c|es lror 1oor, W||| l. Caoro|, a 8ered|c||re aooo| ex||ed |r
larrooroug|, Frg|ard, as ed||or-|r-c||el. T| e l|rs| corp|e|ed vo|ure |s
da|ed lror 1o;. l| reac|ed a |o|a| ol l|l|eer vo|ures approx|ra|e|y ol ||e
sare lorra|. lror vo|ure , l. lec|ercq ass|s|ed Caoro|. T| e |as| vo|ure,
`3ryrre-Zraia' (1), Was d|rec|ed oy lerr| |arrou. T| e g|gar||c |as|,
execu|ed oy a grea| ruroer ol cor|r|ou|ors, car or|y oe corpared W||| ||e
correspord|rg ar||c|es ol ||e T|eo|og|sc|e bea|erzyc|opad|eoe|rg puo||s|ed
a| ||e erd ol ||e |Wer||e|| cer|ury. A oe|a|ed s|udy or `T| e Fxcava||ors
ol ||e va||car,' da|ed C|r|s|ras 1zoy l. |arrou Was jo|red |o ||e |as|
vo|ure ol ||e ser|es. lor ||e s|udy ol ||e recep||or ard ||e |r|erpre|a||or
ol 3cr|p|ure |r ||e ear|y c|urc| ||e 0AClollers ex|erded essays or ||e
arc|aeo|og|ca|, geograp||ca|, |corograp||c, ard |||urg|ca| ev|derce, re|evar| lor
o|o||ca| ro||ors ard ||eres. T| us ||e C|r|s||ar syroo||sr ol W|re |rduces
lec|ercq |o preser| a|| |roWr arc|aeo|og|ca| |races ol v|reyards, ol grape
|arves|s ard W|re dr|r||rg |r arc|er| C|r|s||ar||y (1, z.11-118).
v|||. 0|c||orra|re de |a 8|o|e. 3upp|erer|(083up)
T|e 0|c||orra|re de |a 8|o|e. 3upp|erer|cour|ed ||ree vo|ures |r 18, W||c|
|ad oeer puo||s|ed oe|Weer 1z8ard 18urder ||e d|rec||or ol l. l|ro|.
0ur|rg ||e pas| l| ve decades (1||o 1o) r|re rore vo|ures |ave appeared.
lr vo|. (1;), ed||ed oy l. Caze||es, pa|r|s||c exeges|s rade a spec|acu|ar
er|ry |r|o 083 W||| ||e |erg||y ar||c|e `Kerose' oy l. lerry (`lv.
l'exegse pa|r|s||que,' co|. o-1o!), W|||e |r ||e prev|ous vo|ure d|rec|ed
oy A. booer| (vo|. |., 1|), suos|ar||a| ar||c|es or lsa|a|, Jerer|a| ard Jo|r,
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| 1 lrs|rurer|a 3|ud|orur1
|ad rera|red er|arg|ed |r ||e lrare ol a o|o||ca| exeges|s W||c| |grored
||e preserce ol ||e 8|o|e |r C|r|s||ar |rad|||ors. A|so |r vo|. , 8. 8o||e cor|r|ou|ed
a |e|plu| surrary or ||e la||r vers|ors ol ||e 8|o|e oelore Jerore,
||e ve|us la||ra(co|. |-|;), aro||er ar||c|e, or ||e 0ree| raruscr|p|s
ol ||e r| (co|. 81-). 0. 8ardy Wro|e or |arc|or ard ||e |arc|or||e
pro|ogues, ou| ||e ar||c|es or lu|e, |ar| ard ||ca| cor||rued |o |grore
||e s|a|us ol ||ose o|o||ca| ooo|s |r ||e c|urc|. lr vo|. o(1oo), J. 0ar|e|ou
correr|ed or ||e 0des ol 3o|oror(co|. o;;-8|) ard ||e vers|ors ol ||e
8|o|e |r Arao|c (8. 8o||e), Arrer|ar (l. le|o|r), Cop||c (8. 8o||e), F|||op|ar (8.
8o||e), 0eorg|ar (l. le|o|r), ard 3yr|ac, oy lar ||e ros| |rpor|ar|
(C. var luyve|de), rece|ved carelu| a||er||or. 0re s|ou|d a|so ro|e J. 0ar|e|ou's
s|udy or 0r|ger (co|. 88|-o8). Aga|r ||e ar||c|es or ||e ooo|s ol losea
ard C|ror|c|es |ac| ary rer||or ol ||e|r C|r|s||ar recep||or |r corlorr||y
W||| a ro||or ol exeges|s exc|ud|rg suc| a cors|dera||or. lap|as, ||e au||or
39
ol ||e 0|a|essaror, |s d|scussed |r a s|or| ro||ce oy |. Jourjor, W|ereas
`lapyrus, o|o||ques' |s |rea|ed rore ex|ers|ve|y oy 8. 8o||e (co|. 11o-zo).
vo|. ;(1oo) opers W||| a rag|s|er|a| preser|a||or ol ||e las|ora| le||ers
oy C. 3p|cq (co|. z-;). A surpr|s|rg cor|r|ou||or, `ler|a|euque c|ez |es
lres,' oy J.-l. 8ou|o| (co|. o8;-;o8), ergages |r|o a ||s|or|ca| survey ol ||e
ler|a|euc|'s C|r|s||ar recep||or, as ar |r|roduc||or |o a rore e|aoora|e
s|udy ol ||s |rrer s|ruc|ure oy l. Caze||es. l|||o ol A|exardr|a ca||s lor jo|r|
cor|r|ou||ors ol severa| exper|s. vo|. 8(1;z) |rlorrs aoou| `lro|ogues ard
3urrar|es ol ||e 8|o|e' (8. 8o||e). vo|. (1;) a| |eas| rer||ors Jerore's
Correr|ary or Fcc|es|as|es (co|. o;1), || |rc|udes a survey ol raoo|r|c |||era|ure
oy C. Toua|| (co|. 1o1-|), W||| a de|a||ed erurera||or ol a|| ||ers
|r ||e s|x sec||ors ol ||e ||s|ra|. lr vo|. 1o(18), J. Tr|rque| prov|des
a ||s| ol o|o||ca| jourra|s, a o|o||ograp||c |rlorra||or ol ||g| qua|||y (co|.
o18-o||). vo|. 1z, ed||ed oy J. 8r|erd ard F. Co||ere| (1o), |rc|udes a
rerar|ao|e syr||es|s, ore ol ||e oes| ava||ao|e lor a lrerc| readers||p, or
`3ers de |'Fcr||ure' (co|. |z|-o), oy l.-|. 8eaude. T| e ar||c|e `3ep|ar|e'
(|xx), s|gred oy severa| spec|a||s|s |s ol rorograp| s|ze (co|. o-oz).
3ore esser||a| pa|r|s||c da|a are reca||ed aoou| ||e 3error or ||e |our|
(co|. ;o-;o;), or W||c| |. 0ura|s preser|s a vo|ur|rous s|udy W||| a
o|o||ograp|y (o-8).
|x. 0|c||orra|re de 3p|r||ua|||e(03p)
T|e 0|c||orra|re de 3p|r||ua|||eWas |r|||a|ed oy |. v|||er ard o||er lrerc|
Jesu||s, W||| a l|rs| lasc|c|e appear|rg |r 1z, ||e corp|e|e vo|ure 1
z0re la|r|s||c Fxeges|s
puo||s|ed |r 1;. l|s rea| s|ar| occurred or|y al|er wor|d war ll W|er vo|ure z
appeared |r 1. T| e 03p|s a Wor|d-W|de `w|o's w|o' ol sp|r||ua|
au||ors |oca|ed ||roug| |Wo r|||err|a ol ||e C|r|s||ar |rad|||or. lror
vo|ure , || a|so preser|s very va|uao|e gerera| ar||c|es or |op|cs c|ose|y
||r|ed |o pa|r|s||c exeges|s.
1; `0erors'. J. 0ar|e|ou
`0|scerrerer| des espr||s'. 0. 8ardy `0|v|r|sa||or'. l.-l. 0a|ra|s, 0. 8ardy
`0ors de |'Fspr||'. 0. 8ardy | 1 `Fcr||ure 3a|r|e e| sp|r||ua|||e,' co|. 1z8-z|;.
sever|eer cor|r|ou|ors.
`Fspr|| 3a|r|'. J. 0r|ooror|, l. 3ru|ders `Fve'. |. l|arque `Fxode'. b. le
0eau|, J. lecuyer `Fx|ase'. J. K|rc|reyer
`Fzec||e|'. J. larvey 1oz `l|rs derr|res' (|ed||a||or des). l. T||or
`l|or||ges sp|r||ue|s'. l. |. boc|a|s, |. b|c|ard `lru|||o 0e|'. l. Agaesse
(Augus||r|ar `lru|||o')
o 1o; `0erse'. J. 0u|||e|
`0eorg|erre (||||era|ure sp|r||ue||e). 0. 0ar|||e `0|o|re de 0|eu'. l. 0ese|||e
`0ourrard|se e| gourrard|se sp|r||ue||e'. w. eorar, A. 0erv|||e
;, z 1;1 `l||a|re de lo|||ers'. C. Karrerg|esser
`l|ppo|y|e de bore'. |. b|c|ard `lore||a|res'. b. 0rego|re `lorre
|r|er|eur'. A. 3o||grac `lurar||e du C|r|s|'. C. Karrerg|esser, l. Agaesse
(leoreWs ard lsa|a| or|||ed)
8 1;| `Jacoo'. l. |. 0u|||aure
`Jerer|e'. C. Karrerg|esser `Joo' (`l|vre de'). C. Karrerg|esser 1;o
`lec||o d|v|ra'. J. bousse
`lur|re'. l-T. Care|o| 1o 18o `|aca|re'. |. Careve|
`|ar|e'. 0. lerrardez , `larad|s'. l. ||que| 1z118|
1z, z 18o `lerlec||or'. 0. Cou|||eau
`lr|re'. A. |e|a|, A. 3o||grac
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| lrs|rurer|a 3|ud|orur
1; 1 `Tao|es 0erera|es'. `A||egor|e,' W||| ||e exc|us|or ol pa|r|s||c
exeges|s, ro er|ry `Fxegse', `Typo|og|e'. J. 0ar|e|ou.
w||| ||e excep||or ol 0ar|e|ou's |e|plu| cor|r|ou||or or |ypo|ogy, ||e
|errereu||c re|evarce ol ||e 8|o|e |r pa|r|s||c |rad|||ors |s lor ||e ros|
par| |grored, or a| |eas| rever cors|dered lor W|a| || rea||y Was, ||e ros|
produc||ve source ol C|r|s||ar sp|r||ua|||y dur|rg ||e l|rs| r|||err|ur c.e.
lor 0eres|s, Fxodus, Car||c|e, Jerer|a| ard Joo, a survey ol pa|r|s||c exeges|s
|s prov|ded, ou| ro o||er o|o||ca| ooo|s are preser|ed as sp|r||ua| rour|s|rer| lor
||e pa|r|s||c era. lr ||e ar||c|es `lsaie' ard `|a||||eu' a s|or| ||s|
ol pa|r|s||c correr|ar|es |s added as ar apperd|x W||| ||e o|o||ograp|y ol
||e ar||c|es. lr ||e ar||c|es `Jear |'Fvarge||s|e,' `leoreux (Fpi|re),' ard `l|erre
Apo|re,' ||e pa|r|s||c re|evarce |s |grored. Fver ||e ar||c|e, `A||egor|e' or||s
ary rer||or ol pa|r|s||c exeges|s. T| us oy ||s very or|ss|ors ||e 03p|es||l|es
|o ||e pers|s|er| |ac|, ever |r ||e secord |a|l ol ||e cer|ury, ol a sc|o|ar|y
v|s|or ||a| Wou|d locus or ||e cer|ra|||y ol o|o||ca| |r|erpre|a||ors |r ||e
||le ol ear|y C|r|s||ar gerera||ors. loss|o|y ||e very ro||or ol `3p|r||ua|||e'
as corce|ved oy ||e lourders ol 03pard ||s cor||ru|rg d|rec|ors ||roug|
s|x decades cor||rued |o carry or, aga|rs| ary oody's W|||, sore|||rg ol ||e
rou||re sc|o|as||c d|s||rc||or oe|Weer d|sc|p||res W||c| prever|ed ||er
lror perce|v|rg ||e lus|or ol o|o||ca| exeges|s ard sp|r||ua| doc|r|re |r
40
arc|er| C|r|s||ar||y |r ||s jus| reasure. T| a| Wou|d ro| oe ||e case |r ||e
bea||ex||or lur Ar|||e urd C|r|s|er|ur.
x. 0|c||orra|re d'l|s|o|re e| de geograp||e
ecc|es|as||que(0l0F)
T|e 0l0F's vo|. 1care ou| |r 11z, a so||d o|rd|rg ol l| ve lasc|c|es puo||s|ed
ear||er urder ||e d|rec||or ol A. 8audr|||ard, a |ur|rary a| ||e lrs|||u|
Ca||o||que ol lar|s. l| ollered a corpac| |ex| ol 1,;||co|urrs ol |arge
lorra|. T| e secord vo|ure appeared |r 11|or ||e eve ol wor|d war l.
T| e |||rd vo|ure cou|d or|y oe d|s|r|ou|ed |r 1z|. lr 18, ||e 0l0F, s||||
ror|ra||y d|rec|ed oy 8audr|||ard, W|o |ad |r ||e rear||re oeer proro|ed
|o ||e card|ra|a|e, reac|ed ||e erd ol |e||er 8 W||| ar ar||c|e or `8yzarce.'
vo|ure 11Was or ||e rar|e| |r 1|, aga|r urder 8audr|||ard's rare as
lourder ard d|rec|or. lr rea|||y ||e Wor| ol pu|||rg |oge||er ||e rary |rd|v|dua|
co||aoora||ors Was lu|l|||ed oy |Wo prolessors ol louva|r, A. 0e
|eyer ard F. var CauWeroerg|, W|o |ad oeer ergaged |r ||a| erorrous
|as| s|rce 11.
T| e pace ol puo||ca||or s|oWed doWr W||| vo|ure 1z, ou| or|y |r 1,
|0re la|r|s||c Fxeges|s
ard vo|ure 1ou| |r 1o. lror vo|. 1|(1oo), b. Auoer|'s rare rep|aced
||a| ol 8audr|||ard as c||el ed||or ard d|rec|or, ||us dec|ded|y es|ao||s||rg
||e puo||ca||or ol ||e 0l0F|r ||e lrare ol ||e ur|vers||y ol louva|r,
W|ere || |s s|||| |oca|ed |oday. Auoer| ro| or|y assured ||e d|rec||or ol ||e
d|c||orary, ou| a|so oecare ore ol ||e ros| versa|||e ol ||s cor|r|ou|ors.
vo|. zo, da||rg lror 18, |rea|s |e||er `J.' l||e red|eva| ca||edra|s, suc| a
cor|erporary ac||everer| ol erud|||or ou|||ves ||s or|g|ra|ors ard ca||s lor
severa| gerera||ors ol g|l|ed ard ded|ca|ed |eaders. T| e aro|||ous projec|
ol 0l0Fpror|ses |o corcer|ra|e ||e ellor|s ol rary spec|a||s|s We|| |r|o
||e |Wer|y-l|rs| cer|ury.
T| e serv|ce ol 0l0FW||| regard |o ||e s|udy ol pa|r|s||c exeges|s |s
cor|ex|ua| |r ra|ure. |ary ar||c|es descr|oe ||e cour|r|es ard ||e |oca| cord|||ors
|r W||c| pa|r|s||c |r|erpre|ers ol 3cr|p|ure Were a| Wor|. 0oc|r|ra|
|rerds cord|||or|rg pa|r|s||c exeges|s are a|so d|scussed. lr a|| cases exce||er|
o|o||ograp||es are added |o ||e ar||c|es. lr vo|. z|, lor |rs|arce, ||e |a|es|
||s|or|ca| |rqu|r|es or l||ary ol lo|||ers are repor|ed oy b. Auoer|, a suos|ar||a|
ar||c|e |s ded|ca|ed |o lyppo|y|us ol bore oy v. 3axer, ar ex|erded
d|scuss|or oy l. C. 8rerrec|e (co|. z-oo) dea|s W||| ||e `lorears,' W|||e
aro||er s|udy oy A. |. b|||er |s devo|ed |o ||e `loreous|ars.'
x|. K|rc|ersc|r|l|s|e||er. verze|c|r|s urd 3|ge|.
beper|or|ur scr|p|orur ecc|es|as||corur |a||rorur saecu|o roro
ar||qu|orur s|g||s adpos|||s quae |r ed|||ore 8|o||orur 3acrorur |ux|a
ve|erer |a||rar vers|orer ad||oer|ur, lrede, l. J., 1s| ed. 181, ||| ed.,
lre|ourg, 1(ve|us la||ra l|1)
A| ||e ve|us la||ralrs|||u|e ol 8euror ard |r ||e lrare ol ||e ser|es `ve|us
la||ra. 0|e bes|e der a|||a|e|r|sc|er 8|oe|' (1s| ed. oy 8. l|sc|er |r 1|),
l. J. lrede e|aoora|ed a corp|e|e ||s| ol au||ors, |rc|ud|rg ||e pseudoryrs
ard ||e aroryrous Wr|||rgs relerred |r ||e 8euror ed|||or ol ||e ve|us
la||ra. Fac| er|ry |s corp|e|ed W||| ||e ||||e(s) ol ||e pa|r|s||c Wr|||rgs
ol s|gr|l|carce lor ||a| ed|||or. T| e ruroer|rg ol ||ese ||||es |r ||e C|av|s
la|rur la||rorurol F. 0e||ers (zrd ed., 1o1, rd ed., 1= supp|. CC)
or |r ||e C|av|s la|rur 0raecorurol |. 0eraard |s a|Ways added. A reg|s|er ol
||e C|av|sruroers |r oo|| |arguages |s |rc|uded pp. 81-;8, a|so a
||s| ol Adderda. `lro raruscr|p|o(0ezeroer 18z).' As reW da|a cor||rue
|o surlace corcerr|rg ||e cor|er|s or ||e da||rg or pa|r|s||c sources, ||e
verze|c|r|sreeds |o oe cors|ar||y upda|ed, |erce a se| ol `upda|ed l|s|s'.
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| lrs|rurer|a 3|ud|orur
ve|us la||ra K|rc|ersc|r|l|s|e||er. A||ua||s|erurgs|el| (e), puo||s|ed oy lrede
|r 18|ard 188|r lre|ourg.
x||. lex|cor A||aras|arur
0. |u||er
lr ||e lrelace, 0u|do |u||er exp|a|rs, |r 1z, ||a| |e reeds |o go oac| a|
|eas| lour decades |r order |o recap||u|a|e ||s Wor|. T| ousards ol ||s cards
Were des|royed |r wor|d war l. le s|ar|ed aga|r ||e |r|egra| ara|ys|s ol ||e
A||aras|ar vocaou|ary oe|Weer 11ard 1, or|y |o W||ress aro||er
|oss ol ||s resu||s |r wor|d war ll. A| |eas| a |ardWr|||er vers|or surv|ved.
0vercor|rg despa|r |e Wer| orce rore ||roug| ||e ordea| ol corp|||rg
||s |ex|cor. T| e Acadery ol 3c|erces |r 8er||r |ad ||e la|rress ol puo||s||rg ||e
lex|cor A||aras|aruroased or ||e ||gre ed|||or ||oug| ||e lac|
||a| `|| seered exc|uded |o adjus| || (||e lex|cor) |o ||e lu|ure ed|||or (ol
A||aras|us) prov|ded oy ||e Acadery,' lu|urae ed|||or| ao Acader|a para|ae
v|x adap|ar| posse(lraeror|||o). T| a| ed|||or Was s|||| |r ||e ra||rg a| ||e
s|ar| ol ||e reW r|||err|ur, W|ereas ||e lex|cor|rred|a|e|y err|c|ed ||e
s|udy ol A||aras|us ard pa|r|s||c s|ud|es |r gerera|.
A l|rs| lasc|c|e Was |ssued oelore ||e erd ol wor|d war ll |r 1||, a secord ard
|||rd |r 1|, a lour|| |r 1o(J. leoor's arrourcerer| |r blF|,
41
1o, o-11), ||e corp|e|e vo|ure appeared |r 1z. 8|o||ca| relererces
lo||oW a|Ways ||e o|o||ca| rares used oy A||aras|us |r ||s rary Wr|||rgs.
T| ey are a|so g|ver eac| ||re W|er a Word sugges|s a veroa| or rer|a| ||r|
W||| a o|o||ca| oac|grourd. T| a| suc| ar ara|ys|s cou|d oe corp|e|ed
s|rg|e|arded|y |r ||e pre-corpu|er age |s a|ros| uroe||evao|e. T| e lac| |s ||a|
||e lex|cor A||aras|arurcors|||u|es |o |||s very day a |oo| lor researc|
W|||ou| equ|va|er| |r ||e l|e|d ol 0ree| pa|r|s||cs.
x|||. lex||or der ar|||er c|r|s|||c|er l||era|ur.
3. 0opp ard w. 0eer||rgs, eds. lre|ourg 8r., 18
x|v. NeW 0ocurer|s l||us|ra||rg Far|y C|r|s||ar||y
0. l. b. lors|ey
A puo||ca||or `|r|erded |o serve as a pre||r|rary cor|r|ou||or' re|a|ed W||| `||e
|acquarr|e-oased projec| |o reWor| |ou||or ard |||||gar' (vo|. , p. 1).
o0re la|r|s||c Fxeges|s
vo|. 1, `A bev|eW ol ||e 0ree| lrscr|p||ors ard lapyr| puo||s|ed |r 1;o,'
T| e Arc|er| l|s|ory 0ocurer|ary besearc| Cer|re, d|rec|ed oy F. A.
Judge, |acquarr|e ur|vers||y, Nor|| byde, N3w, Aus|ra||a, 181.
vo|. z, `A bev|eW . . . |r 1;;' (18z)
vo|. , `A bev|eW . . . |r 1;8' (18)
vo|. |, `A bev|eW . . . |r 1;' (18;)
vo|. , `l|rgu|s||c Fssays' (18)
vo|s. 1-Were puo||s|ed oy 0. l. b. lors|ey.
vo|. o, `A bev|eW . . . |r 18o-181' (1z), puo||s|ed oy 3. b. l|eWe|yr, W|||
||e co||aoora||or ol b. A. Kears|ey.
vo|. 1preser|s papyro|og|ca| ard arc|eo|og|ca| ev|derce ol o|o||ca|
ard re|a|ed c||a||ors, lror lsa|rs ard lsa|a|, lu|e 1o.zz, Jo|r 1.z;, bor
1., 1Cor .o-8.
vo|. zd|scusses a| |erg|| recer||y puo||s|ed lragrer|s ol |xx, r|sce||areous
quo|a||ors lror lsa|rs, ard sore recer||y puo||s|ed r| lragrer|s,
W||| rary po|r|ed ooserva||ors ||g|||g|||rg ||e soc|a| ard re||g|ous cor|ex|s |r
W||c| ||e 8|o|e c|rcu|a|ed dur|rg ||e l|rs| lour cer|ur|es c.e. |r
Fgyp| or e|seW|ere.
vo|. ollers rore lragrer|s ol ||e 0ree| o| ard sore r|sce||areous
r| quo|a||ors or papyr|.
vo|. |, |r add|||or |o `NeW lragrer|s ol 3|rac|,' r|sce||areous o| ard
r| quo|a||ors, ard pa|r|s||c (|or||e||c ard exege||ca|) |ex|s or papyrus
(a|| aourdar||y correr|ed or oy A. l. Corre||y), |rc|udes a uselu| survey
ol ||e puo||s|ed Wor|s ol 0|dyrus, d|scovered |r ||e papyrus l|rd|rgs ol
Tura, |r 1|1.
vo|. preser|s a s|rorg der|a| ol 'JeW|s| 0ree|,' as all|rred oy N. Turrer,
0rarra||ca| lrs|g||s |r|o ||e NeW Tes|arer|(Fd|rourg|, 1o). `JeW|s|
0ree| |s a g|os| |arguage ard |||e a|| g|os|s || reeds |o oe |a|d |o res|' (|o).
l| a|so ergages |r|o a soc|a|-||rgu|s||c d|scuss|or or `Ko|reor A|||c|sr-A
||s|ead|rg 0|scovery' (||-|8) W||c| |s a|so re|evar| lor pa|r|s||c exeges|s, as
|s ||e `3e|ec| 8|o||ograp|y' (1z1-|). Added are curu|a||ve |rd|ces |o vo|s.
1-, |r par||cu|ar ol `8|o||ca| passages' (1-o|) ard `Words' (1o-;).
vo|. o|rc|udes a lasc|ra||rg d|scuss|or ol ||e s|||| deoa|ed |ssue ol
`|oras||c 0r||odoxy ard ||e lapyr| ol ||e Nag larrad| Car|orrage'
(18z-8), oy 3. b. l|eWe|yr.
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| ; lrs|rurer|a 3|ud|orur;
xv. la|r|s||c 0ree| lex|cor,
0. w. l. larpe. 0xlord, 1o1(l0l)
T|e l0l's oojec| `|s pr|rar||y |o |r|erpre| ||e ||eo|og|ca| ard ecc|es|as||ca|
vocaou|ary ol ||e 0ree| C|r|s||ar au||ors lror C|erer| ol bore |o
T| eodore ol 3|ud|ur' (lrelace, v||). `|ary corror Words, ol ro ||eo|og|ca|
|rpor|arce |r ||erse|ves |ave oeer |rc|uded oecause ||ey occur |r |ypo|og|ca|
or a||egor|ca| |r|erpre|a||ors ol o|o||ca| |ex|s ard so ray serve as |o
|||us|ra|e pa|r|s||c re||ods ol o|o||ca| exeges|s . . . a leW proper rares |ave
oeer |rc|uded oecause ol ||e|r |rpor|arce |r ||eo|ogy or exeges|s.' T| e ed||or|a|
po||cy Was oy recess||y res|r|c|ed |o `sarp|es ol pa|r|s||c ||oug|| ard
spec|rers ol ||e Way |r W||c| o|o||ca| Words ard p|rases Were |r|erpre|ed
|r ||e |or|||es ard correr|ar|es ol ||e per|od' (v|||). lor a lu|| |rlorra||or
aoou| ary Word urder scru||ry, `||e user ol |||s Wor| |s, |r lac|, assured
|o |ave l|dde|| ard 3co|| oy ||s s|de' (|x). T| e ||s| ol `Au||ors ard wor|s'
ara|yzed |r l0lcovers pp. x|-x|v.
`T| e projec| lor a lex|cor ol la|r|s||c 0ree| Was or|g|ra||y sugges|ed
oy ||e Cer|ra| 3oc|e|y lor 3acred 3|udy |r ||e year 1oo,' as ||e lrelace s|a|es
a| ||e oeg|rr|rg. la|l a cer|ury ol |rd|v|dua| ded|ca||or oy rary respors|o|e
sc|o|ars ard ar ever grea|er ruroer ol |e|pers, a|| ol ||er suppor|ed
oy |rs|||u||ora| lurd|rg, |ed |o ||e pres||g|ous puo||ca||or |r 1o1ol 1,o8
pages ol |arge lorra|, d|v|ded |r |Wo co|urrs W||| sra|| pr|r| ol 0ree|
ard Frg||s|, |rdeed ar |rva|uao|e |ex|ca| survey. w|er reeded, eac| er|ry
|s appropr|a|e|y suod|v|ded, ard |rs|de eac| suod|v|s|or ||e quo|ed sarp|es
are p|aced |r c|roro|og|ca| order. lor |rs|arce, ||e ar||c|e dp`Wr|||rg,
42
Wr|||er docurer|' |rc|udes |||r|y suod|v|s|ors. A. 3cr|p|ure. 1. use ol |err.
a. |r ger., o. ol |rd|v|dua| ooo|s, c. ol par||cu|ar |ex|s, z. d|s||rc||ve ep|||e|s,
. c|arac|er|s||cs. a. ur||y, o. d|ll| cu|||es, |r|erded |o |ead rer |o deeper
urders|ard|rg, c. ou| ur|rpa|red verac||y, d. ro|e as a |u|or, e. sull|c|ercy,
l. caror ol 3cr|p|ure. |. |r|erpre|a||or ol 3cr|p|ure. a. recess||y, o. gerera|
ru|es, c. ||ree-lo|d serse. . au||or||y ard |rsp|ra||or. a. |r ger. 3cr|p|ure |o
oe preserved |r|ac|, o. 3cr|p|ure as ru|e ol la|||, c. |rsp|ra||or, ||e Wor| ol
l. 0|os|, d. 3cr|p|ure ard |rad|||or. o. 3cr|p|ure ard sp|r||ua| ||le. ;. use oy
|ere||cs. a. ||e|r re||ods ol |r|erpre|a||or, o. appea|ed |o (esp. oy Ar|ars)
aga|rs| corc|||ar del|r|||ors. 8. `(roya|) ed|c|.' C . `|rd|c|rer|, accusa||or.'
0. `|rage, p|c|ure.' F . ` re | .' ( No | e | | a | `A' l| ||s up |Wo co|urrs, W|ereas
8, C, 0, |oge||er occupy or|y |er ||res.)
80re la|r|s||c Fxeges|s
xv|. bea||ex||or lur Ar|||e urd C|r|s|er|ur(bAC)
T|e bea||ex||or lur Ar|||e urd C|r|s|er|ur, 3ac|Wor|erouc| zur
Ause|rarderse|zurg des C|r|s|er|urs r|| der ar|||er we||, Was ac||ve|y
prepared
urder ||e d|rec||or l. J. 0o|ger lror 1. Araz|rg|y eroug|, ||s s|x l|rs|
lasc|c|es Were puo||s|ed oy T. K|auser |r 1|1-1|, ou| ||e sever|| lasc|c|e
Was |os| |r ||e ourr|rg ol le|pz|g urder ||e ooroardrer|s ol 1||. Aga|rs|
a|| odds, || Was re-corposed ard puo||s|ed |r Jaruary 1|. lr |arc|, rore
||ar ooraruscr|p|s ready lor ||e rex| lasc|c|e per|s|ed oy l|re |r ||e area
ol 8orr. 0r|y |r 1ocou|d ||e puo||s||rg |as| oe resured. vo|. 1preser|ed
cor|r|ou||ors |o ||e s|udy ol pa|r|s||c exeges|s |r appropr|a|e|y s|ar||rg W|||
||e ar||c|e, `Aora|ar' oy T. K|auser. l|ve decades |a|er, ||e ar||c|e `A||egorese'
oy J. C. Jooser ard J. l. wasz|r| rera|rs esser||a| lor a corpara||ve s|udy ol
ror-C|r|s||ar ard C|r|s||ar a||egor|sr |r la|e Ar||qu||y. 0||er cor|r|ou||ors or
`Apo|a|yp|||' ard `Apo|ryp|er' rar| ||e ||r||s ol ||e corror
|roW|edge or ||ese |ssues |r ||e years 1|-o.
vo|. z(1|) cor|a|rs `8uc|. ll,' s|gred oy 3. |orerz ard J. le|po|d|,
r|c||y docurer|ed, W||| a s|udy |r dep|| ol ||e cu||ura| s|a|us ol sacred
ooo|s ard ol ||e|r |r|erpre|ers |r Ar||qu||y, jo|red W||| |rs|g||s aoou| ||e
syroo||c rear|rg ol `8oo|s.' lr vo|ure (1;) T. 0o|ger arrourced ||e
lourda||or |Wo years ear||er a| ||e ur|vers||y ol 8orr ol a `lrarz Josep|
0o|ger lrs|||u| zur Frlorsc|urg der 3pa|ar|||e,' ard lror 1a `Ja|rouc|
lur Ar|||e urd C|r|s|er|ur' (JAC). T| us ||e |rs|||u||ora| lrare ol a |org|as||rg
er|erpr|se Was |r p|ace oll ered |o ur|versa| acc|a|r. |ore ||ar 1,oo
suoscr|oers, W||| reW lasc|c|es c|rcu|a|ed every ||ree ror||s, secured ||e
rap|d groW|| ol ||e bAC. vo|. |appeared |r 1, vo|. |r 1oz(|r ||e |||rd
vo|ure ol JAC. T. K|auser |raugura|ed `Nac||rage,' `Add|||ors,' |o ||e bAC.
suc| as `Ap|raa|,' oy A. vooous).
lr ||e lrelace |o vo|. o(1oo) T. K|auser s|a|ed `||e bea||ex||orgra|elu||y
ac|roW|edges ||e resu||s ol roderr o|o||ca| sc|erces. l| |s eager |o l|rd a suppor|
|r ||e|r |ex|ca| acqu|s|||ors, as ||ey oe|org |o a dora|r ol ar ou|s|ard|rg
|rpor|arce lor our purposes.' lerce ||e sare vo|. o|rc|uded ar||c|es
or `Fsra |r C|r|s|er|ur' (w. 3c|reere|c|er), `Fvarge||ur' (0. ||c|e|)
ard `Fxegese, c|r|s|||c|' (w. F. 0eroer), vo|. ;(1o), `Fxodus, la|r|s|||'
(J. 0ar|e|ou), vo|. 1|(188), `le|||ge 3c|r|l|er' (C. Co|pe), `lerrereu|||'
(J. lep|r, K. lo|e|se|), `lese||e|' (F. 0assrarr), `lexaereror' (J. C. |.
var w|rder), vo|. 1(11) `l|eroryrus' (l. lagerda||, J. l. wasz|r|),
`l|oo' (F. 0assrarr), vo|. 1o(1|) `lo|es||ed' (K. 3. lrar|), `lor|||e'
(|. 3ac|o|), vo|. 1;(1o) `Jerer|a|' (F. 0assrarr), `Jesaja' (l. Jay), `Jesus
3|rac|' (|. 0||oer|).
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| lrs|rurer|a 3|ud|orur
lr 18, `3upp|erer|-l|elerurg' 1|zard added ar||c|es `Aaror' (0. w. F.
N|c|e|sourg), `Aroros|as|er' (A. 3|u|oer), `Aros' (F. 0assrarr), `Arlarg'
(l. 0orgerarrs), |r 18o, `3upp|erer|-l|elerurg' |added `Ap|ra|a|'
(A. vooous) ard `Apor|us' (l. w||e|). T| ese are or|y cor|r|ou||ors d|rec||y
a|red a| a cr|||ca| survey ol pa|r|s||c exeges|s |r ||e cor|ex| ol ||e cu||ure ol
la|e Ar||qu||y. 0re Wou|d |ave |o corsu|| rary ar||c|es or arc|er| au||ors
ard rea||aW||c| are s|gr|l|car| lor pa|r|s||c exeges|s |r order |o rourd up
||e r|c| p|c|ure ol W|a| ||e bAC ollers |o s|uder|s ol ||e 8|o|e |r arc|er|
C|r|s||ar |rad|||ors.
xv||. T|eo|og|sc|e bea|erzy||opad|e(TbF)
lr ||e p|arr|rg s|rce 1o;, ||e l|rs| lasc|c|e appeared |r 1;o. Currer||y
|Wer|y-e|g|| vo|ures ard a leW lasc|c|es are ava||ao|e, ||e a|p|aoe||c
cor|er| |av|rg reac|ed ||e |e||er `b.' l| rep|aces ||e |||rd ed|||or ol ||e
bea|ercy||opad|e lur pro|es|ar||sc|e T|eo|og|e urd K|rc|e(bF), puo||s|ed
|r 1o8. l|s ecurer|ca| ard |r|erra||ora| s|ruc|ur|rg rel| ec|s ||e prolourd
c|arges |r Furopear la|||-aWareress W||c| occurred a| ||e cos| ol |Wo
wor|d wars. l|s erp|as|s or ||e o|o||ca| lourda||ors ol C|r|s||ar ||eo|ogy
||g|||g||s ar or-go|rg corcerr lor ||e exege||ca| ard |errereu||ca|
ac||everer|s ol ear|y C|r|s||ar |rad|||ors. T| e reader W||| eas||y oe aWare ol |oW
ruc| ||e preser| lardooo| oWes |o ||e au||ors ol TbF.
43
As sarp|es ol ra|r er|r|es |r TbFspec|a||y re|evar| lor ||e s|udy ol
pa|r|s||c exeges|s |r vo|. 1-, or|y lor |e||er `A' ore ray ||s|.
1 (1;;) `Ap|ra|a|,' oz-o, `Alr|carus, Ju||us,' o-o|o,
z (1;8) `A|exardr|er,' z8-zo|, `Aroros|as|er,' o-oz, `Aroros|us vor
|a||ard,' oz-8o, `Arror|us 3a||as,' |o-|;1.
(a|so 1;8) `Ar|||e urd C|r|s|er|ur,' o-, `Ar||oc||er,' -11,
`Apo|a|yp|||Apo|a|ypser, v. A||e K|rc|e,' z;-z8o.
(18o) `A||e K|rc|e,' z;-z;, `Apo|ryp|er des Neuer Tes|arer|s,' 1o-
oz, `Apo|||rar|us vor laod|cea,' oz-;1, `Apo|oge||| l. A||e K|rc|e,'
;1-|11, `Apos|o||sc|es 0|auoersoe|err|r|s,' z8-|, `Ar|ar|srus,'
oz-;1.
8y ||e|r oroad re|r|ev|rg ol lorrer sc|o|ars||p as We|| as ||e|r cr|||ca|
or|g|ra|||y oased or very ex|ers|ve o|o||ograp||es, ros| ol ||ese er|r|es |r
TbFac||eve advarces |r ||e |op|cs |rea|ed.
oo0re la|r|s||c Fxeges|s
0||er d|c||orar|es are.
Cogg|rs, b. J., ard J. l. lou|der, A 0|c||orary ol 8|o||ca| lr|erpre|a||or(3ee
C|ap.
, ).
lar|ro||e, 3. A., 0|z|orar|o d| sp|r||ua||| o|o||co-pa|r|s||ca. l grard| |er| de||a
3. 3cr|||ura per |a `lec||o 0|v|ra' l. bore . 1z
Kaz|dar, A. l., T| e 0xlord 0|c||orary ol 8yzar||ur. 0xlord 11.
Ke||y, J. l., T| e Corc|se 0|c||orary ol Far|y C|r|s||ar||y1z.
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| o1lll
3Tu0lF3 0N lATbl3TlC FXF0F3l3
lN C0llFCTl0N3 0l F33A3
|. Caror|dge l|s|ory ol ||e 8|o|e (T|e)(Cl8)
vo|. 1. `lror ||e 8eg|rr|rgs |o Jerore,' eds., l. b. Ac|royd ard C. l. Fvars.
(Caror|dge 1;o), v. `T| e 8|o|e |r ||e Far|y C|urc|' (|1z-8o, o|o||ograp|y
).
1. b. l. C. larsor, `8|o||ca| Fxeges|s |r ||e Far|y C|urc|' (|1z-|).
1|. |. l. w||es, `0r|ger as 8|o||ca| 3c|o|ar' (||-|88).
1. |. l. w||es, `T|eodore ol |opsues||a as bepreser|a||ve ol ||e
Ar||oc|ere 3c|oo|' (|8-o).
1o. l. l. 0. 3par|s, `Jerore as 8|o||ca| 3c|o|ar' (1o-|o).
1;. 0. 8orrer, `Augus||re as 8|o||ca| 3c|o|ar' (|1-oz).
18. J. l. laro, `T| e l|ace ol ||e 8|o|e |r ||e l||urgy' (o-8o).
vo|. z. ` T| e wes| lror ||e la||ers |o ||e belorra||or,' 0. w. l. larpe, ed.
(Caror|dge 1o).
|. 8. J. booer|s, `T| e o|. |aruscr|p|s, Tex| ard vers|ors' (1-zo).
||. C. 3. C. w||||ars, `T| e l|s|ory ol ||e Tex| ard Caror ol ||e r| |o
Jerore' (z;-).
|||. T. C. 3|ea|, `Far|y C|r|s||ar 8oo|-lroduc||or. lapyr| ard |aruscr|p|s' (|-
;).
|v. F. l. 3u|c||lle, `Jerore' (8o-1o1).
v. b. loeWe, `T| e |ed|eva| l|s|ory ol ||e la||r vu|ga|e' (1oz-1o).
v|. `T| e Fxpos|||or ard Fxeges|s ol 3cr|p|ure'
1. 0. w. l. larpe, `To 0regory ||e 0rea|' (1-18z).
z. 0. lec|ercq, `lror 0regory ||e 0rea| |o 3|. 8errard' (18-1o).
. 8. 3ra||ey, `T| e 8|o|e |r ||e |ed|eva| 3c|oo|s' (1;-z1).
|. 3. J. l. var 0|j|, ` T| e 8|o|e |r l||urg|ca| use' (zzo-z1).
. F. l. J. boser||a|, `T| e 3|udy ol ||e 8|o|e |r |ed|eva| Juda|sr'
(zz-z;).
lour o||er c|ap|ers |r vo|. zare ded|ca|ed |o ||e |ex| ard recep||or ol
3cr|p|ure ur||| Frasrus.
oz0re la|r|s||c Fxeges|s
||. la|r|s||sc|e Tex|e urd 3|ud|er (lT3)
T| e ser|es Was |r|||a||y ed||ed oy K. A|ard ard w. 3c|reere|c|er.
vo|. 1, w. A. 8|erer|, `A||egor|e' urd `Aragoge' oe| 0|dyros der 8||rder
vor A|exardr|a1;z.
vo|. 1|, 0. lagedorr, ed., 0er l|oo|orrer|ar des Ar|arers Ju||ar1;.
vo|. 1, F. |u||eroerg, lsa|rer|orrer|are aus der Ka|ereruoer||elerurg,
vo|s. 1;-;8.
vo|. z|, u. u. 0. lagedorr, eds., 0|yrp|odor, 0|a|or vor A|exardr|a, Korrer|ar
zu l|oo18|.
vo|. z8, K. Torjeser, lerrereu||ca| lrocedure ard T| eo|og|ca| |e||od |r
0r|ger's Fxeges|s . 18o
|||. 3|ud|a la|r|s||ca (3|la|r)
3|ud|a la|r|s||ca l-ll, K. A|ard ard l. l. Cross, eds., A|ader|e-ver|ag,
8er||r, 1;, puo||s|ed ||e `lapers preser|ed |o ||e 3ecord lr|erra||ora|
Corlererce or la|r|s||c 3|ud|es |e|d a| C|r|s| C|urc|, 0xlord' |r ||e surrer
ol 1. T| e l|rs| suc| Corlererce a| C|r|s| C|urc|, 0xlord lror ||e z|||
|o ||e z8|| 3ep|eroer, 11, |ad oeer `ur succs au-de| de |ou|e a||er|e,'
`a success oeyord aryore's expec|a||ors.' (blF|;[1z|. ||). T| ar|s |o
44
l. l. Cross, ||er ||e l|orar|ar ol C|r|s| C|urc|, W|ose |rsp|red |r|||a||ve |r
lourd|rg ||e Corlererces Was ro||va|ed as ruc| oy ecurer|ca| corcerrs
as oy pa|r|s||c sc|o|ars||p, ||e `urexpec|ed' success cor||rued lror decade
|o decade. T| e |r|erra||ora| ga||er|rgs ol pa|r|s||c sc|o|ars every lour|| year
p|ayed a cer|ra| ro|e |r ||e spec|acu|ar l|our|s||rg ol pa|r|s||cs lor ||e res|
ol ||e cer|ury. lror ore Corlererce |o ||e o||er, ||e regu|ar puo||ca||or
ol |urdreds ol papers represer|ed a poWerlu| r|ver ol erud|||or |rr|ga||rg
||e rary l|e|ds ard |eve|s ol s|ud|es re|a|ed |o ||e ||s|or|ca| re|r|ev|rg ol
arc|er| C|r|s||ar |rad|||ors.
T|e l|rs| |Wo vo|ures ol 3|la|r |rc|uded |Wer|y-ore papers exp||c|||y
dea||rg W||| pa|r|s||c exeges|s. lour o||er vo|ures, 3|la|r lll-vl, W||| a
|o|a| ol a|ros| z,ooopages, Were ro| |oo ruc| lor puo||s||rg ||e papers ol
||e rex| Corlererce, |e|d |r 1, ||ey Were rade ava||ao|e a| rerar|ao|e
speed |r 1o1ard 1oz. A|ready A. |ardouze Was a|arred oy W|a| |e ca||ed
`|esure e| deresure de |a la|r|s||que' (3|la|r lll, -1), derourc|rg ||e
`excess|veress' ol pa|r|s||cs. e| a| ||e sare ||re |e se|zed ||e oppor|ur||y |o
express spec|l|c reac||ors, represer|a||ve ol secu|ar acader|cs, |r W|a| |ad
oeer a predor|rar||y c|er|ca| dora|r ol s|ud|es. T| e secu|ar|z|rg ol pa|r|s||c
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| os|ud|es lror ||e |a|e 1os
|r|roduced reW cor|r|ou|ors, rer ard Worer,
|r a l| e|d W||c| ||ey qu|c||y ard re||odo|og|ca||y res|aped ard err|c|ed |r
||re W||| ||e|r oWr sc|er||l| c |r|eres|s. T| e p|eroreror Was roW|ere rore
v|s|o|e ||ar a| ||e 0xlord Corlererces, ard || oecare spec|a||y oerel|c|a| lor
||e s|udy ol pa|r|s||c exeges|s. T| |r|y-||ree ||||es |r 3|la|r lll-vl arrource
essays re|a|ed |o ||e |r|erpre|a||or ol ||e 8|o|e.
T| e Corlererce ol 1oresu||ed |r ||e ||ree vo|ures ol 3|la|r vll-lX
puo||s|ed |r 1oo, ||ar|s |o F. A. l|v|rgs|ore, ||e ed||or|a| ass|s|ar| ol ar
ag|rg 0r. Cross. T| e sec||or `8|o||ca' |r 3|la|r vll ruroers s|x|eer ||||es, ol
W||c| e|g|| dea| W||| ||e pa|r|s||c |r|erpre|a||or ol |so|a|ed passages lror
3cr|p|ure, a |rerd s|||| |r lavor arorg ||e exper|s a| ||a| ||re W||c| |a|er or
Wou|d |ead |o rore corpre|ers|ve surveys ol pa|r|s||c exeges|s.
Al|er ||e dea|| ol 0r. Cross |r 0eceroer 1o8, F||zaoe|| l|v|rgs|ore
puo||s|ed 3|la|r X ard Xl |r 1;o, W||| ore |urdred ard |Wer|y-l|ve papers lror
||e Corlererce ol 1o;, arorg W||c| or|y |er cou|d oe |oca|ed
urder ||e ruo|c `8|o||ca.' luo||s|ed |r 1;, 3|la|r Xll-Xlv co||ec|ed ||e
papers ol ||e Corlererce |e|d |r 1;1, W||| lour|eer cor|r|ou||ors urder
||e ruor|c `8|o||ca', 3|la|r Xv-Xvl ollered a se|ec||or ol papers lror ||e
Corlererce ol 1;, ou| ||ese |Wo vo|ures oecare ava||ao|e or|y |r 18|
ard 18. T| |s rar|ed ||e erd ol 3|la|r |r Tu. l| |s Wor|| ooserv|rg ||a|
a|| |er papers urder `8|o||ca' |r 3|la|r Xv |ard|ed |op|cs W||c| ca||ed or
a corpre|ers|ve |dea ol ||e ||s|ory ol pa|r|s||c exeges|s. J. 3. A|exarder
d|scusses `Aspec|s ol 0ora||s| 3cr|p|ura| lr|erpre|a||or a| ||e Corlererce
ol Car||age ol |11' (1z-o), as urders|ood |r par||cu|ar `aga|rs| ||e
oac|grourd ol ear||er Alr|car exeges|s' (1o). `T| e lerrereu||c Approac|
ol T| eodore| ol Cyrr|us |o ||e o|' (11-) |s oes| c|ar|l|ed, accord|rg |o
0. w. As|oy, oy a corpar|sor W||| A|exardr|ar ard Ar||oc|ere |errereu||cs. |.
J. 0e|age exar|res ||e s|gr|l|carce ol ||e l|rs| le||er ol Jo|r |r
||e serrors ol Caesar|us ol Ar|es (1|o-|o) |r |eep|rg |r v|eW ||e W|o|e
pa|r|s||c |rad|||or oe||rd ||ese serrors. 0. 0or|va| ollers a r|c| survey
over ||e `||s|ory ol exege||ca| pa|r|s||c ca|erae or ||e lsa||er (||-1||| c.)'
ard a s|udy ol Fuseo|us ol Caesarea's Correr|ary or ||e lsa|rs(1|o-;o).
0. 3larer| 0asparro cors|ders 0r|ger's correr|s or ||e parao|e ol ||e
0ood 3arar||ar |r ||e ||g|| ol `dua||s|| red|eva||' (1;;-8|). v. |essara
exar|res `||e o|o||ca| l|gures ol Aoe| ard Ca|r |r Arorose ard Augus||re'
aga|rs| ||e oac|grourd ol pa|r|s||c |ropo|ogy (18-) e|c.
3|ud|es or la|r|s||c Fxeges|s |r Co||ec||ors ol Fssays o
o|0re la|r|s||c Fxeges|s
|v. Tex|e urd ur|ersuc|urger (Tu)
As a ser|es para||e| |o 0C3, Tex|e urd ur|ersuc|urger zur 0esc||c||e der
a||||rc|||c|er l||era|ur, prov|des correr|ar|es ard add|||ora| s|ud|es. T| e
ser|es Was |aurc|ed oy 0. vor 0eo|ard| ard A. larrac| |r 188za| ||e
ur|vers||y ol 8er||r. lr|errup|ed lror 1|1|o 11, oy ||e erd ol ||e 1os
||e reoorr ser|es |rc|uded rore ||ar |Wer|y vo|ures oller|rg a spec|a| |r|eres|
lor ||e s|udy ol pa|r|s||c exeges|s. lr add|||or, Tu |os|ed 3|ud|a la|r|s||ca
l-Xvl, lror 1;|o 18, d|scussed aoove. T| e re|evar| rorograp|s, or
co||ec||ors ol essays W||| ||e|r ruroers |r ||e ser|es are.
z. A. F|r|ard, uoer||elerurg urd 8es|ard der |ag|ograp||sc|er urd
|or||e||sc|er l||era|ur der gr|ec||sc|er K|rc|e o|s zur Frde des
11. Ja|r|urder|s, llg. lll z, 1-z(1z).
o1. J. beuss, |a|||aus Korrer|are aus der gr|ec||sc|er K|rc|e. Aus
Ka|erer|ardsc|r|l|er gesarre|| urd |erausgegeoer (1;).
o. l. Kos|er, 3yrop||sc|e uoer||elerurg oe| der apos|o||sc|er va|err
( ). 1;
oo. F. Arard de |erd|e|a e| 3. . budoerg, Fus|a|||us. Arc|erre
45
vers|or |a||re des reul |ore||es sur |'lexaereror de 8as||e de
Cesaree. Fd|||or cr|||que avec pro|egorres e| |ao|es ( ). 18
;;. Korr|ss|or lur spa|ar|||e be||g|orsgesc||c||e, ed., 3|ud|er zur
Neuer Tes|arer| urd zur la|r|s|||, ls. F. K|os|errarr, zvo|s.
(1o1).
8. 0. 0|oc|rarr, ed., 8er||o|d A||arer. K|e|re la|r|s||sc|e 3c|r|l|er
(1o;).
8. J. beuss, Jo|arres-Korrer|are aus der gr|ec||sc|er K|rc|e. Aus
Ka|erer|ardsc|r|l|er gesarre|| urd |erausgegeoer (1oo).
. l. ba|||e, lgra||us vor Ar||oc||er urd d|e lau|usor|ele(1o;).
1oo. A. l. 0'lagar, |a|er|a| be-Crea||or |r ||e Apos|o||c la||ers
(1o8).
1o. l. l|r|ze urd l.-|. 3c|er|e, 0|e 8er||rer lardsc|r|l| der
3a||d|sc|er Apos|e|gesc||c||e (l. 1zo)oearoe||e| urd |erausgegeoer (1;o).
- 1111|. l. le|||, l'arc|erre vers|or |a||re des ues||ors sur |a 0erse de
l|||or d'A|exardr|e. l. Fd|||or cr|||que, ll. Correr|a|re (1;).
118. C. wo|ll, Jerer|a |r lru|juder|ur urd urc|r|s|er|ur(1;o).
1z1. A. 3|rooe|, ursprurg urd 0esc||c||e des lru|c|r|s|||c|er
0s|er|a|erders(1;;).
1zz. K. Ze|zer, 0|e a||er |a|e|r|sc|er T|orasa||er(1;;).
1z. F. Arard de |erd|e|a e| 3. . budoerg, 8as||e de Cesaree. la |ra-
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| o d|||or raruscr||e d|rec|e des reul
lore||es sur |'lexaereror. F|ude
p|||o|og|que (18o).
1z|. K. Treu, ed., 3|ud|a Cod|co|og|ca(1;;).
1z. l. lasc||e, ed., uoer||elerurgsgesc||c||||c|e ur|ersuc|urger(181).
1z;. l.-|. 3c|er|e, ed., 0as |a|||ausevarge||ur |r ||||e|agyp||sc|er
0|a|e|| des Kop||sc|er (Codex 3c|e|de)(181).
1o. J. beuss, lu|as-Korrer|are aus der gr|ec||sc|er K|rc|e. Aus
Ka|erer|ardsc|r|l|er gesarre|| urd |erausgegoer (18|).
11. A. l. J. K||jr, ed., 0er |a|e|r|sc|e Tex| der Apo|a|ypse des Fsra. ||| e|rer
lrdex grarra||cusvor C. |uss|es (18).
1. J. 0urrer, ed., Tex|e urd Tex||r||||. F|re Aulsa|zsarr|urg (18;). vo|s.
1z|, 1zard 1represer| a les|sc|r|l|W||c| oecare a |eror|a| lor
|arce| b|c|ard al|er ||s dea|| |r 1;o.
1;. l.-|. 3c|er|e, ed., Apos|e|gesc||c||e 1, 1-1, |r r|||e|agyp||sc|er
0|a|e|| des Kop||sc|er (Codex 0|az|er)(11)
1. l. 0. T| urre|, 0|e lru|gesc||c||e der os|||rc|||c|er 8||der|e|re. Tex|e
urd ur|ersuc|urger zur Ze|| vor der 8||ders|re|| (1z).
T| e rorurer|a| cor|r|ou||or ol Tu |o |Wer||e||-cer|ury pa|r|s||cs ro|
or|y l|xed ||g| s|ardards lor gerera||ors ol sc|o|ars, ou| ac||eved |r a |arge
reasure ||e corp|ex |r|egra||or ard |rrer co|es|or ol ||e d|sc|p||re ||se|l.
T| e c|arac|er|s||c rove ol |Wer||e|| cer|ury pa|r|s||cs lror ||e s|a|us ol ar
aux|||ary sc|erce lor o|o||ca| sc|o|ars ard c|urc| ||s|or|ars |o ||e au|orory
ol a cors|s|er| l|e|d ol ||s|or|ca| s|ud|es Was s|rorg|y proro|ed oy Tu. Tu's
oWr se|l-|rposed ||r||a||or Was due |o ||e lac| ||a| ||s ra|r ed||ors rever
rade a c|ear-cu| d|llererce oe|Weer ||e s|udy ol r| Wr|||rgs ard ||e s|udy
ol ||e pa|r|s||c |egacy |r ||e|r `||s|ory ol ear|y C|r|s||ar |||era|ure,' |erce
||ey We|cored rass|ve vo|ures ol `3|ud|a Fvarge||ca' papers lror 0xlord
corlererces. Kur| A|ard, W|o Was ||e pror|rer| lorce arorg ||e ed||or|a|
|ear ol Tu al|er wor|d war ll, Was a|so |r ||e process ol produc|rg ||e
|Wer||e|| cer|ury ed|||or ol ||e r|, preser||rg a cr|||ca| appara|us W||| a||
||e s|gr|l|car| read|rgs ol ||e r| |ex| ro|ed |r pa|r|s||c |||era|ure. T| a| ||g||y
pror|s|rg jurc||or ol exege||ca| ard pa|r|s||c |rqu|r|es or ||e |eve| ol r|
|ex| cr|||c|sr Was a c|ear s|gra| lor ||e lu|ure. proless|ora| exege|es ol oo||
Tes|arer|s oecare |rcreas|rg|y aWare ol ||e reeded corp|erer|ar||y ol
pa|r|s||cs, a| ||e sare ||re ||a| pa|r|s||c sc|o|ars oegar |o pay rore a||er||or |o
exege||ca| re||odo|og|es. As K. A|ard Was a| ||a| ||re ||e ed||or ol
Tu, ore eas||y sees W|y ||e 8er||r ser|es ol Tu We|cored ||e 0xlord ser|es
ol `3|ud|a Fvarge||ca.'
As ||e lrerc| say|rg goes, `u| |rop erorasse ra| e|re|r|.' 8ecause
3|ud|es or la|r|s||c Fxeges|s |r Co||ec||ors ol Fssays o
oo0re la|r|s||c Fxeges|s
ol ||e overW|e|r|rg aourdarce ol ra|er|a| |o oe puo||s|ed, uraccep|ao|e
de|ays Were |rposed or sore ol ||e vo|ures, ard ||e `3|ud|a la|r|s||ca,'
c|roro|og|ca||y cord|||ored oy ||e la|r|s||c Corlererces |e|d a| 0xlord
every lour years, |ad |o l|rd aro||er ed||or|a| lrare al|er 18.
v. Trad|||o Fxege||ca 0raeca (TF0)
- 1|. l. le|||, la c|aire sur |a 0erse. Fd|||or |r|egra|e. 11-o.
. J. lr|es|rar ard l. var borpay, T| e 8oo| ol 0eres|s |r JeW|s| ard
0r|er|a| C|r|s||ar lr|erpre|a||or. A Co||ec||or ol Fssays. 1;.
o. b. 8. |er laar borery, A 3yr|ar |r 0ree| 0ress. T| e use ol 0ree|,
leoreW ard 3yr|ac 8|o||ca| Tex|s |r Fuseo|us ol Fresa's Correr|ary
or 0eres|s. 1;.
46
;. 0. J. 8|rg|ar, lreraeus' use ol |a|||eW's 0ospe| |r Adversus laereses.
1;.
8. |. 0e 0roo|e, 0ecurer|| correr|ar|us |r apoca|yps|r. . 18
v|. veroa 3er|orur
Co||ara d| |es|| pa|r|s||c| e red|eva||, bore, (v3) 1o1
A l|rs| ser|es, oegur |r 1||r A|oa, |ad ro sc|er||l|c a|rs as suc|. lr 1o1
a reW ser|es Was oegur |r bore oy ||e d|rec|ors |. le||egr|ro (d. 18o)
ard 0. lazza|| (d. 18o), locus|rg or ||e pa|r|s||c era ard oller|rg sc|er||l|c
rorograp|s. vo|. 11ol ||e reW ser|es (1z). l. Cocc||r|, l| lao|o d| 0r|gere.
Cor|r|ou|o a||a s|or|a de||a recep||ore de||e ep|s|o|e pao||re re| lll seco|o.
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| o;lv
J0ubNAl3
|. 3ore l|l|y 3ources ol lrlorra||or
lor a W|de-rarg|rg s|udy ol pa|r|s||c exeges|s |r ||e ||g|| ol ||e Wor|d-W|de
researc| ol ||e secord |a|l ol ||e |Wer||e|| cer|ury ||e lo||oW|rg jourra|s
|ave prover ros| |e|plu|. T| e ||s| |s ro| ex|aus||ve ard |s or|y |rd|ca||ve
ol sources ol |rlorra||or read||y ava||ao|e |r ||e l|e|d, ever ||oug| ar||c|es
corcerr|rg ||e ||s|ory ol pa|r|s||c exeges|s ray appear |r a|| sor|s ol o||er
per|od|ca|s.
Ar8o|| Ara|ec|a 8o||ard|ara. 8russe|s . 188z
A3F Arra|| d| 3|or|a de||'Fseges|. 8o|ogra . 1|
Augus||rus Augus||rus. |adr|d . 1o
8|o 8|o||ca. bore . 1zo
8lF 8u||e||r de ||||era|ure ecc|es|as||que. Tou|ouse . 18
CN3 Cr|s||ares|ro re||a 3|or|a. |||ar . 18o
FC3 Far|y C|r|s||ar 3|ud|es. 8a|||rore, |0 11.
FT|l Fp|erer|des ||eo|og|cae lovar|erses. louva|r 1z|.
lZ80 lr|erra||ora|e Ze||sc|r|l| ersc|au lur 8|oe|W|ssersc|al| urd 0rerzgeo|e|e.
0usse|dorl 11|z.
JAC Ja|rouc| lur Ar|||e urd C|r|s|er|ur. |urs|er 18.
JT| 3 Jourra| ol T| eo|og|ca| 3|ud|es. 0xlord 18, r.s. 1o.
|3b |e|arges de sc|erce re||g|euse. l|||e . 1||
|us |useor. bevue d'e|udes or|er|a|es. louva|r . 188z
0Cl 0r|er|a||a c|r|s||ara per|od|ca. bore . 1
bec|Aug bec|erc|es augus||r|erres. lar|s . 18
b8er bevue oered|c||re de cr|||que, d'||s|o|re e| de ||||era|ure re||g|euses.
|aredsous . 18o
blF bevue d'||s|o|re ecc|es|as||que. louva|r 1oo.
bllr bevue d'||s|o|re e| de p|||osop||e re||g|euses. 3|rasoourg . 1z1
blT bevue d'||s|o|re des |ex|es. lar|s . 1;1
bFA bevue des e|udes arc|erres. 8ordeaux . 18
bFAug bevue des e|udes augus||r|erres. lar|s . 1
bF0 bevue des e|udes grecques. lar|s . 1888
bFl bevue des e|udes |a||res. lar|s . 1z
bev3r bevue des sc|erces re||g|euses. 3|rasoourg . 1z1
b3b bec|erc|es de sc|erce re||g|euse. lar|s . 11o
bTl bevue ||eo|og|que de louva|r. louva|r . 1;o
o80re la|r|s||c Fxeges|s
3acFr 3acr|s Frud|r|. Jaarooe| voor godsd|ers|We|ersc|apper. 3|eerorugge
1|8.
3c|o| 3c|o|as|||lre|ourg, 8r. 1zo-1o.
3ecCer 3ecord Cer|ury0a||as 181-1z.
T|l| T|eo|og|e urd l|||osop||e. lre|ourg, 8r. 1oo.
T T|eo|og|sc|e uar|a|sc|r|l| . Tuo|rger 118.
Tr Trad|||o. NeW or| 1|.
Tbev T|eo|og|sc|e bevue. |urs|er 1oz.
T3 T|eo|og|ca| 3|ud|es. woods|oc|, |0 1|o.
ve|C|r ve|era C|r|s||arorur. 8ar| 1o|.
v|gC|r v|g|||ae C|r|s||arae. Ars|erdar 1|;.
w3| w|erer 3|ud|er. v|erra 18;, r.s. 1o;.
ZK0 Ze||sc|r|l|lur K|rc|ergesc||c||e. 3|u||gar| 18;;.
ZKT Ze||sc|r|l|lur |a||o||sc|e T| eo|og|e. v|erra 18;o.
ZNw Ze||sc|r|l|lur d|e reu|es|arer|||sc|e w|ssersc|al| urd d|e Kurde
der a||erer K|rc|e. 8er||r 1oo.
ZTK Ze||sc|r|l|lur T| eo|og|e urd K|rc|e. Tuo|rger 181.
||. Correr|s or 3e|ec|ed Jourra|s
Arra|| d| 3|or|a de||' Fseges|(A3F)
T|e Arra|| d| 3|or|a de||' Fseges|Was |aurc|ed |r 8o|ogra or|y |r 1|.
T| e jourra| |||us|ra|es oo|| ||e groW|rg reed ard ||e r|c| pror|ses ol a
corpre|ers|ve s|udy ol ||e ||s|ory ol o|o||ca| exeges|s. 3evera| a||erp|s |o
cover ||e W|o|e pa|r|s||c per|od |r order |o ||g|||g|| ||e correr|ary ard
||e rary uses ol ||e 8|o|e |r arc|er| C|r|s||ar||y Were rade s|rce 1|.
Cr|s||ares|ro re||a 3|or|a(CN3)
laurc|ed |r 8o|ogra urder ||e d|rec||or ol 0. A|oer|go, W||| l. C. 8or|
47
as c||el ed||or ard ar |r|erra||ora| group ol co||aoora|ors, Cr|s||ares|ro re||a
3|or|a's |r|erd|sc|p||rary or|er|a||or W||| a s|rorg ecc|es|o|og|ca| locus Was
arrourced oy ||e suo-||||e. `b|cerc|e s|or|c|a, esege||c|e, |eo|og|c||.' lor
s|ud|es re|evar| |o ||e ||s|ory ol pa|r|s||c exeges|s ore ro|es |r vo|. ( ). 18z
|. lesce, `l'apos|o|o d| lror|e a||a cresc||a preura||ca de| Cor|r|| ( Cor 1
- 1z1|), Ter|a||vo d| ur' ara|ys| s|or|ca de||a lurz|ore apos|o||ca.'
Jourra| ol Far|y C|r|s||ar 3|ud|es(JFC3)
laurc|ed as ||e jourra| ol ||e l|our|s||rg Nor|| Arer|car la|r|s||cs 3oc|e|y |r
1, W||| F. A. C|ar| ard F. lergusor as ed||ors, ||e JFC3
Jourra|s o
oegar ||s career oy rerg|rg W||| a s||g|||y o|der Arer|car puo||ca||or,
T| e 3ecord Cer|ury, a|so ed||ed oy F. lergusor s|rce 181W||| ||e suo||||e
`Far|y C|r|s||ar 3|ud|es.' T| e JFC3deserves a spec|a| rer||or |r ||e
preser| lardooo|. || |||us|ra|es, or a| |eas| sugges|s, ||e erd ol a cer|a|r
|dea ol pa|r|s||cs, W||c| |rad|||ora||y |rc|uded ||eo|og|ca| corcerrs, ard
corsequer||y soug|| |o re|r|eve ear|y C|r|s||ar exeges|s. 3|rce ||s l|rs| |ssue
|r 3pr|rg 1, ||e jourra| |as |rc|uded or|y l|ve essays or ||e pa|r|s||c
recep||or ol 3cr|p|ure. 3|gr|l|car||y, ||e l|rs|, oy l. la|rc|aud, d|scussed
`T| e use ol 3cr|p|ure |r 0ros||c l||era|ure,' vo|. |(1o) 1z-|o, aro||er,
oy J. A. 0raper, exar|red ||e use ol Zec|ar|a| 1|.|r ||e 0|dac|e. 0r|y
|Wo o||er ar||c|es |rves||ga|e |rs|arces ol o|o||ca| recep||or, |r vo|. (1;)
0. Krueger, `Typo|og|ca| l|gura||or |r T| eodore| ol Cyrr|us's be||g|ous
l|s|oryard ||e Ar| ol los|o|o||ca| Narra||ve,' -|1, ard b. C. l|||, `T| e
3p|r||ua|||y ol C|rysos|or's Correr|ary or ||e lsa|rs,' o-;, ard a |||rd
|r vo|. o(18) N. Ko||ur-lrorr, `lsa|r zz's C|r|s|o|og|ca| lr|erpre||ve
Trad|||or |r l|g|| ol C|r|s||ar Ar||-JeW|s| lo|er|cs.' Cor|ex|ua| s|ud|es,
de|err|red oy soc|a| ||s|ory ard|or ler|r|sr, preva|| |r J3FC. T| e resu||
|s a ||ve|y, ol| er urusua| p|c|ure ol arc|er| soc|e|y |r ||e process ol oe|rg
C|r|s||ar|zed, ||oug| oy ||s or|ss|or ol ||eo|ogy ||e jourra| |grores ||e
lourda||ora| ro|e ol ||e 8|o|e |r ||a| ||s|or|c process.
lr T| e 3ecord Cer|uryeac| vo|ure ard a|ros| eac| |ssue |rc|uded essays
or ||e recep||or ol ||e 8|o|e |r ||e c|urc|. 0r ||e cor|rary, JFC3erp|as|zes
||a| `ear|y C|r|s||ar s|ud|es' are ro |orger recessar||y `pa|r|s||c' |r a ||eo|og|ca|
ard recep||or-||s|or|ca| serse. Aga|rs| ||e overW|e|r|rg |r|eres| |r
suc| |rad|||ora| s|ud|es derors|ra|ed or ar |r|erra||ora| sca|e, ||e s|r|c||y
secu|ar agerda ol ||e jourra| ollers a va|uao|e c|a||erge |rs|de ||e l|e|d ol
pa|r|s||c s|ud|es, ca|||rg lor a c|ear-r|rded relorru|a||or ol ||ese s|ud|es.
As a|ready ro|ed e|seW|ere, ||e exp|ora||or ol C|r|s||ar or|g|rs represer|s a
corp|ex opera||or. No cr|||ca| re||odo|ogy s|ou|d oe exc|uded lror suc|
a re|r|ev|rg, ard ro par||cu|ar re||odo|ogy car opera|e |r |so|a||or.
3|r||ar |o JFC3, ou| |r ||e l| e|d ol o|o||ca| s|ud|es, a recer| s||l|ol
corcerrs |as resu||ed |r ||e crea||or ol 8|o||ca| lr|erpre|a||or. A Jourra| ol
Cor|erporary Approac|es, puo||s|ed s|rce 1oy J. C|ery| Fxur (8os|or
Co||ege, C|es|ru| l|||, |ass.) ard |. 0. 8re|| (w||||ey Co||ege, ur|vers||y
ol |e|oourre, Aus|ra||a). T| e jourra| |s d|rec||y corcerred W||| ||e recep||or ol
3cr|p|ure ou| ||s locus |s exc|us|ve|y dec|ded oy pos|roderr|sr. vo|.
1(1) |. 8a|, `T| e F|ders ard 3usarra', vo|. z(1|) b. |. Jerser, `T| e
0ller|rg ol lsaac |r JeW|s| ard C|r|s||ar Trad|||or. lrage ard Tex|', vo|. |
(1o) b. K|re| rar, `T| e 3educ||or ol Fve ard ||e Fxege||ca| lo||||cs ol
0erder.'
;o0re la|r|s||c Fxeges|s
Jourra| ol T| eo|og|ca| 3|ud|es(JT| 3)
A vererao|e rorurer| ol C|r|s||ar sc|o|ars||p |r ||e 8r|||s| acader|a,
||e JT| 3s|ar|ed ||s career |r 1ooW||| C. l. Turrer as l|rs| ed||or, ass|s|ed
oy w. F. 8arres ard a `Corr|||ee ol 0|rec||or' ol e|ever bev. 0rs., a||
d|s||rgu|s|ed sc|o|ars |r ||e l|e|ds ol o|o||ca|, pa|r|s||c, |||urg|ca| ard ||s|or|ca|
s|ud|es. lr vo|. 1, C. l. Turrer ||rse|l, |r add|||or |o `C|ror|c|e. la|r|s||ca'
exc|us|ve|y d|scuss|rg recer| cr|||ca| ed|||ors, puo||s|ed a suos|ar||a| s|udy or
`T| e Far|y Fp|scopa| l|s|s' (181-zoo, z-), ard a se| ol |earred `No|es'
or arc|er| la||r raruscr|p|s, o|o||ca| ard o||ers, or or proo|ers dea||rg
W||| |ex| cr|||c|sr. lr ||e sare ||re ol researc|, l. C. 8ur|||| ollered sever
cor|r|ou||ors, K. la|e ||ree. T| e s|age Was se| lor a or||||ar| corpe||||or
W||| Cor||rer|a|, ra|r|y 0errar, sc|o|ars, ard ||e or|er|a||or ol JT| 3Was
c|ear|y ol a ||s|or|ca| ard |ex|-cr|||ca| ra|ure.
w|er ||e `NeW 3er|es' Was |aurc|ed |r 1o, ||e ed||or ol JT| 3Was ||e
o|o||ca| sc|o|ar b. l. l|g||loo|, ass|s|ed oy a corr|||ee ol sever reroers.
As |rposed oy ex|rere c|rcurs|arces dur|rg wor|d war ll, ||e jourra| Was
prograrred |ercelorWard |o appear |W|ce year|y, W|||ou| reduc|rg ||e
ou|pu| ol ||s quar|er|y puo||ca||or lror oelore ||e war. `Ar||c|es' proper
|o pa|r|s||cs Were ex|rere|y rare. lr ||e l|rs| vo|ures ol ||e NeW 3er|es,
sore ol ||e `No|es ard 3|ud|es,' dea||rg W||| pa|r|s||cs, prelerred |ex| cr|||ca|
proo|ers |r Wor|s ol ||e la||ers. 3uc| Was ||e case W||| ||e po|r|ed
rerar| aoou| 1T| es .rade oy l. C|adW|c| |r vo|. 1. T| |r|y years |a|er,
lror 18o|o 18, || Was C|adW|c| W|o ed||ed JT| 3, W||| |appy pa|r|s||c
48
sc|o|ars l|rd|rg rore orea|||rg space |r ||e pres||g|ous jourra|. ol ||e e|g||
`Ar||c|es' ol 18z|1, lor |rs|arce, l| ve Were ded|ca|ed |o ||e ear|y c|urc|
(1-1) ard so Were l|ve ol ||e r|re `No|es ard 3|ud|es' |r ||e sare |ssue.
lr 18z|zaga|r, |Wo ol ||e lour `Ar||c|es' locus or pa|r|s||cs, rore prec|se|y
or Augus||r|ar |op|cs.
lr |er `lrdex,' N. 3. vo|s. 1-o(1o-1;), F. A. l|v|rgs|ore ||s|s s|x|eer
cor|r|ou||ors ard rore ||ar 1oooo| rev|eWs oy l. C|adW|c|. lr ||e 3yr|ac
dora|r, ro|es ard rev|eWs oy 3. l. 8roc| preva||. T| e oller|rgs or 0r|ger
equa| |r ruroer ard suos|arce ||ose or Augus||re. lr ||e recer| pas| rary
essays or pa|r|s||c exeges|s Were puo||s|ed as `Ar||c|es'. 0. 0. lur|er `T| e
larad|se ol la|r|arc|y. Aroros||as|er or worer as (ro|) 0od's lrage' (|,
1z, ||;-|o), lour `Ar||c|es' |r |||1, |Wo ol ||ree `Ar||c|es' |r |||z(1),
aga|r |Wo ol lour |r ||1as We|| as |r ||z(1|), or|y ore ol l|ve |r |o|1,
ou| orce rore |Wo or lour |r |o|z(1), ||ree ol lour |r |;|1, |Wo or
lour |r |;|z(1o), ||ree ol l|ve |r |8|z(1;, lour ol lour |r ||1, ore ol
||ree |r ||z(18), a |o|a| ol |Wer|y-sever cor|r|ou||ors |r |ess ||ar |er
years or sources ard ||s|or|ca| da|a re|evar| lor s|udy|rg ||e use ol 3cr|p-
Jourra|s ;1
|ure |r ||e ear|y c|urc|, a resu|| corl|rr|rg ||e pr|or||y g|ver roW |o suc|
|ssues.
bec|erc|es de 3c|erce be||g|euse, `8u||e||r.'
A s|or| `8u||e||r de l|||era|ure la|r|s||que' s|gred oy J. leore|or correr|ed or
lour reW puo||ca||ors |r ||e b3bol 1|o. lr 1|;, ||e sare au||or
res|r|c|ed ||s rev|eW |r ||e `8u||e||r' |o ore s|rg|e ||||e. A reW |rsp|ra||or
Was reeded. l| care W||| ar eou|||er| Jear 0ar|e|ou W|o s|ar|ed |r 1|8
||s `8u||e||r d'l|s|o|re des 0r|g|res C|re||erres' |r preser||rg sever|eer
reW puo||ca||ors, l|ve ol ||er urder ||e suo||||e `Fxegse pa|r|s||que.' lr
1|, |Wer|y-l|ve reW Wor|s Were rev|eWed, |We|ve |r 1o, |Wer|y-|Wo |r
11-z, s|x ol ||er urder ||e suo-||||e `Fxegse e| |ypo|og|e' W||c| s|gra|s
||e ||ve|y d|scuss|ors ol ||ose years arorg lrerc|-spea||rg exper|s aoou|
pa|r|s||c |errereu||cs, |Wer|y-ore |r 1, ard so or. lr 1, ||e sec||or
`Fxegse pa|r|s||que' ec|oes ||e sare ||ve|y d|scuss|ors or pa|r|s||c
|errereu||cs. 3|||| |r 1ooa l|ra| sec||or ol ||e `8u||e||r' |s devo|ed |o `Typo|og|e
e| syroo||sre' (vo|. |, 1;-z).
w||| 0ar|e|ou's rep|acerer| oy C. Karrerg|esser |r 1;o, ||e ooo|
rev|eWs, roW er||||ed `8u||e||r de T| eo|og|e la|r|s||que,' ra|r|a|red ||e|r
year|y |ssues W||| |urdreds ol puo||ca||ors ara|yzed ard d|scussed. lr 181,
lor |rs|arce, ||e sec||or `8|o|e des lres' preser|ed a cr|||ca| survey ol Wor|s
oy var der lors|, |er|e|, Car|a|aressa, |ees, b|us-Carps, |e|r|o|d,
l|||ors|, le|||o|r, 3|y||aropou|os, loarez loarez, |erdoza bu|z, lo||
ard la|||e, eroug| |o g|vear |rd|ca||or ol ||e ||g|||de ol puo||ca||ors |r
||e l|e|d. lr 18z, aga|r, a spec|a| sec||or arrourced s|x|eer reW Wor|s or
`Fxegse o|o||que.' lr 18|ro| |ess ||ar l|l|y-|Wo recer| puo||ca||ors Were
|rc|uded |r ||e survey, W||| a sec||or `A|exardr|e c|re||erre' devo|ed |o
d|scuss|rg ques||ors re|a|ed |o pa|r|s||c exeges|s.
lr 18, aro||er se| ol |Wer|y-ore ||||es Was preser|ed |o ||e readers ol
||e `8u||e||r de T| eo|og|e la|r|s||que.' Arorg ||ose ||||es l|gured severa|
reW ed|||ors ol exege||ca| sources. As ear|y as 1;o, a spec|a| lea|ure ol
||e `8u||e||r' Was ar ex|ers|ve accour| ol ||e rorurer|a| puo||ca||or oy
w. laase ol Auls||eg urd N|edergarg der ror|sc|er we||lor W||c| eac| vo|ure
Was exar|red W||| regard |o ||s re|evarce lor pa|r|s||cs, ard |r par||cu|ar
lor pa|r|s||c exeges|s. lr 18o, ||e l|rs| sec||or or `8|o|e des lres' exar|red
||e |a|es| puo||ca||ors ol |ordeser|, lor|a|re, l|e|r|, la 8orrard|re (||e
|as| ||ree vo|ures oe|org|rg |o ||e ser|es 8|o|e de Tous |es Terpscrea|ed
oy C. Karrerg|esser), bordeau, Kurz|rger, lolle|, .-|. 0uva|, Careve|
ard 0u|ro|, ||e preva|||rg ruroer ol lrerc| au||ors rel|ec||rg ||e lrerc|
|eaders||p |r ||e l| e|d |r ||e 1;os ard ear|y 18os.
;z0re la|r|s||c Fxeges|s
lr 188, 8. 3esooue |oo| over ||e `8u||e||r,' |r g|v|rg || ||e ||||e `8u||e||r
de T| eo|og|e la|r|s||que 0recque.' lr add|||or |o rary o||er ||||es dea||rg
W||| pa|r|s||c exeges|s, a spec|a| sec||or, `la 8|o|e des lres,' preser|ed
puo||ca||ors oy |assaux, 8oderrarr, Ko la lorg, ard `au|or| var||.' A `8u||e||r
de la|ro|og|e la||re' oy .-|. 0uva| lo||oWed |r 18. 0r|y |r 1zd|d
8. 3esooue survey recer| Wor|s represer|a||ve ol 0ree| pa|r|s||cs. T|oug|
||r||ed |o ar erurera||or ol s|x|y-ore reW puo||ca||ors, ||e |rpress|ve
ou|| ol ||e reW Wor|s ||erse|ves perlec||y We|| |||us|ra|es ||e or-go|rg
dyrar|sr ol sc|er||l|c researc| |r ||e l|e|d, sec||or vl dea||rg W||| `la
8|o|e des lres.'
A sare suo||||e Was |rc|uded |r ||e rex| `8u||e||r de T|eo|og|e 0recque'
ol 1|, co-s|gred oy 8. 3esooue ard |. ledou. TWo years |a|er, |r 1o, . -|.
0uva| secured aga|r a survey ol la||r pa|r|s||cs, ard aro||er `8u||e||r de
la|r|s||que 0recque' appeared |r 1;. T| e s|oW pace ol ||e 0ree| `8u||e||r'
ard ||e d|vers|l|ed redac||or ol ||e W|o|e 8u||e||r oy ||ree d|llerer| au||ors
49
c|ear|y s|oWs |oW d|ll| cu|| || |ad oecore |o survey ||e Wor|d-W|de produc||or ol
pa|r|s||c s|ud|es. T| |s |s espec|a||y |rue lor ||e preser| lardooo|,
s|rce oy ||e erd ol ||e |Wer||e|| cer|ury ||e s|rorges| currer| ol pa|r|s||c
s|ud|es dea|s W||| ||e recep||or ol ||e 8|o|e |r arc|er| C|r|s||ar||y.
Trad|||o. 3|ud|es |r Arc|er| ard |ed|eva| l|s|ory, T| oug|| ard be||g|or
(Tr)
Trad|||oWas |aurc|ed |r 1|oy J. uas|er ard 3. Ku||rer, oo|| |eac||rg a| ||e
Ca||o||c ur|vers||y ol Arer|ca |r was||rg|or, 0.C. lror ||s very
l|rs| |ssue, ||e jourra| |as regu|ar|y |rc|uded cor|r|ou||ors dea||rg W|||
pa|r|s||c exeges|s.
T|eo|og|ca| 3|ud|es(T3)
T| e Jesu|| jourra| ol ||eo|ogy |r ||e u.3.A, ex|s||rg s|rce 1|o, d|d ro|
rera|r |rd|llerer| |o ||e pa|r|s||c rev|va| al|er wor|d war ll. lr ||s |r|erver||or ol
1o, `Currer| la|r|s||c lrojec|s,' `0r Far|y C|r|s||ar Fxeges|s,' w. J.
8urg|ard| preser|ed |o ar Arer|car readers||p ||e ||ve|y Furopear cor|roversy
arourd ||e ro||ors ol `a||egory' ard `|ypo|ogy' |r ||e ear|y c|urc|.
ve|era C|r|s||arorur(ve| C|r)
T| e jourra| ol ||e `ls|||u|o d| le||era|ura Cr|s||ara Ar||ca' a| ||e ur|vers||y ol 8ar|
|r sou||err l|a|y oWed ||s crea||or |r 1o||o ||e |r|||a||ve
ol Ar|or|o uacquare|||, W|o |r ||e pas| ||ree decades oecare a|so ore ol
||s ros| pro||l| c cor|r|ou|ors. lr a c|ose ||r|age W||| c|ass|ca| s|ud|es ard
arc|eo|ogy ||e jourra| ollers a r|c| arour| ol essays re|a|ed W||| s|y|e ard
Jourra|s ;
r|e|or|cs |r pa|r|s||c |||era|ure. T| e |||urg|ca| se|||rg ol pa|r|s||c exeges|s |as
a|Ways oeer exp|ored |r ve| C|rW||| a spec|a| |r|eres|. 3|rce ||e s|ar| ol ||e
jourra|, 0. lor|er|o Was |rs|rurer|a| ro| or|y as secre|ary ol redac||or,
ou| |r par||cu|ar lor ||e suos|ar||a| o|o||ograp|y added |o eac| lasc|c|e. As
ear|y as 1oo, a ser|es ol uaderr| d| 've|era C|r|s||arorur's|ar|ed ||s career,
W||| a |o|a| ol |Wer|y-lour vo|ures |||r|y years |a|er, W|er ||e `Ac|s ol ||e
3ecord 3er|rar ol C|r|s||ar Ar||qu||y' a| ||e ur|vers||y ol 8ar| appeared
urder ||e ||||e be|or|ca ed eseges| o|o||ca. l| r|||evo de| cor|eru|| a||raverso
|e lorre. w||| regu|ar cor|r|ou||ors oy 3. learza, v. lo|, 0. lor|er|o,
A. uacquare|||, |. 3|rore|||, ard o||ers, ve| C|rl|rr|y es|ao||s|ed l|a||ar
sc|o|ars||p as ore ol ||e ros| pror|s|rg resources lor ||e lu|ure deve|oprer| ol
s|ud|es or pa|r|s||c exeges|s.
v|g|||ae C|r|s||arae. A bev|eW ol Far|y C|r|s||ar l|le ard larguage (v|gC|r)
laurc|ed |r 1|;, W||| C. |o|rrarr, 0. u|spe|, w. C. var urr||, ard
J. l. wasz|r| as ||s l|rs| ed||ors-|r-c||el, ||e 0u|c| Jourra| lror ||e s|ar|
|oo| or ar |r|erra||ora| ooard ol assoc|a|e ed||ors, ard puo||s|ed ar||c|es |r
severa| wes|err |arguages. w||| ||s spec|a| s|ress or |arguage ard or soc|e|y,
v|gC|rqu|c||y ga|red a l|rs| rar| au||or||y arorg ||e exper|s. l|s ex|ers|ve
ooo| rev|eWs Were ol|er s|gred oy d|s||rgu|s|ed spec|a||s|s. 0ros||c |||era|ure
oecare ||e oojec| ol a co||ec||ve lasc|ra||or al|er ||e d|scovery ol Nag
larrad|, || rera|red lor rary years a pr|or||y |r v|gC|rurder ||e er||us|as||c
|eaders||p ol 0. u|spe|. T| e var|ous ||r|s oe|Weer C|r|s||ar ||le ard
|a|e-ar||que cu||ure lorred aro||er locus |r ||e jourra|, |eep|rg || |r ||re
W||| cor|erporary researc| or Ar||qu||y ard C|r|s||ar||y. lr ||e d|vers||y
ard operress ol ||s |or|zors v|gC|rproduced a va|uao|e, ||oug| ||r||ed,
cor|r|ou||or |o ||e s|udy ol pa|r|s||c exeges|s rarg|rg lror |ex| cr|||c|sr |o
rorograp||c essays or ||e recep||or ol 3cr|p|ure |r ||e ear|y c|urc|.
Ze||sc|r|l|lur d|e Neu|es|arer|||c|e w|ssersc|al| (ZNw)
T|e ZNwWas lourded |r 1oo. l| |ssued ||s l|l||e|| arrua| vo|ure |r
1oo, W||| |er vo|ures r|ss|rg oecause ol |Wo wor|d wars. vo|. |zopered |r
1|W||| a rov|rg sa|u|e |o ||s dead co||aoora|ors, arorg ||er |. 0|oe||us,
0. K|||e|, ard b. AoraroWs||. w. F||es|er rera|red ||s ed||or-|r-c||el lror
||a| da|e ur||| 1;1. lr 11, ||e jourra| cou|d resure ||s pre-War prac||ce
ol add|rg ar arrua| rev|eW ol ||eo|og|ca| jourra|s ou|s|de ol 0errary.
T| a| rev|eW corrur|ca|ed ruc| |e|plu| |rlorra||or |r lorr ol au||ors
ard ||||es ||s|ed |r ||ose lore|gr jourra|s, |rc|ud|rg ra|er|a| |e|plu| lor ||e
s|udy ol pa|r|s||c exeges|s.
;|0re la|r|s||c Fxeges|s
v
8l8ll00bAlllC T00l3
|. Arree l|||o|og|que(Arl|||)
lssued oy ||e 0epar|rer| ol C|ass|ca| 3|ud|es a| ||e 3oroorre |r 1zo, ||e
Arl|||Was ||e crea||or ol J. |arouzeau, `Adr|r|s|ra|eur de |a 3oc|e|e de
o|o||ograp||e c|ass|que' ard a d|s||rgu|s|ed le||er|s|. T| e sare sc|o|ar
superv|sed ||e |aoor|ous reW s|ar| ol ||e `8|o||ograp||e cr|||que e| ara|y||que
de |'Ar||qu||e greco-|a||re,' W||| a loreWord da|ed lror 1|8. T| e vo|ure
(Xvll), preser||rg ||e o|o||ograp|y lor 1|-1|o, Was puo||s|ed or|y |r
1oz. T| e ed||or ac|ua||y respors|o|e lor vo|ure Xvll Was Ju||e||e Frrs|,
|er Wor| cors|s||rg |r ||e ||oroug| ara|ys|s ol |z|earred jourra|s ard
per|od|ca|s. T| e ruroer ol ||ese jourra|s ard per|od|ca|s |rcreased over
||e years |o rore ||ar 1,ooo, W||| rev|eWs ol ooo|s added as We||. Frrs|
50
er|arged |er |ear ol co||aoora|ors, ou| cor||rued |o superv|se ||e g|gar||c
corp||a||or ur||| 1o, W||| vo|. lXll, puo||s|ed |r 1, ruroer|rg 1,11z
pages W||| 1, ooer|r|es, rary ol W||c| |ad add|||ora| sra|| surrar|es
ol ||e Wor|s reg|s|ered.
lr ||e l|rs| par| ol eac| vo|ure, arc|er| au||ors are docurer|ed |r a|p|aoe||c
order. lror ||e oeg|rr|rg ||e ||s| |rc|uded `la|res' ard `Tes|arer|a.'
lr ||e secord par|, d|llerer| `l|e|ds ard d|sc|p||res' are covered, arorg ||er
||e `l|||era|ure judeo-c|re||erre,' |a|er `l|||era|ure c|re||erre' |r ||e sec||or
`l|s|o|re ||||era|re' ard ||e `be||g|or judeo-c|re||erre,' |a|er `be||g|or
c|re||erre,' |r ||e sec||or `l|s|o|re.' Fver W||| a ||r||ed se|ec||or ol pa|r|s||c
||||es, ||e Arl|||succeeds |r preser||rg da|a urro||ced e|seW|ere.
A c|oser |oo| a| ||e ruor|cs `la|res' ard `Tes|arer|a' corl|rrs ||e
p|c|ure ol ar |rcreas|rg|y las|-l|oW|rg currer| al|er wor|d war ll lor ||e
s|udy ol pa|r|s||c exeges|s. T| e o|o||ograp|y ol 1|8, W||| corp|erer|s
lror ear||er years, Was puo||s|ed |r 1o(vo|. XlX). l| preser|s a |ex|ca|
ara|ys|s ol 8as||e|a |ou ||eou, oas||e|a C|r|s|ou, oy 0. w. l. larpe, W|o Was
||er Wor||rg or ||s epoc|-ra||rg la|r|s||c 0ree| lex|cor(see JT| 31|8,
8-;), a|so ol l. 0orr|e's, `0|e 8|oe| |r a||es|er |orc||ur,' ard ol b. |.
0rar|'s, T| e 8|o|e |r ||e C|urc|(1|8). lr 11(vo|. XX), ||e o|o||ograp|y
lor ||e year 1|, urder ||e ruor|c `la|res,' |s rore gererous W||| a| |eas|
s|x ||||es d|rec||y re|evar| lor pa|r|s||c exeges|s. l. Cource||e, `lragrer|s
pa|r|s||ques (exege||ca|) de l|eury-sur-lo|re', J. 0ar|e|ou, `Traversee de |a |er
bouge e| oap|ere aux prer|ers s|c|es', l. Karpp, 8|o||sc|e Ar||ropo|og|e
urd p|||osop||sc|e lsyc|o|og|e oe| der K|rc|erva|err des lll. Ja|r|urder|s
(d|ss.), J. K|ev|rg|aus, 0|e ||eo|og|sc|e 3|e||urg der apos|o||sc|er va|er zur
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| ;a|||es|arer|||c|er 0lleroarurg, l.
Koep, 0as 8uc| des leoers. we||er|eoer
e|rer o|o||sc|er |e|ap|er |r der pa|r|s||sc|er l||era|ur(d|ss.), 0. |. lerre||a,
`la roz|ore de||' |sp|raz|ore scr|||ura|e secordo | pr|r|||v| docurer||
cr|s||ar|.'
lr add|||or |o ||e recovery ol ur|roWr sources, ||e researc| or pa|r|s||c
exeges|s as reg|s|ered |r Arl||||r ||e |a|e 1|os rera|red o|ased oy |eavy
||eo|og|ca| assurp||ors ard W|||ou| a |errereu||ca| ||eory ol ||s oWr (a
popu|ar s|udy oy l. bos|, 0|e 8|oe| |r der ers|er Ja|r|urder|er,appears urder
||e ruor|c `Tes|arer|a'). T| |s Was aoou| |o c|arge. T| e o|o||ograp|y ol 1o,
puo||s|ed |r 1z(vo|. XXl) |rc|uded |. F. 8o|srard, `Cr|||que |ex|ue||e e|
c||a||ors pa|r|s||ques, as We|| as ||e s|gr|l|car| |r|roduc||or lor Arer|car
readers oy w. J. 8urg|ard|, `0r Far|y C|r|s||ar Fxeges|s' (T31o, ;8-11o).
lr ||e o|o||ograp|y lor 11(vo|. XXll, 1), spec|l|c s|ud|es or pa|r|s||c
exeges|s s|ar|ed ru|||p|y|rg arorg ||e ||||es corp||ed |r Arl|||. l. 8rur,
or bor ;.;-z, l. Co|||, or Fp| , z, J. Coppers, or 0er , J. 0ar|e|ou, or
`la ||eo|og|e o|o||que des sacrerer|s e| des le|es d'aprs |es lres de |'eg||se,'
`Aora|ar dars |a |rad|||or c|re||erre', J. l||d, or Fxodus, 0. K|||e|, or Jares.
urder ||e ruor|c `Tes|arer|a' J. 0ar|e|ou appears aga|r, W||| |Wo ooo|s,
3acrarer|ur lu|ur|ard 8|o|e e| |||urg|eol 1oard 11, oo|| ol W||c|
Wou|d erjoy a grea| popu|ar||y. w||| b. 8u||rarr's Wor| or `Typo|og|e' ard
J. 0u|||e|'s ||g||y ce|eora|ed T|res o|o||ques||e ||r|s oe|Weer ||e exege||ca|
advarces ol ||e ||re ard ||e reW |r|eres| |r ear|y C|r|s||ar exeges|s Were
c|ear|y |r ev|derce. |ore ard rore, la|r|s||c sc|o|ars Wou|d approac| ||e
|r|erpre|a||or ol ||e 8|o|e |r ||e ear|y c|urc| W||| descr|p||ve ca|egor|es
app||ed |r cor|erporary o|o||ca| exeges|s.
lr 1|(vo|. XXlll), ||e ruor|c `la|res' |r ||e o|o||ograp|y lor 1z
jurps lror cover|rg |a|l a page |o a|ros| ||ree pages, W||| reW essays or
||e |rsp|ra||or ol ||e |xx (l. Auvray), or ever or `l'|rsp|ra||or des lres
de |'Fg||se' (0. 8ardy, b3b|o, 1z, ;-zo), J. l|ro|, laraoo|es e| a||egor|es
evarge||ques, l. 8. beos|oc|, 0edar|er zur Jo|arres-Fvarge||ur |r 0e|s|
der le|||ger va|er. 0r-go|rg Wor| or ||e ||s|ory ol o|o||ca| |r|erpre|a||or
|r pa|r|s||c sources cor||rued |o oe ara|yzed urder ||e ruor|c `Tes|arer|a,'
W||| rajor s|ud|es oy J. Coppers, vor c|r|s|||c|er vers|ardr|s des A||er
Tes | arer| s, ard `les |arror|es des deux Tes|arer|s. Fr e|ud|ar| |es d|vers
sers des Fcr||ures', b. |. 0rar|, `T| e 8|o|e |r ||e Arc|er| C|urc|' (1|o).
Added |o ||ese Was ||e ques||or ol ||e o|o||ca| caror puo||s|ed oy l. 0|er
ard J. buWe|.
T| e o|o||ograp|y lor 1(vo|. XXlv, 1) cor|a|rs urder `la|res'
ar exarp|e ol T|sso|'s co||ec||ors ol quo|a||ors, les lres vous par|er| de
|'Fvarg||e. l| a|so |rc|udes A. larrar, le la|er exp||que par |es lres, ard
8|o||ograp||c Too|s ;
;o0re la|r|s||c Fxeges|s
l. 8ouyer, `0ros|s. le sers or||odoxe de |'express|or jusqu'aux lres
a|exardr|rs,' ar |radequa|e |rage ol ||e s|a|e ol pa|r|s||c researc| ol ||e day,
ard lar oe||rd ||e |r|erse cr|||ca| deoa|e corcerr|rg a proper ||eory ol
pa|r|s||c |errereu||cs. T| a| |rage Was |ard|y correc|ed, urder `Tes|arer|a'
oy ||e rer||or ol l. A. 3e|sdedos, `la '|eor|a' ar||oquera' ard l. T. Terrar|,
51
`la ||eor|ad'Ar||oc|e dars |e cadre des sers de |'Fcr||ure.' lr ||e o|o||ograp|y lor
1(vo|. XXvl, 1o), urder `la|res,' J. Frc|so, `0oservac|ores
acerca de| ser||do p|ero' |ard|y l|||s ||e |ac| ol |rlorra||or aoou| pa|r|s||c
|errereu||cs, ou|, urder `Tes|arer|a,' ore ro|es W||| sa||slac||or
b. F. 8roWr, T| e sersus p|er|or ol 3acred 3cr|p|ure, rex| |o 8. 8|sc|oll 's
very |rpor|ar| werdepur||e |r der 0esc||c||e der |a|e|r|sc|er Fxegese |r
lru|r|||e|a||er.
A cors|s|er| c|ec||rg ol ||e ruor|cs `la|res' ard `Tes|arer|a' |r ||e
lo||oW|rg years a||oWs ||e |rac|rg ol ||e deve|oprer| ol s|ud|es or pa|r|s||c
exeges|s lror ore decade |o aro||er, W||| r||es|ores suc| as ||e puo||ca||or
ol l. de luoac's Fxegse red|eva|e. les qua|re sers de |'Fcr||ure, l, |r , 1
or ||e preser|a||or ol ||e `Cer|re d'Ara|yse e| de 0ocurer|a||or pa|r|s||ques de
|a lacu||e de ||eo|og|e pro|es|ar|e de 3|rasoourg' oy A. 8eroi| ard
l. lr|ger| |r 1oo.
||. 8|o||ograp||a la|r|s||ca(8la|r)
Typ|ca| ol ||e dr|ve ol pa|r|s||c sc|o|ars dur|rg ||e 1os |o par||c|pa|e
|r a rajor rereWa| ol researc| |r ||e|r l|e|d Was ||e dec|s|or rade oy a
group ol 0errar exper|s a| ||e secord la|r|s||c Corlererce |r 0xlord
1, |o crea|e a proper pa|r|s||c o|o||ograp|y. urder ||e |eaders||p ol
w. 3c|reere|c|er ard K. A|ard, redac||ora| superv|sors lror 8e|g|ur,
Frg|ard, lrarce, 0errary, 0reece, lo||ard, lre|ard, l|a|y, 3pa|r, 3Weder,
ard ||e u3A, secured a Wor|d-W|de co||ec||or ol da|a |r|erd|rg |o cover
pa|r|s||c s|ud|es |r a|| ||e|r d|vers||y. TWo par|s ol ||e 8la|rprograr are ol
a spec|a| re|evarce |ere. `ll. Novur Tes|arer|ur a|que Apocryp|a (quoad
|ex|ur e|usque |rad|||orer e| cr|||car),' ar exege||ca| o|o||ograp|y oeyord
||e scope ol ||e preser| lardooo|, ou| |r ||re W||| ||e aro|||ous po||cy ol
Tu ro|ed aoove, `vll. la|rur Fxeges|s ve|er|s e| Nov| Tes|arer||'. |||s l|ra|
sec||or serves as a recap||u|a||or lor ||e survey ol |rd|v|dua| au||ors oy
repea||rg ||e rares ol arc|er| au||ors ||s|ed |r `lll. z, Auc|ores s|rgu||,'ard
|r add|rg ||e rares ol ||e roderr pa|r|s||c spec|a||s|s. T| e 8la|ra|so adds
`1. 0erera||a(Co||ec||ors, Ca|erae, lerrereu||ca),' ard `z. Fxeges|s auc|orur
ad s|rgu|os ||oros seu |ocos seu argurer|a sacrae 3cr|p|urae per||rers.' l|ra||y
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| ;;||ere |s ar |rpor|ar| sec||or lv
reserved lor `Cu||us,' |r W||c| l| gure s|ud|es
corcerr|rg ||e cu|| ol rar|yrs ard sa|r|s, |oge||er W||| s|ud|es corcerr|rg
ary ex|s||rg |||urg|ca| Wr|||rgs lror ear|y C|r|s||ar||y.
To cors|||u|e a spec|a| |rver|ory ol a|| puo||ca||ors re|evar| lor ||e s|udy
ol pa|r|s||c exeges|s |s ore ol ||e d|s||rc||ve lea|ures ol 8la|r. Aro||er suc|
s|rgu|ar rer|| |s |o cover ||e Wor| dore |r buss|a ard |r Fas|err Furope W|||
ar urusua| accuracy. T| e d|ll| cu|||es due |o ||e Co|d war ard ||e d|v|s|or ol
0errary, Fas| ard wes|, c|a||erged ||e ear|y ed||ors ol 8la|r|o ||e po|r|
||a| ||e|r Wor| oecare a s|rorg ard v|orar| pro|es| aga|rs| ||e des|ruc||ve
al| erra|| ol wor|d war ll. 8la|rWas |o oecore ||e or|y adequa|e source ol
|rlorra||or lor wes|err sc|o|ars aoou| ||e s|udy ol pa|r|s||cs, ard ol pa|r|s||c
exeges|s |r par||cu|ar, oe||rd ||e lror Cur|a|r. lr vo|. l ol 1, preser||rg ||e
puo||ca||ors ol 1o, lor|y-s|x ||||es cors|||u|e ||e sec||or `o| ard
r| Fxeges|s ol ||e la||ers.' lr vo|. ll, puo||s|ed or|y a leW ror||s |a|er |r
1, ||e produc||or ol 1;Was ara|yzed. T| e pace ol ||e pror|s|rg 8la|r
seered |o ra|c| ||e r|s|rg ||de ol pa|r|s||c s|ud|es. Aga|r, vo|. lll lo||oWed
|ard|y s|x ror||s al|er ll, ard vo|s. lv-vll Were ava||ao|e a| a year|y ra|e
accour||rg lor ||e produc||or ol 1-1oz. lr ||e rear||re ||e redac||ora|
|ear |ad groWr |o |||r|y-||ree reroers, represer||rg add|||ora| cour|r|es.
Aus|ra||a, Aus|r|a, 8u|gar|a, Czec|os|ova||a, Fgyp|, lurgary, lsrae|, Japar,
lo|ard, borar|a, ard buss|a.
A rarge ol d|ll|cu|||es, ra|r|y due |o l|rarc|a| ard |ec|r|ca| reasors,
|rposed a |orger de|ay or vo|. vlll (1oo) lor preser||rg ||e puo||ca||ors ol
1o, ou| 8la|rcor||rued ||s rerar|ao|e career ur||| 1. vo|. XXlv-XXv
ol 18|Was ||e |as| ore puo||s|ed urder ||e d|rec||or ol w. 3c|reere|c|er.
l| preser|ed ||e puo||ca||ors ol 1;-18o. lr 18o, W||| K. 3c|alerd|c| as
c||el ed||or, ||e puo||ca||ors ol 181-18zWere ara|yzed, ou| ||e pace ol
8la|rs|oWed doWr. 0r|y |r 18cou|d ||e ||||es ol 18|oe rade ava||ao|e.
T| e `loreWord' ol ||a| vo|. XXlX |r|ed |o ac||eve sore darage cor|ro| |r
ooserv|rg ||a| 8la|r|r|erded as ore ol ||s ra|r purposes `|o cors|||u|e a
|org-|as||rg o|o||ograp||ca| |oo|' ro| suor|||ed |o ||e las| procedures ol
correrc|a| adver||s|rg.' T| a| oe|rg so, K. 3c|alerd|e| arrourced |r 1o
||a| vo|. XXXll-XXXv lor ||e years 188-1oWou|d oe ||e |as| ol ||e
ser|es, due |o ||e `currer| |ers|ors |r puo||c adr|r|s|ra||ors' (`|rlo|ge der
argesparr|er lage der oller|||c|er laus|a||e').
0ur|rg lour decades ||e 8la|r|ad c|ar|ered ||s course ||roug| ||e
||g|||de ol pa|r|s||c s|ud|es |r ||e secord |a|l ol ||e |Wer||e|| cer|ury. l|s
c|os|rg sourded |||e a preror||ory s|gr ol a poss|o|e eoo ol pa|r|s||c sc|o|ars||p
rear ||e erd ol ||e cer|ury. T| e |r|||a| vo|ure ol 8la|r|ad cour|ed
1opages, ||e l|ra| douo|e vo|ure cour|ed ;opages. lr eac| ol ||e |as|
8|o||ograp||c Too|s ;;
52
;80re la|r|s||c Fxeges|s
|Wo vo|ures ||e sec||or `0ros||ca' overW|e|red ||e ||s||rg ol `la|r|s||c
Fxeges|s' |r s|eer ruroers, ard ||e erorrous |rves|rer| ol |rqu|r|es lor
||e sec||or `becers|ores' a|ore resu||ed |r a derse repor| cover|rg aoou| a
|urdred pages. T| e ed||ors ol 8la|r|ad reac|ed ||e ||r|| ol ||e|r capac||y
corpre|ers|ve|y |o cor|ro| ||e l|e|d ol pa|r|s||c s|ud|es. A lu|ure er|erpr|se
ol ||a| sor| Wou|d reed a rore corpu|er|zed |rlras|ruc|ure. |ore prooao|y
|| Wou|d reed ||e coro|ra||or ol a var|e|y ol o|o||ograp||ca| approac|es,
|eep|rg |r v|eW ||e W|o|e l|e|d ol pa|r|s||cs, ou| locus|rg or spec|l|c aspec|s,
as |s ||e case currer||y |r ||e Arra|| d| 3|or|a de||' Fseges|.
|||. 8|o||o||que d'lrlorra||or 8|o||ograp||que er la|r|s||que,
8|o||ograp||c lrlorra||or 8ase |r la|r|s||cs (8l8l)
T|e 8l8lWas crea|ed ard d|rec|ed oy b.-|. booerge s|rce 1;1a| ||e
ur|vers||e lava|, ueoec (or ||e lr|erre|. |||p.||WWW.o|o|.u|ava|.ca|od|
o|op|).
T|e 8l8la|rs a| produc|rg a corpu|er|zed se|ec||or ard ara|yses ol
pa|r|s||c puo||ca||ors ra|r|y |r per|od|ca|s. les|sc|r|l|s ard o||er co||ec||ors
ol essays, or repor|s ol pa|r|s||c corlererces, are added |o ||e per|od|ca|s.
8l8l oegar ||e |Wer|y-l|rs| cer|ury W||| approx|ra|e|y 1, ooo`docurer|s'
(over ooolor Augus||re a|ore) ara|yz|rg ar||c|es |r oper|od|ca|s. lr add|||or
|o ar||c|es, spec|a| a||er||or |s g|ver |o ooo| rev|eWs, ol W||c| rore
||ar zo, oooare e|||er rer||ored or, |orger ||ar lour pages, ara|yzed as
We||. lrc|uded |r ||e prograrre ol ||e 8ase are a|so ed|||ors ol pr|rary
sources ard |oo|s lor researc|, suc| as corcordarces.
lr a|| ||e per|od|ca|s urder scru||ry, ||e ara|ys|s s|ar|s W||| ||e l|rs| |ssue
ard reac|es ||e preser| day. 3pec|a| lorrs W||| de|a||ed `gr|ds' a||oW ||e 8l8l
s|all|o oller s|r|c||y s|ardard|zed descr|p||ors ol ||e se|ec|ed ||ers. T| ar|s
|o a c|ear |rdexa||or ||e 8l8l reac|es ar urusua||y ||g| degree ol prec|s|or
|r ||s re||od ol ara|ys|s. lor |rs|arce, ||e `descr|oer' (`descr|p|eur') lor
o|o||ca| exeges|s cour|s s|x|y suo-d|v|s|ors. lr add|||or |o pa|ro|ogy ||e l|e|ds
covered are. arc|aeo|ogy, |corograp|y, ep|grap|y, papyro|ogy, cod|co|ogy, ||e
||s|ory ol arc|er| C|r|s||ar||y, ard ol ||eo|ogy, ||e ||s|ory ol courc||s, ol
||e |||urgy, ol sp|r||ua|||y ard roras||c|sr, spec|a||y ||e ||s|ory ol o|o||ca|
exeges|s ard |ag|ograp|y.
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| ;|v. 8u||e||r AlFl
w||| ||e purpose ol descr|o|rg Wor| |r process or a s|r|c||y |rlorra||ve |eve|,
ore l|rds a oroad access |o recer| puo||ca||ors |r ||e 8u||e||r d'|rlorra||or
e| de ||a|sorol ||e Assoc|a||or lr|erra||ora|e d'F|udes la|r|s||ques(AlFl),
or|g|ra||y a lrerc| |r|||a||ve due |o ||e crea||v||y ol J. 0ar|e|ou, J. lor|a|re,
l. |arrou ard o||ers. T| a| |r|||a||ve oecare Wor|ao|e ||ar|s |o ||e |r|erra||ora|
ga||er|rgs ol 0xlord W|ere ||e projec| Was l|rs| arrourced |r
1o;. Fac| 8u||e||roy pr|or||y s|gra|s pa|r|s||c Wor| `s|||| urpuo||s|ed or
lor||cor|rg,' ard a|so recer| puo||ca||ors ol ooo|s ard ar||c|es oy reroers
ol AlFl. A spec|a| sec||or ol lasc. 1|rc|uded ||e lu|| |ex| ol corrur|ca||ors
aoou| lrs|rurer|a s|ud|orurpreser|ed a| 0xlord, aro||er sec||or descr|oed
||e ra|r cer|ers ol pa|r|s||c researc| |r 0errary, Aus|r|a, 8e|g|ur, lrarce,
0reece, lre|ard ard l|a|y. 3oor ar Arruaryol AlFl, puo||s|ed oy 8repo|s
(8e|g|ur) ard d|s|r|ou|ed lree|y |rs|de ||e Assoc|a||or, Was jo|red |o ||e
8u||e||rW||| approx|ra|e|y oooreroers reg|s|ered |r ||s |ssue ol 1o.
C|ec||rg or|y ore |ssue ol ||e 8u||e||r. urder ||e ||||e `la 8|o|e e| |es
lres' ard ||e suo||||es `0uvrages gereraux,' `C|r|s||ar|sre e| Judaisre,'
`Arc|er| Tes|arer|,' `Nouveau Tes|arer|,' 8u||e||rz;(1o) erurera|ed
1oer|r|es ol Wor| |r process or recer||y puo||s|ed ol W||c| 8zlocused
d|rec||y or o|r|. T| e sare l|l|| sec||or, `la 8|o|e e| |es lres,' cour|ed
a|so 18er|r|es corcerr|rg `Apocryp|es, lseudep|grap|es,' ard |oo||ers
c|ass|l|ed urder ||e suo||||e `0rose, rar|c|e|sre, e|c.,' ||ereoy |||us|ra||rg
||e pers|s|er| v||a|||y ol researc| or ||ese ra||ers.
v. F|erc|usol 8|o||ca
3uc| ar F|erc|us, or `3e|ec||or,' ol o|o||ograp||c da|a per|a|r|rg |o o|o||ca|
s|ud|es Was par| ol ||e jourra| 8|o||cas|rce ||s crea||or a| ||e lor||l|ca|
8|o||ca| lrs|||u|e |r 1zo. No rer||or ol pa|r|s||c exeges|s Was rade |r
||e l|rs| |ssue, |r W||c| ||e |as| sec||or ol ||e F|erc|us, urder ||e ||||e
3uos|d|ar|a, |rc|uded. T|eo|og|a o|o||ca, Apo|oge||ca e| 0ogra||ca, l|s|or|a
ve| er |s Tes| arer| |, l|s|or|a Nov| Tes|arer||, l|s|or|a be||g|orur, 0eograp||a
o|o||ca, ou| ro suod|v|s|or lor ||e recep||or ol ||e 8|o|e |r C|r|s||ar |rad|||ors. T|
e s||ua||or rera|red urc|arged lor |We|ve years. lr ||e F|erc|usol
1z, rore ruor|cs Were added |o ||e 3uos|d|ar|aol 1zo, suc| as Arc|ae|og|a
8|o||ca, l|||o|og|a 8|o||ca, Ta|rud|ca, luda|ca, ou| s|||| ro |race ol a re|r|ev|rg
ol o|o||ca| |r|erpre|a||ors |r ||e c|urc|. lr 1, ||e `0erera| lr|roduc||or |o
8o|| Tes|arer|s' |rc|uded a| ||e erd a sra|| sec||or (d), l|s|or|a exegeseos,
8|o||ograp||c Too|s ;
8o0re la|r|s||c Fxeges|s
oelore ||e uaes||ores par||cu|ares, W||| |er ||||es ol a pa|r|s||c re|evarce.
lr 1, ||e sare d|spos|||or ol ||e F|erc|uscour|ed aga|r a suod|v|s|or
53
l|s|or|a exegeseosW||| a l|rs| paragrap| Ae|as ar||qua, ca|||rg lor e|ever ||||es,
sore ol ||er lo||oWed oy a rer||or ol ||e|r rev|eWs. T| e sare ou|||re Was
|ep| |r ||e poor|y docurer|ed |ssue ol 1|, W||| |er pa|r|s||c ||||es, ra|r|y
ol puo||ca||ors |ssued |r bore ||se|l. T| e ruroer ol suc| ||||es greW qu|c||y
|r ||e lo||oW|rg years. l|l|eer |r 1|o, |Wer|y-sever |r 1|;, lor|y-ore |r
1|8. lr 1|, W|er l. Nooer |oo| over ||e redac||or ol F|erc|us||e sec||or
ded|ca|ed |o ||e `l|s|ory ol Caror' Was rore deve|oped ||ar ||e ore or ||e
||s|ory ol exeges|s. NeW suod|v|s|ors Were |r|roduced urder lerrereu||ca.
a) 0erera||a, o) 0e 3ersu ||||era|| e| |yp|co, c) 0e |r|erpre|a||ore ||||erar|a e|
preura||ca, d) 0e |r|erpre|a||ore au||er||ca (Fcc|es|ae), ou| ||ere Was ro
rore space a||oWed lor l|s|or|a Fxegeseos, re|||er |r 1o.
A reW sec||or, l|s|or|a 3c|er||ae 8|o||caeol 11rar|ed W|a| cou|d
oe cors|dered as ||e oll| c|a| oeg|rr|rg, a| |eas| |r bore, ol ||e ||s|ory ol
pa|r|s||c exeges|s as a d|sc|p||re |r ||s oWr r|g||. A |acor|c rerar| s|ressed
||e lac|. `A proper ard corpre|ers|ve |rver|ory ol ||e ||s|ory ol o|o||ca|
sc|erce |s r|ss|rg' (8|o|z, z). lr ||e Wa|e ol ||e ||er l|our|s||rg `|erygra||c
||eo|ogy,' ard W||| a lres| |r|eres| |r |errereu||ca| ||eor|es, ||e
Wor|sore ed||or ol ||e F|erc|usopered ||s reW sec||or W||| a corpac| ||s|
ol puo||ca||ors cover|rg ||e pages z |o 1o;, ol W||c| z-o relerred
|o pa|r|s||c researc|.
lr 1, ||ere Were 1o||||es ol la|r|s||ca, |r 1|, 1oo, |r 1, z8, |r
1o|, 1. lr 1o||e F|erc|us 8|o||ograp||cus 8|o||cusde|ac|ed ||se|l lror
8|o||ca, s|ar||rg a reW career |r separa|e vo|ures. lr 1;|, urder ||e ed||or|a|
d|rec||or ol Car|o |ar|a |ar||r|, ||e vo|ure Was |r|roduced oy corgra|u|a||ors |o
||e |rdela||gao|e l. Nooer lor ||s |Wer|y-l| ve years ol ded|ca||or
|o ||e redac||or ol F|erc|us. lror ||e leoreW ur|vers||y ol Jerusa|er,
lrolessor |. l. 0ros|er-0o||s|e|r expressed ||e W|de-|e|d adr|ra||or ol
sc|o|ars. `l| |s qu||e |rcred|o|e ||a| you |ave raraged |o ou||d, a|| oy yourse|l,
||e ros| re||ao|e |oo| lor oas|c researc| |r our l|e|d' (;).
lr ||e rear||re or|y sra|| c|arges |ad |appered, suod|v|d|rg la|r|s||ca
|r 0erera||a, T|era|a o|o||ca, Auc|ores ae|a||s pa|r|s||cae, a d|spos|||or W||c|
|as|ed ur||| lr. Nooer's dea|| |r 18o. l|s |||ress |ad prever|ed ||e puo||ca||or ol
||e l|ra| sec||or ol F|erc|us, vo|. ;, |rc|ud|rg la|r|s||ca, |r 1;o.
`prop|er rorour corp||a|or|s' (;), as We|| as |r 1;;-;8, vo|s. 8-, W|||
ooocards lor ||a| sec||or |r ||e Wa|||rg. Nooer's successor, b. Nor||, 3.J.,
|r|roduced reW suo||||es urder `l|s|ory ol Fxeges|s' |r 1;. 0erera||a,
la|res apos|o||c| e| saecu|| ll, la|res 0raec|, Augus||rus e| la||r|, la|res
0r|er|a|es, W||| a |o|a| ol ||||es. w||| ||e excep||or ol 181, W|ere ro
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| 81la|r|s||caWere |rc|uded, eac| ol ||e
lo||oW|rg vo|ures ol F|erc|usadded ||s
s|are ol ||||es oy ||e |urdreds, W||| or|y a leW rore de|a||ed suod|v|s|ors
ol ||e pa|r|s||c sec||or. lr 18, ||e 1ra|er|a|s are puo||s|ed |r |Wo
vo|ures. ||e l|rs|, W||| ar |r|erre| address, |s er||||ed `Fxeges|s', || |rc|udes
or|y ||||es dea||rg d|rec||y W||| o|o||ca| ooo|s. Ar |rdex `3acra 3cr|p|ura'
lo||oWs ||e |rdex ol au||ors.
w||| ||e ever-groW|rg ||de ol ||ese puo||ca||ors, ever e|ec|ror|c procedures
|ard|y ra|r|a|r cor|ro| ol ||e da|a. l| |s esser||a||y or ||e oas|s ol ||e
F|erc|us||a| ||e o|o||ograp|y lor ||e preser| lardooo| |as oeer Wor|ed
ou|, corp|e|ed ard cross-c|ec|ed W||| o||er o|o||ograp||c |oo|s suc| as ||e
o|o||ograp||es ol bevue d'l|s|o|re Fcc|es|as||queard ol Arree l|||o|og|que,
or ||e 8|o||ograp||a la|r|s||ca, ard o||er resources ol ||a| sor|.
v|. l. J. 3|eoer, Fxeges|s la|rur
3agg|o o|o||ogral|co su||' eseges| o|o||ca de| ladr| de||a C||esa. bore, 1983
A ||s| ol |Wo ||ousard ||||es (ruroered lror 1|o zooo|r ||e a|p|aoe||c order
ol ||e au||ors) ol |so|a|ed verses, groups ol verses, c|ap|ers, or ever W|o|e
ooo|s ol ||e 8|o|e, ||e `3agg|o o|o||ogral|co,' `8|o||ograp||c 0u|||re,' ol
l. J. 3|eoer |s |r|erded |o cover ||e |Wer||e|| cer|ury lror ||s oeg|rr|rg. lr
add|||or ||ere are s|x|eer ||||es oe|org|rg |o ||e r|re|eer cer|ury, oe|Weer
18o(r. 1o) ard 188(r. 18z8). 3ee a|so r. 1;, 1, ;;z, ;;|, ;;, 111o,
1z, 1o;o, 1;o, 18z, 18|8, 18o, 188o, 18o, 1o.
T| e |Wer||e|| cer|ury s|udy ol ||e o| |r pa|r|s||c |rad|||ors cour|s
;o;||||es (|der||ca| ||||es are or|y cour|ed orce). 0r|y approx|ra|e|y 8o
||||es da|e lror oelore wor|d war ll (urder ||e ruor|c `3acra 3cr|p|ura |r
gerere' || |s ro| a|Ways poss|o|e |o corp|e|e|y d|llerer||a|e oe|Weer o| ard
r|), lor ||e per|od ol sever|y years s|re|c||rg lror 1o|o 1. T|e 8oo|
ol 0eres|s, W||| z|1||||es lor ||s recep||or |r pa|r|s||c |||era|ure cour|s lor
or|y z8||||es da||rg oelore wor|d war ll, rore prec|se|y lror 188z|o 1.
Fxodus ca|||rg or o|||||es, preser|s or|y |oelore wor|d war ll. T| e s|udy ol
||e r| |r pa|r|s||c |rad|||ors preser|s ar accuru|a||or ol 11|8||||es, a|ros|
|W|ce as rary as ||e s|udy ol o| dur|rg approx|ra|e|y ||e sare per|od ol
||re. urder |a|||eW ||ere are |o||||es ol W||c| |;da|e lror oelore wor|d
war ll. 0r|y ||||es lror oelore 1are reg|s|ered lor |ar| ard lu|e. T|e
0ospe| ol Jo|r W||| a |o|a| ol zz|||||es, preser|s 1lror oelore wor|d war
ll, W|||e ||e lau||re le||ers W||| a |o|a| ol |||||es, cour| lor oda||rg
54
lror 18;|o 1. T| e Apoca|ypse ol Jo|r reg|s|ers or|y z||||es, ol W||c|
l|ve da|e lror oelore wor|d war ll.
8|o||ograp||c Too|s 81
8z0re la|r|s||c Fxeges|s
T| e ara|ys|s ol 3|eoer's o|o||ograp||ca| corp||a||or |s a s|r|||rg corl|rra||or ol
||e spec|acu|ar reW oeg|rr|rg |r ||e sc|er||l|c s|udy ol pa|r|s||c
exeges|s al|er wor|d war ll as ore ol ||e d|s||rc||ve |rerds ol a oroader
rev|va| |r ||e s|udy ol ear|y C|r|s||ar||y dur|rg ||e pas| l|ve decades. T| e
vo|ure erds W||| a ||s| ol aoorev|a||ors, aro||er ||s| ol roderr au||ors, as
We|| as a ||s| ol arc|er| au||ors, |rc|ud|rg 8ede. l| |s ro|ao|e ||a| Augus||re ol
l|ppo prooao|y cour|s lor as rary ||||es as a|| o||er la||r au||ors |oge||er.
lur||er |rves||ga||ors |r |||s va|uao|e vo|ure ol `3uss|d| la|r|s||c|,' puo||s|ed
a| ||e ls|||u|o la|r|s||co Augus||r|arur, Wou|d cer|a|r|y ca|| lor rary rore
|r|eres||rg corc|us|ors ||ar ||ose a|ready essayed |ere. F|ec|ror|c equ|prer|,
appropr|a|e|y app||ed, Wou|d add ruc| rore da|a prec|se|y lor co||ec||rg W|a|
3|eoer dec|ded ro||o |a|e |r|o cors|dera||or. `cap||o|| o sez|or|
r|guardar|| |'eseges| pa|r|s||ca cor|eru|| |r |avor| c|| perseguoro a||r| scop|,'
`C|ap|ers or sec||ors corcerr|rg pa|r|s||c exeges|s |r puo||ca||ors a|red a|
d|llerer| goa|s' (8). T| e currer| o|o||ograp||c repor|s ol ||e Arra|| d| 3|or|a
de||' Fseges|are ergaged |r|o ||a| rore corpre|ers|ve |as|.
v||. bevue d'l|s|o|re Fcc|es|as||que (blF)
lourded |r 1ooa| ||e ur|vers||e Ca||o||que de louva|r|Ka||o||c|e ur|vers||e||
|e leuver, ||e blF|ad a|Ways g|ver grea| care |o ||s o|o||ograp||ca| cor|r|ou||or.
Fver |r ex|rere c|rcurs|arces, vo|. |olor 1||-||ep|
||s regu|ar d|spos|||or |r ||a| regard, locus|rg or `Arc|erres ||||era|ures
c|re||erres. Fd|||ors, Cr|||que d'erud|||or,' as a suod|v|s|or ol `3ources
||||era|res' |r ||e c|ap|er or `luo||ca||ors de sources e| cr|||que de sources.'
0r|y ||ree pa|r|s||c ||||es Were |rc|uded |r 1|, ||ey Were 1z;|r 1|o,
1z;a|so |r 1|;, 1;||r 1|8, or|y (!) 11o|r 1|, ard 18|r 1o. A|Ways
|eep|rg |o ||e sare suod|v|s|ors |r a g|ooa| o|o||ograp|y W||c| Was soor
|o oecore a separa|e vo|ure, as |r ||e case ol F|erc|us, ard cover over oo
pages, ;8pa|r|s||c ||||es Were |r|roduced |r 1;, 8||r 18o, 11||r 1o.
T|||es ol |r|eres| lor ||e s|udy ol pa|r|s||c exeges|s reed |o oe sor|ed ou| |r
d|llerer| ur||||ed, ou| ||era||c, par|s ol ||e sec||or `Arc|erres ||||era|ures
c|re||erres.'
Add|||ora| |rlorra||or corcerr|rg puo||ca||ors or corlererces ||r|ed
W||| ||e s|udy ol pa|r|s||c sources car occas|ora||y oe lourd |r a |erg||y
`C|ror|que' ol ac||v|||es re|a|ed |o ||s|or|ograp|y urder a|| ||s aspec|s, ard
jo|red |o ||e o|o||ograp|y |r ||e arrua| |ssues ol blF. lr 1|, lor |rs|arce,
||e `C|ror|que' lor lrarce gree|ed ||e s|ar| ol ||e ser|es 3ources C|re||erres
ard ||e `C|ror|que' lor 3pa|r arrourced ||e 3par|s| |rars|a||or ol A||arer's
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| 8la|ro|ogy. lr 1|oblFa|so
erp|as|zed ||e progress ol ||e ser|es, Fxce|sa,
|r 3pa|r, W||| lour reW vo|ures. Augus||re's Correr|ary or ||e 0ospe| ol
Jo|r, Jo|r C|rysos|or's lor|||es or ||e le||er |o ||e borars, ard ||s 0r
lr|es||ood, 3errorsol leo l. lr 1o, urder ||e s|gra|ure ol J. leoor, ||e
`C|ror|que' lor 0errary rade ruc| ol ||e s|ar| ol ||e puo||ca||or oy
0. |ue||er ol ||s lex|cor A||aras|arur, as We|| as ol ||e crea||or ol ||e
ve|us la||raed|||or a| ||e Aooey ol 8euror.
8|o||ograp||c Too|s 8
8|0re la|r|s||c Fxeges|s
vl
C0NClu3l0N. TlF bF3FAbCl 0N
lATbl3TlC FXF0F3l3 3lNCF 1945
T| e erorrous arour| ol Wor| puo||s|ed s|rce 1|ray oe eva|ua|ed or
d|llerer| |eve|s.
0r ||e |eve| ol ||e pa|r|s||c sources ||erse|ves, cr|||ca| ed|||ors ol good qua|||y
ard accura|e |rars|a||ors ru|||p||ed, lor ||e ros| par| ||ar|s |o ||e c|ose
co||aoora||or oe|Weer ||e |rad|||ora| (very ol|er c|er|ca|) exper|s ard reW
gerera||ors ol acader|cs Wor||rg |r secu|ar ur|vers|||es or |r o||er |rs|||u||ors ol
||g| |earr|rg. luo||c lurd|rg ol Wor|d-larous co||ec||ors, suc| as
0C3 or 3C, |e|ped |rd|v|dua| sc|o|ars |o ergage |r|o ||e c|a||erg|rg |as| ol
read|rg raruscr|p|s, co||a||rg var|ar|s, prepar|rg cr|||ca| appara|us, ard, |r
rary cases, |rars|a||rg |r|o a roderr |arguage ||e or|g|ra| |ex| es|ao||s|ed
oy ||er. |ary years ol prepara||or are usua||y requ|red lor ||e produc||or ol
suc| a Wor|. No gerera| pa||err car oe |rposed sys|era||ca||y or
||a| lorr ol ac||v||y as ary |r|||a||ve |r ||e l|e|d deperds or ||e |rd|v|dua|
exper|s. T| e or|y cors|ar| W||c| seers |o cord|||or ||e cr|||ca| recovery ol
arc|er| sources, |r pa|r|s||c exeges|s |||e e|seW|ere, |s ||a| ||e sc|er||l|c qua|||y ol
ar |rd|v|dua| Wor| |rposes ||se|l as a rorr oy gerera||rg qua|||a||ve
|rproverer|s or a rore gerera| |eve|. lerce ||e cor|erporary re|evarce
ol ||e |rage oeau||lu||y rerdered |r ||e s|a|red g|ass ol C|ar|res ca||edra|
ol ||e `g|ar|s or W|ose s|ou|ders' exper|s ol |a|er gerera||ors a||erp| |o
reac| ||e|r oWr goa|s. T| ar|s |o |rsp|r|rg ro|e rode|s ||e arduous |aoor ol
55
cr|||ca| ed|||ors |s assured oy |rd|v|dua|s ol very d|llerer| s|a|us. 3ore ol
||ese |ave |r r|rd ||e|r proless|ora| proro||or as acader|cs, o||ers oerel||
lror ||e secur||y ol sc|er||l|c puo||c |rs|||u||ors, o||ers aga|r rera|r
es|ao||s|ed |r a roras||c lrare lreed lror ra|er|a| corcerrs, a|| are cer|a|r|y
deperder| or ||e gerera| |eve| ol cu||ure |r ||e|r soc|a| cor|ex|. T| e
|erporary (or perrarer|) |oss ol c|ass|ca| |arguages |r secordary educa||or
||roug|ou| ||e wes| resu||s |r a drara||c d|r|ru||or ol |urar resources
lor ||e cr|||ca| s|udy ol arc|er| |ex|s. urpred|c|ao|e as ||e lu|ure ray oe,
|| |s la|r |o corc|ude ||a| ||e secord |a|l ol ||e |Wer||e|| cer|ury rar|ed
ar urpreceder|ed ellor| |o ra|e pa|r|s||c sources ava||ao|e lor ||e oroader
readers||p. 3uc| ar ellor| |ad rever oeer corce|ved ror orc|es|ra|ed |r ||e
wes|err Wor|d or ||e sca|e or W||c| || deserves roW |o oe eva|ua|ed. l|s
|og|ca| lo||oW|rg |s ro| or|y a cor||rua||or ol ||s dyrar|cs |r ||e wes|, (|r
sp||e ol a poss|o|e d|r|ru||or ol c|ass|ca| s|ud|es), ou| a sp||||rg over |r|o
o||er par|s ol ||e Wor|d, |r par||cu|ar |r|o As|a.
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| 8Corc|us|or 8
lr Japar lor |rs|arce, a pr|or||y lor C|r|s||ar acader|cs dur|rg ||e W|o|e
|Wer||e|| cer|ury |as oeer |o |rars|a|e |ey |ex|s ol ||e pa|r|s||c |egacy |r|o
Japarese. T| |s |as |ad a spec|acu|ar o|ossor|rg, ore ||a| |s lu|| ol pror|se
lor ||e cu||ura| ard |r|e||ec|ua| se|l-all| rra||or ol ||e C|r|s||ar r|ror||y |r
Japarese soc|e|y. T| |s |r|eres| |r pa|r|s||c ||oug|| |s a|||ed |o cors|derao|e
a||er||or pa|d |o ||e lourda||ors ol wes|err ||oug|| ard sp|r||ua|||y |r
lacu|||es ol p|||osop|y ard ||s|ory. lr add|||or |o ||e vo|ures ol Japarese
|rars|a||ors rer||ored aoove |r 3ec||or l, |x, 3|ud|es |r |ed|eva| T| oug||
|ave oeer puo||s|ed W||| cor|r|ou||ors corcerr|rg pa|r|s||c exeges|s |r
1;;, 18o, 18z, 1o, 1;.
||zuoc||, K., `Augus||re's T| oug||s or 8|o||ca| lr|erpre|a||or |r 0e 0oc|r|ra
C|r|s||ara,' 1(1;;). 1o-1|.
3a|a|, |., `T| e be|a||or oe|Weer 8|o|e ard l|||osop|y |r 3|. Augus||re's lrqu|ry

A Cors|dera||or accord|rg |o 0e|ag|s|ro,' zz(18o). ;-8z.

|or|, ., `0r Augus||re's lr|erpre|a||or ol |rago 0e||r 0e 0eres| ad l|||erar,' z|
(18z). -1o1.
Karrerg|esser, C., `T| e |ee||rg oe|Weer C|ass|ca| l|||osop|y ard C|r|s||ar
Fxeges|s |r Arc|er| A|exardr|a'. 8(1o). -;z.
0g|ro, l., `T| e la|r|s||c Trad|||or ol ||e Fxeges|s ol 0eres|s'. (1;). 1oz-
11.
0||er re|evar| puo||ca||ors appeared |r ||e ser|es F||or. 3|ud|es |r Fas|err
C|r|s||ar||y (To|yo), vo|. o(11). l|royu|| 0g|ro, `A 0rarrar ol ||e
Na||v||y. 0regory Naz|arzer's T||rd T| eo|og|ca| 0ra||or,' pp. z1-, vo|.
8(1z). ||ya|o 0erura, `loW 0|d 0r|ger urders|ard 'Crea||or'? 0r
||e lr|erpre|a||or ol lrov 8.zz,' pp. o-|, ard |r ||e ser|es la|r|s||ca.
lroceed|rgs ol ||e Co||oqu|a ol ||e Japarese 3oc|e|y lor la|r|s||c 3|ud|es,
vo|. z. (1). l|royu|| 0g|ro, `T| e ues||or ol 'lr lr|rc|p|o'. la|r|s||c
Trad|||or ol lexaereror,' pp. -1z, vo|. |. (1;). Ta|es|| 0da|a, `0r|ger's
lr|erpre|a||or ol ||e lro|ogue ol ||e Jo|arresevarge||ur|r Corpar|sor
W||| ||e 0||er 0ree| la||ers' pp. |-;. 0||er s|ud|es |rc|ude . Ara|, `T|e
3|ruc|ure ol Corless|ors. l 1.1ard |rvocare'. 3|ud|es |r |ed|eva| T| oug||
;, 1ard `T| e 3|ruc|ure ol c|aror|r Augus||re'. Kyoda| 3|ud|es |r
|ed|aeva| l|||osop|y 1, 1|, l. 0g|ro, `uaerere |rvocars. 3ore l||erary
berar|s or 3|. Augus||re's Corless|ors, l, |, 1. Fssays ard 3|ud|es, |o(18)
1-1o, `lr|er|or 3pace ol ||e lurar |erory. 3|. Augus||re's Accour| ol
|erory |r Corless|ors, 8oo| X'. Fssays ard 3|ud|es|1(1o). 1-;z. lr
1;, Jares Kuyara preser|ed a doc|ora| ||es|s a| ||e ur|vers||y ol Kyo|o
or 0r|ger's doc|r|re or Crea||or.
lr 181l. Neres|eg|y|, ||er a prolessor a| 3op||a ur|vers||y, To|yo,
8o0re la|r|s||c Fxeges|s
puo||s|ed a de|a||ed survey ol pa|r|s||c s|ud|es |r Japar, `F|udes pa|r|s||ques
au Japor,' bFAugz;, 18-1o|, |r W||c| |e erp|as|zed ||e persora|
corr||rer| ol Japarese sc|o|ars |r ||e|r ras|er-d|sc|p|e re|a||ors||p W||| ||e
pa|r|s||c au||ors (1). `Japarese exper|s ergage ||e s|udy ol ||e la||ers
W||| ||e lres|ress ol a reW v|eW-po|r| err|c|ed oy ||e or|g|ra| resources
ol a |e|erogereous cu||ure, ard ||e eagerress ol `d|sc|p|es' W|o|||e ||e
la||ersexper|erced ||e reWress ol C|r|s|' (1o|). le a|so s|ressed ||e
dec|s|ve ro|e p|ayed oy K. ls|||ara (188z-1;o) ard T. Ar|ga (18-1;;)
|r ||e deve|oprer| ol pa|r|s||c s|ud|es |r Japar.
A l|ra| eva|ua||or ol ||e sc|o|ar|y deve|oprer|s over ||e pas| l|l|y years
|r ||e l|e|d ol pa|r|s||c exeges|s ray oe a||erp|ed W||| ||e |Wo lo||oW|rg
cr||er|a |r r|rd. 1. T| e pos|-war rereWa| ol o|o||ca| s|ud|es, z. T| e |rrer
s|ruc|ur|rg ol ||e d|sc|p||re ol pa|r|s||c exeges|s.
|. T|e los|-war bereWa| ol 8|o||ca| 3|ud|es
T| e re||odo|ogy ol researc| or pa|r|s||c exeges|s dur|rg ||e pas| l|ve decades
Was cord|||ored oy ||e pos|-war rereWa| ol o|o||ca| s|ud|es. T| e papa|
ercyc||ca| 0|v|ro all|ar|e 3p|r||uol 1||ad corl|rred ard ||oera||zed ||e
56
Ca||o||c exege|es oov|ous reed lor co||aoora||rg W||| ||e|r co||eagues ol
o||er corless|ors |r ||e sp|r|| ol roderr sc|o|ars||p. 3oor al|er ||e erd
ol ||e war, a groW|rg ecurer|ca| |rsp|ra||or |r ||e Wor|dW|de Courc|| ol
C|urc|es, cor|erporareous W||| ||e ear||es| la|r|s||c Corlererces |r 0xlord,
opered ||e r|rds lor reW lorrs ol d|a|ogue arorg proless|ora| exege|es.
T| e rereWa| |r exege||ca| sc|oo|s ol ||oug|| er|a||ed rary rev|s|ors ol ||e
g|ooa| urders|ard|rg ol 3cr|p|ure ard ol ||s |r|erpre|a||or. NeW re||ods,
oased or `lorrgesc||c||e,' `beda|||orsgesc||c||e,' `Trad|||orsgesc||c||e,'
|rarslorred ||e Way ol |r|erpre||rg 3cr|p|ure.
A| ||e ||re ol ||e l|rs| |Wo la|r|s||c Corlererces |r 0xlord (11, 1)
a ||ve|y deoa|e Was spar|ed corcerr|rg ||e corp|ex |r|erre|a||or ol cu||ura|
rea||||es arourd ||e ||r|s oe|Weer `3cr|p|ure' ard `|rad|||or.' lorg c|er|s|ed
pr|or|||es Were c|a||erged. `Trad|||or cores l|rs|!.' T| e soc|a| s|a|us ol sacred
3cr|p|ure |r ||s very erergerce reeded relorru|a||or. T| e deoa|e Was
oper |o a |errereu||cs ol ||e recep||orol 3cr|p|ure |r C|r|s||ar |rad|||ors,
a ro||or s|||| |r ||s |rlarcy a| ||a| ||re.
T| e d|scuss|or rag|rg arourd b. 8u||rarr's prograr ol de-ry||o|og|z|rg
oroug|| |o ||e a||er||or ol rary pa|r|s||c sc|o|ars ||e reed lor exp|or|rg rore
carelu||y ||e syroo||c ||oug|| ol ||e la||ers, |r par||cu|ar |r
||e|r o|o||ca| |errereu||cs. J. 0ar|e|ou, lor |rs|arce, re||s|ed descr|o|rg ||e
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| 8;Corc|us|or 8;
sop||s||ca|ed |r|r|cac|es ol pa|r|s||c syroo|s, a|Ways roo|ed |r |rad|||ora|
read|rgs ol 3cr|p|ure ard ro|ded oy a var|e|y ol cu||ura| se|||rgs. Aro||er
sc|o|ar W|o erp|as|zed ||e syroo||c ra|ure ol pa|r|s||c ||oug|| Was lugo
ba|rer |r 3yroo|s ol ||e C|urc|.
Aro||er sc|oo| ol ||oug|| dur|rg ||e 1os greW ou| ol lrerc| exege||ca|
sc|o|ars||p, cer|ered or ||e `gerres ||||era|res' ol o|o||ca| Wr|||rgs. l| prov|ded
re||odo|og|ca| c|ues app||cao|e |r ||e l|e|d ol pa|r|s||c |||era|ure.
ver y ruc| apprec|a| ed al|er wor|d war ll Was ||e ro||or ol `o|o||ca|
||eo|ogy,' Wor|ed ou| oy exege|es |r |ure W||| vor bad's c|ass|ca| s|udy,
ard popu|ar|zed |r relererce ooo|s |||e X. leor-0ulour's vocaou|a|re de
T|eo|og|e 8|o||que, ard |r cour||ess ar||c|es. Aga|r a va|uao|e rode| Was
pu| a| ||e d|sposa| ol pa|r|s||c sc|o|ars |r|eres|ed |r s|r||ar ||eres. 0re
ol ||ese sc|o|ars Was lres||ge, W|ose 0od |r la|r|s||c T|oug||exerc|sed a
|org-|as||rg |rl| uerce.
T| e |r|ers||y ol ||e o|o||ca| rereWa| lo||oW|rg wor|d war ll Was syrp|ora||c ol
||e co||ec||ve |urger lor sp|r||ua|||y ||r|ed W||| ||e rary d|srup||ors ol ||e
|rad|||ora| Way ol ||le dur|rg ard al|er ||e war. `8|o||ca|'
sp|r||ua|||y oecare ||e popu|ar aura ol o|o||ca| sc|o|ars||p, resu|||rg ro| or|y
W||| rary reW ed|||ors ol ||e 8|o|e ||se|l ou| a|so W||| a l|ood ol secordary
|||era|ure a|| over ||e Wor|d. T| e sare dyrar|c ol a sp|r||ua| `re|urr |o ||e
sources' sp|||ed over |o pa|r|s||cs W|ere sore au||ors oecare oes| se||ers
ard co||ec||ors ol pa|r|s||c |rars|a||ors ru|||p||ed |r roderr |arguages. T| |s
W|de-spread popu|ar|z|rg ol ||e Wr|||rgs ol ||e ear|y c|urc| |s derors|ra|ed
|r ||e 18os al|er ||e co||apse ol Corrur|sr, W||| ||e Wor|s ol Jo|r
C|rysos|or (a|ready s|ud|ed arorg r|re|eer|| cer|ury soc|a| ||eor|s|s)
oe|rg so|d |r buss|a's ra||Way s|a||ors. 0r ||e acader|c |eve|, d|sser|a||ors
ded|ca|ed |o pa|r|s||c sp|r||ua|||y |r ||s pas|ora| ard |||urg|ca| rodes pro||lera|ed lor
a ruroer ol decades. 3|gr|l|car||y, ||ese s|ud|es exp|ored ra|r|y
||e o|o||ca| aspec|s ol ear|y C|r|s||ar sp|r||ua|||y.
||. T|e lrrer 3|ruc|ur|rg ol ||e 0|sc|p||re
ol la|r|s||c Fxeges|s
lr ||e ear|y years ol ||e 1os ||e s|udy ol pa|r|s||c exeges|s Was s|||| cors|dered
e|||er as ar aux|||ary |o sys|era||c ||eo|ogy or Was er||re|y po|ar|zed
oy ||e |r|eres|s ol o|o||ca| exege|es. 0r ||e o||er |ard ||e |a|e 1os saW ||e
popu|ar|z|rg ol a ruroer ol reW ro||ors, suc| as ||a| ol `|||erary gerre,' ||us
expard|rg ||e |or|zor ol s|ud|es ol pa|r|s||c exeges|s oeyord ||e acader|c
requ|rerer|s ol o|o||ca| exege|es or ol||e sys|era||c|ars. A| ||e sare ||re
||e d|scovery ol reW pa|r|s||c sources requ|red a rore accura|e ara|ys|s ol
880re la|r|s||c Fxeges|s
||e|r cu||ura| `3||z |r leoer.' T| e|r very cu||ura| roo|edress |rposed ||e
recess||y ol |der||ly|rg ||er as a spec|a| lorr ol o|o||ca| exeges|s |r roro|o||ca|
|rad|||ors. loWever ever as |a|e as ||e ear|y 1oos, corless|ora|
prejud|ce occas|ora||y |rposed ||s oWr agerda W|er pa|r|s||c exeges|s Was
a| s|a|e, |r d|scuss|ors aoou| ecc|es|as||ca| |rs|||u||ors suc| as ||e papacy or
sacrarer|s. Aro||er c|arac|er|s||c lea|ure ol ||a| per|od Was ||e ru|||p||ca||or ol
s|ud|es devo|ed |o |so|a|ed verses ol ||e 8|o|e, W|er exp|or|rg ||e
recep||or ol 3cr|p|ure |r ||e ear|y c|urc|. 8o|| ||ese p|erorera derors|ra|ed
||rger|rg repercuss|ors ol ar ear||er s|age ol ||e d|sc|p||re.
T| e ra|r deoa|e ol ||e 1;os |urred arourd ||e `serses ol 3cr|p|ure,'
||e grourds lor W||c| |ad oeer prepared oy s|gr|l|car| puo||ca||ors ol |Wo
or ||ree decades prev|ous|y. A| ||a| ||re ||e `er|ry ol oo||ga||or' |r|o ||e
57
|errereu||ca| deoa|e Was |o address ||e ques||or ol o|o||ca| `|ypo|ogy' or
`a||egory' as urders|ood oy ||e la||ers. T| e c||rax ol ||a| cor|roversy Was
reac|ed |r lerr| de luoac's ras|erp|ece Fxegse |ed|eva|e. lr ||s pass|ora|e
advocacy ol pa|r|s||c exeges|s, l. de luoac syroo||zed a cer|ra| proo|er lor
assess|rg ||e Wor| accorp||s|ed oy pa|r|s||c sc|o|ars s|rce wor|d war ll
ard espec|a||y lor pa|r|s||c exeges|s. T| e ||||e, Fxegse |ed|eva|e, |s |r ||se|l
||g||y s|gr|l|car|. w|a| Was a| s|a|e lor de luoac Was ||e secur|rg ol ||e
cor||ru||y oe|Weer ||e la|r|s||c Age ard ||e la||r ||dd|e Ages. T| ar|s |o
||e erdur|rg pres||ge ol o|o||ca| exeges|s as corce|ved oy ||e la||ers, ||e
ear|y C|r|s||ar Way ol |r|erpre||rg 3cr|p|ure rera|red |r corror prac||ce
|r ||e roras||c cu||ure ol ||e l|g| ||dd|e Ages ur||| ||e erd ol ||e e|ever||
cer|ury. l| oegar |o |ose ||s re|evarce W||| ||e erergerce ol sc|o|as||c|sr.
lrdeed al|er Aoe|ard ard le|er loroard ||e say|rgs ol ||e la||ers, ||oug|
s|||| rass|ve|y |rvo|ed, or read||y parap|rased, ro |orger regu|a|ed ||e
exerc|se ol o|o||ca| exeges|s as a v||a| source ol |r|e||ec|ua| ||le. w|||e |r ||e
oes| ol cases, exeges|s cor||rued |o |r||a|e ||e pa|r|s||c Way ol |r|erpre||rg,
rore lrequer||y || oecare ar apo|oge||c delerse ol ||e la||ers' exege||ca|
|egacy. A carelu| ara|ys|s ol l. de luoac's rag|s|er|a| |rves||ga||or ol ||e
ac||everer| ol 0r|ger ol A|exardr|a as ar |r|erpre|er ol 3cr|p|ure, revea|s
a s|r||ar dyrar|c. w|||e pay|rg ar e|oquer| |r|ou|e |o ||e A|exardr|ar
|r|erpre|er ol ||e |||rd cer|ury ard |o ||e exege||ca| |rad|||or der|ved lror
0r|ger, a| ||e sare ||re ||e lrerc| ||eo|og|ar la||ed |o ques||or ||e da|a
oelore ||r W||| ar operress |o ||e |errereu||cs ol ||s oWr ||re. 0e luoac's
oWr |errereu||ca| ||eory rera|red erc|osed |r ||e descr|p||veara|ys|s
ol ||e da|a urder scru||ry, ard so cou|d ro| reac| a lrar|rg eva|ua||or
ol pa|r|s||c exeges|s lorru|a|ed |r |Wer||e|| cer|ury |errs. l|s de||oera|e
re|uc|arce |o produce a cr|||ca|assessrer| ol pa|r|s||c exeges|s res||rg or a
pos|||ve eva|ua||or ol ||s oWr roderr||y, |s a |es||rory |o ||e oas|c |acura
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| 8Corc|us|or 8
|r |Wer||e|| cer|ury pa|r|s||c s|ud|es as a W|o|e, rare|y ||e |ac| ol a c|ear
del|r|||or lor ||e preser|re|evarce ol pa|r|s||c exeges|s.
T| e ||s|or|ca| re|r|ev|rg ol pa|r|s||c exeges|s dur|rg ||e secord |a|l ol ||e
|Wer||e|| cer|ury |oo| advar|age ol ||e reW lorru|a||or ol `la|e Ar||qu||y.'
lror ||e r|re|eer|| cer|ury ||s|or|ca| rode| ol a `dec||re' ol ||e borar
Frp|re, sc|o|ars s||l|ed |o ||e ro||or ol a per|od ol |rars|||or l|||ed W|||
reW ererg|es, ard ro |orger oourd |o ||e s|ruc|ures ol ||e |rper|a| pas|.
A proper urders|ard|rg ol ||e corp|ex process ol ||e re|arorp|os|s ol
wes|err Furope |r ||e per|od roW des|gra|ed as la|e Ar||qu||y s|re|c||rg
across |a|l a r|||err|ur (lror ||e lour|| |o ||e r|r|| cer|ury) ca||ed lor a
daur||rg arour| ol sc|o|ar|y exp|ora||ors |r order |o redraW ||e ||s|or|ca|
`rap' . 3ore ol ||e vo|ures ol ANbwoller a l|rs| survey ol ||a| vas| |ardscape
ard cover |a|l ol ||e pa|r|s||c per|od |r W||c| roderr Furope Was oorr.
T| e |r|erpre|a||or ol 3cr|p|ure |r suc| a per|od ol |rars|||or cou|d ro|
rera|r a||er |o ||e soc|a| ard po||||ca| |rarslorra||ors ol la|e Ar||qu||y.
8|o||ca| |errereu||cs Was ellec|ed oy par||c|pa||rg |r ||e gerera| s||l|W||||r
||e |rad|||ora| cu||ure |oWard ||s oWr c|a||erg|rg lu|ure. l|s s|udy oy roderr
||s|or|ars |as oerel||ed cors|derao|y lror a oe||er |roW|edge ol ||e soc|a|
c|arge W||c| cord|||ored ||e exege|es ol la|e Ar||qu||y. T| e read|rg ol ||e
8|o|e as prac||ced oy arc|er| exege|es oecare, |r ||e eyes ol roderr cr|||cs,
a read|rg ol ||e soc|e|y |r W||c| ||e exege|es ||ved, W|e||er || Was Augus||re
ol l|ppo exp|a|r|rg ||e lsa|rs |o Alr|car aud|erces |r ||e ear|y l|l|| cer|ury,
boraros ||e |e|od|s|, corpos|rg poe||c serrors |r s|x|| cer|ury
Cors|ar||rop|e or 0regory ||e 0rea| |e|||rg r|rac|e s|or|es |r |a|e sever||
cer|ury bore. A soc|a| ard po||||ca| agerda |s |r|erWover W||| ||e pas|ora|
erdeavors ol ou|-spo|er c|urc| |eaders|erce ||e currer| deve|oprer|
ol a soc|a| ard ||s|or|ca| approac| |o o|o||ca| |errereu||cs, |rdeperder| ol
ary lorr ol o|o||ca| exeges|s |r ||e s|udy ol ||e pa|r|s||c |egacy.
T| e ||s|ory ol researc| or pa|r|s||c exeges|s s|rce ||e erd ol wor|d war
ll |s ||e ||s|ory ol a d|sc|p||re ra|ur|rg |r ||s se|l-aWareress, ||a| |s |r ||s
capac||y |o c|a|r a proper |err||ory lor ||s |rqu|r|es, |o l|x a cors|s|er| se|
ol goa|s lor ||s ac||everer|s, ard corsequer||y |o deve|op a dyrar|c ol ||s
oWr arorg s|s|er d|sc|p||res.
0erera| 8|o||ograp|y
l|s|ory ol becep||or
d\. 3|ud| s|or|co-re||g|os| d| ugo 8|arc||. Fd||ed oy 0. 3larer|
0asparro.
bore. l''Frra' d| 8re|sc|re|der, 1|.
o0re la|r|s||c Fxeges|s
A|exardre, |. `les ecr||s pa|r|s||ques grecs corre corpus ||||era|re.' lages 1o-
8;
|r les lres de |'Fg||se au zoe s. l|s|o|re, ||||era|ure, ||eo|og|e. l'aver|ure des
3ources c|re||erres.la|r|ro|res. C|r|s||ar|sre. lar|s. Cerl, 1;.
Arger|eux, J. `les d|llerer|s |ypes de s|ruc|ure du 'la|er' dars |'||s|o|re de sor
exegse.' FT|l|o(1;o). |o-;;.
58
Args|eroerger, l. `0er re|c|e urd der arre C|r|s|us. 0|e bezep||orsgesc||c||e
vor
zKor 8.zW|sc|er der z. urd der o. J||.' (0|ss.). lr lered||as. 3|ud|er z. A||er
K|rc|ergesc||c||e. vo|. 1z. 8orr. N. |. 8orergasser, 1;.
Arrecc||ro |arr|, |. `Joo . - re||a |e||ura de| ladr|.' 1|| Augz(1z). z;-
oo.
Argy|e, A. w. `Josep| ||e la|r|arc| |r la|r|s||c Teac||rg.' FTo;|;(1o). 1-
zo1.
Ar|da, b. |. `lear|rg, bece|v|rg ard Fr|er|rg piov|pid.
la|r|s||c
lrs|g||s urve|||rg ||e Crux |r|erpre|ur(lsa|a| o.-1o) ol ||e 3oWer larao|e.'
3|. v|ad. T| eo|. uar|.8( ). - . 1|z11|
Arror|z, J. |. `bor . - er |os Corer|ar|os pa|rs||co 118z s a |a Car|a a |os
boraros.' 3crv|c| ( ). - . ;1ozo
Auo|reau, C. `Fxegse pa|r|s||que de || . , uor|ar aourdav|| |r|qu||as, z|1z
relr|gesce| c|ar||as ru||orur.' 3|la|r ( ). - . |1o11|
Au||sa, l. `lao|o d| Tarso re||'eseges| cr|s||ara ar||ca (Trar| - z|zapr||e ).' 1
ve|C|r ( ). - . z1|o
AuWers, J.-|. `l'orgar|sa||or du psau||er c|ez |es lres grecs.' lages - |r ;|
le lsau||er c|ez |es lres. Ca||ers de 8|o||a la|r|s||ca, . 3|rasoourg. Cer|re |
d'Ara|yse e| de 0ocurer|a||or la|r|s||que, . 1|
Azza|| 8errarde|||, 0. `Fseges| e ca|ec|es| re||a r|l|ess|ore pa|r|s||ca |r|orro a
bor
1o.z;. 'l|des ex aud||u, aud||us au|er per verour C|r|s||' re| secc. lv-vl,'
- 18z.
8a|duce|||, b. l| corce||o |eo|og|co d| car|| a||raverso |e ragg|or| |r|erpre|az|or|
pa|r|s||c|e e red|eva|| d| l ad Cor. 1. bore. 0ll| c. l|or|. Ca||., 11.
8arre|, C. l. `0|e lrop|e||e |r der pa|r|s||sc|er Fxegese zur ers|er
Kor|r||eror|el.' Augbz(18). 1;-o.
. `T| e lareWe|| 0|scourse |r la|r|s||c Fxeges|s.' Neo|es|z(11). 1-zo;.
. Trad|||or ard Fxeges|s |r Far|y C|r|s||ar wr||ers. Co||ec|ed 3|ud|es 3er|es.
C3
oo. A|ders|o|. var|orur, 1.
8ardy, 0. `la d|llus|or de |a 8|o|e aux prer|ers s|c|es.' 8vCo(1|). |o-z.
8ar|er, |. T| e los| lrop|e|. T| e 8oo| ol Froc| ard ||s lrl| uerce or
C|r|s||ar||y.
lordor. 3lCK, 188.
8arrosse, T. `T| e ur||y ol ||e |Wo C|ar|||es |r 0ree| la|r|s||c Fxeges|s.' T31
(1|). -88.
8ar|e||r|, 0. `K|rc|ersc|r|l|s|e||er. A||ua||s|erurgs|el|188.' v|gC|r||(1o). 8.
8ar|e||r|, 0. J. |. `3erro p|sca|or|us. 0e W|ssers|aa| var de apos|e|er.' 3|ud|a
Ca||o||ca(1o). zo;-;.
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| 1Corc|us|or 1
8asev|, C. `F| |orore, 0|os y |a soc|edad segr bor . - . ur ejerp|o de 118z
exeges|s cr|s||ara de |os pr|reros s|g|os.' 3crT| ( ). - . 1;181z1z
. `lac|a |a es|ruc|urac|or de ura l|s|or|a de |a Fxeges|s 8|o||ca . ersayos y
perspec||vas.' 3crT| ( ). - . zz1ozz1|1
8asse|, J.-C. `le lsaure (|xx. ) zz z1e| |a cro|x c|ez |es pres (ur erp|o| du
l|c||er
du Cer|re d'ara|yse e| de docurer|a||or pa|r|s||que).' bll|b ( ). |1;|
- 88.
8as|||-Ka||roWs|a, A. `bepreser|a||ors l|gurees e| exegse evarge||que
|'epoque
pa|eoc|re||erre.' lages 1o1-8|r le ro| e| |'|rage dars |e dora|re re||g|eux.
Ac|es du Co||oque du Cer|re de l|rgu|s||que be||g|euse d'Argers des - | | 1o11
1o. Ca||ers du C. l. b. d'Argers. l.3. . Argers, 1z.
8auer, J. 8. 3|ud|er zu 8|oe||ex| urd va|erexegese.3bA8 z. 3|u||gar|. Ka||.
8|oe|Wer|, 1;.
8aurer|, b. `Zur 8egr|llsgesc||c||e vor id oe| der lru|er va|err.' T|l|o
(1o). oo-;8.
8ave|, T. J. var. `0e |er|vaders over de sc|epp|rg.' TT| ( ). - . o1o18
le 8ea|||ud|r| re| correr|o de| ladr| |a||r|. Fd||ed, |r|roduced ard |rars|a|ed oy
|. 3p|re|||. le||ure cr|s||are de||e or|g|r| Ar||o|. 8. Tur|r. lao||re, 18z.
8ea|r|ce, l. l. `le |ur|c|e d| pe||e. Ar||c|e |e||ure d| 0er .z1.' lages |-8z|r
la
|rad|z|ore de||'er|ra|e|a. |o||vaz|or| or|o|og|c|e e pro|o|og|c|e. A||| de| Co||oqu|o
|r|erraz|ora|e, |||aro, zo-zapr||e 18z.Fd||ed oy u. 8|arc||. bore. Fd.
de||'A|ereo, 18.
. `lagars ard C|r|s||ars or ||e 8oo| ol 0ar|e|.' lages z;-||r 3|la|r vo|.
z.
lapers preser|ed a| ||e F|ever|| lr|erra||ora| Corlererce or la|r|s||c 3|ud|es
|e|d |r 0xlord 11. 8|o||ca e| Apocryp|a, 0r|er|a||a, Asce||ca. Fd||ed oy F. A.
l|v|rgs|ore. louva|r. lee|ers, 1.
59
8eaudry, 0.-l. `le re|our d'Adar au larad|s, syroo|e du sa|u| de |'|urar||e.'
|3b
1(1|). 11;-|8.
8erz, F. `0as lau|us-vers|ardr|s |r der rorger|ard|sc|er urd aoerd|ard|sc|er
K|rc|e.' Zb00(11). z8-o.
8er|e||o, 0. `|ar|a |a|er Fcc|es|ae.' 3a|es|arurz;(1o). -o|.
8er|or, b. `Aora|ar es|-|| ur rod|e? l'op|r|or des lres dars |es prer|ers
s|c|es
de |'Fg||se.' 8lF ( ). - . ;188o|;
8er|rard, 0. A. `'ur oa|or de v|e|||esse'. propos de Too|| . e| . (vu|ga|e).' z 1o|
bll|b;1(11). -;.
. `le C|r|s| corre ver. A propos du psaure ( ), .' lage zzz1; s - |r le zz1|
lsau||er c|ez |es lres. Ca||ers de 8|o||a la|r|s||ca . lre|ourg |. 8r.. Cer|re |
d'Ara|yse e| de 0ocurer|a||or la|r|s||que, . 1|
8|arc||, F., 8. Ca|a||, e| a|. la |ec||o d|v|ra re||a v||a re||g|osa. Corrur|| d|
8ose,
1|.
z0re la|r|s||c Fxeges|s
T| e 8|o|e |r ||e Far|y C|urc|.3|ud|es |r Far|y C|r|s||ar||y . Fd||ed oy F.
lergusor.
1.
3ources ol Far|y C|r|s||ar T| oug|| . 8|o||ca| lr|erpre|a||or |r ||e Far|y C|urc|
8.
Fd||ed oy K. lroe|||c|. l|||ade|p||a. lor|ress, 18.
8orc|ard|, C. l. A. `0esag|eooerde 3|r|l|ver||ar|rg |r d|e vroee |er|.' 3|r|l er
K|r|
1(1z). 1|1-z.
8or|, l. C. `0a|e a Cesare que| c|e d| Cesare . . . (|| zz.z1). l|ree d| s|or|a
de||'|r|erpre|az|oe ar||ca.' Cr3|;(18o). |1-o|.
8o|||ro, A. `b||e||ura cr|s||ara de| 3a| ( ). .' lages - |r 3argue e zzz o8z
ar|ropo|og|a, v.
. `'lo soro |a por|a.' Fseges| e s|or|a de||'|r|erpre|az|ore d| 0v . , .' 0|ss. 1o;
bore,
lor||l|c|o lrs|||u|o 8|o||co, . 18
. `l| sargue d| |or| e d| agre||| e d| capr| |o ror |o grad|sco (ls . ).' lages 111
- o8o|r 3argue e ar|ropo|og|a re||a |eo|og|a. a||| de||a vl se|||rara, bora
z-z8roverore 18;.Fd||ed oy lrarcesco va|||or|. bore. Fd. l|a ur|ore
lrez|os|ss|ro 3argue, . 18
8ou|arard, F. `3acerdoce de |'Fg||se, sacerdoce du oap||se.' bA| ( ). z1o
- . o1o
8ou|ro|s, |.-0. `le soull|e e| |'Fspr||. Fxegses pa|r|s||ques de |'|rsull| a||or
or|g|re||e de 0r . er ||er avec ce||e de Jr . .' z; zozzbec|Augz|(18). -;.
8ouyer, l., J. lec|ercq, ard l. varderorouc|e. l|s|ory ol C|r|s||ar sp|r||ua|||y, l.
T| e sp|r||ua|||y ol ||e NeW Tes|arer| ard ||e la||ers. Trars|a|ed oy |. l. byar.
lordor. 8urrs & 0a|es, 1o.
8ovor, l. 0e voca||ore 0er||ur. l|s|o|re de |'|r|erpre|a||or d'Ac| . - . 1o11118
dars |es
s|x prer|ers s|c|es.8e||rage zur 0esc||c||e der o|o||sc|er Fxegese 8. 1o;.
. `le d|scours r|ss|ora|re de Jesus. recep||or pa|r|s||que e| rarra||or
apocryp|e.'
FTbo8(1). |81-;.
8rreser, K. F. `0od's |rage, rar's |rage? la|r|s||c |r|erpre|a||or ol 0er 1.z;
ard
1Cor 11.;.' lages z-|1|r lrage ol 0od ard 0erder |ode|s |r
JudaeoC|r|s||ar Trad|||or. 0s|o. 3e|ur, 11.
8resard, l. `8errard e| 0r|gre. le syroo||sre rup||a| dars |eurs oeuvres sur |e
Car||que.' C||No(18). 1z-1.
8roer, l. 0|e 3e||gpre|surger der 8ergpred|g|. 3|ud|er zu ||rer uoer||elerurg urd
lr|erpre|a||or. 888 o1. 8orr. lars|e|r, 18o.
8roo|er, 8. J. `la|r|s||c |r|erpre|a||ors ol borars 1.zo.' 3|la|r18(18o). z8;-
1.
8rurs, 0. l. lerrereu||cs Arc|er| ard |oderr. NeW laver. a|e ur|vers||y
lress,
1.
8uoy, 8. `besearc| or ||e o|o||ca| approac| ard ||e re||od ol exeges|s
appear|rg
|r ||e 0ree| |or||e||c |ex|s ol ||e |a|e lour|| ard ear|y l|l|| cer|ur|es.' |ar|ar
l|orary s|ud|es1s (18z). zz|-|.
8u|as, b. `lrzec|e przez |orze CzerWore W p|srac| 0jcoW Koc|o|a (= T|e
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| Corc|us|or
Fxodus T| roug| ||e bed 3ea |r ||e wr|||rgs ol ||e C|urc| la||ers).' bTK
(18o). -11;.
8urdy, 0. 0. `T| e |r|erpre|a||or ol lsa|a| |r Fas| ard wes|,' |-;|.
Carper|auser, l. vor. 0|e Jurglrauergeour| |r der T| eo|og|e der a||er K|rc|e.
60
3lAw , . le|de|oerg. w|r|er, . 1oz 1oz
Casa|egro, A. `la l|gura de||a sposa d| 0v . re||'eseges| co z r|erporarea e |r
a|cur| correr|ar| pa|r|s||c|.' lages - |r l ladr| de||a C||esa e |a Teo|og|a. lr o8z
d|a|ogo cor 8as|| 3|ruder. Fd||ed oy A. 0razzo. C|r|se||o 8a|saro. Fd. lao||re,
1.
Ca||areo, F. `l'|r|erpre|az|ore d| lc . - (paraoo|a de| l|g|| 111z o lrod|go) re|
ladr| de||a C||esa.' lages - |r lr|erpre|az|ore e |rverz|ore. la paraoo|a oo
de|
l|g||o lrod|go |ra |r|erpre|az|or| sc|er||l|c|e e |rverz|ore ar||s||c|e. A||| de|'o||avo
Co||oqu|o su||a |r|erpre|az|ore (|acera|a, - rarzo ). Fd||e 1;1 18o d oy 0. 0a|||.
0eroa. |ar|e|||, . 18;
Cava|car||, F. `u|rd|c| arr| d| s|ud| pa|r|s||c| |r l|a||a (0r|er|arer||
re|odo|og|c|),' - . 18zzz
Ceroe|aud, 0. `le ror d'Adar e| |es po|r|s card|raux. bec|erc|e sur ur ||re
pa|r|s||que.' v|gC|r ( ). - . 818|z8o1
. `Crea||or e| Tr|r||e.' b3cl|||T ( ). - . ;z18888|
Ceresa-0as|a|do, A. `|ar|a d| Nazare| re||'ar||ca |e||era|ura cr|s||ara,' - . 1o
. `Nuove r|cerc|e su||a s|or|a de| |es|o, |e ar||c|e vers|or| e |'|r|erpre|az|ore
de|
Car||co de| Car||c|.' A3F ( ) o18. - . 18
Cerlaux, l. `3|rp|es rel|ec||ors propos de |'exegse apos|o||que.' FTlz
(1|).
o-;o.
C|aroeras, l. A. `T|e Trarsl|gura||or ol C|r|s|. A 3|udy |r ||e la|r|s||c Fxeges|s
ol
3cr|p|ure.' 3vT1|(1;o). |8-o.
C|ou|rard, l. `C|arg|rg larad|grs lor lr|erpre||rg ||e 0ospe|s.' bes|
(1).
;1-;.
C|oW, 3. `Jora| |r Far|y C|r|s||ar Trad|||or.' lages 1;-z1o|r C8NT3z;.
3|oc||o|r. A|rqu|s| & w|s|e||, 1.
C|r|s|||c|e Fxegese zW|sc|er N|caea urd C|a|cedor. Fd||ed oy J.var 0or| ard
u. w|c|er|. Karper. Ko| l|aros, 1z.
C|gre|||, l. `T|e sacr|l|ce ol lsaac |r la|r|s||c Fxeges|s.' lages 1z-zo|r T|e
3acr|l|ce ol lsaac |r ||e T| ree |oro||e|s||c be||g|ors. lroceed|rgs ol a
3yrpos|ur
or ||e lr|erpre|a||or ol ||e 3cr|p|ures le|d |r Jerusa|er, |arc| 1o-1;, 1.
Fd||ed oy l. |arrs. 38lA |1. Jerusa|er. lrarc|scar lr|r||rg lress, 1.
C|aus|, 8. `le||ere ar||c|e e red|eva|| d| 0a| |.z|.' A3F8(11). 8-|o|.
. `Tra eseges| ed errereu||ca. le||ure ar||c|e e red|eva|| d| 0a| |.z|.' A3F8
( ). - . 118|o|
Cocc||r|, l. `la r|cez|ore d| lao|o re| pr|r| |re seco|| cr|s||ar|,' - . |oo
|0re la|r|s||c Fxeges|s
Cocco, l. `3a|ro 1o. 8ered|c| || 3|grore ar|ra r|a.' 3ac0oco(18). z|8-
oo.
Co|er, J. `8e ler|||e ard lrcrease. l||| ||e Far|| ard |as|er l|.' T| e arc|er| ard
red|eva| career ol a o|o||ca| |ex|. l||aca, N... Corre|| ur|vers||y lress, 1o.
Co|||rs, |. `|ess|ar|c lr|erpre|a||or ol ||e 8a|aar 0rac|es.' 0|ssAo ( - |o1;
18o). . 11
Corgar, . |. J. `|ar|e e| |'Fg||se dars |a persee pa|r|s||que.' b3l|T| 8
( ). - . 1|8
. `le ||re de 0|eu-crea|eur e| |es exp||ca||ors de |'lexareror dars |a
|rad|||or
c|re||erre.' lr l'|orre devar| 0|eu. ls. l. de luoac, l, vo|. . T| eo|og|e. o
lar|s.
Auo|er, . 1o|
Cors|r|, F. `l'Apoca||sse d| 0|ovarr| re||a ca|c|es| pa|r|s||ca (3|r|es|).' 3a||1
(1;). |1.
`Cross|rg ||e 8ourdar|es.' lr Fssays |r 8|o||ca| lr|erpre|a||or |r lorour ol |. 0.
0ou|der. Fd||ed oy 3. F. lor|er, l. Joyce, ard 0. F. 0r|or. 8|o||ca| lr|erpre|a||or
3er|es 8. le|der. 8r|||, 1|.
Crouze|, l. `le |ex|e pa|r|s||que de |a||||eu .ze| .,.'
. `3epara||or ou rerar|age se|or |es lres.' 0regor|arur|;(1oo). |;z-|.
Cu||rarr, 0. 3a|r| l|erre, d|sc|p|e, apo|re, rar|yr. l|s|o|re e|
||eo|og|e.Trars|a|ed oy
F. Trocre. 8|o||o||que ||eo|og|que. lar|s. 0e|ac|aux & N|s||e, . 1z
Cur||, C. `Trad|z|ore esege||ca e |eo|og|ca re| 8asso lrpero.' lages - |r ;o11z
la
cu||ura |r l|a||a lra Tardo Ar||co e A||o |ed|oevo. A||| de| Corvegro |eru|o a
bora, Cors|g||o Naz|ora|e de||e b|cerc|e, - Nov. 1z1o 1;. bore. lerder,
181.
Cur||s, A. l. `|arr|age |r ||e 8|o|e ard ||e Far|y C|r|s||ar C|urc|.' FT(1|;).
1z-1, |z-||, ;;-;.
61
0a|ey, 8. F. T| e |ope ol ||e ear|y C|urc|. A |ardooo| ol la|r|s||c esc|a|o|ogy.
Caror|dge. Caror|dge ur|vers||y lress, 11.
0ar|e|ou, J. `la le|e des Taoerrac|es dars |'exegse pa|r|s||que.' 3|la|r(1;).
. `le lsaure dars |a ca|ec|se pa|r|s||que.' |0 ( ). - . z1 |1;1;|
0assrarr, F. `Aros.' bAC 3upp|.-l|el. (18). -o.
. `Tr|r||ar|sc|e urd c|r|s|o|og|sc|e Aus|egurg der T| rorv|s|or Fzec||e|s |r der
pa|r|s||sc|er T| eo|og|e.' lages 1-;||r lr 0esprac| r|| der dre|e|rer 0o||,
ls. w. 8reur|rg. Fd||ed oy |. 8o|r|e ard l. le|rz. 0usse|dorl, 18.
. `Zur lau|usvers|ardr|s |r der os|||c|er K|rc|e.' JACz(18o). z;-.
. `A|zer|e lru|c|r|s|||c|er l|oodeu|urg.' JAC1(188). |o-o.
. `lese||e|.' bAC1|(188). l|el. 111|11z, 11z-1.
. `l|oo.' bAC1(1o). l|el. 11, oo-||z.
. `A|s |arr urd lrau ersc|ul er s|e. 0er 1.z;c |r vers|ardr|s der
K|rc|erva|er.'
lages |-oo|r larc|a|a. ls. l. K. T|raede.Fd||ed oy |. wac||. JAC.F zz.
|urs|er. Asc|erdorll, 1.
. `lru|c|r|s|||c|e lrop|e|erexegese.' lr Nordr|e|r-wes|la||sc|e A|ader|e der
w|ssersc|al|er. 0usse|dorl, 1o.
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| Corc|us|or
0e|c|rarr, l. w. `|e|c||sede|.' lages 1-;|r 8||d urd ver|urd|gurg.
les|gaoe lur
larra lursc| zur oo. 0eour|s|ag.1oz.
0eja|lve, 0. `les douze apo|res e| |eur ur||e dars |a |rad|||or ca||o||que.' FT|l
(1o). ;oo-;8.
0e||yarr|s, 0. |. `A o|o||ca| rode| lor ser|a| o|ograp|y. T| e 8oo|s ol K|rgs ard
||e
borar l|oer lor||l|ca||s.' b8er1o;(1;). 1-z.
0erre||, J. 0. ` io pd\v o \o.' v|gC|r|(18). ;8-1.
0| 8erard|ro, A., ard 8. 3|uder. 3|or|a de||a |eo|og|a.Fpoca la|r|s||ca . 1Casa|e
|orlerra|o. l|erre, 1.
0oe|ger, l. J. `8e||rage zur 0esc||c||e des Kreuzze|c|ers.' JAC ard ( - 1 z18
). 1
1. - , . - . 1z1z
0or|va|, 0. `le ler|a|euque grec de |a 3ep|ar|e.' lages 1o-zo|r les
prer|res |rad|||ors de |a 8|o|e.Fd||ed oy C.-8. Arp|oux ard J. |arga|r. l|s|o|re
du |ex|e
o|o||que z. lausarre. Fd|||ors du Zore, 1o.
0roge, A. J. lorer or |oses? Far|y C|r|s||ar |r|erpre|a||ors ol ||e ||s|ory ol
cu||ure. lerrereu||sc|e ur|ersuc|urger zur T| eo|og|e zo. Tuo|rger. J. C. 8.
|o|r, 18.
0uoar|e, A. |. `la rer||or de Jud||| dars |a ||||era|ure arc|erre, ju|ve e|
c|re||erre.' b8loo(1). 1|-|.
0u|aey, |. `Josep| |e pa|r|arc|e, l|gure du C|r|s|.' lages - |r l|gures de 81o
|'Arc|er Tes|arer| c|ez |es lres. Ca||ers de 8|o||a la|r|s||ca . 3|rasoourg. z
Cer|re
d'Ara|yse e| de 0ocurer|a||or la|r|s||que, . 18
. `la paraoo|e de |a oreo|s perdue dars |'Fg||se arc|erre. 0e |'exegse
|'|corograp||e.' bFAug ( ). - . 1zz
. `les |ro|s |eoreux dars |a lourra|se (0r ) dars |'|r|erpre|a||or syroo||que
de
|'Fg||se arc|erre.' bev3b ( ). - . ;11;
0up|acy, J. `lrer|er 8||ar gerera| de |'|rver|a|re des C||a||ors la|r|s||ques de |a
8|o|e grecque ( - ).' v|gC|r ( ). - . 1o1;| z81;|o|o;
0urard, 0. |. de. `'3a gerera||or, qu| |a racor|era?' ls . o. l'exegse des 8
lres.'
b3l|T| ( ). - . 1oo8;
. `ur ||er p|us lor|, ra vo|or|e. Fxegse pa|r|s||que de T|ree, a-o.' |1
3c|erce e|
espr||z;(1;). z-|8. |or|rea|. ur|v. lava|.
. `ler|eco|e jo|arr|que e| ler|eco|e |ucar|erre c|ez cer|a|rs lres.' 8lF ;
( ). - . 1;8;1zo
0urard, |. de. Tes|| pa|r|s||c| su| sargue d| Cr|s|o, l, - , a cura d| T. veg||ar||. 1z
bore. Fd|z|ore l|a ur|ore lrez|os|ss|ro 3argue, . 1z
d'Azy, l. 8. `les arges devar| |e rys|re de |'lrcarra||or.' 8lF(1|8).
F|rrar, 8.0. `1Jo| |.ard ||e 0r||odox Corrup||or ol 3cr|p|ure.' ZNw;
(188). zz1-|.
Frcyc|oped|a ol Far|y C|r|s||ar||y.Fd||ed oy F. lergusor. zd ed. 0ar|ard
belererce
l|orary ol ||e lurar|||es 18. NeW or|. 0ar|ard luo||s||rg.
o0re la|r|s||c Fxeges|s
Frc|aro, l. `verd|cars| de| sargue |r 3ar . .' z z;lages -88ol vo|. |r A|||
de||a
3e|||rara 3argue e ar|ropo|og|a re||e |e||era|ura cr|s||ara (bora, z
roverore- d|cerore ), . | 18z18
62
Frrs|, J. Jo|arres der Tauler. lr|erpre|a||or0esc||c||ew|r|urgsgesc||c||e.
ZNTw 8e||. . 8er||r. 0e 0ruy|er, 18.
. `8|oe|exegese |r uroruc|.' T|0|8z(1z). |;-o.
Fseges| e ca|ec|es| re| ladr|, secc. ll-lv. 3|ud|, |es||, correr|| pa|r|s||c|. vo|.
1.
Fd||ed oy 3. le||c|. 8|o||o|eca d| 3c|erze be||g|ose . bore. lA3, . 1oo 1
Fseges| e ca|ec|es| re| ladr|, secc. lv-vll. Fd||ed oy 3. le||c|. 8|o||o|eca d|
3c|erze
be||g|ose . bore. lA3, . 11z 1|
Fvdo||rov, l. `lr|rc|pes de |'|errereu||que or||odoxe. ll. |e||odes roderres
e|
|ypo|og|e.' Cor|ac|s|1(18). o-o|.
lee, 0. 0. `T| e use ol ||e 0ree| la||ers lor NeW Tes|arer| Tex|ua| Cr|||c|sr.'
lages 11-zo;|r T| e Tex| ol ||e NeW Tes|arer| |r Cor|erporary besearc|.
Fssays or ||e 3|a|us uaes||or|s. A vo|ure |r loror ol 8. |. |e|zger. Fd||ed
oy 8. 0. F|rrar ard |. w. lo|res. 3|0 |o. 0rard bap|ds. Ferdrars, 1.
le|er|ag, J.-l. `ue|ques Correr|a|res la|r|s||ques de lroveroes zz.z. lour
ure
rouve||e approc|e du proo|re r|c|esses e| pauvre|e dars |'Fg||se des prer|ers
s|c|es.' v|gC|r ( ). - . |z1881o;8
le|oer, A. Fcc|es|a ex ger||ous corgrega|a. 0|e 0eu|urg der ba|aoep|sode (Jos
) |r z
der la|r|s|||.0|sser|a||orer der Kar|-lrarzers-ur|vers||a| 0raz . 0raz, . 8 1z
le||e, A. `3acra 3cr|||ura ed ep|gral|a cr|s||ara a bora lra lll e v|| seco|o,' - |8
, oo
1o.
. `loc| scr|||ur|s||c| re||a produz|ore ep|gral|ca rorara.' ve|C|rz(1).
o1-o.
lergusor, J. `T| e ra|ure ol ear|y C|r|s||ar pac|l|sr.' l|oJlv ( - ). - 1o1;|o
. |
lerrardez, A. `'No |era|s a |os que rar|ar e| cuerpo, pero ro pueder ra|ar e|
a|ra.' lr|erpre|ac|or pa|r|s||ca de || . .' 8urgerse ( ). - . 1oz8 z818;81o8
lerre|ro, A. `'l|rguarur d|vers||a|e'. 8aoe| ard ler|ecos| |r learder's |or||y a|
||e |||rd courc|| ol To|edo.' lages - |r Xlv Cer|erar|o de| corc|||o lll de z;|8
To|edo - . To|edo. Arzoo|spado de To|edo, . 818 11
l|erro, A. `las cor|rovers|as soore |a resurrec||or er |os s|g|os ll-v (3par).'
bFTz8
(1o8). -z1.
l|esserar var leer, F. Trad|||or ard 3cr|p|ure |r ||e ear|y C|urc|. Asser. var
0orcur.
lrar|, K. 3. `|a|eac|| 1.1oll. |r der lru|er va|erdeu|urg. F|r 8e||rag zu
0pler|err|ro|og|e urd 0plervers|ardr|s |r der a||er K|rc|e.' T|l|(1;8).
;o-;8.
. `0eordre|e l|eoe. Car| z.|o |r der pa|r|s||sc|er Aus|egurg.' w|w||
(18o).
1-o.
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| ;Corc|us|or ;
0ae|a, 0. `Nera e oe||a. l'eseges| ar||ca d| Car||co . - .' A3F ( ). - 1o z1811
. z
0a|ll|er, 8. de. `||rac|es o|o||ques e| v|es des 3a|r|s.' NbT| 88||(1oo). ;o-
8.
0a||||s, 0. `Apop|a||srus a|s lr|rz|p der 3c|r|l|aus|egurg oe| der gr|ec||sc|er
K|rc|erva|err.' FvT| |o|1(18o). z-|o.
0arr|e, J. 0. `A Jourrey ||roug| 0ar|e||c 3paces. T| e 8oo| ol 0ar|e| |r ||e
T| eo|ogy ard l|e|y ol ||e C|r|s||ar Corrur||y.' lr|erp ( ). - . 181||o
0asparro, 0. 3. `la vergogra d| Adaro e d| Fva re||a r|l|ess|ore de| ladr|.'
l3v zo
(18). - . z;o
. `la dorra re||'eseges| pa|r|s||ca d| 0er ll-lll.' lages - |r la dorra re| 1;o
pers|ero cr|s||aro ar||co. Fd||ed oy u. |a|||o||. 0eroa, . 1z
. `0orra e creaz|ore reg|| scr|||| de| ladr|. aspe||| e proo|er| de||'eseges|
pa|r|s||ca d| 0er 1- .' lages - |r vo|. ol 0|z|orar|o d| 3p|r||ua||| z1;8 11
8|o||co-
la|r|s||ca. Fd||ed oy 3. A. lar|ro||e. bore, . 1
0e||o, b. `lsa|a . - , re||a pa|ro|og|a pr|r|||va, l.' lages - |r vo|. z11z 11|8 z
ol
A||| de||a 3e|||rara 3argue e ar|ropo|og|a 8|o||ca re||a pa|r|s||ca (bora, - zz8
roverore 181). 18z.
0eWa||, 0. `0|e 'l|des ex aud||u' urd d|e Tauos|urrer. Zur
Aus|egurgsgesc||c||e
vor 0a| .zurd bor 1.1|-1;.' l|rg8|o|8(18o). |-o|.
0eyer, C. l. `0as l|ooouc| |r c|r|s|||c|er urd rac|c|r|s|||c|er Kor|ex|.' Ka|ros
N3 ( ). - . z818o1;|
0|arrare|||, F. `0|osu re||a |e||era|ura cr|s||ara ar||ca,' - . zzo
63
. `bac|e|e e || p|ar|o de||a radre re||a |rad|z|ore cr|s||ara ar||ca.' A3F
( ). 18o
- z1zo.
. `0ar|e|e, |a ror|agra e |ar|a. cor|r|ou|o a||a s|or|a d| ur s|roo|o cr|s||aro.'
A3F ( ). - . 188zoo
. `Aoacuc, |a ror|agra ororegg|a|a e |ar|a.' A3Fo(18). ;;-88.
. `bu|| ard ||e C|urc| la||ers.' 3l0lC | ( ). - . zz1o1z1
. `l ladr| de||a C||esa e bu||. || ||oro, || persoragg|o, |a sua s|or|a.' b|cerc|e
|eo|og|c|e ( ). - . z11181zoo
. `l'exeges| pa|r|s||ca ad Fles|r| . - .' lages - |r 0orra e cu||ure. zo 1o
s|ud| e
docurer|| re| lll arr|versar|o de||a |u||er|s d|gr||a|er. Fd||ed oy u. |a|||o||.
0r|g|r| z. 0eroa. |ar|e|||, 11.
0|arre|||, C. `Tero|grages pa|r|s||ques grecs er laveur d'ure appar|||or du
C|r|s|
ressusc||e |a v|erge |ar|e.' bF8yz ( ). - . 1111oo1
0|eo|||s, A. `l o ld ov v idv dpv.' 3yraxe ( ). - . 1o;|
0r|||a, C. T|eop|are|a. , Ae|as sp|r||a||s. z| 0|e uoerW|rdurg der ra|ur||c|er
A||erss|uler a|s ldea| lru|c|r|s|||c|er leoers. 8orr. lars|e|r, 1;z.
0r|||a, J. `0|e w|r|urgsgesc||c||e a|s Zugarg zur vers|ardr|s der 8|oe|.' |T|Z
|o(18). 1-oz.
`0od's |rage, rar's |rage? la|r|s||c |r|erpre|a||or ol 0er 1.z;ard 1Cor 11.;.'
80re la|r|s||c Fxeges|s
lages z-|1|r lrage ol 0od ard 0erder |ode|s |r Judaeo-C|r|s||ar Trad|||or.
Fd||ed oy K. F. 8rreser, z-|1. 0s|o. 3o|ur, 11.
0oessrarr, F. `laec ru||er es| d|v|r||as. das 0|e|c|r|s vor der lrau r|| der
ver|orerer 0rac|re |r se|rer Aus|egurgsgesc||c||e oe| der K|rc|erva|err urd
l||degard vor 8|rger.' lages oo;-1|r we||e des lerzers, we||e des leoers.
8e||rage zur C|r|s|se|r |r roderrer 0ese||sc|al|. les|sc|r|l| zur z-ja|r|ger
Ao|sjuo||aur des Ao|s vor 3|. 8or|laz |urc|er|Ardec|s 0r. 0d||o lec|rer 038.
Fd||ed oy ||c|ae| ard 8||or| Arse|r. begersourg. lus|e|, 18.
0ood, 0. `T| e Caraar||e worar. la|r|s||c Fxeges|s ol |a|||eW 1.z1-z8.'
Ca|. de
8|o||a la|r|s||ca(11). 1o-;;.
0ordor, 8. `T| e ecoror|c proo|er |r 8|o||ca| ard pa|r|s||c ||oug||.' JT| 3 |z
( ). - . 11zooo;
0or|, l. `0|o, sorro oere, re||'eseges| pa|r|s||ca d| |c . (e para||e||).' A3F 1o18 |
( ). - . 18;z1oo
0oure||e, b. `l| a p|ace sa |er|e dars |e so|e|| (ls [ |, c[ a|) c|ez |es 181o
ecr|va|rs
ecc|es|as||ques des c|rq prer|ers s|c|es.' lages - |r le lsau||er c|ez 1;zzo
|es lres Ca||ers de 8|o||a la|r|s||ca . lre|ourg |. 8r.. Cer|re d'Ara|yse e| de |
0ocurer|a||or la|r|s||que, . 1|
0rrdez, b. |. `las ||r|eo|as er |a ruer|e de Jess. l|s|or|a de |a exeges|s de
lc . z
- |||a (|| . , |c . ).' Fs|8 ( ). - . z;| 1 |;181;;zz
0re|o|, l. `la |raduc||or e| |'|r|erpre|a||or de l| . - . ue|ques e|erer|s zo;
d'erque|e pa|r|s||que.' NbT| ( ). - , - . 1;18;zz1oozo
0r|ooror|, J. `les deux grards corrardrer|s c|ez |es lres.' Assero|ees du
3e|greur;1(1o). o8-;8.
0r|||re|er, A. `0er 0o||esso|r |r To|erre|c|.' ZKT| ;1(1|). 1-, 18|-zo.
0r|o|es, N. `d \d. d\ z(z|), ;(e| c|ez |es lres). ioiid
vis
ipi.' FFA||zo(1;;-1;8). zo8-|.
0ruoer, w. 0|e preura||sc|e Fxegese oe| der A|exardr|rerr. F|r 8e||rag zur
Noera||| der l|. 3c|r|l| . 0raz. A|ader|sc|e 0ruc|- urd ver|agsars|a||,
1;.
0rysor, b., ard 0. 3zra|u|a. `les correr|a|res pa|r|s||ques sur lsaie.'
bFAug o
( ). - . 1o|1
0ua|ardr|, l. `lrass| esege||ca e s|||e |e||erar|o. A|cur| proo|er|.' lages - 1|;;|
|r Fseges|, paralras| e corp||az|ore |r e| |ardoar||ca. A||| de| Terzo Corvegro
de||'Assoc|az|ore d| 3|ud| Tardoar||c||. Fd||ed oy C. |oresc||r|. Co||ec|area .
Nap|es. |. 0'Aur|a Fd||ore, . 1
0uerard, |.-0. `F|erer|s de roraresque dars |e Correr|a|re sur |e
Car||quede
N|| d'Arcyre.' bec|Aug ( ). - . z1o1z;
0u|||aur|r, |.-l. `bec|erc|es sur |'exegse pa|r|s||que de Joo.' 3|la|r1z(1;).
o|-o8.
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| Corc|us|or
0u|ro|, J.-N. `Ara|yse |ex|ue||e e| ||ore aro||re. |'exegse pa|r|s||que grecque de
bor
. aux lll zo
e-v
64
e
s|c|e,' - . 11
0u|rau, J. |. `3oore |a |r|erpre|ac|or pa|r|s||ca de| ls ( ).' Augus||r|arur z1zz ;
( ). - . 1o;;1z
laag, l. `0er 0o||es|rec|| oe| 0eu|erojesaja |r vers|ardr|s der a||er K|rc|e.'
lZl|T| ( ). - . 118||;;
laora, 0. la Trarsl|gura||or se|or |es lres 0recs. lar|s. Fd. 3.0.3., . 1;|
la||eux, A. de. `la co||eg|a|||e dars |'Fg||se arc|erre.' bTl ( ). - . z|1||
larrar, A. `l'erse|grerer| sur |a crea||or dars |'ar||qu||e c|re||erre.'
b3cbe| |z
( ). - . 1o8;1zz
larrar, A. 0. F|udes pa|r|s||ques. |e||odo|og|e, |||urg|e, ||s|o|re, ||eo|og|e. T|
eo|og|e ||s|or|que 8. lar|s. 8eauc|esre, 11.
larrord 8arre|, C. l. Trad|||or ard exeges|s |r ear|y C|r|s||ar Wr||ers.
Co||ec|ed
s|ud|es ser|es oo. A|ders|o|. var|orur, 1.
lar|g, b. `C|r|s|us a|s 'Wa|rer 3a|oro' |r der lru|er K|rc|e.' ZNw8|(1).
111-|.
larsor, b. l. C. `A ro|e or '|||e' accord|rg |o ||e 3cr|p|ures.' ZK08(18;).
zo-z.
lar|, |. `Cadeaux de l|ara|||es e| cor|ra| de rar|age pour |'epouse du Car||que
des car||ques se|or que|ques correr|a|res grecs.' lages z|-o1|r |e|arges
l. C|. luec|.
. `la pr|se de corsc|erce de |a 'rud||e' d'Adar, ure |r|erpre|a||or de 0erse
. ;
c|ez |es lres 0recs.' 3|la|r ( ). - . ;1oo|8o
. ` a-|-|| ure |rl|uerce du grec o|o||que sur |a |argue sp|r||ue||e des c|re||ers?
Fxerp|es ||res du psaure 118e| de ses correr|a|eurs d'0r|gre
T| eodore|.' lages - |r la 8|o|e e| |es lres. z|oz lar|s. l.v.l., 1;1.
la|c|, F. T|e lrl|uerce ol 0ree| ldeas or C|r|s||ar||y. NeW or|. larper, 1;.
lay, 0. |. `T| e use ol lsa|r CX |r ||e Far|y C|urc|.' 0|ss., a|e ur|vers||y,
1o.
le|re, b. `Zur pa|r|s||sc|er Aus|egurg vor Jo| z.1-1z.' w3||(1;o). 18-.
lesser, J. 0r|ec||sc|e oder o|o||sc|e T| eo|og|e? 0as lroo|er der
le||er|s|erurg des
C|r|s|er|urs |r reuer 8e|euc||urg. le|pz|g. Koe||er & Are|arg, 1o.
. 0r|ec||sc|e oder o|o||sc|e T| eo|og|e? 0as lroo|er der le||er|s|erurg des
C|r|s|er|urs |r reuer 8e|euc||urg. bev. ard er|. ed. |ur|c|. be|r|ard|, 1oz.
leuoerger, J. `3arer|orrer C|r|s|| des 3ararrs aul gr|ec||sc|er Ac|erooder.
Zur pa|r|s||sc|er w|r|urgsgesc||c||e vor || 1.zparr.' lages 1-;||r
Arlarge der T|eo|og|e.
l|da|, 3. `lja||ed||| e||er sja|ers resasyrer pa Joos oo| | lorr|yr|ar.' 3vTKoz
(18o). o-;o.
l|||ors|, A. `|a|ac||as Arge|us.' w3|1oo(18;). 1;-8|.
. 0eu|erorory's |oro||e|sr ard ||e C|r|s||ars.Fd||ed oy l. 0arca |ar||rez,
e| a|. 3|ud|es |r 0eu|erorory. vT3up . le|der. 8r|||, 1|.
1oo0re la|r|s||c Fxeges|s
l|||, C. `T| e la||ers or ||e 8|o||ca| word.' lac|l|ca;(1|). z-;z.
l|||, b. C. `lsa|r |. a |ocus c|ass|cuslor la|r|s||c T| |r||rg or 8|o||ca|
lrsp|ra||or.'
lages -1oo|r 3|ud|a la|r|s||ca z. lapers preser|ed a| ||e F|ever||
lr|erra||ora| Corlererce or la|r|s||c 3|ud|es |e|d |r 0xlord 11. 8|o||ca e|
Apocryp|a,
0r|er|a||a, Asce||ca. Fd||ed oy F. A. l|v|rgs|ore. louva|r. lee|ers, 1.
lo|der, A. 0. `T| e |osa|c Taoerrac|e |r Far|y C|r|s||ar Fxeges|s.' lages 1o1-o
|r
3|ud|a la|r|s||ca z. lapers preser|ed a| ||e F|ever|| lr|erra||ora| Corlererce
or
la|r|s||c 3|ud|es |e|d |r 0xlord 11. 8|o||ca e| Apocryp|a, 0r|er|a||a, Asce||ca.
Fd||ed oy F. A. l|v|rgs|ore. louva|r. lee|ers, 1.
lo|ze, l. `3c|r|l|erla|rurg urd C|r|s|usoe|err|r|s |r pac|or|ar|sc|er
|orc||ur.' T|Z|(1). |-o.
lorers||, J. `0rec|| prze||ad Ks|eg| 0ar|e|a W W|adec|Wac| pa|rys|yczryc|
(= 0e vers|ore graeca l|or| 0ar|e||s |r |es||ror||s la|rur).' voxl;(18;).
l.1z|1, 1;-88.
lorr, l. J., ard C. N|ers. `bor 1.zourd das ver|a||r|s vor d9pi urd vpi
|r lru|c|r|s|||c|er 0eu|urg.' lages 8o-;|r Jerse||svors|e||urger |r Ar|||e
urd C|r|s|er|ur. 0eder|sc|r|l|lur A|lred 3|u|oer. |urs|er. Asc|erdorll ,
18z.
lorrus, J. |. Fvarg||e e| laoarur. F|ude sur |'a||||ude du c|r|s||ar|sre pr|r|||l
devar| |es proo|res de |'e|a|, de |a guerre e| de |a v|o|erce. Nouv. 3er. ||eo|. .
0ereva. laoor e| l|des, 1oo.
lors|, l. w. var der. `A No|e or ||e Judas Curse |r Far|y C|r|s||ar lrscr|p||ors.'
0Cl(1). z11-1.
65
louss|au, A., ard J.-l. |orde|. le sacerdoce du C|r|s| e| de ses serv||eurs se|or
|es lres de |'Fg||se (Co||ec||or Cerlaux-lelor|, 8). louva|r-|a-Neuve. Cer|re
d'l|s|o|re des be||g|ors, 1o.
luorer, b. |. 0er 0o|| der K|rc|erva|er urd der 0o|| der 8|oe|, zur lrage der
le||er|s|erurg des C|r|s|er|urs. F|c|s|a||er loc|sc|u|reder . |ur|c|. 1o
||rerva,
1;.
l ladr| de||a C||esa e |a Teo|og|a. lr d|a|ogo cor 8as|| 3|uder.Fd||ed oy A.0razzo.
C|r|se||o 8a|saro. lao||re, . 1
lrrsc|er, J. `la va|uaz|ore de||'apoca||sse de 0|ovarr| re||a C||esa ar||ca.'
Augb z
( ). - . 181;1;o
. `0|e 0ar|e|sc|e we||re|c|s|orzep||or |r lru|er 8yzarz.' le|||or - zo
( - ). - . 181o|o
lsaie exp||que par |es lres.Trars|a|ed oy J. ||||e|, J. legee, ard ||e Carre|||es
ol
|ag|||e. lr|roduc||or oy A. 0. larrar. les lres dars |a lo|. 0esc|ee de
8rouWer, . 18
lso|a, A. `No|e su||'eseges| d| lc . re| ladr| de| pr|r| seco||.' lages - 1z| ;|1
|r
3argue e ar|ropo|og|a re||a |eo|og|a. a||| de||a vl se|||rara, bora - zz8
rover-
Corc|us|ors 1o1
ore 18;.Fd||ed oy lrarcesco va|||or|. bore. Fd. l|a ur|ore lrez|os|ss|ro
3argue, . 18
Jer|s, 0. C. T| e or|g|rs ard ear|y deve|oprer| ol ||e Ar||c|r|s| ry||.8ZNw .
8er||r. 0e 0ruy|er, 11.
Jo|arres l|||oporos. 0e 0p|l|c|o |urd|uoer d|e Frsc|allurg der we||. ZWe||er
Te||oard. lor|es C|r|s||ar| z|z. lre|ourg. lerder, 1;.
Jourjor, |. `lau| e| sor des||r pos||ure dars |'eg||se arc|erre.' lur.1
(1;8).
1-8.
Jue|, 0. |ess|ar|c Fxeges|s. C|r|s|o|og|ca| lr|erpre|a||or ol ||e 0|d Tes|arer| |r
Far|y
C|r|s||ar||y. l|||ade|p||a. lor|ress, 18;.
Kaczrare|, T. `lery|opa 0z o.1-oW |r|erpre|acj| pa|rys|yczrej (= A||| o.1-o
re||'lr|erpre|az|ore la|r|s||ca).' voxl(18). l. 1;, -oo.
Karrerg|esser, C. `T| eo|og|e pa|r|s||que, l. 8|o|e des lres, ll. 0uvrages
gereraux.'
b3b ( ). - . o181||;
. `8u||e||r de ||eo|og|e pa|r|s||que.' b3b;|(18o). ;-o1|.
Karpp, l. lroo|ere a||c|r|s|||c|er Ar||ropo|og|e. 8|o||sc|e Ar||ropo|og|e urd
p|||osop||sc|e lsyc|o|og|e oe| der K|rc|erva|err des dr|||er Ja|r|urder|s.
8lCT ||,.
0u|ers|o|. 8er|e|srarr, 1o.
Kasper, w. `0as ver|a||r|s vor 3c|r|l|urd Trad|||or. F|re preura|o|og|sc|e
lerspe|||ve.' T|1;o(1o). 1o1-o.
Ka|z, l. `Fv \o.' ZNw|o(1). 1-8.
K|auza, K., ard A. buse|. `0er 1.zo-z;|r scr|p||s pa|r|s||c|s [|r lo||s|, W||| la||r
surrary|.' voxlo(18o). o-z;.
Koe||er, T. `Jo 1.z-z;dars |'|yrro|og|e du |e au 1ze s|c|e.' lages ;-oo
|r
3|ud|a rediaeva||a e| rar|o|og|ca. Fd||ed oy C. 8a||c. bore. Ar|or|arur 1;1.
Koep, l. 0as ||rr||sc|e 8uc| |r Ar|||e urd C|r|s|er|ur. F|re
re||g|orsgesc||c||||c|e
ur|ersuc|urg zur a||c|r|s|||c|er 8||dersprac|e. T| eop|are|a. 8orr. Nars|e|r,
1z.
Kre|sc|rar, 0. 3|ud|er zur lru|c|r|s|||c|er Tr|r||a|s||eo|og|e. 8lT. Tuo|rger. J.
C. 8.
|o|r, 1o.
. 0|e 0lleroarurg des Jo|arres. 0|e 0esc||c||e ||rer Aus|egurg |r ers|er
Ja|r|auserd. CT| | b.8. . 3|u||gar|. Ca|ver, 18.
Kuge|, J. l., ard b. A. 0reer. Far|y 8|o||ca| |r|erpre|a||or.l|orary ol Far|y
C|r|s||ar||y . l|||ade|p||a. wes|r|rs|er.
la lo||er|e, l. de. `lc . e . o re| |er|gra e re||a ca|ec|es| de| ladr|.' 1z8 1
lages - 1;
||r la rar|o|og|a re||a ca|ec|es| de| ladr| (F| prer|cera). Fd||ed oy 3. le||c|.
8|o||o|eca d| 3c|erze be||g|ose . bore. lA3, . 88 18
lara|a, 0. `l| 0|scorso verod| Ce|so. ur adderdur o|o||ogral|co.' lr la|de|a (= r
|), 1-z1.
laWrerce, w. l. `T| e l|s|ory ol ||e lr|erpre|a||or ol Ac|s 8.zo-|ooy ||e C|urc|
1oz0re la|r|s||c Fxeges|s
la||ers pr|or |o ||e la|| ol bore.' 0|ss., ur|or T| eo|og|ca| 3er|rary (NeW
or|), . 18|
66
leoeau, l. `la paro|e esc|a|o|og|que de Jesus |a Cre (|| . ) dars zo1
|'exegse
pa|r|s||que.' 3|la|r ( ). - . ;1oo1oz
leorard|, 0. `le |er|az|or| d| 0es re||a |r|erpre|az|ore pa|r|s||ca.' 3l ( ). 11o8
- zzoz.
legasse, 3. `les prer|ers d|sc|p|es de Jesus or|-||s oap||se? begards sur ure
arc|erre proo|era||que.' 8lF ( ). - . ;1;818
. `le cyc|e de 0edeor (Juges - ) correr|e par |es lres de |'Fg||se.' o1
8lF 8o
( ). - . 181o;
l|a||u, 0.A. `0|e Aus|egurg vor Kor . - rac| der ||rc|||c|er Trad|||or.' z 1zz|
T|eo|
|(18). 88-o;.
l|r|or, 0. `lr|erpre|a||or ol ||e lsa|rs |r ||e Far|y C|urc|.' 3|la|r ( ). |1o1
- 1|o.
le l|vre de Joo c|ez |es lres. Ca||ers de 8|o||a la|r|s||ca . 3|rasoourg. Cer|re
d'ara|yse e| de docurer|a||or pa|r|s||ques, . 1o
lods, |. `le Tu es le|rus dars |'exegse pa|r|s||que.' lages 1-||r Fg||se &
T| eo|og|e, 8u||. de |a lac. de T| eo|. lro|. de lar|s XXl, vo|. oz. 18.
lo|l|r|, 0. `'3c|Wer|er zu ll|ugsc|arer|.' 0|e bezep||or vor Jes . - par || z1
. - |1
|r der A||er K|rc|e urd |r Neuer Tes|arer|.' T| ( ). - . 1oo18o18|zo
lo|, v. `lrl|uss| de||'eseges| o|o||ca re||o sv||uppo de| |err|re cor|r|||o.' ve|C|r
( ). - . 1ooo8
lols|ed|, 8. `N|c|| |der||l|z|er|e 8|oe|z||a|e.' 0rp|, N.3. ( ). - . 1o11|o|1
lu|||||u|zer, 0. l. `T| e loe||c C|arac|er ol beve|a||or ard .' | lr Far|y
C|r|s||ar
loe|ry. A Co||ec||or ol Fssays. Fd||ed oy J. der 8oel|ard A. l|||ors|. 3v|gC|r
zz. le|der. 8r|||, 3v|gC|r1.
lyorre|, 3. `'lex ra|ura||s' qu|d praec|p|a| securdur 3. lau|ur e| ar||quar
la|rur |rad|||orer.' v0|(1o;). 1o-o1.
l'Fvarg||e se|or luc correr|e par |es lres.Fd||ed oy J. 0. 8u||r. Co||ec||or
les
pres dars |a lo|. lar|s. 0esc|ee de 8rouWer, . 18o
l'Fvarg||e se|or |a||||eu correr|e par |es lres.Fd||ed oy A 0. larrar. les
pres
dars |a lo|. lar|s. 0esc|ee de 8rouWer, 18.
l'Fvarg||e se|or sa|r| Jear exp||que par |es lres.Fd||ed ard |rars|a|ed oy 3.
8ouque|.
les pres dars |a lo|. lar|s. 0esc|ee de 8rouWer, 18.
|acdora|d, |. . `T| e ldea| ol ||e C|r|s||ar Coup|e. lgr. lo|. .1-z|oo||rg oac|
|o
lau|.' NT3|o(1|). 1o-z.
|ac||e|ser, l. `lragrer|s pa|r|s||ques ror-|der||l|es du rs. va|. la|. ;;.' 3FXll
(1o1). 1-1.
|agazz, C. `l'e|og|o de||a 'dorra lor|e' (lrov 1.1o-1) re||'|r|erpre|az|ore
pa|r|s||ca,' z1-|.
Corc|us|ors 1o
|a|orey, b. l. `T| e Teac||rg ol ||e la||ers or usury. ar l|s|or|ca| 3|udy or ||e
0eve|oprer| ol C|r|s||ar T||r||rg.' v|gC|rz;(1;). z|1-o.
|arava|, l. `les ra|rs de 0|eu dars |a crea||or. ue|ques |r|erpre|a||ors
pa|r|s||ques d'ure |rage o|o||que.' lages 1;-o|r la |a|r de 0|eu. 0|e lard
0o||es, ed||ed oy b. K|ell er ard J. 8ergrar. Tuo|rger. J. C. 8. |o|r, 1;.
|arger|e, 8. de. lr|roduc||or |'||s|o|re de |'exegse, l. les lres grecs e|
or|er|aux.
lrelace oy l. de |a lo||er|e. Co||. lr|||a||ors. lar|s. Cerl, . 18o
|ar|r, |. `le 3er|er||ae lXXXvll ep|scoporur. lr rarg|re a| proo|era de|
rappor|o |ra 3acra 3cr|||ura e corc|||,' - . o1z;
. `0r|er|arer|| d| eseges| o|o||ca de| ladr|.' ve|C|r ( ). - . zo18z|;;|
. `0r|er|arer|| d| eseges| o|o||ca de| ladr|.' lages - |r Corp||rer|| z;1;
|r|erd|sc|p||rar| d| pa|ro|og|a.Fd||ed oy Ar|or|o uacquare|||. bore. C||| Nuova,
18.
|ar||r, J. l. `F| cr|s||aro y |a espada. var|ac|ores |errereu||cas er |os pr|reros
s|g|os.' ba8| ( ). - . |18;1;z
|a|||eu, J.-|. `0e |'ur|vers ry||o|og|que |'ur|vers o|o||que, ure revo|u||or
cu||ure||e |a l|r du lv
e
s. ap. J.C.' lages - |r 0u oara| au rerve|||eux. 1|oo
|e|arges oller|s luc|er Jerp|agror. Ca||ers de lor|eray No. - - o;
F.N.3.
lor|eray-3a|r|-C|oud, . 18
|a|||o||, u. `la dorra re| pers|ero cr|s||aro ar||co. 3|r|es| e proo|er|.' lages
- o
;|r la dorra re| pers|ero cr|s||aro ar||co. Fd||ed oy u. |a|||o||. lr|roduc||or
67
oy |. 3|rore|||. Teo|og|a. 3agg| e b|cerc|e. 0eroa. |ar|e|||.
. `0orre de| varge|o. ||ree d| eseges|.' lages - |r la dorra re| pers|ero 1;8
cr|s||aro ar||co. Fd||ed oy u. |a|||o||. lr|roduc||or oy |. 3|rore|||. Teo|og|a.
3agg| e b|cerc|e. 0eroa. |ar|e|||, 1z.
|auer, l. aul der. `Zur 0eu|urg vor ls 1(1o) |r der a||er K|rc|e. F|re uoers|c||
uoer d|e lru|c|r|s|||c|e lr|erpre|a||orsgesc||c||e o|s zur Arlarg des |. J|s.'
8|jdrager|1(18o). |o1-18.
|azzucco, C. `la 0erusa|erre ce|es|e de||'Apoca||sse re| ladr|,' |-;.
. `|a|r|ror|o e verg|r|| re| ladr| |ra lv e v seco|o. prospe|||ve lerr|r|||.'
lages 11-|r la dorra re| pers|ero cr|s||aro ar||co.Fd||ed oy u. |a|||o||.
lr|roduc||or oy |. 3|rore|||. Teo|og|a. 3agg| e b|cerc|e. 0eroa. |ar|e|||, 1z.
|cCu||oug|, J. C. `|e|c||zede|'s var|ed bo|e |r Far|y Fxege||ca| Trad|||or.'
T|bev
1|z(1;8). z-oo.
|c0uc||r, J. A. `T| e la|r|s||c Fxeges|s ol ||e Trarsl|gura||or.' lages -|1|r
3|ud|a la|r|s||ca 18,1.
|ee|ar, T. |. `Jo|r 1.z-ard 1Jo|r .o-8. A s|udy |r ||e ||s|ory ol
|r|erpre|a||or.' 0|ss., 0reW ur|vers||y, 18.
|ees, |. `0as 0esprac| r|| der 3arar||arer|r ar Ja|oosorurrer, Jo |.o-zo, |r
lruc|r|s|||c|er 3|c||.' Augus||r|arurz|(18|). o-8|.
1o|0re la|r|s||c Fxeges|s
. `zCor o.1-1ourd d|e Aulers|e|urg der To|er rac| 0r|geres urd |e|od|us.'
la|erarur1(18). 1-o.
. `0as wurder ar 8e||esda|e|c| Jo| .1-18urd se|re lo|ger rac|
Zeugr|sser
der lru|er C|r|s|er|e||.' la|erarur1(18). 181-z.
. `0as . Kap||e| des Jo|arres-Fvarge||urs |r lru|c|r|s|||c|er 3|c||.'
laurer||arurz;(18o). 1z1-;.
. `0|e le||urg des Krar|er vor 8e||esda|e|c| aus Jo| .1-18|r
lru|c|r|s|||c|er
3|c||.' NT3z(18o). o-oo8.
. `Jesu 3e|os|zeugr|s rac| Jo| .1-o|r lru|c|r|s|||c|er 3|c||.' FT||oz
(18o).
1oz-1;.
. `0|e lru|e bezep||orsgesc||c||e des Jo|arresevarge||urs. Ar 8e|sp|e| vor
Tex|uoer||elerurg urd va|erexegese.' Fd||ed oy 0. 3c|euerrarr urd A.-l.
A||oler. lorsc|urger zur 8|oe| ;z. wurzourg. Fc||er, 1|.
|e|or|, l. `8ea|| | persegu||a|| per |a g|us||z|a. l'|r|erpre|az|ore pa|r|s||ca.'
3arda||or ( ). - . 18o11zo
|er|rarr, J. `Jo|r 8.|8|r sore la|r|s||c quo|a||ors.' 8|o||ca||(1o). zoo-o.
|e|zger, 8. |. `Nares lor ||e Nare|ess |r ||e NeW Tes|arer|. A s|udy |r ||e
0roW|| ol C|r|s||ar Trad|||or.' lages ;-|r ls. J. uas|er l.
|e|z|er, K. 0er gr|ec||sc|e 8egr|lldes verze||ers ur|ersuc|| ar words|arr
(vp) vor der ers|er 8e|eger o|s zur v|er|er Ja|r|urder| r. C|r. wuNT
z|||. Tuo|rger. J. C. 8. |o|r, 11.
|erard, J. F. `l'|r|erpre|a||or pa|r|s||que de Jear, ;.8.' lages -z|r bev. de
|'ur|v.
d'0||aWa, . 1
||e|go, C. `lr|erpre|ac|or agus||r|ara de a|guros sa|ros d|l|c||es.' Fs|Ag zz
( ). 18;
- zoz81.
|o||ard, F. `le deve|operer| de |'|dee de success|or apos|o||que.' bll|b |
( ). - . 1|1z
|ora|, l. `l'exegse de |a laraoo|e de 'l'|r|erdar| |rl|d|e' du ll
e
au Xll
e
s|c|e.'
beAug.8(1z). 8-1z.
|ors|ouWer, 0. `T| e bead|rg ol ||e 3cr|p|ures |r ||e Far|y C|urc|.' 8|jdr|
(1). ;-;1.
|orao||o, A. 3ap |.;-zoreg|| scr|||| de| ladr|. Fseges| c||az|or| ressagg|o. 0|ss.,
lor|.
ur|vers||as 0regor|ara, 1.
|ue||er, A. Fcc|es|a-|ar|a. 0|e F|r|e|| |ar|as urd der K|rc|e. larados|s.
lre|ourg
|.d. 3c|We|z. lau|us, 11.
|u||eroerg, F. `0r|ec||sc|e la|r|s|||, l. Tex|ausgaoer, l||lsr|||e|, Korrer|are
urd uoerse|zurger.' Tbo(1o). 1|o-;.
Na|d|r|, |. `3u||'|r|erpre|az|ore esarera|e d| 0er 1.z, '3p|r||us 0e| lereoa|ur
super
aquas'.' lages ||-z|r |eror|a| 0or Jear 0r|ooror| (1zo-18o). 3|ud|a
Fp|erer|d|s ` Augus||r|arur,' z;. bore. lrs|||u|ur la|r|s||cur `Augus||r|arur,'
188.
68
Corc|us|ors 1o
Nass|l, 8. `T| e '3p|r||ua| Fxeges|s' ol 3cr|p|ure. T| e 3c|oo| ol Ar||oc|
bev|s||ed.'
AT|b;(1). |;-;o.
Nore|, J. `lragrer|s pa||rpses|es d'ur correr|a|re |rcorru du psaure 1|o.' lr
Tex|e urd Tex||r||||, |;-o8.
. `ure |ore||e |red||e sur |es rareaux par T| eogr|os, lre|re de Jerusa|er
(vers
|oo?).' Ar8o||8(1;1). 11-|z.
0|e, |. `|aryjre zraczer|e s|oW lu| z.W pa|ro|og|| od poczq||u az do vlll
W|e|o.' b8l ( ). - . 1;1o||1
0||var, A. `var|a pa|r|s||ca.' A3T ( ). - . z1o1z1
0raoora, l. `l pass| reo|es|arer|ar| su||a corur|ore de| oer| re| correr|o de|
ladr| de||a C||esa.' AllN8(18-1). ;;-1oo.
0r|ard|, T. `T| e 3|udy ol 8|o||ca| ard Fcc|es|as||ca| l||era|ure, 188-1z.'
lages
1z-||r Ac|s ol ||e l|l|| lr|erra||ora| Corgress ol Cop||c 3|ud|es, was||rg|or,
1z-1Augus| 1z. vo|. 1. bepor|s or becer| besearc|. Fd||ed oy T. 0r|ard|.
bore. C.l.|., 1.
0rre, A. 0. `T| e 0oc|r|re ol 3cr|p|ure |r ||e (|) 0oc|ors ol ||e wes|err C|urc|
as
lourda||or ol ||e |ed|eva| 0oc|r|re.' 0|ss., ur|vers||y ol 0eorg|a, 1;|.
0r||urd, b. `lsa|r o8|r Arc|er|, |ed|eva| ard |oderr lr|erpre|a||or.' 0|ss.,
Aoerdeer lacu||y ol 0|v|r||y, 18.
0|rar|o, 0. `|a||eo ;.1-1oa e g|| oodi re||'eseges| pa|r|s||ca.'
ve|C|ro
(1o). -|.
. `lsa| 1.|ra eseges| pa|r|s||ca e |corogral|a.' A3Fz(18). zz1-|.
0'learg|a||, l. `l|||o ard ||e la||ers. T| e le||er ard ||e 3p|r||.' lages -|r
3cr|p|ura| lr|erpre|a||or |r ||e la||ers. le||er ard 3p|r||. Fd||ed oy T. l|rar ard
v. TWorey. 0uo||r. lour Cour|s lress, 1.
laragopou|os, l. `le o|o|||e |errere|a |or la|eror |es e|||es|as.' 3yraxe
(1o).
1-o.
laragopou|os, J. `C|r|s|o|og|e urd 3c|r|l|aus|egurg oe| der gr|ec||sc|er
K|rc|erva|err.' ZTK8(1z). |1-8.
larreroerg, w. `0|e Aulra|re des p|||osop||sc|er 0o||esoegr|lls a|s
dogra||sc|es lroo|er der lru|c|r|s|||c|er T| eo|og|e.' ZK0;o(1). 1-|.
larrer||er, |. `0ree| C|urc| la||ers or borars .' 8|jdro(18). 1-|.
. `0ree| C|urc| la||ers or borars . lar| ll.' 8|jdr1(1o). z-zo.
larrer||er, |. l. 0. 0odde||j|e Wezers u|| de aarde. 0r|e|se |er|vaders over de
'|e|s'
var Frdor. C|r|s|e||j|e ororrer . Karper. Ko|, . 1 18
le||ard, 0. `la l|gura d| 3arue|e re||a |rad|z|ore cr|s||ara ar||ca.' lages - 1z;;
|r
3arue|e |ra po||||ca e lede. A||| de| 3er|rar|o |rverra|e, 3orrer|o, - leoora|o 1;zo
1|. l|orerce. 8|o||a. Assoc|az|ore |a|ca d| cu||ura o|o||ca, . 1
lerrayrord, |. `l'|corograp||a d| 0|uda lscar|o|a ed | suo| r|svo||| evarge||c|.'
3|3b ( ). - . 1|1oo;
lerrore, l. `lr|z|az|ore a||a 8|oo|a re||a |e||era|ura pa|r|s||ca.' Cr3| ( ). - 1z111
. zo
1oo0re la|r|s||c Fxeges|s
. `3u||a pre|s|or|a de||e 'quaes||ores' re||a |e||era|ura pa|r|s||ca.' A3F ( ). 811
- |8o.
. `Fc|| de||a po|er|ca pagara su||a 8|oo|a reg|| scr|||| esege||c| lra lv e v
seco|o.
le uaes||ores ve|er|s e| Nov| Tes|arer||de||'Aroros|as|er.' A3F ( ). 111|
- 1o18.
lesc|, b. `'Fr W|rd Nazoraer |e|sser.' |ess|ar|sc|e Fxegese |r || 1-z,' 18-
|o1.
le||e|, |. `Tarar.' lages - |r l|gures de |'Arc|er Tes|arer| c|ez |es 1|;
lres.
Ca||ers de 8|o||a la|r|s||ca . 3|rasoourg. Cer z |re d'ara|yse e| docurer|a||or
pa|r|s||que, Turr|ou|. 8repo|s, . 18
le|||, |. `la rercor|re de 0av|d e| 8e|saoee ( 3ar . - . - ). |es z 11zzoz;
|r|erpre|a||ors des lres des prer|ers s|c|es.' lages |;-81|r do
`3e|or |es
3ep|ar|e.' lorrage |arguer||e lar|. Fd||ed oy 0. 0or|va| e| 0. |urr|c|.
lar|s. Cerl, 1.
le|||rsc|, l. `0as veroo| der 0pera serv|||a |r der |e|||ger 3c|r|l|urd |r der
a||||rc|||c|er Fxegese.' ZKT| o(1|;). zz-z;, |1;-||.
l|sc||e||| Carp|ro, T. `l| Car||co de| Car||c|re||'eseges| d| lao||ro d| No|a.' lages
8;-|oo|r le||ure cr|||are de| l|or| 3ap|erz|a|.XX lrcor|ro d| s|ud|os| de||'
69
ar||c||| cr|s||ara -11|agg|o 1991. bore, . 1z
l|zzo|a|o, l. l. `Arorog|o esege|a de| 3a|r| re||a 'Fxp|ara||o lsa|rorur Xll'.'
Aev
1;( ). - . 1oz8|o
. `3erso e va|ore de||'eseges| pa|r|s||ca.' lages - |r la |rad|z|ore zoo
pa|r|s||ca.
A||e lor|| de||a cu||ura europea.Fd||ed oy |. Na|d|r|. le||ure la|r|s||sc|e z.
l|orerce. Nard|r|, 1.
l|aces, F. des. `la syrgere|ac|re||erre.' 8|o ( ). - . ||1oo|z
. `ur ||re p|a|or|c|er dars |a |rad|||or pa|r|s||que. le jus|e cruc|l|e.' 3|la|r
( ). - . 1ooo|o
l|arque, |. `Fve (c|ez |es lres).' lr 0|c||orra|re de sp|r||ua|||e, . - . |1;;z;8
1o1.
l|urpe, J. C. |a|er ecc|es|a. Ar |rqu|ry |r|o ||e corcep| ol ||e C|urc| |r ear|y
c|r|s||ar||y. 3|ud|es |r C|r|s||ar Ar||qu||y. was||rg|or. Ca||o||c ur|vers||y ol
Arer|ca lress, 1|.
la p|ura||| de| varge||. Fd||ed oy l. |er|e| ard 0. Toso. TC . Tur|r. Fd||r|ce
lr|erra||ora|e, 1o.
lolle|, J. |. la re||ode exege||que d'lerac|eor e| d'0r|gre correr|a|eurs de
Jr |.
Jesus, |a 3arar||a|re e| |es 3arar||a|rs. larados|s z8. lr|oourg. Fd. ur|v., 18.
lo||ard, T. F. `T| e or|g|r ol c|r|s||ar exeges|s.' Jbl ( ). - . 11o118|;
lo||as|r|, A. `bappor|o |ra 0v ed Fz . |'|r|erpre|az|ore pa|r|s||ca de| 'pas|ore.' 1o |
Aspe||| esege||c|, s|or|c|, |eo|og|c|.' A3F ( ). - . z181z
lr|rz|va|||, F. `l'uso de| lrovero|re||a cu||ura cr|s||ara as|a||ca da 0|us||ro a
|e|od|o d| 0||rpo,' - . 1o;;
. `0orra e gereraz|ore re| ladr| de||a C||esa.' lages - |r la dorra re| ;|
Corc|us|ors 1o;
pers|ero cr|s||aro ar||co. Fd||ed oy u. |a|||o||. lr|roduc||or oy |. 3|rore|||.
Teo|og|a. 3agg| e b|cerc|e. 0eroa. |ar|e|||, 1z.
lrocope, J. l. `|urda|e quae |r|us sur|.' 3|la|rz;(1). 8-8;.
les lsaures correr|es par |es lres. Tex|s, |rars|a||ors, ro|es, ard |ao|es oy
8. lardry. lr|roduc||or oy A. 0. larrar. les pres dars |e lo|. lar|s. 0esc|ee
de
8rouWer, . 18
uacquare|||, A. `la croce e || drago re||a s|roo||ca pa|r|s||ca.' 3|c0yr ( ). z1;8
- o8z.
ba|rer, l. `Ar|erra cruc|s, v . 0as rys||c|e Tau.' ZKT| ( ). - . ;18|1o
. `Ar|erra cruc|s, vll. 0|e Arc|e Noe a|s 3c||lldes le||s.' ZKT| ( ). 8o1o|
- . 1;;
bap|sarda, 0. `'0raco ragrus rup|us' (Ap . ) lra Ar||co e Nuovo Tes|arer|o.' 1z
A3F ( ). - . |18;118
. `baao e 0ezaoe|e re||'eseges| pa|r|s||ca.' A3F ( ). - . o1811o
beuss, J. `Fvarge||er-Fr||arurger vor . o|s . | Ja|r|urder| |r der gr|ec||sc|er
K|rc|e.' lages |;o-o|r Neues Tes|arer| urd K|rc|e. ls. b. 3c|rac|eroerg.
lre|ourg, 1;|.
b|c||er, 0. 0|e luWasc|urg |r Jo|arresevarge||ur, 0esc||c||e ||er 0eu|urg.
8|o||sc|e ur|ersuc|urger , vo|. . . 1 1o1o;
b|ra|d|, 0. `l'Ar||co Tes|arer|o re||a po|er|ca ar||cr|s||ara d| lorl|r|o d| T|ro.'
Augbzz(18z). ;-111.
boo||a|||e, A. `l'Fg||se, epouse du C|r|s|, dars |'|r|erpre|a||or pa|r|s||que du
psaure ||(|), l-ll.' lT| l|zo(1;o). 1o;-;, z;-oo.
borar|u|, K. `8|o||a u 0jcoW Koc|o|a a 0jcoW|e Koc|o|a W 3|ud|ur 8|o||| (la
8|o|e c|ez |es lres de |'Fg||se e| |es lres de |'Fg||se dars |es e|udes
o|o||ques).'
bTK ( ). - . zz1;o;|
bordeau, |. J. les correr|a|res pa|r|s||ques du lsau||er ( e- e s|c|es), l. les
|ravaux des lres grecs e| |a||rs sur |e lsau||er. bec|erc|es e| o||ar. 0r|er|a||a
C|r|s||ara Ara|ec|a . bore. lor||l. lrs|. s|ud. or|er|., . z1 18z
. Fxegse prosopo|og|que e| ||eo|og|e. 0r|er|a||a C|r|s||ara Ara|ec|a . zzo
bore.
lor|. lrs|. 3|ud. 0r|er|., 18.
boover, F. de. `la ra|err||e v|rg|ra|e de |ar|e dars |'|r|erpre|a||or de 0a| . .' ||
Ar8|o - | ( ). - . 1;18z1o1;;
bordorl, w. `0|e Jacoos|e||er. 0er z8.1oll. urd Jo| 1.1|r der pa|r|s||sc|er
Fxegese.' lages oo-o;|r lex orard| |ex crederd|. 0esarre||e Aulsa|ze zur
oo.
0eours|ag.larados|s o. lre|ourg 3c|We|z. ur|vers||a|sver|ag, 1.
bou|||ard, l. `les r|rac|es du C|r|s|.' Ar|C;;(1o;). 1o|-o8.
bou|era, b. `beircarra||e |r de oude Ker|.' 0T|T.z|(1z). 1-z18|-
o.
. `le| ze|lo eWus|z|jr var eer oespo||e r|rder|e|d. 0e recep||e er u|||eg var
1Kor . - |r de |Weede er derde eeuW.' 1zoz8 lages ;-z|r 0e|over |r de
r|rder|e|d?Fd||ed oy u. l. de large. Karper. Ko|, 1|.
70
byar, l. `la|r|s||c Teac||rg or ||e lr|es||ood ol ||e la|||lu|.' lT| ( ) z1oz.
- . z1
1o80re la|r|s||c Fxeges|s
3aouga|, 3. Aooa. la 0rac|or de| 3eor (l|s|or|a y exeges|s |eo|og|ca).|adr|d.
la
Fd||or|a| Ca|o||ca, . 18
. `F| ladrerues|ro a |o |argo de |a ||s|or|a ( a. par|e).' N| ( ). - . z z18;1o1
3arc|ez Caro, J. |. `'lrooe| au|er se|psur |oro' ( Cor . ). lrl|ujo de |a 1 11z8
prax|s per||erc|a| ec|es|s||ca er |a |r|erpre|ac|or de ur |ex|o o|o||co.' 3a|r.
z( ). - . 18z|
3argue e ar|ropo|og|a re||a |eo|og|a. a||| de||a vl se|||rara, bora - zz8
roverore
18;.Fd||ed oy lrarcesco va|||or|. vo|s. bore. l|a ur|ore lrez|os|ss|ro
3argue, . 18
3ars, l. |. la erv|d|a pr|r|ger|a de| d|ao|o segr |a pa|r|s||ca pr|r|||va. Fs|ud|os
0r|erses a 3er|es . |adr|d. Fd. lax, . o 1o
3avor, l. `Zac|ar|e . e| |es jus||l|ca||ors pa|r|s||qu o1z es de |a pr|re vers |'or|er|.'
Augus||r|arur ( ). - . zo18o1
3carrer|r|, 3. `0|us||l|caz|ore per |a lede, g|us||l|caz|ore per |e opere. l|ree d|
s|or|a de||'eseges| d| 0|acoro . - e .' zzoz| zoA3Fo(18). 1o-8;.
3c|aeler, b. 0|e 8|oe|aus|egurg |r der 0esc||c||e der K|rc|e. 0u|ers|o|. |o|r,
18o.
3c|e|||e, K. l. `3|aa| urd K|rc|e |r der pa|r|s||sc|er Aus|egurg vor bor 1.1-
;.'
ZNw||(1z-1). zz-o.
. `K|rc|e urd 3yragoge |r der lru|er Aus|egurg des boreror|eles.' T|1|
(1|). zo-18.
. lau|us, le|rer der va|er. 0|e a||||rc|||c|e Aus|egurg vor borer 1-11.
0usse|dorl.
la|ros, 1o.
. `0er Judasor|el oe| der K|rc|erva|err.' lages |o-1o|r Aora|ar urser
va|er,
ls. 0. ||c|e|. . 1o
3c|r|||, J.-C. `le spec|re de 3arue| e| |a sorc|re d'Fr 0or. Ava|ars ||s|or|ques
d'ur
rec|| o|o||que. l bo|s z8.' F|udes bura|es(18;).
3c|rurr, K. 8. lorer urd larde|r. la|e|r|sc|e Aus|egurger des va|erursers |r
der
A||er K|rc|e o|s zur . Ja|r|urder|. lT| 3| 1z. lre|ourg. lerder, 18.
3c|u|z-l|uge|, F. 0regor|us F||oer||arus. Fp|||a|ar|ur s|ve exp|ara||o |r Car||c|s
car||corur vl.A0l8 zo. lre|ourg. lerder, 1|.
3c|Wager, b. `0er 3|eg C|r|s|| uoer der Teule|. Zur 0esc||c||e der
Fr|osurgs|e|re.'
ZKT| 1o(181). 1o-;;.
3cograr|g||o, b. l| `ladre Nos|ro' re||'eseges| de| padr|, . begg|o Fr|||a. Fd. 1|o
3ar
lorerzo, . 1
3cou|ers, C. `T| e leop|e ol 0odl|s ur||y ard ||s 0|ory. A 0|scuss|or ol Jo|r
1;.
;-z||r ||e l|g|| ol la|r|s||c T| oug||.' 00Tb ( ). - . o18|zo
3eroraro, l., ard 0. |. v|ar. `l'eseges| pa|r|s||ca re||a r|cerca cor|erporarea.'
Al|g ( ). - . o1;z|1o;
3erg, l. `ur|ersuc|urger zur vo|aou|ar urd zur |e|r|| |r der lyrrer des
3yres|os.' lr la|ro|og|a. 8e||rage zur 3|ud|ur der K|rc|erva|er. Fd||ed oy
Ardreas
Corc|us|ors 1o
3p|ra, luoer|us b. 0roorer, ard C|r|s|op|er K|oc|. vo|. . lrar|lur|. le|er |
larg, . 1o
3larer| 0asparro, 0. `la vergogra d| Adaro e d| Fva re||a r|l|ess|ore de|
ladr|.'
l3v ( ). - . zo18z;o
. `la dorra re||'eseges| pa|r|s||ca d| 0er - .' lages - |r la dorra 1 1;o re|
pers|ero cr|s||aro ar||co.Fd||ed oy u. |a|||o||. lr|roduc||or oy |. 3|rore|||.
Teo|og|a. 3agg| e b|cerc|e. 0eroa. |ar|e|||, 1z.
. `0orra e creaz|ore reg|| scr|||| de| ladr|. aspe||| e proo|er| de||'eseges|
pa|r|s||ca d| 0er 1-.' lages z1;-8|r 0|z|orar|o d| sp|r||ua|||o|o||co
pa|r|s||ca,
vo|. z. Creaz|oreuoro0orra. zd par|. reg|| scr|||| de| ladr|. bore. 8or|a,
1.
3|dera, J. `l's de|s evarge||s er |'Apo|og|a de Jus|.' lages - |r Trad|c|o | |;
|raducc|o de |a parau|a. ||sce||r|a 0u|u Carps.Fd||ed oy l. baure||, 0. boure
ard
l.-b. Tragar. 30|, . Assoc|ac|o 8o||ca de Ca|a|urya. 8arce|ora. luo||cac|ors |;
71
de |'Aoad|a de |or|serra|, . 1
3|eoer, l. J. `3o|a |rad|||ore? Zur bo||e der le|||ger 3c|r|l|aul der Korz|||er der
A||er K|rc|e,' - . z;o8
. `Fxeges|s la|rur. 3agg|o o|o||ogral|co su||'eseges| o|o||ca de| ladr| de||a
C||esa.'
lr 3uss|d| pa|r|s||c| ll. bore. 3| la|r|s|. Augus||r|arur, 18.
3|ed|ecr|, F. `A pa|r|s||c syr||es|s ol Jo|r o.|-.' 0|ss., 3|. |ary ol ||e la|e
3er|rary, 1o.
3|eger, J. 0. `l|c|or lgro|us. T| e ear|y C|r|s||ar p|c|or|a| ||ere ol C|r|s| ard ||e
c|urc| ard ||s roo|s |r pa|r|s||c exeges|s ol scr|p|ure.' 0|ss., ur|vers||y ol
l|||sourg|, 18o.
3|r|e, l. `Car| 1,;l. |r a||c|r|s|||c|er Aus|egurg.' TZ ( ). - . 181ozzoo;
3|rore|||, |. `No|e su||'|r|erpre|az|ore pa|r|s||ca d| 0eu|eroror|o , .' ve|C|r |z|
( ). - . 1o811o
. `la spada e |'ara|ro. ura ro|a su||'|r|erpre|az|ore pa|r|s||ca d| lsa|a . .' z|
la|erarur ( ). - . ||1;8|11z|
. `A|cure osservaz|or| su||'|r|erpre|az|ore |eo|og|ca de||a sacra scr|||ura |r e|
pa|r|s||ca.' 0rp|eus ( ). - . z181o11
. `vecc||o e ruovo re||'eseges| pa|r|s||ca greca de| |v seco|o.' Co||. 3|or|a XlX
( ) le |rarslorraz|or| de||a cu||ura re||a |arda ar||c|||. A||| de| corvegro 18
|eru|o ea Ca|ar|a. ur|vers|| deg|| 3|ud|, se||.- o||. . bore. z; z 18z
Jouverce.
. `l'Apoca||ss| e |'or|g|re de| r||err|o.' ve|C|rzo( ). - . 18;o
. 8|o||ca| lr|erpre|a||or |r ||e Far|y C|urc|. Ar l|s|or|ca| lr|roduc||or |o
la|r|s||c
Fxeges|s. Fd||ed oy A. 8ergqu|s| ard |. 8oc|rue||. Fd|rourg|. T & T C|ar|,
1|.
. `Cerr| su||'|r|erpre|az|ore pa|r|s||ca d| || 1.11.' A3F1(1o). 11-zz.
11o0re la|r|s||c Fxeges|s
3|rore|||, |., ard 0. |. v|ar. `l'eseges| pa|r|s||ca re||a r|cerca cor|erporarea.'
Aruar|o de ||s|or|a de |a lg|es|a ( ). - . o1;z|1o;
3ro|ar, l., ard |. Aoeroac|. `T| e 0o|der Ca|l Fp|sode |r los|o|o||ca|
l||era|ure.'
luCA(1o8). 1-11o.
3ru|ders, l. `le |o| e| |e Corcep| de Trad|||or c|ez |es lres 0recs.' b3b|o
(1z). |1-oz.
la sperarza re| padr|.Fd||ed oy 0. v|sor. le||ure cr|s||are de| pr|ro r|||er|o . 1|
|||ar. lao||re, 1.
3|arder, l. l. `lea|ures ol pa|r|s||c exeges|s exerp||l|ed oy ||e rarra||ve ol ||e
ToWer ol 8aoy|or (0er 11.1-).' Ac|a pa|r|s||ca e| oyzar||ra1(1o). z-.
3|aroW|eys||, |. `|ar|a rova Fva |r |rad|z|ore A|exardr|ra e| Ar||oc|era (saec.
v).' |ar ( ). - . |1;zz8
. `lis9dd pd. cor|r|ou||or ||s|o|re de |'exegse pa|r|s||que [|r
lo||s| W||| lrerc| surrary|.' Fos;8(1o). z81-.
. `Ks|qz|a F||ezjas|esa W s|arozy|roc| c|rzec|jars||ej [= T| e 8oo| ol
Fcc|es|as|es |r Arc|er| C|r|s||ar||y|.' voxl1o(1o). l.1, ;;1-8oo.
. `Ca|ec|es| o|o||ca de| pe||egr|r| |r Terra 3ar|a (seco|| ll-lv).' lages - 1|;o1
|r
Fseges| e ca|ec|es| re| ladr| (secc. ll-lv). Corvegro d| s|ud|o e agg|orrarer|o,
laco|| d| le||ere cr|s||are e c|ass|c|e (lor||l|c|ur lrs|||u|ur A|||or|s la||r||a||s),
bora - rarzo . Fd||ed oy 3. le||c|. 8|o||o|eca d| 3c|erze be||g|ose zoz8 1z
, 1oo
3|ud|Tes||Correr|| la|r|s||c|. bore. lA3, 1.
3||c|e|, b. Na||arae| ur|er der le|geroaur. 0|e 0esc||c||e e|res o|o||sc|er
Frza||s|olles |r l||era|ur urd Kurs| der oyzar||r|sc|er we||. w|esoader. 3|e|rer,
18.
3||ru||. Fxegese urd ||re lerrereu||| |r Ar|||e urd C|r|s|er|ur.les|sc|r|l|lur
Frrs| 0assrarr. Fd||ed oy 0. 3c|o||ger ard C. 3c|o||er. JAC.F, 8. z.
|urs|er.
Asc|erdorll, 1o.
3|o||, 8. 0e v|r|u|e |r v|r|u|er. Zur Aus|egurgs- urd w|r|urgsgesc||c||e der
8ergpred|g| |r Korrer|arer, lred|g|er urd |ag|ograp||sc|er l||era|ur vor der
|eroW|rgerze|| o|s ur 1zoo.8e||rage zur 0esc||c||e der o|o||sc|er Fxegese o.
Tuo|rger. J. C. 8. |o|r, 188.
3|r||z|y, |. 8. vor. 3|ud|er zur uoer||elerurg urd lr|erpre|a||or des va|erursers
|r
der lru|c|r|s|||c|er l||era|ur |8T| ;. |urs|er. Asc|erdorll, 18.
3|rooe|, l. A. `3c|r|l|vers|ardr|s urd 0or|g|e|| |r der a||es|er K|rc|e. F|re
aus|egurgs- urd proo|ergesc||c||||c|e 3|ud|e zur ver|a||r|s vor K|rc|e urd
3|aa|, vor a||er o|s zur Ze|| Kors|ar||rs des 0rosser.' 0|ss., Fr|arger, 1o.
3|roursa, 0. 0. `lerrereu||que o|o||que e| |der|||e. l'exarp|e d'lsaac.' b8
(1z). z-|.
3|uder, 8. `0e|ec|are e| prodesse. Zu e|rer 3c||usse|Wor| der pa|r|s||sc|er
Fxegese.' lages -81|r |eror|a| 0or Jear 0r|ooror| (1zo-18o). bore.
72
lrs|. la|r|s|. Augus||r|arur, 188.
Corc|us|ors 111
. 0or|rus 3a|va|or. 3|ud|er zur C|r|s|o|og|e urd Fxegese der K|rc|erva|er.
3|ud|a
Arse|r|ara 1o;. bore. lor||l|c|o A|ereo 3. Arse|ro, 1z.
3|ue|reroerg, l. l. `T| e 3|udy ol Ac|s 8elore ||e belorra||or. A 8|o||ograp||c
lr|roduc||or.' r| z(18;). 1oo-o.
. `A 0u|de |o ||e 8|ograp||ca| ard 8|o||ograp||ca| 3ources lor ||e 3|udy ol ||e
8|o|e oelore ||e belorra||or.' Jourra| ol be||g|ous ard T| eo|og|ca| lrlorra||or
1(1). 1;-z8.
3yrords, l. F. `T| e leaver|y 3acr|l|ce |r ||e 0ree| la||ers.' 3|la|r ( ). 81oo
- z8o8.
Tarca, b. `la delez|ore de| d|scepo|| d| 0esu' (lo . ) re||a |rad|z|ore pa|r|s||ca.' ooo
3|3b |vlll, ( ). - . o 118|1|o
Taraooc||a Caravero, A. Fseges| o|o||ca e cosro|og|a. No|e su||'|r|erpre|az|ore
pa|r|s||ca e red|oeva|e d| 0eres| . . 1zCo||. 3c. l| |os. o. |||ar. v||a e lers|ero,
181.
Te|l er, w. ` T| e lour||-Cer|ury 0ree| la||ers as Fxege|es.' lT|b ( ). o1;
- . 11o
Tes|a, F. `No ruovo Adaro secordo | sar|| ladr|.' b8|ol| ( ). - . 1|1ooo1|
. `l| larad|so de||' Fder secordo | 33. ladr|.' lrarclA ( ). - . 181o8|1z
. `la l|gura d| No secordo 33. ladr| (Cor|r|ou|o a||a s|or|a de||a eseges|).'
38l
zo( ). - . 1;o18o
. l| pecca|o d| Adaro re||a pa|r|s||ca (0er lll).3|ud| 8|o|. lrarc|scar| Ara|. .
Jerusa|er. lrarc|scar lr|r||rg lress, . 1;o
. `la ruova 3|or.' 38l ( ). - . zz1;z|8;
Tes|| pa|r|s||c| su| sargue d| Cr|s|o, l, - . 1zFd||ed oy T. veg||ar||. bore. Fd|z|ore
l|a
ur|ore lrez|os|ss|ro 3argue, 1z.
Teve|, J.-|. `T| e laoourers |r ||e v|reyard. T| e Fxeges|s ol |a|||eW zo.1-1;
|r
||e Far|y C|urc|.' v|gC|r|o(1z). o-8o.
T| eoc|ar|s, A. `le ro|e de lrov 8.zzperdar| |es cor|roverses c|r|s|o|og|ques.'
K|eroror|az(1;o). |-|, |l.
T| raede, K. `Zur a||||rc|||c|er Aus|egurg vor Jo| zo.zzl.' lages z;-;|r
v|var|ur. ls. T| eodor K|auser zur o. 0eour|s|ag. Fd||ed oy F. 0assrarr ard
K. T|raede. |urs|er. Asc|erdorll, 18|.
T| uroerg, l. `Far|y C|r|s||ar |r|erpre|a||or ol ||e ||ree arge|s |r 0er 18.'
3|la|r;
(1oo). oo-;o.
Tors|rg, F. `T| e lr|erpre|a||or ol Noa| |r Far|y C|r|s||ar Ar| ard l||era|ure.'
0|ssAo|o(1;-18o). 1.
Tr|gg, J. w. 8|o||ca| lr|erpre|a||or. |lC . w||r|rg|or, 0e|.. 0|az|er, . 188
Tro|aro, |. 3. `l'ep|sod|o de||a |orre d| 8aoe|e (0er . - ) e |a ques||ore de|| 111 a
p|ura||| de||e ||rgue presso a|cur| ladr|.' 33b ( ). - . 181o8|
Truzz|, C. `lropr|e|, r|c|ezza e pover| re| ladr| de||a C||esa.' lages |;-o;|r
lr
reror|a d| leore Torde|||.Fd||ed oy N. Ar||o||. begg|oo Fr|||a. 3|ud|o |eo|.
|r|erd|ocesaro, . 18o
11z0re la|r|s||c Fxeges|s
Turrer, C. l. `0ree| la|r|s||c Correr|ar|es or ||e lau||re Fp|s||es.' 08(l).
|8|-
1. 1o|.
u||erarr, K.-l. `0|e lazarus-lred|g| des leao||os vor Arao|ssos (8l0 zz1u).'
8yzar(18). z1-.
u|zsc|re|der, l. `0as |errereu||sc|e lroo|er der ure|rdeu||g|e|| o|o||sc|er
Tex|edarges|e||| ar Tex| urd bezep||or der Frza||urg vor Ja|oo ar Jaooo|
(0er z.z-).' FvT| (188). 18z-8.
var|oye, A. `l'orore e| |'|rage. 0|scuss|ors sur le 1o.1.' lages zo;-8z|r
`0uvr|r
|es Fcr||ures'. |e|arges oll er|s lau| 8eauc|arp |'occas|or de ses so|xar|e-
d|x
ars. Fd||ed oy l. 8ova|| ard b. |eyre|. l0 . lar|s. Cerl, . 1oz 1
va|||or|, l. `l| l||o scar|a||o d| ba|ao re||a 8|oo|a e re| ladr|.' lages - |r A||| 8111;
de||a 3e|||rara 3argue e ar|ropo|og|a re||a |e||era|ura cr|s||ara lll (bora, z
roverore- d|cerore ). bore. Fd. l|a ur|ore de| lrez|os|ss|ro 3argue ll. | 18z
. `l| sargue re||a lor|e d| 0|oooe.' lages - |r 3argue e ar|ropo|og|a o1;o8
re||a |eo|og|a. a||| de||a vl se|||rara, bora - roverore .Fd||ed oy zz8 18;
lrarcesco va|||or|. bore. Fd. l|a ur|ore lrez|os|ss|ro 3argue, . 18
ver|ar|r, C. ` T|e Trarsl|gura||or ol C|r|s| |r 0ree| la|r|s||c l||era|ure lror
lreraeus ol lyors |o 0regory ol la|aras.' 0|ss., 0xlord, 1z.
v|ar, 0. |., ard |. 3|rore|||. `l'eseges| pa|r|s||ca re||a r|cerca cor|erporarea.'
Al|g ( ). - . o1;z|1o;
73
voge|, C. la d|sc|p||re per||er||e||e er 0au|e des or|g|res |a l|r du vll
e
s|c|e. lar|s.
le|ouzey & Are, 1z.
weaver, 0. ` T| e Fxeges|s ol borars .1zarorg ||e 0ree| la||ers ard ||s
lrp||ca||ors lor ||e 0oc|r|re ol 0r|g|ra| 3|r. ||e ||-1z|| Cer|ur|es.' 3vTz
(18). z1-;.
w|c|er|, u. `8|o||sc|e Fxegese zW|sc|er N|caea urd C|a|cedor. lor|zor|e,
0rurdaspe||e.' lages -1|r C|r|s|||c|e Fxegese zW|sc|er N|caea urd
C|a|cedor.
Fd||ed oy J. var 0or| ard u. w|c|er|. Karper. Ko| l|aros, 1z.
w|c||ar, l. `T| e |grorarce ol C|r|s|. A proo|er lor ||e arc|er| ||eo|ogy.' lages
z1-zo|r C|r|s||ar la||| ard 0ree| l|||osop|y |r la|e Ar||qu||y. ls. 0. C.
3|ead. Fd||ed oy l. b. w|c||ar, C. l. 8arre|, ard F. C. 0. lur|er. le|der. 8r|||,
1.
w|e|gus, 3. 8adar|a rad 8|o||a W s|arozy|roc| | W redr|oWeczu (= 8|o||ca|
be searc| |r Ar||qu||y ard ||e ||dd|e Ages). bozpraWy wydz|a|u l||osol|czrego
|. luo||r. ToWarzys|Wo Nau|oWe Ka|o||c||ego ur|Wersy|e|u luoe|s||ego,
1o.
w|rder, J. C. |. var. `lexaereror.' bAC1|(188). 1zo-o.
w|||, b. F. `T|e l||g|| |o Fgyp|.' 3|la|r11. z-8.
wosc|||z, K. |. Frreuerurg aus der FW|ger. 0er|We|ser0|auoersWe|ser |r
Ar|||e
urd C|r|s|er|ur rac| 0llo . 1-. v|erra. lerder, 18;.
Corc|us|ors 11
aroro Co|||rs, A. `T| e 3org ol 3orgs |r Corpara||ve lerspec||ve,' |r leoreW
8|o|e
or 0|d Tes|arer|? 3|udy|rg ||e 8|o|e |r Juda|sr ard C|r|s||ar||y, ed||ed oy
b. 8roo|s ard J.J. Co|||rs. No|re 0are. ur|v. ol No|re 0are lress, 1o. lages
z1;-z1.
o u r g , l. ` T| e r|e|or|ca| sc|oo|s ard ||e|r |rl|uerce or pa|r|s||c exeges|s.'
lages
18z-1|r T| e |a||rg ol 0r||odoxy. Fd||ed oy boWar w||||ars. Caror|dge.
Caror|dge ur|v lress, 18.
ourg, l.|. `C|r|s|o|og|ca| ldeas |r ||e 0ree| Correr|ar|es or ||e Fp|s||e |o ||e
leoreWs.' JT| 3zo(1o). 1o-o.
. `laregyr|c ard ||e 8|o|e.' lages 1|-zo8|r 3|ud|a la|r|s||ca. lapers
lreser|ed
a| ||e F|ever|| lr|erra||ora| Corlererce or la|r|s||c 3|ud|es le|d |r 0xlord
11., vo|. z, Fd||ed oy F. A. l|v|rgs|ore. louva|r. lee|ers, 1.
Zap||r|s, 0. T| e pre-evarge||ca| |ex|s. T| e W||ress ol ||e la||ers corcerr|rg
||e or|g|ra| lorr ol ||e Fvarge||ca| |rad|||or ard ||e va|ue ol ||e la|r|s||c 8|o||ca|
quo|a||ors. A||ers, 1;8.
Zerp, l. `Zur lrage rac| der Aulers|e|urg C|r|s|| a|s 'lac|o|ur ||s|or|cur' oe|
der K|rc|erva|err.' 3e|r urd 3erdurgz(1o;). 11-z, -8.
Z|eg|er, J. `0c|s urd Fse| ar der Kr|ppe.' |T| (1z). 8-|oz.
Z|rcore, 3. `0sservaz|or| su||'|r|erpre|az|ore pa|r|s||ca d| ls 1.o.' 33bz(1;8).
|-.
v| A|p|aoe||ca| l|s| ol lr|rc|pa| Au||ors & Aroryrous wor|s 0|scussed
T||s page |r|er||ora||y|el|o|ar|
lror ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| 11
11
ClAlTFb Tw0
Ju0Al3| AN0
blFT0blCAl CulTubF.
Tw0 l0uN0ATl0NAl C0NTFXT3
l0b lATbl3TlC FXF0F3l3
cor|er|s
l. lror ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| 117
ll. baoo|r|c l||era|ure 120
oy ||c|ae| A. 3|grer ard 3usar l. 0ra|ar
lr|roduc||or 120
1 Tarra|||c per|od 123
2 Arora|c per|od 124
3 lr|rc|pa| ro||ors ol exeges|s ard |ex| 125
4 lourda||ora| docurer|s ol raoo|r|c |||era|ure 127
5 0eve|oprer| ol r|dras||c |||era|ure 129
o Juda|sr |r 8aoy|or|a 133
7 Fre|z lsrae| ard ||e Wes|err d|aspora al|er ||e erd ol ||e
Arora|c per|od. l|yyu|r135
8 Corc|us|or 13o
lll. T| e l|s|ory ol 0raeco-borar b|e|or|cs. A 3|or| 0u|||re 145
lv. T| e Cor|r|ou||or ol b|e|or|cs |o C|r|s||ar lerrereu||cs 149
74
oy C|r|s|op| 3c|auo||r
v| A|p|aoe||ca| l|s| ol lr|rc|pa| Au||ors & Aroryrous wor|s 0|scussed
T||s page |r|er||ora||y|el|o|ar|
lror ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| 11;l
lb0| TlF lF8bFw 8l8lF
T0 TlF 3FlTuA0lNT
lr ||e pa|r|s||c age ||e 8|o|e Was |roWr or|y ||roug| |rars|a||ors. Jerore's
exper||se |r leoreW |arguage rera|red a very |so|a|ed p|eroreror lrared
oy ||e Wor|d-W|de d|scourse ol ||e 0ree| ard la||r spea||rg c|urc|es |r
Ar||qu||y. A grea|er lar|||ar||y W||| leoreW pers|s|ed |r 3yr|ac spea||rg
C|r|s||ar||y or ||e eas|err corl|res ol ||e Frp|re ||roug|ou| ||e pa|r|s||c
cer|ur|es, ou| ever ||ere ||e 8|o|e Was read |r |rars|a||ors. T| e 0ree|
|rars|a||or ol Tora| Was ||e Wor| ol a group ol le||er|zed JeWs, ||e |egerdary
`3ever|y,' |erce ||e `3ep|uag|r|,' ||e Wor| ol ||e 3ever|y (lXX) |r
A|exardr|a ||ree cer|ur|es oelore ||e Corror Fra. T| e o||er ooo|s ol ||e
8|o|e, lo||oW|rg ||e Tora|, or ||e ler|a|euc|, ||e `l|ve 8oo|s,' as || Was ca||ed
|r 0ree|, Were a|| |rars|a|ed |r A|exardr|a oy aroryrous JeW|s| sc|o|ars
oelore ||e o|r|| ol C|r|s||ar||y. No Worder ||erelore |l ||e ear||es| 0ospe|
corrur|||es |reW ro o||er |ex|s ol ||e 8|o|e ou| ||e |xx, W|ose exp||c||
or |rp||c|| quo|a||ors perrea|e ||e W|o|e co||ec||or ol caror|ca| Wr|||rgs
W||c| oecare |roWr as ||e NeW Tes|arer|.
`T| e lXX represer|s ||e l|rs| |arge sca|e a||erp| |o |rars|a|e ar or|er|a|
re||g|ous |ex| |r|o 0ree|' (3. l. 8roc|, TbF o, 1o1). 0||er |rars|a||ors ol ||e
8|o|e lror leoreW |o 0ree| Were rea||zed dur|rg ||e l|rs| ||ree cer|ur|es ol
C|r|s||ar||y. 0r|ger Wou|d |a|e ||er |r|o accour| lor ||s |ex|ua| cr|||c|sr
or ||e |xx as |rarsr|||ed |o ||r. loWever ||e |xx |rars|a||or rera|red
urpara||e|ed |r ||s recep||or oy ||e C|urc|. T| e |xx exerc|sed a pervas|ve
ard prolourd |rl|uerce or ||e pa|r|s||c urders|ard|rg ol 3cr|p|ure. 0ree|
spea||rg C|r|s||ar |r|erpre|ers ol ||e ear|y cer|ur|es ard deep |r|o ||e
||dd|e Ages lourd ||erse|ves cors|ra|red |o g|ve a reasorao|e accour| ol
a sacred |ex| |rarsr|||ed |r ||e|r oWr |arguage ou| |ssu|rg lror a re||g|ous
cu||ure W||| W||c| ||ey |ad ro|||rg |r corror. T| oug| |e||er|zed |o ||e
po|r| ol prac||ca||y |os|rg cor|ro| over leoreW |arguage, ||e A|exardr|ar
JeWs, lor W|or ||e |xx |ad oeer corp|e|ed |r ||e l|rs| p|ace, |ad rece|ved
lror ||e|r re||g|ous |eaders ||e reeded oas|c |roW|edge aoou| ||e |rs|||u||ors
ard ||e ||s|ory ol o|o||ca| lsrae|. lor C|r|s||ar oe||evers, lor ||e ros| par|
cor|rg lror a pagar oac|grourd, ||e `lore|gr' 0ree| ol ||e |xx |rars|a||or
Was a proo|er |r ||se|l, ro| or|y oecause ol ||e exo||c (lor ||er) cor|er|s ol
||s rarra||ve ou| a|so oecause ol ||s very Word|rg ard ||s grarrar. T| e
c|ar|l|ca||or ol |ex|ca| da|a or ||e s|rugg|e W||| urlar|||ar lorrs ol syr|ax Were
a cors|ar| du|y lor aryore expourd|rg 3cr|p|ure |r C|r|s||ar corrur|||es.
118 TWo Juda|sr ard b|e|or|ca| Cu||ure
0ue |o ||e cu||ura| s|rgu|ar||y ol |xx 0ree| as ar arc|er| lorr ol ||e Ko|re,
or `verracu|ar' 0ree| used as corror |d|or s|rce A|exarder ||e 0rea| a||
over ||e |err||or|es ol ||s corques|s, ||e 0ree|-spea||rg c|urc|es reeded
|||era| exp|ara||ors ol ||e 8|o|e |r preac||rg ard |r sacrarer|a| ac||ors.
lr ||s C|r|s||ar recep||or, ||e |xx |s currer||y ||e locus ol a ||ve|y co||aoora||or
arorg spec|a||s|s, |r par||cu|ar ||ose |r|eres|ed |r ||e |rrurerao|e proo|ers ol
|rars|a||or W||| W||c| pa|r|s||c au||ors Were dea||rg. 8y
scru||r|z|rg ||e procedures ol pa|r|s||c exeges|s W||c| |ad ou||| up a W|o|e
v|s|or ol o|o||ca| da|a ard a ||eo|ogy ol ||s oWr or ||e oas|s ol proo|era||c
rerder|rgs ol ||e or|g|ra| leoreW |ex|s |r ||e |xx, ||ese spec|a||zed sc|o|ars
oper lor ||e l|rs| ||re a cr|||ca| access |o ||e ros| esser||a| lourda||or ol
o|o||ca| exeges|s |r arc|er| C|r|s||ar||y, ||e very |ex| ol ||e 8|o|e |r ||s |xx
|rars|a||or.
0. 0or|va|, |. lar|, 0. |urr|c|, la 8|o|e grecque des 3ep|ar|e. 0u judaisre
|e||er|s||que au c|r|s||ar|sre arc|er(lar|s, 18z), ollers ar |r|roduc||or
|o ||e ||s|ory, ||e |ex| ard ||e recep||or ol |xx, W||| o|o||ograp|y. A |rars|a||or ol
||e |xx |r lrerc|, W||| |r|roduc||ors ard ex|erded cr|||ca| ro|es |s
puo||s|ed ||ar|s |o ||e |r|||a||ve ol |arguer||e lar|, lrolessor erer||us a|
||e 3oroorre, la 8|o|e d'A|exardr|e(lar|s, 18o-). T| e l|rs| vo|ures puo||s|ed
or lor||cor|rg are.
1. la 0erse, |. lar|, . 18o
z. l' F x o d e, A. le 8ou||uec ard l. 3ardevo|r, . 18
. le lev|||que, l. lar|e ard 0. lra|or, . 188
|. les Norores, 0. 0or|va|, . 1|
. le 0eu|erorore, C. 0ogr|ez ard |. lar|, . 1z
o. Jesus (Josue), J. |oa||| - l|re, . 1o
;. les Juges, l. lar|e.
8. bgres, |. les||erre, e| a|. 1
. bgres, l. leleovre.
1o. Fsdras l, A. Caressa.
T| e lo||oW|rg are a leW rajor s|ud|es or ||e |ex| ol |xx.
0. 8ar||e|ery, les 0evarc|ers d'Aqu||a (vT.31o, le|der, 1o).
75
F. 8|c|errarr, 3|ud|es |r JeW|s| ard C|r|s||ar l|s|ory(zvo|s., le|der, 1;o,
18o).
3. l. 8roc|, `T| e l|eroreror ol 8|o||ca| Trars|a||or |r Ar||qu||y.' lages |1-
;1
|r 3. Je|||coe, 3|ud|es |r ||e 3ep|uag|r|. 0r|g|rs, becers|ors, ard lr|erpre|a||or
(NeW or|, 1;|).
C. 0agr|cz, 8|o||ograp|y ol ||e 3ep|uag|r|. 8|o||ograp||e de |a 3ep|ar|e ( - 1;o
) 1
(le|der, ). 1
A. ba||ls, 3ep|uag|r|a-3|ud|er( - , rd ed., 0o| 1o|111z ||rger, ). 1o
l. 8. 3Wee|e, Ar lr|roduc||or |o ||e 0T |r 0ree|(Caror|dge, 1oz, repr|r| 1o8).
lror ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| 110r ||e pa|r|s||c exeges|s ol ||e
|xx.
b. 0evreesse, les arc|ers correr|a|eurs grecs de |'0c|a|euque e| des
bo|s(va||car,
1).
0. 0or|va|, `0es correr|a|eurs de |'Fcr||ure aux c|aires,' pp. o1-8o|r
C. |or deser|, ed., le rorde grec e| |a 8|o|e(8TT 1, lar|s, 18|).
l3 |. lar|, do o3e|or |es 3ep|ar|e(lar|s, ). 1
1zo TWo Juda|sr ard b|e|or|ca| Cu||ure
ll
bA88lNlC llTFbATubF
a spec|a| cor|r|ou||or
oy ||c|ae| A. 3|grer ard 3usar l. 0ra|ar
lr|roduc||or
3cr|p|ure ard ||s |r|erpre|a||or are ||e cer|er ol re||g|ous ||le lor ||e JeW|s|
peop|e. lr Ne| 8.1-8, Fzra reads lror ||e ooo| ol ||e laW ol 0od, surrourded oy
||e pr|es|s W|o |rars|a|e ard |r|erpre| || |o ||e peop|e. T| ese
|Wo ac||v|||es, read|rg ||e Word ol 0od ard |r|erpre||rg || |r ||e ||g|| ol ||e
cor|erporary r|||eu so ||a| || r|g|| oe app||ed |o ||e ||le ol lsrae|, are ||e
lurdarer|a| ax|ors ol o|o||ca| s|ud|es |r Juda|sr. T| e dyrar|c re|a||ors||p
oe|Weer corcerr lor ||e sacred c|arac|er ol ||e Words, ||e|r |rarsr|ss|or
|o ||e rex| gerera||or, ard ||e|r app||ca||or |o ||e ex|gerc|es ol ||le, |as
oeer ||e source ol rereWa| lor Juda|sr ||roug|ou| ||s ||s|ory. l| |s a|so
||e source ol deve|oprer| ol o|o||ca| |r|erpre|a||or |r Juda|sr. loWever,
||e s|ory ol Juda|sr lror ;oc.e. or |s s|aped ard |o|d oy a s|rg|e group
W||||r Juda|sr. ||e raoo|r|c roverer| |r|||a||y cer|ered |r Fre|z lsrae|.1
8ecause ol ||e cer|ra| p|ace ol baoo|r|c |||era|ure |r JeW|s| |rad|||or, We
|ave or|||ed d|scuss|or ol JeW|s| Apocryp|a, le||er|s||c Juda|sr, ard ||e
0ead 3ea scro||s.z
1. T| e s|rerg|| ol |||s |rad|||or |s c|ear |r ||e ear||es| assessrer|s ol JeW|s|
exege||ca| ||s|ory, ||e 3eder Tarra|r We-Arora|r, corror|y ||oug|| |o da|e ca.
88|c.e.,
ard ||e lggere| bao 3|er|ra 0aor, W||c| |s ||e |e||er ||a| 3|er|ra, ||e gaor
(|eader)
ol ||e 8aoy|or|ar |oWr ol luroed|||a, Wro|e ca. 8;|o arsWer ques||ors
regard|rg ||e redac||or ol ||e var|ous raoo|r|c |ex|s (0. 3|eroerger, lr|roduc||or
|o ||e
Ta|rud ard ||dras|[Fd|rourg|. T&T C|ar|, 1o| o-;, cl. 1z-|).
z. we car say corl|der||y, ||ar|s |o recer| s|ud|es, ||a| ||e Juda|sr ol ||e 3ec
ord
Ter p|e per|od Was c|arac|er|zed oy grea| d|vers||y (e.g., ||e urrar separa||s|
corrur||y, ||e A|exardr|ar corrur||y, rascer| C|r|s||ar||y). Fver al|er ||e
des|ruc||or ol ||e 3ecord Terp|e oy T||us |r ;oc.e., Juda|sr ra|r|a|red a
d|vers||y
W||c| |s rar|les|ed |r ||e arc|aeo|og|ca| record, ou| ro| |r ||e |ex|s. (3ee 3|ror,
ver us lsrae|, |ard 3|eroerger, lr|roduc||or, |8-|.) T| e d|verse |rad|||ors ol
||e
|a|e 3ecord Terp|e per|od oll er grea| po|er||a| lor |rs|g|| |r|o ||e deve|oprer|
ol Juda|sr ard JeW|s| exeges|s |r ||e ear|y cer|ur|es ol ||e Corror Fra
(3||rar,
wor|d ol ||e Agga da|), a|||oug| W|e||er ||ese currer|s W||||r Juda|sr allec|ed
bao o|r|c |||erary ellor| |as ro| ye| oeer de|err|red (3|eroerger,lr|roduc||or,
|8).
T| e o|o||ograp|y a| ||e erd ol |||s essay |rc|udes sore ol ||ese au||ors.
lror ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| 1z1a. 0ua| Tora|
T| e s|uder| ol raoo|r|c Juda|sr |r ||e per|od ca. ;o-;ooc.e. s|ou|d cors|der
||e ra|ure ol ||e caror W||c| cors|||u|es ||s sacred |||era|ure. lor ||e
baoo|s, reve|a||or cors|s|s ol a `dua| Tora|.' 0re par| |s ||e wr|||er Tora|, or
`Wr|||er |aW,'

(||qra), rore gerera||y ca||ed s|rp|y

(Tora|).
T| e secord par| |s ||e 0ra| Tora|, or `ora| |aW,' ca||ed - .
baoo|r|c
|rad|||or |o|ds ||a| ||e 0ra| Tora| cor|a|red a reve|a||or ol a|| poss|o|e
76
|r|erpre|a||ors ol ||e Wr|||er Tora| |o |oses. loWever, lor ||ose W|o care
|a|er, || requ|red d|scovery.
0od sa|d |o |oses. `wr||e ||ese |||rgs, lor || |s oy rears ol ||ese
|||rgs ||a| l |ave rade a coverar| W||| lsrae|' [Fxod |.z;|. w|er
0od Was aoou| |o g|ve ||e Tora|, le rec||ed || |o |oses |r proper
order, 3cr|p|ures, ||s|ra|, Aggada|, ard Ta|rud, lor 0od spo|e a||
||ese Words [Fxod zo.1|, ever ||e arsWers |o q ues||ors W||c| advarced
d|sc|p|es |r ||e lu|ure are des||red |o as| ||e|r |eac|ers d|d
0od revea| |o |oses! (Tarura8uoer (188), K| T|ssa8o.)
T| e pr|rc|pa| |ex| oe|org|rg |o ||e 0ra| Tora| Was ||e ||s|ra|, W||c| Was
ser|ra| lor suosequer| |r|erpre|a||ors ol 3cr|p|ure, |rc|ud|rg ||e ||dras||r
ard Ta|rud, as We s|a|| see. T| e corcep| ol ||e dua| Tora| erp|as|zes ||a|
every gerre ol pos|-o|o||ca| JeW|s| |||era|ure |s re|a|ed |o 3cr|p|ure.
o. 0a||rg ||e Tex|s
l| |s a|so recessary |o cors|der ||a| ||e |rad|||ors oe|org|rg |o our per|od
are eroedded |r |a|er redac||ors ard add|||ors |o ||e |ex|s ||a| ||e ear|y
baoo|s produced. T| |s |s |r par| due |o ||e very ra|ure ol ||e deve|oprer|
ol ||e Wr|||er docurer|s ol baoo|r|c |||era|ure, W||c| are corp||a||ors ol
||e|r op|r|ors ard d|scuss|ors. baoo|r|c |rad|||or evo|ved c||el|y |r ||e -
(||e syragogue), ard espec|a||y |r ||e d|spu|a||ors W||c| |oo| p|ace |r
||e

- (oe|| |a-||dras|), or |ouse ol s|udy. 3ore ol ||ese op|r|ors

ray |ave oeer |rarsr|||ed ora||y, sore |r Wr|||er lorr. belerr|rg |o ||e
cor|ex| ol ||e or|g|ra| deoa|es serves |o c|ar|ly rary passages W||c| Wou|d
o||erW|se rera|r puzz||rg. lor exarp|e, or|y |r ||e cor|ex| ol d|spu|a||or
does ||e lo||oW|rg passage lror ||e ||s|ra| regard|rg ||e da||y rec||a||or
ol ||e 3|era(0eu| o.|) ra|e serse.
0re W|o rec||ed ||e 3|eraso sol||y ||a| |e cou|d ro| |ear || s|||| lu|l|||ed ||s
oo||ga||or.
b. ose says, `le d|d ro| lu|l|| ||s oo||ga||or.'
[0ojec||or.| ll |e rec||ed ou| d|d ro| erurc|a|e ||e |e||ers.
b. ose says, `le lu|l|||ed ||s oo||ga||or.'
8u| b. Juda| says, `le d|d ro| lu|l|| ||s oo||ga||or.'
baoo|r|c l||era|ure 1z1
1zz TWo Juda|sr ard b|e|or|ca| Cu||ure
ll |e 0re W|o rec||ed |r reverse order does ro| lu|l|| ||s oo||ga||or.
rec||ed ard erred, |e s|ou|d re|urr |o ||e p|ace W|ere |e erred [ard
cor||rue rec|||rg lror ||ere |o ||e corc|us|or|.

T| e baoo|s' ||ve|y sc|o|ar|y d|scuss|ors resu||ed |r a pro||lera||or ol Wr|||er |ex|s

W|ose ras|ery oecare ||e dor|rar| |r|e||ec|ua| lorce |r |a|er
Juda|sr.
0e|err|r|rg ||e s|ages ol |oW baoo|r|c |ex|s evo|ved oegar as par| ol
ar arc|er| |rad|||or, W||c| |der||l|ed spec|l|c gerera||ors ol raoo|s W|||
||e erergerce ol par||cu|ar |ex|s. lor exarp|e, ||e ||s|ra| |s |der||l|ed
W||| baoo| Juda| ||e la|r|arc|. lur||errore, rary |ex|s c||e ||e rares
ol |rpor|ar| raoo|s |r correc||or W||| spec|l|c op|r|ors. 3ore roderr
sc|o|ars |rea| suc| a||r|ou||ors, e.g., |r ||e ||s|ra|, Ta|rud, e|c., as ||s|or|ca||y
accura|e, ard |a|e ||e|r a||r|ou||ors a| lace va|ue. 0||er roderr
sc|o|ars cors|der ||ese |ex|s W||c| cors|der ||e ||s|or|ca| evo|u||or ol raoo|r|c
|||era|ure as a recors|ruc||or ol ||s|ory or ar apo|oge||c oy ||e |a|er
raoo|r|c e|||e.
|
0esp||e ||e proo|ers |rvo|ved |r ||s|or|ca| recors|ruc||or
ol raoo|r|c ||s|ory ever up |o ||e e|ever|| cer|ury, || |s poss|o|e |o descr|oe
gerres ol raoo|r|c |||era|ure |r ||e|r c|roro|og|ca| sequerce. lr order |o
s|rp||ly ||e d|scuss|or We s|a|| ass|gr ||er |o ||e eras W||c| ||e red|eva|
raoo|s u||||zed W|er ||ey descr|oed ||er. T| e Wor| ol 3|eroerger |r ||e
o|o||ograp|y W||| prov|de gu|darce lor ||e d|scuss|ors ol raoo|r|c c|roro|ogy oy
roderr sc|o|ars.
c. T| e `Acader|es'
3c|oo|s, or acader|es, Were ||e |ocus ol JeW|s| re||g|ous educa||or. T| e
or|g|r ol ||ese sc|oo|s ray oe d|scovered |r ||e scr|p|ura| corrardrer|
|o prov|de re||g|ous educa||or lor c|||drer (0eu| 11.1). 0r ||e oas|s ol
raoo|r|c |||era|ure, We ray recors|ruc| |oW |||s corrardrer| Was lu|l|||ed
|r ||e ear|y per|od ol raoo|r|c Juda|sr. A corrura| |u|or re| ||e s|uder|s
. |. 8era||o|z., |rars. Neusrer, ||s|ra|, .
|. T| e `||s|or|ca|' approac| |o raoo|r|c |||era|ure Wou|d oe represer|ed |r ||e
Wr|||rgs ol 3. 3alra| ed., T| e l||era|ure ol ||e 3ages, lar| 1, Corperd|a rerur
luda|carur ad Novur Tes|arer|ur, sec||or |Wo (Asser||aas|r|c||. var
0orcur,
l|||ade|p||a. lor|ress lress, 18;). T| e r|r|ra||s| approac| |s |a|er oy ||e
sc|oo|
ol Jacoo Neusrer, `T| e use ol ||e ||s|ra| lor ||e l|s|ory ol Juda|sr lr|or |o
||e T|re ol ||e ||s|ra|. A |e||odo|og|ca| No|e,' J3J 11(18o). 1;;-8, ard |r
77
lror ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| 1zbaoo|r|c l||era|ure 1z
|r ||e - (oe|| seler, `|ouse ol ||e ooo|'), W||c| seers |o |ave oeer
|oca|ed |r or rear ||e syragogue, |o |earr ||e 3cr|p|ures. Teac||rg Was oy
read|rg ard repe||||or a|oud, |r a se| rarrer ol car||||a||or (see o. |eg|||a
za). T| e s|uder|s l|rs| |earred wr|||er Tora|, espec|a||y ||e ler|a|euc|,
oeg|rr|rg W||| ||e ooo| ol lev|||cus. 0ra| Tora| Wou|d oe |aug|| |a|er |r
||e

- (oe|| |a-||dras|), or |ouse ol s|udy. T| e sc|oo| lor ||e s|udy

ol ||e 0ra| laW r|g|| oe ca||ed a (yes||va, |||. `s||||rg') lror ||e |||rd
cer|ury or |r Fre|z lsrae|.
T| ese acader|es prooao|y cors|s|ed ol a sra|| ruroer ol s|uder|s W|o
||ved rear ||e res|derce ol ||e raoo|. A pup|| Wou|d oecore a d|sc|p|e ol ||e
raoo|, reror|z|rg ||e |rad|||ors |aug|| |r ||e sc|oo|. Fver|ua||y, ||e goa|
ol ||e d|sc|p|e Was |o acqu|re ||e ao||||y |o ra|e |rdeperder| dec|s|ors |r
ra||ers ol re||g|ous |aW. T| e ||cerse |o ra|e ||ese dec|s|or Was ca||ed
or ord|ra||or. T| |s perr|||ed ||e s|uder| |o |ave ||e ||||e ol `baoo|,' a ra||er
W||c| appears |o |ave requ|red la|r|arc|a| approva|.
T| e acader|es W||c| gave ord|ra||or |r Fre|z lsrae| seer |o |ave oeer
rore ||g|||y cor|ro||ed dur|rg ||e l|rs| s|x cer|ur|es c.e. ||ar ||ose |r
8aoy|or|a. lr Fre|z lsrae| ||e Word `baoo|' Was u||||zed |rcreas|rg|y as ar
|rd|ca||or ol proless|ora| s|ard|rg ra||er ||ar as ar |oror|l|c lorr ol address
dur|rg ||e l|rs| |Wo cer|ur|es c.e. lr 8aoy|or|a ||e ||||e `bao' Was used
ra||er ||ar `baoo|,' ard |||s ray |rd|ca|e ||a| |r ||e 8aoy|or|ar sc|oo|s
||ere Was ro lorra| ord|ra||or correspord|rg |o ||a| |r Fre|z lsrae|.
1. Tarra|||c ler|od
T| e ear||es| group ol 3ages |r raoo|r|c Juda|sr are ca||ed Tarra|r.T|e |err
Tarra(, p|. `Tarra|r') |s ar Arara|c Word assoc|a|ed W||| ||e leoreW
roo| (s|ara|, `repea|,' or `|earr'). l| |s d|ll| cu|| |o de|err|re prec|se|y
W|er ||e Tarra|||c per|od oeg|rs. lr ||e ||s|ra| |rac|a|e 'Ao o|, ||e raoo|s
||r|ed ||e|r au||or||y |o ||e `|er ol ||e 0rea| Assero|y,' par||cu|ar|y baoo|
||s rary ooo|s. lor a survey ol ||e proo|er, s|uder|s ray corsu|| ||e surrary,
`lard||rg baoo|r|c Tex|s. T| e lroo|er ol |e||od,' |r 3|eroerger, lr|roduc||or,
|-. 3|eroerger prov|des a s|a|us ques||or|sd|scuss|or ol ||e redac||or ard
|ex|ua| ||s|or|es ol ||e rajor |ex|s ol raoo|r|c Juda|sr.
. w|er ||e la|r|arc|a|e Was erded (oy |z), raoo|r|c ord|ra||or Was rep|aced
oy
o||er lorrs ol dec|ar|rg a sc|o|ar's |rdeperderce ol op|r|or. 3ee 3|eroerger,
lr|roduc||or, 8-1|.
1z| TWo Juda|sr ard b|e|or|ca| Cu||ure
3|ror ||e Jus|. |oderr sc|o|ars da|e ||s ac||v||y |o ||e lasrorear per|od.
T| |s Wou|d prov|de a oeg|rr|rg da|e lor ||e raoo|r|c |eac|ers |oWard ||e
erd ol ||e secord cer|ury o.c.e. loWever, ros| ol ||e ear||es| ras|ers c||ed
|r ||e ||s|ra| oeg|r al| er ||e per|od ol l|||e| ard 3|arra|, W||c| Wou|d
p|ace ||e|r ac||v||y |r ||e l|rs| cer|ury c.e. Jacoo Neusrer ard rary o||er
sc|o|ars argue ||a| || |s d|ll| cu|| |o ra|e ary del|r|||ve s|a|erer|s aoou|
|eac||rgs W||c| are pr|or |o ||e des|ruc||or ol ||e |erp|e |r ;oc.e. T| ere
seers |o |ave oeer a s|gr|l|car| corso||da||or ol raoo|r|c Juda|sr al|er ||e
des|ruc||or ol ||e |erp|e. T| |s |s usua||y descr|oed as ||e avre| or Jarr|ar
per|od. |ary sc|o|ars ra|se ques||ors aoou| ||e accuracy ol ||e |rad|||ors
assoc|a|ed W||| avre|. |oderr sc|o|ars ascr|oe |o ||e pos|-8ar Ko||oa
per|od (1c.e.) a s|gr|l|car| deve|oprer| ol ||e Tarra|||c |rad|||ors. T| |s
per|od, lror 1|o zoo, represer|s ||e re|oca||or ol ||e acader|es |o ||e
0a|||ee reg|or. T| e ||s|ra| ||se|l del|res ||e erd ol ||e Tarra|||c per|od.
T| |s Wou|d rear ||a| oy ||e r|d-|||rd cer|ury c.e., ||e Tarra|||c per|od
care |o ar erd.
T| e |||rd cer|ury Was a per|od ol urres|. l| Was a ||re ol cr|s|s ||roug|ou| ||e
borar Frp|re, W||c| ||e JeW|s| corrur|||es |r Fre|z lsrae| exper|erced |r ||e
lorr ol orerous |axa||or. 8y ||e erd ol ||e cer|ury, ||ere Were
|Wo geograp||ca| cer|ers ol raoo|r|c Juda|sr. lr add|||or |o ||e raoo|s |r
Fre|z lsrae|, s|||| cer|ered arourd 0a|||ee, a secord cer|er ol raoo|r|c s|udy
ard exeges|s |ad deve|oped |r ||e |org-es|ao||s|ed JeW|s| corrur||y |r
8aoy|or. baoo|s W|o |ad l|ed lror Fre|z lsrae| al|er ||e des|ruc||ors ol
;oard 1augrer|ed |||s corrur||y ard ||s acader|es. T| e rary ||r|s,
lorra| ard |rlorra|, oe|Weer ||ese corrur|||es oecore c|ear ||roug| ar
|rves||ga||or ol ||e |r|erre|a||ors||p oe|Weer ||e |Wo Ta|ruds. say|rgs ol
8aoy|or|ar sages car oe lourd |r ||e Jerusa|er Ta|rud, ard e|erer|s ol
||e Jerusa|er Ta|rud are lourd |r ||e 8aoy|or|ar Ta|rud.
z. Arora|c ler|od
T| e rex| per|od |s ca||ed `Arora|c,' rared al|er ||e `Arora|r' ( ,
lror ||e roo| , arar, `say,' `rare,' or `exp|a|r'). T| e Arora|r Were
||e `|r|erpre|ers' or correr|a|ors or ||e ||s|ra|. T| e corp|||rg ol
||e pr|rc|pa| correr|ar|es or ||e ||s|ra|, ||e |Wo Ta|rud, del|re ||e
Arora|c per|od. T||s del|r|||or |rp||es ||e deve|oprer| ol |Wo groups ol
sc|o|ars|r Fre|z lsrae| ard 8aoy|or|aard ||e ever|ua| redac||or ol ||e
|Wo Ta|ruds.
78
T| e Arora|c per|od |r Fre|z lsrae| lo||oWs ||e cor|ours ol ||e po||||ca|
lror ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| 1zbaoo|r|c l||era|ure 1z
deve|oprer|s |r ||e eas|err borar erp|re. Al|er Cors|ar||re's l|ra| corques| ol
||e |ard |r z|, borar |eg|s|a||or oecare |rcreas|rg|y ar||-JeW|s|,
ard oy ||e erd ol ||e lour|| cer|ury ||e la|r|arc|a|e ard syragogues Were
pr|rc|pa| |arge|s ol ar||-JeW|s| |aWs (see Codex T|eodos|arus1o.8.1, , o, 1,
zo, ard 1o..1, z). lr r|d-cer|ury ||ere Was a reoe|||or, lo||oWed oy a dec||re
ol ||e cap||a| c|||es (T|oer|as, 3epp|or|s, lydda) ro|ed |r ||e arc|aeo|og|ca|
record. Trad|||or records ||a| rary raoo|s er|gra|ed |o 8aoy|or|a a| |||s
||re, poss|o|y as a resu|| ol ||ese ever|s. T| e la|r|arc|a|e Was aoo||s|ed
oy borar ed|c| oy |z, ard |r ||e |a||er |a|l ol ||e cer|ury ||e acader|es
dec||red, ard, per|aps respord|rg |o ||ese po||||ca| |urrs, ||e Jerusa|er
Ta|rud (JT) Was redac|ed ard ||e Arora|c per|od |r Frez lsrae| care |o a
c|ose ca. |oo. lr 8aoy|or|a, || ex|erds aro||er cer|ury, s|rce ||e 8aoy|or|ar
Ta|rud (8T) rece|ved s|gr|l|car| redac||ors ca. oo, or|y |o assure ||s l|ra|
lorr |r ||e lo||oW|rg per|od.
T| e Arora|c per|od |r 8aoy|or|a ex|erds lror ||e |||rd ||roug| ||e
l|l|| cer|ur|es c.e. be|a||ors oe|Weer ||e JeW|s| corrur|||es ard ||e|r
ror-JeW|s| ru|ers ||ere seer |o |ave oeer rore |arror|ous ||ar |r ||e
borar erp|re. w||| ||e excep||or ol sore corl||c|s W||| ||e 3assar|ar
rorarc|s |r ||e r|d-l|l|| cer|ury, ||e acader|es ol Arora|r cor||rued
ac||v||y W|||ou| |r|erlererce. |oderr sc|o|ars d|s||rgu|s| oe|Weer ||e erd
ol ||e Arora|c per|od a| ||e erd ol ||e l|l|| cer|ury ard ||e redac||or ol
||e 8aoy|or|ar Ta|rud, W||c| ray |ave |appered urder ||e ls|ar|c ru|ers
|r ||e sever|| cer|ury.
. lr|rc|pa| No||ors ol Fxeges|s ard Tex|
a. la|a|a|, laggada|
lr order |o cor||rue our d|scuss|or, || W||| oe |e|plu| |o exp|a|r ||e |Wo ros|
s|gr|l|car| ca|egor|es ol |r|erpre|a||or lourd |r ||e 0ra| Tora|. |a|a|a| ard
|aggada|. lr prac||ce, |a|a|a| ard |aggada| car oe d|ll|cu|| |o d|s||rgu|s|,
s|rce |rd|v|dua| passages ard ever er||re Wor|s (e.g., ||e ||s|ra|) ol|er
|rc|ude exarp|es ol oo|| ca|egor|es, ever W|||e suosequer| gerera||ors ol
readers Wou|d erp|as|ze ore ca|egory as rore s|gr|l|car| ||ar ||e o||er.
lor exarp|e, sore r|g|| c|a|r ||a| ||e ||s|ra| |s exc|us|ve|y |a|a|a|. 8o||
|a|a|a| ard |aggada| are corcerred W||| reso|v|rg ques||ors ra|sed oy ||e
wr|||er Tora|, ard oy ||e rea|||y ol ooserv|rg ||s corrardrer|s. lerce
||e suojec|s ol oo|| ca|egor|es ol |r|erpre|a||or are ||e sare. 3aooa||s, les||va|s,
prayer, |r|erra||ora| re|a||ors, educa||or ol c|||drer, |as|ru| (d|e|ary
1zo TWo Juda|sr ard b|e|or|ca| Cu||ure
|aWs), re|a||ors oe|Weer re|g|oors. T| ey are d|llerer||a|ed oy ||e purpose
ol ||e deoa|e ard ||s c|arac|er (see Av|gdor 3||rar, wor|d ol ||e Aggada|,
11;, cl. 11|-18).
la|a|a| (p|. |a|a|o|, ||e |err |s der|ved lror [|a|a||, `Wa||') |s
||e eas|er ol ||e |Wo |o del|re. la|a|a| locuses or ||e deve|oprer| ol a
oody ol r||ua| ard c|v|| |ega| prac||ce lor ||e JeW|s| corrur||y, ard |as
prescr|p||ve or rorra||ve lorce |r ||e da||y ||le ol ||e corrur||y. la|a|o|
Wou|d oe de|err|red oy a ser|es ol cors|dera||ors, suc| as rajor||y v|eWs,
|rad|||or, ||e op|r|ors ol ||e Tarra|r, ard so or, |o arr|ve a| a corc|us|or.
loWever, orce ||e raoo|s reac|ed ||e|r corc|us|or || Was o|rd|rg lor |||s
reasor, || |s easy |o see ||e deve|oprer| ol |a|a|a| as esser||a||y corl|red
|o raoo|r|c d|spu|a||ors |r ||e s|udy-|ouses. T| e d|scuss|ors ard d|a|ec||ca|
argurer|s lourd |r ||e ||s|ra| ard Ta|rud are ros| c|ear|y urders|ood |r
|||s cor|ex|. la|a||c argurer| |s rear| |o arr|ve a| a dec|s|or. l|s purpose
de|err|res ||s ||s|ory as We||. la|a||c |||era|ure deve|ops |r a c|ear|y s|ra||l|ed
rarrer. Fac| gerera||or ol raoo|s urders|ards ||se|l as ||e successor
ard exp|a|rer ol ||e preced|rg gerera||or. we see |||s deve|oprer| |r ||e
||s|ra|, Tosel|a, ard Ta|rud.
8y cor|ras|, |aggada|(

! , p|. aggado|, ||e e|yro|ogy ol ||e |err |s ro|
c|ear), |s cors|||u|ed oy rarra||ve ra|er|a|, ard deve|ops W|||ou| ary c|ear
s|ra|a. T| |s |s ore ol ||e |ra||s ol |aggada| W||c| |eads sc|o|ars |o del|re ||
rega||ve|y, as `ro| |a|a|a|.' laggad|c |eac||rgs are ro| corcerred |o prescr|oe
oe|av|or or |o s|oW W|a| |s a r|g|| or correc| op|r|or. `0re does ro|
|eac| [aoou| prax|s| lror ||e |aggada|,' |s a rax|r ol|er quo|ed aoou| ||e
au||or||y ol ||e |aggada|. lr a g|ver |aggada|, cor|rad|c|ory sources car
oe preser|ed |oge||er, ||ere |s ro reed |o arr|ve a| a dec|s|or or prac||ce, so
||e d|ller|rg |rad|||ors are preserved. laggad|c ra|er|a| |as ||e ra|ure ol
popu|ar |||era|ure. l| |rc|udes gerres ol lo|||ore, ||s|ory, poe|ry, |uror (ou|
ro| lr|vo|||y), red|c|re, ra|ura| sc|erce, ra||era||cs, as|rorory, ||eo|ogy,
ard re||g|ous p|||osop|y.
la|a|a| ard |aggada| are |r|ercorrec|ed a| ||e|r lourda||ors, ard
represer| |Wo s|des ol ||e sare er|||y, ||e |||era|ure ol ||e 3ages. As suc|,
||ese |Wo |r|erpre||ve re||ods para||e| ||e |ega| ard rarra||ve ur||y ol ||e
3cr|p|ures ||erse|ves.
79
o. Ta|rud, 0erara
T| e |err Ta|rud ( "), W||c| rears `s|udy' or `|earr|rg,' |s used |o reler
|o op|r|ors rece|ved lror predecessors, |o a W|o|e oody ol |earr|rg W||||r
||e 0ra| laW, or |o |eac||rg der|ved lror exeges|s ol a 3cr|p|ure |ex|. |os|
lror ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| 1z;baoo|r|c l||era|ure 1z;
ol|er, |oWever, || relers |o ||e redac|ed co||ec||ors lror ||e Arora|r |r
Fr|ze lsrae| ard ||e Arora|r ard 0eor|r |r 8aoy|or|a.
w|er relerr|rg |o `||e Ta|rud' We rear a Wr|||er docurer| ||a|
cors|s|s ol ||e ||s|ra| ard ||e 0erara. lr roderr pr|r|ed |ex|s, ||ese
corporer|s are s|ruc|ura||y separa|ed. loWever, |||s Was ro| ||e case W|||
||e raruscr|p|s ol ||e Ta|rud. 0erara|r 8aoy|or|ar Arara|c rears `|o
corp|e|e' or `|o |earr,' ard relers |o ||e co||ec||or ol ara|yses or ||s|ra|
rade oy ||e Arora|r. T| e ||s|ra| |ex| Was re|a|red as rece|ved, W||| ||e
0erara |oose|y a||ac|ed, lo||oW|rg ||e order ol ||e ||s|ra| |rac|a|e. T|e
0erara derors|ra|es ||e var|e|y ol approac|es ||e baoo|s r|g|| |a|e |o
g|ver |ssues as a resu|| ol ||e|r cor||ru|rg corcerr |o re|a|e ||e precep|s ol
||e 3cr|p|ure |o ||e ex|gerc|es ol cor|erporary ||le. T| e ||res ol argurer|
locus or ||e sources ol au||or||y or reasor|rg |r ||e ||s|ra|. T| e 0erara
|rc|udes ra|er|a| W||c| searc|es lor ||e o|o||ca| Warrar| lor ||e s|a|erer|
rade oy ore ol ||e Tarra|r. T| ere |s a|so ra|er|a| W||c| preser|s e|||ca|
ard ||eo|og|ca| pr|rc|p|es.
|. lourda||ora| 0ocurer|s ol baoo|r|c l||era|ure
a. ||s|ra|
T| e ear||es| corp||a||or ol 0ra| Tora| |s ca||ed ||s|ra|( ), W||c| rears
`s|udy' ard `ora| |rs|ruc||or'. T| |s |err der|ves lror a corror roo| W|||
||e Arara|c |err Tarra. l| |s ro| c|ear lror ||e ||s|ra| W|e||er || Was
|r|erded |o oe a co||ec||or ol sources, or a rarua| ol |rs|ruc||or, or a |aW
code. T| e |rad|||ora| v|eW ||a| ||e ||s|ra| |s a |ega| code Was ar||cu|a|ed
as ear|y as ||e Arora|c per|od. lr lac|, ||e ||s|ra| cor|a|rs a|| ol ||ese
e|erer|s.
T| e ||s|ra| cors|||u|es a ser|ra| co||ec||or ol ||e |rad|||ors W||c|
arsWered ||e corrur||y's reeds lor gu|darce regard|rg re||g|ous prac||ce,
e|||cs, ard soc|a| proo|ers. T| e ||s|ra| |s orgar|zed |r|o |r s|x d|v|s|ors, or

(sedar|r, `orders'). Fac| seder|s ||er d|v|ded |r|o #(rase|||o|,

`|rac|a|es'), W||c| are ||er d|v|ded |r|o (peraq|r, `c|ap|ers'), ard,
l|ra||y, |r|o ||e sra||es| ur||, W||c| |s ca||ed (r|s|ra|). T| e l|rs| order,
Zera|r(`3eeds'), locuses or ac|roW|edgerer| ol ||e 0|v|re (prayer)
ard, pr|rar||y, or ||e |o||ress ol ||e |ard ol lsrae|, W||c| |s derors|ra|ed
||roug| prov|d|rg ||||es |o ||e |erp|e |r Jerusa|er. T| e secord order, |oed
(`3e| les||va|s'), |rea|s ||e 3aooa|| ard ||e les||va|s ol ||e year. Nez|q|r
(`0arages'), ||e |||rd seder, locuses or proper|y ard persora| |rjury. Nex|,
1z8 TWo Juda|sr ard b|e|or|ca| Cu||ure
Nas||r(`worer') corcer|ra|es or ||ose |aWs re|a||rg |o rarr|age ard
d|vorce. T| e l|l|| ard s|x|| orders, odas||r(`lo|y T| |rgs') ard To|oro|
(`lur|||es'), preser| ||e Tarra|||c |rad|||ors or ||e |erp|e cu|| ard pr|es||y
ac||v||y. T| e s|x d|v|s|ors ard ||e order ol ||e |rac|a|es revea| sore var|a||or
|r ||e raruscr|p| |rad|||or.
||s|ra| lu||y corp|erer|s ||qra ard, ||erelore, |as lourda||ora| |r -por|arce
lor raoo|r|c |rad|||or ard exeges|s. A s|gr|l|car| perspec||ve or ||e
gerre ol ||s|ra| |as oeer deve|oped oy Jacoo Neusrer, W|o |as descr|oed
||e ||s|ra| as p|||osop||ca| |r c|arac|er. le asser|s ||a|, |r ||s s|ress or
proper order ard r|g|| ru|e, ||e ||s|ra| `ra|es a s|a|erer| |o oe c|ass|l|ed
as p|||osop|y corcerr|rg ||e order ol ||e ra|ura| Wor|d |r ||s corresporderce W|||
||e superra|ura| Wor|d.'
o
o. Tosel|a
T| e ros| s|gr|l|car| |||erary produc||or ol |||s per|od, rex| |o ||e ||s|ra|,
Was a co||ec||or ca||ed ||e Tosel|a, W||c| raoo|r|c |rad|||or a||r|ou|ed |o
b. l|yya, (ca. zzo-zo). T|e Tosel|a (Arara|c , rear|rg `add|||or',
ro| |o oe corlused W||| ||e ruc| |a|er Tos alo|) |s sore||res cors|dered a
`supp|erer|' or `corpar|or' |o ||e ||s|ra|, ard Was poss|o|y ed||ed |o
lurc||or |r |||s Way. Aoou| ||ree ||res as |arge as ||e ||s|ra|, || cors|s|s ol
a co||ec||or ol oara||o|(#, `s|a|erer|s ex|erra| |o ||e ||s|ra|') W||c|
core lror ||e Tarra|r, ard ||e ear||es| gerera||or ol ||e Arora|r. |uc|
ol ||e Tosel|a cors|s|s ol d|scuss|or oased or c||a||ors lror ||e ||s|ra|.
loWever, approx|ra|e|y ore-l|l|| ol ||e Tosel|a |rc|udes ra|er|a| W||c| |s
ro| |rea|ed sys|era||ca||y, or ro| |rea|ed a| a||, |r ||e ||s|ra|.
c. Jerusa|er Ta|rud
T| e |||erary produc||or W||c| represer|s ||e ros| ex|ers|ve deve|oprer|
ol ||s|ra| correr|ary |r Fre|z lsrae| |s ||e Jerusa|er Ta|rud (a|so ca||ed
||e `Ta|rud ol ||e lard ol lsrae|,' ard ||e `la|es||r|ar Ta|rud'). T| e JT |s
corposed ol ||e ||s|ra| ard ||e 0erara oy ||e Arora|r |r Fre|z lsrae|.
l| Was redac|ed ear||er ||ar ||e 8aoy|or|ar Ta|rud. JT correr|s or or|y
||e l|rs| lour orders ol ||s|ra|, ard or or|y ore |rac|a|e |r order To|aro|.
80
JT deve|ops ||e |a|a|a| ol ||s|ra|, ard augrer|s || W||| |aggad|c ra|er|a|
ard o|o||ca| expos|||or. l| |s a s|gr|l|car| source lor ||e ||s|ory ol Juda|sr |r
o. Neusrer,lr|roduc||or |o baoo|r|c l||era|ure, .
lror ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| 1zbaoo|r|c l||era|ure 1z
la|es||re, ard ||e deve|oprer| ol JeW|s| |||urgy. loWever, |r ||e |rad|||or
ol raoo|r|c Juda|sr, ||e 8aoy|or|ar Ta|rud d|sp|aced ||e JT, ever |r Fre|z
lsrae|, oy ca. ;o.
. 0eve|oprer| ol ||dras||c l||era|ure
lr Fre|z lsrae| corcurrer| W||| ||e deve|oprer| ol ||s|ra|-0erara |||era|ure,
aro||er exege||ca| |||era|ure deve|oped. T| |s |||era|ure, W||c| prov|ded
correr|ary ||a| lo||oWed ||e order ol ||e o|o||ca| |ex|, ray oe c|ass|l|ed |r
|Wo groups. Targur ard r|dras|.
a. Targur
T| e ear||es| exarp|e ol exege||ca| |||era|ure |r ||e pos|-o|o||ca| per|od |s ||e
Targur. T| e |err $#rears `|rars|a||or.' Arara|c Was ||e ||rgua lrarca
ol ||e Near Fas| ur||| ||e le||er|s||c corques|. l| |s d|ll| cu|| |o l|x a da|e ol
or|g|r lor Targur, ou| ||e deve|oprer| ol ||e syragogue |||urgy |rc|uded
a puo||c read|rg lror 3cr|p|ure. T| e 3cr|p|ure |ec||or Was read a|oud W|||
|rars|a||ors g|ver verse oy verse. T| e exege||ca| Wor| ol ||e Targur seers
|o |ave p|aced grea|es| erp|as|s or ||e parap|rase ol |ex|s |r ||e leoreW
8|o|e. 3ore ol ||e Targur|r lo||oW ||e o|o||ca| |ex| W||| ar a||erp| a| |||era|
|rars|a||or, W|||e o||ers prov|de e|aoora||ors |r order |o exp|a|r `gaps' |r
||e o|o||ca| |ex|. T| e |a||er Targur|r s|are a corror c|arac|er|s||c W|||
||a| oody ol raoo|r|c |||era|ure ca||ed r|dras|.
T|e Targur|r seer |o |ave or|g|ra|ed |r Fre|z lsrae|, ard |rc|ude ear|y
|aggado|, sore per|aps represer||rg Tarra|||c |rad|||ors |os| lror ||e
||s|ra|. T| e ear||es| |roWr Targur, Targur 0r|e|os or ||e ler|a|euc|,
Was ev|der||y used |r ||e syragogue |||urg|es |r Fre|z lsrae| |r ||e |||rd
cer|ury, ard lror ||e |||rd cer|ury or |r ||e JeW|s| corrur|||es |r
8aoy|or|a. l||eW|se, Targur ora|ar (Jora||ar) or ||e lrop|e|s Was used
|r ||e 8aoy|or|ar corrur|||es |r ||e |||rd or lour|| cer|ury, |oWever, ||s
or|g|rs a|so car oe |raced |o Fre|z lsrae|. T| e va|ue ol ||e Targur|r car
oe seer oy ||e correr| repea|ed |r ||e 8aoy|or|ar Ta|rud W|er quo||rg
Targur ora|ar, `were || ro| lor ||e Targur ol |||s verse We s|ou|d ro|
|roW W|a| || rears.' 0||er Targur|r Were redac|ed sore||re oelore ||e
Arao corques| ol ||e ||dd|e Fas| |r o;.
1o TWo Juda|sr ard b|e|or|ca| Cu||ure
o. ||dras|
T| e secord group ol |ex|s W||c| rel|ec| o|o||ca| |r|erpre|a||or da||rg lror
||e Arora|c per|od |r Fre|z lsrae| |s ca||ed r|dras|. T| e |err (

, lror

% , daras|, `|o see|,' `|rqu|re,' `|rves||ga|e') relers |o a re||od ol expourd|rg

||e |ex| ard |o a co||ec||or ol suc| |ex|s. T| ese |ex|s are correr|ary ard
e|aoora||or or ||e wr|||er Tora|. T| e var|ous co||ec||ors W||c| la|| urder
||e |ead ol r|dras|, |oWever, car locus or der|v|rg raoo|r|c |a|a|a| oased
or 3cr|p|ure, or prov|de e|aoora||ors or rarra||ve passages |r ||e 8|o|e. T| ey
ray oe orgar|zed accord|rg |o ||e order ol ||e o|o||ca| |ex|, or arrarged as
|or|||es correspord|rg |o ||e |ec||or or 3aooa||s ard lo|y 0ays.
lr r|dras| We car d|scerr sore ol ||e |r|erre|a||ors||p ol Juda|sr
ard C|r|s||ar||y dur|rg ||e ear|y C|r|s||ar per|od. T| ere are sore rerar|ao|e
para||e|s |r |errereu||ca| re||od oe|Weer ||e r|dras||r ard 0ree|
ard 3yr|ac pa|r|s||c |||era|ure. 0r|ger ard Jerore are exp||c|||y aWare ol
r|dras||c |rad|||ors. |oreover, |r ||e |||rd cer|ury |ers|ors oe|Weer JeWs
ard C|r|s||ars (|rc|ud|rg 0r|ger ard Fuseo|us) ||v|rg |r Fre|z lsrae| rose
|o a |eve| ol corlror|a||or. T| ese deoa|es car oe d|scerred |r ||e pages ol
r|dras| lror |||s per|od, ard ||e deve|oprer| ol r|dras| |r Fre|z lsrae|
(ro| |r 8aoy|or|a) ray |r par| oe ||e resu|| ol JeW|s| ellor|s |o corlror| ||e|r
C|r|s||ar cour|erpar|s regard|rg |r|erpre|a||or ol ||e 3cr|p|ures.
Ar exarp|e ol raoo|r|c resporse |o C|r|s||ar||y car oe lourd |r 0eres|s
baooa|or ||e sacr|l|ce ol lsaac (||e A|eda|, 0er zz.1-18). T| e accour|
oeg|rs W||| ||e corrard |o Aora|ar |o go |o ||e p|ace |e Wou|d oe |o|d,
ard sacr|l|ce ||s sor (0er zz.z). le |oo| |Wo s|aves ard lsaac or ||e jourrey.
T| er |e `saW ||e p|ace lror alar' (0er zz.|,

(raqor), rear|rg `p|ace'

a|so serves as a eup|er|sr lor 0od. T| e r|dras| as|s, `w|a| d|d |e see?'
`le saW a c|oud a||ac|ed |o ||e rour|a|r'|.e., a rar|les|a||or ol ||e d|v|re
preserce, W||c| rade || c|ear |o ||r ||a| |||s rour|a|r Was ||e p|ace W||c|
0od |ad corrarded as ||e appropr|a|e p|ace |o oller up lsaac.
le [Aora|ar| sa|d. `l| Wou|d appear ||a| |s ||e p|ace upor W||c| ||e
lo|y ore, o|essed oe le, corrarded re |o sacr|l|ce ry sor.' le sa|d
|o lsaac. `|y sor, do you see W|a| l do?' le |o|d ||r, `es.' le sa|d
|o ||s |Wo yourg rer, `0o you see W|a| l do?' T| ey sa|d |o ||r, `No.'
le sa|d. `3|rce you do ro| see ||, bF|AlN lFbF wlTl TlF A33
[0er zz.|, lor you are |||e ||e ass [W||c| a|so does ro| see|.' (0er.
bao.o.1-z)
we |earr lror o||er sources ||a| ||e 0er|||es are `a ra||or resero||rg ar ass.'
81
C|r|s||ars ard JeWs deoa|ed ve|erer||y |r ||e |||rd ard lour|| cer|ur|es
aoou| ||e poss|o||||y ol |oW, al|er ||e des|ruc||or ol ||e 3ecord Terp|e, ||a|
lror ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| 11baoo|r|c l||era|ure 11
ore cou|d ver|ly d|v|re reve|a||or, ard W|e||er d|v|re reve|a||or |o a rorJeW Was
poss|o|e a| a||. lr ||e aoove passage We ooserve ||e der|gra||or ol
||e |Wo ror-JeW|s| servar|s. T| ey do ro| |ave ary percep||or ol ||e d|v|re.
As ror-JeWs ||ey are |||e ||e ass, a duro ar|ra| |rcapao|e ol percep||or.
|oderr sc|o|ars ray |ave sore d|sagreerer| aoou| W|e||er or ro| ||e
`peop|e W|o |s |||e ar ass' relers spec|l|ca||y |o C|r|s||ars or rore gerera||y
|o pagars. Nore||e|ess, ||ere are rary passages |r r|dras| |||era|ure W||c|
locus or ||e ||ere ol ver us lsrae|ard 0od's cor||rued coverar| W||| ||e
JeW|s| peop|e |r ||e|r ex||e.
|. Tarra|||c ||dras||r
T| e o|des| group ol r|dras||r are ||e so-ca||ed Tarra|||c r|dras||r, sore||res
ca||ed |a|a||c r|dras||r or & (r|dres|e| |a|a|a|, rear|rg
`r|dras||r ol ||e |a|a|a|
1'). T| e Wor|s |rc|uded |r |||s suogroup are ||e
|e||||a d'baoo| ls|rae| ard ||e |e||||a de baoo| 3|reor oer o|a|or Fxodus,
3|praor lev|||cus, ard 3|preor Nuroers ard 0eu|erorory. T| e Tarra|||c
r|dras||r ray oe sa|d |o lorr a cor||ruous correr|ary or ||e ler|a|euc|
lror Fxodus |o 0eu|erorory. lr ||ese r|dras||r ||ere |s ex|ers|ve use
ol raoo|r|c |errereu||cs |o derors|ra|e |oW var|ous expars|ors ol ||e
0ra| laW are grourded |r 3cr|p|ure. 0esp||e ||e use ol ||e rare |a|a||c
r|dras||r, ||ese co||ec||ors a|| cor|a|r correr|ary or rarra||ve passages
|r ||e|r respec||ve o|o||ca| ooo|s.
||. Fxege||ca| ||dras||r
A secord se| ol r|dras||r cors|s|s ol ||ose relerred |o as `exege||ca|' ard
`|or||e||c.' T| e `exege||ca|' r|dras||r are |a|er ||ar ||e r|dres|e| |a|a|a|, ou|
a ruroer Were corp||ed dur|rg ||e l|l|| cer|ury. l| |s |rpor|ar| |o rereroer
||a| ||e r|dres|e| |a|a|a|are exege||ca|, ou| roderr sc|o|ars reler |o ||er as
`exege||ca|' oecause ||ese co||ec||ors are orgar|zed accord|rg |o ||e o|o||ca|
verse order. T| e |err `exege||ca| r|dras||r' rere|y d|s||rgu|s|es ||er lror
||e rex| group |o oe descr|oed, W||c| are ca||ed `|or||e||c r|dras||r.'
0eres|s baooa|exp||ca|es ||e ooo| ol 0eres|s. 3c|o|ars pos|u|a|e ||a|
|| Was redac|ed |r ||e l| l|| cer|ury. l| |s cors|dered oy sore |o oe ||e oes|
exarp|e ol ||e exege||ca| r|dras||r oecause ||e raoo|s revea| deep |ayers
ol rear|rg W||||r ||e |ex|. T| e rear|rgs ||e raoo|s soug|| |r ||e 3cr|p|ures
|rc|uded |ru||s W||c| per|a|red |o ||e|r oWr age. 0eres|s baooa|prov|des
rary exarp|es ol raoo|r|c apo|oge||c aga|rs| pagar ard C|r|s||ar argurer|s. lr
||e rarra||ves aoou| ||e pa|r|arc|s ard ra|r|arc|s, || |s poss|o|e
1z TWo Juda|sr ard b|e|or|ca| Cu||ure
|o d|scerr ||e|r ve||ed argurer|s aga|rs| C|r|s||ar c|a|rs ||a| ||ese o|o||ca|
l|gures reac|ed ||e|r |rue lu|l|||rer| or|y |r C|r|s|.
lr |||s per|od exege||ca| r|dras||r Were a|so ed||ed or ||e l|ve ooo|s
|r ||e leoreW 8|o|e ca||ed ||e l|ve |eg|||o|, or `l|ve 3cro||s.' T| ese o|o||ca|
ooo|s Were read as par| ol ||e syragogue |||urgy lor ||e ||ree p||gr|rage
les||va|s. lassover (Car||c|es), ler|ecos| (bu||), ard Taoerrac|es (Fcc|es|as|es),
ard or lur|r (||e leas| ol Fs||er) ard ||e N|r|| ol Ao correrora||rg
||e des|ruc||or ol ||e Terp|e |r Jerusa|er (larer|a||ors). T| e ear||es|
descr|p||or ol ||e |||urg|ca| ro|e lor ||ese ooo|s |s |r ||e ||s|ra|, |rac|a|e
|eg|||a|.
T| ese r|dras||r Wou|d |rc|ude Car||c|es baooa|, ||dras| bu||(a|so
ca||ed bu|| baooa|), larer|a||ors baooa|, ||dras| o|e|e||(a|so ca||ed
Fcc|es|as|es baooa|), ard ||e l|rs| |a|l ( 1-o) ol Fs||er baooa|.
|||. lor||e||c ||dras||r
`lor||e||c' r|dras||r are so ca||ed oecause ||e order ol ||e|r corpos|||or
lo||oWs ||e read|rgs lor 3aooa||s ard lor spec|a| 3aooa||s, or lo|y 0ays, |r
||e |||urg|ca| year. T| ese co||ec||ors do ro| lo||oW ||e order ol ||e o|o||ca|
|ex|. ba||er, ||ey deve|op ||era||ca||y. As We |ave ||er, ||ese |or|||es |ave
sore||res oeer suojec|ed |o aoorev|a||or or o||er ed||or|a| relorru|a||or.
T| e ros| s|gr|l|car| co||ec||ors da||rg |o ||e Arora|c per|od |rc|ude lev|||cus
baooa|, cor|a|r|rg |||r|y-sever |or|||es, W||c| da|es |o ||e l| l|| cer|ury
(per|aps |a|er), ||e les|q|a de bao Ka|ara, a co||ec||or ol |or|||es lor leas|s
ard spec|a| 3aooa||s, redac|ed |r ||e l|l|| cer|ury, ||oug| suojec| |o |a|er
add|||ors, ard ||e Tar|uraor ||e ler|a|euc|, W||c| cor|a|rs sore ra|er|a|
lror ||e Arora|c per|od ou| Was ro| redac|ed ur||| ||e red|eva| per|od.
|oderr sc|o|ars||p |as corcer|ra|ed cors|derao|e ellor| or ||e s|ruc|ure ol
||ese |or|||es, espec|a||y ||e lorra| corver||ors lor ||e|r oeg|rr|rg
ard corc|us|or. T| e pe||a|, W||c| |s gerera||y urders|ood |o oe a ||rd ol
proer or |r|roduc||or |o ||e |or|||es, |s ||e ros| corror r|e|or|ca| lorr
|r r|dras||c |||era|ure. le||o|a|r a| ar|lu||y |ead|rg ||e |earer lror verses
|r o||er par|s ol ||e leoreW 8|o|e, suc| as lsa|rs or lroveros, |o cors|der
||e oper|rg verse(s) ol ||e ler|a|euc|a| read|rg ol ||e day. T| e a||ra|, or
perora||or ol ||e |or||y, |as a|so oeer s|ud|ed. lar||cu|ar|y |r ||e les|q|a de
82
bao Ka|ara, ard Tar|ura, ||ese a||ro||ead |o ar esc|a|o|og|ca| |eac||rg
W||c| corc|udes ||e |or||y W||| a ressage ol |ope |r ||e ress|ar|c de||verarce
ol ||e JeW|s| peop|e lror ||e |ars|ress ol ||s ex||e. T| ese a||ro|ray
oller s|uder|s ol pa|r|s||c |||era|ure sore urders|ard|rg ol ||e deve|oprer|
ol ear|y C|r|s||ar |ypo|og|ca| exeges|s.
lror ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| 1baoo|r|c l||era|ure 1
o. Juda|sr |r 8aoy|or|a
baoo|r|c |rad|||or rar|s ||e oeg|rr|rg ol ||e Arora|c per|od |r 8aoy|or|a
W||| ||e re|urr ol bav lror Fre|z lsrae| |r z1. 0ur|rg |||s per|od, ||e
JeW|s| corrur||y |r|erac|ed W||| ||e success|ve lers|ar dyras||es (||e
3assar|ar per|od correspords |o ||e 8aoy|or|ar Arora|c per|od) ard ||s
oll| c|a| Zoroas|r|ar c|ergy. urder ||e 3assar|ds, ||e corrur||y ro |orger
|ad ||s prev|ous lreedor, ou| || Was ao|e |o ra|r|a|r a rodus v|verd|W||| ||e
lers|ars. loWever, |r ||e r|d-l|l|| cer|ury ||ere Was a poWer s||l|, ard ||e
Zoroas|r|ar c|ergy er|ered or a ser|es ol persecu||ors ol ||e JeW|s| popu|a||or
W||c| ray |ave Wea|ered ||e raoo|r|c |eaders||p ol ||e JeW|s| peop|e.
JeW|s| lor|ures c|arged aga|r W||| ||e Arao corques| ca. o|oc.e. T| e
|oca||or ol ||e l| rs| Arao cap||a| Was |r 0arascus, W||c| pu| Fre|z lsrae|
|r a pos|||or ol po|er||a| po||||ca| cer|ra|||y. loWever, W|er ||e Aooas|d
Ca||p|a|e roved ||e cap||a| |o 8ag|dad |r ||e e|g||| cer|ury, 8aoy|or|ar
JeWs orce rore lourd ||erse|ves a| ||e cer|er ol ||e erp|re.
lr|erra||y, ||e JeW|s| corrur|||es |r 8aoy|or Were goverred oy ar
Fx||arc|a|e, ar oll|ce W||c| ererged ca. zoo. T| e Fx||arc| dor|ra|ed JeW|s|
corrura| ||le, d|c|a||rg |ega| ard ecoror|c prac||ces, ard represer||rg
Juda|sr oelore ||e lers|ar rorarc|. T| e acader|es ol ||e Arora|r oegar |o
asser| ||e|r |egerory over ||e re||g|ous ||le ol 8aoy|or|ar JeWry.
lorra| ga||er|rgs arourd ||e 3ages, a| regu|ar ||res, |r a l|xed se|||rg ard
orgar|za||or, car oe a||es|ed lor |||s per|od. 8y ||e oeg|rr|rg ol ||e s|x||
cer|ury, oecause ol ||e Wea|ered s|a|us ol 8yzar||re JeWry ard ||e r|se ol
||e ls|ar|c erp|re, ||e sc|oo|s ol 8aoy|or|a |oo| or grea|er |rpor|arce,
espec|a||y W||| ||e dec||re ol ||e Arora|r |r Fre|z lsrae|. w||| ||e r|se ol
||e Aooas|d erp|re ard ||e re|Wor| es|ao||s|ed oy ||e 8aoy|or|ar acader|es,
||e 8aoy|or|ar Ta|rud surpassed ||e Jerusa|er Ta|rud |r au||or||y.
l| Was ||roug| ||e |||erary corresporderce ol ||e 0eor|r, ||e |eads ol ||e
8aoy|or|ar acader|es, ||a| ||e 8aoy|or|ar Ta|rud oecare rorra||ve lor
JeWs |r ||e |ed||errarear Wor|d ard, |a|er, |r ror||err Furope.
a. 8aoy|or|ar Ta|rud
T| e ||r|v|rg (ard ol| er corpe||rg) acader|es |r 8aoy|or|a cor|r|ou|ed |o
||ve|y d|scuss|or ard ar |rdeperder| approac| |oWard ||e ||s|ra| W||c|
|s rel|ec|ed |r ||e 8aoy|or|ar Ta|rud (8T). T| e 8T d|llers lror ||e JT |r
oo|| lorr ard cor|er|. T| e order ol |rac|a|es d|llers. w|||e re|||er Ta|rud
correr|s or a|| |rac|a|es ol ||e ||s|ra|, ||e 8T |rc|udes correr|ar|es
or |rac|a|es ro| |rea|ed |r ||e JT.
1| TWo Juda|sr ard b|e|or|ca| Cu||ure
A|||oug| ||e 8T, ||ree ||res ||e |erg|| ol ||e JT, d|d ro| use ||e JT as
a source, say|rgs ard dec|s|ors ol ||e raoo|s ol Fre|z lsrae| are rever||e|ess
lourd |r aourdarce |r ||. lor exarp|e, |aggad|c ra|er|a| W||c| |s |rc|uded
|r ||e r|dras| |||era|ure ol Fre|z lsrae| appears |r 8T. T| e 8T |s a|ros|
ore-|||rd |aggad|c, oy cor|ras|, ||e JT does ro| |rc|ude ruc| |aggad|c
ra|er|a|. 3ore ||rds ol |aggad|c ra|er|a|, lor |rs|arce arge|o|ogy, W||c|
|s aoser| |r JT, |s aourdar| |r 8T. lr cor|ras| |o ||e |acor|c s|y|e ol JT, 8T
|as grea| |||erary |r|r|cacy.
T| e 8aoy|or|ar Ta|rud ray |ave s|ar|ed |o crys|a|||ze as ear|y as ||e
l|l|| cer|ury. Trad|||or a||r|ou|es |||s redac||or |o bav As|| (ca. ;o-|z;)
ard ||e |Wo gerera||ors succeed|rg ||r. ||e dea|| ol bao|ra, ||e |as| ol
||ese corp||ers (ca. |), rar|s ||e erd ol ||e Arora|c per|od |r 8aoy|or|a.
Aro||er accour| se|s |||s |err|rusoy ||e lers|ar aoo||||or ol ||e 8aoy|or|ar
JeW|s| Fx||arc|a|e |r oo. l| Was lur||er ed||ed |oge||er W||| add|||ors |r
||e lo||oW|rg cer|ury oy ||e 3aoora|r.
o. 3aoora|r ard 0eor|r
3aoora|r |s ||e rare g|ver oy ||e |a|er 0eor|r |o ||e l|ra| ed||ors ol ||e
8T. T|e Arara|c |err (saoora|r) a|so appears |r ||e JT (|dd.z,
od). T| e 3aoora|r corp|e|ed ||e order|rg ol ||e 8T, c|ar|l|ed sore ol ||s
dec|s|ors, |r|roduced add|||ora| d|scuss|ors ard exp|ara||ors ol |ex|s, ard
|rser|ed |ec|r|ca| p|rases as s|udy a|ds. l||||e |s |roWr aoou| ||e ||s|ory
ol ||e 3aoora|r. T| e da|es ol ||e|r ac||v||y rera|r a ra||er ol specu|a||or.
|os| sc|o|ars da|e ||e|r Wor| |o ||e per|od oo-8, ou| sore sc|o|ars
ex|erd || |o o8.
w||| ||e Arao corques| ||e 0eor|r ererge (sg., 0aor, ||e |err |s ol
|rde|err|ra|e or|g|r). T| ese Were ||e |eads ol ||e pr|rc|pa| acader|es |r
8aoy|or|a (a| 3ura ard luroed|||a) |r ||e Aoass|d erp|re. lr ||e|r goverrarce ol
||e JeWs as 0||rr|, or pro|ec|ed r|ror||y urder |us||r ru|e,
||e 0eor|r served as ||e jur|d|ca| au||or||y lor ||e JeW|s| corrur|||es
||roug|ou| ||e Aoass|d erp|re. urder ||e|r |eaders||p, |r|e||ec|ua| ard
83
jur|d|ca|, raoo|r|c Juda|sr Was corso||da|ed.
T| e cer|ra||zed poWer ol ||e 0eor|r oegar |o dec||re |oge||er W||| ||e
8ag|dad Ca||p|a|e |r ||e |er|| cer|ury. A|||oug| ||e oll| ce rera|red ur|||
a| |eas| ||e erd ol ||e |We|l|| cer|ury, ||s poWer Was severe|y d|r|r|s|ed,
ard ||e ||||e 0aor oecare s|rp|y a rare lor ||e |ead ol a rajor |a|rud|c
acadery |r ||e ls|ar|c Wor|d.
lror ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| 1baoo|r|c l||era|ure 1
;. Fre|z lsrae| ard T|e wes|err 0|aspora al|er
||e erd ol ||e Arora|c ler|od. l|yyu|r
0ur|rg ||e 3aoora|c per|od ||e 8yzar||re Frp|re Was separa|ed lror bore
ard wes|err C|r|s|erdor (ca. o-1o;1). A s|gr|l|car| ruroer ol JeWs
cor||rued |o ||ve urder 8yzar||re ru|e. 0esp||e severa| a||erp|s a| |ega||y
lorc|rg corvers|ors |o C|r|s||ar||y, ard persecu||ors, ros| ro|ao|y |r ||e
sever|| cer|ury, ||e JeWs Were gerera||y |o|era|ed. 0ur|rg |||s per|od sore
ol ||e rajor co||ec||ors ol r|dras||r Were redac|ed. lr add|||or, a s|gr|l|car|
reW gerre ol raoo|r|c |||era|ure deve|oped, ||e p|yyuor re||g|ous poer.
0ur|rg |||s pos|-Arora|c per|od |r Fre|z lsrae|, We l|rd ||e ear||es| co||ec||ors ol
|||urg|ca| poe|ry, ca||ed p|yyu|r( '"( ) , p|yyu|, |s der|ved lror 0ree|
oip, po|e|es, or poe|). T| e roo|s ol p|yyu|rare lourd |r ||e syragogue
|||urgy. T| ey Were Wr|||er |o eroe|||s| ard g|ve var|e|y |o ||e syragogue
serv|ce oy prov|d|rg ar a||erra||ve |o ||e se| prayers. T| e ear||es| exarp|es
ol ||ese poers oe|org |o ||e Arora|c per|od, W|||e ||e s|a|u|ory prayers
Were s|||| deve|op|rg. T| ey car oe lourd |r |a|rud|c sources ard |r sore
por||ors eroedded |r ||e |ex|s ol ||e s|a|u|ory prayers W||c| |ave oeer
par| ol ||e |||urg|ca| |rad|||or.
T|e l|rs| poe| |roWr |o us Was ose oer ose, da|ed |o ||e l|l|| cer|ury.
|os| ol ||s p|yyu|rW||c| |ave oeer recovered Were corposed lor ||e
0ays ol AWe, |rc|ud|rg se|||o|, or prayers ol reper|arce, ard are c|arac|er|zed
oy a s|rp|e s|y|e. le a|so corposed a spec|a| |ype ol p|yyu, ||e |org
Avoda|(`Wors||p'), W||c| descr|oes ||e order ol Wors||p lor or K|ppur.
a poe||c rerder|rg ol par| ol ||s|ra| |rac|a|e ora. lr |||s poer, ||e r||es
lor ||e 0ay ol A|orerer| are preceded oy a |org ||s|ory lror crea||or ard
cu|r|ra||rg |r ||e ou||d|rg ol ||e |erp|e ard ||e Wors||p ||ere or or
K|ppur.
A cer|ury al|er ose oer ose, ||e rex| poe| W|ose rare |as core doWr
|o us, arra|, oegar corpos|rg ||s p|yyu|r. le |s pr|rc|pa||y |roWr lor ||s
|erovo|, a |ype ol p|yyuW||c| cors|s|s ol a poe||c a||erra||ve lor ||e F|g||eer
8ered|c||ors (Ar|da|). l||urg|ca| poe|ry l|oWers al|er ||r |r ||e 8yzar||re
per|od (ca. - ) |r Fre|z lsrae|. o1o;1 b|yre appears, as |||urg|ca| poe|ry
oecores rore express|ve |r vocaou|ary ard l|oWery |r s|y|e.
laggad|c ard |a|a||c ra|er|a| oo|| appear |r |||urg|ca| poe|ry. lor exarp|e, ose
oer ose |rc|udes a |aggada| |r ||e Avoda|||e |rad|||or ||a|
Jacoo's rare Was |rscr|oed or ||e ||rore ol ||e lo|y 0re ard ||a| lor ||s
sa|e ||e arge|s ascerded ard descerded ||e |adder (cl. 0er z8.1z-1).
T| e 0re W|o |roWs ||r s|ood aoove ||r |r ||s s|eep|rg p|ace,
Ard sa|d. l ar your guard, a s|adoW or your r|g|| |ard,
1o TWo Juda|sr ard b|e|or|ca| Cu||ure
lo|y 0res descerd ard ascerd, lor ||s [Jacoo's| sa|e,
To recogr|ze ||s s|ape ergraved or ||g|.
;
arra| |rc|udes a ur|que |aggada| or |oses' rod. `le ||reW || doWr, ard ||
oecare ||ree ||rds. a v|per, a crocod||e ard a coora.' l| |s ro| |roWr W|e||er
|e |rver|ed |||s |rage or W|e||er |e dreW upor prev|ous |aggad|c |rad|||ors. T|
ese exarp|es |rd|ca|e ||a| ||e ||oug|| Wor|d ol ||e raoo|s carro|
oe lu||y urders|ood W|||ou| |rc|ud|rg a s|udy ol ||e p|yyu|r.
Corc|us|or
||s|ra|, Tosel|a, Ta|rud, r|dras|, Targur, p|yyu. ||ese a|| cors|||u|e gerres
ard |ex|s ol raoo|r|c o|o||ca| |r|erpre|a||or. As `c|ass|cs' ||ey ergerder a |org
|rad|||or ol |r|erpre|a||or ||erse|ves. 3uosequer| gerera||ors ol JeW|s|
|||era|ure draW upor lorra| aspec|s ol Ta|rud ard r|dras| (as ||e |Wo
pr|rc|pa| gerres) |o crea|e ||e|r oWr expos|||ors ol 3cr|p|ure. Fxpos|||or
ol Ta|rud ard ||e cod|l|ca||or ol |a|a||c dec|s|ors oecore cer|ra| gerres
ol raoo|r|c Juda|sr.
TWo c|arac|er|s||cs d|s||rgu|s| ||e corpos|||ors ol ||e c|ass|ca| per|od.
l|rs|, ||ey are corp||a||ors ol ||e |rad|||ors ol a|| ||e raoo|s, ra||er ||ar
||e Wor| ol a s|rg|e au||or. 0r|y ||e p|yyu|rrepreser| ||e Wor| ol a s|rg|e
au||or. 3ecord, ||ey |ave a u|op|ar ard a|erpora| ra|ure. T| ese |ex|s do
ro| erp|as|ze ||e ||re or p|ace W|er sore|||rg |appered. T|e |rarscerder|
preser|a||or ol ||re ard space |r ||ese |ex|s ray |ave re|rlorced ||e
raoo|s' es||ra||or ||a| wr|||er ard 0ra| Tora| Were ||e |W|r repos||or|es
ol d|v|re reve|a||or.
belererces
lr|rary 3ources (we |rc|ude |ere pr|rary sources |r |rars|a||or.
lor leoreW ed|||ors, c|ec| 3|eroerger, lr|roduc||or.)
84
||s|ra|
0aroy, leroer|. T|e ||s|ra|. lordor. 0xlord ur|vers||y lress, 1.
Neusrer, Jacoo. T| e ||s|ra|. A NeW Trars|a||or. NeW laver. a|e ur|vers||y
lress,
188.
;. Trars. 3||rar, wor|d ol ||e Aggada|, 111.
lror ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| 1;baoo|r|c l||era|ure 1;
Tos el|a
Neusrer, Jacoo, ed. T|e Tosel|a. Trars|a|ed lror ||e leoreW. bepr., 3ou||
l|or|da
3er|es |r ||e l|s|ory ol Juda|sr 1o. A||ar|a. 3c|o|ars lress, 1;;-18o.
Jerusa|er Ta|rud
lerge|, |ar||r, Jacoo Neusrer, ard le|er 3c|aler. uoerse|zurg des Ta|rud
erus|a|r|.(3ore |rac|a|es |ave oeer puo||s|ed.)
Neusrer, Jacoo. T| e Ta|rud ol ||e lard ol lsrae|. C||cago. (T| |s W||| corpr|se

vo|ures.)
3c|Wao, |oise. le Ta|rud de Jerusa|er. 11vo|s. lar|s. 18;1-18;. bepr. |r o
vo|s.,
lar|s. 0. l. |a|sorreuve, 1oo.
8aoy|or|ar Ta|rud
Fps|e|r, ls|dore. T| e 8aoy|or|ar Ta|rud. Trars|a|ed |r|o Frg||s| W||| No|es,
0|ossary
ard lrd|ces. vo|s. lordor. 3orc|ro lress, 1-1z.
0o|dsc|r|d|, lazarus. 0er oaoy|or|sc|e Ta|rud, r|| F|rsc||uss der
vo||s|ard|ger
||sra|. 1zvo|s. 8er||r. 1z-o. bepr., Kor|gs|e|r|Taurus. 18o-81, o|||rgua|
ed|||or |r vo|s., 18;-1.
Neusrer, Jacoo. T| e Ta|rud ol 8aoy|or|a. Ar Arer|car Trars|a||or. C||co, Ca.,
ard
A||ar|a. 3c|o|ars lress, 18|-.
||dras|
8errar, 3arue| A., ed. ||dras| Tar|ura-e|arrederu. Ar Frg||s| Trars|a||or
ol
0eres|s ard Fxodus lror ||e lr|r|ed vers|or ol Tar|ura-e|arrederu W||| ar
lr|roduc||or, No|es, ard lrdexes. looo|er, N.J.. K|av, 1.
8|e|er|ard, lars, ed. 0er |arra|||sc|e ||drasc| '3|lre 0eu|eroror|ur'. Juda|ca
e|
C|r|s||ara 8. 8err ard NeW or|. l. larg, 18|.
8|e|er|ard, lars, ed. ||drasc| Tar|ura 8. b. Tar|ura uoer d|e Tora, gerrar|
||drasc| Je|arrederu. zvo|s. Juda|ca e| C|r|s||ara . 8err ard las vegas.
l. larg, 18o-18z.
8orrer-K|e|r, 0agrar, ed. 0er ||drasc| 3|lre zu Nurer|. NeW ed. zvo|s.
baoo|r|sc|e Tex|e. 3ecord ser|es, Tarra|||sc|e ||drasc||r . 3|u||gar|,
Ko|||arrer,
1;.
8raude, w. 0., ard l. J. Kaps|e|r, eds. les|||a de bav Ka|ara. l|||ade|p||a.
JeW|s|
luo||ca||or 3oc|e|y ol Arer|ca, 1;.
l|r|e|s|e|r, lou|s, ed. 3|lra or lev|||cus, W||| var|ar| read|rgs (3ec||ors
Nedava|,
looa|). vo|s. Jerusa|er. JeW|s| T| eo|og|ca| 3er|rary, 18-11.
18 TWo Juda|sr ard b|e|or|ca| Cu||ure
lreedrar, l., ard |. 3|ror. ||dras| baooa|. Trars|a|ed |r|o Frg||s|. 1ovo|s.
lordor. 3orc|ro lress, 1, rd ed. 1o1(|as |rars|a||ors ol ||dras| baooa|
or ooo|s ol ||e ler|a|euc| ard l|ve 3cro||s).
larrer, beuver, ed. 3|lre. A Tarra|||c Correr|ary or ||e 8oo| ol
0eu|erorory.
a|e Juda|ca 3er|es z|. NeW laver. a|e ur|vers||y lress, 18o.
Ku|r, K. 0. 0er |arra|||sc|e ||drasc| 3|lre zu Nurer|, uoerse|z| urd er||ar|.
baoo|r|sc|e Tex|e z|. 3|u||gar|. Ko|||arrer, 1.
lau|eroac|, Jacoo Z., ed. |e|||||a ol baoo| ls|rae|. A Cr|||ca| Fd|||or or ||e
8as|s ol
||e |aruscr|p|s ard Far|y Fd|||ors W||| ar Frg||s| Trars|a||or, lr|roduc||or ard
No|es. bepr. vo|s. l|||ade|p||a. JeW|s| luo||ca||or 3oc|e|y ol Arer|ca, 1;o.
lever|oll, l. l., ed. ||dras| 3|lre or Nuroers. lordor. 1zo(par||a| |rars|a||or).
Neusrer, Jacoo, ed. 0eres|s baooa|. T| e Juda|c Correr|ary or 0eres|s, A
NeW
Arer|car Trars|a||or. vo|s. 8roWr Juda|c 3|ud|es 1o|-1oo. A||ar|a. 3c|o|ars
lress, 18.
Neusrer, Jacoo. 3|lre |o Nuroers. Ar Arer|car Trars|a||or ard Fxp|ara||or. z
vo|s.
( 1-11). 8roWr Juda|c 3|ud|es 118-11. A||ar|a. 3c|o|ars lress, 18o.
85
Neusrer, Jacoo, ed. 3|lre |o 0eu|erorory. Ar Ara|y||ca| Trars|a||or. zvo|s.
8roWr
Juda|c 3|ud|es 8, 1o1. A||ar|a. 3c|o|ars lress, 18;-.
Neusrer, Jacoo, ard boger 8roo|s, eds. 3|lra. T| e baoo|r|c Correr|ary or
lev|||cus.
Ar Arer|car Trars|a||or. 8roWr Juda|c 3|ud|es 1oz. A||ar|a. 3c|o|ars lress,
18.
ToWrserd, Jo|r T. ||dras| Tar|ura. 3. 8uoer recers|or, Trars|a|ed |r|o Frg||s|
W||| lr|roduc||or, lrd|ces ard 8r|el No|es. looo|er, N.J.. K|av, 18o.
w|r|er, Ja|oo, ard Augus| wursc|e. |ec|||||a, e|r |arra|||sc|er ||drasc| zu
Fxodus. le|pz|g. J. C. l|rr|c|s, 1o. bepr., l||des|e|r ard Zur|c|. 0eorg
0|rs, 1o.
w|r|er, Ja|oo. 3|lra. la|ac||sc|er ||drasc| zu lev|||cus. 8res|au. 18.
wursc|e, A. 8|o||o||eca baoo|r|ca. F|re 3arr|urg a||er ||drasc||r. zur
ers|er
|a|e |rs 0eu|sc|e uoer|rager. vo|s. le|pz|g 188o-188. bepr., l||des|e|r.
0eorg 0|rs, 1o;.
l|yyu|
0av|dsor, lsrae|, ard lou|s 0|rzoerg, ed. |a|zor arra|. A l||urg|ca| wor| ol ||e
vll|| Cer|ury Fd||ed lror 0er|za| lragrer|s. Tex|s ard 3|ud|es ol ||e JeW|s|
T| eo|og|ca| 3er|rary ol Arer|ca o. NeW or|. JeW|s| T| eo|og|ca| 3er|rary ol
Arer|ca, 11.
var 8e||ur, wou| Jac. leoreW loe|ry lror la|e Ar||qu||y. l||urg|ca| loers ol
e|uda|. Cr|||ca| Fd|||or W||| lr|roduc||or ard Correr|ary. le|der. 8r|||, 18
(lr|roduc||or).
lror ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| 1baoo|r|c l||era|ure 1
3e|ec|ed 3ecordary l||era|ure
A|or, 0. T| e JeWs |r ||e|r lard |r ||e Ta|rud|c Age. Trars|a|ed ard ed||ed oy
0ers|or lev|. zvo|s. d. ed. Jerusa|er. |agres lress, 18o-18|. bepr.,
Caror|dge. larvard ur|vers||y lress, 18|, 18.
8aec|, l. `laggada| ard C|r|s||ar 0oc|r|re.' leoreW ur|or Co||ege Arrua| z
(1o-11). |-oo.
8oyar|r, 0ar|e|. lr|er|ex|ua|||y ard ||e bead|rg ol ||dras|. lrd|ara 3|ud|es |r
8|o||ca| l||era|ure. 8|oor|rg|or, lrd.., lrd|ara ur|vers||y lress, 1o.
0auoe, 0av|d. `A|exardr|ar |e||ods ol lr|erpre|a||or ard ||e baoo|s.' lages
z;-||
|r Fssays |r 0reco-borar ard be|a|ed Ta|rud|c l||era|ure. Fd||ed oy larry A.
l|sc|e|. NeW or|. K|av, 1;;. bepr. lror les|sc|r|l|lars leWa|d. 8ase|. 1,
z-||.
0auoe, 0av|d. `baoo|r|c |e||ods ol lr|erpre|a||or ard le||er|s||c b|e|or|c.'
leoreW ur|or Co||ege Arrua|zz(1|). z-o|.
0ar|e|ou, Jear. 3acrarer|ur lu|ur|. F|udes sur |es or|g|res de |a |ypo|og|e
o|o||que.
F|udes de ||eo|og|e ||s|or|que. lar|s. 8eauc|esre, . 1o
F|ooger, lsrar. JeW|s| l||urgy. A Corpre|ers|ve l|s|ory. Trars|a|ed oy
bayrord l.
3c|e|rd||r lror or|g|ra| 0errar ard upda|ed leoreW ed|||or. l|||ade|p||a.
JeW|s| luo||ca||or 3oc|e|y ard NeW or|, JeW|s| T| eo|og|ca| 3er|rary ol
Arer|ca, 1. (3ee lor l|yyu|r.)
F|or, |erac|er. JeW|s| laW. l|s|ory, 3ources, lr|rc|p|es. Trars|a|ed oy
8errard
Aueroac| ard |e|v|r J. 3y|es. |vo|s. l|||ade|p||a. JeW|s| luo||ca||or 3oc|e|y
ol Arer|ca, 1|.
l|s|oare, ||c|ae| A. 8|o||ca| lr|erpre|a||or |r Arc|er| lsrae|. 0xlord. C|arerdor,
18.
l|sc|e|, larry A., ed. Fssays |r 0reco-borar ard be|a|ed Ta|rud|c l||era|ure.
T| e
l|orary ol 8|o||ca| 3|ud|es. NeW or|. K|av, 1;;.
lraade, 3|ever 0. lror Trad|||or |o Correr|ary. Tora| ard l|s lr|erpre|a||or |r
||e
||dras| 3|lre |o 0eu|erorory. 3uN 3er|es |r Juda|ca. A|oary. 3|a|e ur|vers||y
ol NeW or| lress, 11.
0oodrar, |ar||r. `JeW|s| lrose|y||z|rg |r ||e l|rs| Cer|ury.' lages -;8|r T|e
JeWs arorg lagars ard C|r|s||ars |r ||e borar Frp|re. Fd||ed oy Jud||| l|eu,
Jo|r Nor||, ard Tessa baja|. lordor ard NeW or|. bou||edge, 1z.
la||vr|, 0av|d we|ss. ||dras|, ||s|ra|, ard 0erara. T| e JeW|s| lred||ec||or
lor
Jus||l|ed laW. Caror|dge. larvard ur|vers||y lress, 18o.
la||vr|, 0av|d we|ss. les|a| ard 0eras|. l|a|r ard App||ed |ear|rg |r baoo|r|c
Fxeges|s. NeW or| ard 0xlord. 0xlord ur|vers||y lress, 11.
lar|rar, 0eollrey l., ard 3arlord 8ud|c|, eds. ||dras| ard l||era|ure. NeW
laver. a|e ur|vers||y lress, 18o.
1|o TWo Juda|sr ard b|e|or|ca| Cu||ure
le|rerarr, Josep|. `lrol||e ol a ||dras|. T| e Ar| ol Corpos|||or |r lev|||cus
86
baooa|.' Jourra| ol ||e Arer|car Acadery ol be||g|or(1;1). 1|1-o.
le|rerarr, Josep|, ard Ja|oo Josel le|uc|oWs||, eds. T| e l||era|ure ol ||e
3yragogue. l|orary ol JeW|s| 3|ud|es. NeW or|. 8e|rrar louse, 1;. (3ee lor
l|yyu|r.)
l|rs|rar, |arc 0. A b|va|ry ol 0er|us. JeW|s| ard C|r|s||ar 8|o||ca|
lr|erpre|a||or
|r la|e Ar||qu||y. 3uN 3er|es |r Juda|ca. Trars|a|ed oy 8a|ya 3|e|r. A|oary.
3|a|e ur|vers||y ol NeW or| lress, 1.
Jallee, |ar||r. `T| e ||dras||c lroer. ToWards ||e 0escr|p||or ol baoo|r|c
Fxeges|s.' lages -11z|r Approac|es |o Arc|er| Juda|sr |. Fd||ed oy w||||ar
3co|| 0reer. vo|s. C||co, Ca||l.. 3c|o|ars lress, 18.
Jus|er, Jear. les ju|ls dars |'erp|re rora|r. leur cord|||or jur|d|que, ecoror|que
e|
soc|a|e. zvo|s. lar|s. 0urard, 11|. bepr., NeW or|. 8ur| lrar|||r, 1o.
Kuge|, Jares l. `Far|y lr|erpre|a||or. T| e Corror 8ac|grourd ol la|e lorrs
ol
8|o||ca| Fxeges|s.' lages -1oo|r Far|y 8|o||ca| lr|erpre|a||or. Fd||ed oy Jares
l. Kuge| ard boWar A. 0reer. l|orary ol Far|y C|r|s||ar||y . l|||ade|p||a,
wes|r|rs|er, 18o.
lau|eroac|, Jacoo Z., ed. baoo|r|c Fssays. C|rc|rra||. leoreW ur|or Co||ege
lress,
11. bepr., NeW or|. K|av, 1;.
levere, A. `ler|a|euc|a| Fxeges|s |r Far|y 3yr|ac ard baoo|r|c 3ources.' 3|ud|a
la|r|s||ca 1Tex|e urd ur|ersuc|urger o(1;), |8|-1.
l|eoerrar, 3au|. le||er|sr |r JeW|s| la|es||re. 3|ud|es |r ||e l||erary
Trarsr|ss|or,
8e||els ard |arrers ol la|es||re |r ||e l Cer|ury o.c.e.-lv Cer|ury c.e. Tex|s
ard 3|ud|es ol ||e JeW|s| T| eo|og|ca| 3er|rary ol Arer|ca 18. zd ed. NeW
o r | . J e W |s | T| eo|og|ca| 3er|rary ol Arer|ca, 1oz.
. 0ree|s |r JeW|s| la|es||re. 3|ud|es |r ||e l|le ard |arrers ol JeW|s|
la|es||re |r
||e ll-lv Cer|ur|es c.e. zd ed. NeW or|. l. le|d|e|r, 1o.
loeWe, bap|ae|. `T| e JeW|s| ||dras||r ard la|r|s||c ard 3c|o|as||c Fxeges|s
ol ||e
8|o|e.' Tex|e urd ur|ersuc|urgero(1;). |z.
|eyers, Fr|c |., ard Jares l. 3|rarge. Arc|aeo|ogy, ||e baoo|s, ard Far|y
C|r|s||ar||y. Nas|v|||e. Ao|rgdor, 181.
||||ar, lergus. `T| e JeWs ol ||e 0raeco-borar 0|aspora oe|Weer lagar|sr
ard C|r|s||ar||y, ad 1z-|8.' lages ;-1z|r T| e JeWs arorg lagars ard
C|r|s||ars |r ||e borar Frp|re. Fd||ed oy Jud||| l|eu, Jo|r Nor||, ard Tessa
baja|. lordor ard NeW or|. bou||edge, 1z.
|u|der, Jar, ed. |||ra. Tex|, Trars|a||or, bead|rg ard lr|erpre|a||or ol ||e
leoreW
8|o|e |r Arc|er| Juda|sr ard Far|y C|r|s||ar||y. Corperd|a berur luda|carur
ad Novur Tes|arer|ur 3ec. z|1. l|||ade|p||a. lor|ress, 1o.
Neusrer, Jacoo. 0eres|s ard Juda|sr. T| e lerspec||ve ol 0eres|s baooa|. Ar
Ara|y||ca| Ar||o|ogy. 8roWr Juda|c 3|ud|es 1o8. A||ar|a. 3c|o|ars lress, 18.
lror ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| 1|1baoo|r|c l||era|ure 1|1
Neusrer, Jacoo, ed. lr|roduc||or |o baoo|r|c l||era|ure. T| e Arc|or 8|o|e
belererce
l|orary. NeW or|. 0ouo|eday, 1|.
la||e, 0ar|e|. Far|y JeW|s| lerrereu||c |r la|es||re. 38l 0|sser|a||or 3er|es zz.
||ssou|a, |or|.. 3c|o|ars lress, 1;.
le|uc|oWs||, Ja|oo Josel, ard Fzra l|e|sc|er, eds. 3|ud|es |r Aggada|, Targur
ard
JeW|s| l||urgy |r |erory ol Josep| le|rerarr. Jerusa|er. |agres lress,
181.
3alra|, 3|rue|. `Arora|r.' Co|urrs 8oo-;|r vo|. zol Frcyc|opaed|a Juda|ca.
Fd||ed oy Cec|| bo|| ard 0eollrey w|goder. Jerusa|er. Frcyc|opaed|a Juda|ca
ard NeW or|. |acr|||ar, 1;1.
, ed. T| e l||era|ure ol ||e 3ages, l|rs| lar|. 0ra| Tora, la|a||a, ||s|ra, Tosel|
a,
Ta|rud, Fx|erra| Trac|a|es. Corperd|a berur luda|carur ad Novur
Tes|arer|ur sec. z|A. l|||ade|p||a. lor|ress, 18;.
3alra|, 3|rue|, ard |erac|er 3|err, ed. T| e JeW|s| leop|e |r ||e l|rs|
Cer|ury.
l|s|or|ca| 0eograp|y, lo||||ca| l|s|ory, 3oc|a|, Cu||ura| ard be||g|ous l|le ard
lrs|||u||ors. Corperd|a berur luda|carur ad Novur Tes|arer|ur sec. 1|1.
l|||ade|p||a. lor|ress, 1;|.
3arasor, b|c|ard. `T| e le||||ao| |r lev|||cus baooa. `0ra| lor|||es' or
bedac||ora|
Cors|ruc||ors?' Jourra| ol JeW|s| 3|ud|es(18z). ;-o;.
3|arl, ArdreW. 8yzar||re JeWry lror Jus||r|ar |o ||e lour|| Crusade. T| e
l|||rar
87
l|orary ol JeW|s| C|v|||za||or. NeW or|, 3c|oc|er, 1;1.
3||rar, Av|gdor. T| e wor|d ol ||e Aggada|. Te|-Av|v. |00 8oo|s, 1o.
3|grer, ||c|ae| A. `loW ||e 8|o|e las 8eer lr|erpre|ed |r JeW|s| Trad|||or.'
lages
o-8z|r vo|. 1ol T| e NeW lr|erpre|er's 8|o|e. Fd||ed oy learder F. Kec|, e| a|.
Nas|v|||e. Ao|rgdor, 1|.
3||oerrar, lou l. `C|a||erge ard besporse. les|q|a 0arao Ka|ara, C|ap|er zo
as
ar 0o||que bep|y |o C|r|s||ar C|a|rs.' larvard T|eo|og|ca| bev|eW;(18o).
z|;-.
3peroer, 0ar|e|. `Tarra, Tarra|r.' Co|urrs ;8-8o|r vo|. 1ol Frcyc|opaed|a
Juda|ca. Fd||ed oy Cec|| bo|| ard 0eoll rey w|goder. Jerusa|er. Frcyc|opaed|a
Juda|ca ard NeW or|. |acr|||ar, 1;1.
3|arr, Jos|ua. T| e JeWs |r ||e 8yzar||re Frp|re o|1-1zo|. besearc| ard
3ource
wor|s 3er|es 8o, Juda|ca 3er|es 8. bepr., NeW or|. 8ur| lrar|||r, 1;o.
3|eroerger, 0ur|er. lr|roduc||or |o ||e Ta|rud ard ||dras|. zrd ed. Fd|rourg|.
T&T C|ar|, 1o.
3|err, 0av|d. larao|es |r ||dras|. Narra||ve ard Fxeges|s |r baoo|r|c l||era|ure.
Caror|dge. larvard ur|vers||y lress, 11.
uroac|, Flra|r F||re|ec|. T| e 3ages, T| e|r Corcep|s ard 8e||els. luo||ca||ors
ol ||e
lerry lourda||or |r ||e leoreW ur|vers||y ol Jerusa|er. Trars|a|ed oy lsrae|
Aora|ars. zvo|s. zd ed. Jerusa|er. |agres lress, 1;.
1|z TWo Juda|sr ard b|e|or|ca| Cu||ure
3upp|erer|ary 8|o||ograp|y
baoo|r|c Fxeges|s
Ardersor, 0. `Ce||oacy or Corsurra||or |r ||e 0arder? bel|ec||ors or Far|y
JeW|s| ard C|r|s||ar lr|erpre|a||or ol ||e 0arder ol Fder.' lT|b8z(18).
1z1-|8.
8ar||e|ery, 0. `l'appropr|a||or ju|ve e| c|re||erre du lsau||er.' lages zoo-18|r
A 0|l|ol 0od |r 0ue 3easor. Fd||ed oy b. 0. we|s, e| a|. J30T.3 zz. 3|ell| e|d.
3|ell| e|d Acader|c lress, 1o.
8auc||ar, b. `T| e Apoca|ypse ol le|er. A JeW|s| C|r|s||ar Apoca|ypse lror ||e
T|re ol 8ar Ko||oa.' Apocryp|a(1|). ;-111.
8ec|W|||, b. T| e 0|d Tes|arer| Caror ol ||e NeW Tes|arer| C|urc| ard ||s
8ac|grourd |r Far|y Juda|sr. lordor. 3lCK, 18.
8orger, l. `lr Accordarce W||| ||e 3cr|p|ures.' lages 1-zo|r Far|y C|r|s||ar
T| oug|| |r ||s JeW|s| Cor|ex|. Fd||ed oy J. 8arc|ay ard J. 3Wee|. Caror|dge.
Caror|dge ur|vers||y lress, 1o.
8roer, l. `Zur w|r|urgsgesc||c||e des Ta||o-veroo|s |r der A||er K|rc|e.' 8Noo
(1). z-1.
8ro|||er, l. `l'ep|sode des l| eaux d'Fgyp|e (Fx ;-11) |u par l|||or d'A|exardr|e e|
|es lres grecs.' bec|Augz|(18). -o|.
Crea||ve o|o||ca| exeges|s. C|r|s||ar ard JeW|s| |errereu||cs ||roug| ||e
cer|ur|es.
Fd||ed oy 8. uller|e|rer ard l. 0ral bever||oW. 3|ell| e|d. 3|ell| e|d Acader|c
lress, 188.
0a|ar, 0. `Ju|ls e| c|re||ers er 0cc|der| red|eva|. la rercor|re au|our de |a
8|o|e
(Xll
e-Xlv
e
s.).' bevue de syr||se, || ser|es ( ). - . | 1181
0auoe, 0. `A|exardr|ar |e||ods ol lr|erpre|a||or ard ||e baoo|s.' lages z;-||
|r
ls. FWa|d. 8ase|. le|o|rg, 1z.
0erre||, J. 0. |. `T| e parao|e ol ||e prod|ga| sor. la|r|s||c a||egor|es ard JeW|s|
r|dras||r.' 3| la|r1o(1;o). z1-z|.
0ex|rger, l. `Jud|sc|-c|r|s|||c|e Nac|gesc||c||e vor 0eres|s o.1-|.' lages
1-;
|rZur A||ua|||a| des A||er Tes|arer|s. ls. lur 0eorg 3auer zur o. 0eour|s|ag.
Fd||ed oy 3. Kreuzer ard K. lu|||. lrar|lur| a. |., 1z.
Fvars, C. A. `lsa|a| o.-1o|r raoo|r|c ard pa|r|s||c Wr|||rgs.' v|gC|ro(18z).
z;-81.
. `la|r|s||c lr|erpre|a||or ol |ar| z.zo'w|er Ao|a||ar Was l|g| lr|es|'.' v|gC|r
|o( ). - . 18o188o
0argaro, l. `l'eseges| pa|r|s||ca |r d|a|ogo cor |'eora|sro de| pr|r| seco||.' v||a
|oras||ca|(11). z-||.
0er|ardssor, 8. |erory ard |aruscr|p|. 0ra| Trad|||or ard wr|||er
Trarsr|ss|or
|r baoo|r|c Juda|sr ard Far|y C|r|s||ar||y. Ac|a 3er|r. N.T. upsa||ers|s . zz
lurd. 0|eerup, 1o1.
lror ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| 1|baoo|r|c l||era|ure 1|
88
0orarr, l.-C. `|e|arorp|oser e|res 0arors. F|r 8e||rag zur
bezep||orsgesc||c||e vor Fx |.z|-zo.' lages 1z-z|r 8egegrurger
zW|sc|er C|r|s|er|ur
urd Juder|ur |r Ar|||e urd ||||e|a||er. les|c|r|l|lur le|rz 3c|rec|eroerg.
Fd||ed oy 0.-A. Koc| urd l. l|c||eroerger, W||| K. ard T. le|rard|. 3c|r|l|er
des lrs|||u|ur Juda|cur 0e|||zsc||arur 1. 0o|||rger. varder|oec| &
buprec||, 1.
0u||gerarrs, F. `0era|r|yya' urd le
c|e..s|or. Zur 3er|o||| des `0rarra' urd
der Za|| |r Juder|ur.' l|rgu|s||ca 8|o||ca ( ). - . o|1oz1
lar|, |. `lroo|res de |raduc||or du ler|a|euque de |a 3ep|ar|e dars ure
|argue
roderre.' Arra|| d| 3c|erze be||g|ose (0|par||rer|o d| 3c|erze be||g|ose,
ur|vers|| Ca||o||ca de| 3acro Cuore, |||aro) ( ). - . 11oo
lar|, |., 0. 0or|va|, ard 0. |urr|c|. la 8|o|e grecque des 3ep|ar|e. 0u
Judaisre
le||er|s||que au C|r|s||ar|sre Arc|er. lr|||a||ors au C|r|s||ar|sre Arc|er.
lar|s. Cerl, . 188
lerr, |. 0. `l'lerrereu||que ju|ve e| c|re||erre des l|gures o|o||ques |'epoque
du deux|re Terp|e, de |a ||s|ra e| du Ta|rud.' lages -1o|r |ess|a|
ard C|r|s|os. 3|ud|es |r ||e JeW|s| 0r|g|rs ol C|r|s||ar||y preser|ed |o 0.
l|usser.
Fd||ed oy l. 0ruerWa|d, 3. 3|a|ed, ard 0. 0. 3|roursa. Tex|e urd 3|ud|er zur
Ar|||er Juder|ur z. Tuo|rger. J. C. 8. |o|r, 1z.
l|rs|rar, |. `T| e 0ree| la||ers ard ||e Aggada or Fcc|es|as|es. lorra|s ol
Fxeges|s |r la|e Ar||qu||y.' luCA(188). 1;-o.
loroury, w. `0|d Tes|arer| |r|erpre|a||or |r ||e Wr|||rgs ol ||e C|urc| la||ers.'
lages ;z;-8;|r |||ra. Tex|, Trars|a||or, bead|rg ard lr|erpre|a||or ol ||e
leoreW 8|o|e |r Arc|er| Juda|sr ard Far|y C|r|s||ar||y. Fd||ed oy |. J. |u|der
ard l. 3ys||rg. Asser. var 0orcur, 188.
lorgar, |. l. les|ar|r. urrar lr|erpre|a||ors ol 8|o||ca| 8oo|s. was||rg|or,
0.C..
T| e Ca||o||c 8|o||ca| Assoc|a||or ol Arer|ca, 1;.
ly|da||, N. `Karper or s|r|l|lors|e|ser | de| arde| r|urdrede.' lages o-;o
|r
Juderdor oc| |r|s|erdor urder de lors|a ar|urdradera ll. 3|auarger. 18o.
Karesar, A. `T| e Fva|ua||or ol ||e Narra||ve Aggada |r 0ree| ard la||r la|r|s||c
l||era|ure.' JT| 3|(1|). ;-;1.
Karp||rg, b. `Neu|es|arer|||c|e Tex|e a|s 8aus|e|re der spa|erer
AdversusJudaeos-l||ea|ur.' lages 1z1-8|r C|r|s|||c|er Ar||juda|srus urd
jud|sc|er
Ar||pagar|srus. ||re |o||ve urd l|r|ergrurde |r der ers|er dre| Ja|r|urder|er,
vo|. 8. Fd||ed oy l. lro|r|oler. larourg. 3|e|rrarr urd 3|e|rrarr, 1o.
loeWe, b. `T| e JeW|s| ||dras||r ard la|r|s||c ard 3c|o|as||c Fxeges|s ol ||e
8|o|e.' 3|la|r ( ). - . 11;|z1|
|arrs, l. `ure a||erca||or doc|r|ra|e er|re |es raoo|rs e| |es judeo-c|re||ers er
deou| du |ro|s|re s|c|e. 3|lre 0| z.1.' ve| C|rzo(18). |-8.
||||er, w. `Far|y JeW|s| ard C|r|s||ar lerrereu||c ol 0eres|s 18.1-1oard z.
z-.' 38T1o(18o). 1o-1.
1|| TWo Juda|sr ard b|e|or|ca| Cu||ure
. |ys|er|ous Frcour|ers a| |arre ard Jaooo|.8roWr Juda|c 3|ud|es o.
C||co,
Ca||l.. 3c|o|ars lress, 18|.
|ur|er, C. `la lerre de lo| dars |a ||||era|ure ju|ve e| c|re||erre des prer|ers
s|c|es.' lages - |r l|gures de |'Arc|er Tes|arer| c|ez |es lres. Ca||ers 1z|z
de
8|o||a la|r|s||ca . 3|rasoourg. Cer|re d'ara|yse e| docurer|a||or pa|r|s||que, z
18.
le|uc|oWs||, J. J. `la|a||a| |r ||e C|urc| la||ers.' lages z;-;||r Fssays |r
|oror
ol 3. 8. lree|ol. Fd||ed oy wa||er Jacoo, lreder|c| 3c|War|z, ard v|gdor Kava|er.
l|||sourg|. 1o|.
3arde||r. K.-0. w|sdor as rour|s|er. a s|udy ol ar 0|d Tes|arer| ||ere, ||s
deve|oprer| W||||r ear|y Juda|sr ard ||s |rpac| or ear|y C|r|s||ar||y.Ac|a Acad.
Aooers|s 3er|es A, o|,. Aoo. A|ader|, 18o.
3c|rec|eroerg, l. 0|e c|r|s|||c|er Adversus-Judaeos-Tex|e urd ||r |||erar|sc|es
urd
||s|or|sc|es urle|d (l.-Xl. J|.).bev. ed. 8err. larg, 1o.
0|e 3ep|uag|r|a zW|sc|er Juder|ur urd C|r|s|er|ur.Fd||ed oy |. lerge| ard
A. |. 3c|Werer. wuNT ;z. Tuo|rger. J. C. 8. |o|r, 1|.
3erra, A. `l pas|or| a| presep|o. b|l|ess|or| su lc . - a||a |uce de||'ar||ca z8zo
|rad|z|ore g|uda|co-cr|s||ara.' b|cerc|e s|or|co-o|o||c|e|z(1z). 1o-z.
3||er, J. 3. 0|s|r|er|||rg ||e JeWs. Aora|ar |r Far|y C|r|s||ar Cor|roversy.
lou|sv|||e.
89
wes|r|rs|er|Jo|r Krox, 11.
3|r|sca|co, l. `ur|versa||| e raz|or| |r scr|||or| cr|s||ar| ar||c||. ua|c|e
osservaz|ore a par||re da| |err|r| laose F||re|r lao|o.' lages 1-||r A||| de|
l 3|rpos|o d| Tarso su 3. lao|o Apos|o|o. Turc||a. la C||esa e |a sua s|or|a .
bore. lor||l|c|o A|ereo 'Ar|or|arur,'' . 1
3|roursa, 0. 0. `T| e Far|y C|r|s||ar l|s| 3yroo| becors|dered.' lages 1-
zo
|r |ess|a| ard C|r|s|os. 3|ud|es |r ||e JeW|s| 0r|g|rs ol C|r|s||ar||y.Fd||ed oy
l. 0ruerWa|d, 3. 3|a|ed, ard 0. 0. 3|roursa. Tex|e urd 3|ud|er zur Ar|||er
Juder|ur z. Tuo|rger. J. C. 8. |o|r, 1z.
3|uar|, 3. 3. `T| e Fxodus Trad|||or |r la|e JeW|s| ard Far|y C|r|s||ar
l||era|ure.'
0|ssAo ( - ). . |1;1;|zoz
Terra, J. F. |. `be|e||ura juda|ca e cr|s|r de 8|o||a.' bC8 - ( ). - . |||18;1z
v|ar, 0. |. `lr|erpre|az|or| g|uda|c|e e cr|s||are ar||c|e de| sogro d| 0|acoooe
(0eres| z8.1o-zz).' Augbz(18). o;-z.
w|||er, b. l. `'lr rov|ss|r|s d|eous'. 8|o||ca| lror|ses, JeW|s| lopes ard Far|y
C|r|s||ar Fxeges|s.' JFC31(1). 1-1.
Zuurrord, b. `T| e b|g||eous s|a|| ||ve oy la||| (laooa|u| z.||r JeW|s| ard
C|r|s||ar Fxeges|s oelore 1c.e.).' ACF8To(18). 1oz-;.

lror ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| 1|lll
TlF ll3T0b 0l 0bAFC0b0|AN blFT0blC3.
A 3l0bT 0uTllNF
ll Juda|sr ray oe ca||ed a re||g|or ol ||e8oo|, C|r|s||ar||y s|aped ||s
cu||ura| |der|||y as a re||g|or ol rary ooo|s! No| or|y Was ||e co||ec||or
ol Wr|||rgs ca||ed `NeW Tes|arer|' jo|red |o ||e leoreW 8|o|e ard |o ||s
corp|erer|s erc|osed |r ||e |xx, ou| lror ||e l|rs| cer|ury a |||erary ac||v||y
deve|oped |r C|r|s||ar corrur|||es W||c| cer|ered or ||e |r|erpre|a||or
ol ||e sever|y Wr|||rgs corpr|s|rg ||e o| ard r|. T| e cu||ure ol ||e ||re
requ|red a Wr|||ercorrur|ca||or ol sacred rys|er|es, ard ear|y C|r|s||ar||y
proved |o oe ro excep||or. lr lac|, C|r|s||ar Wr||ers ro| or|y adap|ed ||e
las||orao|e |rerds ol |||era|ure ol ||e|r ||res, JeW|s| ard pagar a|||e, ou|
a|so crea|ed ||e|r oWr gerres ol |||erary Wor|s, lor |rs|arce ||e gerre ol
||e `gospe|s' ||erse|ves. lerce ||ey lourd ||erse|ves |rrersed |r ||e
pervad|rg ard r|c| cu||ure ol pos|-c|ass|ca| r|e|or|cs W||c| surrourded ||e
|ed||errarear ard gave ||e borar Frp|re a corror cu||ura| deror|ra|or, jus|
as popu|ar 0ree| Was ||s ||rgua lrarcalor ora| corrur|ca||or. A
or|el rer|rder ol ||e ||s|ory ol 0reco-borar r|e|or|cs s|ou|d sull| ce as a
||s|or|ca| oac|grourd lor ||e o|r|| ol C|r|s||ar exeges|s |r W||c| || s|ruc|ured ||se|l
lor rary cer|ur|es.
lr e|g|||-cer|ury o.c.e. lorer We a|ready l|rd |rs|arces ol ||e prac||ce
ol l|rd|rg e|yro|og|es lor rares. lor |rs|arce, ||e rare ol As|yarax, sor
ol lec|or, |e c|a|rs, ec|oed lec|or's rare, lor lec|or Was ||e or|y ell| c|er|
delerder (vd) ol ||e c||y (l||ad, o, |o, zz, oo-o;). A s|r||ar |r|eres| |s
s|oWr oy les|od |r T| e wor|s ard ||e 0ays, or |r ||s T|eogory.
T|e l|l|| cer|ury o.c.e. |s ||e ||re ol ||e l|rs| grea| ora|ors |r 0reece,
T| er|s|oc|es (-|;o), ler|c|es (||-|z), ard C|eor, ||s ra|r opporer|.
Arourd |;o, Corax ard T|s|as corposed ||e l|rs| Tvp, or lardooo| ol
b|e|or|c,|r 3|c||y ard |a|er jo|red ||e grea| 0org|as |r A||ers. Al| er ||e
|org es|ao||s|ed `|yrarry' |ad core |o ard erd, 0ree| c|||es Wer| ||roug|
a per|od ol |r|erse po||||ca| ard ora|or|ca| ac||v||y |r order |o crea|e a s|a|e
ol |aW. l|rs| a||erp|s ol s|ruc|ur|rg ||eore||ca||y ||e ar| ol ora|ory |a|d doWr
||e ear||es| lourda||ors ol r|e|or|c. T| e so-ca||ed 3op||s|s |aug|| |oW |o
|ard|e `corrorp|aces' ol speec|, suc| as ||e `pro|ogue' (||e ooiov Was
|r|||a||y reserved lor poe|ry) ard ||e `ep||ogue' (\oo), or corver||ora|
||eres lor dec|ara||or ard ||e soivo oi, cod|l|ed e|erer|s ol a speec|
suc| as ||e express|or ol |||erary |ur||||y, ||e eu|ogy ol ||e arces|ors, ard
o||ers.
1|o TWo Juda|sr ard b|e|or|ca| Cu||ure
Arourd |zo0org|as, a ce|eora|ed A||er|ar |eac|er ol e|oquerce, d|scovered ||e
|rpor|arce ol ora|or|ca| aes||e||cs lor ||e educa||or ol lu|ure
po||||ca| |eaders, ||s oes| pup|| oe|rg lro|agoras. l|s cor|erporary ard
corpe|||or, lsocra|es, W|o ac||eved ar |rpress|ve degree ol ac||v||y oe|Weer
|oard , Was ||e |eac|er ol Fsc||res ard 0eros||eres (8|-zz). le
gave ||s |eac||rg a p|||osop||ca| or|er|a||or, |rs|s||rg or ||e c|ar||y ol expos|||or
ard ||e pragra||c pedagogy corver|er| lor po||||ca| ||le. T|e s|y|e
ol a speec| s|ou|d a|Ways oe de|err|red accord|rg |o ||e sdi, ||e c|a||erge
ol ||e rorer|, ard ||e ov, W|a| |s ||e ros| appropr|a|e g|ver
||e persors ard ||e c|rcurs|arces a| s|a|e. 0eros||eres de||vered ||s ros|
larous c|v|| ard po||||ca| p|eas, or ||s |arargues (suc| as ||e ores aga|rs|
l||||p ol |acedor|a), oe|Weer oard o. A|so |r ||e lour|| cer|ury o.c.e.,
T| eodore ol 8yzarce |aug|| |oW |o d|v|de a speec| |r|o d|llerer| par|s.
90
lrod||os locused or syroryr|es, ard o||ers or ||e r|y||r ol ser|erces, ||e
c|o|ce ol Words, ||e |rpor|arce ol r|e|or|ca| d|sc|p||re lor gerera| educa||or, or
aga|r or ||e ar| ol corc|seress ard ||e |ec|r|ques ol d|ss|ru|a||or.
3c|oo| ooo|s ru|||p||ed, |ec|r|ca| |errs oecare rore spec|a||zed, ard ||e
de||very ol speec|es as a goa| |r ||se|l oecare |rcreas|rg|y popu|ar.
l|a|o crea|ed ||e `Acadery' |r 8;. lr a 0|a|ogue er||||ed l|aedros|e
derourced `3op||s|ry' as ar||l|c|a|, r|s|ead|rg, rercerary, ard |rcorpe|er|
lor reac||rg ||e grourd ol ||e ra||ers deoa|ed. lor ||r, ora|ory s|ou|d
|r|erd |o serve as a `psyc|o|ogy,' a `gu|darce lor ||e sou|', |erce |e urged
||e reed |o corp|e|e ||e ar| ol dec|ara||or W||| ||e s|udy ol rore p|||osop||ca|
ra||ers. T| e |as||rg d|s||rc||or oe|Weer r|e|or|c ard p|||osop|y
der|ves lror l|a|o's Wor|. lr ||e d|a|ogue 0org|as, rared al| er ||s larous
predecessor, l|a|o opposed deragogy, c|a|r|rg ||a| ||e educa||or ol ||e ||rg
cou|d oe secured oy a p|||osop|er. T| us ||s ros| g|l| ed d|sc|p|e, Ar|s|o||e,
oecare ||e educa|or ol A|exarder ||e 0rea|. lr Cra|y|os, l|a|o |aug|| ||a|
rares are ro| |r ra|ure, ou| g|ver oy |urar agerc|es, ||erelore ||ey ray
oe Wrorg or |rcorrec|.
Ar|s|o||e rera|red a s|uder| ol l|a|o ur||| ||e |a||er's dea|| |r |8||;.
Al|er |av|rg served as ||e precep|or ol A|exarder, |e lourded ||e `lycaeur'
|r A||ers soor al| er ||e dea|| ol A|exarder's la||er, l||||p ol |acedor|a
|r . le d|ed |r ex||e |r zz. l|s |rea||se 0r ||e Ar| ol b|e|or|c, Tvp
pois, Wr|||er ca. o, s|ar|s W||| ||e s|a|erer|, `b|e|or|c [puo||c
speec|| |s a cour|erpar| [voo| ol d|a|ec||c [p|||osop|y|' (1|a),
ou| cor|rary |o p|||osop|y || |s a pure|y lorra| d|sc|p||re, ro| a sc|erce, ou|
a vp ( a `re||od') re|evar| lor ary ra||er. l| requ|res ruc| |roW|edge
ard a lu|| educa||or, |rc|ud|rg psyc|o|ogy, po||||ca| ard soc|a| sc|erce,
e|c.. `b|e|or|c |s ||e capac||y ol d|scover|rg W|a|, |r eac| case, |s ||e ros|
lror ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| 1|;corv|rc|rg' (1o). lerce || ca||s
esser||a||y lor ||e ep|de|c||c gerre ol
d|scourse W||c| |r|erds |o corv|rce (suc| as Wou|d oe ||e d|scourse ol
C|r|s||ar la|||).
T| ere are ||ree ra|r re||ods ol d|scourse. ppois or
po\is, `de||oera||ve', isdvis, isdvis, `lorers|c', ard
iisis, `ep|dec||c' or `derors|ra||ve.' T| e ora|or's serse ol va|ues
s|ou|d ac||va|e appropr|a|e lee||rgs (9p) |r ||s aud|erce, ||s argurer|s
s|ou|d a|Ways oe rea|, ro| ar||l|c|a|. Ar|s|o||e e|aoora|ed ||e ||eory ol ||e
`er||yrers,' argurer|s |r lorr ol sy||og|srs oased or prooao||||y (l ||,
zz-z|). le locused or lour oas|c pr|rc|p|es ol ||e ar| ol ora|ory. `|rver||or,'
`e|ocu||or,' `order,' ard `d|spos|||or.' T| e r|y||r ol a speec| s|ou|d
oe cors|s|er| W||| our serses ard pass|ors, |erce ||e `corpos|||or' |s very
|rpor|ar|.
T| eop|ras|es rep|aced Ar|s|o||e as |ead ol ||e lycaeur. le corcer|ra|ed
or ||e aes||e||cs ol speec|. le d|s||rgu|s|ed oe|Weer d|llerer| s|y|es, lor
|rs|arce ||e `grard' ard ||e `ord|rary.' le s|ressed ||e |rpor|arce ol ora|or|ca|
`ac||or' (ges|ures, pos|ure, |oo|s, e|c.). lror ||a| sare Ar|s|o|e||ar
sc|oo| der|ved ||e o|des| |roWr |rea||se 0r lr|erpre|a||or, pvd,
dea||rg W||| purc|ua||or, d|v|s|ors, ard d|llerer| s|y|es ol speec|es. T| e
Wor| c|rcu|a|ed urder ||e rare ol 0ere|r|os ol l|a|eror, a po||||ca| |eader
ard ora|or |r lour|| cer|ury o.c.e. A||ers, ou| || prooao|y da|es or|y lror
||e oeg|rr|rg ol ||e Corror Fra.
lr ||e |||rd ard secord cer|ur|es o.c.e., l|a|or|s|s ard Ar|s|o|e||ars
er|er|a|red ||ve|y d|scuss|ors aoou| ||e ||r|s oe|Weer r|e|or|cs ard p|||osop|,
||ese |ed |o ||e produc||or ol rary |ardooo|s. lr ||e l| rs| cer|ury
o.c.e., C|cero |oo| ||e |ead W||| 0e ora|ore, 8ru|us, ard 0ra|or. ls es| er|r
e|oquers, qu| e| |ur|||a suo|||||er e| ragra grav||er e| red|ocra |erpera|er
po|es| d|cere. `Ar e|oquer| rar |s ||e ore W|o |s capao|e ol say|rg |uro|e
|||rgs W||| d|scre||or, grea| |||rgs W||| so|err||y, ard W|a| |s average W|||
reasure. T| e goa| ol a|| speec|es |s |o |eac|, |o er|er|a|r, ard |o rove,'
docere, de|ec|are, rovere(0e ora|ore , ). z1ou|r||||ar (lrs|||u||o ora|or|a)
grea||y adr|red C|cero |r ||e l|rs| cer|ury c.e., ard ever overs|adoWs ||r
as a ||eore||c|ar ol r|e|or|cs. le Wou|d |rcu|ca|e C|cero's ||reelo|d purpose
ol speec|es W||| ruc| erp|as|s.
A|| a|org ||e c|ass|ca| |rad|||ors `correr|ar|es' Were produced suc|
as sc|er||l|ccorrer|ar|es (0a|er |r|erpre||rg l|ppocra|es, or grarrar|ars
correr||rg or ques||ors ol grarrar), jur|d|ca|correr|ar|es, spec|a||y |r bore,
oe|Weer Augus|us ard 0|oc|e||ar, or p|||osop||ca|ores.
l|||osop||ca| correr|ar|es s|ar|ed |r ||e arc|er| 3|oa, W||| C|ear||es
ard ||s lour vo|ures ol lr|erpre|a||ors ol lerac|||us(ca. zo|o.c.e.), ard
T| e l|s|ory ol 0raeco-borar b|e|or|cs 1|;
1|8 TWo Juda|sr ard b|e|or|ca| Cu||ure
W||| Zero (oz-zo|), Wr|||rg or Fxp|ara||or ol ||e 3ay|rgs ol Frpedoc|es.
l|a|or|c correr|ar|es s|ar|ed |r ||e |||rd cer|ury W||| Crar|or, W|o Wro|e
or T|raeus (cl. T|ra|os). T| ey cor||rued W||| los|dor|us (1-1o.c.e.)
91
ard l|u|arc| (1s| c. c.e.), Nurer|us ard A|o|rus, |r ||e so-ca||ed
||dd|el|a|or|sr, l|ra||y, W||| lorp|yry (z-o|c.e.), laro||c|us (d. ca. oo
c.e..
||e cors|s|er| ur||y ol a Wor| |s ||s locus, so) ard lroc|us (|1z-|8
c.e.) |r Neo-l|a|or|sr. Ar|s|o|e||sr |ad ||s oWr |rad|||or ol correr|a|ors, lror
||e l|rs| cer|ury o.c.e. or. Ardror|cus, A|exarder ol Ap|rod|s|as,
Arror|us 3|rp||c|us, |acroo|us, Ca|c|d|us, |ar|us v|c|or|rus (W|o oecare
a C|r|s||ar), ard 8oe|||us.
lr jur|d|ca| ra||ers, oll| c|a| |r|erpre|ers ol ques||ors re|a|ed |o ||e cu||
Were |roWr lror ||e lour|| cer|ury o.c.e. or. 3pec|l|c |r|erpre|a||ors ol
3o|or c|rcu|a|ed. Casu|s||cs |ad ||s C|a|daear c|ar|a|ars. lr bore lurc||ored
||e Co||eg|urol ||e por||l|ces, ||e oll| c|a| |r|erpre|ers |r re||g|ous ra||ers,
lror W|or der|ve ||e l|or| por||l|cur. Add ||e Augur|, or |r|erpre|ers ol
ra|ura| sc|erce, ||e |r|erpre|ers ol ||e 3|oy||'s 0rac|es, ard as|ro|og|s|s. T|e
sc|erce ol c|v|| |aW Was |rd|spersao|e lor ora|ors, as C|cero |rs|s|ed or. urder
Jus||r|ar, 0|ges|sWere e|aoora|ed. co||ec||ors ol jur|spruderce.
8|o||ograp|y
b|e|or|c
8raur-lrgarg, C. `ur|ersuc|urger zur ver|a||r|s vor spa|ar|||er urd r||
|e||a|e|r|sc|er 8|oe|ep||.' lr ls. lur lau| K|opsc|. Fd||ed oy u. K|rderrarr,
e| a|. 0opp|rger. Korrer|e, 188.
Curr|rg|ar, 0. 3. T|eo|ogy as b|e|or|c.T| eo|og|ca| 3|ud|es z. 3|. lau|, ||rr.,
11.
0|rard|, |. `Cura ed||or|a|e. be|or|ca ed eseges| o|o||ca. l| r|||evo de| cor|eru||
a||raverso |e lorre.' lr A||| de| ll 3er|rar|o d| Ar||c||| Cr|s||are, 8ar| z;-z8
roverore 11. Fd||ed oy |. |ar|r ard |. 0|rard|. 8ar|. Fd|pug||a, 1o.
lar|s, F. l. `T| e borar r|e|or|ca| sc|oo| as a prepara||or lor ||e cour|s urder
||e
ear|y Frp|re.' lr 8|o||ograp||e d'0r|er|a||or sur |a b|e|or|que. Jo|r lop||rs
ur|vers||y, 1.
buWe|, N. `3yrecdoques e| re|oryr|es.' loe||queo(1;). ;1-88.
3c|auo||r, C. vor. `lorerur ex lorero.' |useur le|ve||cur|(1;;). zz1-
z;.
`v. 0rarra|re e| b|e|or|que.' lr Nouve||e ||s|o|re de |a ||||era|ure |a||re, ed||ed
oy
b. lerzog, v. 3c|r|d|, ard l. l|orec||. 8repo|s, 1.
wy||er, F. A. ` T| e l|a|or|c Corcep| ol b|e|or|c |r 'l|aedrus' ard ||s Fllec| upor
C|r|s||ar b|e|or|c.' TTKo(1z). z|1-z.
lror ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| 1|lv
TlF C0NTbl8uTl0N 0l blFT0blC3
T0 Clbl3TlAN lFb|FNFuTlC3
a spec|a| cor|r|ou||or
oy C|r|s|op| 3c|auo||r
3urpr|s|rg|y, ||e C|r|s||ars ol ||e ear|y cer|ur|es res|ed |arge|y cor|er| W|||
||e pagar sys|er ol educa||or W||c| ||ey lourd a|ready |r ex|s|erce, ard
rever rea||y a||erp|ed |o c|a||erge || or rep|ace || W||| ore ol ||e|r oWr ||a|
Was |r sore reasure `corless|ora||y' oased.8
loW |||||e ||ey cou|d |rag|re
||a| ||e currer| re||ods ol |rs|ruc||or |r ||e |rper|a| per|od requ|red ary
lurdarer|a| rerova||or |s s|oWr oy ||e|r argry reac||or |o ||e Frperor
Ju||ar's a||erp|, |r ||s ro|or|ous ed|c| corcerr|rg grarrar|ars ard r|e|or|c|ars,
|o exc|ude ||er rore or |ess oper|y lror ||We reed or|y reca||
0regory ol Naz|arzus's 0ra||o |(|-o, 1oo-1o).
T| e pagar curr|cu|ur
W||c| Was apparer||y so |rrep|aceao|e, |oWever, reac|ed ||s cu|r|ra||or
|r ||e r|e|or|ca| sc|oo||rg ol ||e yourg rar. le Was |o acqu|re urder ||e
r|e|or (||e |eac|er ol r|e|or|c) a W|de ard so||d |roW|edge ol ||e grea|
(prose) |||era|ure ol ||e pas|poe||c corpos|||or Was |ard|ed, or a |oWer
|eve|, oy ||e grarra||cus (|r roderr |err|ro|ogy, ||e p|||o|og|s|)ard
espec|a||y |o ga|r ||e lacu||y ol oe|rg ao|e ||rse|l |o Wr||e or spea| or ary
g|ver suojec| |r ar appropr|a|e lorr, |.e. ellec||ve|y ard W||| e|egarce.
lror ||e po|r| ol v|eW ol ||e ear||es| ||eor|s|s (s|rce ||e erd ol ||e l|l||
cer|ury o.c.e.) r|e|or|c Was ol course |r ||e l|rs| p|ace sore|||rg a||oge||er
lurc||ora| ard arsWer|rg |o a purpose.
1oT| ar|s |o ||s ru|es, || Was ||oug||,
||e spea|er |s pu| |r a pos|||or |o se| ou| ||s case successlu||y ard delerd
8. Cl. l. l. |arrou, l|s|o|re de |'educa||or dars |'ar||qu||e(o|| ed., lar|s, 1o)
|oll., F. lac|, `3oz|a|gesc||c||||c|e Aspe||e des le||ers e|rer 'c|r|s|||c|er'
3c|u|e
|r der ror|sc|er Ka|serze||,' |r. be||g|or urd 0ese||sc|al||r der ror|sc|er
Ka|serze||. Ko||oqu|ur zu F|rer vor l. v||||rg|oll , ed. w. Fc| (Co|ogre|v|erra,
18),
18-zo.
92
. Cl. l'Frpereur Ju||er, 0euvres corp||es l z. le||res e| lragrer|s, |ex|e revu
e|
|radu|| par J. 8|dez (lar|s, 1oo) ;zll. (No. o1), a|so A. Kurrarr, 0regor vor
Naz|arz. 0ra||o |0eger Ju||ar. F|r Korrer|ar(3c|We|zer|sc|e 8e||rage zur
A||er|ursW|ssersc|al|1, 8ase|, 188) |8ll., lac|, op. c||. zll .
1o. 0r ||e oeg|rr|rgs ol r|e|or|c cl. T. Co|e, T| e 0r|g|rs ol b|e|or|c |r Arc|er|
0reece(Jo|rs lop||rs ur|vers||y lress, 11), u. 3c||rde|, `ursprurg urd
0rurd|egurg der b|e|or|| |r der Ar|||e,' |r. 0|e |ac|| des wor|es. Aspe||e
gegerWar||ger
1o TWo Juda|sr ard b|e|or|ca| Cu||ure
|| or ary occas|or ||a| ray preser| ||se|l, ||a| |s, |o spea| `corv|rc|rg|y,'
oe || oelore a cour|, oelore a (po||||ca|) assero|y ol ||e peop|e, or oelore
sore o||er ga||er|rg, espec|a||y ol a les|a| ra|ure. T| e `c|ass|ca|' ||ree-par|
d|v|s|or ol r|e|or|c, l|rs| deve|oped oy Ar|s|o||e (b|e|.1.), re|a|es |o ||ese
d|verse occas|ors. ||ere |s a `lorers|c' e|oquerce (vo isdvisv = gerus
|ud|c|a|e), a `po||||ca|' (vo po\isv = gerus de||oera||vur), ard
ar `ep|de|c||c' vo iisisv = gerus derors|ra||vur). TWo |||rgs |r
par||cu|ar are prooao|y c|arac|er|s||c lor ||e Way W||c| r|e|or|c Was ||er
|o |rave| |r le||er|sr ard |r ||e ear|y |rper|a| per|od. 0r ||e ore |ard, ||
deve|oped |r|o a corpre|ers|ve sys|er, |rcreas|rg|y rel|red ard W||| rary
rar|l|ca||ors, or ||e o||er, |r r|va|ry W||| p|||osop|y, || rore ard rore
erp|a||ca||y ra|sed ||e c|a|r ||a| || u|||ra|e|y corrur|ca|ed ||e |rs|g||s,
||e |roW|edge, ard ||e Ways ol |||r||rg ||a| c|arac|er|zed ||e |ru|y educa|ed
rar, We|| qua||l|ed |o ree| ||e c|a|rs ol everyday ||le.
11
lr |||s || Was
successlu|. |r ||e corl||c| over ||e educa||or ol ||e yourg, ||e A|||c ora|or
lsocra|es W||| ||s prograr ol a i\ood oased or r|e|or|ca| pr|rc|p|es,
W||c| rade peop|e capao|e ol r|g|| speec| ard ac||or, |org carr|ed oll||e
v|c|ory ard overcare ||s opporer| ard cor|erporary l|a|o,
1z
||e gerera|
sc|oo| Was apparer||y ro| ||e appropr|a|e p|ace lor ||e |a||er's v|s|or ol a
sc|er||l|ca||y |ed ellor| |oWards aoso|u|e |ru||.
w|a| ore |as u|||ra|e|y |o |||r| ol urder ||e ra|ure r|e|or|c, |r ||s oes|
lorru|a||or, |s |rpress|ve|y se| oelore us |r la||r |r u|r||||ar's lrs|||u||o
ora|or|a(1zooo|s, erd ol 1s| cer|. a.d.). 0esp||e s|r||ar c|rcurs|arces,
||ere |s ro|||rg ol equa| We|g|| |r ||e 0ree| Fas| |o ra|c| |||s ras|er Wor|
oy ||e l|rs| prolessor ol r|e|or|c |r bore |o oe sa|ar|ed oy ||e s|a|e. l| |s |r
b|e|or||lorsc|urg, ed. C. J. C|asser ard l.-J. |u||eroroc| (Ars b|e|or|ca |,
|arourg, 1z) -z;. 0. Kerredy |as se| ou| ||e ||s|ory ol r|e|or|c |r var|ous
ooo|s.
T| e Ar| ol lersuas|or |r 0reece(lr|rce|or, 1o), T| e Ar| ol b|e|or|c |r ||e
borar
wor|d(lr|rce|or, 1;z), C|ass|ca| b|e|or|c ard ||s C|r|s||ar ard 3ecu|ar Trad|||or
lror Arc|er| |o |oderr T|res(lordor, 18o), 0ree| b|e|or|c urder C|r|s||ar
Frperors(lr|rce|or, 18).
11. lor |||s l. vor Arr|r, leoer urd wer|e des 0|o vor lrusa(8er||r, 188) |ll.
(`3op||s|||, b|e|or||, l|||osop||e |r ||rer Karpl ur d|e Jugerd-o||durg') |s
s|||| lurdarer|a|. Cl. a|so 8. v|c|ers, lr 0elerce ol b|e|or|c(0xlord, 188) 8ll.
(`l|a|o's A||ac| or b|e|or|c') ard 1|8ll. (`Terr||or|a| 0|spu|es. l|||osop|y versus
b|e|or|c').
1z. 0r ||e ro|e ol lsocra|es cl. T. 0e|zer, `K|ass|z|srus, A|||z|srus urd
As|ar|srus,'
|r le c|ass|c|sre bore aux 1
ers
s|c|es avar| e| aprs J.-C.(Fr|re||ers sur |'ar||qu||e
c|ass|que z, 0ereva, 1;) 1ll., esp. 1ll .
lror ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| 11T| e Cor|r|ou||or ol b|e|or|cs |o
C|r|s||ar lerrereu||cs 11
||e l|rs| p|ace ar |rva|uao|e W||ress lor ||e r|e|or|ca|ard |r gerera| |||erary
c|ass|c|sr W||c| |oo| ||s or|er|a||or lror C|cero. 8u| ||ere |s rore
|o oe added. u|r||||ar does corrur|ca|e |r a lrar||y perlec| rarrer ||e
|ec|r|ca| sys|er W||c| lorred ||e `ar| ol persuas|or,'
1
ou| |e goes lar oeyord |||s |r ||a| |e urders|ards r|e|or|c as a poWer W||c|
de|err|res ||e
|r|e||ec|ua| deve|oprer| ol a rar a|ros| lror ||e crad|e |o ||e grave. T| e
lrs|||u||oreac|ed ||e p|rrac|e ol ||s |rl|uerce |r ||e ear|y roderr per|od
(lu||er's avoWa| ray s|ard lor rary o||ers),
1|
rever||e|ess || Was a|ready
read ard used oy exper|s |r |a|e ar||qu||yard ro| |eas| |r ||e C|r|s||ar
carp.
93
1
lor ||e C|r|s||ars || Was a||oge||er |rpor|ar|, lror severa| aspec|s,
|o oe r|e|or|ca||y |ra|red. lr qu||e gerera| |errs, ar educa||or |r |arrory
W||| ||e sp|r|| ol ||e ||resard ||erelore r|e|or|ca|exped||ed ||e overcor|rg ol
||e|r |oW soc|a| s|a|us, W||c| Was |r ||e |org |err recessary,
lur||er, || p|aced |r ||e|r |ards ||e rears oy W||c| ||ey cou|d |r ||e W|des|
serse oecore `capao|e ol corrur|ca||or,' ard so Were ao|e oo|| |o delerd
||e|r doc|r|re ard |o preser| || poWerlu||y |o ou|s|ders (apo|og|es) ard a|so
W||||r ||e c|urc| |o e|uc|da|e ard es|ao||s| || (|or|||es), ard l|ra||y W|a|
||ey |earred lror (||e grarrar|ar ard) ||e r|e|or a|so opered up lor ||er
a sure re||od|ca| approac| |o ||e|r lo|y 3cr|p|ures.
lr lac|, ||e |rs|g||s ard ru|es ol r|e|or|c cou|d oe pu| |o serv|ce |r
|Wo d|rec||ors. lor ore |||rgard |||s Was oeyord ques||or ||e `or|g|ra|'
serse||ey |ed aryore W|o W|s|ed or |ad |o express ||rse|l sore|oW |r
speec|, |r W|a|ever c|rcurs|arces, |o reac| ||s puo||c |r ||e oes| poss|o|e
1. l. lausoerg (lardouc| der |||erar|sc|er b|e|or||, zvo|s. [|ur|c|, zrd ed.,
1;|) |as recors|ruc|ed ||e `sys|er' ard a| ||e sare ||re projec|ed || or |o a
||re|ess |eve|. T| |s |rd|spersao|e Wor| |s ol espec|a| |r|eres| lror a
|errereu||ca|
po|r| ol v|eW oecause || |s Wr|||er lror ||e ou|se| lor ||e oerel|| ol ||e |||erary
|r|erpre|er ard ro| lror ||e s|ardpo|r| ol ||e |eac|er ol r|e|or|c. b. vo||rarr,
0|e
b|e|or|| der 0r|ec|er urd borer |r sys|era||sc|er uoers|c||(le|pz|g, zrd ed.
188,
repr. l||des|e|r, 1o), |s s|||| |rpor|ar| oecause ol ||s coro|ra||or ol a
sys|era||c
arrargerer| ard a ||s|or|ca| re||od ol |rea|rer|.
1|. 0. |ar||r lu||ers wer|e, Kr|||sc|e 0esar|ausgaoe, 8r|elWec|se|,vo|. 1
(we|rar,
1o, repr. 0raz, ) No. (pp. l.). u|r||||arus vero urus s||, qu| 1o zzz oz
op||ros
redda| adu|escer|es, |rro v|ros. . . . Fgo prorsus u|r||||arur lere orr|ous
au||or|ous praelero. u| s|ru| & |rs|||u||, s|ru| quoque e|oquer||ar r|r|s|ra|, |d
es| veroo
& re doce| quar l|de||ss|re.
1. Cl. or|y J. Cous|r, bec|erc|es sur u|r||||er. |aruscr||s e| ed|||ors(lar|s,
1;)
1l., W|ere relererce |s rade |o lur||er |||era|ure. lor Jerore |r par||cu|ar cl.
l. lagerda||, la||r la||ers ard ||e C|ass|cs(3|ud|a 0raeca e| la||ra
0o||oourgers|a , 0o|eoorg, 18) pass|r.
1z TWo Juda|sr ard b|e|or|ca| Cu||ure
rarrer. 0r ||e o||er s|de || |s ra|ura||y ||e case ||a| ||e rore prolourd|y a
puo||c |s lor ||s par| lar|||ar W||| ||e rears ard re||ods erp|oyed, ||e rore
c|ear|y || W||| see W|a| a spea|er |s a|r|rg a|, ard ||e rore ||oug||lu||y (ard
cr|||ca||y) || W||| oe ao|e |o apprec|a|e ||s `ar|'. T| a| rears. ||e pr|rc|p|es ol
r|e|or|c do ro| or|y serve ||e ore W|o spea|s, ard do ro| or|y proro|e a
jud|c|ous produc||or|r |errs ol |arguage, ra||er, a| |eas| |r a secord p|ase,
||ey are a|so |r pr|rc|p|e a| ||e d|sposa| ol ||e ore W|o ||s|ers, ard ass|s|
||r |o a rore corsc|ous recep||or,or a| ary ra|e |o ar appropr|a||or W||c|
a|so or|rgs |r|o cors|dera||or ||e rode ol corpos|||or ard ||e spec|l|c
rears oy W||c| ||e `corrur|ca||or' opera|es.
Adr|||ed|y, a spea|er W|o lor ||e rorer| |s see||rg |o W|r a croWd ol
peop|e lor ||s po|r| ol v|eW, or oelore a cour| |o prove ||e |rrocerce ol ||s
c||er|, W||| lrar||y ou||d upor ||e lac| ||a| ||e rajor||y ol ||s |earers W|||
lo||oW ||r o||rd|y, ard |ope ||a| ||ey W||| ro| ro||ce a|| ||a| |e |rser|s |r
order |o |rl|uerce ||er, |e a||a|rs ||s goa| W|er ||s `ar|' |s qu||e d|rec||y
ellec||ve, |.e. W|||ou| oe|rg perce|ved as suc|. 0r ||e o||er |ard, `r|e|or|ca|
ara|yses' presuppose a cer|a|r d|s|arce, ||ey requ|re a |orger ard repea|ed
preoccupa||or W||| ||e Wor| |r ques||or, ard lor |||s ||s corr||a| |o Wr|||rg |s
lurdarer|a||y recessary. w|er lor exarp|e ||e aoove-rer||ored
lsocra|esaccord|rg |o ||s oWr accour|lror ||re |o ||re rev|sed, |rproved,
ever `|r|erpre|ed' ||s speec|es |oge||er W||| ||s pup||s, |||s Wor|
car or|y |ave oeer dore or ||e oas|s ol a |ex| |y|rg oelore ||er, as ererges
qu||e c|ear|y lror ||e |Wo sceres |r ||e l|ra| par| ol ||e lara||era||os.
1o
lr
||ese ||e d|scuss|or re|a|es aoove a|| |o ||e cor|er| ard purpose ol W|a|
|ad oeer |eard (or read). T| |s ray |r a serse oe a|yp|ca|, lor as a ru|e ||e
l|rs| ard ros| eager a||er||or ol ||e cr|||ca| |earer or reader Was douo||ess
g|ver |o ||e s|y|e, ||s re||ods ard poss|o|||||es. 0r ||e o||er |ard, ||e corsc|ous
corcerr W||| |arguage |s a rar| ol |||erary express|or gerera||y, so
||a| W||| ||re r|e|or|ca| |rea|rer|s ol s|y|e Were qu||e |og|ca||y ex|erded |o
ary ||rd ol prose ard ever |o poe|ry. T| |s deve|oprer| car oe read||y seer,
lor exarp|e, lror ||e lac| ||a| ||e ros| |rpor|ar| arc|er| |rea||ses W||c|
94
corcerred ||erse|ves W||| ques||ors ol s|y|e (`0ere|r|os,' l pvd
[|a|e |e||er|s||c?| ard `lorg|ros,' l o [1s| cer|. a.d.?|
1;
) |r ||e l|rs|
p|ace s|oW |r lac| ar express|y descr|p||ve ard |r|erpre|a||ve e|erer|, ard
lur||er draW ||e|r |||us|ra||ve ra|er|a| lror ||e W|o|e ol ||e |||erary |rad|-1o. Cl. C.
3c|auo||r, `3e|os||r|erpre|a||or |r 'lara||era||os' des lso|ra|es?'
|useur |e|ve||cur(18z). 1o-;8.
1;. Cl. A. 0|||e, 0|e gr|ec||sc|e urd |a|e|r|sc|e l||era|ur der Ka|serze||(|ur|c|,
18). 81-8.
lror ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| 1T| e Cor|r|ou||or ol b|e|or|cs |o
C|r|s||ar lerrereu||cs 1
||orro| or|y ||e r|e|or|ca|.
18
3o ||ey are |r ||e erd |o oe rec|ored as |es||ror|es ol |||erary cr|||c|sr |r ||e
W|des| serse, ard |o sore ex|er| rel|ec|
||e `r|e|or|c|z|rg' W||c| |r gerera| rar|s ||e |||erary ||le ol ||e |rper|a|
per|od, oo|| |r re|a||or |o produc||or ard a|so |o recep||or. A||oge||er, ||e
|orger r|e|or|c preva||ed ||e rore dec|s|ve|y || regarded ||se|l as ||e ||g|es|
cour| lor a|| ques||ors ol |||erary lorr.
l|||o|ogy (|r arc|er| |err|ro|ogy. grarrar) as ||e sc|erce W||c| co||ec|s ard
ca|a|ogues |||erary |ex|s, ard roreover re||od|ca||y ed||s ard
exp|a|rs ||er, or|g|ra|ed |r |e||er|s||c A|exardr|a.
1
A| |eas| a| ||e oeg|rr|rg,
r|e|or|ca| po|r|s ol v|eW ev|der||y p|ayed ro ro|e lor ||. As |o ||e ques||or
W|e||er |r ||e course ol ||re a cer|a|r `r|e|or|c|z|rg' ol grarra||ca| Wor|
Was s||ru|a|ed |r par||cu|ar oy ||e `3|o|c sc|oo|' |r lergarur, or W|e||er
|| Was or|y ||e gerera| |erdercy ol |||erary ||le, jus| rer||ored, W||c| lourd
express|or ||ere|r, ro corp|e|e agreerer| appears |o |ave oeer reac|ed.
zo
l|
|s rore||e|ess a lac| ||a| `grarra||ca|' correr|ar|es W||c| Were Wr|||er or
arrarged ard ed||ed |r ||e |rper|a| per|od (||e so-ca||ed `3c|o||a' or lorer
ard o||er poe|s, 3erv|us' expos|||or ol ||e W|o|e ol v|rg||) cor|a|r a |arge
ruroer ol r|e|or|ca| ooserva||ors ard correr|s. T| ese re|a|e aoove a|| |o
s|y||s||c p|erorera, ard as a ra||er ol course suc| a rarrer ol |rea|rer|
a|so oo|a|red |r puo||c |rs|ruc||or. To |||s a relererce oy Augus||re |r ||s
`lerrereu||cs' (0e doc|r|ra c|r|s||ara) oears W||ress. al|er a or|el rer||or
ol ||e r|e|or|ca| |oo|s |rd|spersao|e |o ||e |r|erpre|er, |e lee|s er||||ed |o ca||
a |a||, s|rce ore r|g|| |earr ||a| sor| ol |||rg lror ||e grarrar|ar.
z1
18. lr ||ese c|rcurs|arces ever ||e 0ree| 0|d Tes|arer|||e 3ep|uag|r|
cou|d
l|rd adr|ss|or |r|o ||e gerera| r|e|or|ca| ard |||erary d|scuss|or, prec|se|y |r
`lorg|ros' (.). d sd v lodv 9o9p, o !v
v, i" "v
o# 9io# vdiv sd "v dv $p sdpvv, 9% v &
'po\& d
v vv `(v 9,' p - , `v9 , sd vo. v9
, sd
vo.' 0r ||e rar|lo|d proo|ers W||c| |||s passage ra|ses, cl. 0. A. busse||,
`lor g|ros,' 0r ||e 3uo||re(0xlord, 1o|) z-|.
1. Cl. b. lle|ller, l|s|ory ol C|ass|ca| 3c|o|ars||p lror ||e 8eg|rr|rgs |o ||e
Frd ol
||e le||er|s||c Age(0xlord, 1o8) 8;ll.
zo. Cl. 8. Neusc|aler, 0r|geres a|s l|||o|oge(3c|We|zer|sc|e 8e||rage zur
A||er|ursW|ssersc|al|18, 8ase|, 18;) z18l.
z1. Augus||re, 0e doc|r. c|r|s|. . . . quos |arer |ropos, qu| roverur|, |o
agroscur|
|r ||||er|s sarc||s eorurque sc|er||a ad eas |r|e|||gerdas a||quar|ur ad|uvar|ur.
sed
||c eos |grar|s |radere ror dece|, re ar|er grarra||car docere v|dearur. ex|ra
sare u| d|scar|ur, adroreo. . . .3|r|c||y spea||rg, ||e grarrar|ar as a ru|e
corl|res
||rse|l |o ||e |rea|rer| ol l|gures ol d|c||or ard |ropo|,W|||e ||e |eac||rg ol
||e l|gures ol serse rera|rs reserved |o ||e r|e|or, or |||s see u. 3c||rde|, 0|e
1| TWo Juda|sr ard b|e|or|ca| Cu||ure
A| ||e roo| ol suc| a deve|oprer| |ay ||e assurp||orW|e||er expressed or ro|
||a| ||e arc|er| poe|s ard au||ors |r ||e course ol ||e|r
corpos|||or |ad ac|ua||y app||ed ||e ru|es ol r|e|or|c. Fver |l || Was ro|
sugges|ed ||a| ||ey a|ready |ad a deve|oped `sys|er' a| ||e|r d|sposa|, ore
cou|d a| ary ra|e appea| |o ||e lac| ||a| u|||ra|e|y r|e|or|c |ad or|y cod|l|ed W|a|
opera|es as || Were `ra|ura||y' |r ary ||rgu|s||c u||erarce.
95
zz
lorer
espec|a||y, ||e la||er ol 0ree| poe|ry, |rdeed qu||e s|rp|y ||e la||er ol 0ree|
W|sdor ard sc|erce, seered a|ready |o |ave draWr |r suc| sovere|gr las||or
upor ||e W|o|e rarge ol r|e|or|c ||a| peop|e ||oug|| ||ey cou|d W|||ou|
rore ado ever see |r ||r ||s |rver|or.z
lr corsequerce ||e |a|er au||ors ol
|ardooo|s or l|gures ard |ropes read||y dreW ||e|r exarp|es lror ||e l||ad
ard ||e 0dysseyz|
(||e la||rs correspord|rg|y lror ||e poers ol v|rg||).
z
As lor ||e |r|erpre|ers, W|a| ra||ered |r ||e l|rs| p|ace Was ||a| lorer
cou|d proper|y urders|ood or|y oy ore W|o |reW ||e ru|es ol r|e|or|c,
accord|rg |o W||c| ||e poe| ||rse|l |ad Wor|ed. T| |s Way ol |||r||rg Was
|a|e|r|sc|er l|gurer|e|rer des . o|s ;. Ja|r|urder|s urd 0ora|s
verg|||orrer|ar
(Ao|. A|. der w|ssersc|al|er |r 0o|||rger, 0o|||rger, 1;), esp. 1zl.
zz. T| us espec|a||y |r regard |o ||e d|ll erer| '|ropes'. Ar|s|o||e, b|e|. 1|o|ozll.
(re|ap|or), u|r||||ar, lrs|. or.8..8o(erp|as|s), 8.o.|(re|ap|or), 8.o.z1
(syrecdoc|e), 8.o.1(a||egory), 8.o.;(|yperoo|e), Augus||re, 0e doc|r.
c|r|s|...|o.
quarv|s paere orres || |rop|, qu| ||oera|| d|cur|ur ar|e cogrosc|, e||ar |r eorur
reper|ar|ur |oque|||s, qu| ru||os grarra||cos aud|erur| e| eo, quo vu|gus u|||ur,
serrore
cor|er|| sur|. qu|s er|r ror d|c|| `s|c l|oreas'? qu| |ropus re|alora voca|ur. qu|s
ror
d|c|| 'p|sc|rar', e||ar quae ror |aoe| p|sces rec lac|a es| prop|er p|sces e|
|arer a
p|sc|ous rorer accep||? qu| |ropus ca|ac|res|s d|c||ur.Cl. a|so v|c|ers, op. c||.,
zll.
z. T| |s Way ol |||r||rg cores |o ||e lore espec|a||y |r ||e pseudo-p|u|arc||ar
|rea||se 0e lorero(or ||e s|y||s||c re||ods ard lorrs ol s|y|e, c|s. 1-;), or
|||s see |. l|||gruoer, 0|e pseudop|u|arc||sc|e 3c|r|l|0e lorero. Te|| 1.
F|r|e||urg
urd Korrer|ar zu der Kap||e|r1-;(8e||rage zur A||er|urs|urde ;, 3|u||gar||
le|pz|g, 1|).
z|. Cl. ||e |rea||ses l pv ard l v cor|a|red |r l. 3perge|'s
b|e|ores 0raec|, vo|. (le|pz|g, 18o).
z. 3c||rde|, op. c||. (aoove r. z), cou|d ever s|oW ||a| ||e au||ors ol ||e
`la||r
|ardooo|s or l|gures' |r l|rd|rg ||e|r exarp|es esser||a||y p|urdered ||e
correr|ary ol 0ora|us or v|rg|| (|oday |os|). 3c||rde|'s correr| (p. 18) |s
Wor||
cors|dera||or. `0ora|us' d|agroses ol ||e l|gures serve pr|rar||y lor prec|se
urders|ard|rg ol ||e |ex|, ||ey are ro| r|sused as |r|erpre|a||ve ar||l|ces, suc| as
ray
eas||y oe lourd arorg C|r|s||ar exege|es.' Cl. a|so 3c||rde|, `F|r ured|er|er
|a|e|r|sc|er l|gurer|ra||a||aro||rg|sc|e Neusc|oplurg oder ar|||e T| eor|e?'
l|||o|ogus18(1|). -|8.
lror ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| 1T| e Cor|r|ou||or ol b|e|or|cs |o
C|r|s||ar lerrereu||cs 1
add|||ora||y lur||ered oy ||e lac| ||a|, lror ||e ear|y |rper|a| per|od, ||e
poe|s lor ||e|r par| very corsc|ous|y pressed r|e|or|c |r a|| ||s aspec|s rore
ard rore |r|o serv|ce.
lor ||e C|r|s||ars' dea||rgs W||| ||e 8|o|e severa| |rpor|ar| po|r|s
resu|| lror ||ese gerera| cors|dera||ors. 1. Aryore W|o W|s|es |o read a
|ex| |r a `sc|er||l|ca||y' respors|o|e las||or rus| ra|e ||rse|l lar|||ar W|||
||e `ru|es' W||c| ||e au||or ||rse|l lo||oWed. 0r |||s presuppos|||or || |s
|rred|a|e|y urders|ardao|e ||a| Tycor|us, ||e l|rs| au||or ol a C|r|s||ar
`lerrereu||cs' |r la||r, d|d ro| rea||y deve|op pr|rc|p|es ol |r|erpre|a||or,
ou|corverse|yas|ed aoou| ||e `ru|es' W||c| |ad gu|ded ||e lo|y 3p|r||,
as `au||or,' |r ||e corpos|||or ol ||e 8|o|e.
zo
z. lr sc|oo| ||e C|r|s||ars
|earred |o |roW r|e|or|c as a ||eore||ca| `sys|er ol ru|es', lur||er, || Was
||ere sa|d |o ||er ||a| au||ors W|ose Wor|s Were |o erjoy a ||g|er c|a|r
(||us |rc|ud|rg poe|s!) |ad a|Ways corduc|ed ||erse|ves accord|rg |o ||ese
`ru|es.' 8ecause ol |||s ||ese `ru|es' lorred ar appropr|a|e se| ol |oo|s, W|||
||e a|d ol W||c| || Wou|d oe poss|o|e |o ur|oc| ary g|ver |ex|. . ll |||s Was
correc|ard rooody ser|ous|y d|spu|ed |||| Was |rcorce|vao|e ||a| lor ||e
8|o|e ard ||s au||ors ary o||er presuppos|||ors cou|d ever |ave oeer va||d.
lor ||e `ru|es' ol r|e|or|c allec|ed |r ||e l|rs| p|ace ro| ||e suos|arce ol W|a|
Was sa|d ou| ||e s|ra|eg|es ol argurer|a||or ard espec|a||y ||e Ways ard
rears ol corrur|ca||or |r speec|. |.e., ||ey descr|oe cord|||ors |o W||c|
96
u|||ra|e|y every `au||or'corsc|ous|y or urcorsc|ous|y|s suojec|, ard
poss|o|||||es, ||e use ol W||c| |s der|ed |o ro ore.
z;|. T| |s rarrer ol |rea|rer| Was |rdeed |o oeg|r W|||, or var|ous grourds, ro|
er||re|y W|||ou| ||s
zo. Cl. l. 8r|g||, T| e 8oo| ol bu|es ol Tycor|us. l|s lurpose ard lrrer
log|c(C|r|s||ar||y ard Juda|sr |r Ar||qu||y z, No|re 0are, lrd.. ur|vers||y ol
No|re 0are
lress, 188), C. Karrerg|esser ard l. 8r|g||, A Corl||c| ol C|r|s||ar
lerrereu||cs |r
borar Alr|ca. Tycor|us ard Augus||re(Cer|er lor lerrereu||ca| 3|ud|es.
lro|oco|
ol ||e l|l|y-F|g||| Co||oquy, 8er|e|ey, 18o).
z;. Cl. Augus||re, 0e doc|r. c|r|s|...|o. sc|ar| au|er ||||era|| rod|s orr|ous
|ocu||or|s, quos grarra||c| graeco ror|re |ropos vocar|, auc|ores ros|ros usos
lu|sse, e|
ru|||p||c|us a|que cop|os|us, quar possur| ex|s||rare ve| credere, qu| resc|ur|
eos e|
|r a|||s |s|a d|d|cerur|. . . . posser qu|der, s| vacare|, orres v|r|u|es e| |o1o
orrarer|a
e|oquer||ae, de qu|ous |rl|ar|ur |s||, qu| ||rguar suar ros|rorur auc|orur
||rguae
ror ragr||ud|re sed |urore praeporur|, os|erdere |r |s|orur ||||er|s sacr|s, quos
roo|s erud|erd|s e| ao |oc saecu|o pravo |r oea|ur saecu|ur |rarslererd|s
prov|der||a
d|v|ra prov|d||.T| eodore ol |opsues||a l|rds |rpress|ve |urrs ol p|rase |r ||e
lsa|rs, ard correr|s as lo||oWs or ||s l|rd|rgs (lr ls.;.1za, p. |
0evreesse). '
sd " )(v ov 9o, \\ * o\ovi o
vdsd+ov ,v s
vv so+v -v \ov.
1o TWo Juda|sr ard b|e|or|ca| Cu||ure
proo|ers (Was ||e 8|o|e ro| rea||y due |o ||e lo|y 3p|r||?), ye| ||e C|r|s||ars
oas|ca||y |e|d l|rr|y |o ||, ever W|er ||ey proc|a|red (or corceded) ||a|
||e o|o||ca| ooo|s oug|| ro| |o oe (or cou|d ro| oe) reasured oy ||e lorra|
requ|rerer|s W||c| |ad oeer se| |r ||e rea|r ol pagar |||era|ure. A r|e|or|ca|
approac| Was a|| ||e |ess ca||ed |r ques||or W|ere || Was oe||eved ||a|
ever |r a lorra| respec| ||e 8|o|e |ad ro|||rg |o oe as|ared ol. Augus||re's
ara|yses ol o|o||ca| |ex|s |r ||e lour|| ooo| ol 0e doc|r|ra c|r|s||ara|es||ly |o
|||s,
z8
ard |r ||e |ardooo|sa| ||e |a|es| lror ||e ear|y ||dd|e Agesexarp|es lror
||e 8|o|e are oroug|| |r |o supp|erer| ||ose lror ||e poers
ol lorer ard v|rg||.
z
As a ra||er ol course, ro| a|| areas ol r|e|or|c Were ol equa| |rpor|arce
lor ||e C|r|s||ars. T| us ||e ||eor|s|s d|s||rgu|s|ed |r ||e W|des| serse oe|Weer
||e res, |.e. ||e suojec| ||a| Was |o oe spo|er aoou|, ard ||e veroa, |.e.
||s corrur|ca||or |r speec|.
o
3o lar as ||e resWas corcerred, ||e C|r|s||ars
oe||eved ||a| ||ey |reW |r esser||a|s |oW ||e d|v|re ressage rar. ||ey d|d
ro| reed |o carry ou| a|| over aga|r ||e `researc|' W||c| ||e lo|y 3p|r|| |ad
urder|a|er |r ||s ||re. 0re prooao|y carro| express rore corc|se|y ard
corpac||y ||ar Augus||re W|a| || a|| arour|ed |o. ar |r|erpre|er |s a|Ways
or ||e r|g|| |rac| W|erW|a|ever ||e |ex||e cores upor ||e douo|e |ove
corrardrer| (|ove |o 0od ard |o ore's re|g|oor, |a|| zz.;-|o) as ||e
surra ol ||e W|o|e, ever |l |r ||e process |e ray la|| |o grasp ||e exac|
|r|er||or ol ||e o|o||ca| au||or |r ques||or.
1
z8. Augus||re, 0e doc|r. c|r|s|.|.;.11-z1.
z. T| e vererao|e 8ede ever Wor|s exc|us|ve|y W||| o|o||ca| |||us|ra||ors |r ||s
l|oer de sc|era||ous e| |rop|s, cl. b|e|ores la||r| ||rores,ed. C. la|r (le|pz|g,
18o) oo;-18.
o. Cl. C|cero, 0e ora|ore.1. rar cur orr|s ex re a|que vero|s cors|e| ora||o,
reque veroa seder |aoere possur|, s| rer suo|raxer|s, reque res |urer, s|
veroa
serover|s.u|r||||ar, lrs|. or. . . . orr|s vero serro, quo qu|der vo|ur|as 1
a||qua
erur||a|ur, |aoea| recesse es| rer e| veroa.
1. Augus||re, 0e doc|r. c|r|s|. . . . orr|ur |g||ur, quae d|c|a sur|, ex quo de 1
reous |rac|arus[8oo| 1|, |aec surra es|, u| |r|e||ega|ur |eg|s e| orr|ur
d|v|rarur
scr|p|urarur p|er||udo e| l|r|s esse d||ec||o re|, qua lruerdur es|[0od|, e| re|,
quae
97
roo|scur ea re lru| po|es|[ore's re|g|oor|. 1.o.|oqu|squ|s |g||ur scr|p|uras
d|v|ras
ve| quar||oe| earur par|er |r|e||ex|sse s|o| v|de|ur ||a, u| eo |r|e||ec|u ror
aed|l|ce|
|s|ar ger|rar car||a|er de| e| prox|r|, rordur |r|e||ex||. qu|squ|s vero |a|er
|rde
ser|er||ar duxer||, u| |u|c aed|l|cardae car||a|| s|| u||||s, rec |arer |oc d|xer||,
quod
|||e quer |eg|| eo |oco sers|sse prooao||ur, ror perr|c|ose la||||ur rec orr|ro
rer|||ur.
lor a|| ||a|. |e W|o la||s |o grasp ||e ser|er||a ol ||e au||or rus| s|||| oe ca||ed |o
order (1.o.|1corr|gerdus es|).
lror ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| 1;T| e Cor|r|ou||or ol b|e|or|cs |o
C|r|s||ar lerrereu||cs 1;
w|a| Was a| |ssue Was accord|rg|y aoove a|| e|se ||e pecu||ar ||rgu|s||c
erve|ope |r W||c| ||e d|v|re sa|va||or |ad core doWr |o ||e C|r|s||ars, lor
a|| |oo ol|er ||ey |ad |o adr|| ||a| ||e surlace Word|rg ol ||e 8|o|e, espec|a||y |r
||e 0|d Tes|arer|, oy ro rears seered |o cor|a|r ||e ore e|erra|
|ru|| W||c| ||ey ||oug|| ||ey rus| expec| |r a|ros| every ser|erce.
z
l|
Was ||us lor ||er |r ||e l|rs| p|ace a ques||or ol assur|rg ||erse|ves ol ||e
re||ods W||c| ||e o|o||ca| au||ors |ad erp|oyed |r order |o say W|a| ||e|r
corr|ss|or corrarded ||er |o say |r a|| c|rcurs|arces. ll ore |reW ||ese
re||ods, ||er || Was poss|o|e |o |e| ||e process ol ||e or|g|r ol ||e `|ex|s'
rur as || Were oac|Wards, ur||| ||e s|a|erer| W||c| 0od |ad |r|erded lor
rer, urques||orao|y de|err|red lror ||e oeg|rr|rg ardlor W|a|ever
reasorso s|rarge|y `d|sgu|sed' oy ||e au||ors, oecare orce aga|r oper|y
rar|les|. lor a|| ||a|. a|||oug| ||e d|ll|cu|||es ol ||e lo|y 3cr|p|ure, r|e|or|ca||y
cors|dered, are c||el|y caused ||roug| ||e veroa, ro| ||roug| ||e res,
Augus||re se|s prec|se|y |||s d|s||rc||or a| ||e oase ol ||s |errereu||c, W||c|
|e deve|ops |r ||e l|rs| ||ree ooo|s ol 0e doc|r|ra c|r|s||ara, adr|||ed|y W|||
ar urequa| We|g|||rg W|er || cores |o ||e|r |rea|rer|. 8oo| 1|s devo|ed |o
||e res |o oe lourd |r ||e 8|o|e (cordersed, as a|ready sa|d, |r|o ||e |Wolo|d
|ove corrardrer|), 8oo|s zard , or ||e o||er |ard, are corcerred W|||
||e represer|a||or |r |arguage, |.e. W||| ||e veroa.lr ||a| Augus||re accords
|o every|||rg ||rgu|s||c so |o spea| a `s|gr c|arac|er' (|r 8oo|s zard , |e
says, |e W||| oe dea||rg W||| ||e s|gra),

|e |a|es up a po|r| ol v|eW W||c|

z. Cl. 0r|ger, 0e pr|rc.|.z.z. d'di ./i o+ oipvoi
ooiv
sd piv 0'iisv \v os \\p i (vdi os+ 0 1d" sd

vdis " vvopvp, \\ 2 - - i\-v d i\pvp.
w|erce
does ||e exege|e |roW W|a| `|ru||' |e |as |o l|rd, or W|er a par||cu|ar
|r|erpre|a||or |s `la|se'? Cer|a|r|y |r ||e |as| resor| lror ||e 8|o|e ||se|l, ye| ||s
`r|g||' urders|ard|rg appears |r ary case |o oe g|ver lror ||e ou|se|, so ||a| |r
||e erd ||e
`|errereu||ca| c|rc|e' |s |o sore ex|er| e|eva|ed |r|o a pr|rc|p|e. w|a| |s dec|s|ve
|s ||e d|spos|||or ol ||e reader, W|o rus| cor||rua||y |eep |r v|eW ||e lac| ||a|
lo|y 3cr|p|ure der|ves lror d|v|re |rsp|ra||or (0e pr|rc.|.1), ard ||a| ary|||rg
|rcorpa||o|e W||| |||s or|g|r carro| oe |r|erded lror ||e ou|se|. ||a| ||e esser||a|
s|a|erer|s ra||er ||e ||dder oe||rd ||e Word|rg (||e i\-v d) ard ||a| |r
||e l|rd|rg||e red|scoveryol ||e |r|erded rear|rg ore |as |o oe gu|ded o#
sdvvo lpo# Xio# sd ido"v v o\v odvo
ss\pd
(0e pr|rc.|.z.z).
. Augus||re, 0e doc|. c|r|s|.1.z.z. orr|s doc|r|ra ve| rerur es| ve| s|grorur,
sed
res per s|gra d|scur|ur.1.|o.||. prop|erea de reous cor||rer||ous l|der, quar|ur
pro
|erpore sa||s esse aro||ra|us sur, d|cere vo|u|, qu|a |r a|||s vo|ur|r|ous s|ve per
a||os
s|ve per ros ru||a |ar d|c|a sur|. rodus ||aque s|| |s|e ||or| |u|us(8oo| 1). ce|era
de
s|gr|s, quar|ur dor|rus deder||, d|ssererus(8oo|s zard ).
18 TWo Juda|sr ard b|e|or|ca| Cu||ure
r|e|or|ca| ||eory |ad a|ready ||roWr up a| |eas| |r ou|||re.
|
Ard ||e ar| ol
||e |r|erpre|er, accord|rg |o ||s corv|c||or, proves sourd espec|a||y |r v|eW
ol ||e ques||or W|e||er a `s|gr' |s |o oe urders|ood |r ||s d|rec| `proper'
98
serse or W|e||er || |s |o oe g|ver a `|rarslerred' rear|rg, |.e. W|e||er ||e
rarrer ol speec| |s `|rop|ca|' or `l|gura||ve' (correspord|rg|y |e corcerrs
||rse|l |r 8oo| zW||| ||e |gro|a s|graas propr|aard as |rars|a|a, |r 8oo|
W||| ||e aro|gua s|graas propr|aard as |rars|a|a).

T| e or|g|r ol a `speec|' ex|erds over severa| s|ages, ard accord|rg|y

r|e|or|c Was d|v|ded |r|o var|ous `par|s' or `areas' (|rver||o, d|spos|||o, e|ocu||o,
reror|a, prorur||a||o, ac||o).
o
lerrereu||ca||y |rpor|ar| are ra|ura||y or|y
|rver||o,|o a sra||er ex|er| d|spos|||o, ard ||er |r par||cu|ar e|ocu||o. lrver||o
adr|||ed|y occup|es a cer|a|r ur|que pos|||or, |r ||a| ||e C|r|s||arsas
a|ready sa|dsoor oe||eved ||a| ||ey |reW W|a| res ||e lo|y 3p|r|| |ad
`d|scovered' lor ||er, so ||a| ||ey Were rea||y re||eved ol ||e |aoor ol |rac|rg ||e
Way oac| ard ||erse|ves orce aga|r see||rg ard `l| rd|rg' W|a| |ad
|org oeer `lourd.' T| e|r proper |as|a|ros| ||e goa| ol ||e|r |errereu||cs
as a W|o|eWas ra||er |o read ||e |rd|v|dua| ooo|s, c|ause oy c|ause, |r
suc| a Way ||a| ||e resu|| Was ar agreerer| oe|Weer ||e ol|er soreW|a|
reca|c||rar| Word|rg (||e veroa) ard ||e |ru|| recessary |o sa|va||or ||a| Was
urdouo|ed|y cor|a|red ||ere|r (||e res). lor |||s || r|g|| or occas|or prove
|o oe uselu| |l ore pa|d carelu| a||er||or |o ||e `order' W||c| preva||ed |r a
|ex|. |l ore recors|ruc|ed ||e d|spos|||oW||c| ||e au||or ol se| purpose |ad
|a|d oerea|| ||s s|a|erer|s. T| |s Was espec|a||y |e|plu| W|er ||e |rlorra||or
g|ver lo||oWed a |erpora| or |og|ca| sequerce W||c| d|d ro| seer |o
correspord |o expec|a||ors. T| us ||e correr|a|ors or o|o||ca| ooo|s aga|r
ard aga|r rerar| ||a| ||e |ex| |o oe expourded s|oWs a lau|||ess order ard
sequerce (i, so\o9d), or s|ou|d occas|or ar|se ||a| sore d|s|uroarce
or sore proo|er |s or|y apparer||y preser|. a|| jo|rs |arror|ous|y |oge||er
|. u|r||||ar,lrs|. or...1. orr|s au|er ora||o cors|a| au| ex ||s quae
s|gr|l|car|ur
au| ex ||s quae s|gr|l|car|, |d es| reous e| vero|s.
. Augus||re, 0e doc|. c|r|s|.z.1o.1. duaous au|er caus|s ror |r|e||eg||ur, quae
scr|p|a sur|. s| au| |gro||s au| aro|gu|s s|gr|s oo|egur|ur. sur| au|er s|gra ve|
propr|a
ve| |rars|a|a.0r 0e doc|r|ra c|r|s||aracl. C|r. 3c|auo||r, `0e doc|r|ra c|r|s||ara.
A
C|ass|c ol wes|err Cu||ure?' |r 0e doc|r|ra c|r|s||ara. A C|ass|c ol wes|err
Cu||ure
(ed. Arro|d ard l. 8|rg||, No|re 0are, lrd.. ur|vers||y ol No|re 0are lress,
1),
|;-o;.
o. Cl., lor exarp|e, u|r||||ar, lrs|. or...1. orr|s au|er orard| ra||o, u| p|ur|r|
rax|r|que auc|ores |rad|derur|, qu|rque par||ous cors|a|. |rver||ore,
d|spos|||ore,
e|ocu||ore, reror|a, prorur||a||ore s|ve ac||ore (u|roque er|r rodo d|c||ur).
lror ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| 1T| e Cor|r|ou||or ol b|e|or|cs |o
C|r|s||ar lerrereu||cs 1
as soor as ore s|rp|y recogr|ses ||e d|spos|||or, W||c| ||e au||or c|ose
lor good reasors.
;
F|ocu||o l|ra||y |as |o do W||| ||e ||rgu|s||c ard s|y||s||c s|ap|rg ol a |ex|
|r ||e rarroW ard ||e W|der serse. l| Was lor rary (educa|ed) C|r|s||ars a|
l|rs| ar ollerce, oecause lror a lorra| po|r| ol v|eW ||e o|o||ca| ooo|sol
||e 0|d Tes|arer| as ol ||e NeW, |r 0ree| as |r la||rapparer||y cou|d ro|
a| a|| s|ard corpar|sor W||| ||e ras|er Wor|s ol pagar |||era|ure, ard ||erelore
cor||rua||y dreW upor ||erse|ves ||e roc|ery ol ||e|r opporer|s.
8
0r ||e o||er |ard ||e s|y||s||c-cr|||ca| |oo|s W||c| |ad oeer deve|oped oy
r|e|or|c pos|||ve|y ollered ||erse|ves lor serv|ce, |r sc|oo|, as a|ready s|a|ed,
peop|e |ad oeer lru||lu||y exerc|sed |r ra||rg use ol ||er |r ||e ara|ys|s ol
|||erary |ex|s, so ||a| rerurc|a||or ol ||ese |oo|s Was u|||ra|e|y rever oroug||
|r|o cors|dera||orW|e||er ||e o|o||ca| |ex|s Were |o rar| as s|ard|rg ||g|
s|y||s||ca||y or ro|. Ard |rdeed suc| a procedure Was delers|o|e W|||ou|
ruc| ado, lor ever W|||ou| |av|rg eac| gore |o serve apprer||ces||p W|||
a r|e|or ||e o|o||ca| au||ors |ad rar|les||y a||oWed rary ol ||e `l|gures'
(ol Word arrargerer| ard ol ||oug||) ard ||e `|ropes' (re|ap|or|ca| express|ors
ol var|ous ||rds) |o l|oW |r|o ||e|r rarrer ol express|or ard
rade use ol ||erard || Was exac||y ||e proper c|ass|l|ca||or ol ||ese ||a|
lorred a rajor par| ol ||e |eac||rg ol e|ocu||o. 3uc| l|rd|rgs cou|d scarce|y
oe assa||ed, |oWever ore |r|erpre|ed ||er. 0r a |oWer |eve| || Was ||er a
ques||or ol recogr|z|rg as poss|o|||||es ol o|o||ca| `s|y|e' cer|a|r rec|ar|srs,
W||c| Were a|ros| g|ver W||| ||e |arguage ||se|l, ra||rg use ol |||s |rs|g||
lor |r|erpre|a||ve purposesard per|aps ever ca|||rg ||e p|erorera ||us
99
derors|ra|ed oy ||e|r correc| rares.
3o lar as ||e `l|gures ol d|c||or' are corcerred, || r|g|| core aoou| ||a|
a ser|erce |ad a ||oroug||y oojec||orao|e ellec|, ard ever seered cor|rary
|o serse, W|er ore ooserved s|r|c||y ||e apparer||y rorra| syr|ac||ca|
re|a||ors||ps. A reredy Was prov|ded |r suc| cases oy ||e exp|ara||or ||a|
||e o|o||ca| au||orlor re|r|ca| or o||er reasors|ad c|ever|y a||ered
||e expec|ed sequerce ol ||e Words, |.e., |e |ad |r|roduced ar `|rvers|or'
(a `|yperoa|or')

or a douo|e or ever rar|lo|d coord|ra||or ol a s|rg|e

;. Cl. Neusc|aler, op. c||. (aoove, r. zo) zl., C|r. 3c|auo||r, ur|ersuc|urger
zu
|e||ode urd ler|url|der Ar||oc|er|sc|er Fxegese(T| eop|are|a z, Co|ogre|
8orr, 1;|), 1|ll.
8. Cl. lor exarp|e l. luc|s, `8||durg,' bAC(1|) z.1ll., 0. . A.
|eers|oe|,
le |a||r o|o||que d'aprs 3a|r| Jerore(la||r||as C|r|s||arorur lr|raeva zo,
u|rec||,
1oo).
. Cl. Neusc|aler, op. c||., zo-z, 3c|auo||r, op. c||., 1o-8.
1oo TWo Juda|sr ard b|e|or|ca| Cu||ure
par| ol a ser|erce (a `zeugra').
|o
0r ||e o||er |ard a g|ver cor|ex| ro|
|rlrequer||y sugges|ed ||e occurrerce ol a `|rope,' lor |rs|arce ||a| a par|
r|g|| ac|ua||y descr|oe a W|o|e (a s|rg|e |r|oe s|ard|rg lor ||e W|o|e peop|e
ol lsrae|), |r v|eW ol |||s, W|y s|ou|d ore ro| rec|or W||| a `syrecdoc|e'
(spec|l|ca||y. W||| a pars pro |o|o), ard W|y s|ou|d ore ro| ra|e use ol ||e
|roW|edge ||us ga|re d |r ||e exp|ara||or ol o||er passages?
|1
0erera||y ||
cou|d oe p|eaded ||a| ||e `|ropus' |r ques||or Was qu||e ra|ura||y lar|||ar
|o ||e o|o||ca| au||ors, or ||a| || Was |o oe |r|erpre|ed as a pecu||ar||y ol ||e
leoreW |arguage. lr s|r||ar las||or, rears Were a|so lourd lor e|egar||y
se|||rg as|de ||ose |r|sore ar||ropororp||c lea|ures W||c| sore||res
ad|ered |o ||e 0|d Tes|arer| por|raya| ol 0od. T| e |r|erpre|er, lor exarp|e,
exp|a|red ||e `eye ol 0od' as `0od's surve|||arce' (oisv), ou| a|so as
`W|a| cores aoou| ||ar|s |o ||s prov|derce' (- . . . ovo3. . .
ivvov),
||s `|ard' as `ellec||ve poWer' (vid), ||s `r|g|| |ard' as `a|d or |e|p'
(po9id), |.e., |e rec|ored W||| `qua|||a||ve s||l|s' (||e `|rs|rurer|' s|ards
lor ||e `produc|' or lor ||e `poWer' W||c| ||es W||||r ||se|l ), ard lror |||s
d|scovery read oll, |r a rarrer ol spea||rg, ||e `ru|e' ||a| |r ||e 8|o|e
gerera||y `re|oryr|es' cou|d appear, ard a|so sore ol aro||er ||rd.
|z
A||
|||s proved |o oe oeyord reproac| ard oerel|c|a| ard Was prooao|y soor
gerera||y recogr|zed, r|g|| across ||e exege||ca| l|e|d. l| s|ou|d ro| |oWever
oe corcea|ed ||a|, |r corsequerce ol |||s |e|plu| assurp||or ||a| ||e o|o||ca|
ooo|s Were s|o| ||roug| W||| r|e|or|ca| l|gures ard |ropes, sore||res
a cer|a|r ar||l|c|a|||y, ard |rdeed aro||rar|ress, ||rea|ered |o spread aoroad
|r C|r|s||ar exeges|s.
|
T| e po|r| or W||c| op|r|ors Were d|v|ded, as |s We|| |roWr, Was roW
||e rea||y card|ra| ques||or, |o W|a| ex|er| ||e 8|o|e |ad oeer corposed |r
a `|rop|ca|' ard|or `l|gura||ve' rarrer|erce |r suc| a Way ||a| ||e |r|erpre|er
accord|rg |o c|rcurs|arces |ad |o pu| |r|o reverse a cer|a|r `|rarspos|||or' |r
order |o |ay oare W|a| Was ac|ua||y a|ore (or a| |eas| |r esserce)
|r|erded. 8as|ca||y |rdeed ro ore W|o |ad a||er||ve|y read ||e lsa|rs lor
exarp|e cou|d |ave ary douo| ol ||e aourdar| preserce ol `re|ap|ors' ard
`s|r||es,'
||
or |r gerera| ol `|ropes' ol var|ous ||rds (lor |||s very reasor
|o. Cl. Neusc|aler, op. c||., zz, 3c|auo||r, op. c||., 1-.
|1. Cl. Neusc|aler, op. c||., zz|l., 3c|auo||r, op. c||., 111l.
|z. Cl. Neusc|aler, op. c||., zz, 3c|auo||r, op. c||., 11l.
|. Cl. 3c||rde|'s rerar|, quo|ed aoove, r. z;.
||. b|e|or|ca| ||eory exp|a|red `re|ap|or' as ar aoorev|a|ed corpar|sor
(W|||ou|
||e corpara||ve Word `as'). u|r||||ar, lrs|. or.8.o.8l.. |r |o|ur au|er re|ap|ora
lror ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| 1o1T| e Cor|r|ou||or ol b|e|or|cs |o
C|r|s||ar lerrereu||cs 1o1
100
a|ore ||e lsa|rs proved |o oe as || Were a `|errereu||ca| |ouc|s|ore,'
espec|a||y lror a `r|e|or|ca|' po|r| ol v|eW!). T| e or|y ques||or Was. W|er
exac||y
|s ||e |r|erpre|er oo||ged |o |oo| as|de lror ||e `proper' rear|rg ol a |ex|,
W||c| corlror|s ||r d|rec||y |r ||s read|rg, ard assure a |rars|a||olor ||s
r|g|| urders|ard|rg? las |e a| ||s d|sposa| |r |||s respec| cr||er|a W||c| car
oe cors|dered rore or |ess secure? T| a| a grea| proo|er |ay prec|se|y |ere
car oe seer lror Augus||re's de|a||ed |rea|rer| ol ||e s|gra |rars|a|a, ard
espec|a||y ol ||e aro|gua |rars|a|a|r 8oo| ol 0e doc|r|ra c|r|s||ara.|
loWever, aryore W|o orce oegar |o ra|se suc| ques||ors Was urexpec|ed|y
corlror|ed W||| a W|o|e rarge ol lur||er d|ll| cu|||es. T| ese |ave |o do
|r ||e l|rs| p|ace W||| ||e quar|||a||ve de|err|ra||or ol ||e `|rarspos|||ors'.
car a re|ap|or as || Were s||re ou| lror ||s oWr rarroW se|||rg upor ||s
surrourd|rgs ard |rl|uerce ||er, |r suc| a Way ||a| a corpre|ers|ve `a||egory'
resu||s (||e r|e|ors del| red `a||egory' as `cor||rued re|ap|or')?
|o
ls || ever recessary |o read W|o|e ooo|ssuc| as ||e 3org ol 3orgsas
a||egor|es ||roug| ard ||roug|? |oreover ||ere Was reed lor c|ar|l|ca||or as
|o W|e||er urder sore c|rcurs|arces a par||cu|ar passageroW cors|dered
`ver||ca||y'r|g|| or s|ou|d oe read oo|| |r ||s `proper' ard |r ||s `|rarslerred'
rear|rg a| ||e sare ||re, or W|e||er ||e |Wo Ways ol |ard||rg ||
Were ru|ua||y exc|us|ve.|;
lr ||e case ol a douo|e s|gr|l|carce peop|e War|ed
|o |roW |oW ||e ra|er|a| `p|c|or|a| |eve|' (||e |eve| ol ||e loregrourd `|||era|
serse') re|a|ed |o ||e sp|r||ua| `esser||a| |eve|' (||e |eve| ol ||e ||dder
d|v|re |ru||). lrdeed, |oW rary |eve|s ol urders|ard|rg does a |ex| |r ||e
erd s|oW? T| us 0r|gera| |eas| |r ||eoryse| or |op ol ||e `corporea|'
ro| or|y a `psyc||c' ou| a|so a `preura||c' serse.
|8
Fver ||e Ar||oc|eres,
W|o rejec|ed a||egor|ca| |r|erpre|a||or a||oge||er ard recogr|zed or|y |ypo|ogy,
Were ro| spared sore proo|ers. |oW rus| ||e represer|a||or ol ar
orev|or es| s|r||||udo eoque d|s|a|, quod |||a corpara|ur re|, quar vo|urus
expr|rere,
|aec pro |psa re d|c||ur.Cl. 3c|auo||r, op. c||. 11ll.
|. Cl., e.g., Augus||re, 0e doc|. c|r|s|.... sed veroorur |rars|a|orur
aro|gu||a|es, de qu|ous de|rceps |oquerdur es|, ror red|ocrer curar
|rdus|r|arque des|derar|. rar |r pr|rc|p|o caverdur es|, re l|gura|ar
|ocu||orer ad ||||erar acc|p|as.
.1o.1|. |u|c au|er ooserva||or|, qua caverus l|gura|ar |ocu||orer, |d es|
|rars|a|ar, quas| propr|ar sequ|, ad|urgerda e||ar |||a es|, re propr|ar quas|
l|gura|ar
ve||rus acc|pere.z|.|. rax|re ||aque |rves||gardur es|, u|rur propr|a s|| ar
l|gura|a |ocu||o, quar |r|e||egere corarur.
|o. Cl. u|r||||ar, lrs|. or..z.|o. \\podv lac|| cor||ruado.
|;. lor 0r|ger (0e pr|rc.|.z.) ' iv dd - dis-v od
)odi.
|8. 0r|ger, 0e pr|rc.|.z.|.
1oz TWo Juda|sr ard b|e|or|ca| Cu||ure
0|d Tes|arer| |ype oe ellec|ed, |r order ||a| ||e spec|l|c Word|rg ray a|so
oe app||ed |o ||s NeW Tes|arer| lu|l|||rer|? lor |||s 0|odore ol Tarsus ard
T| eodore ol |opsues||ac|arac|er|s||ca||yl|rd a r|e|or|ca| so|u||or. T| ey
say ||a| ||e lorru|a||ors |r ques||or Were a|Ways so c|oser ||a| |r re|a||or
|o ||e 0|d Tes|arer| ever| ||ey sourded `|yperoo||c' (||us surpass|rg ||e
rea|||y), W|ereas |r re|a||or |o W|a| |appered |r ||e NeW Tes|arer| ||ey
corresporded perlec||y W||| ||e rea|||y.
|
Cer|a|r|y, suc| po|r|s ol v|eW go lar oeyord ||e lrare se| ou| oy r|e|or|c, |r
par||cu|ar ||e a||egor|ca| urders|ard|rg ol ||e 8|o|e, W||c| Was lor
cer|ur|es so |rl|uer||a|, or ever ||e doc|r|re ol ||e rar|lo|d serses ol
3cr|p|ure, cou|d ro| oe |raced oac| so|e|y, ard per|aps ro| ever |r esserce,
|o r|e|or|ca| roo|s. |uc| ||a| Was |rpor|ar| ard p|oreer|rg |ad |org oeer
prepared ||roug| pagar (p|||osop||ca|) |r|erpre|a||or ard |r|roduced |r|o
||e exeges|s ol ||e 0|d Tes|arer| a| ||e |a|es| oy l|||o ol A|exardr|a.
o
e |
|| rus| oe oeyord d|spu|e ||a| a r|e|or|ca||y or|er|ed |||r||rg Was par||cu|ar|y
respors|ve |o suc| re||ods ol |rea|rer|, lor ar|d a|| ||e prolurd||y
a| W||c| || a|red || Was s|||| a|Ways |r ||e l|rs| p|ace a ra||er ol perce|v|rg
|oW a |ex| |ad oeer prepared, W||c| Was oas|ca||y a r|e|or|ca| corcerr, ard
||er ra||rg a re||od|ca| use ol |||s |rs|g||. To pu| || |r aro||er Way. W|er
||e C|r|s||ars ercour|ered ||e |err `a||egory' |r lau|
1
W||c| served as ar
101
|rpu|se |o ard corl| rra||or ol ||e|r oWr dea||rgs W||| lo|y 3cr|p|ure||ey
cou|d ro| |r ||e l|rs| p|ace urders|ard || o||erW|se ||ar as ||e r|e|or (or
per|aps a|ready ||e grarrar|ar) |ad |aug|| ||er |r ||e sc|oo|.
urdouo|ed|y ||e `ru|es' ol r|e|or|c, |l ore erp|oys ||er `oac|Wards,'
a|so serve as `ru|es' lor exeges|s. loWever, ||e ora|ors ||erse|ves Were ol|er
laced W||| ||e recess||y ol |r|erpre||rg a `|ex|'a |aW or a |es|arer|ard
lor |||s case a|so a W|o|e sys|er ol `ru|es' |ad oeer prepared. T| ese are
oroug|| |oge||er |r ||e rarua|s urder ||e |ead|rg ol ||e so-ca||ed s|a|us
|ega|es(voisd i)
z
ard a||oW us |o recogr|ze a cors|derao|e arour|
ol |r|erpre|a||ve s||||, ard W|a| |s rore, ol re||od|ca| rel|ec||or. T| ey pos|||ve|y
|rv||ed |rarslererce |o o||er ||rds ol |ex|, ard |erce || rus| |ave oeer
|. Cl. 3c|auo||r, op. c||., 1oo-;o.
o. 0r pagar a||egor|z|rg cl. w. 8errard, 3pa|ar|||e 0|c||urgs||eor|er.
ur|ersuc|urger zu lro||os, lera||e||os urd l|u|arc|(3|u||gar|, 1o). 8errard
d|s||rgu|s|es
oe|Weer a `s|o|c-suos|||u||ve' ard a `l|a|or|c-d|aere||c' a||egory, ard seers |o oe
|rc||red |o a||ac| a| |eas| ||e a||egor|z|rg ol 0r|ger |o ||e `d|aere||c' (or. 1|o).
1. 0a|. |.z|. 4iv iv \\poovd. Ac|ua||y lau|'s |r|erpre|a||or ol ||e
`|Wo
sors ol Aora|ar' |ere proves |o oe |ypo|ogy.
z. Cl. lausoerg, op. c||. (aoove, r. 1), 1o-z( 18-zz).
lror ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| 1oT| e Cor|r|ou||or ol b|e|or|cs |o
C|r|s||ar lerrereu||cs 1o
u|||ra|e|y lror ||e r|e|or|ca| sc|oo|roor ||a| ||ere care ||e lurdarer|a|
|rs|g||||g||y |rpor|ar| lor a|| ||e lu|ure||a| a d|ll| cu|| passage rus| oe
exp|a|red lror ||s |rred|a|e cor|ex| ard|or lror ||e |o|a|||y ol ||e Wor|
|r ques||or|r corcre|e |errs. ||e 8|o|e so|e|y lror ||e 8|o|e ||se|l (jus|
as lorer lror lorer).

lror ||e r|e|ors ore r|g|| lur||er |earr, lor

exarp|e, ||a| accord|rg |o c|rcurs|arces a |ega| order r|g|| oe spec|l|ca||y
lorru|a|ed, ou| |r|erded gerera||y, or gerera||y lorru|a|ed ou| |o oe app||ed
spec|l|ca||y. 3|gr|l|car||y Tycor|us W||| relererce |o ||s lour|| `ru|e,' ||e ||||e
ol W||c| ec|oes suc| rel|ec||ors (de spec|e e| gerere), express|y d|s|arces
||rse|l lror r|e|or|c ard s|a|es ||a| |e does ro| W|s| |o say ary|||rg ||ereor
`accord|rg |o ||e r|e|or|c ol |urar W|sdor' (securdur ar|er r|e|or|car
|urarae sap|er||ae).
|
l||e ||e|r cor|erporar|es, ||e ear|y C|r|s||ars Were deep|y |roued W|||
||e `sp|r|| ol r|e|or|c.' l| ray ro| exac||y |ave W|rged ||er |o ||e|r ros|
or|g|ra| |deas. e| |||s a| |eas| ||ey oWed |o ||ard || Was ro sra|| |||rg. a
deve|oped |||erary sers|||v||y ard a cors|derao|e assurarce |r dea||rg W|||
`|ex|s' ol every ||rd. oo|| Were |r ||e|r ||re |o oe oo|a|red a|ros| so|e|y
lror r|e|or|c, ard oo|| s|ood ||er |r good s|ead |r ||e|r ellor|s ro| |o approac|
||e o|o||ca| Wr|||rgs |r ar urcor|ro||ed ard aro||rary las||or, ou|
as || Were |o do jus||ce |o ||er |r a re||od|ca| rarrer. T| a| ||e c|oser
re||ods lor ||e|r par| carr|ed ||e gerrs ol aro||rar|ress W||||r ||er||a|
|s aro||er s|ory.
. Cl. C|r. 3c|auo||r, `lorerur ex lorero,' |useur le|ve||cur|(1;;)
zz1-z;, Neusc|aler, op. c||., z;oll.
|. Cl. C|r. 3c|auo||r, `Zur pagarer lragurg der c|r|s|||c|er Fxegese,'
|rC|r|s|||c|e Fxegese zW|sc|er N|caea urd C|a|cedor(ed. J. var 0r| ard u.
w|c|er|, Karper, 1z), 1|8ll., esp. 1oo-o8.

v| A|p|aoe||ca| l|s| ol lr|rc|pa| Au||ors & Aroryrous wor|s 0|scussed
T||s page |r|er||ora||y|el|o|ar|
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| 1o
ClAlTFb TlbFF
lATbl3TlC lFb|FNFuTlC3
cor|er|s
l. T| e l||era| |ear|rg ol 3cr|p|ure 1o7
| T| e sacred |ex| |r locus 1o8
1 T| e o|o||ca| `|e||er' 1o8
2 T| e lore|gr `|e||er' 170
3 T| e r|ss|rg or ooscure `|e||er' 171
4 T| e re|rver|ed `|e||er' 172
5 T| e re|ap|or|ca| `|e||er' 173
o l||erary gerres ard ||e `|e||er' 174
7 T| e |r|r|rs|c va|ue ol ||e `|e||er' 174
|| l|||o ol A|exardr|a ard ||e o|o||ca| `|e||er' 17o
||| C|r|s||ar |r|erpre|ers ol ||e `|e||er' 184
1 T| e po|er|ca| |eve| 185
102
2 T| e p|||o|og|ca| |eve| 187
|v lerrere|a. T| e |as| ol |r|erpre||rg ||e `|e||er' |r ear|y
C|r|s||ar||y 191
1 lr|roduc|ory rerar|s. A ||s|or|c ac||everer| 191
2 T| e arc|er| ar| ol `|r|erpre||rg' 192
3 C|r|s||ar |rars|a|ors ard |r|erpre|ers 194
4 F|yro|og|es 202
ll. 3p|r||ua| Fxeges|s 20o
| T| e ra|ure ol ||e sp|r||ua| serse 20o
|| T| e proo|er ol sersesas re||ods ol exeges|s 212
A||egory ard l|s|ory (oy T|oras 8o|r) 213
||| Typo|ogy. T| e lr|erpre||ve ur||y ol 8o|| Tes|arer|s 228
1 Type. o, |ypus, l|gura, (|rago, lorra, ell| c|es) 228
2 Typo|ogy d|scussed oy o|o||ca| sc|o|ars 232
3 la|r|s||c |ypo|ogy 238
4 Nurero|ogy 242
1o
|v A||egor|sr 248
1 Cu||ura| or|g|r ard prac||ce 248
2 la|r|s||c a||egor|sr ard |ypo|ogy 251
3 Tropo|ogy. l|gura||ve exeges|s ard |urar oe|av|or 255
4 Ara|ogy. l|gura||ve exeges|s ard ||e 8eyord 25o
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| 1o;l
TlF llTFbAl |FANlN0 0l 3CbllTubF
`|ear|rg' (1pddsersus) Was ro| e|aoora|ed corcep|ua||y |r arc|er|
r|e|or|cs as || |s |r roderr serar||cs ou| Was d|scussed s|r|c||y |r ||s |ex|ua|
app||ca||or. lr descr|o|rg l|ve d|llerer| lurc||ors ol sersus, u|r||||ar, lrs|.,
|s a|ready |es||ly|rg |o very o|d sc|oo| |rad|||ors.
1) || |eeps ||dder ||e secre| s|gr|l|carce d|sc|osed oy Words, quae vero|s
aper|e ocu||os sersus |aoer|(o..|8),
z) || a||oWs a||egor|es |o say ore |||rg ou| |o `rear' aro||er. \\pod
a||ud vero|s, a||ud sersu os|erd||( . . ), z|
) || occas|ora||y exp|a|rs `aro|gu||y' veroa duos sersus s|gr|l|car||a
(8.o.||),
|) || |r|roduces |og|ca| d|v|s|ors. sersus orr|s |aoe| suur l|rer, posc||que
ra|ura|e |r|erva||ur, quo a sequer||s |r|||o d|v|da|ur, `eac| serse |as ||s
oWr ||r||, || ca||s lor a rorra| |r|erva| oy W||c| || separa|es lror ||e
oeg|rr|rg lror ||e rex| ore' (;.1o.1o),
) |as|, ou| ro| |eas|, || |r||s propos|||ors ol a g|ver |ex| |r|o ar orgar|c
s|ruc|ure W||c| ur|l|es ||er |r|o a `oody'. qu| (sersus) ror rodo u| s|r|
ord|re co||aca||, e|aoorardur es|, sed u| |r|er se |urc|| a|qu| ||a co|aer|es,
re corr|ssura pe||ucea| corpus s||, ror rerora(11.z.zo).
A|ready |r ||e |||rd cer|ury v|c|or|rus ol loe|ov|o (d. ca. o) erp|as|zed ||e
s|ruc|ur|rg ellec| ol ||e sersusas esser||a| lor exp|a|r|rg beve|a||or.
|r|erpre|a||o sequer||ur d|c|orur |r eo cors|ao||, u| ror ordo |ec||or|s sed
ra||or|s |r|e||ega|ur, `|r|erpre||rg ||e sequerce ol Words rears urders|ard|rg ||e
order ol ||e|r |og|c rore ||ar ||e order ol ||e Words read' (lr Apoc
11,, |. 0u|aey, 3C |z, ).
0r|ger ||rse|l |ad |r|roduced ||s syr||es|s 0r l|rs| lr|rc|p|esW|||
||e a|r ol produc|rg a |rue corpus, `oody' ol C|r|s||ar |eac||rg, ||a| |s, a
co|erer| ard cordersed expos|||or ol C|r|s||ar |ru||. e| urur u| d|x|rus
corpus ell| c|a| exerp||s e| all| rra||or|ous, (lA, lrelace 1o). T| us, W|er
0r|ger
urges ||s readers |o lo||oW ||e |rjurc||or ol Jr .`3|udy ||e 3cr|p|ures
d|||ger||y,' v/ d, a| ||e core ol ||s p|ea lor ||e `sp|r||ua|
serse' (lAlv .), ||s pr|rary corcerr |s |o |eac| W|ere suc| a serse |s
requ|red. l| |s s|gr|l|car| ||a| ||e very l|rs| case |e c||es |s W|er `||e |og|ca|
sequerce ol ||e ser|erce |s ur|||r|ao|e or ||e |||era| |eve|'vdo .v
2 - - p-v '. T| e 3|o|c ro||or ol oe|rg `oourd |oge||er,' ||a|
|s,
||r|ed sequer||a||y, a|ready erp|oyed oy lreraeus ard C|erer| ol A|exardr|a
lor |r|erpre||ve purposes, a||oWs 0r|ger |o erp|as|ze ||e rorra| lurc||or
1o8T| ree la|r|s||c lerrereu||cs
ol ||e |||era| serse, ||a| |s, ||a| ||e |ex| as || |s Wr|||er preser| ar oov|ous
co|erercy a| l|rs| s|g||.
|. T|e 3acred Tex| |r locus
1. T| e 8|o||ca| `le||er'
As 0od's ressage |o |urar||rd, ||e 8|o|e rade serse oy ||s very Words.
lerce lor ||s arc|er| readers ||e |||era| rear|rg, |r|egra| |o ||e very |e||er ol ||s
s|or|es ard u||erarces, derarded a lu|| ard carelu| |rea|rer|. A|
l|rs| s|g||, ||e |as| seered ar easy ore, lor 0od |ad spo|er |r order |o oe
urders|ood, ard ||s |urar |rs|rurer|s, ||e au||ors ol o|o||ca| |ex|s |ad
la|||lu||y pu| ||e d|v|re ressage |r|o Wr|||er lorr. lerce rarra||ves ol
0eres|s, ||e gerea|og|es ol pa|r|arc|s, ||e u||erarces ol prop|e|s, psa|rs
103
ard W|sdor say|rgs, a|| Were corrur|ca|ed |r a c|ear Way. lr ros| cases,
||e |||era| rear|rg ol o|o||ca| s|a|erer|s, or ||e pv||||era, as arc|er|
|r|erpre|ers ca||ed ||, Was oov|ous. 0re ol ||ese, a cor|erporary ol Arorose
ol |||ar, ooserved |r pass|rg. `T| |s car oe urders|ood lror ||e Words as
read, lor ||e s|ory |s ro| corcea|ed oy |||erary ar||l|ce' Fx vero|s |oc |ps|us
|ec||or|s po|es| co|||g|, qu|a ror es| ||||erarur ar|e ve|a|a ||s|or|a(Aroros|as|er,
uaes||ores, 1).
lor ||e arc|er| |r|erpre|ers, ||e |rarsparercy ol ||e sacred |ex| Was as
ruc| par| ol ||e d|v|rera|ure ol 3cr|p|ure, as Was ||s rore ooscure reve|a||or.
w||| ||a| |r r|rd ||ey pa|d very spec|a| a||er||or |o ||e o|o||ca|
||||era. lr ||e|r |r|erse scru||r|z|rg ol ||e |||era| |ex|ure ol sacred 3cr|p|ure
||ey d|d ro| reed secu|ar rode|s, ro| ever ||e We|| |roWr correr|ar|es
or arc|er| poe|s |||e lorer. lor ||e C|r|s||ar |r|erpre|er, a l|rs| pr|rc|p|e
ol ||e |||era| rear|rg ol ||e 8|o|e, urderscored aga|r ard aga|r |r pa|r|s||c
exeges|s |s ||a| ||e o|o||ca| `|e||er' as urders|ood oy pa|r|s||c |r|erpre|ers |ad
||s oWr s|a|us, or|g|ra||rg lror a d|v|re source |r a superra|ura| Way, ||erelore ||
adr|||ed ro reu|ra| read|rg devo|d ol ||e appropr|a|e ||rd ol re||g|ous
la|||.lor ||e exege|es ol ||e ear|y c|urc| ||e correc| |r|erpre|a||or ol ||e
||||eraWas |r ||se|l a sp|r||ua|exerc|se, oecause lor ||er ||e ra|er|a|||y ol
||e Wr|||er |ex| ||se|l Was l|||ed W||| d|v|re rys|er|es.
8arr, J., `l||era|||y,' la||| ard l|||osop|yo(18). |1z-z8.
8ar||ra, 3., `l||era|, 3er||do,' Frc8|o( ). . - . 1o|1o|
8|urer|rarz, 8., `l|de|||e du scr|oe. les c||a||ors o|o||ques,' b|Al8(1z)
z|-zo.
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| 1oT| e l||era| |ear|rg ol 3cr|p|ure
1o
8o|srard, |. F., `Cr|||que |ex|ue||e e| c||a||ors o|o||ques'. b8l;(1o). 88-|o8
(or Jr 1.1z-1).
8re|er, w., 0|e exege||sc|e Terr|ro|og|e der jud|sc|er Trad|||ors|||era|ur(1o).
8roWr, b. F., T| e `l||era| 3erse' ol 3cr|p|ure. T| e Jerore 8|o||ca| Correr|ary,
ed.
b. F. 8roWr, J. l||zre|er, ard J. |urp|y, ooo-1o. (8a|||rore) 1o8.
. T| e Cr|||ca| |ear|rg ol ||e 8|o|e. NeW or|, 181.
0orr|e, l., `Zur |e||od|| ar|||er Fxegese'. ZNwo(1;|). 1z1-18(0r
A|exardr|ar sc|o|ars||p. |ex| cr|||c|sr ard ed|||rg).
lao|ry, T., `T| e l||era| 3erse ard ||e 3ersus l|er|orbev|s||ed'. lerra||erao1
(11). -z.
0rar|, b. |., T| e le||er ard ||e 3p|r||. lordor 1;.
0reere-|cCre|g||, K., Ad l|||erar. T| e l|a|r 3erse ol 3cr|p|ure. 0|ss. a|e,
1|.
0u||gerarrs, F., `3ersus ||s|or|cus urd sersus p|er|or oder uoer
||s|or|sc|||rgus||sc|e |e||ode'. l|rg8|o||(1;8). ;-11z.
loe|, A. var der, `T| e Corcep| ol sora |or grap|or|r A|exardr|ar T| eo|ogy'.
3|la|r1(18). zo-|.
lug|es, l. F., `3ore 0oserva||ors or ||e l|s|ory ol ||e lr|erpre|a||or ol lo|y
3cr|p|ure'. w. 0. 8ror|ey, C|urc|, word, ard 3p|r||ls. J. F. 8rad|ey, -1oo.
0rard bap|ds 18;.
Jay, l., l'exegse de sa|r| Jerore d'aprs sor `Correr|a|re sur lsaie.' lar|s,
18(C|ap.
lll, l'exegse ||||era|e. 1z;-z1|).
Kor|rer, w. l. J., `3c|r|l|urd 0e|s|. uoer leg|||r||a| urd 0rerzer a||egor|sc|er
3c|r|l|aus|egurg'. NZ3T| o(1|). 1-1;.
Krerz, F., T| e l|s|or|ca| Cr|||ca| |e||od. lordor, 1;.
loeWe, b., `T| e 'l|a|r' |ear|rg ol ||e 3cr|p|ures |r Far|y JeW|s| Fxeges|s'.
lapers ol
||e lrs|||u|e ol JeW|s| 3|ud|es, 1|1-|z. lordor, 1o|.
loug|||r, 0., `lo||oW|rg |o ||e le||er. T| e l||era| use ol 3cr|p|ure'. l|| T| eo|
(1). ;o-8z.
|ar|y, |. F., `l||era||sr vs. Fvery|||rg F|se. A Cor||ru|rg Corl||c|'. 8|o|. bev|eW
1o(1|). 8-|, o.
Noo|e, l. b., `T|e 3ersus l||era||s. JoWe||, C|||ds, ard 8arr'. JT| 3||(1). 1-
z.
b|ed||rger, l., 0|e ||s|or|sc|-|r|||sc|e |e||ode urd d|e |eu||ge 3uc|e rac|
e|rer
|eoerd|ger vers|ardr|s der 8|oe|. lre|ourg, 18.
bodszus-lec|er, |., 0er ouc|s|ao||c|e Zurgers|rr. F|re 3|ud|e zur
|e|ap|errsyr||ese vor wor| der 3c|r|l|. Fv. 0|ss. |ur|c|, 1z.
3ca||se, C. 3., `T| e '3ersus l||era||s'. A lerrereu||ca| Key |o 8|o||ca|
Fxeges|s'. 3JT|
|z(18). |-o.
3c|er|, w., `0|e Aulgaoer der Fxegese urd d|e ||||e| der l|rgu|s|||'. T|lZ8
(1;). 881-|.
. `lerrereu||| lll' . TbF(18o) 1. 1||-o.
1;oT| ree la|r|s||c lerrereu||cs
104
3|rore|||, |., le||era e|o A||egor|a. ur cor|r|ou|o a||a s|or|a de||' eseges|
pa|r|s||ca.
bore 18.
3uggs, |. J., `T| e use ol la|r|s||c Fv|derce |r ||e 3erse lor a lr|r|||ve NeW
Tes | arer| Tex| ,' NT3o(1;-18). 1-|;.
Terrar|, l., `la 9d d'Ar||oc|e dars |e cadre des sers de |'Fcr||ure'. 8|o |
(1). 1-8, |-o, |o-8o(W||| s|rorg erp|as|s ol ||e |||era| serse).
v|c|aro, A., `be|or|ca, grara||ca y dogra er |a |ecr|ca |errereu||ca de |a
ar||guedad c|s|ca'. Ararda, 0., e| a|., eds., 8|o||a, exeges|s y cu||ura. l3 J. |.
Casc|aro.
larp|ora, . 1|
w||||ars, b., `0er l||era|s|rr der l|. 3c|r|l|. FvT| ( ). - . o1o;1
. `T| e l||era| 3erse ol 3cr|p|ure'. |oT| ;(11). 1z1-|.
wood., C. |., `l|rd|rg ||e l|le ol a Tex|. No|es or ||e Fxp||ca||or ol 3cr|p|ure'.
3JT| 1(1;8). 1o1-11.
z. T| e lore|gr `le||er'
lr ||e 8|o|e ||e Wr|||er ressage lror 0od Was oorr ol ar arc|er| |rad|||or
ard lor ||a| very reasor ||e |||era| cor|er| ol ||e 8|o|e reeded exp|ara||or
lor |a|er gerera||ors. T| oug| pa|r|s||c correr|a|ors Were ro| ro||va|ed
oy our roderr aWareress ol ||s|ory ard cu||ure, ||e|r r|e|or|ca| |ra|r|rg
|ep| ||e|r a||er||or |urred |o ||e grarra||ca| ard s|y||s||c lea|ures ol ||e
||||era||ey so carelu||y scru||r|zed. T| e o|des| la||r ||eory ol o|o||ca|
|r|erpre|a||or oy ||e Alr|car exege|e, Tycor|us |r ||e 8oo| ol bu|es|||us|ra|es
||a| a||||ude very We||. lor arc|er| cr|||cs ||e o|o||ca| |ex| Was red|a|ory ol
0od's ressage ||roug| ||e |r|r|cac|es ol a spec|l|c |arguage ||a| ca||ed lor
||e s||||s ol a |rars|a|or. Corrur|ca|ed |r ||e 0ree| ol ||e |xx, o|o||ca|
passages rel|ec|ed a W|o|e Wor|d ol ||oug|| ard d|scourse ||a| Was a||er |o
||e |a|e le||er|s||c cu||ure ol ||e pa|r|s||c |r|erpre|ers ||erse|ves. lr ros|
cases o|o||ca| rares ol peop|e or ol |oca||ors Were s|rp|y |rars|||era|ed lror
||e or|g|ra| leoreW, W|||e ||e grarra||ca| cors|ruc||ors |r ||e |xx very
ol|er redup||ca|ed ||e leora|c syr|ax. T| e o|o||ca| syr|ax |ad ||s oWr Way
ol repea||rg g|ver s|a|erer|s lor re|rlorcerer|. lor ||e pa|r|s||c readers
sore||res ||e 8|o|e used veroa| lorrs |r a Way W||c| seered |o corluse
pas| ard lu|ure |erses. lror ore propos|||or |o aro||er |og|ca| ||r|s seered
|o oe r|ss|rg, jux|aposed ser|erces oegged lor rore exp||c|| corre|a||or. lr
||s lor|||es or Fxodus(0r Fx 1z.;), 0r|ger ol A|exardr|a ro|es ||a| lau|
Was alra|d ||a| ||e 8oo|s ol ||e laW Wou|d seer `lore|gr' |o C|r|s||ars ard
||a| ||ese readers Wou|d ro| |roW `||e pr|rc|p|es ol |r|erpre|a||or'. `lor |||s
reasor |e ||rse|l g|ves us sore exarp|es ol |r|erpre|a||or ||a| We r|g||
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| 1;1T| e l||era| |ear|rg ol 3cr|p|ure
1;1
ooserve s|r||ar |||rgs |r o||er passages' (c||ed oy b. l. w|||er, `lr 0or|r|co
F|oqu|olearr|rg ||e lord's 3|y|e ol larguage'. Corrur|oz|(1;) 8z),
w|||er adds suc| `o||er passages' ro|ed oy 0r|ger ||rse|l, lor. |r Fx.,
1, ard oy 0regory ol Nyssa lor. or ||e 3org ol 3orgs. lr s|or|, lor pa|r|s||c
exeges|s ||e ||||eraca||ed lor a cors|ar| a||er||or oecause ||e d|v|re ressage
Was de||vered ||roug| cu||ura| d|llererces W||c| rade || |oo| |||e ar a||er
d|scourse, a lore|gr produc| |r reed ol oe|rg |rcu||ura|ed.
. T| e ||ss|rg or 0oscure `le||er'
lr sore rare cases ||e d|v|re|y |rsp|red ||||eracou|d dece|ve ever We|| |ra|red
readers. T| ey dec|ared ||e `|e||er' urao|e |o ra|e ary serse, ard ca||ed
||e |ac| ol ar accep|ao|e |r|erpre|a||or a `r|ss|rg' ||||era. lor 0r|ger suc|
cases, rare as ||ey ray oe, are a d|rec| |rv||a||or |o searc| lor ar a||egor|ca|
correr|. loW Wou|d you |||era||y app|y Fx z1.z|, `eye lor eye, |oo|| lor
|oo||, W|er a reW oorr (W|||ou| |ee||!) |s rurdered? or |oW cou|d you |a|e
Jesus oy ||s Word. `0or'| gree| aryoody or your Way' (l| 1o.|)? wou|d ||
oe poss|o|e |o avo|d a gross ar||ropororp||sr |r |o|d|rg |o ||e `|e||er' ol
0r .8. `0od Wa|||rg |r ||e garder a| ||e ||re ol ||e ever|rg oreeze'? (0e
luoac, 1o, `le sers ||||era|' z-18). |ary gerera||ors al|er 0r|ger, Jo|r
C|rysos|or Wou|d express ||e corror urders|ard|rg aoou| suc| cases.
`we |r|erpre| sore passages oy ||e |e||er, o||ers W||| a rear|rg d|llerer|
lror ||e |||era|, o||ers aga|r as |||era| ard l|gura||ve' (lr ls, |).
T| oug| corror|y preser||rg ar oov|ous serse, ol|er ||e ||||eraWas
perce|ved as `ooscure,' or as ||d|rg sore|||rg urder ||e apparer| surlace
ol ||s cor|er|. 3ore||res ||e ooscur||y Was due |o grarra||ca| lorrs or
r|e|or|ca| |W|s|s W||c| a rore exper|erced |r|erpre|er Wou|d c|ar|ly a| orce.
As Augus||re ooserved || Was ol|er ||e |ac| ol ||e appropr|a|e |roW|edge ol
a g|ver |arguage W||c| rade || |rposs|o|e |o urders|ard W|a| Was Wr|||er
|r ||a| |arguage. Aro||er cause ol ooscur||y ro|ed oy pa|r|s||c correr|a|ors
Was due |o ||e lac| ||a| sore Words cou|d oe used W||| d|llerer| rear|rgs.
0r|y ||e v|g||arce ol ||e reader avo|ded r|surders|ard|rgs |r suc| cases.
`As lar as Words ra|e serse |r var|ous Ways, ques||ors are ra|sed . . . Ta|e
ro|e ||erelore ||a| ore ard ||e sare p|rase ray ro| a|Ways |eep ||e sare
105
rear|rg' ler |d quod ru|||rodar ra||orer |aoer| veroa, lac|ur| quaes||ores. . .
v|des ergo qu|a urus a|que |der serro ror eader serper s|gr|l|ca|
(Aroros|as|er, uaes||o, 1). `lor ra||er lrequer||y 3cr|p|ure expressed |r
s|or| sore |||rgs W||c| || War|s |o |eep |rp||c|| lor a g|ver reasor' Nar
a||quar|a corperd|o |oqu||ur scr|p|ura, quae suo|r|e|||g| vu|| ex propos||a ra||ore
1;zT| ree la|r|s||c lerrereu||cs
(|o|d., 1o, z). F|seW|ere ||e sare au||or repea|s ||e sare ooserva||or. `lor
3cr|p|ure de||oera|e|y |eeps rary |||rgs |rp||c||, |o avo|d ||a| ||e rear|rg
ga|red lror ||e Words does ro| oppose sourd p|e|y' (zo, 1).
T| e ros| c|a||erg|rg lorr ol `ooscur||y' resu||s lror ||e superra|ura|
s|a|us ol ||e o|o||ca| ||||era. T| e prearo|e ol Tycor|us's l|oer begu|arursays
|| a||. `lor ||ere are cer|a|r rys||c ru|es W||c| oo|a|r |r ||e |rrer recesses
ol ||e er||re laW ard |eep ||e r|c| |reasures ol ||e |ru|| ||dder lror sore
peop|e' (|rars. w. 3. 8aococ|, ).
8u|||rger, F. u., l|gures ol 3peec| used |r ||e 8|o|e. Fxp|a|red ard
l||us|ra|ed(188).
0rard bap|ds repr|r| 1o8(11o|pages!).
Co||er, A. C. `T| e 0oscur||y ol 3cr|p|ure'. C8(1|;). |-o|.
|. T| e be|rver|ed `le||er'
T| oug| ||e o|o||ca| |ex| Was `oov|ous' |o ||e pa|r|s||c |r|erpre|ers lror a la|||
perspec||ve, oecause ol ||e cu||ura| pecu||ar|||es ol ||e 3cr|p|ures, ||e o|o||ca|
s|a|erer|s ergaged ||ese |r|erpre|ers |r|o reWr|||rg 3cr|p|ure |r parap|rases
ol ||e|r oWr |rver||or, W||| Words ard grarra||ca| cors|ruc||ors lar|||ar
|r Corror 0ree|, ||e |o|rol ||e|r ||re. lr do|rg so, |r|erpre|ers ro| or|y
exp|a|red Words or rares ou| ol|er ||ey ||ereoy correr|ed or ||e s|ory
oe||rd ||e s|ory rarra|ed |r ||e o|o||ca| passages. lere ard ||ere ||ey rade
sugges||ors aoou| ||e psyc|o|og|ca| ard ||e c|rcurs|ar||a| ro||va||or ol
o|o||ca| persorages, or aga|r ||ey ro|ed rer|rders or s|r||ar c|arac|ers ard
corparao|e c|rcurs|arce e|seW|ere |r ||e 8|o|e.
lr ac|ua|||y, oy ||e|r card|d ard r|e|or|ca| Way ol perce|v|rg ||e proper
rear|rg ol ||e ||||era, pa|r|s||c |r|erpre|ers `re-|rver|ed' ||e |e||er. lr ||e
very process ol |r|erpre||rg `|||era||y' ||ey ac|ua||y re-ar||cu|a|ed ||e |||era|
cor|er|s W||| ||e |og|c ard ||e |ore ol ||e|r oWr cu||ura| vo|ce. lr ||e erd,
oy reWr|||rg ol ||ose rarra||ves |r ||e process ol ||e|r |r|erpre|a||ors, ||ey
|rpr|r|ed or o|o||ca| rarra||ves W|a| ||ey ca||ed ||e ||s|or|aol ||e|r oWr
rer|a| re-erac|rer|. lr s|or|, arc|er| correr|a|ors, JeWs ard C|r|s||ar
a|||e, cou|d or|y perce|ve ||e s|or|es ol ||e pa|r|arc|s |r 0eres|s as ar
exerp|ary ||s|or|a|||us|ra||rg va|ues ard goa|s ol a v|r|uous ||le as ||ey
propourded ||. lr o||er Words, lorpa|r|s||c |r|erpre|ers, ||e very ||||era ol
||e sacred |ex| carr|ed a po|er||a| ||s|or|aW||c| a||oWed ||er |o ac|ua||ze
||e cor|er| ol 3cr|p|ure |r ||re W||| ||e|r oWr |r|erpre||ve |r|eres|s. T| oras
Aqu|ras surrar|zes pa|r|s||c |eac||rg |r spea||rg ol ||e sersus ||s|or|cus,
ve| ||||era||s(3urra T| eo|og|cal |.x.c.). As b. w||||ars (11) ooserves
percep||ve|y. `C|r|s||ar |r|erpre|a||or |s uravo|dao|y ergaged |r 'drara||c'
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| 1;T| e l||era| |ear|rg ol 3cr|p|ure
1;
rodes ol read|rg. we are |rv||ed |o |der||ly ourse|ves |r ||e s|ory oe|rg
cor|erp|a|ed |o re appropr|a|e W|o We are roW, ard W|o We s|a|| or car oe
|r |errs ol ||e s|ory. l|sroverer|s, |rarsac||ors, |rarslorra||ors, oecore
ours, We |a|e respors|o||||y lor |||s or ||a| pos|||or W||||r ||e rarra||ve'
(1z).
. T| e |e|ap|or|ca| `le||er'
T| e |||era| serse adr||s exp||c||rear|rgs W||c| ray |rc|ude |rp||c||ores. lr
||e p|rase `||e word Was rade l|es|' (Jr 1.1|), W|||e ||e exp||c|| s|a|erer|
equa|s. `T| e 3or ol 0od oecare rar,' `l|es|' |rp||c|||y |rc|udes a |urar
sou|. lr add|||or, ||e |||era| serse car carry ar |rp||ed d|s||rc||or oe|Weer
||e proper|||era| rear|rg ard ||e re|ap|or|ca|(or |rproper) |||era| rear|rg. l| |s
properW|er ||e o|o||ca| s|a|erer| says a| orce a|| ||a| || rears
(`lord, |ear ry prayer,' ls 1|.1), W|||e || |s re|ap|or|ca|(|rproper) W|er
||e s|a|erer| ca||s or ||e reader's |rag|ra||or |r order |o supp|erer| W|a|
|s sa|d (`8|essed |s ||e lord, ry roc|,' ls 1||.1). `lrdeed ||e del|r|||or ol
're|ap|or' |s. 'App||ca||or ol a rare or descr|p||ve |err |o ar oojec| |o
W||c| || |s ro| |||era||y app||cao|e'. 8u| |r |r|erpre||rg 3cr|p|ure, We use ||ese
|errs |r a soreW|a| d|llerer| Way. we app|y ||e |err '|||era|' |o ||e serse ol
3cr|p|ure |r|erded oy ||e sacred Wr||er, W|e||er ||e Words are |o oe |a|er
|r ||e proper or ord|rary serse (W|||ou| re|ap|or), or re|ap|or|ca||y. T| us
'|||era|' ard 're|ap|or|ca|' ol corror par|arce are oo|| |rc|uded urder ||e
|||era| serse ol scr|p|ure' (b. C. lu||er 1, |).
A s|rorg serse lor ||e re|ap|or|ca| ||||era|s s|oWr oy 0|odore ol Tarsus,
W|o cer|a|r|y Was ro| |rc||red |o corluse || W||| a||egor|ca| exeges|s. lr
||s correr|ary or lsa|r 1, lror verse |o verse, |e c|ar|l|es ore re|ap|or
al|er aro||er.
1o, `v'Way' |s ||e rare |e (||e psa|r|s|) g|ves |o oe|av|or"v
iv.'
106
za, `le uses 9\pd'W|||', |rs|ead ol ||s eagerress, ||s corcerr, or ||s
d|||gerce.'
a-c, `As ||e |ree (- \ov) . . . so ray oe ||e persor ( v9o).'
d, `le s||l|s lror ||e |||us|ra||or (- o# dddo) |o ||e rea|||y
( - /d).'
|, `'C|all ' rears ||e evarescer|'- p\ov sd vdovvo#
. . . .
oa, 'Way', as |r verse 1o serves lor i'||e oe|av|or.'
oo, |rd|ca|es `||e Way ol ||le,' ipdd. verse oy verse ||e poe||c
|rages are |urred |r|o ||e prosa|c, ar exeges|s ||a| |s ro |orger
1;|T| ree la|r|s||c lerrereu||cs
re|ap|or|ca| a| a||, ou|, as 0|odore |errs ||, `rora||z|rg59is (0|odore, lr
lsa|ros, ed. J. |. 0||v|er, C. C. 0r, o).
lr ||e Ar||oc|ere sc|oo|, 0|odore's prac||ce resu||ed |r oppos|rg ||e
||eor|aol ||e re|ap|or|ca| `|e||er' |o A|exardr|ar a||egor|sr (8a|e, 1z, oz-
o, 0u|||e|, 1|;). w|er a prop|e| expresses ||s |r|u|||or ol |||rgs preser|
or lu|ure, |e ar||cu|a|es ||s ecs|a||c v|s|or W||| suc| s|rerg||vid, ||a|
||s Words oecore `|yperoo||c' ard `|yp|ca|' oeyord cor|erporary c|rcurs|arces.
le expresses `||e lorrs ard causes ol ||g|er rea||||es' |r prop|e||c
u||erarces W|||ou| s|ray|rg lror ||e o|o||ca| s|ory (6od||s|or|a), as
Ju||ar ol Fc|arur Wou|d del|re ||eor|a|r ||s |rars|a||or ol 0|odore. ||eor|a
es| au|er, u| erud|||s p|acu||ro| or|y T| eodore ard ||s co||eagues, ou| a|so
||e|r r|e|or|ca| ras|ers |r Ar||oc||r orev|ous p|erurque au| lorr|s au|
caus|s earur rerur quae po||ores sur| cors|dera|a percep||o(ll z1, ;18).
8a|e, l. N., `3ore Tec|r|ca| Terrs ol 0ree| Fxeges|s'. JT| 3z|(1z). -oo.
8|ureroerg, l., larad|grer zu e|rer |e|ap|oro|og|e. 8orr, . 1oo
Fs|rada, 8., `la re|lora er |a paroo|a'. Ararda, 0., a|., eds., 8|o||a, exeges|s y
cu||ura. l3 J. |. Case|aro, - . larp|ora, . o; 1|
0u|||e|, J., `les exegses d'A|exardr|e e| d'Ar||oc|e, Corl||| ou ra|er|erdu?'.
b3b
|( ). - . 1|;z;oz
Nazzaro, A. v., `laralras| o|o||ca,' 0lAC - . z1;8z
Trud|rger, l., `8|o||ca| |e|ap|ors ard 3yroo|s. lard|e w||| Care!'. la||| ard
lreedor|o(1). |-|.
wa||, J. 0. var der, `'|e|ap|or|c' |r Jo| 1.1-8. 8Z8(1|). o;-8o.
o. l||erary 0erres ard ||e `le||er'
T| e ro||or ol |||erary gerres oecare popu|ar |r roderr ||res, |r par||cu|ar
dur|rg ||e secord |a|l ol ||e |Wer||e|| cer|ury. lr pa|r|s||c exeges|s ||e
ro||or p|ays a rodes| ro|e.
A|orso 3c|o|e|, l., `l||erary 0erres, 8|o||ca|'. NCF8, 8o-8o. N, 1o8.
0r|ooror|, J. `l gerer| ||||erar| re| rorac|es|ro pr|r|||vo'. Ko|ror|a (Nap|es, 1o
18o) - . ;z8
|uroz lg|es|as, 3., los gereros |||erar|os y |a |r|erpre|ac|or de |a 8|o||a|adr|d,
. 1o8
|usur|||o, l., `l||erary 0erres, lagar ard C|r|s||ar'. NCF8, 8o-1o. N, 1o;.
;. T| e lr|r|rs|c va|ue ol ||e `le||er'
8orr ou| ol a d|v|re d|spos|||or ard caror|zed |r ||e |org process ol a
|rad|||or W||c| ||se|l Was cors|dered a d|v|re `ecorory,' ||e o|o||ca| ||||era
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| 1;T| e l||era| |ear|rg ol 3cr|p|ure
1;
Was lor pa|r|s||c |r|erpre|ers pregrar| ol ar equa||y d|v|re ressage. lr ||e|r
urar|rous corv|c||or, 0od's ressage cou|d ro| oe oe||er reg|s|ered ||ar
|r ||e very `|e||er' ol ||e 8|o|e. Fver W|er ||e ros| |earred arorg ||er
app||ed ||e ru|es ard pr|rc|p|es ol a p|||o|og|ca| ara|ys|s |o ||e sacred |ex|,
||e|r l|rs| |rs||rc| Was |o approac| ||e |||era|||y ol ||e o|o||ca| |ex| as g|l|ed |r
||se|l W||| superra|ura| poWer. `T| e rear|rg deserves |o oe exp|ored oecause
d|v|re scr|p|ure says ro|||rg ||a| Wou|d oe use|ess or ou| ol cors|dera||or,'
|rves||gardus es| sersus, qu|a ror o||ose a||qu|d au| |rprov|de d|v|ro |oqu||ur
scr|p|ura(Aroros|as|er, uaes||ores1o, 1).
T| oug| ||ere r|g|| oe d|vergerce lror ore sc|oo| ol ||oug|| |o aro||er
|r ||e|r eva|ua||or ol ||e poWer a||ac|ed |o ||e ||||eraol ||e 8|o|e, ro arc|er|
correr|a|or Wou|d ever dery ||a| poWer e|||er |r ||e|r presuppos|||ors
or |r ||e|r exege||ca| corc|us|ors. T| us a cors|ar| ard ur|versa| caror ol
pa|r|s||c |r|erpre|a||or |s ||e |rs|s|erce or ||e |r||ra|e correc||or oe|Weer
||e ||||eraard ary `sp|r||ua|' correr|s gerera|ed oy ||. w|||e roderr cr|||cs
Wou|d separa|e ||e |||era| rear|rg ol ||e 8|o|e, ard ||s poss|o|e |r|erpre|a||or,
lror `sp|r||ua|' v|eWpo|r|s |r|o |Wo corp|e|e|y d|llerer| reg|s|ers ol
|roW|edge, pa|r|s||c |r|erpre|ers |ep| oo|| c|ose|y |oge||er oecause ol ||e
very ro||or ||a| ||ey |ad ol ||e ||||era||se|l. Fver rore so, || Was ||e ||||era
as suc| ||a| |rduced ||er |o W|a| roderr readers Wou|d d|sr|ss as lar|as||c
e|yro|og|es or |rre|evar| a||egor|es. lrdeed a r|s|ead|rg ||||era, oased or
Wrorg |rars|a||ors, lor |rs|arce, cou|d or|y erd |r la|se specu|a||ors, ou|
paradox|ca||y, |r suc| cases, ||e |errereu||ca| r|s|a|es ol arc|er| |r|erpre|ers
corl|rr ||e|r |rd|spu|ao|e respec| lor ||e |||era| cor|er|s ol ||e sacred
107
|ex|. lerce W|er dea||rg W||| pa|r|s||c au||ors, ||e |r|r|rs|c va|ue accorded
|o ||e `|e||er' derors|ra|es a cors|s|er| |r|erpre|a||or ol ||e 8|o|e |r ||s rary
gerres ard rodes ol Wr|||rgs ||a| car rever oe overes||ra|ed.
0re or|y reeds |o p|r-po|r| W|a| ||e |||era| s|a|erer|s ol 3cr|p|ure rea||y
rear| |r ||e corror urders|ard|rg ol ||e arc|er| c|urc| lor revea||rg
roderr prejud|ce. T| e JeW|s| preceder| W||c| served as a rode| lor
gerera||ors ol C|r|s||ar exege|es, l|||o ol A|exardr|a, ard ||s |erg||y
Correr|ary
or Tora|, da||rg lror ||e l|rs| cer|ury c.e., seers corc|us|ve. lr |urdreds ol
occurrerces, l|||o c|ear|y d|s||rgu|s|ed oe|Weer ||e |||era| ard ||e sp|r||ua|
serse ol ||e verses or W||c| ||s Correr|ary locused, ou| ro| a s|rg|e ||re
d|d |e deprec|a|e ||e ||||era. A c|oser |oo| Wou|d ever derors|ra|e ||a| |r
||s sys|er ol |r|erpre|a||or, l|||o Was as ruc| corcerred aoou| ||e correc|
serse ol ||e |||era| cor|er|s as |e Was aoou| ||e|r a||egor|ca| exp|ara||or.
0r|ger |oo| over esser||a| lea|ures ol l|||o's |errereu||c, |r par||cu|ar ||s
urcord|||ora| respec| lor ||e o|o||ca| ||||era, ||ereoy dec|s|ve|y s|ruc|ur|rg
ra|rs|rear C|r|s||ar exeges|s lor cer|ur|es |o core.
A ||s|or|ca| survey, oased or researc| puo||s|ed dur|rg ||e pas| l|l|y
1;oT| ree la|r|s||c lerrereu||cs
years, arp|y corl|rrs ||e lurdarer|a| va|ue ol |||era| cor|er|s ol 3cr|p|ure
|r pa|r|s||c exeges|s. lere lo||oW a leW s|gr|l| car| da|a, l|rs| corcerr|rg l|||o,
||er aoou| C|r|s||ar |r|erpre|ers.
||. l|||o ol A|exardr|a ard ||e 8|o||ca| `le||er'
T| e ed||ors ard |rars|a|ors ol les oeuvres de l|||or d'A|exardr|e, puo||s|ed
urder ||e pa|rorage ol 3ources C|re||erres oe|Weer 1o1ard 1, rever
||red ol s|ress|rg ||e sacred va|ues ol 3cr|p|ure's |||era| cor|er| lor ||e l|rs|
cer|ury c.e. JeW|s| |r|erpre|er. lr lac| ||e |||era| va|ue ol Tora| Was ol suc|
|rpor|arce lor l|||o ||a| || |rduced ||r |o re|||r| ||e very ro||or ol
a||egory.
lav|rg ro|ed ||a| a||egor|sr s|ar|s |r l|||o's Correr|ary 0r ||e
|a||rg ol ||e wor|dor|y W||| ||e crea||or ol Adar ard Fve, b. Arra|dez
(1o1) ooserves ||a| `||e o|o||ca| lorr ol ||e rarra||ve does ro| var|s| |r
||s a||egor|ca| |rarspos|||or. . . . ll || Was ||e ac||everer| ol lsrae|||e ||oug||
|o |e| a ||s|or|ca| v|s|or ol ||e Wor|d preva|| over ||e re|ap|ys|ca| ores
proper |o 0reece, l|||o, as ear|y as |r 0e op|l|c|o rurd|, rera|red |rue |o
||e lurdarer|a| |r|u|||ors ol ||s peop|e' (1zz). Arra|dez adds. `T| e s|ory ol
Aora|ar . . . |s a success|or ol |erpora| ever|s, ||s |r|erpre|a||or (oy l|||o)
rera|rs erc|osed |r |erpora||||es as ore |s supposed |o cor|erp|a|e |r ||
|rages ol success|ve s|a|es ard exper|erces proper |o ||e |urar sou|.' (1z).
T| e W|o|e |rea||se 0e op|l|c|o rurd||s oes| urders|ood as `||e lourda||or
W||c| cas|s ||g|| or ||e use ol a||egory' |r ||e corp|erer|ary |rea||se legur
a||egor|ae(1z). C. |ordeser| (1oz) quo|es F. 8re||er corcerr|rg ||e |e||er.
`T| e a||egor|ca| re||od |s ro| lor ||r (l|||o) W|a| || Was lor ros| ol ||s
precursors, ar ar||l|c|a| rears ol re|r|ev|rg p|||osop||ca| |deas |r verera|ed
c|ass|cs as |r lorer. . . . w|a| |e |oo|s lor |r 0eres|s, lar lror oe|rg suc| or
suc| a |ru|| |s ||e corp|e|e descr|p||or ol ||e sou|'s reac||ors |r regard |o
0od. . . . lor l|||o ||e a||egor|ca| re||od... |s ar |rd|spersao|e |oo| lor ara|yz|rg
||e |r|er|or ||le' (F|udes de p|||osop||e ar||que, z1z. lar|s, 1).
lr|roduc|rg 0e c|eruo|r,J. 0orez (1o) ro|ed ||a| `l|||o's re||od cors|s|s |r
s||l||rg lror grarra||ca| rerar|s |o ||e ques| ol W|a| We Wou|d ca||
|oday `sp|r||ua|||y.' T| us ||e prepos|||or d|a|r 0r |.1s|ou|d oe urders|ood
as |ypoor para|r order |o avo|d preser||rg 0od as or|y ar |r|erred|ary'
(o). le erp|as|zed |oW l|||o erds ||e |rea||se |r ce|eora||rg ||e rea|
cosros ur||ed |r ur|versa| |ove (1o-11z). lr 0e sacr|l|c||s Aoe||s e| Ca|r|
A. |eassor (1oo) lourd l|||o a||ac|ed |o ||e `|rsp|red' Words ol |xx oy
scru||r|z|rg ||e|r c|o|ce ard ||e|r p|ace |r eac| ser|erce. lor |rs|arce, ||e
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| 1;;T| e l||era| |ear|rg ol 3cr|p|ure
1;;
JeW|s| correr|a|or l|||s 1-1oW||| a d|scuss|or or o9ps, `|e added'
(0r |.za), a Wrorg |xx |rars|a||or ol ||e leoreW lor W||c| l|||o cors|dered
0od as ||e suojec| W|er || s|ou|d |ave oeer Fve. 8y veroa| assoc|a||or, l|||o
adds correr|ar|es or 0r z.8, |., .z, oecause o9di occurs
|r ||ose passages, ||e 8|o|e exp|a|r|rg ||e 8|o|e oy suc| assoc|a||ve r|rrors
ol ||e |e||er ard ||e precorce|ved ro||or ol a d|v|re pedagogy a| Wor| |r
3cr|p|ure |rc|||rg ||e correr|a|or |o quo|e cer|a|r passages W||c| |e|p |o
urders|ard o||ers.
Aga|r, corcerr|rg 0e pos|er||a|e Ca|r|b. Arra|dez (1;z) corc|uded.
`lr ||e c|a|r ol gerera||ors, s|re|c||rg lror ||e l|rs| rar |o |oses, a||egory
ard ||s|ory rera|r |rseparao|e, ard ||e rore ore progresses, ||e rore ||e
|urar |ypes urder |rves||ga||or are erood|ed oy peop|e W|o rea||y ||ved,
so ||a| l|ra||y, |oses |s W|||ou| a douo| lor l|||o a ||s|or|ca| c|arac|er rore
||ar ar a||egor|ca| l|gure' (1-1o). lr 0e pos|er||a|el|||o's a||er||or locuses
or e|yro|og|es ol leoreW rares, ar exerc|se lor W||c| |e exp|ores ||e 0ree|
||||eraW||| ||e so|e |e|p ol a 0ree| rarua|, s|rce |e Was urao|e |o read ||e
108
leoreW, ard d|d ro| ever avo|d r|sread|rg ol ||e 0ree| ||se|l. A| |eas| ||s
very delec||ors |||us|ra|e ||s ||g| es|eer lor ||e |||era| |rsp|ra||or ol |xx.
`lor orce, |||e |r a |||era| correr|ary, l|||o lo||oWs c|ose|y ||e Word lor
Word order ol ||e 8|o|e,' s|a|ed A. |oss (1o), aoou| 0e g|gar||ousuod
0eus s|| |rru|ao|||s(11).
lr ||e syroo||c |r|erpre|a||or ol 0r .zo-z1, W|ere Noa| |s |r|roduced
as a larrer, l|||o ooserves ||a| ros| peop|e do ro| |roW ||e ra|ure ol |||rgs
ard ||erelore ||ey |rev||ao|y r|ss g|v|rg ||er ||e|r r|g|| rares, ||s oWr
syroo||c |r|erpre|a||or rever |os|rg |rac| ol ||e |e||er |r 0e agr|cu||ura
(J. lou|||oux, 11). lou|||oux a|so descr|oed l|||o a| Wor| |r 0e p|ar|a||ore
(1o). `le (l|||o) |oo| ||s l|rs| |rsp|ra||or lror l|a|o, ou| ||er, W|a| a
c|arge! urder ar apparer| d|sarray, |r ar apparer| |rco|erercy (ol ||s
expos|||or), |r rea|||y, l|||o s|gr|l|es ||e |rcorp|e|eress ard |rperlec||or
ol |urar ex|s|erce, ||e jourrey reeded lor |urar||rd |r order |o Wa||
|oWards 0od' (11). A rea||s||c percep||or ol des||ry, res||rg or ||e |||era|
read|rg ol 3cr|p|ure cor||rues |o |rsp|re l|||o ||roug|ou| ||s a||egor|s||c
correr|ary. lr 0e corlus|ore ||rguarurJ. 0. Ka|r (1o) s|a|ed ||a| `||e
s|ory |o|d oy l|||o para||e|s ||e o|o||ca| rarra||ve . . . ||oug| |e corp|e|e|y
reg|ec|s ||e corcre|e c|roro|og|ca| ard spa||a| lrare ol ||e ever|s or W||c|
|e re||es' (1). lr par. 1o, l|||o `|ores||y adr||s ||a| ||e |||era| re||od |s
|rue |r ||s oWr r|g|| as |e s|ares ||e v|eW ol '||ose W|o |eep or|y ||e apparer|
rear|rg, allordao|e lor everyore' (dvi sd oo vov).'
|. lar| (1oo) c|a|red ||a| |r u|s rerur d|v|rarur |eres s||, or 0r
1, l|||o's correr|ary |s oased or ||e |||era| cor|er| or 3cr|p|ure. `T| e
1;8T| ree la|r|s||c lerrereu||cs
oeg|rr|rg ard erd ol ||a| d|sser|a||or (par. 1o-1, zo;-zz) are exp||c|||y
||r|ed W||| ||e o|o||ca| |ex|' (). |ore exp||c|||y F. 3|aroo|rs||-3alrar,
|r|roduc|rg 0e luga e| |rver||ore(1;o), descr|oed l|||o's exeges|s as res||rg
or |Wo pr|rc|p|es. 1) T| e sacred |ex| possesses a ur||y ol ||s oWr W||c| ca||s
lor a cors|ar| coro|ra||or ol verses, z) `Fac| lragrer| ol ||e |ex| suppor|s
a proper |r|erpre|a||or as eac| p|rase, eac| Word |s r|c| ol ore or rore
rear|rgs. T| e s||g||es| ruarce ol ||e |ex|, ever ||s s||erces, |a|e or a spec|l|c
rear|rg. T| e r|ru|e care W||| W||c| 3cr|p|ure, or rore exac||y, ||e |xx,
|as oeer Wr|||er ca||s lor ar equa||y r|ru|e corcerr lor ||s de|a||s or ||e
s|de ol ||ose W|o read ||e sacred |ex|' (|). `T| e |||era| exp|ara||or ol ||e
precep| corcerr|rg ||e de|ay ol ||e re|urr ol lug|||ves crea|es a d|ll| cu||y (par.
1oo-1o8), . . . ou| ||a| sare prescr|p||or ergages |r|o ||e |||era| |r|erpre|a||or ol
||e 3pec|a| laWs(lll, par. 11-1) W||c| are par| ol ||e Fxpos|||or
ol ||e laW (|8). l|ra||y, `lr (l|||o's) o|o||ca| exeges|s . . . a||egor|sr usua||y
|e|ps |o deeper ||e urders|ard|rg ol passages W|ose |rred|a|e rear|rg
|s perlec||y accep|ao|e' (o). w|er l|||o oecores cr|||ca| ol |||era||s|s |r 0e
sorr||s(l. 3av|re|, 1oo), || |s ro| aga|rs| ||e '|e||er' ||a| |e |urrs ou| aga|rs|
||e lara||cs ol ||e |e||er, or as |e descr|oes ||er, |rd|v|dua|s `ol sra|| |oWrs
W||| ||r||ed |or|zors' (l, par. ), `prolessors W||| doc|ora| corcerr W|o
preler ||e |||era| serse' (par. 1oz). lr ara|yz|rg 0e 0eca|ogo. N|| |p r o We | z |
y
(1o) erp|as|zes `||e |eur|s||c lurc||or ol scr|p|ure |r l|||o's r|rd' (18)
ard corc|udes. 'T| e 8|o|e rera|rs ||e dr|v|rg lorce ol ||e p|||osop||ca|
|rver||or, ard a|so de|err|res |r |arge reasure, ||e de|a|| ol ||e expos|||or. lor,
ore cou|d say, ||a| W|||ou| ||e 8|o|e l|||o's ||oug|| |as ro rore
||ar a v|r|ua| ex|s|erce' (1). l||era||sr ard a||egory are |r|er|W|red |r 0e
0eca|ogo(z;-z). l|||o `adr|||ed ar equa| va|ue ard ever ar |rd|spersao|e
ro|e |o ||e |ega| prac||ce or |a|a||a|as suppor||rg 'p|||osop|y', ard ||e
'p|||osop|y' as ||e corp|e||or ol |a|a||a|' (z1). lr 0e spec|a||ous |eg|ous
lll-lv, A. |oss (1;o) ooserved. `||e |o|a| |der|||y ol Norosard logos, ||e
perlec| ur||y ol ||e |e||er ard ||e sp|r||' |r l|||o's v|eW (1). `l|||o |r|es |o
|ard|e ||e scr|p|ura| |ex| |r ||s |r|egr||y a|Ways esser||a| lor ||r' (1), |ere
||s exeges|s reac|es ever `||e ex|rere ard excep||ora| lorr ol a |||era||sr
usua||y rore |erpera|e' (z1). lr 0e v|r|u||ousore l|rds ro a||egor|sr a| a||.
lr 0e praer||s e| poer|s. 0e exsecra||or|ousA. 8ec|aer| (1o1) lourd ||a|
`rora||sr |s |ere ra||er prac||ca|, lo||oW|rg qu||e c|ose|y ||e |e||er ol ||e
8|o|e ra|r|y |r regard |o pur|s|rer|s' (1z).
l|||o's oWr d|s||rc||or oe|Weer ||e |||era| ard ||e sp|r||ua| serse ol
3cr|p|ure represer|s a sys|era||c lea|ure ol ||s uaes||ores |r 0eres|r. `|r
||e |||era| serse 'parad|se' reeds ro exp|ara||or,' (|r ||e la||r |rars|a||or
lror ||e Arrer|ar oy Auc|er) larad|sus ad ||||erar r|||| opus |aoe| so|u||o-
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| 1;T| e l||era| |ear|rg ol 3cr|p|ure
1;
r|s express|vae(l, o), `||e |||era| serse |s c|ear' (l, z), `||us ||e |e||er preser|s
ar accep|ao|e s|a|erer|' (l, |o), `||e |e||er |s oov|ous as prover oy W|a| We
see' (l, |8)`ol course, ore ray |aug| a| ||e |e||er, cors|der|rg |oW gross ||
Was |o laor|ca|e ||e garrer|s' (l, |8), Aga|r |r relererce |o 0r o. ;, `|ere |s
W|a| ||e |e||er rears' (l, |), l|||o goes or ara|yz|rg ||e |og|c ol ||e W|o|e
109
propos|||or. le does ||e sare |r uaes||oresll, . lr ll, 18`||e |e||er |s
oov|ous,' ||e sare |r ll, zo(||que|), z(ro|a), z(rar|les|a), |o(rar|les|a),
;(|a||s es|), oo, o, ;o(s|c se |aoe|), ;1(|aec sora|), ;z(ev|ders), ;(r|r|s
ro|a), ;o(pa|e|). lr lll, 1||||era rar|les|a es|, |r lll, 1, ||||era pa|e|. lr lll,
zz`(3cr|p|ure) War|s |o express ||e s|rp|e |ru|| ol lac|s. laec ||||era sora|
(|r 0r 1o.|).' T| e `|e||er' |s aga|r oov|ous |r lll, z(rar|les|a), `T| e |e||er
reeds ro exp|ara||or oecause || |s ex|rere|y c|ear, ||||era r|||| opus |aoe|
expos|||or|s, r|r|s er|r c|ara es|(0r 1o.8), |r lll, z8. l| |s `c|ear' a|so |r lll,
o(||quea|), |rred|a|e|y c|ear |W|ce |r lll, |z, `c|ear' aga|r |r lll, |ard
d|spers|rg lror ary correr|s, ||||era adeo c|ara es|, u| ru||a opus |aoea|
dec|ara||ore serro, ard `rar|les|' |r lll, o, sa||s ev|ders|r lv, 1, ev|ders, |r
lv, , pa|e| express|or|s|r lv, 11, rar|les|aaga|r |r lv, 1, ||que||r lv, 1,
pa|e||r lv, , r|r|s c|ara|r lv., , rar|les||us expor|||r lv, . zo zo 8lr lv, ||
||||era |a||s es|, lo||oWed oy 0r 1.1oexp|a|red lor W|a| || rear| lor ||ose
|rvo|ved |r || ard oy ca|||rg lor a gerera| reasor ol ra|ure, veroo ra|ura||. lr
lv, oz||||era rar|les|a pa|e|, ||e `|e||er' |s rar|les|a ac ro|a|r v, ;, lac|||s
cap|u|r v, ;;, rar|les|a|r v, 8ard 8.
0ccas|ora||y `||e |e||er preser|s a rea| d|ll|cu||y ard a ||oug|| Wor||
exar|r|rg,' lrolec|o |aes||a||orer duo||, a|que cors|||ur cors|dera||ore d|grur
|aoe| ||||era(v, 88). l|s `rear|rg |s oov|ous,' ev|ders es| s|gr|l|ca|ur
||||erae, |r v, |, `easy |o ca|c|,' lac|||s |r|e||ec|u, |r v, 111, || `ergages |r|o,'
|rru||, ra||rg a rore exp||c|| s|a|erer| |r v, 1zz, pa|e||r v, 1zo, `W|a| ||
erurc|a|es |s c|ear,' quod ||||era erurc|a| rar|les|ur es|(v, 1z). l|s syroo||sr
|s c|ear, |ex|us ev|der||s syroo|| es|, aoou| 0r z|., |r v, 1|. l| |s
aga|r ev|ders|r v, 1|, `ro| ques||orao|e,' ru||ar |rc|ud|| quaes||orer|r
v, 1z. lr vl, 1|||e |||era| reasor ol corver|erce lor 0r z, zo|s oroad|y
exposed, |r vl, 18||e |||era| serse |s a|so arp||l|ed, |r vl, 1o8||e |e||er |s
or|y |aug|ao|e lor `urqua||l|ed ard ureduca|ed peop|e W|ose |rrer v|s|or
|s o||rded or de|er|ora|ed, ard W|o a|so cor|er| ||erse|ves W||| s|rp|e
s|or|es,' |rper|||, |rerud||| e| |rdoc|| ocu||s ar|rae oocaeca||, ve| caecu||er|es,
supra ||||eras |ar|ur |rs|dur|, `lor ||ey ||s|er or|y |o ||e Words as spo|er ou|,
ou| are urao|e |o |oo| |rs|de lorge|||rg a g|arce a| sp|r||ua| rea||||es,' |rp|ger|es
ad|aerer|esque so||s ror|r|ous e| vero|s pro|a||s,|r|us vero persp|cere
requeur| ad |r|uerdo |r|e|||g|o|||a. lr vl, 1;o||e |e||er ev|der|er derors|ra|,
|r vl, 1;;rar|les|ur es| verour, r|||| ooscurur ve| occu||ur cor||rers |r
18oT| ree la|r|s||c lerrereu||cs
se(0r zo, z), |r vl, 1;||e |||era| |ex|ure rel|ec|s ||e co|erercy ol d|v|re
orac|es. Correx|orer ord|rerque |arror|ae derors|ra| |r|er se |rv|cer
ap|e corc|||a|as |r d|v|r|s oracu||s, `|| s|oWs ||a| |arror|ous correc||or ard
order are We|| adap|ed |o eac| o||er |r ||e d|v|re orac|es', |r vl, 18z`||e
|e||er ra|es c|ear ||e proper s|a|erer| ol ||e |aW,' ||||era pa|elac|| propr|ar
|eg|s ser|er||ar, lr vl, 18`||e |e||er |s as syroo||c as || |s c|ear,' ||||era |ar
syroo||ca, quar rar|les|a es|, ||e |e||er |s rar|les|aas We|| |r vl, 1o, or
ro|a|s 1;, ev|ders |rs|gr|sque, `oov|ous ard s|gr|l| car|' |r zo, W||| ||s oWr
`appropr|a|e exp|ara||or' |aoe| ||||era |ar corgruar respors|orer|r zo;,
`||e |e||er g|ves ro cause |o douo|, oe|rg very c|ear |r ||s syroo||sr ard
accuracy' 0uo|ur ru||ur praeseler| ||||era, u| va|de rar|les|a per syroo|ur
e| corgru||a|er|r zzo. Aga|r ||e |e||er |s ev|ders|r vl, zz, W||| ar `oov|ous
rear|rg,' rar|les|ae s|gr|l|ca||or|s, |r vl, z, pa|ers, `oov|ous,' |r z|o,
lac|||s |r|e||ec|u, `easy |o urders|ard' |r z|.
l|||o's urcord|||ora| suor|ss|or |o ||e Wr|||er |ex| ol 3cr|p|ure as read
|r ||e |xx Was esser||a| ard urs|a|ao|e as ||s ded|ca||or |o ||e laW. le
rever expresses ||e s||g||es| rerar| deva|u|rg ||e |e||er ol ||e sacred Wr|||rgs.
8elore ary correr|ary ol a specu|a||ve ra|ure, |e a|Ways s|ar|s oy
recogr|z|rg ||e va|ue ol ||e |||era| cor|er| ||a| |s re|evar| |o ||s |r|erpre|a||or.
w|er |e oecores po|er|ca| aoou| ||e |e||er, as |s 0e sorr|sl,, or |r
uaes||ores |r 0eres|rvl, 1o8, We ro|ed ||a| ||s pro|es| addresses cer|a|r
`|||era||s|s' ro| ||e |e||er ||se|l, |e l|g||s aga|rs| ||e|r rarroW r|rdedress
|r delerse ol ||e |e||er W|ose proper qua||||es |e ex|o|s erd|ess|y. lor ||e
`|e||er' as suc| ra|er|a||zed ||e |rrer |og|c ol o|o||ca| s|a|erer|s (u. 0r
l, |, ll, , vl, 1;, 18z, zzo), |r sore cases || |as a syroo||c va|ue ol ||s
oWr (u. 0rv, 1|, vl, 18, zo;), ard oy ||s oov|ous dyrar|c || |rduces
|r|erpre|ers |o urders|ard ||e laW oeyord ||s |||era| s|a|erer|s (u. 0r
vl, 1o8). A|ros| ur|versa||y, ||e |e||er |as ||e rer|| ol oe|rg `oov|ous,'
`easy |o ca|c|', or|y orce does ||e correr|a|or ol 0eres|s douo| aoou| ||e
|rarsparercy ol ||e |e||er, |r u. 0rv, 88W|ere 0r z|.seers |o ra|e ro
serse. 8y ||s cors|s|er| apprec|a||or ol ||e o|o||ca| ||||era, |l ro| rore ||ar
oy ||s a||egor|sr, l|||o l|xed a perrarer| s|ardard lor |r|erpre|ers ol ||e
8|o|e |r ||e pa|r|s||c age.
3|r||ar ooserva||ors resu|| lror ar ara|ys|s ol l|||o's uaes||ores |r
Fxodurl-ll, W|ose recer| (ard l|rs|) cr|||ca| ed|||or W||| |rars|a||or |r a
roderr |arguage cors|||u|es a |ardrar| |r l|||or|ar s|ud|es (A. Ter|ar, les
0euvres de l|||or d'A|exardr|e, vo|. |C. lar|s, 1z). lr ||s or|g|ra| ex|ers|or
||e Wor| |rc|uded s|x ooo|s ol W||c| J. b. boyse, `T| e 0r|g|ra| 3|ruc|ure
110
ol l|||o's uaes||ores,' 3|ud|a l|||or|ca|(1;o-;;), |1-;8, spec|a||y o1-oz,
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| 181T| e l||era| |ear|rg ol 3cr|p|ure
181
corv|rc|rg|y derors|ra|ed ||a| ||ey lo||oWed ||e e|g|| 8aoy|or|ar d|v|s|ors
ol Fxodus, ||e l|rs| ard l|l|| oe|rg or|||ed.
8oo| l Fx o.z1-.
ll Fx 1o.1-1.1o
lll Fx 1.1;-1;.1o
lv Fx zo.zo-z|.18
v Fx z.1-z;.1
vl Fx z;.zo-o.1o(see A. Ter|ar, 1z, z1).
w|a| ||e Arrer|ar vers|or preserved |s reduced |o |Wo ooo|s correr||rg or.
1. Fx 1z.z-z= u. Fxl, 1-z(|a|l ol 8aoy|or|ar d|v|s|or ll)
z. Fx zo.z-z|.18= u. Fxll, 1-|(8aoy|. d|v. lv corp|e|e)
. Fx z.1-z;.= u. Fxll, o-1oz(8aoy|. d|v. v a|ros| corp|e|e)
|. Fx z;.zo-z8.8= u. Fxll, 1o-1z|(8aoy| d|v. vl |rcorp|e|e)
lr (1) (||a| |s |r u. Fxl), 1|ol ||e zsec||ors are ou||| arourd ||e
d|s||rc||or |aec ad ||||erar(or equ|va|er| p|rases)... ad rer|er vero(z-,
;, 11-1, 1, 1;, 1-z), W|ere ||e |||era| correr|ary sore||res exceeds
|r |erg|| ||e suosequer| a||egor|ca| ore lor g|ver verses ol Fxodus, as |r
sec||or z, , |, ;. lr o||er sec||ors (, 1, 1, z) ||e a||egor|ca| correr|ary
preva||s. |ore rerar|ao|e are ||e sec||ors ol u. Fx l preser||rg or|y a
|||era|exp|ara||or. sec||or 1|s a d|sser|a||or or seasors ard ror||s, aoou|
`||e l|rs| ror||' |r Fx 1z.z, sec||or oollers reasors ol corver|erce lor ||e
|||era| rear|rg ol Fx 1z.|o, so does sec||or lor Fx 1z.oo. A |org ||s|or|ca|
correr| or Fx 1z.oc |r sec||or 1os|oWs ||e appropr|a|eress ol ||a| verse
|r ||e |||era| serse. 0||er reasors ol corver|erce l||| sec||ors 1|, 18ard zo.
l| |s c|ear ||a| W|a| l|||o ca||s ||||era(pass|r), or ||||erae sersus(l, 11), |r
oppos|||or |o ad rer|er, rears ruc| rore ||ar ||e |rred|a|e erurc|a||or
ol ||e verse, || |as a cor|er| W||c| reeds |o oe exp||ca|ed, ard occas|ora||y ||
preser|s ar |r|r|ca|e ru|||p||c||y ol rear|rg ca|||rg lor c|ar|l|ca||or.
0r|y |r u. Fxl, 1odoes |e or|| ||e |||era| rear|rg. Fx 1z.a loro|dd|rg
||e ea||rg ol `raW rea|' ra|es ro serse a| a||, as oy del|r|||or (|r l|||o's
r|rd!) |urars rever ea| raW rea|. T| erelore |e corc|udes. |d ergo |o|ur
suo a||egor|a v|de|ur exporere, `||e W|o|e ser|erce s|ou|d oe exp|a|red
a||egor|ca||y,' W|ere suo a||egor|a|eeps ||s e|erer|ary ror-|ec|r|ca| serse
`as spea||rg aoou| sore|||rg e|se.' lr a rore |ec|r|ca| serse, ||e lour|eer
occurrerces ol ad rer|ers|gra| cors|dera||ors |rsp|red oy ||e l|||or|ar
ro||or ol ||e |urar |r|e||ec|.
lr ||e 1z|sec||ors ol u. Fxll rore ||ar |||r|y expard orce rore or
||e |||era| rear|rg a|ore ol ||e Fxodus verses, W|ereas ||e o||er sec||ors
18zT| ree la|r|s||c lerrereu||cs
d|scuss verses or oo|| |eve|s ol rear|rg, ||e |||era| ard ||e ror-|||era|. lr
||e case ol ||e douo|e-|eve| exeges|s, a c|oser |oo| ||g|||g||s a d|llerer|
percep||or ol ||e |||era| serse as ar approac| |o ||e |ex| cor|ras|ed W|||
||e |r|erpre|a||or ad rer|er. T| a| lorr ol exeges|s preva||s |r u. Fxll,
1-|, d|scuss|rg ||e c|ap|ers ol Fxodus |r ||e 8aoy|or|ar d|v|s|or lv (u.
Fxll, , ;, 1z, 1, 1, z1-z, z, 1, |, 8, ||, |;), W|ereas |r ||e res| ol u.
Fxll or|y sec||ors 1, , |cor||rue ||a| ser|es. lr sec||ors 1ooard 1o;,
||e douo|e rer||or ||||era. . . ad rer|erseers |o oe a sor| ol d|s|rac||or,
coup|ed W||| syroo||caor syroo|ur, rore accura|e|y. lrdeed a s|r|||rg
d|llererce |r l|||o's percep||ors ol ||e |||era| rear|rg |s aga|r apparer|
deperd|rg or |oW |e arrources ||s ror-|||era| correr|s. w|ere |e uses
ad rer|er|e regu|ar|y ergages |r|o W|a| `a||egory' |ec|r|ca||y rears lor
||r, rare|y, ar |rs|g|| |r ||e roe||c s|ruc|ure ol ||e |urar oe|rg W|ose
|rarscerderce ca||s lor ||e sp|r||ua| jourrey ol ||e |r|e||ec|. lr a|| o||er cases,
W|ere |e goes oeyord ||e ||||eraoy ||r||rg || W||| ||e cor|erp|a||or ol ||e
cosros or W||| eva|ua||ors ol ar e|||ca| order, |e spea|s aoou| `syroo|s'
ard `syroo||c' re|evarce. lr add|||or, |r cor|ras| |o ad rer|er||e ||||era
|s descr|p||ve ard corver|er|. l|s exp|ara||or arp||l| es W|a| |s sa|d |r ||e
verses, or s|oWs reasors ol corver|erce jus||ly|rg ||er. lr ||e case ol a
`syroo||c' re|evarce, ||e ||||era||se|l oecores l| gura||ve, W||c| |s |rcreas|rg|y ||e
case as l|||o advarces |r ||s uaes||ores.
(lr add|||or |o 3|ud|a l|||or|ca, c|ec| a readao|e ard seer|rg|y ex|aus||ve
o|o||ograp|y or l|||o |r l'Arree l|||o|og|que.)
Arra|dez, b., |ordeser|, C., lou|||oux, J., eds., les 0euvres de l|||or
d'A|exardr|e.
lar|s, 1o1-1z(ovo|s.).
8orger, l., ard 3|ars|er, b., `uaes||ores e| 3o|u||ores. 3ore 0oserva||ors or
||e
lorr ol l|||o's Fxeges|s'. 3|ud|a l|||or|calv (1;o-1;;).
8ro|||er, l. `l'ep|sode des l| eaux d'Fgyp|e (Fx - ), |u par l|||or d'A|exardr|e ;11
e|
|es lres 0recs.' bec|Aug ( ). - . z|18o|
111
0ar|e|ou, J., l|||or d'A|exardr|e. lar|s, . 1;8
0rall|gra, l. `1is \\po+v. 0sservaz|or| |ess|ca|| su||a |eor|a a||egor|ca
l||or|ara.' K0lN0NlA zo(1o). 1o;-1.
lay, 0. |. `0el|r|rg A||egory |r l|||o's Fxege||ca| wor|d.' 38l 3er|rar lapers
(1|). -o8.
lec||, b. 0., `T| e Fxege||ca| Cor|ex|s ol l|||o's lr|erpre|a||or ol C|rcurc|s|or'.
l. F. 0reerspa|r, e| a|., eds., Nour|s|ed w||| leace. 3|ud|es |r le||er|s||c
Juda|sr |r |erory ol 3arue| 3ardre|, 3c|o|ars lress, lorage 3er|es, lX,
1-;. C||co, 18|.
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| 18T| e l||era| |ear|rg ol 3cr|p|ure
18
lapor|e, J., la doc|r|re euc|ar|s||que c|ez l|||or. lar|s, . 1;z
lucc|es|, , `la d|v|s|or er s|x ||vres des uaes||ores |r 0eres|rde l|||or
d'A|exardr|e'. le |useor ( ) - . 81;o8
. `l'usage de l|||or c|ez Aroro|se, , cr|||ca|. .-|. 0uva|. la|orus 1;; 8
( ) - . 1;;z8z
|ac|, 8. l., ard l||ger|, F., eds., 3|ud|a l|||or|cal-ll. C||cago, - . 1;z1;
N|||proWe|z|y, v., `No|e sur |'|r|erpre|a||or ||||era|e de |a lo| e| sur |'arge|o|og|e
c|ez l|||or d'A|exardr|e'. |e|arges Ardre Ne|er, - . 1811olar|s, 1;.
. le correr|a|re de |'Fcr||ure c|ez l|||or d'A|exardr|e. Aroe||er zur l||era|ur
urd
0esc||c||e des |e||er|s||sc|er Juder|urs Xl. le|der, 1;;.
. `l'exegse de l|||or d'A|exardr|e dars |e 0e 0|gar||ouse| |e uod 0eus'.
w|rs|or, 0.,-0|||or, J., eds., TWo Trea||ses ol l|||o ol A|exardr|a. A Correr|ary
or
0e 0|gar||ous ard uod 0eus 3|| lrru|ao|||s. 8roWr Juda|c 3|ud|es, vo|. , z
- o;o. C||co, CA, . 18
. `8rve ro|e sur |e Correr|a|re A||egor|quee| |'Fxpos|||or de |a lo|c|ez
l|||or
d'A|exardr|e'. Caquo|, A., legasse, 3., Tard|eu, |., eds., |e|arges o|o||ques e|
or|er|aux er |'|orreur de |. |a|||as 0e|cor. A||er 0r|er| urd A||es Tes|arer|,
vo|. z1, z1-z. Neur||rc|er-v|uyr, 18.
0||e, K., 0as 3prac|vers|ardr|s oe| l|||o vor A|exardr|er. 3prac|e a|s ||||e| der
lerrereu|||. Tuo|rger, . 1o
lerro|, C., `la |ec|ure de |a 8|o|e dars |a 0|aspora |e||er|s||que'. Kur|zrarr,
b., ard 3c||osser, J., eds., F|udes sur |e Judaisre |e||er|s||quelec||o 0|v|ra,
vo|. 11, 1o-. lar|s 18|.
bad|ce, b., ard bur|a, 0. T., l|||o ol A|exrdr|a. Ar Arro|a|ed 8|o||ograp|y 1;-
18o. 3.v|gC|r vlll, le|der, 188.
bur|a, 0. T. l|||o |r ear|y C|r|s||ar |||era|ure. A survey.Corperd|a berur
luda|carur ad Novur Tes|arer|ur. d ser|es. Asser. var 0orcur, 1.
3arde||r, K.-0., w|sdor as Nour|s|er. A 3|udy ol ar 0|d Tes|arer| T|ere, l|s
0eve|oprer| w||||r Juda|sr ard l|s lrpac| or Far|y C|r|s||ar||y. Ac|a
Acader|ae Aooers|s, 3er. A. lurar|ora, llv, lll, 8z-1o. Aoo, 18o.
3ardre|, 3., l|||o ol A|exardr|a. Ar lr|roduc||orNeW or|-0xlord, 1;.
Ter|ar, A., `A Cr|||ca| lr|roduc||or |o l|||o's 0|a|ogues'. ANbwll z1.1, zz-|.
v|||adser, l. `l|||or og der o|d||r|e||ge s|r|l|lor|o||r|rg.' lr Juderdor oc|
|r|s|erdor urder de lors|a ar|urdradera ll, -11z.
w||||arsor, b., l|||o ard ||e Fp|s||e |o ||e leoreWs. Aro. z. l||. u. 0esc|. des
|e||er|s||sc|er Juder|urs lv. le|der, 1;o.
18|T| ree la|r|s||c lerrereu||cs
|||. C|r|s||ar lr|erpre|ers ol ||e `le||er'
lr C|r|s||ar |rad|||or ||e s|a|us ol ||e o|o||ca| `|e||er' c|arges drara||ca||y.
lrs|ead ol rera|r|rg verera|ed as `oov|ous' ard or|y exp|a|red as a
|ey lor ca|c||rg ||e co|ererce ol g|ver ser|erces, as l|||o ru|ed, ||e |||era|
cor|er| ol 3cr|p|ure oecores proo|era||c ard a source ol po|er|cs |r ||e
rascer| c|urc|. T| e r|s|y exodus ol ||e 0ree| vers|or ol ||e |xx lror ||e
raoo|r|c 0|aspora |r|o reW|y lorred C|r|s||ar corrur|||es, |l || d|d ro|
|rred|a|e|y |rpose |rars|a||ors ol 3cr|p|ure |r|o lore|gr |arguages, crea|ed
a deep|y c|arged erv|rorrer| lor ||s la|||lu| recep||or. T| e r| exerp||l|ed
||e parad|gra||c s||l|W||| s|r|||rg e|oquerce. Fxp||c|| c||a||ors ard |rrurerao|e
a||us|ors ca||ed |r ||e r| or |xx verses |r very urusua| Ways, ||e
au||ors ol ||e r| |a||rg || lor grar|ed ||a| suc| verses cou|d serve lor ||e|r
preac||rg ol ||e gospe|. T| e `|e||er' ol ||e |xx Was pu| |o ||e serv|ce ol a
sp|r||ua| rereWa| W||c| rad|ca||zed rary |rad|||ora| v|eWs ol ||e l|ar|sa|c
|r|erpre|ers ard added ||s oWr |errereu||cs. w|er lau| c|a|red `||e |e||er
||||s' (zCor .o), |e relerred |o ar age-o|d corv|c||or |rs|de ||e |r|erpre||ve
sc|oo| ol l|ar|sa|sr, accord|rg |o W||c| ||e Wr|||er Tora| reeded ar ora|
or sp|r||ua| corp|erer|, ou| |e a|so rade ||e ur|eard ol c|a|r ||a| or|y
||e `3p|r|| g|ves ||le,' ard ro| ||e laW as suc|.
Near ||e erd ol ||e l|rs| cer|ury ard |r ear|y secord cer|ury baoo|
Aq|oa |aug|| ||a| eac| Wr|||er s|gr ol Tora| |s |r reed ol ar exp|ara||or,
oecause || |s rys|er|ous ard d|v|re. baoo| ls|rae| resporded ||a| ore s|ou|d
112
ro| a||ac| |oo ruc| |rpor|arce |o de|a||s, oecause `Tora| spea|s |r |urar
|errs.' T|e corl||c| ol |r|erpre|a||ors |r ear|y raoo|r|c Juda|sr Was
oe|Weer a |errereu||c ||r||ed |o pes|a|, ||e oov|ous ard |rred|a|e serse,
ard r|dras|, ||e sp|r||ua| correr|ary. lror a sc|o|as||c exerc|se lar|||ar
|o raoo|r|c sc|o|ars||p ||e |r|erpre|a||or ol ||e o|o||ca| `|e||er' oecare ||e
v||a| recess||y lor C|r|s||ar oe||evers |rarslorred oy ||e sp|r||ua| poWer
ol ||e gospe|-ever|, re|||er pes|a|ror |argur, ou| |erygra, ||e `proc|ara||or' ol
la|||.
T| e popu|ar |eac||rg |r `parao|es,' preser|ed oy ||e gospe| Wr||ers as a
c|arac|er|s||c ol Jesus' puo||c r|r|s|ry, |||us|ra|ed a syroo||c lorr ol d|scourse |r
W||c| ||e sa|v|l|c arrourcerer| ol ||e lu|ure K|rgdor Was l|||ed
W||| o|o||ca| resorarce. Jesus' o|r|| ard c|||d|ood, ||s r|rac|es ard rys||c
exper|erces, suc| as ||s `|rarsl|gura||or' a| ||e |op ol a rour|a|r, ou| a|so
||s dea|| ard resurrec||or, Were re|a|ed |r rarra||ves sa|ura|ed W||| e|erer|s
lror ||e |xx W||c| |ad oeer re||oug|| ard carelu||y accorroda|ed |o
||e|r reW cor|ex|. T| e ||g||y sop||s||ca|ed syrp|ory ol doc|r|ra| ||eres
ard |||urg|ca| projec||ors |r ||e le||er |o ||e leoreWs Was aro||er exarp|e
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| 18T| e l||era| |ear|rg ol 3cr|p|ure
18
ol a crea||ve reWr|||rg oy W||c| ||e o|d o|o||ca| `|e||er' rega|red a reW ||le |r
||e ear||es| C|r|s||ar corrur|||es. T| e preac||rg oe||rd ||e so-ca||ed l|rs|
le||er ol le|er res|ed esser||a||y or a re|r|ev|rg ol We|| |roWr s||ua||ors
ard ever|s |r o|o||ca| lsrae|, roW ac|ua||zed |r ||e c|urc| corrur||y. `8u|
you are a c|oser race, a roya| pr|es||ood, a ded|ca|ed ra||or, ard a peop|e
c|a|red oy 0od lor ||s oWr' (z.). T| e overW|e|r|rg ev|derce ol ||e 3p|r||
W|ose g|l|s gave ||le |o ||e ererg|rg C|r|s||ar roverer| Was roW rore
s|gr|l|car| lor ||ese oe||evers ol a reW ||rd ||ar Was ||e sacred `|e||er' lor
a devo|ed ard |earred JeW |||e l|||o. Ary s|ory ol ||e arc|er| 3cr|p|ures
cou|d |a|e or a reW rear|rg, as lor exarp|e ||e s|ory ol 3ara| ard lagar's
c|||doear|rg |r 0eres|s 1oard z1, ard oe |r|erpre|ed as W|a| lau| ca||ed
`ar a||egory'. `T| |s |s ar a||egory. T| e |Wo Worer s|ard lor |Wo coverar|s'
(0a| |.z|). Correr||rg or 3ara|'s r|racu|ous pregrarcy W||| ||s ||s|or|c
corsequerces, lau| s|a|ed. `T| ose Words'rare|y 0r 1.o`Were Wr|||er
ro| lor Aora|ar's sa|e a|ore, ou| lor our sa|e |oo' (bor |.z). T|e arc|er|
s|ory rera|red urc|arged, ou| ||s |||era| cor|er| Was roW covered W|||
|ayers ol reW rear|rgs. T| us ||e C|r|s||ar recep||or ol ||e |xx rade ||s
very `|e||er' proo|era||c, oecause ol ||e ||le-g|v|rg `3p|r||' W||c| opered a
reW career lor o|o||ca| c||a||ors |r c|urc| aWareress ou| exc|uded ||ereoy
ary o||er |r|erpre|a||ors ol ||e 8|o|e.
1. T| e lo|er|ca| leve|
lercelor|| |r a C|r|s||ar locus, ||e o|o||ca| ||||eras|ood or a po|er|ca|
grourd. T| e l|gure ol Jesus as Wor|ed ou| oy ||e gospe| Wr||ers e|oquer||y
derors|ra|ed ||e po|er|ca| va|ue ol ||e o|o||ca| ||||era|r ||e uravo|dao|e
d|spu|es oe|Weer C|r|s||ar |eac|ers ard baoo|s. A |||erary gerre ||a| Was
po|r|ed|y ar||-Juda|c soor deve|oped, cors|s||rg |r `prools' ol C|r|s||ar
oe||els W||c| Were Word|rgs lror ||e |xx c||ed W|||ou| ary correr|s,
ou| co||ec|ed se|ec||ve|y, ard assero|ed W|||ou| ary regard lor ||e|r
or|g|ra| cor|ex|s. T| e `prools' Were supposed |o derors|ra|e ||e la||ure
ol ||e JeWs ard ||e success ol ||e c|urc| |r ca|c||rg ||e lu|| rear|rg ol
||e passages quo|ed. Arorg ||e o|des| lorrs ol C|r|s||ar |||era|ure, ||ese
so-ca||ed Tes||ror|a, erdured as a proper |||erary gerre lor cer|ur|es, l|rs|
|||us|ra|ed oy lseudo-8arraoas's le||erard oy Jus||r ol bore |r ||e secord
cer|ury, ||er oy Cypr|ar ol Car||age |r ||e |||rd, ard s|||| perpe|ua|ed
|r ||e Cors|ar||r|ar era oy c|urc| |eaders |||e Fuseo|us ol Caesarea ard
A||aras|us ol A|exardr|a.
0r ||e s|de ol C|r|s||ar au||ors, ||e groW|rg ar|agor|sr oe|Weer JeWs
ard C|r|s||ars |r la|e Ar||qu||y resu||ed ar aggress|ve resporse as soor as a
18oT| ree la|r|s||c lerrereu||cs
raoo|r|c op|r|or Was |r d|rec| corcerr aoou| ||e o|o||ca| ||||era. T| e erdur|rg
surv|va| ol JeW|s| corrur|||es, |e| a|ore ||e|r ecoror|c prosper||y |r ||e
ra|r c|||es ol ||e Frp|re, Was |r ||se|l a scarda| lor C|r|s||ar au||or|||es.
Ac|ua||z|rg ||e 8|o|e lor ||e oerel|| ol ||e|r oWr re||g|ous |deo|ogy, ||ese
au||or|||es |oo eas||y ass|r||a|ed ||e|r JeW|s| cor|erporar|es W||| ||ose JeWs
W|or ||ey lourd |r ||e loregrourd ol ||e gospe| rarra||ves ca|||rg lor ||e
po||||ca| ||qu|da||or ol Jesus. la|r|s||c au||ors rare|y r|ssed ar oppor|ur||y
|o use ||e |||era| cor|er| ol oo|| Tes|arer|s lor derourc|rg ard relu||rg ||e
Juda|sr ol ||e|r oWr ||re, seer ||roug| ||e spec|rur ol o|o||ca| Juda|sr.
laradox|ca||y, |oWever ||ey pa|d |r|ou|e |o raoo|r|c sc|o|ars||p W|er ||ey
reeded ar access |o leoreW |arguage or W|er ||e|r oWr |xx cop|es s|oWed
del|c|erc|es W||c| cou|d or|y oe rered|ed oy c|ec||rg ||e or|g|ra| leoreW,
as Was ||e case lor 0r|ger ol A|exardr|a ard Jerore. Tex|ua| cr|||c|sr ca||ed
lor |r|er-re||g|ous d|a|ogue desp||e ||e la|a| gap oe|Weer pa|r|s||c C|r|s||ar||y
ard raoo|r|c Juda|sr.
Aro||er po|er|ca| |eve| or W||c| ||e very |e||er ol 3cr|p|ure oecare
113
a ourr|rg |ssue lor C|r|s||ar c|urc|es Was |rposed oy ||e corlror|a||or
oe|Weer 0ros||c |rerds ard ra|rs|rear C|r|s||ar||y dur|rg ||e secord
ard ||e |||rd cer|ur|es. T| e sc|o|ar|y exeges|s ol o|o||ca| |ex|s s|ar|ed W|||
0ros||c |eac|ers |||e lerac|eor ol A|exardr|a (l|. zrd |a|l ol zrd c.). T| e
sys|era||c d|scuss|or ol a s|ardard co||ec||or, a `caror' ol r| Wr|||rgs Was
l|rs| corduc|ed oy |arc|or (l|. 1o-1oo). T| oug| ||e resu|| ol |arc|or's
ellor|s |o de||r|| a se| ol suc| Wr|||rgs Was a|ros| |rred|a|e|y opposed
ard ve|erer||y rejec|ed oy ra|rs|rear c|urc|es, ||e |arc|or||e er|erpr|se
|ad a |org-|as||rg |rl|uerce, ro| ||e |eas| |r urg|rg ||e crea||or ol a corsersus |r
||e |a|e secord cer|ury c|urc| corrur|||es aoou| a scr|p|ura|
caror accep|ao|e lor a|| ol ||er. |ore corror|y ||e use ol 3cr|p|ure |r
C|r|s||ar-0ros||c c|rc|es ||g|||g||ed o|o||ca| e|erer|s usua||y |grored |r
o||er par|s ol C|r|s||ar||y. l| a|so produced ar or|g|ra| |r|roduc||or ol ||e
o|o||ca| ||||era|r|o a |||erary suocu||ure W|ere C|r|s||ar ||oug|| re| W|||
s|rarge lorrs ol re||g|ous syrcre||sr.
A |as| |eve| ol po|er|c corcer|ra||or or ||e |||era| cor|er|s ol 3cr|p|ure
Was |rposed oy |eresy. 0oc|r|ra| d|spu|es or|g|ra|ed W||||r ||e |rrer dyrar|c ol
||e c|urc|. T| e rore p|||osop||ca| ro||ors er|ered ||e C|r|s||ar
d|scourse, ||e rore || oecare d|ll| cu|| |o |eep a serere urar|r||y arorg
|eac|ers ard |eaders ol ||e c|urc| corrur|||es. `leresy,' as a d|llerer| Way
ol |||r||rg, pro||lera|ed |r |||e reasure |o ||e corso||da||or ol a l|xed oody
ol doc|r|res, |oge||er W||| ||e c|a|rs ol ar es|ao||s|ed |eac||rg au||or||y
|rs|de ra|r c|urc|es. us|rg or|g|ra| presuppos|||ors oased or ||e|r oWr
p|||osop||ca| cu||ure, ard appropr|a|e |errereu||ca| dev|ces, `|ere||cs'
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| 18;T| e l||era| |ear|rg ol 3cr|p|ure
18;
p|ayed ar esser||a| ro|e |r ||e ou||d|rg ol C|r|s||ar dogra||cs. T| e|r c|as|es
W||| es|ao||s|ed c|urc| au||or|||es er|a||ed oroad cor|rovers|es W||c| |r
|urr produced ar |rpress|ve arour| ol parp||e|s ard |rea||ses.
A| ||e core ol pa|r|s||c `|eres|es' ||e o|o||ca| |ex|, quo|ed ard correr|ed
or, Was ol s|ra|eg|c |rpor|arce. |ary ol ||e |||era| cor|er|s ol 3cr|p|ure,
reproduced ard d|scussed a| |erg|| |r pa|r|s||c Wr|||rgs ||roug|ou| la|e
Ar||qu||y, Were |rposed or C|r|s||ar au||ors |r ||e |ea| ol sore ar||-|ere||ca|
reac||or. Toge||er W||| ||e rore peacelu| prac||ce ol |||urg|ca| read|rgs,
W||c| a|so cord|||ored c|o|ces ol o|o||ca| |ex|s dur|rg ||a| per|od, po|er|ca|
doss|ers ol ar||-|ere||ca| |||era|ure |rarsr|| ros| par|s ol o|-r| ellec||ve|y
quo|ed oy ||e la||ers. l||e ||e l|g|| aga|rs| rea| or |rag|red JeW|s|
|r|erpre|a||ors, ||e relu|a||or ol |ere||ca| op|r|ors |rp||ed ||a| a C|r|s||ar |der|||y
recessar||y res|s or a g|ver urders|ard|rg ol ||e very `|e||er' ol 3cr|p|ure. To
c|ar|ly ||e urders|ard|rg ca||ed lor a proper scru||r|z|rg ol ||e `|e||er,' |||e
||e 0ros||cs, ||e grea| `|ere||cs' |r ||e|r |urr occas|ored a ||ve|y sc|o|ars||p
or g|ver par|s ol ||e o|o||ca| |ex|s, ard |r ||ese cases ||e a||er||or g|ver |o
||e `|e||er' ol 3cr|p|ure rera|red ol a po|er|ca| ra|ure.
z. T| e l|||o|og|ca| leve|
A |rue `|ove lor ||e |e||er' (`p|||o-|ogy') ol ||e 8|o|e ar|ra|ed ear|y C|r|s||ar
|r|erpre|ers |rdeperder||y lror ary po|er|cs.
A||er||or |o ||e `|e||er'
T| e qua|||a||ve d|s||rc||veress ol ||e pa|r|s||c a||er||or |o ||e sacred |ex|
represer|s |r ||se|l a ser|ous c|a||erge lor roderr cr|||cs. T| e |a||er Wou|d
lar |oo qu|c||y oe |rc||red |o ||r| |r|erpre|a||or W||| ||e suojec||ve d|spos|||or ol
||e |r|erpre|er, W|ereas pa|r|s||c exeges|s der|ved esser||a||y lror
||e oojec||ve sacredress ol ||e |ex| |o oe |r|erpre|ed. 3cr|p|ure Was ro| a
`c|ass|c' lor arc|er| JeW|s| or C|r|s||ar correr|a|ors, ara|ogous |o W|a|
lorer represer|ed lor pagar sc|o|ars |r cor|erporary A|exardr|a. l| Was
||e ||v|rg vo|ce ol d|v|re reve|a||or |r ||s ||re|ess, or oe||er, ever-preser|
ard ac|ua| express|or. lor pa|r|s||c |r|erpre|ers ||e Wr|||er ra|er|a|||y ol
||a| express|or Was a g|l|lror |eaver. l| |rp||ed lor ||er pay|rg |r|ou|e |o
a|| e|erer|s ol ||e |ex|, ro| or|y |o ||ose prelerred oy |urar |og|c. |oderr
exege|es Wou|d d|sr|ss suc| prejud|ce, ||e|r percep||or ol ||e o|o||ca| |e||er
||se|l oe|rg ro| |rvo|ved |r ||e |a||er's sacredress. 8u| |o re|r|eve ||e |rrer
dyrar|c ol pa|r|s||c exeges|s W||| ary serse ol la|rress, || |s esser||a| |o
urders|ard or W|a| precorce|ved ro||or ol ||e |e||er ||a| exeges|s res|ed.
188T| ree la|r|s||c lerrereu||cs
lor a corpar|sor oe|Weer ||e pa|r|s||c a||er||or |o ||e `|e||er' ard
||e ||s|or|ca| cr|||ca| re||od ol roderr exege|es, ||e lo||oW|rg ||||es are
sugges|ed.
A|||aus, l., `0|e Au|or||a| der 8|oe| urd d|e ||s|or|sc|-|r|||sc|e w|ssersc|al|'.
ur|vers||as18(1o). ;-o|.
Corr|ss|o 8|o||ca, lrs|ruc||o de ||s|or|ca Fvarge||orur ver||a|e. va||car 1o|.
Foe||rg, 0., `0|e 8edeu|urg der ||s|or|sc|- |r|||sc|er |e||ode lur d|e
pro|es|ar||sc|e T| eo|og|e urd K|rc|e'. ZTK|;(1o). 1-|o.
lagrarge, |. J., la re||ode ||s|or|que, |a cr|||que o|o||que e| |'Fg||se. lar|s 1o,
rd.,
114
1o;, reW ed., 1oo(b. de vaux).
Ne||, w., `T| e Cr|||c|sr ard ||e T| eo|og|ca| use ol ||e 8|o|e, 1;oo-1o'. T|e
Caror|dge l|s|ory ol ||e 8|o|e,z8-.
3r||rar, A., `Arlrager der va|erexegese ar d|e ||s|or|sc|-|r|||sc|e Fxegese'.
voss,
0., ard o||ers, versuc|e re|rd|rers|ora|er 3c|r|l|aus|egurg. 3|u||gar|-|ur|c|,
1;z, oz-o.
Turrer, l. F. w., l|s|or|c||y ard ||e 0ospe|s. A 3|e|c| ol l|s|or|ca| |e||od ard
||s
App||ca||or |o ||e 0ospe|s. lordor 1o.
weoer, 0., `0er 0r| der ||s|or|sc|-|r|||sc|er |e||ode |r der 3e|os|aus|egurg der
|e|||ger 3c|r|l|'. K|rc|e |r der Ze||18(1o). 1|-.
T| e 3p|r||ua| 0yrar|c ol ||e r| `le||er'
Far|y C|r|s||ar |r|erpre|ers lourd |r ||e r| ar |rpress|ve derors|ra||or ol
W|a| a |ov|rg ass|r||a||or ol ||e |xx cou|d produce as a reW ||rd ol o|o||ca|
reWr|||rg. No| or|y d|d ||ey read |r || sporad|c exarp|es ol a||egor|es re|a||rg |o
||e ever|ua| rea||za||or ol arc|er| prop|ec|es |r Jesus' ||le ard dea||,
ou| ||ey lourd |r ||e r| a cors|s|er| rarra||ve r|c| |r dec|s|ve |eac||rgs lor
||e W|o|e C|r|s||ar ||le or ||e oas|s ol ass|r||a|ed o| |ex|s. T| e sp|r||ua|
dyrar|cs ol ||e r| oourd pa|r|s||c au||ors |o ||e o| |ex|, ||e ra|r source
ol ||e|r la||| persuas|or. l| Was ||a| dyrar|c ||a| ca||ed ||er |o a crea||ve
ac|ua||z|rg ol 3cr|p|ure ||roug| ||e Wor| ||ey perlorred lor ||e corrur|||es |o
W||c| ||ey oe|orged. T| us ||e very |ex| ol oo|| Tes|arer|s, ||e `0|d'
ard ||e `NeW' oe|rg |rp||ca|ed |r eac| o||er, served as a cors|ar| relererce lor
||e pa|r|s||c d|scourse, |||era||ycor|r|ou||rg |o ||e se|l-del|r|||or
ol oe||evers W|o cou|d or|y secure ||e|r reeded ques| lor a s|||| urdel|red
|der|||y ||roug| suc| ar or|g|ra| |ex|ure ol ||e o|o||ca| ||||era.
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| 18T| e l||era| |ear|rg ol 3cr|p|ure
18
T| e l||era| serse
l|rs| ol a||, ||e `|||era| serse' represer|ed lor pa|r|s||c |r|erpre|ers ||e `ord|rary'
rear|rg, or ||e `|rred|a|e' cor|er| ol o|o||ca| u||erarces, ||a| |s
W|a| everyore urders|ood a| l|rs| s|g||. lr Cyr|| ol A|exardr|a's exeges|s ol
||e r| ||e |||era| serse app||es or|y |o oojec|s ol sersor|a| percep||or, `
d'9prare|y rea||||es ||a| are perce|ved oy ||e serses espec|a||y ||ose
ol s|g|| ard |ear|rg,' ard ` v9$ivdrare|y, |ra||s ard ac||v|||es
c|arac|er|s||c ol rar oo|| as ar |rd|v|dua| ard as a reroer ol var|ous |urar
groups' (Kerr|gar 1;, o, see a|so Kerr|gar 1z, z|-o). 3uc| Was ||e
respec| lor ||e `|e||er' resu|||rg lror ||e presupposed d|v|re |rsp|ra||or ol
a|| 3cr|p|ure, ||a| ||e sra||es| o|o||ca| ro|a||ors, |rc|ud|rg purc|ua||or, Were
s|gr|l|car| lor pa|r|s||c readers. lerce ||e |a||er's reed |o g|ve a co|erer|
accour| ol a|| ||e de|a||s ol o|o||ca| rarra||ves, a |as| cor|erporary raoo|s
Were |ry|rg |o assure lor ||e sare reasors.
lar lror erjoy|rg ||s|or|ca| r|rd-se| ol ||e|r roderr cour|erpar|s,
arc|er| |r|erpre|ers |grored ||e or|g|ra||rg cor|ex|s (3||z |r leoer) ol
Wr|||er `lorrs' (lorrgesc||c||e), ror d|d ||ey |rvo|e secu|ar ||s|ory ard
secu|ar |||era|ure lor exp|a|r|rg ||e cu||ura| d|vers||y ol o|o||ca| Wr|||rgs.
T| ey aoso|u||zed ||e 8|o|e as prov|d|rg ||s oWr recessary ard sull| c|er| cor|ex|,
a ro||or W||c| ||ey |oo| over lror A|exardr|ar p|||o|ogy (3c|auo||r
1;;). Aga|r suc| a pr|rc|p|e |rduced ||er |o ra|e serse ol ||e W|o|e
|||era| cor|er|.
T| e C|a||erges ol ||e `le||er'
la|r|s||c |r|erpre|ers cors|ar||y lourd ||erse|ves eroro||ed |r a |arg|e ol
urger| ques||ors. T| e |||era| or |rred|a|e cor|er| ol o|o||ca| passages
c|a||erged ||er aga|r ard aga|r W||| cu||ura| da|a reed|rg ar exp|ara||or.
lrlorra||ve as || Was supposed |o oe oy d|v|re |rsp|ra||or, ||e `|e||er' ol
3cr|p|ure cors|||u|ed lor pa|r|s||c au||ors a |aoyr|r|| ol cu||ura| d|llererces
W||c| ||ey |ad |o lace W||| ||e |oo|s prov|ded |o ||er oy ||e|r secu|ar
educa||or. Nares reeded |o oe e|yro|og|zed, |rars|a||ors ver|l|ed, p|aces
|oca|ed or a rap, pas| ever|s da|ed, arc|er| cus|ors exp|a|red. |os|
s|a|erer|s ol o|o||ca| ager|s, d|v|re u||erarce |rc|uded, reeded |o oe reWr|||er
so ||a| ||e|r |rred|a|e rear|rg oecare c|ear. lr s|or|, oy del|r|||or ||e
`|||era| serse' Was lor pa|r|s||c |r|erpre|ers proo|era||c. l| Was ||e|r du|y |o
so|ve ||e proo|ers oourd |o ||e |ex|ca| da|a ard ||e syr|ax ol ||e o|o||ca|
passage or W||c| ||ey correr|ed, ard |o s|oW ||e ra|ure ol ||e ||r|s
oe|Weer ||ose passages ard ||e|r |rred|a|e cor|ex|s, ar|er|or or pos|er|or.
T| e `|||era| serse' Was proo|era||c oecause ol ||e ur|roWr da|a W||c|
Were carr|ed |r ||e |ex| ||se|l. 8|o||ca| u||erarces Were proo|era||c oecause
1oT| ree la|r|s||c lerrereu||cs
ol ||e persors ra||rg ||er or ||e rorer| W|er ||ey Were rade, or aga|r
oecause ol ||e purpose lor W||c| ||ey Were rade. T| e sc|oo| |ra|r|rg ol
pa|r|s||c |r|erpre|ers |r r|e|or|cs ard o||er lorrs ol |roW|edge Was |ard|y
sull| c|er| lor prepar|rg ||er lor ||e |as| ol g|v|rg ar adequa|e accour| ol
||e `|e||er' ol 3cr|p|ure, Augus||re s|rorg|y erp|as|z|rg ||e ex|er| ol ||a|
115
corcerr |r 0r C|r|s||ar 0oc|r|re.
lor pa|r|s||c exeges|s || Was |r ||e |og|c ol suc| a devo|ed a||er||or |o
||e `|e||er' ol 3cr|p|ure |o oecore erud||e ard sys|era||c or ||e |eve| ol ||e
|||era| serse ||se|l. lr add|||or |o ||e ||s|s ol F|yro|og|esrer||ored aoove
o||er |oo|s Were soor dev|sed oy C|r|s||ar |r|erpre|ers eager |o |earr lror
||e exper|erce ol pagar sc|o|ars W|o |ad e|aoora|ed sop||s||ca|ed re||ods
lor |r|erpre||rg lorer ard o||er poe|s. TWo s|r|||rg exarp|es |||us|ra|e ||a|
|erdercy, l|||o aga|r serv|rg as a parad|gr lor lu|ure C|r|s||ar |r|erpre|ers.
Cases ol larc|lu| e|yro|og|es ard ol exerc|ses |r syroo||c rurero|ogy are
usua||y ca|a|ogued arorg ||e eccer|r|c|||es ol arc|er| a||egor|sr. lrdeed
||ey oe|org ||ere, oecause ol ||e|r drear|||e |og|c W||| a|| ||e |rre|evar|
projec||ors, a||er |o correr|ed 3cr|p|ure passages, W||c| ||ey produced.
we s|a|| ree| ||er aga|r, W|er locus|rg or a||egory. loWever || Wou|d oe
a r|s|a|e ro| |o cors|der suc| a prac||ce as par| ol ||e |aoor |rposed or
arc|er| |r|erpre|ers oy ||e very |e||er ol ||e sacred |ex|. l| Was ||e|r deep|y
|e|d corv|c||or ||a| ||ey Were dea||rg W||| a d|v|re|y |rsp|red cor|er| W||c|
|ed pa|r|s||c exege|es |o presuppose `rys|er|es,' secre| |reasures, de||oera|e
`recesses,' |r ||a| cor|er| ||se|l, |r ||e|r scru||r|z|rg ol ||e rear|rg ol o|o||ca|
rares ard ruroers. T| e cur|os||y ol |r|erpre|ers ergaged |r suc| |rqu|r|es
s|oWs ||a| ||e |ex| |r ||s |rred|acy, |rdeperder||y lror ||e s|ory re|a|ed |r
||, c|a||erged ||ese exege|es. T| ey erded |r cors|der|rg a||egory as a
requ|rerer| ol ||e |e||er ||se|l. As || Was assured oy ||e ear|y C|r|s||ar exege|es,
||e |as| ol |r|erpre||rg ||a| sacred |e||er Was |rdeed a corp|ex ore.
Kerr|gar, A., `T| e 0ojec|s ol ||e l||era| ard 3p|r||ua| 3erses ol ||e r| accord|rg
|o
Cyr|| ol A|exardr|a'. 3|la|r ( ). - . 11;|;1
leraro, 3. de|, `la ur|c|dad de| ser||do |||era| er |a Fscr||ura'. 3. de| leraro,
ed.,
Teras o|o||cas . Cor|||as , - . 1 1o;1zo
3c|auo||r, C., `lorerur ex lorero'. |l ( ). - . |1;;zz1z;
0r recer| d|scuss|ors ol ||e |||era| serse.
8arr, J., `l||era|||y'. la||| ard l|||osop|yo(18|). |1z-z8.
. J30T||(18). -1;.
C|||ds, 8. 3., `T| e 3ersus l||era||s ol 3cr|p|ure. Ar Arc|er| ard |oderr
lroo|er'.
l. 0orrer, ed., 8e||rage zur a|||es|arer|||c|er T| eo|og|e. ls. l. Z|rrer||,
0o|||rger 1;;, 8o-.
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| 11T| e l||era| |ear|rg ol 3cr|p|ure
11
. 8|o||ca| T|eo|ogy |r Cr|s|s. l|||ade|p||a 1;o.
. `Cr|||ca| bel|ec||ors or Jares 8arr's urders|ard|rg ol ||e l||era| ard ||e
A||egor|ca|'. J30T|o(1o). -.
F|||s, F. F., T| e 0|d Tes|arer| |r Far|y C|r|s||ar||y. Caror ard lr|repre|a||or |r
||e
l|g|| ol |oderr besearc|, wuNT |, zrd ed., Tuo|rger 11.
lao|ry, T., `T| e l||era| 3erse ard ||e 3ersus l|er|orbev|s||ed'. lerra||erao1
(11). -z.
lre|, l. w., `T| e 'l||era| bead|rg' ol 8|o||ca| Narra||ves |r ||e C|r|s||ar Trad|||or.
0oes || 3|re|c| or w||| l| 8rea|?'. l. |cCorre|| ed., T| e 8|o|e ard ||e Narra||ve
Trad|||or. NeW or| 18o, o-;;.
Kerrode, l., `T| e l|a|r 3erse ol T| |rgs'. 0eoll rey l. lar|rar ard 3arlord
8ud|c|, eds., ||dras| ard l||era|ure. NeW laver. a|e ur|v. lress, 18o,
1;-|.
loeWe, b., `T| e 'l|a|r' |ear|rg ol 3cr|p|ure |r Far|y JeW|s| Fxeges|s'. J. 0.
we|ss,
ed., lapers ol ||e lrs|||u|e ol JeW|s| 3|ud|es, lordor, l (8roWr C|ass|cs |r
Juda|ca
3er|es) lar|ar |d. 18, 1|o-8.
Noo|e, l. b., `T| e 3ersus l||era||s. JoWe||, C|||ds, ard 8arr'. JT| 3rs ||(1).
1-z.
3ca||se, C. J., `T| e 'sersus |||era||s'. A lerrereu||ca| Key |o 8|o||ca| Fxeges|s'.
3JT|
|z(18). |-o.
3c|re|ders, 3., `T| e l||era| 3erse ol 3cr|p|ure'. T3(1;8). ;1-o.
3ear|e, J. b., `l||era| |ear|rg'. Fxpress|or ard |ear|rg. 3|ud|es |r ||e T| eory
ol
3peec| Ac|s. Caror|dge 1;, 11;-o.
3|e|rre|z, 0. C., `T| e 3uper|or||y ol lre-Cr|||ca| Fxeges|s'. T|To;(18o). z;-
8.
Tarrer, K. F., `T| eo|ogy ard ||e l|a|r 3erse'. 0. 0reere, ed., 3cr|p|ura|
Au||or||y
ard Narra||ve lr|erpre|a||orl|||adep||a 18;, -;8.
w||||ars, b., `0er l||era|s|rr der l|. 3c|r|l|'. FvT| o(1o). -;1.
|v. lerrere|a
116
T| e Tas| ol lr|erpre||rg ||e `le||er'
|r Far|y C|r|s||ar||y
1. lr|roduc|ory berar|s. A l|s|or|c Ac||everer|
T| e cu||ura| appropr|a||or ol ||e o|-r| caror oy C|r|s||ar |r|erpre|ers dur|rg |a|l
a r|||err|ur ol pa|r|s||c crea||v||y represer|s ||e ros| |rpor|ar|
ever| |r ||e ||s|ory ol wes|err C|r|s||ar||y dur|rg || l|ve cer|ur|es. No|||rg
corparao|e |as |appered s|rce ||er |r ary ol ||e C|r|s||ar |rad|||ors up |o
||e erd ol ||e |Wer||e|| cer|ury. la||r |ed|eva| ard 8yzar||re sc|o|ars||p
1zT| ree la|r|s||c lerrereu||cs
or|y perpe|ua|ed ||e doc|r|ra| |egacy ol o|o||ca| |errereu||cs e|aoora|ed |r
arc|er| C|r|s||ar||y. 0re or ||e o||er par| ol ||a| |egacy r|g|| |ave oeer
lavored |ere ard ||ere a| g|ver ||res ou| ||s cu||ura| lourda||or Was rever
ques||ored, ror d|d ||e la||r ard 8yzar||re ||dd|e Ages ever corce|ve reW
|errereu||ca| rode|s |r rep|acerer| ol ||e pa|r|s||c sys|er. T| e ||le ard
dea|| c|a||erge preser||y |rposed or a|| c|urc|es rear ||e erd ol |oderr||y
|s |rdeed |o lace ||e lurdarer|a| reed lor a |errereu||ca| reWress W||c|
Wou|d |a|e |r|o accour| ||e |r|erpre||ve |rad|||or ol ||e pas| |Wo r|||err|a,
ard crea|e ||s oWr sys|era||c pr|rc|p|es ard ru|es. As ar ac|roW|edgrer|
ol ||e dep|| ol ||e preser| c|a||erge, ||e pa|r|s||c exper|rer| as a W|o|e
deserves ar accura|e |r|erpre|a||or. T| e groW|rg aWareress ||roug|ou| ||e
c|urc|es ol ar epoc|a| roverer| |r|o a C|r|s||ar se|l-urders|ard|rg ol a
reW |ype ca||s lor a lres| approac| |o ||e pas|, ard loreros| |r |||s lres|
approac| |s ||e ca|| |o a rereWed urders|ard|rg ol ||e scr|p|ura| exeges|s ol
||e pas|, ooso|e|e as ||s re||odo|og|es ray oe |oday. `w|||e qua||l|ca||ors
|ave oeer advoca|ed a|org ||e ||res ol ||s|ory as urders|ood ard por|rayed
oy ||e scr|p|ura| accour| ra||er ||ar oojec||ve ||s|ory, ||e ca|egory ol ||s|or|c||y |r
gerera| s|||| rera|rs a proo|er lor |ypo|og|ca| ||oug||, rore over,
||e p|ace ard lurc||or ol syroo||c |arguage rus| oe |r|egra|ed,' J. F. A|sup,
Arc|or 8|o|e Correr|aryo(1z), `Typo|ogy,' o8. T| oug| a lardooo| ol
la|r|s||c Fxeges|s does ro| seer |o oe ||e r|g|| p|ace lor exp|or|rg ||e
sys|era||c ||eor|es W||c| currer||y arrource lu|ure deve|oprer|s ol C|r|s||ar
||oug||, || |s cer|a|r|y ||e appropr|a|e occas|or lor cr|||ca||y eva|ua||rg ||e
|errereu||ca| |egacy ol arc|er| C|r|s||ar||y cor|erp|a|ed |r ||e ||g|| ol
cor|erporary ques||ors.
z. T| e Arc|er| Ar| ol `lr|erpre||rg'
0|v|re lerres(|r la||r `|ercury') served as ar `|r|erpre|er' ol ||e gods
|r arc|er| 0ree| ry||o|ogy. l|s rare |ed |o ||e lorra||or ol Words |||e
|errereus, `|r|erpre|er' (ra|r|y ol orac|es), |errereue|r, `|o |r|erpre|,' or
|errereu|||, ||e `ar| ol |r|erpre||rg.' No|e ||a| ||e la||r |r|erpres||se|l
der|ves lror ||e sare roo| as ||e 3arscr|| pra||, `|o spread aoroad.' A |a|e
ed||or gave ||e ||||e ler| |errere|as, 0r lr|erpre|a||or, |o ore ol Ar|s|o||e's
|rac|a|es (W||c| dea|s W||| o||er ra||ers). T| e o|des| use ol |errereu|||, as
`ar| ol |r|erpre||rg,' car oe lourd |r l|a|o's, Fp|r;c |-8. lr l|a|o's 8arque|,
zoze z-, |errereue|ra|so rears `|o corrur|ca|e,' |r |||s case |o
corrur|ca|e a d|v|re reve|a||or. T| |s rear|rg deve|oped |r|o ||e Neop|a|or|c
ro||or ol l|o||rus's psyc| |errereu|||, ||e `|r|erpre||ve wor|d 3ou|'
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| 1T| e l||era| |ear|rg ol 3cr|p|ure
1
red|a||rg oe|Weer ||e |erres|r|a| ard ||e |r|e|||g|o|e orders ol rea|||y. lr
l|rs| Cor|r|||ars ||e apos||e lau| |s ||e l|rs| |o use ||e |err |errere|aW|||
||e spec|l|c rear|rg ol `|r|erpre|a||or,' `exp|ara||or'. `Aro||er |as ||e g|l|
ol ecs|a||c u||erarces ol d|llerer| ||rds, ard aro||er ||e ao||||y |o |r|erpre|
||erpvd \v' (1z.1o). C|r|s||ar au||ors Wou|d |a|e up ||e
lau||re usage, lor exarp|e, |e|||o ol 3ard|s |r 0r ||e lasc|, |1. `lerce ||e
rode| (|ypos) Was prec|ous oelore ||e rea|||y ard ||e parao|e adr|rao|e
oelore ||e |r|erpre|a||or (|errere|as)', or Jus||r ol bore |r 0|a|ogue W|||
Tr yp|o, 1z|, |. `T| e |r|erpre|a||or (1pvd) ol ||e psa|r (ls 81|8z.1) as
you as| lor', or aga|r lreraeus ol lyor, Aga|rs| ||e leres|esl, , o. `lerver||rg
||e '|r|erpre|a||ors' ( pvd) ard |arper|rg W||| ||e exp|ara||ors
( pi)', ard |a|er or Fuseo|us ol Caesarea, C|urc| l|s|oryv, z;,
1. `|ary Wor|s ol or||odox ard ecc|es|as||ca| au||ors care |o us, eac| ol
||er s|oW|rg ||e|r |r|erpre|a||or ol d|v|re 3cr|p|ure ( 9d d
pvd)', or T| eodore| ol Cyrus, rer||or|rg a |os| `correr|ary or ||e
0ospe|s' (v 9v d\v "v pvdv) au||ored oy a cer|a|r
T| eodore, a `|earred rar' (\\io), W|or ||e par|y ol Fuseo|us ol
N|cored|a ||red |r ;al|er A||aras|us' re|urr lror Tr|er. Fver as |a|e as
||e sever|| cer|ury, ||e aroryrous au||or ol ||e Trop||es ol 0aras|us
a||oWs ||s C|r|s||ar |r|er|ocu|or as| ||e JeW. `w|a| ||er? 0o you |roW
ard accep| 3cr|p|ure accord|rg |o ||e |e||er, or accord|rg |o ||e sp|r||ua|
|r|erpre|a||or (sd - d . . . 0sd vd"v sd pvdv)?' (l0
1, 1z;, zz).
0r o|o||ca| correr|ary, see ar||c|es oy 8. A. Ardersor, T. F. lre ||e|r,
F. Krer|z, lr|erpre|a||oro(18z), |r A 0|c||orary ol 8|o||ca| lr|erpre|a||or,
b. J. Cogg|rs ard J. l. lou|der eds. lordor-l|||ade|p||a 1o, W||| ore
117
|urdred ard l|l|y cor|r|ou|ors, see. l. ourg, `A|exardr|ar lr|erpre|a||or,'
`l||era| |ear|rg,' `b|e|or|c,' ard `3p|r||ua| |ear|rg', A. lou||, `A||egor|ca|
lr|erpre|a||or', A. Jrger 8jrrda|er, b. A. Norr|s, `Ar||oc|ere lr|erpre|a||or', J.
8ar|or, `Caror' ard `F|seges|s', J. l. lou|der, `Correr|ary
r|', b. l. Carro||, `Correr|ary o|', |. 0av|s, `Fxeges|s', 0. l. ||dd|e|or,
`ler|r|s| lr|erpre|a||or', J. |. 3os||ce, `l|gures ol 3peec|' ard `|e|ap|or',
J. l. l. |c0ora|d `lerrereu||ca| C|rc|e', w. 0. Jearrord, `lerrereu||cs',
b. J. Cogg|rs, `lo|y 8oo|', J. l. A. 3aWyer, `l|s|ory ol lr|erpre|a||or' ard
`3erar||cs', b. l. b. |urray, `JeW|s| C|r|s||ar||y', 0. J. 8roo|e, `les|er',
8. |cNe||, `3ersus l|er|or' ard `Typo|ogy', 3. l. 8roc|, `3yr|ac Trad|||or',
8. l|rdars, `Tes||ror|a', J. Nev|||e 8|rdsa||, `Tex| ol ||e 8|o|e', J. l. Nor||,
`vu|ga|e.'
1|T| ree la|r|s||c lerrereu||cs
Foe||rg, 0., `lerrereu|||'. b00, rd ed., .z|z-oz.
0usdorl, 0., les or|g|res de |'|errereu||que(lar|s ). c|. , `l'ge d'or de 188 1
|'|errereu||que a|exardr|re' ( - ), c|. , `Avrerer| de |'|errereu||que 1 z
judeoc|re||erre' ( - ), c|. , `lerrereu||que c|re||erre pa|r|s||que' ( - ). |o |o8
lapo|r|e, b., les |ro|s d|rers|ors de |'|errereu||que. lar|s 1o;.
|ayrs, l. K., `0er 0o|| lerres urd d|e lerrereu|||'. Tl||o(laar|er 1o8)
-oz.
ley||ress, v. 3., `Ara|ys|rg a 8|o||ca| Tex|. 3ore lrpor|ar| l|rgu|s||c
0|s||rc||ors'.
3JT| z(1;). 11-1;.
lle|ller, b., l|s|ory ol C|ass|ca| 3c|o|ars||p lror ||e 8eg|rr|rg |o ||e Frd ol ||e
le||er|s||c Age.0xlord 1o8.
3ardys, J. F., l|s|ory ol C|ass|ca| 3c|o|ars||p, rd ed. Caror|dge, 1z;.
3c|re|rer, J., ed., F|rlu|rurg |r d|e |e||oder der o|o||sc|er Fxegese. wurzourg
1;1.
. C|r|s||ar Trars|a|ors ard lr|erpre|ers
lr ||e 0ree|-3pea||rg C|urc|es
C|erer| ol A|exardr|a ca||s |oses, W|o Was a |rue `||eo|og|ar ard prop|e|,'
||e `|r|erpre|er' (pv) ol d|v|re |aWs (3|ror1.zz, 1o.|, C03 1, .
1z, l0 8, 8oa, 3C z, 1). le a||r|ou|es ||e sare lurc||or |o lau|, `T| e
|r|erpre|er ol ||e d|v|re vo|ce'pv% vdi 9d v (C03, C|.
A|. 1, o.1o, l0 8, zooa, 3C z, 1|). 8u| pvd ard pv are a|so ||e
or|y |ec|r|ca| |errs used oy C|erer| W|er |e|||rg ||e s|ory ol ||e sever|y
e|ders ser| lror Jerusa|er |o K|rg l|o|ery ard W|o |rars|a|ed ||e leoreW
8|o|e |r|o 0ree|. l|ra||y C|erer| ca||s ||e ass|s|ar|s ol le|er ||s `|r|erpre|ers,'
o# lo pvd (3|ror;, 1;, 0C3, C|. A|. lll, ;,1o, l0 , |a).
T| e sare ||||e Was g|ver |o 0r|ger oy ||s d|sc|p|e 0regory T| aura|ourgos.
le Was `ar |r|erpre|er ol d|v|re u||erarces lor |urar||rd,' pv% (vdi
v o# 9o# \v - v9$o (lar. 0r1.181, l0 1o, 1ooa, 3C
1|o,
1;o). 0|orys|us ol A|exardr|a gave C|r|s| ||rse|l ||e ||||e ol `|r|erpre|er' as
||e revea|er ol ||e la||er (A||., 0|orz, 0p||z o|.z, l0 z, 1oa), as does
Fuseo|us ol Caesarea, Fcc| T|eo|z.zz(o7i pv 0C3 Fuseo|us |, 1z,
1z). A||aras|us ol A|exardr|a uses a p|rase ol C|erer| |r ca|||rg lau| ||e
`|r|erpre|er ol d|v|re ard |rue p|e|y' (l0 z, |oa 9d sd \p9
pd pv) |r quo||rg br 1.z1-z|. T| e use ol pv W||| ||e
rear|rg `|o |rars|a|e' |s corror |o A||aras|us (0e syrod|s), 3ocra|es,
l|s| ecc|z, ;.1;, ard o||ers.
lr ||e l|l|| cer|ury T| eodore| ol Cyrus Wou|d s|||| use pv W|||
oo|| rear|rgs `|o |r|erpre|' ard `|o |rars|a|e.' le s|ar|s ||s Correr|ary or
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| 1T| e l||era| |ear|rg ol 3cr|p|ure
1
||e lsa|rsoy ooserv|rg ||a| ||s |rue |r|er||or Was |o |r|erpre| (pv#di)
||e `prop|ec|es ol 0av|d' oelore a|| o||er ooo|s ol ||e 8|o|e (lr ls, lrelace.
pv#d "v opdv l0 8o, 8;a, 8ooo). w||| ||e sare rear|rg
|e c|a|rs |r ||e prelace ol ||s Correr|ary or K|rgs. `lav|rg exp|a|red
(pvdv), . . . |e| us go over |o K|rgs, ro| W|||ou| adr||||rg ||a| lorrer
`|r|erpre|ers' (pvdvd) |ad crea|ed sore ooscur||y oy |oo |||era| ar
urders|ard|rg ol ||e |ex| (o% pvdvd o "v pvdv
oid9di l0 8o, za). l|ra||y, T| eodore| adr||s |o |av|rg used a g|ossary
ol leoreW rares lor l|rd|rg ||e correc| `|rars|a||or' (pvovov)
ol reasar(vvo`|e|d |oge||er') (l0 8o, lr l beg, lr|roduc||or
|, ;od), or ||e e|yro|ogy ol `Naoa|' (quaes|., 8|c), W|ere |e ca||s
||e g|ossary v pdisv 8vov pvd pp\o (8|c), `||e
ooo| ol ||e |r|erpre|a||or (= e|yro|ogy) ol leoreW rares' (8|c). le uses
pv W||| ||e serse ol `|rars|a||rg' |r Cor ls1.o, z.1, ard e|seW|ere.
lr ||e la||r C|urc|es
Ter|u|||ar uses |r|erpre|a||o|r ||e serse ol `exp|ara||or,' W|er accus|rg
|arc|or. 3|c e| paer||er||ar apud |||ur prave |r|erpre|ar|s, quas| pro|rde
roo||||a|e ve| |rprov|er||a,`|r ||e sare Way you Wrorg|y |r|erpre| reper|arce
118
|r ||r (0od) as |l || Was due |o ||s c|arge ol r|rd or |ac| ol prov|derce.'
(Adv.|arc|orerll, z|. 1, 3C o8, 1|1, b. 8raur), or |r ||e serse ol `exeges|s'.
a||egor|ca |r|erpre|a||o |r C|r|s|ur e| ecc|es|ar(lll, z|.1.1).
Augus||re a||udes |o ||e 0ree| or|g|r ol ||e Word. `lr 0ree|, oecause ol
lerres ||e Word or ||e |r|erpre|a||ol||||rg perlec||y W||| || |s ca||ed |errere|a'
(C||y ol 0od;, 1|). Cer|ur|es oelore, ||e b|e|or|ca ad lererr|ur|ad
g|ver a rore prec|se del|r|||or. `Ar |r|erpre|a||or W|||ou| ||e repea||rg
||e Word re|r|egra|es ||, ou| |r c|arg|rg ||e s|a|erer| W||| aro||er Word
|av|rg ||e sare rear|rg' (lv, z8.). lr ||e l|rs| cer|ury c.e. u|r||||ar
|ep| |o ||a| del|r|||or W|er |e c|a|red ||a| ar |r|erpre|a||o|s |o rerder a
la||r Word or p|rase oy aro||er la||r Word or p|rase (X, ., see a|so lll,
o.8). Aga|r Augus||re uses |r|erpre|a||o, |r 0e 0eres| ad ||||erar1z, , W|||
aro||er ol ||s o|des| rear|rgs, c|ose |o d|v|ra||o, rare|y ||e |r|erpre|a||or
ol drears or ol ra|ura| p|erorera supposed|y rys|er|ous. lr ||a| case |e
ca||s || a `prop|ecy,' ard |e |||us|ra|es || W||| ||e s|ory ol Josep| exp|a|r|rg
||e drear ol l|arao| (0r |1.1-z), ard ol 0ar|e| exp|a|r|rg o||er drears
|r 8aoy|or (0r z.z1-|, |.1o-z|). T| e sare use Was lar|||ar |o o|der c|ass|ca|
Wr||ers suc| as Tac||us |r ||e Arra|s1|, 1z, z., l||ry, |r le||er1o, 8o,
ard o||ers.
|ore oas|ca||y, |r ||s so-ca||ed ler| |errere|as, Ar|s|o||e |ad |der||l| ed
1oT| ree la|r|s||c lerrereu||cs
|errere|aW||| |arguage ||se|l W|er |e s|a|ed ||a| ary Word or ser|erce
W||c| cou|d oe |rue or la|se Was |r lac| ar |r|erpre|a||or ol rea|||y. Arourd
|oc.e., 8oe|||us produced |Wo correr|ar|es, ore s|rp||l| ed |r |Wo
ooo|s, aro||er rore sop||s||ca|ed |r s|x ooo|s, ol Ar|s|o||e's |rea||se 0r
lr|erpre|a||or(ll o|, z-o|o), eac| ol ||er s|ar||rg W||| ar |r|roduc||or
|r W||c| ||e very ro||or ol |errere|a, |r|erpre|a||o|r ||oroug||y ara|yzed.
lr ||e secord correr|ary |e reac|ed a l|ra| corc|us|or. Corcurrer||ous
|g||ur ||s |r|ous, ||rguae percuss|ore, ar||cu|a|o voc|s sor||u, |rag|ra||ore
a||qua prolererd|, l|| |r|erpre|a||o. lr|erpre|a||o rarque es| vox ar||cu|a|a per
se|psar s|gr|l|cars. lerce ||e corcourse ol ||ese ||ree lac|ors, a percuss|or
ol ||e |orgue, ar ar||cu|a|ed sourd ol ||e vo|ce, ard sore ||oug|| |o oe
expressed, produces ar |r|erpre|a||or, lor ar |r|erpre|a||or |s ar ar||cu|a|ed
vo|ce rear|rglu| oy ||se|l ' (ll o|, |o).
8|ur||y cors|dered, lror Ar|s|o||e |o 8oe|||us, |errere|a|r|erpre|a||o
|s a |eys|ore ol arc|er| r|e|or|ca| cu||ure, ore ol ||ose cer|ra| ro||ors ersur|rg
||e s|ao||||y ol ||a| cu||ure lor rore ||ar |a|l a r|||err|ur oelore
ard al|er C|r|s|. lr par||cu|ar ||a| ro||or p|ayed a lurdarer|a| ro|e |r ||e
||s|or|c ercour|er oe|Weer 0ree| ard la||r |arguages, ard oecare ||e ros|
c|a||erg|rg ard lru||lu| process a| ||e core ol arc|er| cu||ure as exper|erced
oy ||e l|rs| C|r|s||ar gerera||ors. l|rs| ol a||, urders|ood as |rars|a||o,
`|rars|a||or,' || cors|||u|ed a dec|s|ve |ssue lor C|r|s||ar la||| |r ||e cu||ura| lrare
ol ||e ear|y c|urc|. lror leoreW |o 0ree|, ard lror 0ree| |o la||r, ||e
ressage ol ||e c|urc| res|ed er||re|y or ||e |r||ra|e re|arorp|os|s ol ||s
d|scourse cord|||ored oy ||e Wor| ol |rars|a|ors. ll ||eor|es ol |r|erpre||rg
sacred 3cr|p|ure Were deve|oped |a|er or oy |r|e||ec|ua||y g|l|ed |eaders |||e
0r|ger, Augus||re ard Jerore, || Was l|rs| ol a|| oecause ol ||e cors|ar|
s|rugg|e ol ear||er C|r|s||ar gerera||ors W||c| |rars|a|ed 3cr|p|ure |r|o
||e|r ro||er |orgues. 8y ||se|l ||e |as| ol |rars|a||rg 3cr|p|ure |rc|uded a
ru|||p||c||y ol procedures ou| ol W||c| C|r|s||ar |r|erpre|ers s|ruc|ured
||e|r `sp|r||ua|' urders|ard|rg ol ||e |ex|.
Trars|a| |ors
lr ||e la||r Wor|d, |rars|a||ors ol ear||er 0ree| vers|ors ol ||e 8|o|e Were
||e ru|e, jus| as lor ||e roderr reader. A la||r |rars|a||or ol o|o||ca| ooo|s
(||or| e| ep|s|o|ae lau|| v|r| |us||) Was |r ||e |ards ol 3pera|us, ore ol ||e
e|g|| rar|yrs ol 3c|||| |r Alr|ca, oe|eaded or Ju|y 1;, 18o(ed., J. A. boo|rsor,
T3 1, 181).
T| e ear||es| C|r|s||ar au||ors |r borar Alr|ca ard e|seW|ere le|| lree |o
secure ||e|r oWr |rars|a||ors ol |xx, |l ||ey Were o|-||rgua| |||e Ter|u|||ar,
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| 1;T| e l||era| |ear|rg ol 3cr|p|ure
1;
ro| W|||ou| ca|||rg sore||res or o||er vers|ors. Cypr|ar |r ||e |||rd, ard
Tycor|us |r ||e lour|| cer|ury seer |ess ec|ec||c, ou| ||ere Was rever ar
au||or|zed 0|d la||r vers|or. Too rary so-ca||ed `0|d la||r' (ve|us la||ra)
|rars|a||ors ol |xx c|rcu|a|ed |r Alr|ca dur|rg ||e |||rd ard lour|| cer|ur|es, as
Augus||re corp|a|rs |r 0e doc|r|ra c|r|s||arall, 11, 1o. lr 8
lope 0arasus ordered Jerore |o rev|se ||ose vers|ors, ar lercu|ear |as|
W|ose l|ra| resu|| oecare ||e vu|ga|a, ||e oll| c|a| la||r |ex| ol ||e 8|o|e lor
a|| cer|ur|es |o core. T| e le||ers ol lau| Were re-Wor|ed oy bul|rus ||e
3yr|ar or oe|a|l ol Jerore ca. |ooard l|rs| quo|ed |r ||e|r reW |rars|a||or oy
le|ag|us. 0r|y |r ||e sever|| cer|ury Was ||e ve|us la||ralor ||e
o| del|r||e|y rep|aced oy ||e vu|ga|a, ard ever ||er ||e 8oo| ol lsa|rs
rera|red urc|arged |r ||e Aroros|ar, |ozarao|c ard borar |||urg|ca|
usage. T| e so-ca||ed lsa||er|ur 0a|||cur|s a rev|s|or ol ||e lsa|rs oased
119
or 0r|ger's lexap|a.
lr ||s l|ra| s|age oelore Jerore's vu|ga|a||e 0|d la||r vers|or W||c|
preva||ed Was ca||ed l|a|a, or l|a||ca, oecause ol ||s pr|v||eged use |r l|a|y.
w||| sore var|ar|s || c|rcu|a|ed arorg Alr|car au||ors as ||e `Alra' vers|or.
Augus||re, Cass|odorus, ard 0regory ||e 0rea| used ve|us la||raard vu|ga|a
s|de oy s|de. T| e o|des| ed|||ors ol ||e vu|ga|aWere r|rg|ed W||| |essors
lror ||e ve|us la||ra, |r l|a|y ard e|seW|ere, spec|a||y |r lre|ard (8oo| ol
Arrag|). Fver|ua||y, ||e lr|s| |ex| sp|||ed over ||e W|o|e Cor||rer|.
Jerore's Fxper|rer|
As ear|y as 8o, dur|rg a v|s|| |o Cors|ar||rop|e, Jerore Wro|e a prelace |o
||s |rars|a||or ol Fuseo|us ol Caesarea's C|ror|c|e, a prelace ||a| Was ac|ua||y
a or||||ar| essay or ||e proper |as| ol |r|erpre|a||o, or rore spec|l| ca||y, or
||e ordea| ol ary a||erp| |o |rars|a|e a 0ree| |ex| |r|o la||r. Nooody Was
oe||er |rlorred |r ||e ra||er ||ar ||e |||r|y-|Wo year o|d C|r|s||ar r|e|or,
roW eager |o serve as a |rars|a|or. lr ||s lrelace |o C|ror|c|e||e persora|
corr||rer| ol ||e corver| |o asce||c|sr lror |er years oelore expresses
||se|l W||| a drara||c s|rcer||y. `lr a |rars|a||or || |s d|ll| cu|| |o |eep ||e
qua|||y ol W|a| |as oeer We|| expressed |r a lore|gr |arguage (Jerore cou|d
|ave |ad le||oW lee||rg W||| ||e secord cer|ury o.c.e. au||or ol ||e prelace
|o 3|rac|. `lor || |s |rposs|o|e |o l|rd prec|se equ|va|er|s lor ||e or|g|ra|
leoreW |r aro||er |arguage'). 3ore|||rg ray oe sa|d oy Way ol a s|rg|e
Word, ou| l |ave ro equ|va|er| |err, s|ou|d l |ry |o corp|e|e ||e ser|erce,
ry per|p|rase Wou|d r|ss ||e corc|se p|ras|rg ol ||e or|g|ra|. 0r |op ol
|||s, ore rus| |a|e |r|o accour| c|rcur|ocu||ors W||| |rarsposed Words,
d|llererces |r dec|ers|ors, ||e d|vers||y ol l|gures ol speec|, |r s|or| ||e |ype
18T| ree la|r|s||c lerrereu||cs
ol verracu|ar. ll l |rars|a|e Word oy Word || sourds aosurd, |l oy recess||y l
c|arge ||e order or ||e cor|er|, l seer |o oe|ray ry du|y as a |rars|a|or. . . .
T| e ||s|or|ca| rarra||ve |s corp|ex (||s|or|a ru|||p|ex es|), W||| a||er rares
(oaroara ror|ra), W||| rea||||es ur|roWr |o la||r peop|e, ruroers ||a|
carro| oe exp|a|red, cr|||ca| rar|s |r|erposed oe|Weer ||ese rea||||es ard
||e ruroers, so ||a| || |s a|ros| rore d|ll| cu|| |o oecore acqua|r|ed W|||
||e order |r W||c| |o read, ||ar |o ergage |r|o read|rg ||se|l ' (ll z;, |-;).
|uc| |a|er, |r a pass|ora|e |e||er Wr|||er dur|rg Jerore's v|o|er| quarre|
W||| bul|rus |r |o1-|ozaoou| ||e la||r vers|or ol 0r|ger's ler| Arc|or, ||e
erud||e ror| ol 8e|||e|er Was exceed|rg|y aorup| ard par||sar |r |rea||rg
proo|ers ol |rars|a||or.
No| or|y Was ||e c|o|ce ol appropr|a|e Words d|ll|cu|| lor a correc|
|rars|a||or, ou| ever ||e order ol ||e Words crea|ed proo|ers |r regard
|o ||e|r or|g|ra| rear|rg. lurc|ua||or ||se|l r|g|| ellec| ||a| rear|rg |r
||e |rars|a|ed |ex|. lr a|| ever|s, ||e |rra|e rus|c ard ||e r|y||r ol 0ree|
|arguage Was |os| |r la||r. worse, ||e very vocaou|ary Was r|ss|rg, W|er
ro equ|va|er| |err ra|c|ed ||e 0ree| or|g|ra|, a s||ua||or ol|er |ead|rg |o
ex|erded parap|rases a||er |o ||e corc|seress ol ||e or|g|ra| passage. T| ese
d|ll| cu|||es Were ro| exc|us|ve|y re| |r rerder|rg 0ree| sources |r|o la||r,
||ey Were ||e sare lor exper|s W|o |r|ed |o produce 0ree| |rars|a||ors ol
||e leoreW 8|o|e.
lr expos|rg ||e W|o|e rarge ol ||ese proo|ers |r ||s lrelace or Fuseo|us's
C|ror|c|e, Jerore or|y |as ore |err |r r|rd ard urder ||s per, |r|erpre|a||o, our
roderr `|rars|a||or.' Today's sc|o|ar car rever overes||ra|e ||e
esser||a| ro|e ol |rars|a|ors |r ||e lourda||ors ol ||eore||ca| |errereu||cs
dur|rg ||e ear|y cer|ur|es ol C|r|s||ar||y.
lr ||s rary le||ers, Jerore ru|||p||ed relererces |o |r|erpre|areW|||
||e rear|rg `|o |rars|a|e.' lr le||erzo, |o lope 0arasus (a l|c||ora| |e||er
corposed al|er 0arasus' dea|| |r 0eceroer 8|. Nau||r, TbF1, o), |e
exp|a|rs d|verse |r|erpre|a||ors ol ls 11;, ou| l|rds ||a| `3yrrac|us Was
corsorar| W||| ||e |rars|a||or ol a|| |r|erpre|ers,' cur orr|ur |r|erpre|a||ore
corsersera|(C3Fl|, 1oo.18). lr le||er ;, .z|o larrac||us, `0r
||e 8es| way |o Trars|a|e' de op||ro gerere |r|erpre|ard|, a oo|d s|a|erer|
occurs. ego er|r ror so|ur la|eor, sed ||oera voce prol||eor re |r |r|erpre|a||ore
0raecorur aosque scr|p|ur|s sarc||s, uo| e| veroorur ordo rys|er|ur
es|, ror verour e veroo, sed sersur expr|rere de sersu, `lor ryse|l, ro| or|y
do l adr||, ou| W||| a c|ear vo|ce l ar dec|ar|rg ||a| |r ||e |rars|a||or ol
0ree| sources, W||| ||e excep||or ol sacred 3cr|p|ures W|ere ever ||e order
ol Words |s a rys|ery, l do ro| express a Word oy aro||er Word ou| ra||er
rear|rg lor rear|rg' (Cource||e 1|8, |z-|). T| us ever a |||era| |rars|a||rg
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| 1T| e l||era| |ear|rg ol 3cr|p|ure
1
|ad lor C|r|s||ars ||s proper c|a||erges, as ||ey a||r|ou|ed a spec|a| va|ue |o
caror|ca| Wr|||rgs. T| ey Were used |o cors|der sersus|rred|a|e|y |r regard
|o verour, ou| lor |ac| ol verourequ|va|erc|es ||ey sore||res |rars|a|ed
or|y accord|rg |o ||e sersusol ||e verourW||c| ||ey cou|d ro| rerder as
suc|. T| e cors|ar| s||l| oe|Weer verourard sersusopered |r ||e |rars|a|ors'
v|eW a lree space lor ||e|r oWr |ex|ca| |r|||a||ves. lr o||er Words, |rars|a||rg
120
||se|l Was lor ||er a sp|r||ua| exerc|se, ||e|r oWr crea||v||y rep|ac|rg W|er
recessary ||e ore ol ||e |rars|a|ed au||ors (|r ||e sare le||er ;, see a|so
.). lr ||e ex|erded le||er11z, da||rg lror |oz, ||e roW Wor|d larous
ror| ol 8e|||e|er spea|s doWr |o Augus||re, ||e `yourg rar,' a o|s|op |r
Alr|ca lror W|or |e |ad rece|ved ro |ess ||ar ||ree |e||ers, ore |r par||cu|ar
pro|es||rg aga|rs| ||s |r|erpre|a||or ol 0a| z.;-8W|ere lau| accused le|er
ol d|ss|ru|a||or ||roug| lear ol ||e JeWs. Jerore |erac|ous|y |o|ds |o ||s
oWr op|r|or. le|er d|d ro| ||e |r d|ss|ru|a||or! le adds sore rore |r|v|a|
rerar|s aoou| Augus||re's `s|||y' ques||ors, corcerr|rg ||s |rars|a||ors.
`w|a| you are as||rg re |r your o||er |e||ers, W|y ry l|rs| |rars|a||or ol
caror|ca| ooo|s |as as|er|s|s ard corras, ard ||er W|y aro||er |rars|a||or
lo||oWs W|||ou| ||ese s|grs (l say || |o |eep you |r peace!), you do ro|
seer |o urders|ard your oWr ques||or as ||e l|rs| |rars|a||or |s ||e Wor|
ol ||e 3ever|y,' uod au|er |r a|||s quaer|s ep|s|o||s, cur pr|or rea |r ||or|s
caror|c|s |r|erpre|a||o as|er|cos |aoea| e| v|rgu|as praero|a|as e| pos|ea a||ar
|rars|a||orer aosque ||s s|gr|s ed|der|rpace |ua d|xer|r, v|ser|s r|||
ror |r|e|||gere, quod quaes|s||. |||a er|r |r|erpre|a||o sep|uag|r|a |r|erpre|ur
es|' (1, C3Fl , 1o, 8).
0ov|ous|y, ||e yourg Alr|car d|gr||ary |ad ro |roW|edge ol ||e |xx ror
ol 0r|ger's lexap|a. Jerore g|ves ||r a cordescerd|rg |essor. lr|eres||rg|y
eroug|, |ere Jerore a||erra|es |r|erpre|a||oW||| |rars|a||o, ard |e uses
|r|erpre|a||oas We|| W||| ||e rear|rg ol `correr|ary,' ou| |r add|rg exp|ara||o.
rax|re |r exp|ara||ore psa|rorur, quos apud 0raecos |r|erpre|a|| sur| ru|||s
vo|ur|r|ous pr|rus 0r|geres, securdus Fuseo|us Caesar|ers|s, e|c. `|a|r|y
|r ||e exp|ara||or ol ||e psa|rs W||c| l|rs| 0r|ger, secord|y Fuseo|us ol
Caesarea |r|erpre|ed |r rary vo|ures.' T| e ||s||rg ol |rars|a|ors cor||rues
ur||| l||ary ard Arorose, Jerore's cor|erporary, erd|rg W||| ||e ro| so
card|d reques|. `Cou|d our lruderce exp|a|r |o re W|y al|er so rary ard
so d|s||rgu|s|ed |rars|a|ors you |rag|re ||a| you |ave sore|||rg or|g|ra|
|o say |r exp|a|r|rg ||e rear|rg ol ||e psa|rs?,' respordea| r||| pruder||a
|ua, quare pos| |ar|os e| |a||s |r|erpre|es |r exp|ara||ore psa|rorur d|versa
serser|s(zo, o, |-1|). As urders|ood oy Jerore, ||e coro|red use ol
|r|erpre|a||o, |rars|a||o, exp|ara||o, ard sersus, |||us|ra|es ||e corp|ex||y ol
rerder|rg ||e 0ree| or|g|ra|s |r|o la||r.
zooT| ree la|r|s||c lerrereu||cs
lr o||er cases Jerore's use ol |r|erpre|a||oacqu|res a rore roderr
cor ro|a||or as ar equ|va|er| lor `correr|ary,' a cor||ruous ard exp||c||
c|ar|l|ca||or ol |rars|a|ed sources, |r ||e l|rs| p|ace ol sacred 3cr|p|ure ||se|l.
T|us |r le||er|o l|orer||rus, Wr|||er s|or||y al|er ||s vo|ur|ary ex||e |r
||e 3yr|ar deser|, |e oegs lor `l||ary's Correr|ary or ||e lsa|rs ol 0av|d
ard ||s very ex|erded Wor| 0r 3yrods,' |r|erpre|a||orer quoque psa|rorur
0av|d|corur e| pro||xur va|de de syrod|s ||orur sarc|| l||ar||, (C3Fl |,
1o, zz.8-). le jux|aposes correr|ar|usard |r|erpre|a||oas syroryrs
|r erd|rg ||e pro|ogusol ||s Correr|ary or ||e lrop|e| |a|ac||. `0l o||er
correr|ar|es ol |||s prop|e| l |ave ro ro||or ol |av|rg read ||er W||| ||e
excep||or ol Apo|||rar|s's ooo||e| W||c| s|ou|d ro| oe ca||ed ar |r|erpre|a||or ou|
ar |r|erpre|a||ve ou|||re,' a||os correr|ar|os |r |urc prop|e|ar
|eg|sse re resc|o. excep|o Apo|||rar|s orev| ||oe||o, cu|us ror |ar |r|erpre|a||o
quar |r|erpre|a||or|s purc|a d|cerda sur|(ll z, 1||a). T| e correr|ar|us
|rc|udes ||e |r|erpre|a||oard ever|ua||y |s ass|r||a|ed |o ||.
wr|||rg |o lao|o|a ca. |oz(le||ero|, C3lC |, 1o, 8o-o1) a s|or|
|rac|a|e or o| exeges|s, Jerore s|resses ||e ror-proo|era||c |r|erpre|a||ool
ls 1o|11o. |, `ou are a pr|es| lorever, |r ||e success|or ol |e|c||zede|,'
W|ose `exeges|s |r regard |o ||e lord |s ruc| eas|er,' lac|||or es| super dor|rur
|r|erpre|a||o(|, ). lr ||e l|c||ora| le||erz1, z|o 0arasus |e ra|es
a s|r||ar ooserva||or aoou| ||e o|der sor ol lu|e 1.z, |der||l|ed oy `rary'
as s|rp|y persor|ly|rg `a|| ||e sa|r|s'. e| de sarc||s qu|der ror d|ll| c|||s
|r|erpre|a||o es| |r eo, quod d|c||ur 'rurquar rarda|ur |uur prae|er|v|'(lu|e
1.z), `ar exeges|s |r regard |o ||e sa|r|s |s easy g|ver ||e lac| ||a| |e says
'l rever orce d|sooeyed your orders'.' lr le||er|8|o larrac||us (|;-o)
Jerore uses |r|erpre|a||oa| orce as `|rars|a||or' ard as a g|ver s|y|e W|er |e
s|a|es. ecc|es|as||ca |r|erpre|a||o, e||ar s| |aoe| e|oqu|| verus|a|er d|ss|ru|are
ear deoe| e| lugere, u| ror o||os|s p|||osop|orur sc|o||s pauc|sque d|sc|pu||s,
sed ur|verso |oqua|ur |or|rur gerer|(o, 1-|), `C|r|s||ar |rars|a||rg,
s|ou|d || s|oW sWee|ress ol speec|, rus| d|ss|ru|a|e ard ||de ||, so ||a| ||
does ro| address p|||osop||ca| c|rc|es ard ||e|r leW pup||s, ou| |urar||rd
a|| over ||e Wor|d,' a s|a|erer| lu|| ol apo|oge||c oac|grourd aoou| ||e
paradox ol a ur|versa| ressage de||vered oy ureduca|ed apos||es. 0re ray
We|| guess ||a| |r ||s ecc|es|as||ca| s|a|us |r|erpre|a||olourd ||se|l er|arced
||roug| ||eo|og|ca| ro||ls. T| |s oecore c|ear |r Jerore's adu|a|ory le||er
1|o 0arasus, recer||y |rs|a||ed |r bore desp||e c|v|| urres|, |r W||c|
Jerore |a|es or a rore dogra||c |ore. |e Wou|d or|y oy express order
spea| ol `||ree |ypos|ases W||| ||e|r |r|erpre|a||ors,' |res |ypos|ases cur
|r|erpre|a||or|ous su|s(oo, 1-1|), prelerr|rg oy lar ||e la||r |err|ro|ogy
121
ol `ore suos|arce' ard `||ree persors.'
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| zo1T| e l||era| |ear|rg ol 3cr|p|ure
zo1
Augus||re s|ares W||| Jerore ||e corror ard oas|c use ol |r|erpre|a||o
as `|rars|a||or,' W|er |e |arer|s. `lr a|| sor|s ol cod|ces ||e la||r |rars|a||ors ol
||e 3cr|p|ures are so d|llerer|, ||a| || |s |ard|y oearao|e.' le ded|ca|es
a |arge por||or 0e doc|r|ra c|r|s||ara, ll, |o proo|ers ol `|rars|a||or.' le
a|so adr||s ||a| cer|a|r Words used |r o|o||ca| |r|erjec||ors, are oes| ro|
|rars|a|ed a| a||, suc| as |osarraor rac|a(00Cll, 11.1o, 0reer, ). lr ||s
le||er8z|o Jerore, |e d|scusses ||e |a||er's |r|erpre|a||o de sep|uag|r|a(|).
8u| Augus||re uses |r|erpre|a||o|r ||e roderr serse ol `exp|ara||or' ol
`exeges|s' rore lrequer||y. lr 0e 0eres| ad |||erar, 1z, |e c|a|rs ||a| ||e
prop|e||ca s|gr|l|ca||o|eeps ||e space ol |r|erpre||rg oper lor a corl|rra|a
l|gurae |r|erpre|a||o(C3Fl z8, 1, z81.zo-z1).
lr ||s preac|ed correr|ary or ls 1|.1, Augus||re ca||s ve|erer||y
or ||e a||er||or ol ||s aud||ors. Aud||e, aud||e ror|ra |aec, |r|erpre|a||ore
|yp|ca e| sap|er||a p|era, `l|s|er, ou| ||s|er |o ||ese rares (ol Fgyp| ard
l|arao|), lor ||ey are lu|| ol a |yp|ca| |r|erpre|a||or ard ol W|sdor.' T|e
|yp|ca |r|erpre|a||orears `|ypo|og|ca| s|gr|l|carce,' |erce ||e lu||ress ol
W|sdor. lr o||er Words, |r|erpre|a||o|s up||l| ed oy Augus||re |o ||e |eve| ol
|errereu||ca| ||eory. T| e sare |appers |r ||e C||y ol 0od, W|ere Augus||re
rejec|s ||e |r|erpre|a||ores p|ys|casol ry||o|og|ca| d|v|r|||es (;, ) or ||e|r
accorroda||or |o preser| rores ||roug| `ra|ura| |r|erpre|a||ors,' ra|ura||ous
|r|erpre|a||or|ous(;, 18). le |roWs as We|| ||e popu|ar `|r|erpre|a||ors'
oy e|yro|og|es. `0a|aad |as ||s oWr |r|erpre||ve vo|ce ard grea| rys|ery,
as || |s |rars|a|ed 'leap ol |es||rory',' 0a|aad |aoe| |r|erpre|a||or|s suae
vocer e| ragr| sacrarer||. |r|erpre|a|ur er|r Acervus |es||ror||(Frarra||o
|r ls . ).
we car |ear ||e cor||ru||y ol ||oug|| |r Caesar|us ol Ar|es |r ca|||rg
or W|a| |e cors|ders ||e or|g|ra| rear|rg ol a Word. `lr order |o |r|erpre|
correc||y ||e |err (`|o|y'), ore rus| c|ec| ||e 0ree|. lr 0ree| 0od |s
ca||ed a|us(|ag|os), W||c| rears 'ror-|erres|r|a|'. ll We are rore corcerred
oy |eaver|y rea||||es ||ar oy ||e ear|||y ores, We deserve |o oe ca||ed |o|y'
(3erro1, 1, CC3l 1o, 1, C. voge|, Cesa|re d'Ar|es, 1o|, ;, A. 8|a|se, 3a|r|
Cesa|re d'Ar|es, , ). 1oz|;
8arr|ard, |., `Jerore e| |'e|egar||ad'aprs |e 0e op||ro gerere |r|erpre|ard|'. .
|.
0uva|, ed., Jerore er|re |'0cc|der| e| |'0r|er|(F|udes Augus||r|erres). lar|s
188, - . ozz
8ardy, 0., `Traduc|eurs e| adap|a|eurs au qua|r|re s|c|e'. b3b ( ). - o1|oz;
. oo
8erjar|r, w., `0|e Aulgaoe des uoerse|zers'. 0esarre||e 3c|r|l|er|. 1(1;z).
-z1.
Cource||e, l., les |e||res grecques er 0cc|der|. 0e |acrooe Cass|odore. lar|s
1|8.
Cuerdo|, 0., `C|ceror e| sa|r| Jerore |raduc|eurs'. bFl11(1). 8o-|oo.
zozT| ree la|r|s||c lerrereu||cs
ler|, l., `0|e |arr|gla|||g|e|| |r der uoerse|zurg vor 'eda|urd a|a|durc|
l|erory rus'. 0rysor, b., ed., l|||o|og|a sacra. l3 l. J. lrede urd w. T| |e|e, ll,
|1o-z1. lre|ourg, 1.
3c|u|z-l|uge|, F., `lr|erpre|a||o. Zur wec|se|W|r|urg vor uoerse|zurg urd
Aus|egurg |r |a|e|r|sc|er Car||cur car||corur. 0rysor, b., ed., l|||o|og|a
sacra. l3 l. J. lrede urd w. T| |e|e, l, 11-|. lre|ourg, 1.
|. F|yro|og|es
A spec|a| case ol |||era| `rys|ery' Was |rposed or arc|er| C|r|s||ar |r|erpre|ers
oy leoreW rares, or|y rear|rglu| W|er ||e|r serar||c roo|s
Were exposed. T| e C|r|s||ar au||ors corsu||ed ||s|s ol F|yro|og|es, or ||ey
cors|ruc|ed ||e|r oWr ||s|s |r order |o ra|e serse ol suc| rares |r ||e|r
Wr|||rgs. lor rear|rg||ere Was |r suc| rares, as |r a|| e|erer|s ol ||e
sacred |ex|s. we|| exp|a|red, ||ese rares r|g|| s|gra| ||e s|gr|l|carce ol a
W|o|e passage |r 3cr|p|ure, or ||ey r|g|| ever rar| ||e |r|erpre|a||or ol
er||re ooo|s ol ||e 8|o|e. T| e|r e|yro|og|es, |r ros| cases ou||| arourd ar
|rage or a syroo||c ac||or, gave roor lor a||egor|es oeyord ||e |||era| |eve|
|o W||c| ||ey oe|orged ard |erded |o d|ver| ||e exege|es' a||er||or |oWards
a sp|r||ua| |r|erpre|a||or. lor ||e use ol ||a| |r|erpre||ve dev|ce l|||o ol
A|exardr|a |ad opered ||e Way ard a|| correr|a|ors ol ||e 8|o|e |r ||e
0ree| ard la||r spea||rg c|urc|es Wou|d lo||oW ||s |ead.
T| e |||era| lasc|ra||or W||| rares ol persors or |||rgs goes oac| |o
lorer ard les|od. A g|ver rare s|gr|l|ed a spec|l|c poWer. T| e poWer
a||r|ou|ed |o a d|v|re or ry|||ca| oe|rg exp|a|red ||s rare, |r suc| a case
e|yro|ogy lus|rg W||| e||o|ogy, ||e s|udy ol ||e causes. T| us ||e rare
`Ap|rod||es' rear| `oorr lror ||e ,' ||e loar ol ||e Waves, `lardora'
rear| `0|v|rg a|| sor|s ol g|l|s' (dorea|). l|a|o Wro|e ||e Cra|y|osW||| a
cer|ra| ||ere, ||e `correc|ress ol rares' (89p 8vov) |r W||c|
122
|e relused |o urders|ard rares as |rposed oy ra|urei (aga|rs| ||e
3op||s|s W|o suppor|ed ar aro||rary or|g|r ol rares |rposed oy ra|ure),
ou| or|y as g|ver oy corver||or ol |arguagevo, W||c| ||se|l |r||a|es
rea|||y.
lr 3|o|c|sr ||e sc|erce ca||ed o\od`e|yro|ogy' s|a|ed ||e
|rue ra|ure ()ov) ol |||rgs as a oe|rg del|red accord|rg |o ||s p|ys|s
ard ||s ||es|s. C|rys|ppus, a d|sc|p|e ol Zero Wro|e ||e l| rs| F|yro|og||or.
lrdeperder||y lror p|||osop||ca| |rerds A|exardr|ar grarrar|ars s|ud|ed
e|yro|og|es lor dec|d|rg aoou| ||e c|o|ce ard or||ograp|y ol Words. T| ey
d|scussed ||e e|yro|og|es ol rares ol gods, cour|r|es, c|||es, |r|oes, proless|ors,
re||g|ors, ar|ra|s, p|ar|s, s|ores. F|yro|ogy p|ayed ar esser||a| ro|e
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| zoT| e l||era| |ear|rg ol 3cr|p|ure
zo
|r ||e deve|oprer| ol a||egor|sr, oecause ||e e|yro|ogy ol d|v|re rares
|e|ped |o sp|r||ua||ze ||e d|v|re oe|rgs ||erse|ves. `Zeus' Was der|ved lror
(v`|o ||ve,' as ||e ||le-g|v|rg god. `C|roros' Was ca|||rg or c|roros, `||re.'
`Apo||o' evo|ed ||e sur W||c| r|ses \\v, `|ere or ||ere.' `0|orys|us'
a|so relerred |o ||e sur W||c| `crosses'idvi||e W|o|e s|y. 3uc|
e|yro|og|es Were |rarsr|||ed |r par||cu|ar oy C|cero, 0e ra|ura deorur,
l|u|arc|, 0e ls|de e| 0s|r|de, varro, 0e ||rgua la||ra(|os|), |. verr|us l|accus,
0e veroorur s|gr|l|ca|u(or|y excerp|s surv|ve). v|rg|| Was par||cu|ar|y lord
ol e|yro|og|es. lr ||e 8|o|e, ra|r|y ||e so-ca||ed a|W|s| par|s ol 0eres|s
are l|||ed W||| e|yro|og|es (0pe|| 1oo).
0r|ger ol A|exardr|a cors|dered || ||s du|y as ar |r|erpre|er ol 3cr|p|ure
|o c|ar|ly ||e or|g|ra| s|gr|l|carce ol leoreW rares ||oug| |e does ro| seer
|o |ave corposed a proper `8oo| ol Nares,' 0roras|||or, as Jerore
sugges|ed. Co||ec||ors ol e|yro|og|es are rel|ec|ed |r ||e Wor|s ol lac|ar||us
ard Arorose. Arorg pa|r|s||c au||ors Jerore corposed ||e l|rs| |roWr
l|oer |r|erpre|a||or|s leora|corur ror|rur, a ||s| arrarged accord|rg |o
||e ooo|s ol o|-r| ard der|v|rg lror a |os| 0ree| source. 8elore ||c.e.
Fuc|er|us ol lyor |rc|uded a s|r||ar ||s| |r ||e lrs|ruc||ores, vo|. z, W||c| |e
addressed |o 3a|or|us, ou| |e ro |orger lo||oWed ar a|p|aoe||ca| order ||oug|
oe|rg par||y deperder| or Jerore. 0r|g|res(ra||er ||ar F|yro|og|ae), ||e
e|yro|og|ca| ercyc|oped|a ol ls|dore ol 3ev|||e, |r |Wer|y vo|ures, rar|s
||e c|osure ol ||a| |rerd ol pa|r|s||c sc|o|ars||p (0pe|| 1oo, 81-8z).
Arorg la||r au||ors or|y a leW rore exarp|es ray |||us|ra|e ||e e|yro|og|ca|
prac||ce. Ter|u|||ar, lor |rs|arce, |reW ||a| deus, or ||eos, der|ves
lror ||ee|r(Ad Na||oresz, |.1), as 8as|| ol Caesarea Wou|d repea| |Wo
cer|ur|es |a|er |r le||erl, 8(l0 z, zoa). Ter|u|||ar a|so s|a|es. C|r|s||aros
vero, quar|ur |r|erpre|a||o es|, de urc||ore deduc||ur, `lr regard |o ||e rear|rg
(ol ||e Word), 'C|r|s||ar' der|ves lror 'o|r|rer|' (|r 0ree|. c|r|sra)'
(Apo|., ).
Ter|u|||ar, |r Adversus |arc|orerlll, 1z, zro|es. `To ||e rare Frrarue| |s
jo|red ||s |rars|a||or. 0od W||| us,' suo|urc|a es| er|r e| |r|erpre|a||o
Frraru|e||s. Noo|scur 0eus, |r relerr|rg |o lsa|a| 8. 8or 1o, |a|||eW
1.z. T| a| ||rgu|s||c da|a |s s|gr|l|car| as Ter|u|||ar cor||rues ||s ser|erce, u||
ror so|ur sorur ror|r|s spec|es, sed e| sersur. 3orus er|r leora|cus, quod
es| Frraru|e|, suae ger||s es|, sersus au|er e|us, quod es| '0eus roo|scur',
ex |r|erpre|a||ore corrur|s es|, `3o ||a| ore reg|s|ers ro| or|y ||e p|ore||c
aspec| (sorur) ol ||e rare, ou| a|so ||s serar||c re|evarce (sersur). lor
p|ore||ca||y 'Frrarue|' |s a leoreW Word, oe|org|rg |o ||s peop|e, ou|
serar||ca||y '0od W||| us' |s corror |arguage, ||ar|s |o ||e |rars|a||or.'
T|e very `|rars|a||or,' |r|erpre|a||o, ur|versa||zes ||e rear|rg ol ||e leoreW
zo|T| ree la|r|s||c lerrereu||cs
rare, ard ||erelore ergages ||e C|r|s||ar correr|a|or |r|o a c|r|s|o|og|ca|
exeges|s.
lseudo-Cypr|ar, 0e ror||ous 3|ra e| 3|or, ;, c|a|rs |o oe capao|e ol
derors|ra||rg per scr|p|urarur l|der, `|r accordarce W||| 3cr|p|ure,' ||a|
||e prev|ous peop|e (||e o|o||ca| lsrae|) |s rejec|ed oy 0od, securdur
|r|erpre|a||orer ror||s 3|ra d|cer||s '|erp|a||o ae|erra e| od|ur', `accord|rg |o
||e
|rars|a||or ol |our| 3|ra| rear|rg 'e|erra| |erp|a||or ard avers|or'. |our|
3|or |rars|a|es '|erp|a||or ol exaceroa||or ard spy|rg ou|'. T| a| very la||r
|rars|a||or po|r|s |o ||e sacred Wood ol ||e lass|or, as 3o|oror relers |o
||e sare lass|or ol ||e lord |r w|s z.1-zz.' Aga|r || |s ||e la||r |rars|a||or
W||c| g|ves ||e la||r |r|erpre|er ||e c|r|s|o|og|ca| |ey lor ||s exeges|s.
lac|ar||us a|so proceeds oy ar e|yro|og|ca| argurer|. lys|aspes quoque, qu|
lu|| |edorur rex ar||qu|ss|rus, a quo arr|s rorer accep|| qu| rurc
lydaspes d|c||ur,adr|rao||e sorr|ur suo |r|erpre|a||ore va||c|rar||s puer| ad
reror|ar pos|er|s |rad|d||`lys|aspes a|so, W|o Was a very arc|er| ||rg
ol ||e |edes, lror W|or ||e r|ver W||c| |s roW ca||ed lydaspes rece|ved
||s rare, |arded doWr |o ||e rerory ol pos|er||y a Worderlu| drear
upor ||e |r|erpre|a||or ol a ooy. . . .' (0|v. |rs|. vll, 1. 1, |rars|. ANl ;, z1
w. l|e|c|er).
123
l||ary ro|es corcerr|rg lsa|r 1.||a| Ao|re|ec|, |r|erpre|a||ore vero|,
'lra|r|s re| |rper|ur' s|gr|l| ca|, `Ao|re|ec|, accord|rg |o ||e e|yro|ogy ol ||e
Word, rears 'poWer ol ry oro||er'.' 0r ls o;.1||e correr|s oy rer|rd|rg
||s readers ||a| 3e|ror |r|erpre|a||o pac|s es|, ard or ls 1|.zo, oy s|a||rg.
3eor |rlruc|uosae aroor|s |r|erpre|a||o es|. Cur|ous|y, |e seers |o opera|e ar
|rvers|or ol suojec| ard a||r|ou|e, 3e|roroecor|rg ||e leoreW `|rars|a||or,'
|r|erpre|a||o, ol W|a| |s corror|y ca||ed `peace', 3eor, ||e leoreW
|r|erpre|a||ool W|a| `lor us' (roo|scur) rears `lru|||ess |ree.' le adds rore
exp|ara||ors oased or e|yro|og|es. `Jacoo exu||s ard lsrae| rejo|ces . . . lor,
oecause |e grasped W||| ||s |ard ||e |ee| ol ||s oro||er a| ||e|r o|r||, |e
|s ca||ed Jacoo, ard 0eres|s exp|a|rs ||e rear|rg ol ||e |rars|a||or
(|r|erpre|a||or|s v|r|u|er) |r ca|||rg ||r Jacoo, oecause |e |s ||e over||roWer ol
||s oro||er' (cp. 0r z;.o).
Arorose, 0e losep|, 1|, as|s a r|e|or|ca| ques||or. `w|a| |rars|a||or
|as ||e rare ol Josep|, |l ro| |o s|gr|ly d|v|re grace ard a rar|les|a||or ol
||e suprere 0od?' qu|d |r|erpre|a||or|s |aoe| rorer losep| r|s| quod d|v|rar
gra||ar s|gr|l|ce| e| express|orer de| surr|?`W|a| ||rd ol a |rars|a||or |as
||e rare Josep|, |l ro| |o s|gr|ly d|v|re grace ard a rar| ol ||e suprere
de||y?,' W||c| |eads |rs|ar||y |o |der||ly Josep| as prel|gur|rg C|r|s|. T| e
|a||ra |r|erpre|a||o, |e cor||rues, oy ||se|l (as |e |ad |earred lror Ter|u|||ar)
dec|ares ||e ur|versa| s|gr|l|carce ol ||e `lsrae|||es' W|o ooug|| Josep|.
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| zoT| e l||era| |ear|rg ol 3cr|p|ure
zo
lsrae|||ae, qu| s|gr|l|car|ur |a||ra |r|erpre|a||ore, od|o |aoer|es 0eur suur
(C3Fl z.z, 81, ll 1|, o|;a), ||ey rear `peop|e W|o |a|e ||e|r 0od.'
lr ||e lro|ogue ol ||s pro||l|c correr|ary or ls 118, Arorose |r|roduces a
gerera| ooserva||or W||c| cou|d oe app||ed |o ||e W|o|e |ec|r|que
ol e|yro|og|es. lpsa quoque ||||erarur e|erer|a, u| orr|a leoraea ror|ra,
ror sur| ra||orao|||s |r|erpre|a||or|s vacua a|que |rrur|a, quorur s|gr|l|ca||ores
|oc|s su|s aper|erus, `T| e very e|erer|s ol ||e |e||ers (rare|y ||e |e||ers
ol ||e leoreW a|p|aoe| d|v|d|rg ls 118|r|o zzs|rop|es ol e|g|| verses),
|||e a|| leoreW rares, do ro| |ac| a cors|s|er| |rars|a||or, W|ose d|ll erer|
rear|rgs We s|a|| exp|a|r |r ||e|r proper p|ace.' lor ||e la||r au||or || |s
proper|y ||e la||r `|rars|a||or' (|r|erpre|a||o) ol e|yro|og|es ||a| opers ar
access |o ||e `s|gr|l|carce' (s|gr|l|ca||ores) ol ||e leoreW |ex|.
lor|a|re, J., ls|dore de 3ev|||e e| |a cu||ure c|ass|que dars |'Fspagre
W|s|go|||que,
zvo|s., lar|s . 1
Ne|sor, l. l. w., F|yro|og|ae var ls|dorus var 3ev|||a.le|der . 1|
0pe||, l., `F|yro|og|e'. bAC(1oo). o.8zo-|.
|ore ||||es or e|yro|ogy car oe lourd |r lar| 8 urder spec|l|c au||ors,
suc| as 0regory ||e 0rea|.
zooT| ree la|r|s||c lerrereu||cs
ll
3llblTuAl FXF0F3l3
|. T|e Na|ure ol ||e 3p|r||ua| 3erse
A |yp|ca||y ||erarc||ca| rode ol ||oug|| |rc||red arc|er| |r|erpre|ers ol ||e
`serses' ol 3cr|p|ure |oWards re|ap|ors ol spa||a|||y rore ||ar |o re|ap|ors ol
c|roro|ogy. A scr|p|ura| `serse' Was a|Ways p|aced |r ||s spa||a|
re|evarce, lor |rs|arce, ||e |||era| serse Was sa|d |o oe `|oWer' or `c|oser,' ard
|rred|a|e|y ava||ao|e (io) |o ||e reader, W|ereas ||e sp|r||ua| serse
Was ||oug|| |o oe `||g|er' or `deeper' or `rore rero|e.' T| e |||era| serse
Was arc|ored prec|se|y W||||r ||e ||r||s ol o|o||ca| rarra||ors or precep|s,
W|ereas ||e sp|r||ua| serse Was a|Ways ready |o soar |r|o d|v|re |rarscerdercy.
8y ||s very ra|ure ||e sp|r||ua| |ru|| `overarc|es' ||s Wr|||er express|or, W|ereas
||e |||era| serse |s prec|se|y `corlorred' |o W|a| |s Wr|||er.
T| e serar||c space ol ||e |||era| serse Was cord|||ored oy W|a| Was Wr|||er
W||| d|v|re au||or||y, W|ereas ||e space ol sp|r||ua| s|gr|l|carce Was proper
|o 0od's ||oug||s W|er au||or|z|rg ||e Wr|||er, ard ||erelore || |rarscerds
||e |e||er ol ||e |ex|. T| e sare d|v|re au||or W|o orea||ed v||a|||y ard |og|c
|r|o ||e |||era| cor|er| ol 3cr|p|ure a|so produced |r 3cr|p|ure a syroo||c
express|or ol ||e urcrea|ed r|rd.
w||| suc| ||eo|og|ca| represer|a||ors a| Wor| |r Wr|||rg ler| Arc|or
lv, 1, 0r|ger ol A|exardr|a perce|ved a lurdarer|a| ara|ogy oe|Weer a
C|r|s||ar ar||ropororp||sr (W||c| |e re|er||ess|y coroa|ed |r ||s c|urc|
corrur||y) ard a lorr ol o|o||ca| |||era||sr, corror |o `uroe||ev|rg JeWs,'
sec|ar|ar |arc|or||es ard ureduca|ed c|urc| reroers, aga|rs| a|| ol W|or
|e |ad a|ready pro|es|ed |r ear||er c|ap|ers ol ler| Arc|or(lA). l| Was |||s
po|er|ca| cor|ex| ||a| |rposed or 0r|ger ro||o rejec| ||e |e||er ||se|l ou|
ra||er |o derource ||e aoso|u||zed va|ue g|ver |o ||e |e||er oy ||ose W|o
|ac|ed ary operress |o ||e scr|p|ura| 3p|r||. lor 0r|ger, ar||ropororp||sr
Was uraccep|ao|e oecause || res|ed or a represer|a||or ol 0od |r ood||y |errs
(lAl, 1-z) W||c| |ed |o a r|surders|ard|rg ol ||e o|o||ca| rode ol
corrur|ca||or, ard u|||ra|e|y |o ||e oe|raya| ol ||e sa|v|l|c ressage ||se|l.
124
0r|ger's |rred|a|e reac||or Was |o ou||d up a ||eo|og|ca| ar||ropo|ogy
capao|e ol a pos|||ve resporse |o ||e c|a||erges ol ||e 3p|r||-|rsp|red |ex|. lr
||a| regard 8oo| l ard lv ol lApreser| a perlec||y syrre|r|ca| locus. |r
8oo| l, 0r|ger e|aoora|es a ro||or ol d|v|r||y lreed lror ar||ropororp||c
represer|a||ors, ||ar|s |o a cr|||ca| res|ap|rg ol ||e |urar corporer|s
W||c| |e ca||s |r|e||ec|, psyc|e ard oody. lr 8oo| lv, ||e W|o|e purpose ol
0r|ger's |errereu||ca| expos|||or |s |o e|aoora|e a We||-lourded ro||or ol
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| zo;3p|r||ua| Fxeges|s zo;
||e serses ol 3cr|p|ure or ||e oas|s or ||e sare ||ree corporer|s ol |urar
ra|ure, ||e oody oe|rg corpared W||| ||e `oare |e||er,' ||e psyc|e seer
as a ||r||ed percep||or ol sp|r||ua| va|ues |r 3cr|p|ure, ard ||e |r|e||ec|, or
rous, cor|erp|a|ed as ||e |rue rec|p|er| ol ||e `roe||c' or sp|r||ua| ressage
ol ||a| sare 3cr|p|ure. A la|||lu| read|rg ol 3cr|p|ure, W||| lu|| aWareress
ol ||s sp|r||ua| serse, ra|es a spor|areous d|s||rc||or oe|Weer ||e `l|es|'
or `|e||er' ol 3cr|p|ure, ||s `sou|' or ||e e|erer|ary |essors ol ||e o|o||ca|
rarra||ves, ard ||s `|r|e||ec|' ||e superra|ura| rousol 3cr|p|ure |r|roduc|rg
||e reader |r|o d|v|re rys|er|es.
w||| |||s ar||ropo|og|ca| sc|ere |r p|ace, 0r|ger soug|| |o c|ar|ly W|a|
Was a| ||e core ol ||e sp|r||ua| |der|||y ol C|r|s||ar oe||evers ard ||e p|||osop||ca|
|rp||ca||ors ol ||a| sc|ere rera|red a| ||e oac| ol ||s r|rd ever
W|er |e Was preac||rg |o ar ureduca|ed corgrega||or. loWever, aro||er
sc|ere preva||ed |r ||s scr|p|ura| correr|s, |or||e||c or |||erary, a sc|ere
oased or 0r|ger's lar|||ar||y W||| ||e r| W|er app|y|rg ||e o|o||ca| |ex|s
|o ||e ac|ua| la||| exper|erce ol C|r|s||ars T| e d|a|ec||c ra|ure ol ||e ||r|s
oe|Weer oo|| Tes|arer|s ca||ed lor a `sp|r||ua|' |r|erpre|a||or, rare|y lor a
C|r|s|-cer|ered read|rg ol a|| o|o||ca| |ex|s. T| e `sp|r||ua|' serse ol 3cr|p|ure,
|||r|ao|e or|y |rs|de ||e c|urc|, Was ||e core perspec||ve ol 0r|ger's a||egor|sr,
a| orce c|r|s|o|og|ca| ard ecc|es|o|og|ca|. l. de luoac erp|as|zed
||e lau||re source ol 0r|ger's c|r|s|o-ecc|es|o|og|ca| locus |r ||e sp|r||ua|
read|rg ol 3cr|p|ure (0e luoac 1o, o-;o, 1, ll ;-8). le corv|rc|rg|y
derors|ra|ed ||a| ||e ||eo|og|ca| cer|er lourd |r lau|'s ||oug|| gave
0r|ger a proper|y C|r|s||ar sys|er ol |errereu||cs lor ||e |r|erpre|a||or
ol 3cr|p|ure. l|s operress |o ror-C|r|s||ar cu||ure, e|||er JeW|s| |r ||e case
ol l|||o, or pagar |r ||e case ol ||e rary au||ors ard doc|r|res erurera|ed oy
lorp|yry as oe|rg par| ol 0r|ger's sc|o|ars||p, erao|ed 0r|ger |o
|rcorpora|e ||e cu||ura| a||egor|sr ol ||s ||re |r A|exardr|a ard e|seW|ere.
Nore||e|ess, |e Was |o|a||y s|ruc|ured ard locused |r ||s |r|erpre|a||ve |r|||a||ves
oy ||e |rrer resources ol ||s c|r|s|o-ecc|es|o|og|ca| v|s|or. w|||ou|
c|a|r|rg |o l|rd |r ||e W|o|e pa|r|s||c |r|erpre|a||or ol 3cr|p|ure a cors|ar|
ard exp||c|| |es||rory ol suc| a v|s|or, || seers ||a| ||e `sp|r||ua| exeges|s'
ol arc|er| C|r|s||ar exege|es Was esser||a||y corsorar| W||| ||a|
c|r|s|oecc|es|o|og|ca| perspec||ve.
T| e ra|ure ard |rrer s|ruc|ur|rg ol sp|r||ua| exeges|s |r pa|r|s||ccu||ure
|rposes or ||e roderr r|rd |Wo esser||a| d|s||rc||ors.
1. Ary del|r|||or ol cu||ura| ard pagar a||egor|sr e|||er as a sp|r||ua||z|rg
exp|ara||or ol arc|er| ry||s, or as a rora||z|rg correr| or s|arelu|
s|or|es reeds |o oe c|ear|y d|s||rgu|s|ed lror ||e |errereu||ca| purpose
zo8T| ree la|r|s||c lerrereu||cs
ol ear|y C|r|s||ars |r|erpre||rg ||e o|. T| e pr|rary corcerr ol ||e C|r|s||ar
|r|erpre|ers Was |o |der||ly ||erse|ves as ||e sp|r||ua| |e|rs ol ||e o|
|egacy, ol ||s reve|a||or |r d|v|re ra||ers ard ||s sacred |eac||rg or ||e
|urar cord|||or. T| e|r |rver||veress as |r|erpre|ers ol ||e o| resporded
|o ore esser||a| reed, W||c| Was |o oe||er urders|ard ||e|r oWrpos|||or
ard respors|o||||y |r ||e Wor|d ol ||e|r sp|r||ua| exper|erce. T| erelore ||ey
c|a|red ||a| arc|er| s|or|es |ad oeer s|ored |r 3cr|p|ure lor ||e|r|rs|ruc||or or
||a| rary s|gr|l|car| l|gures ol ||e o| Were s|rp|y ar||c|pa||rg ||e
|ess|a| |r W|or ||eyoe||eved, or aga|r ||a| ||e W|o|e ol o|o||ca| lsrae|
lourd or|y roW|r ||e|rcorrur||y ol la||| ||s l|ra| ra|sor d'e|re. T| e ac|ua||z|rg
|rs||rc| |r W||c| suc| c|a|rs Were deep|y roo|ed Was aoso|u|e|y
cer|ra| ard d|s||rc||ve |r ||e |r|erpre||ve approac| ol 3cr|p|ure lar|||ar
|o ear|y C|r|s||ars, oecause ||e o| ||se|l |ed ||er |o ||. lr ||e c|rc|e ol ||e
|r|erpre|er's reeds ard ||e o| |ex|ua| oll er|rgs, ||e ear|y C|r|s||ar readers
ol ||e o| |rev||ao|y ac|ua||zed ||e |a||er lor ||e |r|erpre||ve corrur||y ol
oe||evers |o W||c| ||ey oe|orged.
z. Aro||er d|s||rc||or |rd|spersao|e lor s|a||rg ||e proper ra|ure ol `sp|r||ua|
exeges|s' |r ||e case ol pa|r|s||c |r|erpre|ers ol 3cr|p|ure |as oeer
recer||y d|scussed oy C|r|s|op| Jacoo (Jacoo 1o, 1z). T| e |errereu||ca|
sys|er ol arc|er| C|r|s||ar |r|erpre|ers ca||s or `a||egory' as ||s ros|
ell| c|er| procedure or |Wo d|s||rc| |eve|s. ore |s proper|y |errereu||ca|ard
|| del| res ||se|l |r ||eo|og|ca| |errs oes| |||us|ra|ed oy lau||re s|a|erer|s as
l. de luoac |ad ooserved, ||e o||er |s r|e|or|ca|, W||c| |s |ard|y surpr|s|rg,
pa|r|s||c |errereu||cs oe|rg par| ol a r|e|or|ca| cu||ure. 0r ||e r|e|or|ca|
|eve| pa|r|s||c a||egory assures sore |rad|||ora| lurc||ors ol ror-C|r|s||ar
125
a||egor|sr. `versc||osserde bedeWe|se (A||egor|e) urd de|od|ererde
lr|erpre|a||or (A||egorese) s|rd uoer|aup| |r C|arac|er|s||cur des |u||ure||er
K||ras der Ka|serze||,' `T|e cod|l|ed lorru|a||or (a||egory) ard ||e |r|erpre||ve
dec|p|er|rg ol codes (a||egor|sr) are oas|c c|arac|er|s||cs ol ||e
cu||ura| c||ra|e a| ||e ||re ol ||e Frp|re' (Jacoo 1z, 1|o). `T| e a||egor|ca|
recep||or ol lorer ard l|||o's a||egor|z|rg use ol 3cr|p|ure serve as rode|s
lor C|r|s||ar |r|erpre|ers |r so lar as a||egor|sr |e|ps ||er |o cors|ruc| a
sp|r||ua| cosros W|ereoy ||ey cor|erp|a|e ||e 8|o|e |||e a crys|a| cors|ar||y
rel|ec||rg reW ||g||' (1|). b|e|or|ca| a||egor|sr |erds |o orrarer| ||e s|y|e,
ard a| ||e sare ||re |o |eep || secre||ve ard sugges||ve ol reW |rs|g||s. `lr
roderr eva|ua||ors ol pa|r|s||c |r|erpre|a||ors ol 3cr|p|ure ore da|a seers
|o oe a|Ways r|ssed. || |s poss|o|e lor |r|erpre|ers |o expose ||e ou|core
ol ||e|r a||egor|sr ||se|l oe|rg orce rore sea|ed up (W|ederur a||egor|sc|
versc||usse||)' (1z-1). lr ary case a c|ear d|s||rc||or oe|Weer ||e |||erary
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| zo3p|r||ua| Fxeges|s zo
lorrs ard ||e ||eo|og|ca| lurc||or ol C|r|s||ar a||egor|sr |e|ps |o locus
rore accura|e|y or ||e |a||er's cor|r|ou||or |o ||e sp|r||ua| serse.'
T| |s ||rd ol ||eo|og|ca| `ac|ua||z|rg' lourd |r ||e a||egor|ca| v|s|or
ol rea|||y ||e appropr|a|e rears lor ur|versa||z|rg ||e o|o||ca| ressage.
T| ereoy ||e exege|es opered a space W|||ou| ||r||s ol ||re ard space o||er
||ar ||e corl|res ol 0od's redeered ur|verse. w||| ar exp||c|| all|rra||or
aoou| ||e ac|ua||ru|| ol ary o|o||ca| reve|a||or as ||s scope, ard a cu||ura|
ao||||y |o express ||a| |ru|| ||roug| ||e ru|||-lace|ed r|rror ol s|gr|l|car|
ara|og|es, ||e `sp|r||ua| serse' Was lor ear|y C|r|s||ar |r|erpre|ers rore
||ar jus| a r|e|or|ca| s|ra|egy, || Was ||e|r proper approac| |o ||e d|v|re
rys|ery cor|a|red |r ||e sacred Words ol 3cr|p|ure. T| |s |s W|y corror
|o a|| ol ||er, oeyord ||e|r d|llerer| |arguages ard cu||ures, or ||e|r |oca|
sc|oo| |rad|||ors. 0ree| or 3yr|ac or la||r a|||e, oe|org|rg |o ||e so-ca||ed
sc|oo|s ol A|exardr|a or ol Ar||oc|, reac||rg lare |r secord cer|ury borar
Alr|ca or |r s|x|| cer|ury Cors|ar||rop|e, Was a s|ared `sp|r||ua| serse' ol
3cr|p|ure, a| orce roo|ed |r 3cr|p|ure ||se|l, ard |r a r|||err|ur-o|d |rerd
ol poe||c |rag|ra||or.
Aueroac|, F., ||res|s.0arges|e|||e w|r|||c||e|| |r der aoerd|ard|sc|er l||era|ur.
8orr, ||| ed., 1o;.
8arr, J., `T| e l||era|, ||e A||egor|ca|, ard |oderr 8|o||ca| 3c|o|ars||p'. J30T||
(8)
-1;.
8arrossa, T., `T| e 3erses ol 3cr|p|ure ard ||e l||urg|ca| ler|copes'. C8z1
(1).
o|-;1.
8a|e, l. N., `3ore Tec|r|ca| Terrs ol 0ree| Fxeges|s'. JT| 3z|(1z). -oo.
8|arc||, F., la |e||ura sp|r||ua|e de||a 3cr|||ura ogg|'. 0e la lo||er|e, l. ed.,
l'eseges|
o|o||ca ogg|.Casa|e |orlerra|o , - . 11z1;;
8|a|r, l. A., `A||egory, Typo|ogy ard Arc|e|ypes'. 3|la|rXvll, ( ). - . 118zzoo;
8o|g|ar|, l., `lerr| de luoac e |'eseges| sp|r||ua|e'. |. lesce, ed. 3|ud| su||a
||||era|ura esege||ca cr|s||ara e g|uda|ca ar||ca. A||| de| X| Xl ser|rar|o. v|verore,
- ;
o||oore | 3acrolaro, - o||oore . A3F , ( ). - . 1z zozz 1 1oz1;z1
8or|, l. C. `C|rco|ar|| e sv||uppo re||' |r|erpre|az|ore sp|r||ua|e. '0|v|ra e|oqu|a
cur |eger|e crescur|' (0regor|o |., lr l|ez. l, v||, )'. A3F ( ). - . 8 z18zo;|
. l'|r|erpre|az|ore |rl|r||a. l'errereu||ca cr|s||ara ar||ca e |e sue
|raslorraz|or|.
8o|ogra . 18;
. `l| parad|gra errereu||co ar||co e |e sue poss|o||| re|arorlos|'. A3F
( ). 18o
z-;o.
8roWr, b. F., T| e 3ersus l|er|or ol 3acred 3cr|p|ure. 8a|||rore, |d., 1.
8urroWs, |. 3., ard borer, l., eds. 8|o||ca| lerrereu||cs |r l|s|or|ca|
lerspec||ve. l3
K. lroe|||c|. 0rard bap|ds 11.
z1oT| ree la|r|s||c lerrereu||cs
Ca||oud, J., `le |ex|e ||re'. l. lar|er, ed., le |erps de |a |ec|ure. l3 J. 0e|orre.
lar|s
1, 1-o.
Careve|, |., `3ers sp|r||ue|. 03p1|(18). 8-o1;.
Cour|ade, 0., `le sers de |'||s|o|re dars |'Fcr||ure e| |a c|ass|l|ca||or usue||e des
sers
scr|p|ura|res'. b3bo(1|). 1o-1|1, |8z-8.
0er 8oer, w., `A||egory ard l|s|ory'. 0er 8oer, w., ed., borar||as e|
C|r|s||ar||as.
l3 l. l. wasz|r|. Ars|erdar 1;, 1-z.
0oosc|u|z, F. vor, `vor v|erlac|er 3c|r|l|s|rr. 0|e 0esc||c||e e|rer T| eor|e'.
l3
126
larrac|, le|pz|g 1z1, 1-1.
0oc|ery, 0. 3., 8|o||ca| lr|erpre|a||or T| er ard NoW. Cor|erporary
lerrereu||cs
|r ||e l|g|| ol ||e Far|y C|urc|. 0rard bap|ds 1z.
0o|rer, C., `vor v|e|lac|er 3c|r|l|s|rr|og||c||e||er urd 0rerzer
reuer Zugarge zu o|o||sc|er Tex|er.' lages 1-;||r Neue lorrer der
3c|r|l|aus|egurg. Fd||ed oy T. 3|erroerg. 01|o. lre|ourg. lerder, . 1z
0or|va|, 0., `le sers de |'Fcr||ure c|ez |es lres'. 083 ( ). - . 1z1o|zo|z
0uoar|e, A. |., `le sers sp|r||ue| de |'Fcr||ure'. b3l|T| ( ). - . 11|;|1;z
0ura|s, |., `l'ac|ua||sa||or de |'Fcr||ure. lorderer|s e| procedures'. 3c|erce e|
Fspr||1(1). z;-|;.
Foac|, J., `vergargere Ze|| urd Je|z|ze||. wa||er 8erjar|rs bel|ex|orer a|s
Arlrager
ar d|e o|o||sc|e Fxegese urd lerrereu|||'. FvT| z(1z). z88-o8.
lerre, N. l. 3.,`No|es oy a T| eo|og|ar or 8|o||ca| lerrereu||cs'. J8l18(1).
1o-1|.
l|edroW|cz, |., lr|rz|p|er der 3c|r|l|aus|egurg |r der a||er K|rc|e. lrerc|.
0. loupor, |rars|., lr|rc|pes de |'|r|erpre|a||or de |'ecr||ure dars |'eg||se
arc|erre(Trad|||o C|r|s||ara, X). 8err-8er||r, e|c. 18.
l||zreyer, J.-l., `lroo|ers ol ||e l||era| ard 3p|r||ua| 3erses ol 3cr|p|ures'.
l3zo
(1). 1|-|o.
lreerar, C., `T| e 'Fc||pse' ol 3p|r||ua| Fxeges|s. 8|o||ca| lr|erpre|a||or lror ||e
belorra||or |o |oderr||y'. 3wJT(1). z1-z8.
lre|, l. w., T| e Fc||pse ol 8|o||ca| Narra||ve. A 3|udy |r 18|| ard 1|| c.
lerrere||cs.
a|e 1;|.
0r|||a, J., `0|e w|r|urgsgesc||c||e a|s Zugarg zur vers|ardr|s der 8|oe|'.
|T|Z
|o(18). 1-oz.
0o|d|rgay, J., |ode|s lor lr|erpre|a||ors ol 3cr|p|ure. 0rard bap|ds, |l . 1
0rec|, l., Frrereu||ca e |eo|og|a o|o||ca. bore . 18o
0u|ro|, J.-N., `A|essardr|a o |a '3cuo|a de| ladr|.' l'ered|| cu||ura|e e sp|r||ua|e d|
A|essardr|a |r rappor|o cor | ladr| de||a C||esa.' la C||esa re| |erpo. b|v|s|a
d| v||a e d| cu||ura ( ). - . 11|;z
larsor, b. l. C., A||egory ard Fver|. A 3|udy ol ||e 3ources ard 3|gr|l| carce ol
0r|ger's lr|erpre|a||or ol 3cr|p|ure. lordor 1.
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| z113p|r||ua| Fxeges|s z11
lausc|||d, w.-0., `0er Fr|rag der reuerer aus|egurgsgesc||c||||c|er Aroe|| lur
d|e
la|r|s|||'. vl1o(1;1). -z.
Jacoo, C., `A||egorese. b|e|or||, As||e|||, T| eo|og|e'. C. 0o|rer, a|. eds.,
Neue lorrer
der 3c|r|l|aus|egurg?(uaes||ores 0|spu|a|ae, 1|o). lre|ourg-8ase|-w|er 1z,
. `Ar|ard|sz|p||r,' A||egorese, |ys|agog|e.F|r reuer Zugarg zu Aroros|us vor
|a||ard (T| eop|ar|e, z). lrar|lur| 1o.
Jourjor, |., `0e |ro|s oara|||es or|ge(r|)erres'. A. 0up|e|x, ed., bec|erc|es e|
Trad|||or. l3 l. Crouze| (T| eo|. l|s|., ). lar|s , - . 88 1z1o
la lo||er|e, l. de, `la |e||ura de||a 3acra 3cr|||ura 're||o 3p|r||o'. || rodo pa|r|s||co
d|
|eggere |a 8|oo|a poss|o||e ogg|?'. CC1;(18o). zo-z, lrerc|. Corrur|o
11, ( ). - . |18o11z8
. `les sers de |'Fcr||ure dars |'exegse pa|r|s||que e| red|eva|e.' lages - 11;
|r z
Fr|erdre |a vo|x du 0|eu v|var|. lr|erpre|a||ors e| pra||ques ac|ue||es de |a 8|o|e.
Fd||ed oy J. 0u|a|re ard 0. |a|rv|||e. lar|s. |ed|aspau|, 1|.
le 8ou||uec, A., `l'appor| des c|re||ers au |argage syroo||que de |'Ar||qu||e. les
lres 0recs'. les lres de |'Fg||se au XX
e
s|c|e. lar|s , - . 18;zzz
luoac, l. de, `Apropos de |'a||egor|e c|re||erre'. b3b ( ). - . |;1|
. Fxegse red|eva|e. les qua|re sers de |'Fcr||ure, l-ll (T| eo|og|e, ). lar|s |1
. 1
. l|s|o|re e| Fspr||. l'|r|e|||gerce de |'Fcr||ure d'aprs 0r|gre (T| eo|og|e, ). 1o
lar|s . 1o
. `'Typo|og|e' e| 'a||egor|sre'. b3b ( ). - . |1|;1oozzo
lur|er, |., wor|erouc| o|o||sc|er 8||der urd 3yroo|e. |ur|c| 1;.
|cFvoy, J., `T| e la|r|s||c lerrereu||c ol 3p|r||ua| lreedor ard ||s 8|o||ca|
0r|g|rs'. T| . l|rar ard v. TWorey, eds., 3cr|p|ura| lr|erpre|a||or |r ||e la||ers.
le||er ard 3p|r||, la|r|s||c lerrereu||cs. lroceed|rgs ol ||e 3ecord la|r|s||c
Corlererce a| |ayroo|| 1. Caror|dge 1, 1-z.
|a|er, 0., 8|o||sc|e lerrereu|||. wupper|a| 1o.
|orgar, b., 8|o||ca| lr|erpre|a||or(0xlord 8|o|e 3er|es). 0xlord 18;.
0'l|yrr, J. A., `T| e 3erses ol 3cr|p|ure'. lT| zz(1). ;-oo.
127
lar|er, l., `lec|ure ser|o||que e| proje| ||eo|og|que. lrc|derces e|
|r|erroga||ors'.
b3b ( ). - . ;81o1zzo
lesce, |., `ur 'oru|| aosurde'? lerr| de luoac d| lror|e a||a d|s||rz|ore |ra
eseges|
s|or|ca e eseges| sp|r||ua|e'. |. lesce, ed. (see aoove, 8o|g|ar|), 11, z(1|).
|11-1;.
ba|z|rger, J., `lourda||ors ard Approac|es ol 8|o||ca| Fxeges|s'. 0r|g|rs1;
(188).
- ooz.
besWeoer, J.-l., u'es|-ce qu'|r|erpre|er?Fssa| sur |es lorderer|s de
|'|errereu||que.
lar|s 188.
busse||, 0. 3., `lr|erpre||rg 3cr|p|ure. |y|| ard bery||o|og|z|rg'. FT1o|(1).
3c|e|||e, K. 0., `Aus|egurg a|s 3yroo|vers|ardr|s'. T1z(1z). 1z-.
z1zT| ree la|r|s||c lerrereu||cs
. `vor a||er urd reuer Aus|egurg'. 8Zr.s. 1(1;). 1o1-;;.
3c|||||rg, 0., `0er ge|s||ge 3|rr der l|. 3c|r|l|'. T|0| ( ). - . ||1|z|1|
3|rore|||, |., le||era e|o A||egor|a. ur cor|r|ou|o a||a s|or|a de||' eseges|
pa|r|s||ca
(3FAug, ). bore . z 18
. lrol||o s|or|co de||' eseges| pa|r|s||ca(3uss|d| la|r|s||c|, ). 1bore 181.
3|uder, 8., `0|e pa|r|s||sc|e Fxegese, e|re A||ua||s|erurg der le|||ger 3c|r|l|'.
bFAug|z(1o). ;1-.
3|u||roe||er, C., `T| e lrl|uerce ol 0|d Trad|||or upor Fxeges|s ard ||e 3erses
ol
3cr|p|ure'. C8zo(18). z-zo.
Tr|gg, J. w., 8|o||ca| lr|erpre|a||or. w||r|rg|or, . 188
v|c|aro, A., `las scr|p|orur |r|erpre|a||oreser |a ar||guedad |ard|a'. ||rerva
bev|s|a de l||o|og|a c|as|ca (11). 1o-z1.
ourg, l., `Fxege||ca| |e||od ard 8|o||ca| lrool||e 8|o|e |r 0oc|r|ra| 0eoa|e'.
3|la|r1(18). z;-o|.
||. T|e lroo|er ol `3erses' as |e||ods ol Fxeges|s
Al|er 1|, a pass|ora|e d|scuss|or corcerr|rg 8u||rarr|ar propos|||ors
ard ||e |rver||or ol reW |errereu||ca| ||eor|es |r Cor||rer|a| p|||osop|y
|rd|rec||y cor|r|ou|ed |o ||e s|udy ol pa|r|s||c |errereu||cs. A| ||e sare
||re ||e |rrer |rarslorra||or ol o|o||ca| exeges|s, par||cu|ar|y a| ||e cos| ol
a severe cr|s|s |r ||e ||s|or|ca|-cr|||ca| re||ods, |rlused sore exper|s W|||
a reW |r|eres| lor pa|r|s||c re||odo|og|es. lr add|||or, a oroader |roW|edge
ol cu||ura| |errereu||cs |r la|e Ar||qu||y lavored a rore r|gorous approac|
|r ||e ||s|or|ca| del|r|||or ol pa|r|s||c re||ods. lrdeed || |s loreros| as a
se| ol re||ods||a| sp|r||ua| exeges|s dur|rg ||e pa|r|s||c age ||a| del|red
||e sc|o|ar|y |rves||ga||ors s|rce ||e erd ol wor|d war ll. Cor|erp|a|ed
|r ||erse|ves, or |r ||e|r la|e Ar||que se|||rg, or aga|r cor|ras|ed W||| ||e
red|eva| or roderr procedures ol o|o||ca| exege|es, ||e pa|r|s||c re||ods ol
sp|r||ua| exeges|s Were suor|||ed |o a corpre|ers|ve scru||ry W||c| |e|ped
|o e||r|ra|e prejud|ces ard |o c|ar|ly oas|c |errereu||ca| ca|egor|es suc|
as |yposard a||egor|a. T| e `serses ol 3cr|p|ure,' carry|rg sp|r||ua| va|ues or
||e d|llerer| serar||c |eve|s ol ||e scr|p|ura| |ex| Were aga|r perce|ved |r
||e|r d|vers||y ard corp|erer|ar||y. l|ra||y, |oWards ||e erd ol ||e cer|ury
sore |er|a||ve a||erp|s appeared |r ar ellor| |o recorc||e cer|a|r lorrs ol
a||egor|sr W||| ||e pos|-roderr r|rd.

lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| z13p|r||ua| Fxeges|s z1
A||egory ard l|s|ory
a spec|a| cor|r|ou||or
oy T| oras 8o|r
a. lr|roduc||or
T| e |errs ||s|ory, |||era| serse, |ypo|ogy, a||egory,
1
||eor|a, ard aragogeare
||e ros| corror|y used W||| respec| |o ||e re||ods ol |r|erpre|a||or oy
||e la||ers. T| e or|g|r ol ||e d|llerer| ro||ors ard corcep||ors correc|ed
W||| ||ese |errs |ave a|ready oeer d|scussed |o suc| a degree ||a| || Wou|d
go oeyord ||e lrareWor| ol |||s s|udy |l ||e au||or ever a||erp|ed |o
survey ||e ra|r cor|r|ou||ors. Aoove a||, || rus| oe s|ressed ||a| ||ese ro||ors
carro| oe separa|ed lror eac| o||er |r a c|ear ard sa||slac|ory Way.
z
w. A. 8|erer| |s r|g|| |r ca|||rg lor prec|se researc| |r|o eac|ol ||e d|llerer|
|errs |r respec| |o ||e var|e|y ol ||e ro||ors ard|r respec| |o every s|rg|e
au||or.

l| |s ||us |rposs|o|e |o s|ar| W||| a c|ar|l|ca||or ol ||e ro||ors (|r

||e serse ol a del|r|||or).
128
|oreover, ||e d|llerer| aspec|s |o oe |a|er |r|o accour| |ave a|ready
oeer exp|ored |r ||e cor|ex| ol a W|o|e rarge ol la||ers. 0eperd|rg or ||e
pa|r|s||c au||or, ||e exeges|s |s or|er|ed rore |oWards ||e |||era| or |oWards
||e a||egor|ca| serse.
|T| e resu||s ol |||s |org researc| reed ro| oe repea|ed,
as l do ro| |r|erd |o preser| a s|udy ol ar |rd|v|dua| au||or |r |||s paper.

A
d|llerer| approac| |as oeer c|oser |ere, ore W||c| 8. 3|uder |as descr|oed
|r ar exerp|ary Way lor ||e lour|| cer|ury oy ||e ro||o `lror ||s|or|a
|o ||eor|a.'
oT| e |as|, ||erelore, |s |o exp||ca|e ||e recessary re|a||ors||p
oe|Weer ||s|ory ard a||egory |r a sys|era||c Way. lr o||er Words, |r W||c|
1. lr ||e serse ol A||egor|eard A||egorese.
z. Cl., e.g., w. A. 8|erer|, 'A||egor|a' urd 'Aragoge' oe| 0|dyros der 8||rder
vor A|exardr|a(8er||r, 1;z), 1-;.
. Cl. 8|erer|, 'A||egor|a'urd 'Aragoge,' ;.
|. Cl., e.g., |. 3|rore|||, le||era e|o A||egor|a. ur cor|r|ou|o a||a s|or|a
de||'eseges|
pa|r|s||ca(bore, 18)W||| relererces |o ||e la||ers.
. T| e erurera||or ard ||e cor|ex| ol ||ese ||eres car eas||y oe lourd |r ||e
re|evar| essays. cl., e.g., J. C. Jooser ard J. l. wasz|r|, `A||egorese,'
bAC1.z8-,
w. F. 0eroer, `Fxegese lll (NT u. A||e K|rc|e),' bACo.1z11-z, l.-J. lorr,
`A||egorese auerc|r|s|||c|er Tex|e l,' TbFz.z;o-8, |ere z;8-8z.
o. Cl. 8. 3|uder, `0er gesc||c||||c|e l|r|ergrurd des ers|er 8uc|es Cor|ra
Furor|ur0regors vor Nyssa,' |r 8. 3|uder, 0or|rus 3a|va|or. 3|ud|er zur
C|r|s|o|og|e
urd Fxegese der K|rc|erva|er(bore, 1z), |o-8, |ere |z.
z1|T| ree la|r|s||c lerrereu||cs
respec| Was || recessary lor a||egory |o re|y or ||s|ory |r order |o exp||ca|e
a deeper (super|or) rear|rg ol 3cr|p|ure? 3uc| a s|ep |s recessary or|y |l a
ruroer ol presuppos|||ors ol a p|||osop||ca| ra|ure are adr|||ede.g., ||e
presuppos|||or ol a l|a|or|c or Neop|a|or|c descr|p||or ol rea|||y as |rage,
suc| a v|eW ol rea|||y |rp||es a|so ar ascer| ol ||e sou| as oe|rg rade |||e
0od so ||a| ore car |r|erpre| ||e 3cr|p|ure as |ead|rg (aragoge) |o a super|or
rea|r|r para||e| |o ||e ||erarc||ca| rea|||y ol oe|rg. T| |s sys|era||c
or|er|a||or urder|y|rg ||e re|a||ors||p oe|Weer ||s|ory ard a||egory W|||
oe c|ar|l|ed oy Way ol exarp|es |r ||e exeges|s ol T| eodore ol |opsues||a
ard 0regory ol Nyssa.
o. TWo ro||ors. l|s|ory ard A||egory
|. T| e 3ys|era||c l|ace ol ||e TWo No||ors
T| e deve|oprer| W||c| car oe de|ec|ed |r respec| |o ||e d|llerer| corcep||ors
regard|rg ||e serse ol 3cr|p|ure are surred up oy a ro||o ol ||e 1||
cer|ury |r|roduced oy Augus||re ol 0errar|. l|||era ges|a doce|, qu|d credas
a||egor|a, rora||s qu|d agas, quo |erdas aragog|a.
;T|e l|rs| |||rg ||a| car oe
s|a|ed |r |||s cor|ex| |s ||a| ||e so-ca||ed |||era| |r|erpre|a||or ol 3cr|p|ure
s|resses ||e ||s|ory ol 0od W||| rer, |r cor|ras| |o |||s serse, a||egory as a
lorr ol syroo||c |arguage, |s ||e oas|s ol every rear|rg ol 3cr|p|ure d|llerer|
lror ||e |||era| ore.
8
lr |||s regard ||e au||ors ol ||e Far|y C|urc|
d|llerer||a|ed sore ror-|||era| serses ol 3cr|p|ure, ou| ||ey s|oWed ro cors|s|er|
|r|eres| |r a c|ear-cu| del|r|||or ol ||e ror-||s|or|ca| serses.

loWever, ore |as |o oear |r r|rd ||a| desp||e a|| ||e d|llererces ol oo||
||s|or|ca| ard a||egor|ca| |r|erpre|a||or ||ere |s sore corror grourd, |||s
|s ev|der| |l ore corpares T| eodore ol |opsues||a ard 0|odore ol Tarsus
or ore |ard ard 0r|ger or ||e o||er |ard as `|yp|ca|' represer|a||ves ol
;. Cl. C. 0o|rer, `vor v|e|lac|er 3c|r|l|s|rr|og||c||e||er urd 0rerzer
reuerer Zugarge zu o|o||sc|er Tex|er,' |r Neue lorrer der 3c|r|l|aus|egurg?
(ed.
T. 3|erroerg, lre|ourg, 1z), 1-;|, |ere 1;.
8. Cl. 0o|rer, `vor v|e|lac|er 3c|r|l|s|rr,' 1;, a|so l. de luoac, Fxegse
red|eva|e. les qua|re sers de |'Fcr||ure,vo|. 1.z(lar|s, 1), |z-o81, w. Kerr
ard l.-J.
N|erarr, T|eo|og|sc|e Fr|err|r|s|e|re(0usse|dorl, 181), o-;8.
. Cl. C. Jacoo, `A||egorese. b|e|or||, As||e|||, T| eo|og|e,' |r Neue lorrer der
3c|r|l| aus|egurg?(ed. T. 3|erroerg, lre|ourg, 1z), 11-o, |ere 1. Cl. e.g.,
0regory ol Nyssa, Car| lro|(0N0 vl, , o-8largeroec|), cl. l. 0urz|, 8rau| urd
8rau||gar. 0|e Aus|egurg des Car||cur durc| 0regor vor Nyssa(Tuo|rger,
1), ;l.
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| z13p|r||ua| Fxeges|s z1
129
||ese re||ods ol |r|erpre|a||or. oo|| ||res ol ||oug|| are |rl|uerced oy ||e
r|e|or|ca|-grarra||ca| |rad|||or ard ||us ||ey s|ard or ||e sare grourd.
1o
C. 3c|auo||r erp|as|zes correc||y ||a|, |r ||e |as| resor|, every p|||o|ogy |s
oased upor a p|||osop||ca| r|rdse|,
11
ard |||s |s a|so |rue lor ||e re||ods
ol |r|erpre|a||or ol ||e 8|o|e |r ||e r|e|or|ca|-grarra||ca| |rad|||or. TWo
|eve|s car ||us oe d|ll erer||a|ed lor ||s|ory ard a||egory. a r|e|or|ca|-grarra||ca|
ard a p|||osop||ca| ore. 8o|| are re|a|ed |o eac| o||er W||||r ||e
|r|erpre|a||or ol 3cr|p|ure ard oo|| are |o oe presupposed lor a ||eo|og|ca|
|r|egra||or ol ||ese re||ods.
As |o a del|r|||or ol ||e ro||ors used |r ||e l|e|d ol r|e|or|c, |Wo aspec|s |ave |o
oe cors|dered. 1) l| |s s|r|||rg ||a| lor 0|odorus ol Tarsus ard
T| eodore ol |opsues||a ||s|ory |as a pr|or||y, |oWever, ||e ro||or ||se|l
(6oisv) |s ro| c|ear|y del|red oy e|||er au||or, ||e|r v|eW ol ||s|ory car
pr|rar||y oe seer as a de||r||a||or aga|rs| ar a||egor|ca| |r|erpre|a||or.
1z
z) 0esp||e |||s, cor|rary |o ||e l|rs| aspec| (6oisv) a c|ear del|r|||or
ol ||e ro||or 'a||egory' lor d|llerer| au||orse.g., l|||o ol A|exardr|a ard
0r|ger|s ev|der|. lr |||s respec| l. C|r|s||arser |as r|g|||y po|r|ed ou| ||a|
||e del|r|||or ol a||egory oy ||e r|e|or|c|ar lerac|||us ard oy Cocordr|us
|s ros| |rpor|ar| lor ar urders|ard|rg ol a||egory as used oy l|||o ol
A|exardr|a ard 0r|ger. T| |s |s oecause l|||o erp|as|zes ||e d|llererce
oe|Weer |arguage ard ||oug||. 3yroo|s ex|s| W||||r Words W||c| car or|y
oe grasped oy ||oug||s.
1
3|r||ar||y, Cocordr|us W|o, al|er lerac|||us, |s
ros| |rl|uer||a| lor l|||o ard ||e la||ers, Wr||es. \\pod i
9ov .v p\o#d s, dv .)vvoidv did (a||egory |s ar
express|or W||c| proper|y s|oWs aro||er `|||rg,' ou| W||c| |as preser|ed
aro||er ro||or).
1|
ll ||ere |s a d|llererce, |oWever, oe|Weer 9ov ard
1o. Cl. C. 3c|auo||r, ur|ersuc|urger zu |e||ode urd ler|url|der
ar||oc|er|sc|er
Fxegese(Co|ogre, 1;|), 8. Neusc|aler, 0r|geres a|s l|||o|oge(8ase|, 18;).
0r
||e exege||ca| prac||ce ol 0r|ger see a|so l. Karpp, 3c|r|l|, 0e|s| urd wor|
0o||es.
0e||urg urd w|r|urg der 8|oe| |r der 0esc||c||e der K|rc|evor der A||er
K|rc|e o|s
zur Ausgarg der belorra||orsze||(0arrs|ad|, 1z), , |. Careve|, `la 8|o|e
e|
|es lres. jeuresse e| |rpa||erce,' NbT| ( ). - . 11o1||8oo
11. Cl. 3c|auo||r, ur|ersuc|urger, o.
1z. Cl. 3c|auo||r, ur|ersuc|urger, 1o, lor 0|odorus cl. ||e |rpor|ar| s|udy ol
0. b|ra|d|, `0|odoro d| Tarso, Ar||oc||a e |e reag|or| de||a po|er|ca
ar||a||egor|s|a,' Augus||r|arur ( ). - . 1|o;o
1. Cl. l|||o, 0e Aora|aro (Co|r|werd|ard , ll.), leg. a||.ll (Co|r| 11 z;1o 1
werd|ard , ll.). z
1|. Cocordr|us, l v (3perge| , l.), s|r||ar||y lerac|||us, uaes|. z|z8
lor.,1-o,1(0e|rarr), cl. l. C|r|s||arser, 0|e Tec|r|| der a||egor|sc|er
z1oT| ree la|r|s||c lerrereu||cs
dv (`||e o||er' ard `||e o||er'), ||e |orogereousress ol ||e |||rgs
corpared (|arguage ard ||oug||) |s |rp||ed as ||ere |s ro cor|ras| oe|Weer
||e ore ard ||e o||er. lrs|ead, o||erress |s a|ready expressed |r ||e l|rs|
9ov. 8o|| par|s ol ||e del|r|||or correspord as ||ey s|oW ||e sare cor|ras| |o
sore|||rg d|llerer| W||c| |s accord|rg |o ||e r|e|or|c|ar lerac|||us
||e 9v.
1T| e cor|ex| ol |||s pr|rc|p|e, rare|y a del|r|||or ol a||egory W||c|
s|resses ||e d|llererce oe|Weer ||e `o||er' ard a `po|r| ol re|a||or' (||e 9v),
ard W||c| |s |a|er over lror ||e r|e|or|ca| |rad|||or, se| ||e |dea ||a| sore|||rg |s
s|oWr oy ||e a||egory W||c| |rarscerds ||e express|or (i)
||se|l. lerce, a||egory |rp||es ||a| lur||er ard oeyord ||ose aspec|s W||c|
seer |o oe ||dder a| l|rs| s|g||, ||e |ex| or par|s ol || ray We|| |ead |o ye|
aro||er |eve| ol rear|rg.
lor ||e ||re oe|rg, ||e p|||osop||ca| |rp||ca||orsreed |o oe separa|ed
lror ||e r|e|or|ca| |rs|g||s descr|oed. 8o|| lor ||e p|||osop||ca| lourda||or
as We|| as lor ||e p|||osop||ca| |rp||ca||ors ol a p|||o|og|ca| exp|ara||or
ol a |ex|, || |s ro| recessary |o |||r| |r |errs ol a ore-s|ded corlror|a||or
ol Ar|s|o|e||ar|sr ard l|a|or|sr,
1o
130
as |l Ar|s|o|e||ar|sr Wou|d recessar||y
ard exc|us|ve|y s|ress ||e preserce ol lorrs |r ||e Wor|d, W|ereas l|a|or|sr
Wou|d |ead |o a ver||ca| v|eW ol ||e Wor|d W||| ||e |deas a| ||e |op. T|a|
||e d|llererce oe|Weer Ar|s|o|e||ar|sr ard l|a|or|sr |ad |rlorred ||e
d|c|o|ory oe|Weer |||era| ard ||s|or|ca||y or|er|ed |r|erpre|a||or or ||e
ore |ard ard a||egor|ca| |r|erpre|a||or or ||e o||er |ard,
1;
(qu||e apar|
lror ||e |rl|uerce ol ||e 3|oa, W||c| s|ou|d ro| oe reg|ec|ed), |s a| very
|eas| a ore-s|ded ard proo|era||c corc|us|or. l| lo||oWs ||a| T| eodore ol
|opsues||a s|ou|d ro| oe seer as devo||rg ||rse|l |o Ar|s|o|e||ar|sr ard
|r|erpre||rg ||e 3cr|p|ures |r |||s respec|, ou| ra||er ergag|rg |r|o rejec||rg,
rod|ly|rg, or |arror|z|rg ||e l|a|or|c assurp||ors W||| 8|o||ca| v|eWs
(e.g., rora| corcep||ors).
18
Aus|egurgsW|ssersc|al|oe| l|||or vor A|exardr|er(Tuo|rger, 1o), 1,
8|erer|,
'A||egor|a' urd 'Aragoge,' zl., J. lep|r, |y||e e| a||egor|e. les or|g|res grecques
e| |es
cor|es|a||ors judeo-c|re||erres(zd ed., lar|s, 1;o), 88.
1. Cl. lerac|||us, uaes|. lor.1oo,ll. (0e|rarr).
1o. F.g., A. vor larrac|, C. baver, l. la||ersor, e|c.. cl. b. A. Norr|s, |ar|ood
ard
C|r|s|(0xlord, 1o), zo-z. 3|r||ar||y l. N. 8a|e, `3ore Tec|r|ca| Terrs ol
0ree| Fxeges|s,' JT| 3z|(1z). -oo, |ere, e.g., .
1;. T| |s |s a|so ||e |erdercy ol 3c|auo||r, ur|ersuc|urger,o, , l.
18. Cl. l. |. ourg, lror N|caea |o C|a|cedor, A 0u|de |o ||e l||era|ure ard ||s
8ac|grourd(zd ed. lordor, 188), zo;, b. A. Norr|s, |ar|ood,1z-z|.
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| z1;3p|r||ua| Fxeges|s z1;
A| |||s po|r|, l ||erelore propose ||e lo||oW|rg |ypo||es|s. T| e a||egor|ca|
|r|erpre|a||or
1
seers |o presuppose a ruc| s|rorger p|||osop||ca| ||rus|
||ar ||e so-ca||ed ||s|or|ca| (6oisv).
zo
3uc| a |erdercy car oe s|oWr |r ||e c|ass|ca| |r|erpre|a||or ol |ex|s, e.g.,
||e exeges|s ol lorer. T| ere ||e c|ass|ca| p|||o|og|s|s erp|as|ze ||a| lorer
|as |o oe |r|erpre|ed oy ||rse|l.
z1
A|| ||e er|gras, cor|rad|c||ors ard ||e |rrora|, ar||ropororp||ca| c|arac|er ol
||e s|a|erer|s ol lorer, e.g., aoou|
||e 0ods, are, accord|rg |o |||s |r|erpre|a||or, ro| ||e resu|| ol ||e au||or's
care|essress, |rs|ead ||ey represer| a corsc|ous ercod|rg ol ||s ||oug||s.
l| |s ||us ||e |as| ol ||e |r|erpre|er |o urve|| ||e ||dder.
zz
w||| respec| |o
a||egory, ||ere are c|ose all| r|||es ol |||s |r|erpre|a||or W||| ||e pr|rc|p|e ol
Cocordr|us. A|| ||a| lorer |as exp||ca|ed rarra||ve|y W||||r ||e sersua|
rea|r, relers oy ||se|l |o ||e roe||c rea|r.
zT| e oas|c |r|er||or ol ||e exeges|s
ol lorer revea|s ||a| ||e cr|||que ol lorer (e.g., oy Xerop|ares) ard ||s
`re|ao||||a||or' are correc|ed, ard oo|| car or|y oe urders|ood (as cr|||que)
aga|rs| ||e oac|grourd ol a lurdarer|a| a||||ude ro||va|ed oy ||eo|ogy ard
p|||osop|y. 0r ||e ore |ard, |||s |eads |o a pos|||or W|ere lorer rus| oe
exp|a|red oy lorer, or ||e o||er |ard, ||e |r|erpre|ers |r|ed |o use o||er
resources lor exp|a|r|rg ||e |ex| (e.g., ||e cor|ex| ol lorer, e|c.).
ll ore a||erp|s |o corce|ve ||e relererce ol exp||ca||ors ol a |ex| W|||
regard |o ||e |r|e|||g|o|e rore accura|e|y, ||e s|ape ol a rar|lo|d rear|rg ol
3cr|p|ure proves |o oe |rp||c|||y de|err|red oy p|||osop||ca| ca|egor|es,
z|
|r
par| a| |eas| oy l|a|or|c p|||osop|y. T| e (p|||osop||ca|) a||egory |s pr|rar||y
|r|eres|ed |r |oW ||e proo|er |s se|, ard |||s car oe ||e p|||osop||ca|
ard ||eo|og|ca| ||oug|| respec||ve|y, or ||e |ru|| ol rea|||y |r ||e poe|ry ol
lorer ard ||e l|a|or|c ry||s.z
0re ol ||e cer|ra| aspec|s ol (reo-) l|a|or|c
p|||osop|y car oe descr|oed as ||e preserce ol ||e pro|o|ype |r ||e |rage.
1. lr respec| |o ||e a||egor|ca| |r|erpre|a||or ore |as |o d|llerer||a|e oe|Weer a
pure r|e|or|ca| a||egory as a red|ur ol s|y|e ard ||e a||egory W||c| |s ol a
p|||osop||ca|-||eo|og|ca| ra|ure, lor |||s d|llererce cl. C. 3c|auo||r,
ur|ersuc|urger,
1zo, C. Jacoo, `A||egorese,' 1, 1|8.
zo. Cl. 3c|auo||r, ur|ersuc|urger, o.
z1. Cl. Neusc|aler, 0r|geres a|s l|||o|oge, z;o-8.
131
zz. l. 8ull| re, les |y||es d'lorre e| |a lersee 0recque(lar|s, 1;), z-1.
z. 8ull| re, |y||es d'lorre, z-||, |8l., a|so l. 0orr|e, `Zur |e||od|| ar|||er
Fxegese,' ZNw o(1;|). 1z1-8, |ere 1z|.
z|. Cl. 0o|rer, `vor v|e|lac|er 3c|r|l|s|rr,' zz.
z. w. 8e|erWa||es, 0er|er des F|rer. 3|ud|er zur reup|a|or|sc|er l|||osop||e
urd
||rer w|r|urgsgesc||c||e(lrar|lur|, 18), z;.
z18T| ree la|r|s||c lerrereu||cs
T| erelore, ore car draW a corc|us|or lror ||e |rage |o ||e pro|o|ype or
source oecause ol ar ara|ogous s|ruc|ure. ll ||e pro|o|ype causes sore|||rg, ||e
pro|o|ype rus| oe preser| |r ||e |||rg caused |r sore serse ard,
||erelore, |der||ca| W||| || |r sore respec|. loWever, ||e |||rg es|ao||s|ed
oy causa||or rus| a|so oe d|llerer| lror ||e cause, so ||a| ara|ogy |rp||es
|der|||y ardd|llererce a| ||e sare ||re. T| us, ||e sersua| car oe ||oug||
ol as ar ellec||ve s|gr ol ||e |r|e|||g|o|e, ard ||e |r|e|||g|o|e aga|r as a s|gr
ol ||e |rarscerd|rg rea|||y as suc|, oecause ol ||e preserce W||c| |ad a|ready
oeer es|ao||s|ed W||||r||e |r|e|||g|o|e. |||s |s ||e s|ruc|ure |r W||c|
||e lurc||or ol |arguage ard ||e ||eory ol a||egor|ca| urders|ard|rg car
oe seer |r ||e cor|ex| ol a l|a|or|z|rg ||oug||.
zoT| e relerer||a| c|arac|er
ol |arguage W||c| re||es or a source (a|ready es|ao||s|ed W||||r ||e |r|e|||g|o|e) |s
ro| ra|r|a|red or |r|erded oy ||e |rea|rer| ol |ex|s |r ||e serse
ol ||s|ory. T| us, a||egory |as a rore p|||osop||ca| ||rus| (|rp||ed |r|er a||a
||roug| ||s or|g|r lror ||e exeges|s ol lorer) ||roug| a|| ||e `|rs|rurer|s'
(|rs|rurer|ar|ur) ard ||roug| ||s a|r |o re|a|e ||e sersua| |o ||e roe||c
rea|r. As lar as ||e p|||osop||ca| aspec| |s corcerred, ||e grea|es| d|llererce
oe|Weer ||s|ory ard a||egory |r |r|erpre||rg 3cr|p|ure ||es |ere.
z;
||. 3ore Fxarp|es ol ||e lr|erpre|a||or ol l|s|ory ard A||egory
z8
T| e aoove |ypo||es|s ol ||e (p|||osop||ca||y cord|||ored) or|g|r ol ||e
d|llererce oe|Weer ||s|ory ard a||egory (|oge||er W||| ||e corror oas|s
ol ||e r|e|or|ca|-grarra||ca| |rad|||or) car oe exparded. oo|| re||ods
ol |r|erpre|a||or are a|so s|r||ar |r respec| |o ||e|r s|ruc|ure, oo|| oeg|r
W||| ||e ||s|or|ca| ac||or ol 0od, oo|| |ry |o exp||ca|e ||e `3||z |r leoer'
ol ||e lo|y 3cr|p|ure, ard, roreover, oo|| |r|erd |o p|ay doWr ||e d|s|arce
oe|Weer 3cr|p|ure ard ||e corrur||y W||c| |s rade recessary oy
||e cor|erp|a||or ol ||s|ory. T| |s |s dore oy reler|rg |o ||e proo|ers ol
|oca| corrur|||es.
ll ||e so-ca||ed ||s|or|ca| or |||era| |r|erpre|a||or |r|es |o rejec| ||e
v|eW ol rea|||y ard |arguage W||c| |s red|a|ed oy ||e l|a|or|c p|||osop|y,
|| pr|rar||y a||oWs a v|eW ol ||s|ory |r |errs ol ||s oWr dyrar|c. 3uc| a
corcer|ra||or or ||e |r|erpre|a||or ol 3cr|p|ure coro|red W||| ar |r|eres|
zo. Cl. 8e|erWa||es, 0er|er des F|rer, o;.
z;. Cl. ourg, lror N|caea |o C|a|cedor, zo;(lor T| eodore ol |opsues||a).
z8. l do ro| c||e ||e ar||que au||ors ex|ers|ve|y oecause || |s ro| |r|erded |o
exp||ca|e spec|a| aspec|s ol every s|rg|e ||eo|og|ar, ou| |o l|rd ou| ||e
lurdarer|a| ||res
ol d|spara|e ||oug||s.
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| z13p|r||ua| Fxeges|s z1
|r ||s|ory car oe s|oWr |r ||e case ol T| eodore ol |opsues||a.
zT|eodore
oeg|rs ||s argurer|a||or W||| ||e rar|les|a||or ol 0od |r ||s|ory, ||erelore,
0od's spec|l|c ac||ors ard rer's reac||ors |ave |o oe cor|erp|a|ed W||||r
||e d|llerer| ||s|or|ca| cor|ex|s.
oT| |s |s |rue as We|| W|ere C|r|s| prays ||e
lsa|rs ol 0av|d or ||e cross, oecause ||e ||s|or|ca| c|rcurs|arces ol ||ese
lsa|rs |ave |o oe |a|er |r|o cors|dera||or. T| e prop|e|s |ave spo|er |o
rer ol ||e|r||re.
1
T| eodore c|ooses |||s oas|c ||s|or|ca| v|eWpo|r| a|so lor ||e |r|erpre|a||or ol ||e
r|. ||ere |e a|so carelu||y a||erds |o ||e respec||ve grarra||ca|
oac|grourd ol ||e d|llerer| express|ors, ||e proo|ers ol ||e |ex|, ard `dar|'
passages, or |e |r|es |o exp|a|r ||e po|r| ol depar|ure ol a rarra||ve
z
||us
||e r|e|or|ca| scope |rl|uerces ||s oWr exege||ca| ||eo|ogy as We|| as ||e
||eo|ogy ol ||ose W|o use a||egory.

ll, |r cor|ras| |o |||s pos|||or, a||egory

|r|erpre|s ||e express|ors ol ||e o| |r a prel|gura||ve Way (ress|ar|c-
c|r|s|o|og|ca|, |ypo|og|ca| e|c.), || urderr|res (|r T| eodore's eyes) ||e reWress
ol ||e reve|a||or |r C|r|s| ||roug| W|or 0od War|ed |o es|ao||s| a reW
oeg|rr|rg exceed|rg ||e o|.
132
|
Corsequer||y, W|ere suc| a v|eW ol reve|a||or
|s |r|roduced |o exeges|s, || |eads |o a doc|r|re ol |Wo ages

W||c| |r|es |o
grasp 0|d ard NeW Tes|arer| as |Wo rorer|s, W||| ||e|r oWr ||s|or|ca|
s||ua||ors, ard W||c| corce|ves eac| as a ur||y. 8u| a ||s|or|ca| deve|oprer|
a|Ways produces a d|s|arce |r ||re oecause ||e `|||rg' cor|erp|a|ed
|s |oo|ed a| as suc|.
o
T| eodore ol |opsues||a |roWs ||a| sore express|ors ol 3cr|p|ure
s|ou|d ro| oe |a|er |||era||y. le |r|es |o |r|egra|e a |ypo|ogy |r|o ||s v|eW
z. Cl. 3c|auo||r, ur|ersuc|urger, 1o8, b. 8u||rarr, 0|e Fxegese des T|eodor
vor
|opsues||a(pos||urous ed. oy l. le|d ard K. l. 3c|e|||e, 3|u||gar|, 18|), -
1oz.
Cl. a|so |. l. w||es, T| eodore ol |opsues||a as bepreser|a||ve ol ||e
Ar||oc|ere
3c|oo|(Caror|dge l|s|ory ol ||e 8|o|e 1, Caror|dge, 1;o), |8-1o.
o. Cl., e.g., lr ls zlrael (l0 oo,oo8C0).
1. Cl., e.g., lr ls;z(l0 oo,oz0-oA), see ourg, lror N|caea |o
C|a|cedor,
zo|l.
z. Cl., e.g., Corr. |r Jo| (|l. vos|e), see ourg, lror N|caea |o
C|a|cedor,zoo.
. Cl. 3c|auo||r, ur|ersuc|urger, 1;o.
|. Cl. Ca|. lorl 118l. (||rgara), seeourg, lror N|caea |o C|a|cedor,zoo,
zo.
. Cl., e.g., Ca|. lorvlll 11(zoTorreau), lr l
arad T| ess.v |(ll 3We|e), see
Norr|s, |ar|ood, 1oo-1;z, ourg, lror N|caea |o C|a|cedor,zoo, 8. 3|uder, la
r|l|ess|ore |eo|og|a re||a C||esa |rper|a|e (sec. lv e v)(bore, 18), z, 1;1.
o. l| |s rever||e|ess ro| rear| ||a| ar ar||que au||or rus| recessar||y |ave
|ad
suc| ar oojec||ve v|eW as |s deduced lror a roderr |errereu||ca| perspec||ve.
zzoT| ree la|r|s||c lerrereu||cs
ol ||s|ory W||c| |e urders|ards as oe|rg ar |rage ol lu|ure |||rgs, rare|y
||e ever|s ol ||e C|r|s||ar per|od,
;
||e ||s|ory ol lsrae| |r ||s deve|oprer|
po|r|s |oWards C|r|s||ar||y. Fvery|||rg |as ||s rear|rg |r |errs ol ||e lu|ure
W||c| roW oecores preser|. T| us a pas| ever| s|oWs a s|r||ar||y or re|a||ors||p
W||| ||e preser| ||re.
8
A |ex| car, ||erelore, |ave a douo|e rear|rg. ||e
||s|or|ca| serse ard ||a| ol a |ypos, W||c| |s ||e preroga||ve ol ||a| ||re
correspord|rg |o ||e |ex| |r regard |o ||s recorded c|rcurs|arces, ard||e serse
re|a|ed |o ||e preser| ||re evo|v|rg ou| ol ||e a|ready es|ao||s|ed lu|ure.
T|e |ypos|s, rever||e|ess, suojec| |o a ruroer ol cr||er|a, ||a| |s, || |s suojec|
|o d|spara|e cor|ex|s ol d|llerer| ||res

ard |o ||e lac| ||a| ||e pas| |as |o

ours| ||s oWr scope (:po\).
|o
0r|y oecause ||e pas| |s ro| res|r|c|ed |o
||se|l, ou| |as a rear|rg W||c| |s |rpor|ar| lor aro||er perspec||ve ol ||re,
a rarra||ve ol ||e o| car oe seer as |yposol aro||er ever|.
T| e o| |s re|a|ed |o ||e r| oy ||e |err |yposlror ar ||s|or|ca| po|r|
ol v|eW. 8y ||e sare |o|er, 3cr|p|ure as a W|o|e |s rear| |o oe ol uselor
peop|e oy ex|o|||rg exarp|es accord|rg |o ||e c|ass|ca| pr|rc|p|e de|ec|are
e| prodesse(|o erjoy ard |o oe ol use).
|1
we are |o oe educa|ed oy |rs|ruc||or ard corso|a||or ard so ||e |r|erpre|a||or ol
3cr|p|ure |s|r ||e serse
ol T| eodore|rcorpora|ed |r|o a C|r|s||ar pas|ora| urders|ard|rg.
|z
A
o|o||ca| |ex| a|so opers ||se|l up ||roug| exerp|aryapp||ca||or |o ar ac|ua|
s||ua||or, ro| |r ||e serse ol roderr ac|ua||z|rg |erderc|es, so ruc| as ||
prov|des a cor|ex| lor ||e ||s|ory ol sa|va||or.
|
l|s|orycar, ||erelore, oe seer
(e.g., |r respec| |o T| eodore ol |opsues||a) urder ||ree aspec|s W||c| are
|r|erWover. as ar ever| |r ||e pas| (|r ||e serse ol ||s|or|sc|), as a ||s|or|ca|
133
(gesc||c||||c|) deve|oprer|, ard as pas|ora| (exerp|ary) prac||ce. l| |s s||ua|ed
aga|rs| a r|e|or|ca| oac|grourd W||c| assures cer|a|r p|||osop||ca|
prer|ses (rejec||or or rod|l|ca||or ol l|a|or|c assurp||ors) ard ||eo|og|-;. Cl.,
e.g., lr bor,1z(l0 oo,;8), see 8u||rarr, Fxegese, 1ol., 3|rore|||,
le||era,1o8.
8. Cl. lr Joe|z,z8ll. (1wegrerr).
. Cl. lr ||c||,1-(|wegrerr), lr Jorlrael (z;wegrerr).
|o. Cl. lr Joe|z,z8ll. (1owegrerr), see 3c|auo||r, ur|ersuc|urger, 1ol.,
8u||rarr, Fxegese,1o;, 3|rore|||, le||era, 1;z, ourg, lror N|caea |o
C|a|cedor, zo.
|1. Cl. 8. 3|uder, `0e|ec|are e| prodesse.Zu e|rer 3c||usse|Wor| der
pa|r|s||sc|er
Fxegese,' |r 3|uder, 0or|rus 3a|va|or, |1-o1, a|so 3|rore|||, le||era,1;lor
T|eodore.
|z. Cl. 3c|auo||r, ur|ersuc|urger, 1oz-o.
|. Cl. 0o|rer, `vor v|e|lac|er 3c|r|l|s|rr,' zo.
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| zz13p|r||ua| Fxeges|s zz1
ca| rel|ec||ors.
||lr ||e case ol T| eodore ||ese ||eo|og|ca| rel|ec||ors are
pr|rar||y aoou| c|r|s|o|ogy ard ||eo|ogy ol reve|a||or.
|
3|r||ar||y ore car s|a|e lor 0regory ol Nyssa ||a| ||s exege||ca| ellor|s
are ro| or|y dor|ra|ed oy ||e s|r|v|rg |oWards a pure |r|erpre|a||or ol a
o|o||ca| |ex|. T| ey are accorpar|ed oy a pro|rep||c aspec| ard ||e |r|er||or
|o ler||||ze 3cr|p|ure, as car oe s|oWr |r 0e v||a |oys|s|o
or ||e lor|||es
or ||e Car||c|e.
|;
A|||oug| |e Wor|s W||| s|r||ar prerequ|s||espro|rep||c
ard pas|ora| |r|er||or respec||ve|y as We|| as W||| a oroad agreerer| ol ||e
r|e|or|ca| ||rus|
|8
0regory |r|es |o urders|ard 3cr|p|ure |r ||e serse ol
||eor|a | a||egor|a.
|T| |s s|ou|d ro| oe seer as exaggera|ed specu|a||or, lor
|r ||e v||a |oys|s0regory relers aga|r ard aga|r |o ||s|ory |r order |o l|rd a
super|or serse |r a secord s|ep.
oT| |s |erdercy carro| s|rp|y oe d|sr|ssed
oy argu|rg ||a|, |r gerera|, 0regory or|y |r|es |o l|rd prel|gura||ors ol C|r|s|
|r ||e o|. l|s v|eW ol ||eor|a, W||c| |s a| ||e oas|s ol ||s |r|erpre|a||or, |s
correc|ed a|soW||| or|o|ogy.
0regory ol Nyssa ||oug|| ol ||e d|llererce oe|Weer ||e crea|ed ard
||e urcrea|ed as a oas|c d|s||rc||or oerea|| ||a| ol ||e sersua| ard ||e
|r|e|||g|o|e.
1
bea|||y |r ||s er||re|y |s |a|d ou| |r space ard ||re, ||us oe|rg
c|arac|er|zed oy d|s|arce (ipd ard idi). Fvery|||rg W||c| |s
cors|||u|ed oy d|s|arce or ex|ers|or d|llers recessar||y lror ary|||rg e|se
||. Cl. C. Karrerg|esser, `0|e 8|oe|, W|e s|e |r der lru|er K|rc|e ge|eser Wurde.
0|e pa|r|s||sc|e Fxegese urd ||re vorausse|zurger,' Corc(0)z;(11). z-o,
|ere
o, Jacoo, `A||egorese,' 1;.
|. Cl., e.g., b. A. 0reer, T| eodore ol |opsues||a. Fxege|e ard T|
eo|og|ar(lordor
1o1), 11z-1, ourg, lror N|caea |o C|a|cedor,zo;l.
|o. Cl. v|oysl 8-1(|,1o-;,|usur|||o).
|;. Cl. Car| lro|(,1-1,z1largeroec|).
|8. Cl., e.g., A. 3p|ra, `b|e|or|| urd T| eo|og|e |r der 0raoreder 0regors vor
Nyssa,' 3|la|r(1oo). 1oo-1|, C. K|oc|, ur|ersuc|urger zu 3||| urd b|y||rus
oe|
0regor vor Nyssa. F|r 8e||rag zur b|e|or||vers|ardr|s der gr|ec||sc|er
va|er(lrar|lur|, 18;), l. |. |e|ssrer, b|e|or|| urd T| eo|og|e. 0er 0|a|og
0regors vor Nyssa 0e
Ar|ra e| besurrec||ore(lrar|lur|, 11).
|. Cl. v|oysll |(|,11l. |usur|||o), or ||e W|o|e proo|er cl., e.g., 0.-l.
0argaro, la Teor|a d| 0regor|o d| N|ssa su| Car||co de| Car||c|. lrdag|re su
a|cure |rd|caz|or| d| re|odo esege||co(bore, 181), -z||.
o. Cl., e.g., v|oysll |zl (|,1-1|usur|||o), v|oysll 1(|;,z1-|8,||usur|||o).
1. Cl., e.g., Furl z;l (1oo,1z-zJaeger), or |||s aspec| cl. A. A. |oss|arrer,
`T| e Crea|ed ard ||e urcrea|ed |r 0regory ol Nyssa Cor|ra Furor|ur 1,1o-
11,' |r F| Cor|ra Furor|ur l er |a producc|or |||erar|a de 0regor|o de N|sa(ed.
l. l.
|a|eo-3eco ard J.l. 8as|ero, larp|ora, 188), -;.
zzzT| ree la|r|s||c lerrereu||cs
134
|r order |o oe ex|s|er| ard recogr|zao|e as ||e sare er|||y.
zT| |s |s |r c|ear
d|s||rc||or lror 0od lor W|or, as ||e urcrea|ed, ore carro| assure ary
ex|ers|or oecause ||er |e Wou|d |ave |o oe d|llerer| |r ||rse|l accord|rg
|o ||s ra|ure. As 0od |s seer oy 0regory as idov

ard |rl|r||e,
|
oe|rg rade |||e 0od car or|y oe descr|oed as perpe|ua| progress lor |urar
oe|rgs,

ou| ro| as ur|or |r ||e l|o||r|ar serse.

o
T| e ||rgu|s||c |eve| correspords |o |||s oas|c or|o|og|ca| s|ruc|ure adop|ed oy
0regory. |arguage oased or ||s oWr ipd |as p|ys|ca| aspec|s
W||c| deperd or ||e lorr ol ||e sourd (|r accordarce |o ||e 3|o|c ||eory).;
l| car or|y |radequa|e|yexpress ||oug||s oecause ||ey do ro| |ave a s|r||ar
ex|ers|or ever ||oug| ||ey are d|llerer| |r ||erse|ves. As every|||rg crea|ed,
|rc|ud|rg ||e (crea|ed) |r|e|||g|o|e rea|r, |s c|arac|er|zed oy d|llererce,
|arguage |as ||s rear|rg |r |errs ol ra||rg ||e descr|p||or ol d|ll ererce
poss|o|e, |r |||s serse || c|arac|er|zes ||e crea|ed order as a W|o|e |r respec|
|o ||s oe|rg d|llerer||a|ed.
8
As |arguage (ard ||erelore a|so ||e o|o||ca| |ex|)
car or|y descr|oe
rea|||y as a W|o|e, ou| ro| ||e urcrea|ed W|||ou| ipd, |arguage or|y
z. Cl. T. l. verg|ese, `LlAZTl|A ard LlAZTAZlZ|r 0regory ol Nyssa.
lr|roduc||or |o a corcep| ard ||e pos|rg ol a proo|er,' |r 0regor vor Nyssa urd
d|e
l|||osop||e(ed. l. 0orr|e, |. A||erourger, ard u. 3c|rarr, le|der, 1;o), z|-
oo
(W||| ||e relererces |o 0regory).
. Cl. Furl 1;o(;,l. Jaeger).
|. Cl., e.g., v|oysl ;(|,8|usur|||o), esp. F. |u||eroerg |as po|r|ed |o ||e
proo|ers ol ||e |rl| r||y ol 0od deduc|rg |||s corcep||or esp. lror Cor|ra
Furor|ur
(cl. F. |u||eroerg, 0|e urerd||c||e|| 0o||es oe| 0regor vor Nyssa. 0regors
Kr|||| ar
0o||esoegr|llder ||ass|sc|er |e|ap|ys||[0o|||rger, 1oo|). l carro| d|scuss ||s
pos|||or |ere, sore cr|||ca| rerar|s car oe lourd, e.g., |r w. u||rarr, `0er
|og|sc|e
urd der ||eo|og|sc|e 3|rr des urerd||c||e||soegr|lles |r der 0o||es|e|re 0regors
vor Nyssa, 8|jdrager|8(18;). 1o-;1.
. Cl. v|oys ll z;-(11o,-z|usur|||o).
o. 0r l|o||rus cl., e.g., w. 8e|erWa||es, `l|o||rs p|||osop||sc|e |ys|||,' |r
0rurdlrager c|r|s|||c|er |ys|||(ed. |. 3c|r|d| ard 0. b. 8auer, 3|u||gar|, 18;),
-|,
|ere |-|;(W||| relererces |o l|o||rus).
;. Cl., e.g., Furll zo;-zo(z8,1;-z8o,oJaeger), see T. Koousc|, `Nare urd
3e|r.
Zu der sprac|p|||osop||sc|er 0rurd|ager |r der 3c|r|l| Cor|ra Furor|urdes
0regor vor Nyssa,' |r F| Cor|ra Furor|ur l er |a producc|or |||erar|a de
0regor|o
de N|sa(ed. l. l. |a|eo-3eco ard J. l. 8as|ero, larp|ora, ), - , |ere 188z|;o8
l. zo
8. Cl. A. A. |oss|arrer, `0|sc|os|rg ou| ro| 0|sc|osed. 0regory ol Nyssa as
0ecors|ruc||or|s|,' |r 3|ud|er zu 0regor vor Nyssa urd der c|r|s|||c|er
3pa|ar|||e(ed.
l. b. 0roorer ard C. K|oc|, le|der, 1o), -1z, |ere 1ool.
. Cl. |oss|arrer, `0|sc|os|rg,' 11;-1.
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| zz3p|r||ua| Fxeges|s zz
erao|es us |o grasp ||e |rl|r||e oe|rg, 0od, |r |errs ol d|llererce. lor
0regory, oe|rg rade |||e 0od ard par||c|pa||or |r 0od rear ||a| ||e
a|r rus| oe |o reac| ||e or|g|ra| s|a|e ol |urar||rd oelore ||e la|| ard,
||us, a||a|r |o ||e c|oses| poss|o|e prox|r||y |o 0od,
oo
W|||s| ||e d|s|arce
|o 0od car rever oe overcore
o1
|| |s recessary lor us |o s|r|ve |oWards ||e
|r|e|||g|o|e oy d|scard|rg a|| ||a| |s a||er.
ozT| |s roverer| |aWards 0od |s
par||cu|ar|y lourded |r Neop|a|or|sr.
135
o
l| Was ass|r||a|ed |r a C|r|s||ar
cor|ex| oy 0regory ol Nyssa. T| e |erdercy ol approx|ra||or |oWards ||e
|r|e|||g|o|e oeyord ||e sersua| |s red|a|ed oy ||e ||rgu|s||c lorr. oy us|rg
||e |arguage ol d|llererce ore s|ou|d u|||ra|e|y oe ao|e |o |rarscerd ||e
d|llererce. Accord|rg |o 0regory, |eep|rg s||er| oelore ||e rys|ery ol 0od
(|rl|r||y) Wou|d oe ||e ros| rear|rglu| resporse as |arguage cors|ar||y
rera|rs W||||r ||e ||r||s ol d|llererce.
o|
lr order |o ra|e ||e C|r|s||ar
ressage p|aus|o|e ard access|o|e lor us,o
||e |urar oe|rg (|ere ||e |eac|er
W|o |s qua||l|ed lor ||e |as|)
oo
|s |rv||ed |o spea| aoou| 0od W||||r ||s or |er
||r||s ever ||oug| |||s W||| a|Ways rera|r |radequa|e. A|||oug| ||e ever|s
|r ||e ||s|ory ol sa|va||or are d|ll erer||a|ed W||||r ||erse|ves (asever|s) a||
|urar oe|rgs s|ou|d |ry |o overcore ||e d|llerer||a||or ard |o |r||a|e ||e
ur||y ol 0od ||rse|l. 0regory ||us lrequer||y uses ||e |rage ol |a||rg oll
ore's c|o||es (s|oes),
o;
W|er |e relers |o ||e |rarscerderce ol ||e sersua|,
|r order |o s|oW a super|or serse ol 3cr|p|ure as ara|og|ca| ascer|. w||||r
||e roverer| |oWards 0od, ||e re|ap|or (e.g., ||e re|ap|or ol ||g||) |s ||e
oo. Cl. l. |er||, ;l0ZlZ 0F0l. vor der p|a|or|sc|er Arg|e|c|urg ar 0o||
zur
0o||a|r||c||e|| oe| 0regor vor Nyssa(lre|ourg |. ue., 1z), e.g., |-1z|.
o1. Cl. 0regory ol Nyssa, Car|(18,1z-1largeroec|), see |.-8. v. 3|r||z|y,
Zur
lroo|er der Fr|err|r|s oe| 0regor vor Nyssa(|urs|er, 1;), ;.
oz. Cl. v|oysll zo1(1o,|-1z|usur|||o), see 0. wa|sor, `0regory ol Nyssa's
use
ol l|||osop|y |r ||e l|le ol |oses,' lT| (18;). 1oo-11z, |ere 1o1l.
o. Cl. 0. wa|sor, `0regory,' 1o1l., w. 8e|erWa||es, 3e|os|er|err|r|s urd
Frla|rurg
der F|r|e||. l|o||rs Frreade v . Tex|, uoerse|zurg, lr|erpre|a||or,
Fr|au|erurger
(lrar|lur|, 11), z1.
o|. Cl. Fcc|;(|1o,;l. A|exarder), see 0. Carao|re, `0regory ol Nyssa or ||e
lrcorpre|ers|o||||y ol 0od,' |r T| e be|a||ors||p oe|Weer Neop|a|or|sr ard
C|r|s||ar||y
(ed. T. l|rar ard v. TWorey, 0uo||r, 1z), ;-, |ere |, A. |ered|||, `lor||y
l,' |r 0regory ol Nyssa. lor|||esor Fcc|es|as|es. Ar Frg||s| vers|or W|||
3uppor||rg
3|ud|es(ed. 3. 0. la||, 8er||r, 1), 1|-8, |ere 1|.
o. Cl. 0r Ca|z(11;,;l. 3raW|ey), see |e|ssrer, b|e|or||,1o.
oo. Cl. |e|ssrer, b|e|or||, -|zardoased upor |||s s|udyF. lero||,
l|l|a|or|sro e |'ar|ropo|og|a l||osol| ca d| 0regor|o d| N|sa. Cor par||co|are
r|ler|rer|o ag||
|rl| uss| d| l|a|ore, l|o||ro e lorl|r|o(|||ar, ), - . 1ooo
o;. Cl. v|oysll zo1(1o,|-1z|usur|||o).
zz|T| ree la|r|s||c lerrereu||cs
appropr|a|e, a|||oug| s|||| |radequa|e, poss|o||||y ore |as |o spea| ol oe|rg
rade |||e 0od. Trarscerd|rg ||e sersua|, re|ap|or ard ara|ogy are a|so
||e esser||a| e|erer|s |o deve|op ||e ||s|or|a(ol 0od) as ||eor|a|a||egor|a
lor |urar oe|rgs.
o8
T| us, || |s ev|der| ||a| 0regory ol Nyssa ard T| eodore ol |opsues||a
ra|e |Wo oas|c assurp||ors W||c| car oe |r|erpre|ed as corror grourd. 1)
T| e lourda||or ol every |r|erpre|a||or ol 3cr|p|ure |s ||s|ory, z) 3cr|p|ure |s
|o oe re|a|ed |o ||e corrur||y ol ||e oe||evers. 0esp||e ||e corror r|e|or|ca|-
grarra||ca| |rad|||or, ||e d|llererce ||es pr|rar||y |r |oW ard oy W||c|
||eo|og|ca|-p|||osop||ca| re||ods||s|ory |s re|a|ed |o ||e readersa ||s|ory
W||c| lor ||e l|rs| ||re corlror|s ||e oe||evers W||| a c|ear d|s|arce. T| |s
|s dore ||roug| ||e |err |yposard a rod|l|ed a||||ude |oWards l|a|or|sr
(T| eodore) or oy ||e |rp|erer|a||or ard corsc|ous |r|egra||or (i)
o
ol
a||egory, W||c| (desp||e ||e 3|o|c |rl| uerces) |as |o oe urders|ood |r |errs ol
||s l|a|or|c presuppos|||ors. l| lo||oWs ||a| ar exeges|s W||c| |r|es |o |r|egra|e
||e ac|ua| s||ua||or ol oe||evers oeg|rs W||| ||s|ory, ou| ||e red|a||or ol
||s|ory |s s|ruc|ured oy a secord e|erer|, ||us |ead|rg |o a serse ol 3cr|p|ure
W||c| lo||oWs recessar||y lror ||s|ory, ou| |s d|llerer| lror ||.
c. 3yrc|ror|c ard 0|ac|ror|c bead|rg ol ||e 8|o|e. Ar 0u||oo|
136
T|e d|llerer| a||erp|s |o urders|ard ||e 8|o|e corverge |r ||a| 0od |as
ac|ed |r ||s|ory, ard ||erelore ever|s ol ||e pas| are |o|d W||c| |ave rea||y
|a|er p|acelror a perspec||ve ol d|s|arce.
;o
8u| 3cr|p|ure does ro| or|y
der|ve rear|rg oecause || |rlorrs a reader ol pas| ever|s, || does ro| or|y
supersede ||s|or|ca| lac|s ard red|a|e a g|or|l|ed p|c|ure ol ||e pas| lor a
corrur||y W||c| re||es or ar |rsp|red ooo|. T| |s carro| oe |rue oecause
|| seers |o oe very proo|era||c |o spea| ol lac|sW||c| car oe cor|erp|a|ed
W||||r ||erse|ves ard W||c| s|ou|d oe |so|a|ed as oru|a lac|a. 3uc| a v|eW
Wou|d oe rea||zed or|y |l ||s|or|ca| ever|s d|d ro| deperd or ||e |r|erpre|er
as We||. l|s|ory |s, ||erelore, a|Ways ar |r|erpre|ed ||s|ory (|r ||e serse ol
0esc||c||e). l| |s |rue lor caror|ca| recep||or ||a| ||e 8|o|e ard ||e c|urc|
rever ex|s|ed separa|e|y. lerce lor soreore |r ar||qu||y, 3cr|p|ure |as ||s
o8. Cl. |. N. Fsper, A||egor|e urd Ara|og|e oe| 0regor vor Nyssa(8orr, 1;),
z8-o, -8|.
o. Cl. C. 0r|||a, XllZlZ. 0|e |e||ode der K|rc|erva|er |r urgarg r|| der
ar|||er Ku||ur l. 0er 8egr|lldes `rec||er 0eorauc|s'(8ase|, 18|), C. 0r|||a,
XllZlZ.
0|e |e||ode der K|rc|erva|er |r urgarg r|| der ar|||er Ku||ur ll. Ku||ur urd
Corvers|or(8ase|, 1).
;o. Cl. Kerr ard N|erarr, T|eo|og|sc|e Fr|err|r|s|e|re,;zl.
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| zz3p|r||ua| Fxeges|s zz
proper serse or|y |l || |s |r|erpre|ed |r ||e c|urc| ard lor ||e c|urc|,
;1
s||ua|ed |r a corpre|ers|ve ||s|ory ol sa|va||or.
;z
lr |||s cor|ex|, ||e |||era| serse ol 3cr|p|ure car oe seer as ||e rear|rg
ol ||e |ex|, |.e., |o rece|ve sore|||rg lror 3cr|p|ure W||||r a corpre|ers|o|e
process. `l||era|' reed ro| rear or|y ||a| rea| ||s|ory rus| oe |o|d
s|ep oy s|ep, ou| ||a| ||e |ex| s|re|c|ed ou| so |o spea| `|r space' |rc|udes
re|ap|ors ard |eads |o ||e |dea ol 0od |r roverer| W||||r ||e ||re ol
|urar o|ograp|y. A syrc|ror|c read|rg W||c| urders|ards `|||era|' or|y
|r a lurdarer|a||s||c serse carro| oe |rue oecause rear|rgs are ro| oe
red|a|ed a||s|or|ca||y.;
ba||er, || |s ||e ||s|ory ol groups (corrur|||es)
ard s|rg|e persors W||c| |s corlror|ed|r a d|ac|ror|c s|ep oecause ol ||e
cor||ru||y ol ||e w|r|urgsgesc||c||e(||s|ory ol recep||or) |r ||reW|||
||e preserce ol ||e |ex| ol 3cr|p|ure W|||ou| 3cr|p|ure ||se|l oe|rg reduced
|o a s|a||c |cor ol our oWr (ero||ora|) oe|av|or. Narra||ves, |r ||e serse ol
||s|or|es, are oe|rg |o|d |r a reW Way lor a reW ||s|or|ca| cor|ex| (e.g., ||e
d|llerer| gospe|s W||| ||e|r pas|ora| s||ua||ors), ||erelore, a d|ac|ror|c read|rg
recessar||y oe|orgs |o ||e |ex| ||se|l, ard || seers p|aus|o|e lor ||e read|rg
ol 3cr|p|ure |o represer| ||e |ex| urder c|arg|rg cord|||ors |r d|ac|ror|c
||re, lor exarp|e, |r ||e |||urgy.
;|T| e approac| |o ||e 8|o|e as ||s|or|a ard
a||egor|a, car oe seer urder soc|o-cu||ura| cord|||ors. T| e s|rg|e oe||ever
W|o War|s |o l|rd ||s||er |der|||y
;
W||||r ||e preserce ol ||e ||s|ory ol
sa|va||or |s a par| ol a syrc|ror|c corrur||y ol la||| W||c| |s aga|r par|
ol a d|ac|ror|c corrur||y ol la|||.
;oT| us, a |ex| car a|sooe urders|ood
lror ||e s|ardpo|r| ol a (pas|ora|) ||s|ory ol recep||or ard||e |r|eres| |r
||e or|g|ra| se|||rg ol ||e |ex|.
;;
;1. Cl. Karrerg|esser, `8|oe|,' zo, z8, 0o|rer, `vor v|e|lac|er 3c|r|l|s|rr,' zo,
Jacoo, `A||egorese,' 1z, 1;-1oo.
;z. Cl. or a corpre|ers|ve, sys|era||c cor|ex| l. |||deroerger, 8|o||sc|e
0ogra|||.
F|re o|o||sc|e T| eo|og|e |r dogra||sc|er lerspe|||ve.vo|. 1. lro|egorera.
vers|e|er
urd 0e||urg der 8|oe|(3|u||gar|, 11), oz-;1.
;. Cl. b. 0. w||||ars, `T| e l||era| 3erse ol 3cr|p|ure,' |oderr T|eo|ogy;
(11)
1z1-|, |ere 1z-z.
;|. Cl. w||||ars, `l||era| 3erse,' 1zo-z, 0. |ors|ouWer, `T| e bead|rg ol ||e
3cr|p|ures |r ||e Far|y C|urc|,' 8|jdrager |(1). ;-;1.
;. Cl. F. burgga|d|er, `lersorer urd d|ac|rore lder|||a|,' l|J(1z). zoz-
8o,
l. lorrele|der, `0er 3|re|| ur d|e lersor |r der F||||,' |r Ja|res- urd
Tagurgsoer|c|| der 0orresgese||sc|al|1z(laderoorr, 1z), |o-o8, |ere 8.
;o. Cl. 0o|rer, `vor v|e|lac|er 3c|r|l|s|rr,' z|l.
137
;;. Cl. 0o|rer, `vor v|e|lac|er 3c|r|l|s|rr,' o, |, oz, cl. a|so b. warr|rg,
bezep||orsas||e|||. T| eor|e urd lrax|s(zd ed., |ur|c|, 1;), l. l|r|,
zzoT| ree la|r|s||c lerrereu||cs
8ecause ||e d|ac|ror|c |r|erpre|a||or, as s|oWr accord|rg |o T|eodore
ol |opsues||a ard 0regory ol Nyssa, ra|es |rp||c|| or exp||c|| p|||osop||ca|
assurp||ors, ||e |eve| ol |r|erpre|a||or car oe seer as a cor|ex|ua||zed
ard cor|ex|ua||z|rg relererce
;8|o 3cr|p|ure. T| us, ||e ||eore||ca| s|a|us
ol p|||osop|y |s ro| jus| ar ex|erra| app||ca||or |o a `pure' o|o||ca| |ex|.
l|||osop|y |as ar or|g|ra| lurc||or lor corcep||ors W||||r ar adequa|e
|r|erpre|a||or ex|erded W||||r ||re.
;
lr |||s serse||s|or|aard a||egor|aare
s||ua|ed |r ||e |ex|ure ol ||e r|e|or|ca|-grarra||ca| |rad|||or, ol p|||osop|y
ard ||eo|ogy, eroedded |r a d|ac|ror|c pas|ora| prac||ce ol ||e ||s|ory ol
sa|va||or. T| |s does ro| |rp|y, |r our v|eW, a re|urr |o a precr|||ca| ||re ol
exeges|s,
8o
ou| ar urders|ard|rg ol ||e exeges|s ol d|llerer| cor|ex|s ard
||e|rrespec||ve cord|||ors.
o|o||ograp|y
8e|erWa||es, w. 0er|er des F|rer. 3|ud|er zur reup|a|or|sc|er l|||osop||e urd
||rer
w|r|urgsgesc||c||.lrar|lur|, 18.
8|erer|, w. A. 'A||egor|a' urd 'Aragoge' oe| 0|dyros der 8||rder vor A|exardr|a.
8er||r, 1;z.
8ull|re, l. les |y||es d'lorre e| |a lersee 0recque.lar|s, 1;.
C|r|s||arser, l. 0|e Tec|r|| der a||egor|sc|er Aus|egurgsW|ssersc|al|oe| l|||or
vor
A|exardr|er.Tuo|rger, 1o.
bezep||orslorsc|urg. F|re F|rlu|rurg |r |e||oder urd lroo|ere(zd ed.,
3|u||gar|,
18o), J. 0r|||a, `0|e w|r|urgsgesc||c||e a|s Zugarg zur vers|ardr|s der
8|oe|,'
|T|Z|o(18). 1-oz.
;8. 0r |||s d|llerer||a||or cl. l. 8eer, Kor|ex|ue||e T| eo|og|e. uoer|egurger zu
||rer
sys|era||sc|er 0rurd|egurg (80T zo, laderoorr, 1).
;. Cl. A. J. 8uc|er, `le|deggers |e|ap|ys|||r|||| a|s N|||||srus-T| erap|e oder.
0as Frde der |e|ap|ys|| a|s Arlarg s|rrvo||er 3e|rsvers|ardr|sses,' |r
|e|ap|ys||
|r ur-re|ap|ys|sc|er Ze||(ed. F. Core||, 0usse|dorl, 18), |-o8, |ere o|l. (der
l|||osop||e |orr| lur e|re adaqua|e, ze||-ex|ers|ve lr|erpre|a||or e|re or|g|rare
Korzep||orslur|||or zu). Cl. a|so |. lrar|, 0as |rd|v|due||e A||gere|re.
Tex|s|ru||ur|erurg urd -|r|erpre|a||or rac| 3c||e|errac|er(lrar|lur|, 18),
b. la|rer, `A||egor|ca|, l|||o|og|ca|, ard l|||osop||ca| lerrereu||cs. T|ree
|odes
|r a Corp|ex ler||age,' |r 3|. Kres|c (Fd.), Cor|erporary l||erary lerrereu||cs
ard
lr|erpre|a||or ol C|ass|ca| Tex|s(ed. 3. Kres|c, 0||aWa, 181), 1-z.
8o. Cl. Karrerg|esser, `8|oe|,' o, A. |. b|||er s|resses |||s po|r| correc||y
aga|rs|
C. Jacoo (cl. A. |. b|||er, rev|eW ol C. Jacoo, `Ar|ard|sz|p||r', A||egorese,
|ys|agog|e.
F|r reuer Zugarg zur T| eo|og|e des Aroros|us vor |a||ard[lrar|lur|, 1o| |r
TlZ
11[1||. zo-z, |ere zzaga|rs| Jacoo, `Ar|ard|sz|p||r,'11), or ||e
proo|er
see u. l. J. Kor|rer, `3c|r|l|urd 0e|s|. uoer leg|||r||a| urd 0rerzer
a||egor|sc|er
3c|r|l|aus|egurg,' NZ3T| o(1|). 1-1;.
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| zz;3p|r||ua| Fxeges|s zz;
0orr|e, l. `Zur |e||od|| ar|||er Fxegese.' ZNwo(1;|). 1z1-8.
Fsper, |. N. A||egor|e urd Ara|og|e oe| 0regor vor Nyssa.8orr, 1;.
l|sc|er, 8. `l||urg|egesc||c||e urd Fxegesegesc||c||e.' JAC ( ). - . o18;1
0argaro, 0.-l. la Teor|a d| 0regor|o d| N|ssa su| Car||co de| Car||c|. lrdag|re su
a|cure |rd|caz|or| d| re|odo esege||co.bore, . 181
0eroer, w.F., `Fsegese lll (NT u. A||e K|rc|e),' bAC . - . o1z11z
0r|||a, C. XllZlZ. 0|e |e||ode der K|rc|erva|er |r urgarg r|| der ar|||er
Ku||ur
l. 0er 8egr|lldes `rec||er 0eorauc|s.'8ase|, 18|, ll. Ku||ur urd Corvers|or.
8ase|, 1.
0reer, b. A. T| eodore ol |opsues||a, Fxege|e ard T| eo|og|ar. lordor, 1o1.
0oppe||, l. Typos. 0|e |ypo|og|sc|e 0eu|urg des A||er Tes|arer|s |r Neuer.
138
0arrs|ad|, 1o.
lerraux, J.-l. `3ers |ropo|og|que de |'Fcr||ure e| proo|res d'aujourd'|u|,' |r l'
F c r | -|ure, re de |a ||eo|og|e(ed. b. lalor|ar|e, e| a|.. 8russe|s, 1o), 1|-
1o1.
lorr, l.-J. `A||egorese auerc|r|s|||c|er Tex|e l.' TbFz.z;o-8.
Jacoo, C. `Ar|ard|sz|p||r,' A||egorese, |ys|agog|e. F|r reuer Zugarg zur T|
eo|og|e des
Aroros|us vor |a||ard.lrar|lur|, 1o.
Jooser, J.C. ard J. l. wasz|r|. `A||egorese.' bAC1.z8-.
Karrerg|esser, C. `0|e 8|oe|, W|e s|e |r der lru|er K|rc|e ge|eser Wurde. 0|e
pa|r|s||sc|e Fxegese urd ||re vorausse|zurger.' Corc(0) z;(11). z-o.
luoac, l. de. 0er ge|s||ge 3|rr der 3c|r|l|.F|rs|ede|r, 1z.
. Fxegse red|eva|e. les qua|re sers de |'Fcr||ure. vo|s. | lar|s, 1-1o|.
Neusc|aler, 8. 0r|geres a|s l|||o|oge.8ase|, 18;.
lep|r, J. |y||e e| a||egor|e. les or|g|res grecques e| |es cor|es|a||ors judeo-
c|re||erres.
zrd ed. lar|s, 1;o.
bever||oW, l. 0ral. Fpoc|er der 8|oe|aus|egurg, 1. vor A||er Tes|arer| o|s
0r|geres.
|ur|c|, . 1o
b|ra|d|, 0. `0|odoro d| Tarso, Ar||oc||a e |e read|or| de||a po|er|ca
ar||a||egor|s|a.'
Augus||r|arur (1). |o;-o.
3c|auo||r, C. ur|ersuc|urger zu |e||ode urd ler|url|der ar||oc|er|sc|er
Fxegese.
Co|ogre, . 1;|
3|rore|||, |. le||era e|o A||egor|a. ur cor|r|ou|o a||a s|or|a de||'eseges| pa|r|s||ca.
bore, 18.
3|erroerg, T., ed. Neue lorrer der 3c|r|l|aus|egurg?uaes||ores d|spu|a|ae
1|o.
lre|ourg, . 1z
3|uder, 8. la r|l|ess|ore |eo|og|a re||a C||esa |rper|a|e (sec. lv e v).bore,
. 18
. 0or|rus 3a|va|or. 3|ud|er zur C|r|s|o|og|e urd Fxegese der
K|rc|erva|er.bore,
1z.
w||||ars, b. 0. `T| e l||era| 3erse ol 3cr|p|ure.' |oderr T|eo|ogy;(11). 1z1-
|.
ourg, l. |. lror N|caea |o C|a|cedor. A 0u|de |o ||e l||era|ure ard ||s
8ac|grourd.
zrd ed. lordor, 188.
zz8T| ree la|r|s||c lerrereu||cs

T. 8o|r's spec|a| cor|r|ou||or s|rorg|y erp|as|zes ||e |rrer co|es|or ol ||e
pr|rc|p|es W||c| rade exeges|s `sp|r||ua|' lor pa|r|s||c |r|erpre|ers. A| ||e
core ol ||e|r |errereu||ca| cors|ruc|, ||ose |r|erpre|ers secured l|rs| ol a||
a percep||or ol ||s|ory, proper |o ||e rea|r ol o|o||ca| sp|r||ua|||y. l|s|ory's
oecor|rg `o|o||ca|' derarded ||e proper order ol success|or ard ||e |r||ra|e
corra|ura|||y ol o| ard r|. As ||e very source ol ||e|r exper|erce ol
la|||, ||e r| |urred ||e oe||evers |oWards a crea||ve re-Wr|||rg ol ||e o|. T| e
rore ||ey ass|r||a|ed ||e s|ory ol Jesus as rarra|ed oy ||e r| ||e rore ||ey
d|scovered ||a| ||e r| Was a|ready arrourced, or oe||er, `|rrarer|' |r ||e
o|. lerce ||e scr|p|ura| caror ol ||e c|urc|es corso||da|ed |r suc| a Way
||a| |r|erpre|ers |ad ro rore |o Worder W|e||er||e 3cr|p|ures coro|red
o| ard r| ou| or|y |oW||ey oes| coro|red lor de||ver|rg ||e|r ressage
ol sa|va||or.
lr ||e |||urg|ca| ce|eora||ors ol ||e|r corrur|||es, or |r ||e|r doc|r|ra|
||oug|| |r gerera|, ||e ear||es| C|r|s||ar corrur|||es lourd ||erse|ves
W|||ou| a proper |egacy |o cors|ruc| ar adequa|e d|scourse |o ar||cu|a|e
W|a| Was ros| or|g|ra| |r ||e|r o|o||ca| |errereu||cs. T| ey d|d ro| proceed
lror ooo| |o ooo| ard lror |r|erpre|er |o |r|erpre|er, |||e ||e raoo|s ol
||e|r ||re, ror cou|d ||ey exac||y redup||ca|e ||e approac| ol l|||o. Need|ess
|o say ||ey ao|orred ||e syroo||c read|rg ol arc|er| ry||s oy ||e|r pagar
cor|erporar|es. 0ver ||re ||ey gradua||y |earred |oW |o ou||d up ||e|r oWr
|errereu||ca| sys|er oy reac||rg |o a|| ||ese c|rcurs|ar||a| cor|ex|s, ou|
W|||ou| |os|rg s|g|| ol ||e|r or|g|ra| ard ura||erao|e locus |r la|||. T|ey
ray |ave |raged Jesus ||roug| rore ard rore ex|ravagar| corpar|sors,
ou| ||e|r |ouc|s|ore rera|red W|a| ||ey ca||ed ||e `ru|e ol la|||.'
w||| ||e recogr|||or ol ||e |rpor|arce ol a rereWed urders|ard|rg ol
||e `sp|r||ua| serse' ol 3cr|p|ure, ||e s|udy ol `|ypo|ogy' ard `a||egory' as
||e |Wo pror|rer| aspec|s ol pa|r|s||c exeges|s roved |o cer|er s|age |r ||e
sc|o|ars||p |r ||e l|ve decades lo||oW|rg wor|d war ll.
|||. Typo|ogy. T|e lr|erpre||ve ur||y ol 8o|| Tes|arer|s
139
1. Type. o, |ypus, l|gura, (|rago, lorra, ell| c|es)
A `|ype' or|g|ra||y rear| a `o|oW' (o, percu||o), as ar orac|e |rarsr|||ed
oy lerodo|us, l|s|or|esl o;, |, or ||e `rar|' ol a o|oW, as |r a ly||agorear
ru|e repea|ed oy l|u|arc|, 0e g|or|a A||er|ers|ur1, |(8c). o% o
v \pv, `||e rar|s ol ||e o|oWs,' a rear|rg s|||| preserved |r Jo|r zo.
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| zz3p|r||ua| Fxeges|s zz
z, `||e rar| ol ||e ra||s'-v ov v <\v (seer oy T| oras or ||e
|ards ol ||e r|ser C|r|s|). l| ga|red a rore gerera| re|evarce as `l|gure,'
`|rage,' |r Aesc|y|os, 3ever Aga|rs| T| eoes|88, 3op|oc|es, Fur|p|des, a|so
as `dral|' or `ou|||re,' |r l|a|o, bepll ;;o, lll |oe, vl |1c, Cra||ze, ard
Ar|s|o||e, F|| N|cll z, as `approx|ra|e cor|er|' ol a Wr|||rg, |r ||e |xx
(1|c 1.z) ard ||e r| (Ac|s z.z), |a|er |r Jaro||c|us, v|| ly||z, 1o,
, z. T| e r|re|eer occurrerces ol |ypos|r r| oear ro cors|s|er| |ec|r|ca|
s|gr|l|carce. T| e ro||or |as a ||eo|og|ca| corro|a||or or|y |r br .1|,
`Adar W|o |s a |ype.' l|||o ra|es lrequer| use o |r ||e gerera| serse
ol `rode|,' `lorr.' T| e raoo|s use || |r ||e sare Way.
lor ||e ear||es| c|urc| oe||evers, `|ypes' Were o|o||ca| lac|s|org oelore
||ey oecare spec|l|c |ssues lor C|r|s||ar exege|es. T| e or|g|ra|||y, ell| c|ercy,
ard oov|ous re|evarce ol `|ypes' Was l|rs| ercour|ered |r oap||sra| |r|||a||ors, |r
euc|ar|s||c |||urg|es, ard |r ||e corrur||ar|ar s|ar|rg ol 3cr|p|ure.
T| erelore `|ypes' Were rore proc|a|red ||ar d|scussed, rore repea|ed |r
all| rra||ve ard |yrr|c rodes ||ar eroedded |r argurer|a||ve u||erarces.
Casua| or so|err, suc| all| rra||ors covered ||e W|o|e ecorory ol
o| oecause ||e sp|r||ua| re|evarce ol `|ypes' ex|erded |o a|| gerera||ors ol
oe||evers. 0r ||e |or|zor ol lsrae|'s ||s|ory, Adar as We|| as Aora|ar, Fve
as ruc| as 3ara|, W|er dec|ared `|ypes' oy C|r|s||ar |r|erpre|ers, gave a
rear|rg |o ||a| er||re ||s|ory.
lr o||er Words, ro `|ypes' a| a|| Wou|d |ave ererged |r C|r|s||ar ||oug||
|ad C|r|s||ars ro| |r|er||ed a spec|l|c |dea ol ||s|ory lror ||e o|o||ca| |rad|||or. l|
Was a perspec||ve ||a| res|ed or ||e lsrae|||e urders|ard|rg ol a
||v|rg |rad|||or oourd |o ||e laW, a |rad|||or |r W||c| ||e A|r|g||y ard ||s
c|oser peop|e |r|erac|ed. u|||ra|e|y ||a| |r|erac||or, pus|ed |o ||s |og|ca|
||r||s, exp|oded |r W|a| We ca|| ||e 0ospe| ever|, a |errereu||ca| ever| ol
rad|ca| re|r|erpre|a||or. T| e C|r|s||arrecep||or ol o| `|ypes' |s ore ol ||e
rary s|de ellec|s ol ||e 0ospe| ever|, |rarslorr|rg ||e oe||ev|rg |der|||y
ol 3au||lau| ard ol sore o||er re||g|ous JeWs. 0r ||e oroader |eve| ol |a|e
Ar||que cu||ure, C|r|s||ar |ypo|ogy, |ssu|rg lror ||e cruc|o|e ol ||e 0ospe|
ever|, |s a geru|re|y ||s|or|ca| percep||or |r ||re W||| c|ass|ca| ||s|or|ograp|y
accord|rg |o W||c| pas| peop|e ard ever|s Were accorded exerp|ar s|a|us, a
procedure very d|llerer| lror ||e sc|er||l|c oojec||v||y espoused oy roderr
||s|or|ars. lr ||e arc|er| ro||or ol ||s|ory ar ever| Was ro| ||e cause ol ||e
ore ||a| lo||oWs, ou| || Was ||s prel|gura||or (larrer, 1o).
lr ||e v|s|or ol `||s|ory' del|red oy arces|ra| oords oe|Weer lsrae| ard
||s 0od syroo||c va|ues Were rore |r|ers|l| ed ||ar aryW|ere e|se oecause ol
||e o|o||ca| cer|||ude ||a| ||e d|v|re ac||v||y lavor|rg ||e c|oser peop|e Was
|ead|rg soreW|ere, rare|y |o ||e u|||ra|e lu|l| ||rer| ol arc|er| pror|ses
ard prop|ec|es. T| a| expec|a||or Was dec|s|ve lor r| oe||evers. lor ||er
zoT| ree la|r|s||c lerrereu||cs
`|ypes' Were a| ||e sare ||re ||e Warrar|s ard||e ver|l|ca||ors ol ||e expec|ed
lu|l|||rer|. ||e l| gure ol C|r|s| `recap||u|a|ed' ||e l|gure ol Adar, lor
C|r|s|, |||e Adar, s|gr|l|ed lor |urar||y a v||a| oeg|rr|rg. T| e very ex|s|erce
ol Adar Was ro| sore|||rg |o oe prover, ou| ra||er ||e Adar|c `|ype' Was
corl|rred as erood|ed |r C|r|s|. No|||rg s|r||ar |appered aryW|ere e|se
ou|s|de ol ||e C|r|s||ar roverer|. lor |rs|arce |r l|||o's exeges|s ||e l|gures
ol Adar, Aora|ar, Jacoo ard o||ers are ||oroug||y a||egor|zed as syroo|s
ol la|||lu| a||||udes ard v|r|ues, ou| ||ey are ro| urders|ood as `|ypes.'
T| e lu|| rear|rg ol ||e |err |r pa|r|s||c ||oug|| oerel||s lror ||a| |org
||s|ory. accord|rg |o pa|r|s||c |r|erpre|ers a o|o||ca| `|ype' |s a persor, ar
ever| or ar |rs|||u||or W||| a |as||rg s|gr|l|carce W||c| erao|es ||a| persor,
ever| or |rs|||u||or |o s|gr|ly soreore or sore|||rg |r 0od's lu|ure ac||rg
|r ||s|ory. lr ary case, a `|ype,' as perce|ved oy pa|r|s||c au||ors, relers |o
rea| ard oojec||ve da|a. l| does ro| |rc|ude a||egor|ca| e|erer|s W||| |rag|ra||ve
aspec|s |rposed oy correr|a|ors. `ll oy |ypo|ogy We urders|ard ||a|
oes|des ||e |||era| rear|rg a secord rear|rg |s corro|ed ard |r|erded oy
||e d|v|re Au||or ol 3cr|p|ure, ard |l a||egory |rp||es ||e corp|e|e |oss ol
||e |||era| serse, ||er ||ere |s |r lau| very ruc| |ypo|og|ca| exeges|s, ard
|ard|y ||e case ol ||e a||egor|ca|.' (l. 8|aser, `3|. lau|'s use ol ||e o|,' T|eo|ogy
0|ges|z[1||. |-z, 1[quo|ed oy 8roWr 1, o|).
lr Ter|u|||ar's ||oug||, `|ypo|ogy s|ud|es ||e ||dder rear|rg ol ||e o|
|r l|guraeard sacrarer|aW|ose secre|s are revea|ed |o ||ose oap||zed |r|o
||e dea|| ol C|r|s|.' Ter|u|||ar's `cer|ra| |errereu||ca| |err' |s l|gura, `a
l|gurarus| |ave a oas|s |r ||s|ory |r order |o prel|gure sore|||rg' (0soorre
1;, 1z, 1o1). As F|c|rod|, quo|ed oy 3rar| pu|s ||. `Typo|ogy |s d|s||rgu|s|ed
lror a||egory oy ||e lac| ||a| || las|ers or|o ||e ||s|or|ca| rea|||y
140
ol ||e ever|, W|ere a||egory d|sregards ||e ||s|or|ca| rea|||y ard draWs ou|
a cor|erporary rear|rg ||a| |as ro|||rg |o do W||| ||e or|g|ra| ever|'
(F|c|rod| 1o, o|z, 3rar| 1o1, 1z). lr ||e Wa|e ol ||e |egacy ol 0r|ger
ol A|exardr|a, pa|r|s||c au||ors rever spo|e aoou| `|ypes' W|er correr||rg
or v|r|ues or re||g|ous lee||rgs, ||e W|o|e rea|r ol ||e suojec||ve exper|erce
oe|rg reserved oy ||er lor a||egor|sr.
lr add|||or, || |s |rpor|ar| |o ro|e ||a| pa|r|s||c recogr|||or ol `|ypes'
res|s or a s|r|c||y |||erary oas|s. Adar or ary o||er o| l| gure, ra|e or lera|e,
cou|d oe |a|er a| lace va|ue accord|rg |o ||e |||era| s|a|erer| rade aoou|
||er, as s|gr|ly|rg sore|||rg |rpor|ar| lor readers ol ||e r|. lerce `|ypes'
corl|rr ard gra||ly ||e a||er||or g|ver |o ||e ||||era, lar lror d|s|rac||rg
||a| a||er||or. Keep|rg ||e |ypo|og|ca| da|a ol 3cr|p|ure as o|o||ca| au||ors
|ad rarra|ed ||er |r ||e|r oWr ||re ard cor|ex|, pa|r|s||c |r|erpre|ers saW
|||s da|a |r a perspec||ve W||c| urexpec|ed|y er|arged ||s re|evarce. `|ypes'
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| z13p|r||ua| Fxeges|s z1
Were urders|ood |rs|de ||e dyrar|c ol a ur|l|ed o|o||ca| ||s|ory. lr rel|ec||rg
or ||e s|gr|l|carce ol |e|c||sede|, Arorose correr|s, 0e 0av|d11. `le
[|e|c||sede|| as a |ype, C|r|s| as ||e |ru||, lor ||e |ype |s |o oe a s|adoW
ol ||e |ru||,' |||e[|e|c||sedec|| |r |ypo, ||c[C|r|s|| |r ver||a|e. |ypus au|er
s|| urora ver||a||s. lor Augus||re, 3erro1, z, |yp|cerear| `l|gura||ve' or
`syroo||c', ard lor Ara|or z, ;||yp|cusequa|ed `syroo||c'. |yp|cae docurer|a
l|gurae, `prools ol ||e syroo||c l| gure.'
lr ac|ua| lac|, `|ypo|og|ca|' re|evarce |ad s|ar|ed |o ra|e serse |org
oelore C|r|s||ar||y, W|er o|o||ca| ||s|ory oegar |o oe cors|dered as a cor||ruous
sequerce ol ever|s, cover|rg rary cer|ur|es ard possess|rg ar |rrer |og|c ol ||s
oWr. As a pre|ude |o suc| a poWerlu| |errereu||ca| v|s|or,
|ypo|ogy Was a|ready a| Wor| |r ||e o|, lor exarp|e |r 0eu|ero-lsa|a| W|ere
a reW exodus |s proc|a|red (ls |.18-z1), or |r z3r ;.1z, or aga|r |r ls
11. 1, ca|||rg or ||e lu|ure K|rg ol sa|va||or, or |r 0| 18.18, spea||rg ol ||e
lrop|e| ol ||e erd-||res. (8eauc|arp 1;). T| erelore ||e ear|y c|urc|
|r|erpre|ed ||e o| ard r| as corp|erer|ary par|s ol a cor||ruous rarra||or
ol sa|va||or ||s|ory (0oppe||, vor bad 1z, 8eauc|arp 1z).
l| |s ||e lourd|rg |r|||a||ve ol r| |errereu||cs |o |ave |rposed a c|r|s|o|og|ca|
locus or ||e W|o|e C|r|s||ar read|rg ol 3cr|p|ure. lr suc| a read|rg,
o| l|gures ro| or|y precede||e 0ospe| ever|, ||ey ar||c|pa|e|| syroo||ca||y,
exac||y as ||e au||or ol leoreWs expresses || |r ||e |err ar|||ypa`rode|s
ol |rue rea||||es |r ||e lu|ure' (leo .z|). T| us a prop|e||c va|ue Was |rc|uded |r
`|ypes.' T| ey Were ro| proper|y cors|dered as prop|ec|es, ou| as a
s|gr|l|car| ||r|age oe|Weer pas| d|v|re |r|erver||ors (erood|ed |r peop|e
or |rs|||u||ors ol lsrae|) ard ||e corsurra||or ol 0od's sa|v|l|c preserce
|r ||e 0ospe| ever|. T| ey Were prop|e||c |r s|gr|ly|rg ||a| corsurra||or
|r advarce, ||ereoy corl| rr|rg ||e |errereu||ca| cors|ruc| ol r| ard ol
||e pa|r|s||c |r|erpre|ers, ard supp|y|rg ||er W||| urs|a|ao|e lourda||ors
or W||c| |o oase ||e|r ressage ol sa|va||or (8|er||rsopp 1o;). T| e p|rase
vd (|r ||e reu|ra| p|ura|) v \p9ivv, para||e| |o ovid,
`||e |eaver|y rea||||es' |r .z, |s |r|roduced |r leo .z|lor evo||rg ||e
r| rea||||es lu|l||||rg o| |ypes |r ||e|r u|||ra|e |ru||, a r| vo oe|rg
||e rep||ca, ou| a|so ||e lu|| rea||za||or ol ar o| l|gure suc| as Aora|ar or
lsaac, or ol ar o| |rs|||u||or suc| as ||e Terp|e or ||s |||urgy.
lr Jesus, ||e c|ar|sra||c rar lau| proc|a|red as |ess|a|, ||e apos||e
|rp||c|||y |der||l|ed a reW `Adar' W|er |e ca||ed `Adar ||e |ype ol ||e
0re |o core' (br .1|). `lere |ypos|s ||e 'cas|' or '|o||oW lorr' W||c|,
as ro|d|rg pa||err, cor|a|rs |r ||se|l oo|| s|des ol ||e |rage' (J. F. A|sup
1z, o8). w|||e ||e arc|e|ypa| l|gure ol Adar (as corror la||er ol us
a||) rera|red urc|arged, ||s |ypo|og|ca| rear|rg |r regard |o C|r|s| |s a
zzT| ree la|r|s||c lerrereu||cs
dec|ara||or ol lau|'s la|||. T| roug| ||e |ypo|og|ca| re|evarce g|ver |o Adar,
C|r|s| as reve|a||or ol 0od's dec|s|ve ac||rg |r ||s|ory oecores a ur|versa|
l|gure recap||u|a||rg ||e W|o|e ||s|ory ol |urar||rd ard |rarscerd|rg
||s|or|ca| ||res. 8ecause ol la||| |r C|r|s| ||e W|o|e r| aWareress ol a reW
`coverar|' (0a| |.z|) oecores |ypo|og|ca|. T| |s |s oes| |||us|ra|ed oy leo
8.ac|ua||z|rg Fx z.|o, ard oy leo .z|, W||||r ||e e|aoora|e lrareWor|
ol leo 8.1-1o.18.
To spea| aoou| `|ypo|ogy' |r ||e r| sourds a|ros| p|eoras||c, a veroa|
redurdarcy, s|rce oy del|r|||or , ||e r| |r ||s very ex|s|erce ard ressage
|s |ypo|og|ca|. l| |s ro surpr|se ||a| |r ||s la|r|s||c 0ree| lex|cor0. w. l.
larpe preser|s |Wo ol ||s |orges| er|r|es urder o ard , ard ore
car or|y agree W||| J. 0ar|e|ou's cr|||c|sr ol l. de luoac's erp|as|s or
`a||egory,' W|er ||e lorrer |rs|s|s ||a| ||e lurdarer|a| ca|egory ol `|ypos' |ad
pr|or||y over a|| o||er |errereu||ca| ro||ors |r ||e pa|r|s||c r|rd.
z. Typo|ogy 0|scussed oy 8|o||ca| 3c|o|ars
A rev|eW ol ||e o|o||ca| s|ud|es or |ypo|ogy docurer|ed |r ||e aourdar|
141
|||era|ure s|rce ||e |a|e r|re|eer|| cer|ury |s revea||rg ol ||e Way ros| e|erer|s
ol ||e |ypo|og|ca| ||oug|| c|arac|er|s||c ol pa|r|s||c sources lourd
||e|r er|ry |r|o ||e d|scuss|ors ol roderr o|o||ca| sc|o|ars. T| e |err `|ypo|ogy'
||se|l Was co|red oy J. 3. 3er|er as |a|e |r ||e 1;;os, ou| ||e procedure
covered oy || Was ol suc| a pror|rerce |r ||e pa|r|s||c |egacy |r|er||ed oy
red|eva| ard roderr exeges|s ||a| ro| ever ||e |errereu||ca| s||l|s ol ||e
belorra||or cou|d e||r|ra|e || lror ||e exege||ca| deoa|e. lere lo||oWs or|y
a s|or| o|o||ograp|y W||| a leW arro|a||ors, ||e scope ol ||e lardooo|
recessar||y |rpos|rg severe res|r|c||ors or ||e ara|ys|s ol suc| a r|c||y
docurer|ed |op|c.
w||| regard |o ||e s|udy ol pa|r|s||c exeges|s dur|rg ||e secord |a|l ol
||e |Wer||e|| cer|ury, || |s Wor|| ro||rg ||e very lac| ||a| |ypo|ogy oecare
a cer|ra||ssue lor o|o||ca| sc|o|ars. Frcyc|oped|a er|r|es ga|red |r s|arpress ard
cr|||ca| suos|arce (A|sup, 8|er||rsopp, lasc|er, K|||e|, |oor|ead,
|u||er, 3c|urac|, 0soorre, corpared W||| ||e ear||er Wor|s ol Ca|re| ard
laroer|). A rereWed |r|eres| |r ||e ||s|or|ca| cor||ru||y ol o| |rad|||ors
as a reac||or aga|rs| 8u||rarr's `ex|s|er||a||s|' exeges|s (8u||rarr 1o)
lourd reasor eroug|, |r ||e ara|ys|s ol `|ypes,' lor c||rg|rg |o ||e W|de|y
deoa|ed ro||or ol `sa|va||or ||s|ory' (8eauc|arp, 0rare, F|c|rod|, lu||es,
lr||sc| 1|o-1|;, lev|e, 3rar| 1o, u|||g, vor bad, wo|ll, 0oppe|| W|||
s|ud|es da||rg lror oelore wor|d war ll Was ||g||y apprec|a|ed |r ||e pos|War
per|od). 3|uder|s ol pa|r|s||c |rad|||ors eager|y locused or |||s |ssue |r
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| z3p|r||ua| Fxeges|s z
s|oW|rg ||a| ||e o|o||ca| ||s|ory ol sa|va||or Was a| ||e core ol ca|ec|es|s
ard preac||rg |r ||e ear|y c|urc|.
3pec|a| a||er||or Was g|ver oy o|o||ca| exper|s |o ||e ||r|s oe|Weer o|
ard r| as |||us|ra|ed oy `|ypes' (Ardersor, A|||rsor, 8a|er||re, 8arr, 8|ac|,
8ozzo, Ca|deco||, Coppers, 0av|s, F|||s, lrarce, lr||sc| 1oo, 0ou|der, Ka|ser,
lee, l|rdars, lys 1oo, larc|er, |oo, 3a|||r, 3a||er, 3r|||, 3p|cq, 3|erda||,
w||||rsor). T| e cruc|a| ro||ors ol ||e `ur||y' or ||e `au||or||y' ol o|
(ard ol ||e 8|o|e as suc|) Were a| s|a|e |r ||e deoa|e arourd ||e ra|ure ol
`|ypes' (8r|g||, 0odd 1oo, leoer| 1|;, b|c|ardsor 1|8, boW|ey). T| e
ear|y C|r|s||ar use ol `|ypes' |r o|o||ca| |errereu||cs, exp|ored or a oroader
|eve| oy o|o||ca| sc|o|ars (Aure, 8a|er, C|ar||er, F|||s 1;8), d|rec||y ergaged
||er |r|o W|der|rg ||e|r |rqu|ry |r|o pa|r|s||c da|a (woo||coroe 1;).
lerce, |r ||ose sare years, ||e s|udy ol pa|r|s||c |ypo|ogy Was pr|v||eged
oy ||s|or|ars ol ear|y C|r|s||ar |errereu||cs. Fver l|||o ard ||e baoo|s
Were W||resses |o ||e |rpor|arce ol |ypo|ogy seer |r pos|-o|o||ca| gerera||ors as
ar esser||a| dev|ce ol o|o||ca| ||oug|| (8orger, 0av|s, le 0eau|,
w||||arsor). 3ore o| l|gures |||e Aora|ar ard lsaac p|ayed a spec|a| ro|e
|r exerp||ly|rg o|o||ca| |ypo|ogy (leer|ard|, lerc|), ||e sare l|gures W|o
Were orc|es|ra|ed as |ypo|og|ca| parad|grs oy pa|r|s||c exper|s.
lr ||e |ea| ol ||e deoa|e arourd |ypo|ogy cr|||ca| s|a|erer|s aoou|
||s s|gr|l|carce lor |Wer||e||-cer|ury C|r|s||ar||y ru|||p||ed. T| e roderr ques| lor
a rereWed ||eo|og|ca| |der|||y, so drara||ca||y all| rred oy
8u||rarr ard ||s sc|oo| ol ||oug||, c|a||erged o|o||ca| sc|o|ars, lorc|rg
||er |o recors|der ||e re|evarce ol ||e deoa|e ||se|l (Ars|er, 8er||ol, Carpoe||,
C|||ds, 0er|ar, 0re|o|, lase|, |arcus, bever||oW, b|c|ardsor 1o,
3|e|, Ta|aror|).
borar Ca||o||c exege|es Were spec|a||y corcerred oy ||e |og|ca| correc||or
oe|Weer |||era| serse ard |ypo|ogy. T|ey |rver|ed ||e p|rase sersus
p|er|or, or `lu||er serse,' W||c| erjoyed ||e|r lavor lor a W|||e. T| e ro||or
res|ed or ||e c|ass|ca| doc|r|re ol d|v|re reve|a||or, corrur|ca|ed ||roug|
|rsp|red 3cr|p|ure, |r ca|||rg or prec|se |deas aoou| ||e rer|a| s|a|e ard
prop|e||c aWareress ol ||e o|o||ca| au||ors (8roWr, |r ||re W||| A. lerrardez,
`lerrereu||ca,' lrs|||u||ores 8|o||cae[zd ed., bore, 1z;|, lerrardez 1,
0r|ooror|, |oo 18o, 3u|c||lle, Ter|ro 3a|z, vaW|er).
A|lr|r|, 8. 0., 0ver `|ypo|og|sc|e' exegese var |e| 0ude Tes|arer|.
N|jregeru|rec||, 1|.
A|sup. J. F., `Typo|ogy,' T|e Arc|or 8|o|e 0|c||oraryo.o8z-8.
Ararr, F., `Type'. 0TC1.11-|.
Ars|er, 3, `0 er es| |a |ypo|og|e de |'Arc|er Tes|arer|?'. FTb ( ). - z;1z;
. 81
z|T| ree la|r|s||c lerrereu||cs
Ardersor, l., `T| e o| |s |ar|'s 0ospe|'. J. |. Fl|rd, ed., T| e use ol ||e o| |r ||e
NeW ard o||er Fssays. l3 w. l. 3||respr|rg. 0ur|ar, NC 1;z.
A|||rsor, 8. l. C., `T| e Tex|ua| 8ac|grourd ol ||e use ol ||e o| oy ||e NeW'.
JTrarsac||ors ol ||e v|c|or|ar lrs|||u|e;(1|;). -o.
Aure, 0. F., `Far|y C|r|s||ar 8|o||ca| lr|erpre|a||or'. Fv|1(1o). ;-o.
8a|er, 0. l., `Typo|ogy ard ||e C|r|s||ar use ol ||e o|'. 3JT| z(1;o). 1;-
;.
8a|er||re, 3. F., `T| e lr|erpre|a||or ol ||e o| |r ||e r|'. 3wJTz(181). |1-;.
8arr, J. 0|d ard NeW lr|erpre|a||or, A 3|udy ol ||e TWo Tes|arer|s. lordor 1oo
(c|. |. `Typo|ogy ard A||egory,' 1o-|8).
142
8eauc|arp, l., `lr|erpre|a||or l|gura||ve e| ses presupposes'. b3bo(1;).
- z1z.
. `la |ec|ure |ypo|og|que e| |e ler|a|euque'. |0 ( ). - . 1o18z1;
8er||ol, l., lr|rc|p|es ol 8|o||ca| lr|erpre|a||or (3acred lerrereu||cs). 0rard
bap|ds,
1o.
8|ac|, |., `T| e C|r|s|o|og|ca| use ol ||e o| |r ||e r|'. NT318(1;1-1;z). 1-1|.
8|er||rsopp, J., `Type ard Ar|||ype'. NCF1|(1o;). 1-z.
8orger, l., 8read lror leaver. Ar Fxege||ca| 3|udy ol |arra |r ||e 0ospe| ol
Jo|r
ard ||e wr|||rgs ol l|||o (r| 3upp|. X). le|der, 1o.
8ozzo, F. 0., `Jesus as a larad|gr lor lersora| l|le'. JF311(1;|). |-o.
8r|g||, J., T| e Au||or||y ol ||e o|. lordor 1o;.
8roWr, b. F., T| e 3ersus l|er|or ol 3cr|p|ure. 8a|||rore 1, `c|. 1. ll. T| e
Typ|ca|
3erse' 1o-z1.
8u||rarr, b.,`ursprurg urd 3|rr der Typo|og|e a|s lerrereu||sc|er |e||ode'.
TlZ;(1o). zo-1z.
Ca|deco||, A., `T|e 3|gr|l|carce ol ||e 'C|ears|rg ol ||e Terp|e''. JT| 3z|
(1z).
8z-8o.
Ca|re|, A., `Type'. A. Ca|re|, 0|c||orary ol ||e lo|y 8|o|e, o|| ed., lordor 18;
(1s| ed.. 18|| c). ll, ;o8-o.
Carpoe||, 0. K., `T| e lr|erpre|a||or ol Types'. 8311z(1). z|8-.
C|ar||er, C., `Typo|og|e e| Fvo|u||or. lroo|res d'exegse sp|r||ue||e'. Fevz
(1|).
;8-;.
C|||ds, 8. 3., `lrop|ecy ard lu|l|||rer|. A 3|udy ol Cor|erporary lerrereu||cs'.
lr|erp1z(18). z-;1.
. 8|o||ca| T|eo|ogy |r Cr|s|s. l|||adep||a, 1;o.
Coppers, J., `les |arror|es des deux |es|arer|s er e|ud|ar| |es d|vers sers
des
Fcr||ures'. CNbT| . louva|r 1|, -8.
0av|dsor, b. |., Typo|ogy |r 3cr|p|ure. 8err|er 3pr|rgs, |l 181.
0av|s, w. 0., lau| ard baoo|r|c Juda|sr. lordor . 18
0e|por|e, l., `les pr|rc|pes de |a |ypo|og|e o|o||que'. FT|l ( ). - . 111zoo1z;
0er|ar, b. C.,`Typo|ogy. l|s use ard Aouse'. AT|b|(1z). z11-1;.
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| z3p|r||ua| Fxeges|s z
0odd, C. l., Accord|rg |o ||e 3cr|p|ures. T| e 3uos|ruc|ure ol ||e r| T| eo|ogy.
lordor 1z.
. T| e Au||or||y ol ||e 8|o|e, zrd ed. lordor ( s|. ed. ). 1oo1 1z8
0o|gror, J., `la |r||og|e 'lorra, l|gura, exerp|ur', |rarspos|||or du grec o,
dars |a |rad|||or arc|erre du |ex|e |a||r de sa|r| lau|'. la|orus1;(18).
z-|.
0rare, J. w., `Typo|ogy'. Fvo(1;8). 1-z1o.
F|c|rod|, w., `ls| d|e |ypo|og|sc|e Fxegese sac|gerasse Fxegese?'.T|Z, Nov.
1o,
o|z(= C. wes|errarr, ed., Fssays or o| lr|erpre|a||or. lordor 1o, 1|-.
0errar. lroo|ere a|||es|arer|||c|er Fxegese. |ur|c| 1oo.
F|||s, F. F., `loW ||e r| uses ||e 0|d'. l. l. |ars|a||, ed., r| lr|erpre|a||or.
Fssays
or lr|rc|p|es ard |e||ods. 0rard bap|ds, 1;;, 1-z1.
. lau|'s use ol ||e o|. Fd|rourg| 1;. repr. 0rard bap|ds, 181.
. lrop|ecy ard lerrereu||c |r Far|y C|r|s||ar||y. 0rard bap|ds, 1;8.
F|||sor, l. l.,`Typo|ogy'. Fvz(1). 18-oo.
. T| e |essage ol ||e o|. Fxe|er 1o.
la|roa|rr, l., T| e Typo|ogy ol 3cr|p|ure. v|eWed |r Correc||or W||| ||e w|o|e
3er|es
ol ||e 0|v|re 0|spersa||ors. Fd|rourg| 18o|. 1ooed. = 0rard bap|ds, 1;.
lasc|er, F., e| a|., `Typo|og|e'. b00(1oz). o.1o|-8.
lerrardez, A.,`3er||do p|er|or, |||era|, |yp|co'. 8|o ( ). - . |1zzo
lou||es, l., T| e Ac|s ol 0od. A 3|udy ol ||e 8as|s ol Typo|ogy |r ||e o|.lordor
18.
lrarce, b. T., Jesus ard ||e o|. l|s App||ca||or ol o| lassages |o l|rse|l ard l|s
||ss|or.lordor 1;1, 8-8o.
lr||sc|, C. T., `Typo|og|ca| lr|erpre|a||or |r ||e r|'. 83, 0a||as, TX, 1o|(1|;).
8;-1oo.
. `lr|rc|p|es ol 8|o||ca| Typo|ogy' 830a||as, TX, 1o|(1|;). z1|-zz.
0oppe||, l., Typos. 0|e |ypo|og|sc|e 0eu|urg des A||er Tes|arer|s |r Neuer.
0u|er|s|o| 1(= w80 1o. Ar|arg. l. 0oppe||, `Apo|a|yp||| urd
Typo|og|e oe| lau|us'. TlZ8, 1o|, z1-||). Typos. T| e Typo|og|ca|
lr|erpre|a||or ol ||e o| |r ||e NeW, |rars|. 0. l. |adv|g. 0rard bap|ds, 18z.
0errar. 0|ss. Fr|arger 1.
0ou|der, |. 0., Type ard l|s|ory |r Ac|s. lordor 1o|.
143
0re|o|, l., `les l|gures o|o||ques. Fssa| de del|r|||or e| rec|erc|e d'ur cr||re'.
NbT|
8|( ). - , - . 1ozo1;8o;8
0r|ooror|, J.,`3ers p|er|er, sers |yp|que e| sers ||||era|'. l. Cerlaux, e| a|., eds.
lroo|res e| |e||odes d' exegse ||eo|og|que. louva|r, 8ruges, lar|s , 1o
- . z11
0r|||re|er, A., `|ar|a lrop|e||r. F|re 3|ud|e zur pa|r|s||sc|er |ar|o|og|e'. bFAug
zl3 0. 8ardy (1o). z-1z.
0urdry, 3. N.,`Typo|ogy as a |ears ol lr|erpre|a||or. las| ard lreser|'. 8FT31z
(1o). z-|o.
zoT| ree la|r|s||c lerrereu||cs
lase|, 0. l., o| T| eo|ogy. 8as|c lssues |r ||e Currer| 0eoa|e. 0rard bap|ds,
1;z.
leoer|, A. 0., T| e Au||or||y ol ||e o|. lordor 1|;.
. `T| e lr|erpre|a||or ol ||e 8|o|e'. lr|erpr|(1o). ||1-z.
lurre|, l. 0., `T| e o| 8as|s ol Typo|og|ca| lr|erpre|a||or'. 8b(1o|). ;-o.
Jouassard, 0., `le para|||e Fve-|ar|e aux or|g|res de |a pa|r|s||que'. 8vC ;
( ). 1|
1-1.
Ka|ser, w. C., T| e uses ol ||e o| |r ||e NeW. C||cago 18(c|. `T| e
Typo|og|ca|
use ol ||e o| |r ||e NeW' 1o-||).
K|||e|, 0., lr|edr|c|, 0., T| eo|og|ca| 0|c||orary ol ||e r|, |rars|. 0. w. 8ror||ey,
vlll.
(0oppe||). 0rard bap|ds, |l 1;z. 0errar. 3|u||gar| 1o.
laroer|, J. C., `Type'. J. las||rgs, 0|c||orary ol ||e Apos|o||c C|urc|ll.
Fd|rourg|
118, oz-zo.
larpe, 0. w. l., `Typo|og|ca| Fxeges|s'. T|eo|ogyo(1).
larpe, 0. w. l ard woo||coroe, K. J., Fssays or Typo|ogy. lordor 1;. `T| e
beasorao|eress ol Typo|ogy,' -8.
larc|er, C., l'ac|ua|||e c|re||erre de |'Arc|er Tes|arer| d'aprs |e r|(lec||o
0|v|ra
|). lar|s . 1oz
laurer||r, b., `l'|r|erpre|a||or de 0er , dars |a |rad|||or jusqu'au deou| du 1
|re|z|re s|c|e'. 83lF| ( ). - . 1z1|;;1o
le 0eau|, b., la ru|| pasca|e. Fssa| sur |a s|gr|l| ca||or de |a lque ju|ve par||r
du
Targur d'Fdode Xlll, (Ar8|o ) bore, . |z zz 1o
lee, F. K., `words 0ero||rg 'la||err' |r ||e r|'. NT38(1oz). 1oo-;.
leer|ard|, l. J., `Aora|ar e| |a corvers|or de 3au| de Tarse, su|v| d'ure No|e
sur
Aora|ar dars Jear vlll'. bllr ( ). - . 1;11
lerc|, 0., lsaa|s 0plerurg c|r|s|||c| gedeu|e|. F|re aus|egurgsgesc||c||||c|e
ur|ersuc|urg (8lT| 1z). Tuo|rger, 1o.
lev|e, J., T| e 8|o|e. word ol 0od |r words ol |er, |rars|. 3. l. Trerar. NeW
or|,
1oz.
l|rdars, 8., r| Apo|oge||cs. T| e 0oc|r|ra| 3|gr|l| carce ol ||e o|
uo|a||ors.lordor
1o1.
lys, 0., `l'appropr|a||or de |'Arc|er Tes|arer|'. FTb|1(1oo). 1-1z.
. T| e |ear|rg ol ||e o|. Ar Fssay or lerrereu||cs. Nas|v|||e, TN . 1o;
|ar||rez, F., `F| ser||do |p|co er |a 3. Fscr||ura'. ||sc Cor|||as ( ). - . z1||1|
|e|zger, 8. |., lrdex |o ler|od|ca| l||era|ure or C|r|s| ard ||e 0ospe|s(r| Too|s
ard 3|ud|es, o). le|der 1z(W||| z||||es or. `T| e use ol ||e o| |r ||e
0ospe|s'. 0erera| 3|ud|es|ess|ar|c lrop|ec|esTex|s ol ||e o| begarded
as lrop|e||c ard Typo|og|ca|T| e o| |r ||e Teac||rgs ol Jesus3a|va||or
l|s|ory, z-;).
||c|e|ser, A. 8., lr|erpre||rg ||e 8|o|e. 0rard bap|ds, 1o.
||||er, A., `Zur Typo|og|e des A||er Tes|arer|s'. 8er|z;(11). 1z-1.
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| z;3p|r||ua| Fxeges|s z;
|oo, 0. J., T| e o| |r ||e 0ospe| lass|or Narra||ves. 3|ell| e|d 18.
. `T| e lroo|er ol 3ersus l|er|or'. 0. A. Carsor ard J. 0. woodor|dge, ed.,
lerrereu||cs, Au||or||y ard Caror. le|ces|er 18o, 1;-z11.
|oor|ead, w. 0., `Type'. T| e lr|erra||ora| 3|ardard 8|o|e Frcyc|oped|a. 0rard
bap|ds, 1, oz-o.
|ou||or J. l., ard 0. |||||gar, vocaou|ary ol ||e 0ree| Tes|arer|l||us|ra|ed lror
||e lapyr| ard 0||er Nor-l||erary 3ources. lordor 1o, rd. ed. 1;.
bad., 0. vor, `Typo|og|sc|e Aus|egurg des AT'. FvT| 1z(1z-). 1;-=
`Typo|og|ca| lr|erpre|a||or ol ||e o|', |rars|. J. 8r|g||, lr|erp1(1o1). 1;|-
z= C. wes|errarr, ed., Fssays or o| lr|erp. lordor, 1o.
144
bever||oW, l. 0., lroo|ers ol 8|o||ca| T| eo|ogy |r ||e TWer||e|| Cer|ury.
l|||ade|p||a, 18o.
b|c|ardsor, A., `Au|or||e e| ro|es ac|ue|s de |'e|||que de |'Arc|er Tes|arer|'. FTb
z(1|8) ;-|o.
. `T| e b|se ol |oderr 8|o||ca| 3c|o|ars||p ard becer| 0|scuss|or ol ||e
Au||or||y ol ||e 8|o|e'. Cl8lll (1o). z|-8.
b|dderoos, N. l., `Typo|og|e (3pec|aa| de |ypo|og|e raar vor bads corcep||e)'.
voxT| 1(1o1). 1|-.
b|edra||er, l. de, `Typo|ogy |r ||e 3cr|p|ures'. 8|ac|lr|ars(1z). 1z-|1.
b|vera, A., `|ar|a er |a 3. Fscr||ura, segr |os excr||ores esparo|es de |a era
pa|r|s||ca'. F|ar|a ( ). - . z1oz|oo
boW|ey, l. l., T| e ur||y ol ||e 8|o|e. lordor, 1, l|||adep||a, 1.
3a|||r, l., Zur Typo|og|e des Jo|arresevarge||urs. uppsa|a, 1o.
3a||er, J., `uoer Typer |r Neuer Tes|arer|'. ZKT| o(1|;). |o-o.
3arders, J. A., lror 3acred 3|ory |o 3acred Tex|. l|||ade|p||a, 18;.
3c|urac|, 0., `Typos-ar|||ypos, |yp||os'. FwNT(18). 8z-o1.
3rar|, J. 0., T| e lr|erpre|a||or ol 3cr|p|ure. lordor 1o1, `C|. lv. Typo|ogy,
A||egory ard Ara|ogy,' -1.
. l|s|ory ard T| eo|ogy |r 3ecord lsa|a|. A Correr|ary or lsa|a| .|o-oo.
l|||ade|p||a, 1o.
3r|||, b., `Fxodus Typo|ogy |r ||e lour|| 0ospe|'. J8l81(1oz). z-|z.
3p|cq, C., `No|es de |ex|cograp||e reo-|es|arer|a|re. ll'. 0ro|s 8|o||cus e|
0r|er|a||s
zz, z(1;8) 8|-;.
3|e|, J. l., `8|o||ca| Typo|ogy es|erday ard Today'. CT|J(1;o). 1-oz.
3|erda||, K., T| e 3c|oo| ol 3|. |a|||eW ard l|s use ol ||e 0T. l|||ade|p||a,
1|. zrd
ed., 1o8.
3u|c||lle, F. l., `T| e l|erary 3erse as a lr|rc|p|e ol lr|erpre|a||or'. 8|o|
(1).
-|.
Ta|aror|, A., Typo|og|sc|e Aus|egurg des AT? F|re Wor|gesc||c||||c|e
ur|ersuc|urg.
0|ss. Zur|c|, 1oo.
z8T| ree la|r|s||c lerrereu||cs
Ter|ro, 3ar|z, A., `Fr |orro a| proo|era de| 'sersus p|er|or''. Fs|8 ( ). - 1|1
. |;
u|||g, 3., `0|e |ypo|og|sc|e 8edeu|urg des 8egr|lls 8aoy|or'. ArdreWs ur|v.
3er.
3|ud|es1z(1;|). 11z-z.
vaW|er, 8., `T| e lu||er 3erse. 3ore Cors|dera||ors'. C8zo(1o|). 8-o.
ver|oel, l. A., `3ore No|es or Typo|og|ca| Fxeges|s'. NeW l|g|| or 3ore o|
lroo|ers. lapers bead a| ||e l|l| | |ee||rg ol 0Tw3A. lre|or|a, 1oz, 8-o.
waa|, C. var der, `Fr||e oprer||rges oor T|po|og|e'. N0TT1(1;). zz-.
w||||rsor, J., `T| e 3ever words lror ||e Cross'. 3JT| 1;(1o|). o-8z.
wo|ll, l. w., `T| e o| |r Cor|roversy. lr|erpre||ve lr|rc|p|es ard l||us|ra||or'.
lr|erp 1z(1o) z81-1.
. `T| e lerrereu||cs ol ||e o|'. C. wes|errar, ed., Fssays or o|
lerrereu||cs.
b|c|rord, va., 1o, 1oo-. 0errar. `FrWagurger zur |ypo|og|sc|er
Aus|egurg des A||er Tes|arer|s'. ZdZ1o(1o). ||o-|8.
wood. J. F., `lsaac Typo|ogy |r ||e r|'. NT31|(1o8). 8-8.
woo||coroe, K. J., `T| e 8|o||ca| 0r|g|rs ard la|r|s||c 0eve|oprer| ol Typo|ogy'.
larpe, 0. w. l. ard woo||coroe, K. 0., Fssays or Typo|ogy. lordor, 1;,
-;.
. la|r|s||c Typo|ogy
A| l|rs| g|arce ||e lo||oW|rg rerar| seers |o urders|a|e ||e oov|ous. `T| e
deve|oprer| ol |ypo|og|ca| |||r||rg |r|o ||e pa|r|s||c per|od ard oeyord |s
rar|ed oy cors|derao|e excess, ros| ro|ao|y |r ||e ||r| |o a||egory' (A|sup,
o8|). w||||r ||e oourdar|es draWr W||||r pa|r|s||c |||era|ure ||se|l, |||s urder|ao|e
`excess' represer|s a spec|acu|ar arp||l|ca||or ol ||r|s read |r r|
Wr|||rgs. ||e rer||or ol o| `|ypes' |ed ||e la||ers |o argue |r po|er|ca|
cor|ex|s oller|rg ||er rary oppor|ur|||es lor deve|op|rg ||eo|og|ca| |rs|g||s
aoou| o|o||ca| lsrae| ard ||e c|urc|. la|r|s||c |ypo|ogy pro||lera|ed or
||e ||era||c |eve|, || s|ruc|ured |||erary gerres |r poe|ry as We|| as |r prose.
lr s|or|, || cors|||u|ed ||e |deo|og|ca| |rlras|ruc|ure as ||e Warrar|ee lor ||e
cors|s|ercy ol C|r|s||ar ||oug|| ||roug|ou| ||e pa|r|s||c age.
T| ere |s ro douo| ||a| ||s |r||ra|e ||r| W||| a||egory |s a proper rar|
ol pa|r|s||c |ypo|ogy. 8y p|ay|rg or oo|| reg|s|ers, ||e |ypo|og|ca| ard ||e
a||egor|ca|, ||e expos||ors ol pa|r|s||c exeges|s succeeded |r produc|rg
syrp|or|c ras|erp|eces ol o|o||ca| |r|erpre|a||or. T| e r|c|ress ol ||e |r|erp|ay
ol ||ese ro||ls ray occas|ora||y sourd corlus|rg lor urprepared roderr
||s|erers, ou| |r ||e|r oWr ||re ||ese crea||ve |r|erpre|ers Were |r ros|
cases address|rg popu|ar aud|erces. l| |s Wor|| |ry|rg |o c|ar|ly sore ol
145
||e|r oas|c pr|rc|p|es.
`Types' lurc||ored |r pa|r|s||c exeges|s as l|rs| (or lourd|rg) pr|rc|p|es
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| z3p|r||ua| Fxeges|s z
ol C|r|s||ar ||oug||. T| ey Were ro|perce|ved as a produc| ol ||a| ||oug||
|ssu|rg lror a vererao|e c|urc| |rad|||or as Was ||e case lor ||e creeda|
del|r|||or ol syrods |r a |a|er per|od. `Types' Were a pr|or|ev|derce |rc|uded
|r ||e pr|ra| 0ospe| ever|.
0re |s ro| surpr|sed |o ooserve ||a| ||e `|ypes' |r pa|r|s||c |ypo|ogy
der|ved lror `|ypes' a|ready |der||l|ed |r ||e r|. 3uc| Was ||e case lor
Adar |r br .1|-z1, ||e r|va|ry oe|Weer 3ara| ard lagar (0r z1.-1o),
|r 0a| |.z1-1, ||e pr|es||ood ol |e|c||sede| (0r 1|.1;-zo), |r leo ;.
T| e ever|s |r ||e ooo| ol Fxodus Were a|| dec|ared oi |r 1Cor 1o.1-o.
||e o| lassover (Fx 1z.|oas prel|gura||or ol Jesus' lass|or |r Jr 1.z-o),
|r par||cu|ar ||e |r|erd|c| aga|rs| orea||rg ||e oores ol ||e pasc|a| |aro
(Fx 1z.|o|r Jr 1.1), ||e ororze serper| ol Nr z1.|-prel|gured Jesus
or ||e cross |r Jr .1|, ||e Wa|er ol Jacoo's We|| |r Jr |.1oard ||e leas| ol
8oo||s Jr ;.;-, ||e rarra, |r Jr o.z, ||e dea|| ol ||e ore `p|erced' (Zec
1z.1o), |r Jr 1.;. lror ||e r| a|so, Cyr|| ol Jerusa|er oorroWed vo,
`rep||ca,' W|ose serar||c aro|| |e oo|d|y er|arged |r cors|der|rg C|r|s||'s
lass|or ||se|l |o oe ||e `|ype' rep||ca|ed oy C|r|s||ar oap||sr (|ys|agog|ca|
lrs|ruc||orsll o, o), or ||e lo|y 3p|r|| |o oe ||e `|ype' W|ose `rep||ca' ||e
reW|y oap||zed are oear|rg (lll 1, ;.1|), or aga|r `||e oread ard W|re W||c|
you are savor|rg' |o oe `||e ar|||ype' ol ||e oody ard o|ood ol C|r|s|'
(v zo, o), a Way ol spea||rg W||c| |e cou|d |ave |earred lror ||e o|der
|rad|||or preserved |r l|ppo|y|us's Apos|o||c Trad|||orz. `||e o|s|op o|esses
||e oread as a rep||ca ca||ed |r 0ree| ar|||ype ol C|r|s|'s oody,' |r exerp|ur
quod d|c|| graecus ar|||ypur corpor|s C|r|s||. Ar er||us|as||c c||a||or ol leo
.z|locus|rg or vo occurs |r A||aras|us ol A|exardr|a, 0|scourse
Aga|rs| ||e Ar|arsll |1(;a ;).
lr pa|r|s||c exeges|s, `|ypes' Were ore arorg a ruroer ol o|o||ca| ro||ors W||c|
exper|erced a reW |errereu||ca| l|orescerce. lar| 8 ol ||e
lardooo| ollers arp|e ev|derce ol ||e |ey ro|e p|ayed oy |ypo|ogy |r
pa|r|s||c exeges|s ol 3cr|p|ure. lror |e|||o ol 3ard|s or lreraeus ol lyor |o
|ax|rus Corlessor or Jo|r ol 0arascus, lror ||e 3yr|ar Fp|rer ol Fdessa
|o ls|dore ol 3ev|||e |r v|s|go|||c 3pa|r, ||roug| d|verse cu||ures ard |org
cer|ur|es, o|o||ca| `|ypes' |rl|ared ||e C|r|s||ar |rag|ra||or, lue||rg aga|r
ard aga|r ||e ac|ua||z|rg process oy W||c| oe||evers |der||l|ed ||erse|ves
W||| ||e 0ospe| ever| |r |eep|rg ||e|r |rad|||or ol la||| a||ve.
A|sup, J. F., `Typo|ogy'. T|e Arc|or 8|o|e 0|c||orary,o.o8z-8.
Argy|e, A. w.,`Josep| ||e la|r|arc| |r la|r|s||c Teac||rg'. T| e Fxpos||ory
T|reso;
(1-o). 1-zo1.
8a|er, 0. l., `Typo|ogy ard ||e C|r|s||ar use ol ||e o|'. 3JT| z(1;o). 1;-
;.
z|oT| ree la|r|s||c lerrereu||cs
8|oc|, l., `Typo|og|e'. lCl|(1;z). -|o|.
C|||||or, J., `ls|dore e| 0r|gre. bec|erc|es sur |es sources e| |'|rl|uerce des
uaes||ores |r ve|us Tes|arer|urd'ls|dore de 3ev|||e'. |e|arges 8|o||quesl3
A. booer| (Travaux de |'lrs|||u| Ca||o||que de lar|s ). lar|s , - . | 1;;|;
C|av|er, l. `Fsqu|sse de |ypo|og|e corparee dars |e r| e| c|ez que|ques
ecr|va|rs
pa|r|s||ques'. 3|la|rlv, Tu . 8er||r, , - . ; 1o1z8|
0ar|e|ou, J., `Traversee de |a |er bouge e| oap|ere aux prer|ers s|c|es'.
b3b
( ). - . 1|o|ozo
. `la |ypo|og|e d'lsaac dars |e c|r|s||ar|sre pr|r|||l '. 8|o ( ). - . z81|;o
. `les d|vers sers de |'Fcr||ure dars |a |rad|||or c|re||erre pr|r|||ve'. FT|l z|
( ). - . 1|811zo
. 3acrarer|ur lu|ur|. F|udes sur |es or|g|res de |a |ypo|og|e o|o||que. lar|s,
1o.
. `le 8or 3arar||a|r'. |e|arges 8|o||ques. l3 A. booer| (Travaux de |'lrs|||u|
Ca||o||que de lar|s |) lar|s, 1;, |;-o.
. lror 3|adoW |o bea|||y. 3|ud|es |r ||e Typo|og|es ol ||e la||ers. lordor,
1oo.
. `l'e|o||e de Jacoo e| |a r|ss|or c|re||erre 0aras'. vCz(1;). 1z1-8.
. `|oise, exerp|e e| l|gure c|ez 0rego|re de Nysse'. C3|or8(1|). zo;-8z.
. `Terre e| larad|s c|ez |es lres de |'Fg||se'. Fraros-Ja|rouc| ( ). zz1
- . |;z
. `la |ypo|og|e e| a||egor|e c|ez C|erer| d'A|exardr|e'. 3la|r (Tu ). | o8er||r,
1o1, o-;.
0assrarr, F.,`Joras. 8. C|r|s|||c| (ll. 0|e ers|er dre| Ja|r|urder|e, lll.
Korrer|ar, 3c|o||er, Ka|erer, lor|||er, lv. Aus|egurgssc|Werpur||e |r der
0rosspa|r|s|||)'. bAC1|1(1;). o;8-8.
larrer, F., `Typo|ogy'. FTo;(1o). zz8-1.
146
l|s|oare, |., T| e 0arrer|s ol Tora|. Fssays |r 8|o||ca|
lerrereu||cs.8|oor|rg|or
ard lrd|arapo||s, lrd., 18.
lo|||e|, 0., `la |ypo|og|e du saooa| c|ez 3a|r| Augus||r. 3or |r|erpre|a||or
r|||erar|s|e er|re 8e| |oo'. bFAugzl3 0. 8ardy (1o). ;1-o.
0orz|ez, J. l., `loW ||e 8|o|e las 8eer lr|erpre|ed |r ||e Trad|||or. Typo|ogy,'
T| e NeW lr|erpre|er's 8|o|el. Nas|v|||e, TN, 1|, 1-.
0rar|, b. |. ard 0. Tracy, A 3|or| l|s|ory ol ||e lr|erpre|a||or ol ||e 8|o|e. zrd
ed.,
l|||ade|p||a, 18|.
0r|ooror|, J., `le ||er des deux Tes|arer|s se|or |a ||eo|og|e de 3. T|oras.
No|es
sur |e sers sp|r||ue| e| |rp||c||e des 3. Fcr||ures'. FT|lzz(1|o). ;o-8.
0u|||e|, J., `les exegses d'A|exardr|e e| d'Ar||oc|e. Corl||| ou ra|er|erdu?'.
b3b
|(1|;). z;-oz.
0urdry, 3. N., `Typo|ogy as a |ears ol lr|erpre|a||or. las| ard lreser|'.
JFT31z
(1o). z-|o.
larsor, b. l. C., `8|o||ca| Fxeges|s |r ||e Far|y C|urc|'. Cl81(1;o). |1z-.
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| z|13p|r||ua| Fxeges|s z|1
lar|, |., `la '||ga|ure' d'lsaac (0er . ) dars |a 3ep|ar|e e| c|ez |es lres zz
grecs'. A.
Caquo|, |. ladas-leoe|, J. b|oud eds., l3 va|er||r N|||proWe|z|y, le||er|ca e|
Juda|ca. leuver-lar|s, 18o, |;-;z.
le|r, l., 3|ud|er zur |ypo|og|sc|er 3c|r|l|aus|egurg |r zWe||er Ja|r|urder|.
8arraoas urd Jus||r. 0|ss. le|de|oerg, 1;o-1;1.
Jacoo, C., `0er Ar|||ypos a|s lr|rz|p aroros|ar|sc|er A||egorese. Zur
|erreu||sc|er lor|zor| der Typo|og|e'. 3|la|rXXv (1). 1o;-1|.
K|rsc|oaur, F. e| a|., eds., lex||or der c|r|s|||c|er l|orograp||e, vo|s. lre|ourg
- 1o81;.
lalor|a|re, b., `l' ecr||ure, re de |a ||eo|og|e'. Ac|es du Co||oque de 8ruxe||es.
- 1;1sep|erore . 8russe|s, . 18 1o
larpe, 0. w. l., `Typo|og|ca| Fxeges|s'. T|eo|ogy ( ). - . o1zo1zo8
lecor|e, b., `l'asce|er|ur de 0|odore'. l3 A. booer| (Travaux de |'lrs|||u|
Ca||o||que de lar|s |). lar|s (al|er 1). 1-o.
lerc|, 0., lsaa|s 0plerurg c|r|s|||c| gedeu|e|. F|re aus|egurgsgesc||c||||c|e
ur|ersuc|urg. Tuo|rger, 1o.
luoac, l. de, `'Typo|og|e' e| 'A||egor|sre''. b3b|(1|;). 18o-zzo.
. l|s|o|re e| Fspr||. l'|r|e|||gerce de |'Fcr||ure se|or 0r|gre. lar|s, 1o.
. `A propos de |'a||egor|e c|re||erre'. b3b|;(1). -|.
. Fxegse red|eva|el-lv. lar|s, 1-o|. Frg||s|. T| e 3ources ol beve|a||or,
|rars|.
l. 0'Ne|||. NeW or|, 1o8.
. l'Fcr||ure dars |a Trad|||or. lar|s . l|a||ar. la 3acra 3cr|||ura re||a 1oo
Trad|z|ore, |rars|. l. lrg|||es|. 8resc|a, . 1o
lurcar, A., `|oise e| |es pres |a||rs'. C3|or. ( ). - . 81||o1|z1
|ar|us, b. A.,`lresuppos|||ors ol ||e Typo|og|ca| Approac| |o 3cr|p|ure'.
Cb18
(1;). ||z-1.
|usur|||o, l., `3|adoW ard bea|||y. T| oug||s or ||e lroo|er ol Typo|ogy'. T3zz
(1o1). |-oo.
0soorr, F., Ter|u|||ar. l|rs| T| eo|og|ar ol ||e wes|. Caror|dge, 1;.
lep|r, J., |y||e e| A||egor|e. lar|s, zrd ed., 1;o.
l|||oler, l., `Josep| (la|r|arc|)'. bAC1|1(1;). ;z1-.
ba|rer, l., `Ar|erra cruc|s. vll. 0|e Arc|e Noe a|s 3c||ll des le||s'. ZlT| 8o
(1o|). 1;-;.
. 3yroo|e der K|rc|e. 0|e F|||es|o|og|e der va|er. 3a|zourg, 1o|.
be|jrers, 0. ., T| e Terr|ro|ogy ol ||e lo|y Cross |r Far|y C|r|s||ar l||er|ure as
oased
upor o| Typo|ogy(0raec||as C|r|s||arorur lr|raeva z). N|jreger, 1o.
byar, l. J., `T| e 0ree| Trad|||or ol A||egor|za||or ard l|s lrl|uerce or ||e Far|y
C|r|s||ar wr||ers'. lruder||az1(18). z-|o.
3|ar|, |., `Joe|. 8. C|r|s|||c|, ll. la|r|s|||, lll. l||urg|e urd l|orograp||e'. bAC1|
1|o( ). - . 1;|1|
z|zT| ree la|r|s||c lerrereu||cs
Terres bos. l., `la lorrac|or de Fva er |os ladres gr|egos |as|a 3. Juar
Cr|sos|oro
|rc|us|ve'. ||sc. 8|o|. 8. uoac|. |or|serra|, ( ). - . 11|1|8
. `la lorrac|or de Fva er |os ladres |a||ros |as|a 3. Augus||r |rc|us|ve'.
FsTe |
( ). - . 1oo|z1
T| eooa|d, C., `les 'c|argerer|s de parad|gres' dars |'||s|o|re de |'exegse e|
|e
147
s|a|u| de ver||e er ||eo|og|e'. blCl ( ). - . z|18;;111
w|||rar, J., A||egory. 0xlord ard NeW or|, 18;.
w|||er, b., `Fxeges|s ard ||e l|s|ory ol T|eo|ogy. bel|ec||ors or ||e Adar-
C|r|s|
Typo|ogy |r Cyr|| ol A|exardr|a'. Cl(1oo). 1-o.
. `|e|||o, ||e JeW|s| Corrur||y ol 3ard|s, ard ||e 3acr|l|ce ol lsaac'. T3;
(1;o). -o.
w||||rsor, J. 0., `A 0elerce ol 0r|ger|s| A||egory'. Tu81(1oz). zo|-o8.
woo||coroe, K. J., `le sers de '|ype' c|ez |es lres'. v3.31(11). 8|-1oo.
ourg, l., `Typo|ogy'. lor|er, 3. F., Cross|rg ||e 8ourdar|es. le|der, 1|, z-
|8.
Zuurrard, b.,`0r A||egor|ca| ard Typo|og|ca| Fxeges|s' (0u|c|). ACF8T;(18o).
- 1o;.
l|gures de |'Arc|er Tes|arer| c|ez |es lres (Ca||ers de 8|o||a la|r|s||ca ). z
3|rasoourg, 18.
lor||l|ca| 8|o||ca| Corr|ss|or, T| e lr|erpre|a||or ol ||e 8|o|e |r ||e C|urc|.
bore,
1(ed. J. l. lou|der, W||| lrelace ard Correr|s. lordor, 1).
Typus. 3yroo|., A||egor|e oe| der os|||c|er va|err urd ||rer lara||e|er |r
||||e|a||er.
F|c|s|a||. lr|erra|. Ko||oqu|ur 181. begersourg, 18z.
|. Nurero|ogy
A spec|a| app||ca||or ol |ypo|og|ca| |errereu||cs oe|orgs |o ||e pa|r|s||c
|r|erpre|a||or ol o|o||ca| ruroers. lr arc|er| cu||ures, a|| over ||e p|are|,
ruroers |ad a syroo||c s|gr|l|carce. lor good or oad ||ey ro||l|ed sore|||rg
o||erW|se secre|. T| ey rar|ed g|ver c|rcurs|arces |r or|rous Ways
or |r o||er cases Warrar|ed ar expec|ed success. be||g|ous ard re|ap|ys|ca|
|deas a||ac|ed |o ||e ruroers g|v|rg ||er ar |rpor|ar| ro|e |r |||urg|es
ard r||ua|s. `3ever' Was spec|a||y |r |oror arorg 3er|||c |r|oes. l| reac|ed
||s c||rax ol sarc|||y |r ||e JeW|s| `3ever|| 0ay,' ||e 3aooa||. Accord|rg
|o Zec |. 1o, a|We| |as sever eyes, ||e ce|eora||or ol lasc| or ol ||e leas|
ol Taoerrac|es |as|s lor sever days, e|c. Jesus urg|rg ||s d|sc|p|es |o lorg|ve
dec|ares. `l do ro| say sever ||res, l say sever|y ||res sever' (|| 18.zz). lr
||e Jo|arr|re Apoca|ypse `sever' |s used rore ol| er ||ar ary o||er syroo||c
ruroer, |r s|ar| cor|ras| W||| `ooo,' ||e learsore ruroer ol Ar||c|r|s|
rer||ored or|y orce.
T|e s|gr|l|carce ol pa|r|s||c rurero|ogy s|ou|d ro| oe urderes||ra|ed.
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| z|3p|r||ua| Fxeges|s z|
0r ore s|de arc|er| |r|erpre|ers ol ||e 8|o|e |r ||e c|urc| s|ared W||| ||e|r
cor|erporar|es a serse lor rurera| syroo||sr W||c| Was vu|rerao|e |o
ex|ravagar| ca|cu|a||ors. 0r ||e o||er s|de ||ey Were |r|er| or accour||rg
lor a|| ||a| |s Wr|||er |r 3cr|p|ure, ard |||s |rposed or ||ese |r|erpre|ers
||e recess||y ol exp|a|r|rg ||e rear|rg ol ||e rary ard sore||res rys|er|ous
ruroers ||ey |ad |o correr| or |r ||e sacred ooo|s. T| e `days'
ol ||e Crea||or s|ory |r 0eres|s, |||e ||e days ard ||res express|y ro|ed |r
||e gospe|s, Were lor ||er as rary |rpera||ves c|a||erg|rg ||e|r syroo||c
rurero|ogy. lr lac| ||e |r|erpre|a||or ol ||e `s|x days' ol Crea||or oecare
sore|||rg ol a |||erary gerre |r ||s oWr r|g||||e |exaererorlourd arorg
||e correr|ar|es ard |or|||es or 0eres|s ol rajor au||ors ol ||e 0ree|
ard la||r c|urc|es.
T| e lour|| 8oo| ol Tora|, oear|rg |r ||e leoreW 8|o|e ||e appropr|a|e
||||e `lr ||e w||derress' W||c| |s a p|rase lourd |r ||e |r|||a| verse ol ||e
ooo|, |ad oeer er||||ed i9o, Nuroers, |r ||e |xx, ||e 0ree| |rars|a|ors ol
Tora| erp|as|z|rg ||e var|ous cersuses ard ||e prec|se ruroer|rg
W||c| c|arac|er|zed ||e Wor|. A s|r||ar aWareress ol ||e syroo||c va|ue
ol ruroers Was s|||| a| Wor| |r ||e JeW|s| r|rd ol ||e A|exardr|ar au||or
ol T|e w|sdor ol 3o|oror, a ooo| added |o ||e |xx |r ||e secord cer|ury
o.c.e. a| ||e ||re ol a prod|g|ous rev|va| ol ly||agor|sr |r 0ree| cu||ure
(0|y|a 1;1). w|sdor 11.zos|a|es, `T| ou (0od) |as| ordered a|| |||rgs oy
reas ure ard ruroers ard We|g||,' ec|o|rg ly||agoras ||rse|l (8o-oo
o.c.e.) W|o c|a|red ||a| `Accord|rg |o ruroer, a|| |as oeer rade'i9*
v oisv. lerce || |s ro| surpr|s|rg |o ro||ce |oW l|||o ol
A|exardr|a |r ||s correr|ary or Tora| rever r|sses ar oppor|ur||y |o
exerc|se ||s exper||se |r correr||rg or syroo||c rurero|ogy. w|||e ||e
spec|a| |rea||se 0r NuroersWr|||er oy l|||o |s |os| (3|ae||e 11-18), ||ere |s
arp|e ev|derce ol ||e a||er||or |e g|ves |o rurero|ogy |r o||er Wor|s. lr
0e op|l|c|o rurd|8-11, ||e `sever|| day' ard `||e |er per|ods ol sever
years' W||c| cors|||u|e ||e |urar ||le spar, |oge||er W||| ||e sever p|are|ar|ar
c|rc|es ol ||e ur|verse, g|ve space lor a sop||s||ca|ed specu|a||or or
d|v|re crea||v||y ard |urar psyc|o|ogy. lr 0e corgressu erud|||or|s gra||a
8-1zzard |r uaes||ores |r 0eres|rlv 11o, ruroer |er |s dec|ared proper
|o ||e de||y, |r s|r|c| corlorr||y W||| ly||agorear |rad|||or. lr u|s rerur
d|v|rarur |eres s||11-1o, ||e syroo||c va|ue ol ruroer ||ree ergages
l|||o |r|o exp|or|rg esser||a| ||r|s oe|Weer ||e d|v|re logos, ||e |r|e|||g|o|e
148
Wor|d ard ||e |urar |r|e||ec|, ||e sare ruroer ||ree oe|rg a| ||e cer|er
ol a s|r||ar expos|||or |r uaes|. 0erlv 8. Aora|ar's age ol sever|y-l|ve |r
|eav|rg larar (0r 1z.|), |r 0e r|gra||ore Aora|ar|18-z1o, |rsp|res ||e
correr|a|or |o corpose a ser|es ol d|gress|ors, W||| e|aoora|e rurer|ca|
z||T| ree la|r|s||c lerrereu||cs
syroo||sr. lor l|||o || Was ar appropr|a|e Way |o |rv||e ||s le||oW JeWs |o
la|||lu||y suor|| |o ||e laW, ard |o ce|eora|e ||e laW |r ||e cor|ex| ol ||e
A|exardr|ar cu||ure ol ||s day.
l|||o's exarp|e Was |o |rsp|re pa|r|s||c ard red|eva| correr|a|ors
ol 3cr|p|ure. lror ||e very s|ar|, C|r|s||ar |r|erpre|ers lourd ||erse|ves
corlror|ed |r o| W||| ar |rpress|ve arour| ol d|llerer| ||rds ol ruroers,
sore||res prec|se, sore||res `rourded oll,' sore||res sra|| ard sore||res
|rrerse `ruroers.' (lr|oerg). lr , le||er ||o larrac||us, Jerore
le|| oo||ged |o jus||ly ||s |r|eres| |r `urever (|rpares) rurera|s'. `3o |e|
re ||er erurera|e ||ose |r ||e C|urc| W|o Wro|e or urever rurera|s.
C|erer|, lyppo|y|us, 0r|ger, 0|orys|us, Fuseo|us, 0|dyrus, ard arorg ||e
la||r au||ors, Ter|u|||ar, Cypr|ar, v|c|or|rus, lac|ar||us, l||ary' (C3Fl |,
1o, 8|). le de||oera|e|y or|||ed Arorose ard |e cou|d ro| ye| rer||or
Augus||re. lad |e cors|dered syroo||c correr|s or ary rurera|s, ||s
||s| ol pa|r|s||c au||or|||es prooao|y Wou|d |ave reac|ed ro erd. lrdeed ||e
rore C|r|s||ar au||ors deve|oped a sys|era||c corcerr lor ar ex|aus||ve
|r|erpre|a||or lor ||e ||||era, ||e rore ||ey ou||| a syroo||c rurero|ogy
proper |o pa|r|s||c |errereu||cs.
l| Wou|d oe Wor|| ara|yz|rg |r dep|| ||e process oy W||c| ||e W|despread
syroo||sr ol cer|a|r ruroers |r pagar cu||ure Was |a|er over oy
ear|y |r|erpre|ers ol 3cr|p|ure lor ||e|r oWr purposes. Nor-C|r|s||ar rurero|ogy
rel|ec|ed re||g|ous oe||els s|rce ||e s|ore-ages, || Was ar |r|egra| par|
ol soc|a| ard rag|ca| prac||ces |r a|| arc|er| cu||ures (3c||rre|, laserluss).
T| e C|r|s||ar |r|erpre|ers ol 3cr|p|ure oegar oy locus|rg or ||e `s|x days'
ol Crea||or ard or ||e `sever|| day' |r ||e Wa|e ol l|||o. T| ey soor added
||e|r oWr perspec||ve or ||e `e|g||| day', ||e day ol C|r|s|'s besurrec||or
W||c| oecare 3urday. T| ey specu|a|ed or ||e `sever' g|l|s ol ||e 3p|r||, ||e
`sever' sea|s ol ||e |eaver|y ooo| |r beve|a||or, ||e `|We|ve' apos||es e|c., |r
a|| cases s|ress|rg ||e syroo||c va|ue ol ruroers |r regard |o 0od's sa|v|l|c
ecorory. Fver W|er projec||rg epoc|s ol Wor|d ||s|ory or descr|o|rg ||e
d|llerer| ages ol ||e |urar oe|rg, ||e|r locus rera|red |e||sgesc||c||||c|,
de|err|red oy ||e|r |ypo|og|ca| |r|erpre|a||or ol 3cr|p|ure. T| erelore || |s
la|r |o corc|ude ||a| pa|r|s||c rurero|ogy |r ||s esser||a| purpose |s ro|||rg
ou| a par||cu|ar case ol pa|r|s||c |ypo|ogy.
lor |ac| ol a corpre|ers|ve s|udy (s|rarge|y r|ss|rg |r ||e o|o||ograp||es
corsu||ed s|rce wor|d war ll) or|y a very scar|y |rlorra||or |s prov|ded |ere. lor
0r|ger, Crouze|'s 8|o||ograp||e cr|||que(1;1), |r add|||or
|o ||e s|||| ursurpassed repor| oy larrac|, 0er ||rc|ergesc||c||||c|e Fr|rag
der exege||sc|er Aroe||er des 0r|geres, Tu |z, -|(11) ard |o a leW add|-
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| z|3p|r||ua| Fxeges|s z|
||ora| rerar|s oy b. 8. To|||rg|or |r ||e |r|roduc||or |o 3e|ec||ors lror ||e
Correr|ar|es ard lor|||es ol 0r|ger(1z), or|y rer||ors a s|or| passage
or 0r|ger's syroo||c rurero|ogy |r K. l. 3c|War|e, 0|e vorgesc||c||e der
augus||r|sc|er we||a||er|e|re(8orr 1oo). No| a s|rg|e s|udy corcerr|rg ||e
rurero|ogy |r 0r|ger's Wor|s |s s|gra|ed |r ||e |Wo supp|erer|ary vo|ures
upda||rg Crouze|'s o|o||ograp|y |r 18zard 1o.
A ruroer ol s|gr|l|car| s|ud|es |ave oeer devo|ed |o rurero|ogy |r ||e
0ree| |rad|||or. 8as|| ol Caesarea erds ||s secord |or||y or ||e s|x days ol
Crea||or W||| a v|orar| exp|ara||or ol ||e |rarscerder| rear|rg ol `day' |r
0r 1.|. lr par||cu|ar, ||e `e|g|||' day prov|des a sure access |o e|erra| ||le.
0regory ol Naz|arzus, 0r. |, goes lur||er |r s|a||rg ||a| ||e `e|g|||' day
|s a|so ||e `l|rs|.' Crea||or ard sa|va||or are u|||ra|e|y recap||u|a|ed as ||ey
Were corce|ved |r ||e |r|||a| |rarscerdercy ol 0od's Wor|. lr ||s lor||y
or ls o, 0regory ol Nyssa rer|rds ||e corgrega||or. `ou |roW very We||
||e rys|ery ol ||e 0c|ave,' ||e o|o||ca| sequerce ol e|g|| days W||c| |s ||e
corl|a||or ol ||e 0eres|s repor| W||| ||e gospe| rarra||ves or C|r|s|'s
resurrec||or. T| e ||ere ol ||e `sever' ard `e|g||' days Wou|d resorar| |r a||
rajor exege||ca| |rerds ol 0ree| pa|r|s||cs (0o|ger 1o-o;).
T| e la||rs Were er||us|as||c |r|er||ors ol ||e exege||ca| |rad|||or ol
correr||rg or ||e syroo||sr ol ||e o|o||ca| `days.' A W|o|e c|ap|er |r
v. la | r , 0as wa|re 0ese|z, `T| e laW |r ||e l|g|| ol Nurera| |ys||c|sr'
(1o8), exar|res `0as 0ese|z |r der Za||errys|||' (o8-;). lav|rg relerred
|o ore or |Wo gerera| s|ud|es (3auer, lors|rer), ard |rs|s|ed or ||e |rl|uerce
ol l|a|o |r c|||rg lollrarr, ||e au||or rer||ors 0ar|e|ou's 3acrarer|ur
lu|ur|, W||c| |r lac| dea|s W||| |ypo|ogy. la|r's ara|ys|s ||g|||g||s ||e
syroo||c r|c|es ol `sever' ard `e|g||' |r Arorose's exeges|s corpared W|||
l|||o's rerar|s. ||e |ypo|og|ca| dyrar|cs ur|||rg o| ard r| |r ||e o|s|op's
r|rd gerera|es reW ||eo|og|ca| |rs|g||s aoou| ||e 0ays ol Crea||or ard
||e ages ol ||e cosros. l| resu||s |r a lorr ol rurero|ogy W||c| corveys a|
149
orce a suos|ar||a| |eac||rg or rora| va|ues ard a cordersed v|s|or ol ||e
||s|ory ol sa|va||or.
8elore Arorose, l||ary |ad repea|ed|y ca||ed or ||e syroo||sr ol ruroer e|g||
|r C|r|s||ar exeges|s as a We||- |roWr |op|c (Trac|. ls1zard 11o).
Al|er Arorose, Jerore, 8rev|ar|ur |r psa|ros. ls o(ll zo, 8) ard Cor |r
Aggae| prop|1, ard Augus||re, 0e serrore dor|r|l 1z(ll |, 1z), Fp.,
1, z, , 1, z8, add ||e|r oWr correr|s or ||e `e|g|||' day. T| e erdur|rg
|rad|||or or |||s ||ere Wou|d oe co||ec|ed ard surrar|zed oy Cass|odorus,
Fxpos|||o |r psa||er|ur. Fxpos|||o |r ls o(ll ;o, ) (0o|ger 1o8-18z).
Tycor|us, ||e lour|| cer|ury Alr|car au||or ol ||e l|oer regu|arur, T|e
z|oT| ree la|r|s||c lerrereu||cs
8oo| ol bu|es, W||c| |rl| uerced Augus||re's o|o||ca| exeges|s, espec|a||y W|||
regard |o ||e `||ousard years ol ||e sa|r|s,' draWs a d|s||rc||or oe|Weer |Wo
d|llerer| Ways ol reso|v|rg perp|ex|||es ar|s|rg lror o|o||ca| `quar||||es' ol
||re|erpor|s quar|||as(lb , 1). T| e l|rs| |s ||e `rys||ca| |rope, syrecdoc|e'
||a| |s, W|er ||e par| represer|s ||e W|o|e, or ||e W|o|e ||e par|.
lr ||e d|scuss|or ol ||e l|l|| `ru|e' 0e |erpor|ous, Tycor|us pays carelu| a||er||or
|o ques||ors |||e ||e corpu|a||or ol ||e |oyears (Fx 1z.|o) ol ||e
JeW|s| sojourr |r Fgyp| or Jesus' ||ree days |r ||e |oro. T| e secord ||rd
ol ||re quar|||y corcerrs ||e o|o||ca| use ol `l|xed' or `spec|l|c ruroers'
(8aococ|, ;) |||e sever, |er ard |We|ve or ||e|r ru|||p|esFx |eg|||r|s
rurer|s sur| sep|erar|us, derar|us, duoderar|us. lder au|er es| rurerus e|
cur ru|||p||ca|ur.Accord|rg |o Tycor|us, ||ese are ro| |||era| ||re quar||||es
ou| |rd|ca|ors ||a| ||e passage |s |o oe `sp|r||ua||y' |r|erpre|ed, ||a| |s |o oe
|r|erpre|ed |r ||e cor|ex| ol ||e c|urc|. T| ese |rd|ca|ors, |||e ||e `sever|y'
years |r 8aoy|or, ard ||e `|er days' ol ||e 8oo| ol beve|a||or (bv z.1o) are
ro| del|r||e quar|||a||ve per|ods, ou| |rd|ca||ors ol ||e `||re' ol ||e c|urc|.
lr d|scuss|rg ru|||p|es ol `lour,' (`lor|y days ol ||e lord's las|, ard |oses'
ard F||ja|'s') |e ro|es ||a| cer|a|r ruroers are `s|grs' ra||er ||ar rurer|ca|
equ|va|erc|esCe|era vero rurer| pro |oc|s |r|e||egerd| sur|, s|gra sur|
er|r, ror rar|les|ae del|r|||ores(8r|g||, ;o-;).
lor a l|re ara|ys|s ol Augus||re's |r|erpre|a||or ol ruroers |r ||s
Trac|ac|us |r lo|arrer, see |. Coreau, 3a|r| Augus||r, exeg|e du qua|r|re
evarg||e. lar|s zrd ed. 1o, 1z;-|z, ard |. lor|e| 1|o, o-;. lr
Cl81, 0. 8orrer adds |o ||s c||a||or ol rurera| arro|a||ors |r Augus||re's
lr lo|arrer. `T| |s rurera| |r|erpre|a||or represer|s Augus||re a| ||s ros|
ex|ravagar|, ard ros| readers W||| reco|| oelore ar exege||ca| |rgeru||y so
suo||e ard lecurd ard, W|||a|, so |aoored ard urcorv|rc|rg. l| Wou|d oe
urrea||s||c ard ever d|s|rgeruous |o d|sr|ss || as urc|arac|er|s||cor ||e
cor|rary, || rel|ec|s Augus||re's |as|e ard ||a| ol ||s age a|| |oo la|||lu||you|
||ere |s aro||er, ard rore appea||rg, s|de |o Augus||re's a||egory, W|er |e
|r|erpre|s scr|p|ure |ypo|og|ca||y' (oo). T| e 8r|||s| cr|||c r|g|||y erp|as|zes
||a| syroo||c rurero|ogy Was |||e secord ra|ure lor Augus||re's |rag|ra||or,
ard ||a| |e Was rore `suo||e ard lecurd' ||ar ros| ol ||s cor|erporar|es |r
p|ay|rg W||| ||.ba||er ||ar oppos|rg Augus||re's syroo||sr
ol ruroers |o `W|er |e |r|erpre|s scr|p|ure |ypo|og|ca||y' (oo), 8orrer
Wou|d poss|o|y |ave oeer rore accura|e |r ||s rerar|s |ad |e s|ressed ||e
|ypo|og|ca| grourd or W||c| ||e o|s|op ol l|ppo p|ayed W||| ruroers.
A|| rer||or ol ruroers |r o| ard r|, lror `ore' |o `ore r||||or,' are corver|er||y
||s|ed Corcordarce de |a Traduc||or 0ecurer|que de |a 8|o|eT08.
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| z|;3p|r||ua| Fxeges|s z|;
lar|s, 1, o-|. lor occurrerces ol `ruroer,' see J. 3|rorg, Fx|aus||ve
Corcordarce ol ||e 8|o|e. Nas|v|||e, 1o, ;-oo. lor ruroers |r |xx,
larpe, zzo.
Aora|ars, l., `Nuroers. Typ|ca| ard lrpor|ar|'. Frcyc|oped|a Juda|ca1z.1z|-
o1.
A||erdy, b., le syroo||sre des rorores. lar|s, 1|8(gerera| |r|roduc||or |o
`ar|||rosop||e').
8r|g||, l., T| e 8oo| ol bu|es ol Tycor|us.l|s lurpose ard lrrer log|c. No|re
0are,
lrd., 188.
8u|||rger, F. w., Nuroer |r 3cr|p|ure. l|s 3uperra|ura| 0es|gr ard 3p|r||ua|
3|gr|l|carce. 18|. 0rard bap|ds, 181.
8u||er, C., Nuroer 3yroo||sr. lordor, 1;o.
C|eva|||er, J., ed. 0|c||orra|re des syroo|es. |y||es, reves, cou|ures, ges|es,
lorres,
l|gures, cou|eurs, rorores. lar|s (`Norore,' - ). 1o |1|
Crerasco||, 0., `le syroo||sre des rorores dars |es oeuvres de 0rego|re |e
0rard'. J. lor|a|re, ed., 0rego|re |e 0rard. lar|s, , - . 18o|||
0ar|e|ou, J., 3acrarer|ur lu|ur|.F|udes sur |es or|g|res de |a |ypo|og|e o|o||que.
lar|s, . 1o
. `la |ypo|og|e de |a sera|re au lve
s|c|e'. b3b(1|8) 8z-|11.
150
0o|ger, l. J., `0as 0||ogor urd d|e 3yroo||| der Ac||za||'. Ar|||e u.
C|r|s|er|ur|
( ). - . 1|18;
lra|re, J. de - l. 0re|o|, `Norores'. X. leor-0ulour, e| a|., eds., vocaou|a|re de
T|eo|og|e 8|o||que. lar|s, 1;o, 8z-;.
lr|oerg, J., `Nuroers ard Cour||rg'. T| e Arc|or 8|o|e 0|c|.(1z) |.11-|o.
lr|eser|a|r, l., le||er|s||sc|e wor|za||errys||| |r r|. (1). Ars|erdar,
1;o.
lors|rer, 0., 0|e we|| der 3yroo|e. lrrsoruc|, 1o1.
0|y|a, |., le rorore d'or, l-ll. lar|s, 11.
. l|||osop||e e| rys||que du rorore. lar|s, 1;1.
0rossrarr, u., `3|ud|ur zur Za||ersyro|||| des lru|-||||e|a||ers'. ZKT| ;o
(1|). 1-|.
la|r, v., 0as Wa|re 0ese|z. F|re ur|ersuc|urg der Aullassurg des Aroros|us
vor
|a||ard vor ver|a||r|s der oe|der Tes|arer|e(|urs|. 8e||r. z. T| , ) |urs|er,
1o, o8-;.
laserluss, J., `Za||ersyroo|||'. lT| K1o, zrd ed. lre|ourg 1o, 1o-o.
lerrrarr, l., `0|e 3ec|s a|s oedeu|sare Za||'. 3aecu|ur1|(1o). 1|1-1o.
lollrarr, F., `l|a|or|srus urd |ys||| |r A||er|ur.' (3Al). le|de|oerg, 1|-
1, z.
lu|rac|er, l. A., 3yroo||| der o|o||sc|er Za||er urd Ze||er. laderoorr, 1.
llra|, 0., l|s|o|re ur|verse||e des c||llres. lar|s, 181. Frg|.. lror 0re |o Zero. A
ur|versa| l|s|ory ol Nuroers. NeW or|, 18.
z|8T| ree la|r|s||c lerrereu||cs
Kau|zsc|, F., `Za||er oe| der leoraerr'. bF, rd ed., z1(1o8). 8-oo;.
booo|rs, l. F., `Ar|||re||c |r l|||o Judaeus'. C|ass|ca| l|||o|ogyzo(11).
busse||, 0. 3., `'Cour|doWr'. Ar|||re||c ard Aragrar |r Far|y 8|o||ca|
lr|erpre|a||or'. FT1o|(1z-1). 1o-11.
3auer, J., `Za||errys|||'. lT| K1o, 1s|. ed., lre|ourg 1
3c||rre|, A., `Za||ersyroo|||. 1. be||g|orsgesc||c||||c|' b00, rd ed. (1oz)
o18o1-o.
3|eglr|ed, C.0.A., l|||o vor A|exardr|er. Jera. lerrar 0ull|, 18;.
3orerser, l. J., `Nuroers ard Nuroer 3yroo||sr (|r ||e 8|o|e)'. NCF1o
(1o;).
o8-;o.
3|ae||e, K., 0|e Za||errys||| oe| l|||or vor A|exardre|a. le|pz|g-8er||r, 11.
3|erze|, J., Za|| urd 0es|a|| oe| l|a|or urd Ar|s|o|e|es. rd ed., 8ad lorourg
vor der
lo|e, l. 0er|er, 1.
Ter|ar, A., `A l|||or|c lragrer| or ||e 0ecad'. l. F. 0reerspa|r, e| a|., eds.
Nour|s|ed W||| leace. 3|ud|es |r le||er|s||c Juda|sr |r rerory ol 3arue|
3ardre|.
C||co, Ca||l., 18|, 1;-8z.
Toep|||z, 0., `0as ver|a||r|s vor |a||era||| urd ldeer|e|re oe| l|a|or'.
0. Neugeoauer, J. 3|erze|, 0. Toep|||z, eds., ue||er urd 3|ud|erAo|. 8, l, 1.
8er||r, 1z, -.
|ore ||||es or syroo||c rurero|ogy car oe lourd |r lar| 8 urder spec|l|c
au||ors, lor |rs|arce, Augus||re.
|v. A||egor|sr
1. Cu||ura| 0r|g|r ard lrac||ce
lr 0ree| Ar||qu||y, `a||egory' (1\\pod), a le||er|s||c |err der|ved
lror \\d oiv, `|o say sore|||rg e|se |r puo||c speec|,' |s a lorr ol
d|scourse as o|d as d|scourse ||se|l. T| e ro||or a||rac|ed cr|||ca| a||er||or
lror ||e day W|er Wr|||er |ex|s Were suspec|ed ol ||d|rg a deeper rear|rg. T|
e o|des| |es||rory |o ||a| |errereu||ca| susp|c|or da|es lror ||e
lour|| cer|ury o.c.e. ard |s produced oy `T| e 0rp||c lapyrus ol 0erver|'
(`0er orp||sc|e lapyrus vor 0erver|,' ZlF1, 1o;, z1-z), W||c| correr|s or
ar 0rp||c ||eogory da||rg lror ||e s|x|| cer|ury o.c.e. W|ere
`Zeus' |s ca||ed `a|| |||rgs' W||| ||e correr|. `T| |s verse |as a der|ved (=
||dder) rear|rg, o#o - )o d[d|-v opdi, || |s ooscure lor
||e rary, ou| crys|a| c|ear lor ||ose W|o |ave ||e r|g|| |rs|g||sd o[+
|.v o\\o+ p\v iv, o+ . 89 iv$soiv =p\ov, co|. 1
(b. |er|e|oac| 1o;).
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| z|3p|r||ua| Fxeges|s z|
A||erp|s ol a proper lorr ol a||egor|z|rg go oac|, accord|rg |o ||e
|rad|||or ol 0ree| grarrar|ars, |o leca|es ard T| eageres ol b|eg|ur
(o|| c. o.c.e.), lor W|or ||e oa|||e ol ||e gods (l||adzo) s|gr|l|ed ||e l|g||
ol ||e e|erer|s, a l|rs| |rs|arce ol is" \\pod, or `cosro|og|ca|
a||egor|sr.' lr ||a| ||re ol |r|erpre|a||or Agarerror Was ass|r||a|ed |o e||er,
Ac||||es |der||l|ed as ||e sur, le|er as ||e ear||, lar|s as ||e a|r, lec|or as
||e roor. a procedure s|rp|y ca||ed :ovod, `corjec|ure,' or `syroo||c
|der||l| ca||or.' Araxagoras (|| c. o.c.e.) ard ||s d|sc|p|es (arorg ||er poss|o|y
3ocra|es) |raugura|ed `e|||ca| a||egor|sr'. lorer's poe|ry Was `aoou|
151
v|r|ue ard jus||ce' (0|ogeres laer||us z, , 11). l|a|o (|z8-|8) relused |o
a||egor|ze arc|er| ry||s, prelerr|rg ||s d|a|ec||cs. 8u| ||e 3|o|cs, s|ar||rg
W||| ||e|r lourder Zero (ca. -ca. zo|), adop|ed cosro|og|ca| a||egor|sr
ard pos|||ored || a| ||e core ol ||e|r sys|er. lor |rs|arce ||e T||ars Were
||e oid o# so, ||e `lourd|rg e|erer|s ol cosros.' lor |a|er 3|o|cs,
suc| as C|ear||es ard C|rys|ppus (ca. z81-ca. zo), Zeus syroo||zed e||er,
ard b|ea, ear||. T| roug| cer|ur|es correr|a|ors produced ar |rcreas|rg|y
a||egor|ca| |r|erpre|a||or ol lorer ard les|od.
la|er au||ors recap||u|a|ed ||e a||egor|ca| |rad|||or. l|||oderos ol
0adara Was ||e l|rs| |o use \\pod as a |ec|r|ca| |err |r sc|oo| r|e|or|c, ca.
ooo.c.e. (vo|ur|ra r|e|or|cal, ed. 3ud|aus, Teuorer, 18z, p. 1o|,
zz, 181, z-zo, 1;|, z|). Corru|us, aro||er 3|o|c p|||osop|er au||ored a
T|eo|og|ae 0raec|ae corperd|ur, lerac||des ol lor|us, a grarrar|ar,
co||ec|ed a||egor|ae lorer|cae, s|||| |roWr |r ||e pa|r|s||c per|od oy 3|raoo ard
lseudo-l|u|arc|. l|u|arc| ||rse|l, |r 0r bead|rg loe|s, 0e aud|erd|s poe||s
ro|ed |oW ||e cor|erporary usage |ad s||l|ed lror ||e |rad|||ora| ard
rore corror |err :ovod |o ||e reW |ec|r|ca| |err \\pod. `lr ||e
pas| ore sa|d 'deep ||oug||s' ou| roW 'a||egor|es''d+ \di .v :ovod,
\\podi .v#v \ovdi, 1e. T| e Neo-l|a|or|s|s, W||| ||e ro|ao|e
excep||or ol l|o||rus, a|so lavored a||egor|sr, lor |rs|arce, lorp|yry |r
;pis (pdd ard T| e Cave ol ||e Nyrp|s |r ||e 0dyssey(Are||usa
|orograp|s 1, 3uN 1o).
lr ||e la||r |rad|||or ||e very |err `a||egor|a' Was l|rs| used oy C|cero
(1oo-|o.c.e.). lror varro, Ar||qu||a|es d|v|rae|o lorace ard v|rg||, ||e use
ol a||egor|sr oecare s|ardard. u|r||||ar (1s| c. c.e.) ca||ed || a re|ap|ora
cor||rua(lrs|) vlll o, ||). As a |||erary dev|ce lor |r|erpre||rg |ex|s W||c|
carr|ed or re||g|ous or p|||osop||ca| ressages, a cors|s|er| `|rarsler ol rear|rg'
(|rars|a||oequa|ed ||e la||r re|ap|ora) opered or|g|ra| perspec||ves
lar oeyord ||e |||era| cor|er|s ol ||e |ex|s urder scru||ry. 3yroo||c |||r||rg
lavored suc| a re|ap|or|ca| |ec|r|que ol |r|erpre|a||or. lr|erpre|ers |ad |o
opera|e |r corlorr||y W||| We|| del|red ru|es W|er ||ey spo|e ol Wr|||er
zoT| ree la|r|s||c lerrereu||cs
sources W||| ara|og|es ol ||e|r oWr. 0||erW|se a||egor|sr Was doored
|o oecore ar||l|c|a| ard aous|ve, a |rerd W||c| a|| |oo soor a||rac|ed ||s
proporer|s.
lr le||er|s||c Juda|sr, |races ol a||egor|sr are v|s|o|e, l|rs| |r ||e Wr|||rg ol
Ar|s|oou|os (r|d zrd c. o.c.e., see ||e lragrer|s ol ||s Correr|ary
or ler|a|euc||r Fuseo|us ol Caesarea's lraepara||o evarge||ca8.1o, 1z.1z),
||er |r ||e le||erol Ar|s|eas (ear|y zrd c. o.c.e., A. le||e||er, 3C 8), ||e
8oo| ol w|sdor ard ||e |r|erpre|a||or ol Car||c|e. l|||o ol A|exardr|a
(d. |c.e.) |r|er||ed ||e cosro|og|ca| arde|||ca| a||egor|z|rg ol ||e 3|o|cs.
le adap|ed || |o ||s oWr l|a|or|c v|s|or ol rea|||y ard oroug|| || |o a c||rax
|r ||s Correr|ary or Tora|,crea||rg ||ereoy a |errereu||ca| rode| W||c|
Wou|d |rsp|re C|erer| ard 0r|ger ol A|exardr|a. lr ||e ros| spec|acu|ar
|||us|ra||or ol ||e a||egor|ca| re||od |r la|e Ar||qu||y, l|||o used |o |so|a|e
ore prec|se ro||or |r c|oser o|o||ca| quo|a||ors. le erp|as|zed ||e syroo||c
re|evarce ol ||a| ro||or |r regards |o aro||er ore ol ||s c|o|ce |r oas|rg
||rse|l or s|r||||udes oe|Weer oo|| ol ||er, W||c| |e po|r|s ou| W||| ||e
|e|p ol ||e |er Ar|s|o|e||ar ca|egor|es (suos|arceod, quar|||yov,
qua|||yoov, re|a||or i, |oca||oro#, ||reo, cor|ex|
s+9di, d|spos|||or)iv, ac||or oi+v, pass|v||yd+v). T| us ar
`a||egor|ca|' correr| Was jus||l|ed `|r lo||oW|rg ||e ru|es ol a||egor|sr'
voi o+ \\pod voi (0e sorr|sl 1oz). A |ur|rous ara|ys|s ol
l|||o's procedure |as oeer Wor|ed ou| oy l. C|r|s||arser (1o), W|ose l|ra|
del|r|||or ol l|||or|ar a||egor|sr arrources ||e deep |rpac| l|||o Wou|d
|ave or pa|r|s||c exeges|s. `A||egor|sr ('A||egorese' |r 0errar) |s a lorr ol
|r|erpre|a||or ||ar|s |o W||c| a core |dea ('ldeere|r|e||'), |rp||c|||y |rc|uded
|r ||e '|e||er' |s exp||ca|ed, a ro||or equ|va|er| |o ||e Wr|||er express|or ou|
ol a oroader s|gr|l|carce oe|rg jo|red |o ||' (1|). A lrequer| recourse |o ||e
e|yro|og|es ol leoreW rares Was par| ol l|||o's a||egor|ca| re||od. baoo|
Aq|oa (d. 1c.e.) corce|ved a s|r|c||y a||egor|ca| |r|erpre|a||or ol Car||c|e
|r order |o ce|eora|e ||e rys||ca| oords oe|Weer 0od ard lsrae|.
0re ray Worder W|y a||egor|sr Was so pervas|ve W||||r ||e |||erary
|egacy ol c|ass|ca| Ar||qu||y. 0re car or|y rel| ec| or |oW a||egory perlec||y
l|||ed ||e 0ree| r|rd-se| lor over a r|||err|ur ol cu||ura| |rad|||ors |r
||e sare Way |r W||c| 0ree| s|a|uary ra|r|a|red ||s caror|ca| s|ardards
lror ||e sr|||rg pro|o-c|ass|c |o ||e orra|e pos|-c|ass|c l|gures ol la|e
Ar||qu||y. Jus| as ||e p|as||c ar|s projec|ed ||e pererr|a| |rage s|ereo|yped
as ar aes||e||c parad|gr ol ||e |urar lorr, so W||||r |||era|ure, cu||ura|
a||egor|sr Was a ve||c|e lor ||e |urar|s||c va|ues ard ac|ua||zed ar |dea||zed
pas|. lr ||e dor|rar| cu||ure ol le||er|s||c A|exardr|a ||ese d|llerer| lorrs
ol represer|a||or rera|red a dr|v|rg lorce oerea|| ||e soc|a| ard sp|r||ua|
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| z13p|r||ua| Fxeges|s z1
re-rode||rg ol ||e |a|e ar||que |der|||y s|ared oy 0ree|s, JeWs ard C|r|s||ars
152
a|||e (0aWsor 1z).
lagar a||egor|sr W||| ||s ry||o|og|ca| oac|grourd Was u||er|y rejec|ed
oy C|r|s||ar au||ors (0. l. F||sperrarr, T| e A||||ude ol ||e Far|y C|r|s||ar
la||r wr||ers |oWard lagar l||era|ure ard learr|rg. 0|ss. Ca||. ur|v. ol
Arer|ca. la|r|s||c 3|ud|es 8z. was||rg|or 1|).
z. la|r|s||c A||egor|sr ard Typo|ogy
lr r| a||egor|sr ard |ypo|ogy are ro| ye| d|llerer||a|ed, cp. 0a| |.z|-zo,
or lagar ard 3ara|, ard 1Cor ., quo||rg 0| z.|. T| e sare |s ||e case
|r ||e le||erol lseudo-8arraoas. lr 0ros||c sc|oo|s ol ||oug|| a||egor|ca|
|r|erpre|a||ors ol va|er||rus ard 8as|||des laced s|rorg oppos|||or
oy c|urc| |eaders |||e lreraeus ard Ter|u|||ar. T| e a||egor|ca| exeges|s
ol lerac|eor correr||rg or ||e 0ospe| ol Jo|r Was severe|ycr|||c|zed
oy 0r|ger. A||egor|sr preva||ed |r l|ppo|y|us's Correr|ary or 0ar|e|
ard 0r Car||c|e, ||e |a||er's exp|ara||or lo||oW|rg baoo| Aq|oa. C|erer|
ol A|exardr|a oorroWed lror l|||o ||e a||egor|es ol 3ara|, lsaac, Jacoo,
beoecca, lagar |r 3|rora|esl o-z, |e oorroWed lror o||er sources as
We|| |r c|ap|er ool 3|rora|esv, or ||e Taoerrac|e ard ||e rooe ol ||e l|g|
pr|es| (|e|a| 1oo, zo1-zoz).
0r|ger a|so read l|||o, ou| |e oecare |r ||s oWr r|g|| ||e l|rs| sys|era||c
||eore||c|ar ol C|r|s||ar a||egor|sr. le preser|ed a `preura||c' or `rys||c'
|r|erpre|a||or ol 3cr|p|ure esser||a||y oased or a||egor|ca| procedures. l|s
|errereu||cs |rarsr|||ed oy A|exardr|ar c|urc| |rad|||or ard adop|ed oy
larous C|r|s||ar |r|erpre|ers ol 3cr|p|ure |r ||e Fas|, suc| as 0regory ol
Nyssa |r ||s lor|||es or Car||c|eard Cyr|| ol A|exardr|a |r ||s exeges|s ol ||e
o|, spread over wes|err C|r|s||ar||y ||roug| ||e Wor|s ol l||ary, Arorose
(rore deperder| or l|||o's a||egor|sr). Jerore (W|o |a|er repud|a|ed ||) ard
aoove a|| Augus||re, |o ||e po|r| ol |rpregra||rg ros| exege||ca| ac||everer|s ol
||e la||r ||dd|e Ages ur||| ||e belorra||or.
|uc| |as oeer puo||s|ed as a descr|p||ve ara|ys|s ol ||a| |egacy, ard
ruc| rore reeds |o oe dore |r |||s regard. lere || Wou|d oe use|ess |o
redup||ca|e a|| o|o||ograp||c da|a re|a|ed W||| a||egor|ca| |ec|r|ques as app||ed oy
pa|r|s||c au||ors exar|red lur||er or |r lar| 8 ol ||e lardooo|.
0r|y sore gerera| s|ud|es deserve ar |rred|a|e rer||or a| ||e erd ol ||e
preser| c|ap|er.
3|rce wor|d war ll ||e ros| |rl|uer||a| s|udy ol ear|y C|r|s||ar a||egor|sr Was ||a|
ol lerr| de luoac (18o-11), W|ose ||oug|| oecare cor|rovers|a| arorg
||s|or|ars ol pa|r|s||c exeges|s lror ||e 1os doWr |o ||e
zzT| ree la|r|s||c lerrereu||cs
preser| day |r a rarrer ard |o ar ex|er| or|y corparao|e W||| ||e uproar
caused oy b. 8u||rarr's ||eor|es |r Cor||rer|a| c|rc|es ol o|o||ca| sc|o|ars.
T| e ra|r d|llererce oe|Weer oo|| |r|e||ec|ua| |eaders Was ||a| ||e lrerc|
Jesu||, or||||ar| as |e Was |r ||s apo|oge||cs, seered |o propourd a re|urr
|o pre-cr|||ca| |errereu||cs ol ||e la||ers, W|ereas ||e lu||erar prolessor
ol |arourg ro| or|y ques||ored ||e re|evarce ol pa|r|s||c exeges|s oy ||s
`dery||o|og|z|rg,' ou| des|ao|||zed a|| o|o||ca| exeges|s |r ||s corver||ora|
s|a|us. l. de luoac Was ||e ou|s|ard|rg represer|a||ve ol ar e||||s| ||eo|og|ca|
avar|-garde draWr |o ||e puo||c arera |r lrarce ||roug| ||e d|ll| cu||
c|rcurs|arces ol wor|d war ll, spec|l|ca||y ||e lrerc| `bes|s|arce' |r W||c|
|e p|ayed ar ac||ve ro|e. l|s prograrra||c Ca||o||c|sre(1|8) as We|| as
||s ro|e |r ||e crea||or ol ||e ser|es `3ources C|re||erres' |rsp|red yourger
gerera||ors |r Furope ard e|seW|ere. A| ||e Courc|| ol va||car ll, de luoac,
|||e ves Corgar, Was re|ao||||a|ed al| er |av|rg oeer reduced |o s||erce lor
a leW years oy reroers ol ||e borar Cur|a dur|rg ||e por||l|ca|e ol l|us
Xll. l|s l|rs| rajor puo||ca||or or pa|r|s||c |errereu||cs d|scussed ||e oas|c
ro||ors ol `|ypo|ogy' ard `a||egor|sr' (luoac 1|;). T| e au||or preser|ed
||s urders|ard|rg ol ||e |Wo ro||ors |r reac||or |o ar ar||c|e ol a yourger
le||oW Jesu||, Jear 0ar|e|ou, `Traversee de |a rer bouge e| oap|ere aux
prer|ers s|c|es,' |r b3b(1|o). |oz-|o. 0ar|e|ou |ad s|a|ed ||a| or|y
`|ypo|ogy' Was geru|re|y C|r|s||ar, a||egory oe|rg |a|er over oy C|r|s||ar
|r|erpre|ers lror l|||o ard ||e 0ree|s. 0e luoac r|g|||y ques||ored suc|
c|ear-cu| d|s||rc||ors. `lar lror oppos|rg oo|| ro||ors, ore s|ou|d ra||er
adr|| ||a| ||e a||egor|ca| |r|erpre|a||or, |r ||s |rad|||ora| rear|rg , |rp||ed
l|rs| ol a|| a d|scerrrer| ol ||e |ypes or l|gures W||c| arrourced C|r|s|
|r o|o||ca| lsrae|. T| e W|o|e ol lsrae| arrourced ||e W|o|e C|r|s|. T| a|
|r|erpre|a||or es|ao||s|ed ||r|s oe|Weer l|gure ard |ru||, |e||er ard sp|r||,
oe|Weer ||e o|d ard ||e reW. l| s|oWed |oW W|a| |s |r ||e Wr|||er |ex|,
|av|rg |appered is, reeds a|Ways |o oe urders|ood ard exper|erced
vdis' (18).
T| us l. de luoac doWrp|ayed ||e |rpor|arce ol |ypo|ogy, ou| ro| W|||ou|
s||l||rg ruc| ol ||s rear|rg over |r|o ||e ro||or ol a||egory. `A||egory
|s esser||a||y W|a| ||e bev. 0ar|e|ou ard o||ers ca||, as opposed |o ||, |ypo|ogy'
(zoo). 8eyord ||e veroa| d|spu|e (roW al|er rary decades sourd|rg a|
||res |||e a lr|vo|ous pre|ex| lor a s|oW ol pa|r|s||c erud|||or) ||e o|o||ca|
ro||or ol `|ypes' rera|red urs|a|er, ou| ||e ro||or ol `a||egory' ga|red |r
153
serar||c ders||y. lr esserce, |r ||e |ec|r|ca| C|r|s||ar serse, `a||egor|z|rg,'
lor de luoac, rear| |o lorru|a|e ||e re|evarce ol o| da|a |r ||e ||g|| ol ||e
r| oy us|rg a l|gura||ve |arguage W||c| Was ao|e |o descr|oe ||e cor|er|s
ol C|r|s||ar oe||els ard ||e C|r|s||ar Way ol ||le W||| |rages ard cor-
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| z3p|r||ua| Fxeges|s z
par|sors oorroWed lror oo|| Tes|arer|s. Arc|er| au||ors, as ol|er ro|ed,
Were very rare|y lorra| ||eore||c|ars ol ||e|r oWr |errereu||ca| prac||ce.
T| ey |r|erc|arged |ec|r|ca| |errs W||| |||||e corcerr. T| erelore de luoac
s|a|ed ||a| || |s ||e rore |rpor|ar| |o locus or ||e|r `sp|r||ua|' ro||va||or.
lr 0r|ger's case, lor |rs|arce, |e dec|ared ||a| `||s sp|r||ua| serse, |r regard
|o ||e ar|ra |r ecc|es|a, |r|er|or|zes ||e C|r|s||ar rys|ery accord|rg |o ||e
|og|c ol ||a| rys|ery ard |eads us |o a reg|or lar aWay lror ||e ore W|ere
ore l|rds l|||o's exeges|s as We|| as ||e arc|er| 0ree| exeges|s' (zzo). 0e
luoac |rs|s|s ||a| C|r|s||ar a||egory |as ||s proper ||eo|og|ca| re|evarce W|||
a cer|ra| locus W||c| |s C|r|s|, ard |s exper|erced oy C|r|s||ars a|org ||e|r
|rrer jourrey as c|urc| reroers. T| us |e r|g|||y |r|erpre|s ||e ||eo|og|ca|
locus ol 0r|ger's a||egor|sr as |ypo|ogy (l. 8o|g|ar|, |. lesce).
8arr|rg, J. vor, `3ys|era||sc|e uoer|egurger zur a||egor|sc|er
3c|r|l|aus|egurg'.
ZKT| 11;(1). |1o-|o.
8arr, J., `A||egory ard l|s|or|c|sr'. J30To(11). 1o-1zo.
8oer, w. der, 0e a||egorese |r |e| Wer| var C|erers A|exardr|rus. le|der,
1|o.
8o|g|ar|, l., `lerr| de luoac e |'eseges| sp|r||ua|e'. A3F1o(1). z8-oo.
8os|oc|, 0., `A||egory ard ||e lr|erpre|a||or ol ||e 8|o|e |r 0r|ger'. l||era|ure ard
T|eo|ogy1(18;). -.
8re||, |. 0., `T| e lo||||ca| F|||cs ol los|roderr A||egory'. |. 0. Carro||, e| a|.,
eds.,
T| e 8|o|e |r lurar 3oc|e|y(J30T.3). 3|ell| e|d, 1, o;-8o.
8roserd, w. l., T| e becovery ol A||egory. 0|ss., C||cago, 1.
8roWr, b. F., `larao|e ard A||egory becors|dered'. NT(1oz). ;-|.
8uc|se|, l., `\\pod'. Tw8NT(1). 1.zoo-o|.
C|ar||er, C., l'||s|o|re pror|se. lar|s, 1z.
C|r|s||arser, l. 0|e Tec|r|| der a||egor|sc|er Aus|egurgsW|ssersc|al|oe| l|||or
vor
A|exardr|er. Tuo|rger. J. C. 8. |o|r, 1o.
0'Aroros|o, |. 0., lerr| de luoac ard ||e becovery ol ||e Trad|||ora|
lerrereu||c.
0|ss., Ca||o||c ur|vers||y ol Arer|ca, was||rg|or, 11.
0aWsor, 0. A||egor|ca| beaders ard Cu||ura| bev|s|or |r Arc|er| A|exardr|a.
8er|e|ey. ur|vers||y ol Ca||lorr|a lress, 1z.
Fdsrar, C. |., `A||egor|e'. b00, rd ed., 1.z8.
lrey|ag, l., `uae sur| per a||egor|ar d|c|a. 0as ||eo|og|sc|e vers|ardr|s der
A||egor|e |r der lru|c|r|s|||c|er urd r|||e|a||er||c|er Fxegese vor 0a|a|er |,
1z-1'. l. lrorr, N. larrs urd u. buoerg, eds., verour e| 3|grurl, 8e||rage
zur red|av|s||sc|er 8edeu|urgslorsc|urg. |ur|c|, 1;, z;-|.
lruc||e|, v., 0|e |osro|og|sc|er vors|e||urger oe| l|||o vor A|exerdr|er. F|r
8e||rag
zur 0esc||c||e der 0eres|sexegese.0|ss., larourg, 1oz.
0r|||a, C., 0|e uoerW|rdurg der ra|ur||c|er A||erss|uler a|s ldea| lru|c|r|s|||c|er
leoers. 0|ss., 8orr, 1;o-1;1= T| eop|are|a z|. 8orr, 1;z.
z|T| ree la|r|s||c lerrereu||cs
le|re, b. F., `0regory ol Nyssa's Apo|ogy lor A||egory'. v|gC|r (18|).
Jacoo, C., `A||egorese, As||e|||, T| eo|og|e'. T| . 3|erroerg ed., Neue lorrer
der
3c|r|l| aus|egurg(uaes||ores 0|spu|a|ae 1|o). lre|ourg, 8r., 1z.
Jooser, J. C. - wasz|r|, J. l., `A||egorese'. bAC(1o). 1.z8-.
K||r, l., `uoer T| eor|a urd A||egor|a rac| der ver|orerer |errereu||sc|er
3c|r|l|er der Ar||oc|erer'. T|oz(188o).
Kral|, l., `lerrereu||sc|es zur a||egor|sc|er Aus|egurgsWe|se'. TZ8as|o
(1o).
-8.
Kraus begg|ar|, C., `Ar|s|o|u|o e |'esegese a||egor|ca de||' AT re||' aro||o de|
g|uda|sro e||er|s||co'. bllC1o1(1;). 1oz-8.
luoac, l. de, Fxegse |ed|eva|e ll. lar|s, . 1
|e|a|, A., F|ude sur |es '3|rora|es' de C|erer| d'A|exardr|e(la|r|s||ca
3oroorers|a).
lar|s, 1oo.
|essrer, b., `Zur lerrereu||| a||egor|sc|er l||urg|eer||arurg |r 0s| urd wes|'.
ZKT| 11(1). z8|-1, |1-|.
Norder. F., Agros|os T|eos. ur|ersuc|urger zur lorrgesc||c||e re||g|oser
bede.
||| ed., . 1o
154
lavorce||o, N., `l'a||egor|a qua|e rezzo espress|vo |rp|ega|o re||' AT e qua|e
rezzo
esege||co presso |e scuo|e raoo|r|c|e pos|o|o||c|e'. b|v8|o ( ). - . |1118
lep|r, J., `le 'c|a||erge' lorre|oise'. bev3b ( ). - . z11o1zz
. `A propos de |'exegse a||egor|que. |'aosurd||e s|gre de |'a||egor|e'. 3|la|r 1
( ). - . 1;|1
. `3|. Augus||r e| |a lorc||or pro|rep||que de |'a||egor|e'. bec|Aug ( ). 118
- . z|8o
. `berarques sur |a ||eor|e de |'exegse a||egor|que c|ez l|||or'. l|||or
d'A|exardr|e. lyor - 3ep|erore (Co||oques ra||oraux du CNb3). 111 1oo
lar|s, , 1o;
- 11o;.
lesce, |., `ur 'oru|| aosurde'? lerr| de luoac d| lror|e a||a d|s||rz|ore |ra
esegese
s|or|ca e eseges| sp|r||ua|e'. A3F ( ). - . 1o1o1
l|rroc|, C. l., `T| e bo|e ol ||e 3p|r|| |r lr|erpre|a||or'. JFT3o(1). |1-;.
lococ|, l. 0., bea|||y ard A||egory |r ||e 0dyssey. Ars|erdar, 1.
ba|rer, l., 0r|ec||sc|e |y||er |r c|r|s|||c|er 0eu|urg. 0arrs|ad|, . 1;
b|par||, 0., `l'a||egor|a o |' |r|e||ec|us l| gura|usre| 0e doc|r|ra c|r|s||ara
d'Agos||ro'. bFAug ( ). - . 181;z1z
3aWyer, J. l. A., `T| e F|||cs ol Corpara||ve lr|erpre|a||or'. Cu8b(1).
1-8.
3c|auo||r, C., `lorerur ex lorero'. |l|(1;;). zz1-z;.
3c|War|z, w., `A||egor|e'. Fvarge||sc|es K|rc|er|ex|corl (18). 88-8.
3ee|, 0., `Ar|||e urd lru|c|r|s|||c|e A||egor||'. l3 le|er |e|z. 8er||r, 1o, 11-
|.
3par|s, l. l. 0., `T| e 3yroo||c lr|erpre|a||or ol leoaror|r ||e la||ers'. JT| 3,
r.s.,
1o(1). zo|-;.
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| z3p|r||ua| Fxeges|s z
3|e|r, F., `0|e a||egor|sc|e Fxegese des l|||o aus A|exardr|er'. 8ZAw1(1z).
3|e|rre|z, T., `A||egor|sc|e 0eu|urg urd a||egor|sc|e 0|c||urg |r der A||er 3|oa'.
b||us1z(18o). 18-o.
3|erroerg, T| ., ed., Neue lorrer der 3c|r|l|aus|ergurg. 0 1|o. lre|ourg, 8r.,
1z.
3||rpl|e, A., `8uc|s|aoe urd 0e|s|. Zur 0esc||c||e e|res ||ssvers|ardr|sses vor
z
Kor , o'. 8Z(1). 18o-zo.
3|ruoe|, A., `A||egor|a |r lac||se| a||egor|a |r vero|s'. loe||queo(1;). |z-;.
Ta|e, J., `T| e 8eg|rr|rgs ol 0ree| A||egory'. C|assbev|1(1z;).
. `l|a|o ard A||egor|ca| lr|erpre|a||or'. Cz(1z8). 1|z-|, z|(1o). 1-1o.
. `0r ||e l|s|ory ol A||egor|sr'. Cz8(1|). 1o-1|.
Treu, u., `F|yro|og|e urd A||egor|e oe| K|erers vor A|exardr|er'. 3|la|r|(Tu
;). 8er||r, 1o1, 11-z11.
w|||rar, J., A||egory. T| e 0yrar|cs |r ar Arc|er| ard |ed|eva| Tec|r|que.
Caror|dge, |ass., 18;.
. Tropo|ogy. l|gura||ve Fxeges|s ard lurar 8e|av|or
A o |s a `|urr' ol Words, rarrers, or ever|s. l|s corp|ex rear|rg relers
|o ary rode ol ex|s|erce, d|v|re or |urar, or |o ||e c|arac|er ard rora|
a||||ude ol spec|l|c persors. lr 0r|ger, ||e |err Was ra|r|y used lor |rd|ca||rg
`|urrs ol speec|' (usua||y |radequa|e) W|er spea||rg aoou| 0od. lr |||s
usage, `Trop||o|,' |r A||aras|us' le||ers |o 3erap|orWere peop|e accused ol
|W|s||rg ||e|r d|scourse W|er argu|rg aoou| ||e lo|y 3p|r||. T| ey |rag|red
c|arg|rg `rodes ol oe|rg' |r de||y ||se|l ! `Tropo|ogy,' rear|rg ||e use ol
l|gura||ve express|ors ard ol l|gures ol speec|, Was corror prac||ce arorg
pa|r|s||c au||ors as a||es|ed oy Fuseo|us, 0|dyrus, Jo|r ol 0arascus. lr
relererce |o 3cr|p|ure || equa|ed `a||egor|ca|' or `sp|r||ua|' speec| lor Jus||r,
0r|ger, 0regory ol Nyssa (larpe), s. v.1|1. lr |errereu||ca| |errs,
`|ropo|ogy' Was |ard|y d|llerer||a|ed lror `|ypo|ogy.' Frcyc|oped|as ard
d|c||orar|es usua||y |grore ||.
T| e |ead|rg Ar||oc|ere exege|es, 0|odore ol Tarsus ard T| eodore ol
|opsues||a, gave || a rore |ec|r|ca| serse. ||e |||era| cor|er| ol sore o|
prop|ec|es reeds ar exp|ara||or sd ov, `accord|rg |o a c|arge ol
rear|rg,' rare|y ||e c|arge W||c| opered ||e prop|e|'s r|rd |r ||e very
ac| ol prop|esy|rg oeyord ||e |e||er ol ||s u||erarces, ||e prop|e| ar||c|pa|ed
||e|r lu|ure app||ca||or |r lsrae| (see lar| 8 c|ap|. ).
lr corror use, `a '|rope' Was a 'l|gure' (l|||o, 0e corl. ||rg.8, 1o), a
'rode' (Augus||re, 0e |r|r. Xv |x 1, ls|dore, F|yr.l xxxv|| 1), a '|urr' ol
|arguage (|ropos, 'corvers|o'), oy W||c| ore |urreda p|rase so ||a| || |rd|ca|ed
ar oojec| o||er ||ar ||e ore W||c| || Wou|d rorra||y rear' (de luoac, Fx.
zoT| ree la|r|s||c lerrereu||cs
red.z, 1). T| e |ec|r|ca| `|urr|rg' ol ||a| sor| locused or oo\od
as a lorr ol l|gura||ve |arguage ard ra|r|y served lor ||e app||ca||or ol
scr|p|ura| p|rases |o |urar oe|av|or.
155
T| e la||r ||dd|e Ages Were pervaded oy |||s sare urders|ard|rg W||c|
|| |ad |r|er||ed lror arc|er| C|r|s||ar||y. T| e exerp|ar|s||c |ru|| ol ||s|ory
a| Wor| |r 3cr|p|ure Was ro| or|y corcer|ra|ed |r `|ypes' ou| || Was ros|
corror |r o| s|or|es. A| ary rorer| 3cr|p|ure as d|v|re|y |rsp|red rarra||or
cou|d oller a |e|plu| adv|ce |o oe||evers, |l or|y ||e oe||evers |reW |oW |o
ur|oc| ||e secre| ol ||s rar|lo|d rear|rgs. |ore Was sa|d |r o|o||ca| s|or|es
||ar W|a| ||e|r |||era| cor|er| repor|ed. T| e |r|erpre|er reeded |o searc| lor
||e ro||va||or ard ||e al|er||oug||s ol ||e d|v|re 3p|r|| oe||rd ||e |a||er.
w||c| |essors Were de||vered oy ||e |||era| rarra||ve? w|a| ||rd ol d|v|re
pedagogy de|err|red o|o||ca| ||s|ory |r ||s de|a||s, lor |rs|arce as rarra|ed
|r ||e 8oo|s ol 3arue| or K|rgs? 0e|err|red oy 0od ard correrora|ed
|r 3cr|p|ure oy ||e prop|e||c sp|r||, peop|e |r arc|er| lsrae| ac|ed |r order
|o prel|gure urder ||e laW ard u|||ra|e|y |o d|rec| ||e ac|ua| erood|rer|
ol C|r|s||ar |der|||y |r ||e c|urc|. lor pa|r|s||c |r|erpre|ers || Was oov|ous
||a| |essors lror ||e o| Were, oy del|r|||or, des||red |o |e| C|r|s||ars ca|c|
rore prolourd|y ||e |essors ol ||e r|. w||| regard |o e|||ca| pr|rc|p|es ard
|r v|eW ol rora| pred|ca||or ||e oas|c s|ruc|ure ol sp|r||ua| exeges|s requ|red
||e sare C|r|s|o|og|ca| locus or ||e |eve| ol |ropo|ogy as Was ro|ed ear||er
a| ||e ||eo|og|ca| core ol a||egory.
Aga|r a leW gerera| s|ud|es are rer||ored |ere, W|ereas ||e |ropo|og|ca|
cor|r|ou||ors ol |rd|v|dua| pa|r|s||c au||ors s|a|| oe reg|s|ered |r lar| 8 ol
||e lardooo|.
0ar|e|ou, J., `le 8or 3arar||a|r'
0og|er, b., Zur T| eo|og|e des o|o||sc|er wor|es oe| 0r|geres. 0usse|dorl, 1o,
;-8o.
larpe, l0l, 1|1-1o.
luoac, l. de, Fxegse |ed|eva|ell. lar|s, , - . 11;
3corza 8arce||ora, l., `'0ro e |rcerso e r|rra' (|| , )'. A3F ( ). `||. z11 18o le
|r|erpre|az|or| rora||' zz;-|.
|. Aragogy. l|gura||ve Fxeges|s ard ||e 8eyord
T|e `up||l||rg' (1vd) lror ||e |||era| |o ||e sp|r||ua| serse |r ||e
|r|erpre|er's r|rd Was ||e ros| esser||a| procedure ol pa|r|s||c exeges|s.
T| e W|o|e veroa| lar||y vvdvdvdis
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| z;3p|r||ua| Fxeges|s z;
vdis Was |r use lor express|rg ||e `upWards' (vd-) |rarsler ol
rear|rg oeyord |||era||sr.
8ecause ol ||s gerera| s|gr|l|carce, aragog|ca| |r|erpre||rg Was |rd|llerer||y
ass|r||a|ed |o a||egory or |ypo|ogy. lor |rs|arce |o a||egory oy 0r|ger,
0r Jo|r1. 1(0C3 , z, l0 1|, ;zc, 3C 1zo. l, 18o), or oy Fp|p|ar|us, laer.
oo, o, |o |ypo|ogy oy 0r|ger, lr|rc|, ;. ;, ard |e||od|us, T|e 8arque|,
|, or oas|ca||y |o ||e sp|r||ua| serse as suc| lor 0r|ger, 0r Jo|r1.1z-1
(0C3 |||, z|, l0 1|, ;;za, 3C 1zo. XXXll, 1z). lor Fp|p|ar|us, Fxp l|d
|(03C oo, 1, l0 |z, ;8oc), 0regory ol Nyssa, 0r Car||c|e, proer., ard,
cer|ur|es |a|er, lor ArdreW ol Caesarea, 0r Apoc, proer. (l0 1oo, z1;c), ||
Was syroryrous W||| `||eor|a.' lor ||e au||or ol a sc|o||a or |ax|rus
Corlessor, || s|gr|l|ed a `|arror|z|rg ol ||e |||era| s|ory W||| ||e sp|r|| ol
||eor|a' (uaes|. T|a|ass|ur. l0 o, ooa).
0erera||y ca||ed `rys||c' (0r|ger, lr|rc|, . o), or `sp|r||ua|'), preura|||
(|e||od|us, T|e 8arque|;, |), || Was lrequer||y jux|aposed W||| ||s|or|a
ard ||||era, occas|ora||y exp|a|r|rg ard jus||ly|rg ||e reed lor exp|ara||ors
`||g|er' ||ar ||e |||era|. 0r|ger, 0r ||e w||c| ol Frdorz, |e||od|us, T|e
8arque|, z, 0regory ol Nyssa, T| e l|le ol |oses(l0 ||, ;a, 3C 1, ;;), Jo|r
C|rysos|or, lr ls.|o. 1(l0 , zo8d), ever |e|p|rg |r|erpre|ers |o overcore
`cor|rad|c||ors' oe|Weer ||e lour 0ospe|s. 0r|ger, 0r Jo|r1o.z(0C3 1;z,
z, l0 1|, oo, 3C 1;, 8o). T| us aragogy Was a |errereu||ca| dev|ce
ol cer|ra| |rpor|arce lor ||e c|r|s|o|og|ca| exeges|s ol 0r|ger (lor|||es or
Jerer|a|1, 1z), or lor ||a| ol Cyr|| ol A|exardr|a (0r ls.|).
l| acqu|red a rore spec|l|c rear|rg |a|er |r ||e pa|r|s||c era. `Aragogy'
served lor ||e cor|erp|a||or ol ce|es||a| |||rgs |o core. l| locused or
||e l|ra| s|age ol ||e sp|r||ua| jourrey, as lu|l|||ed or ||e |rd|v|dua| or or
||e cosr|c |eve| (de luoac 1, oz1-o). lr ||e 0ree| spea||rg Wor|d,
lseudo-0|orys|us gave || a reW ||eo|og|ca| re|evarce as a |ec|r|ca| |err W|||
Neop|a|or|c corro|a||ors, rear|rg ||e `re|urr' ol sp|r||ua| oe|rgs `up' |o
||e |eaver|y ||erarc||es. T| e lseudo-0|orys|ar |egacy Was |o p|ay a rajor
ro|e |r ||e la||r ||dd|e Ages, oe|rg quo|ed oy T| oras Aqu|ras rore ol| er
||ar Augus||re ||rse|l (boques 1|). lr ||e la||r pa|r|s||c Wor|d, Cass|ar
Was ore ol ||e l|rs| |o proro|e ||e esc|a|o|og|ca| use ol `aragogy'. `Aragogy
|eads lror sp|r||ua| rys|er|es |o rore suo||re ard rore sacred secre|s ol
|eavers,' Aragog|a vero de sp|r||a||ous rys|er||s ad suo||r|ora quaedar e|
sacra||ora cae|orur secre|a corscerders(Co||a||o1|, c. vlll, 3C |, 1o) W|||
a relererce |o 0a| |.zo-z;, or ||e `|eaver|y Jerusa|er.'
T| e ||oug|| ol ||e l|ra|, or suprere ac||everer| ol sa|va||or |ad ga|var|zed
C|r|s||ar |opes lror ||e very oeg|rr|rg. l| cors|ar||y rour|s|ed
156
C|r|s||ar oe||els |r a rear|rglu| al|er||le, ard ||ereoy |rsp|red rary pa|r|s||c
z8T| ree la|r|s||c lerrereu||cs
represer|a||ors ol ||e |rars|| lror ear|||y rea||||es |o a `|eaver|y' cord|||or, lor,
as 0regory ||e 0rea| sa|d, ||e pror|ses ol ||e e|erra| ||rgdor are
`secre| sources ol joy lor ||e |r|er|or ||le,' secre|a gaud|a |r|er|or|s v||ae(lr
Fzec||e|erll, |or. 1o, . ll ;o, 1oooc).
0erera| 8|o||ograp|y
la|r|s||c lerrereu||cs
Ad|er, w. `Ad verouror Ad 3ersur. T| e C|r|s||ar|za||or ol a la||r Trars|a||or
lorru|a |r ||e lour|| Cer|ury.' lages z1-|8|r lursu|rg ||e Tex|. 3|ud|es |r
loror ol 8er Z|or wac|o|der or ||e 0ccas|or ol ||s 3ever||e|| 8|r||day. Fd||ed
oy J. C. beeves ard J. Karper. 3|ell| e|d. 3|ell| e|d Acader|c lress, 1|.
A|exarder, l. 3. `T| e arao|c vers|or ol ||e 3org ol 3orgs.' lages 11-1|r
Traduc||or e| |raduc|eurs au royer ge. Ac|es du co||oque |r|erra||ora| du
CNb3
orgar|se lar|s, lrs|||u| de rec|erc|e e| d'||s|o|re des |ex|es, |es - ra| zoz8
, 18o
vo|. z. Fd||ed oy 0. Cor|ar|re. lar|s. Fd. du CNb3, 18.
A|exardre, |. le corrercerer| du l|vre, 0erse l-v. la vers|or grecque de |a
3ep|ar|e e| sa recep||or. C|r|s||ar|sre ar||que . lar|s. 8eauc|esre, . 188
. `Fr|re c|e| e| |erre. les prer|ers deoa|s sur |e s||e du larad|s (0er . - e| z81
ses
recep||ors).' lages 18;-zz||r leup|es e| pays ry|||ques. Ac|es du ve
Co||oque
du Cer|re de rec|erc|es ry||o|og|ques de |'ur|vers||e de lar|s (C|ar||||y, 1o
18-zosep|erore 18o). beur|s par l. Jouar, 8. 0elorge (Co||. ver||e des
ry||es). lar|s. les 8e||es le||res, 188.
A|ves, l. `laroo|a da ove||a perd|da (|| 18.1o-1|, lc 1.1-;, FvTor 1o;)
(Fs|ud|o ||s|or|co-|||erar|o).' lurTeo| ( ). - . 188zz;
Ardre|, 0. `l'esarerore cosr|co e |e C|rorograp||aed| 0|u||o Alr|caro.' lr la
rarra||va cr|s||ara ar||ca. Cod|c| rarra||v|, s|ru||ure lorra||, sc|er| re|or|c|.
XXlll lrcor|ro d| s|ud|os| de||'Ar||c||| Cr|s||ara, bora, - ragg|o , ; 1|
1o-8. 3|ud|a Fp|erer|d|s Augus||r|arur o. bore. lrs|||u|ur la|r|s||cur
Augus||r|arur, 1.
Ardu|r|, |. l. `l| |era u|r e| ru||er re||'eseges| pa|r|s||ca e red|oeva|e d| Fcc||.
|z. . A propos||o d| ura |r|erpre|az|ore d| buper|o d| 0eu|z, ll.' 1| Aevur
(181). z|o-o1.
8a|er, 0. l. `Typo|ogy ard ||e C|r|s||ar use ol ||e 0|d Tes|arer|.' Jourra| ol
T|eo|ogyz(1;o). 1;-;.
8arrard, l. w. `To A||egor|ze or ro| |o A||egor|ze?' o(18z). 1-1o.
8auer, J. 8. `verus l|arao.' lages - |r l|gures de |'Arc|er Tes|arer| z|;
c|ez |es
lres. Ca||ers de 8|o||a la|r|s||ca . z3|rasoourg. Cer|re d'ara|yse e|
docurer|a||or pa|r|s||que. Turr|ou|. 8repo|s, 18.
8erger, l. b. `Ko||yr|ur lur d|e o||rder Auger, Ap| .18.' NTz;(18). 1;|-.
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| z3p|r||ua| Fxeges|s z
8err|ard, l. `0|e lorre| lF30u3 lAl3 TlF0u |r vers|ardr|s der a||er
K|rc|er.'
JT00(18).
. `0as lru|c|r|s|||c|e vers|ardr|s der lorre| llZ0ZlAlZ 0Faulgrurd der
a||er 8|oe|uoerse|zurger.' lages z1-z|r l|rgua res|||u|a or|er|a||s.
les|gaoe lur Ju||us Assla|g. lrsg. vor beg|re 3c|u|z urd |arlred 0org (Agyp|er
urd A||es Tes|arer| zo), vo|. z. w|esoader. larrassoW||z, 1o.
8er|rard, 0. A. `Adar prop||e.' lages - |r l|gures de |'Arc|er Tes|arer| o181
c|ez
|es lres. Ca||ers de 8|o||a la|r|s||ca . 3|rasoourg. Cer|re d'ara|yse e| z
docurer|a||or pa|r|s||que. Turr|ou|. 8repo|s, 18.
8|arco, |. 0. `A propos||o d| Aquae ruoescer| |ydr|ae.' lages |-o|r b|cerc|e
pa|r|s||c|e |r orore d| 0or 8as|| 3|uder 038 = Aug. . 1.
`8|o||ca| lr|erpre|a||or |r ||e Fra ol ||e belorra||or. T| e v|eW lror ||e ||dd|e
Ages.' lages 1-1o|r Fssays lreser|ed |o 0av|d C. 3|e|rre|z |r |oror ol ||s
3|x||e|| 8|r||day. Fd||ed oy b. A. |u||er ard J. l. T| orpsor. 0rard bap|ds.
Ferdrars, 1o.
8|eder, w. `0|e vors|e||urg vor der lo||erla|r| Jesu C|r|s||. 8e||rag zur
Fr|s|e|urgs gesc||c||e der vors|e||urg vor sog. 0escersus ad |rleros.' lr
AT|ANTz. Zur|c|. ZW|rg||-ver|ag, 1|.
8|a|r, l. A. `A||egory, |ypo|ogy ard arc|e|ypes.' 3|la|r1;(18z). zo-o;.
8|orr|ger, C. 0er gr|ec||sc|e ursprurg der jud|sc|-|e||er|s||sc|er A||egorese
urd
||re bezep||or |r der a|exardr|r|sc|er la|r|s||| (Fl3 b. Xv,1). lrar|lur|. le|er
larg, 1z.
8or|, l. C. l'|r|erpre|a||or |rl|r|e. l'|errereu||que c|re||erre arc|erre e| ses
|rarslorra||ors (lassages). lar|s. Cerl, 11.
8u||rarr, budo|l. `ursprurg urd 3|rr der Typo|og|e a|s |errereu||sc|er
157
|e||ode.' lr lro begro, lro 3arc|uar|o, eer ourde| s|ud|es er o|jdrager var
vr|erder er vereerders o|j de zes||gs|e verjaardag var lrol. 0r. 0. var der
leeuW.
N|j|er|. ver|ag 0. l. Ca||eroac|, 1o.
Careve|, |. `la 8|o|e e| |es lres. jeuresse e| |rpa||erce.' NbT| 1zo(1|).
|8-oo.
Casure||a, A. T| e Jo|arr|re larac|e|e |r ||e C|urc| la||ers. Tuo|rger. J. C. 8.
|o|r,
18.
Cava|car||, F. `l'aqu||a, || serper|e, |a rave, || g|ovare. l'|r|erpre|az|ore
||po|og|ca
d| lrov . - ,' - . o18zo18;zoo
. `0sservaz|or| su||'uso pa|r|s||co d| 8aruc| . - .' lages - |r o8 1|o
|eror|a|
Jear 0r|ooror| ( - ). 1zo18o3|ud|a Fp|er. Augus||r|arur z;. bore. lrs|.
la|r|s|. Augus||r|arur.
C|r|s||arser, l. 0|e Tec|r|| der a||egor|sc|er Aus|egurgsW|ssersc|al|oe| l|||or
vor
A|exardr|er. Tuo|rger. J. C. 8. |o|r, . 1o
C|av|er, l. `Fsqu|sse de Typo|og|e corparee, dars |e r| e| c|ez que|ques
ecr|va|rs
pa|r|s||ques.' 3|la|r ( ). - . |1o1z8|
0ar|e|ou, J. `les douze apo|res e| |e zod|aque.' v|gC|r1(1). 1|-z1.
zooT| ree la|r|s||c lerrereu||cs
0av|es, l. b. `|ar|yrdor ard rederp||or. 0r ||e deve|oprer| ol lsaac |ypo|ogy
|r
||e ear|y C|urc|.' 3|la|r1;(18z). oz-8. Fd||ed oy F. A. l|v|rgs|or. 0xlord.
lergaror lress.
0aWsor, 0. A||egor|ca| beaders ard Cu||ura| bev|s|or |r Arc|er| A|exardr|a.
8er|e|ey. ur|vers||y ol Ca||lorr|a lress, 1z.
0e 8oor, l. `K|rc|ergesc||c||e oder Aus|egurgsgesc||c||e?' TlZ;(1;z).
|o1-1|.
0oc|ery, 0. 3. 8|o||ca| lr|erpre|a||or T| er ard NoW. Cor|erporary
lerrereu||cs |r
||e l|g|| ol ||e Far|y C|urc|. 0rard bap|ds. 8a|er, 1z.
0or|va|, 0., |. lar|, ard 0. |urr|c|. `la 8|o|e grecque des 3ep|ar|e. 0u
judaisre
|e||er|s||que au c|r|s||ar|sre arc|er.' lr Co||. lr|||a||ors au c|r|s||ar|sre arc|er.
lar|s. Fd. du Cerl & Fd. du CNb3, 188.
0orr|e, l. `Zur |e||od|| ar|||er Fxegese.' ZNwo(1;|). 1z1-8.
0uc|roW, u. 3prac|vers|ardr|s urd o|o||sc|es lorer oe| Augus||r. Tuo|rger. J.
C. 8.
|o|r, . 1o
0u|aey, |. `la grce la||e lsaac. 0r . - |'epoque pa|eoc|re||erre.' zz11
bec|Aug
z;( ). - . 1||o
0urz|, l. 8rau| urd 8rau||gar. 0|e Aus|egurg des Car||cur durc| 0regor vor
Nyssa.
Tuo|rger. J. C. 8. |o|r, 1.
F|rrar, 8. 0. T| e 0r||odox Corrup||or ol 3cr|p|ure. T| e Fllec| ol Far|y
C|r|s|o|og|ca| Cor|rovers|es or ||e Tex| ol ||e NeW Tes|arer|. NeW or|. 0xlord
ur|vers||y lress, 1.
. `T|e T| eodo||ars as Corrup|ors ol 3cr|p|ure.' 3|la|rz(1). |o-1.
F|rrar, 8. 0., 0. 0. lee, ard |. w. lo|res. T| e Tex| ol ||e lour|| 0ospe| |r
||e wr|||rgs ol 0r|ger, vo|. 1. lr 38l. T| e r| |r ||e 0ree| la||ers, . A||ar|a.
3c|o|ars lress, 1z.
F|||s, F. F. lrop|ecy ard lerrereu||cs |r Far|y C|r|s||ar||y. NeW Tes|arer|
Fssays.
Tuo|rger. J. C. 8. |o|r, 1;8.
. `T| e 0|d Tes|arer| caror |r ||e ear|y C|urc|.' [Corperd|a rerur
luda|carur ad Novur Tes|arer|ur 3ec|. , |. lr |||ra. Tex|, |rars|a||or, read|rg z1
ard
|r|erpre|a||or ol ||e leoreW 8|o|e |r arc|er| juda|sr ard ear|y c|r|s||ar||y, vo|.
zo. Fd||ed oy |. J. |u|der ard l. 3ys||rg, o-o. Asser. var 0orcur, 188.
. T| e 0|d Tes|arer| |r Far|y C|r|s||ar||y. Caror ard lr|erpre|a||or |r ||e l|g||
ol
|oderr besearc|. Tuo|rger. J. C. 8. |o|r, 11.
Frc|so, J. `0oservax|ores acerca de| ser||do p|ero.' F8 ( ). - . 11|z1
Fscr|oaro-A|oerca, l. `0er lrop|e||e-8egr|llvor lr prop|. lsa|ar (l.0. , o
- 11;oo8).' 3|la|r , ( ). - . Fd||ed oy F. A. l|v|rgs|or. 1;18z1o1o1 0xlord.
lergaror lress.
Fvars, F. `verour s|ve 3errorer 0e| |r ve|er|s Tes|arer|| ||eop|ar||s serper
v|sur lu|sse.' 3|la|r11(1;z). 1z-;.
Fvars, 0. b. T| e larguage ard log|c ol ||e 8|o|e. T| e Far||er ||dd|e Ages.
158
Caror|dge. Caror|dge ur|vers||y lress, 18|.
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| zo13p|r||ua| Fxeges|s zo1
lerger, A.-|. `|ys|er|ur |g||ur |r l|gura, pecca|ur |r ||s|or|a. w|e d|e 8|oe| |r der
A||er K|rc|e ge|eser Wurde.' lages z-|z|r 0|e 8|oe|. 0as oe|arr|e 8uc|das
lrerde 8uc|. Fd||ed oy l. lrar|ero||e. 3c|or|rg|. laderoorr, . 1|
`l|gures de |'Arc|er Tes|arer| c|ez |es lres.' lr Ca||ers de 8|o||a la|r|s||ca
No. . z
3|rasoourg. Cer|re d'ara|yse & de docurer|a||or pa|r|s||que, . 18
lor|a|re, J. `ure c|e ||||era|re de |a v||a |ar||r|de 3u|p|ce 3evre. la |ypo|og|e
prop|e||que.' lages 8|-|r |e|. c. |o|rrarr. u|rec|||Arvers, 1o.
. `Correr| do||-or app||quer |a ro||or de gerre ||||era|re |a ||||era|ure
|a||re c|re||erre du lv
e
s|c|e?' l|||1z(188). -;.
lr|c|e|, J. `F|r Kr||er|ur zur ue||ersc|e|durg |rrer|a|o e|rer larap|rase
(0re| a||egor|sc|e 0eu|urger der larad|esl|usse 0er z.1o).' 3|la|r1z(1;).
z-o.
lroe|||c|, K. `C|urc| l|s|ory ard ||e 8|o|e.' lr 8|o||ca| lerrereu||cs |r l|s|or|ca|
lerspec||ve. Fd||ed oy |. 3. 8urroWs ard l. borer. 0rard bap|ds. Ferdrars,
11.
. `Jo|arres Tr|||er|us or ||e lourlo|d 3erse ol 3cr|p|ure. T|e Trac|a|us de
lrues||ga||ore 3acrae 3cr|p|urae(1|8o).' lages z-oo|r 8|o||ca| lr|erpre|a||or |r
||e Fra ol ||e belorra||or. 0rard bap|ds. Ferdrars, 1o.
lro|, . `l'|r|erpre|a||or ecc|es|o|og|que de |'ep|sode du 0e|uge c|ez |es lres
des
|ro|s prer|ers s|c|es.' Augbzo(18o). -|8.
lu|rrarr, |. 0as sys|era||sc|e le|rouc|F|r 8e||rag zur 0esc||c||e der
w|ssersc|al|er |r der Ar|||e. 0o|||rger, 1oo.
0argaro, l. `ler ur asco||o `sp|r||ua|e' de||e 3cr|||ure secordo || lers|ero de|
ladr|
de||a C||esa.' l3v1(18o). 188-zo.
0oppe||, l. Typos, ||e |ypo|og|ca| |r|erpre|a||or ol ||e 0|d Tes|arer| |r ||e NeW.
Trars|a|ed oy 0. l. |adv|g. 0rard bap|ds. Ferdrars, 18z.
0oure||e, A. `les qua|re sers de |'Fcr||ure. FTb|8(1;). ;-1o.
0rar|, b. |. T| e le||er ard ||e 3p|r||. lordor. 3lCK, 1;.
0reer, b. A. T| e Cap|a|r ol our 3a|va||or. A 3|udy |r ||e la|r|s||c Fxeges|s ol
leoreWs.
Tuo|rger. J. C. 8. |o|r, 1;.
0ruroec|, F. C|r|s|o|og|sc|e 3c|r|l|argurer|a||or urd 8||dersprac|e. Zur
Korl||||
zW|sc|er |e|ap|err|r|erpre|a||or urd dogra||sc|er 3c|r|l|oeWe|s|rad|||orer |r
der pa|r|sc|er Aus|egurg des ||. (|.) lsa|rs. 3v|gC|r. zo. leyder. 8r|||, 1|.
0uar|ro, T. `v|rcer| ol ler|rs ard ||e lerrereu||ca| ues||or. l|s|or|ca| ard
T|eo|og|ca| bel|ec||ors.' 0regor|arur;(1|). |1-z.
0u|ro|, J.-N. `la |ypo|og|e corre |ec|r|que |errereu||que.' lages 1-||r
Ca||ers de 8|o||a la|r|s||ca, vo|. . 3|rasoourg, 18.
0uz|e, T. w. `la|r|s||c |errereu||cs ard ||e rear|rg ol |rad|||or.' T3z(1;1).
o|;-8.
lar|, |. le dec||llrerer| du sers. F|udes sur |'|errereu||que c|re||erre
d'0r|gre
0rego|re de Nysse. lar|s. lrs|||u| d'F|udes Augus||r|erres, 1.
zozT| ree la|r|s||c lerrereu||cs
larr|sv|||e, b. A., ard w. 3urdoerg. T| e 8|o|e |r |oderr Cu||ure. T| eo|ogy ard
l|s|or|ca|-Cr|||ca| |e||od lror 3p|roza |o Kaserarr.0rard bap|ds. Ferdrars.
. `TWo Trad|||ors ol l|s|or|ca| Cr|||c|sr.' lr T| e 8|o|e |r |oderr Cu||ure. T|
eo|ogy ard l|s|or|ca|-Cr|||ca| |e||od lror 3p|roza |o Kaserarr. 0rard bap|ds.
Ferdrars.
lausc|||d, w.-0. `0er Fr|rag der reuerer aus|egurgsgesc||c||||c|er lorsc|urg
lur
d|e la|r|s|||.' vl1o(1;1). -z.
T| e lr|erpre|a||or ol ||e 8|o|e |r ||e C|urc|. Fd||ed oy J. l. lou|der. lordor.
3C|
lress, 1.
Jacoo, C. 'Ar|ard|sz|p||r,' A||egorese, |ys|agog|e. F|r reuer Zugarg zur T|
eo|og|e des
Aroros|us vor |a||ard (T|eop|are|a, z). lrar|lur|. Ar|or la|r, 1o.
. `A||egorese, b|e|or||, As||e|||, T| eo|og|e.' lages 11-o|r Neue lorrer
der
3c|r|l|aus|egurg. Fd||ed oy T. 3|erroerg. 01|o. lre|ourg |. 8r.. lerder, 1z.
Jerser, b. |. `T| e 0ller|rg ol lsaac |r JeW|s| ard C|r|s||ar Trad|||or. lrage
ard
Tex|.' 8lz(1|). 8-11o.
Jo|rsor, |. l. `Aro||er loo| a| ||e l|ura|||y ol ||e l||era| serse.' |ed|eva|
l|||osop|y ard T|eo|ogyz(1z). 11;-|1.
159
Karesar, A. `T| e p|||o|og|ca| argurer| lror ||e secord |o ||e l|l|| cer|ury.' JT|
3
|1(1o). 1-;.
Karrerg|esser, C. `T| e 8|o|e as bead |r ||e Far|y C|urc|. la|r|s||c Fxeges|s
ard ||s
lresuppos|||ors.' Corc(F)z;(11). z-o.
Ko|||rg, 8. `we|zer|orr 0o||es.' lages 1o-o;|r Tex| - F|yro|og|e.
ur|ersuc|urger
zu Tex||orper urd Tex||r|a||. l3. lur le|rr|c| lausoerg zur ;. 0eour|s|ag.
w|esoader. 3|e|rer, 18;.
Ko||er, w.-0. 0|e bezep||or des |a|||ausevarge||urs |r der Ze|| vor lreraus,
18;.
Kopper, K. l. 0|e Aus|egurg der versuc|urgsgesc||c||e ur|er oesorderer
8eruc|s|c|||gurg der A||er K|rc|e. Tuo|rger. J. C. 8. |o|r, 1o1.
Kral|, l. `lerrereu||sc|es. Zur a||egor|sc|er Aus|egurgsWe|se.' T|Z|o(1o).
-8.
Kre|zeroac|er, l. `leoers|e||er-3yroo||| aus der 0e|s|e vor 8yzarz.' lages
11-zo||r l3. lur K|aus wesse| zur ;o. 0eour|s|ag, |r reror|ar.Fd||ed oy
bes||e |arce||. |urc|erer Aroe||er zur Kurs|-0esc||c||e urd Arc|ao|og|e z.
|urc|er. Fd. |ar|s.
Kurz|, |. 0as Na|erWar|urgs|og|or |a|||aus 1o.z. Tuo|rger. J. C. 8. |o|r,
1;o.
. 0as Na|erWar|urgs|og|or |ar|us .1par. Tuo|rger. J. C. 8. |o|r, 1;;.
Kyr | a| as, 0. ` T| e Trarslorra||or ol ||e Tex|. ||e becep||or ol Jo|r's
beve|a||or.'
lages 1||-oz|rTex| as l|s|ory. T| e wr|||rg ol Arc|er| l|s|ory. Fd||ed oy A.
Careror. C|ape| l|||. ur|vers||y ol Nor|| Caro||ra lress, 18.
larpe, 0. w. l. T| e sea| ol ||e 3p|r||. lordor. lorgrars, 11.
. `T| e beasorao|eress ol Typo|ogy.' lages -8|r Fssays |r Typo|ogy.
Fd||ed oy
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| zo3p|r||ua| Fxeges|s zo
0. l. w. larpe ard K. J. woo||coroe. 3|ud|es |r 8|o||ca| T| eo|ogy zz. lordor.
3C|, 1;.
le 8ou||uec, A. `l'appor| des c|re||ers au |argage syroo||que de |'Ar||qu||e.'
lages
zz-o|r les lres de |'Fg||se au zoe s. l|s|o|re, ||||era|ure, ||eo|og|e.
'l'aver|ure
des 3ources c|re||erres.' (la|r|ro|res. C|r|s||ar|sre). lar|s. Cerl, 1;.
le|po|d|, J. `Zur 0esc||c||e der Aus|egurg.' TlZ;(1o). zz-|.
leor|, l. ard 0. T|cor|o, 3e||e rego|e per |a 3cr|||ura. Fp|lar|a de||a laro|a, N.3.
Tes||
errereu||c| . |8o|ogra. Fd|z. 0e|or|are, 1;.
lerc|, 0. lsaa|s 0plerurg c|r|s|||c| gedeu|e|. F|re aus|egurgsgesc||c||||c|e
ur|ersuc|urg. 8|T| 1z. Tuo|rger. J. C. 8. |o|r, 1o.
levora|||, A. J. `la |ec|ura `esp|r||ua|' de |a 8|o||a.' bev|s|a 8|o||ca zN.F. ;
(1o).
z-|.
leW|s, J. l. `T| e 0ays ol Crea||or. Ar l|s|or|ca| 3urvey ol lr|erpre|a||or.'
JFT3z
(18). |-.
l|eoers, b. w|e gesc|r|eoer s|e||. 3|ud|er zu e|rer oesorderer Ar|
lru|c|r|s|||c|er
3c|r|l|oezuges. 8er||r. 0e 0ruy|er, 1.
lo|, v. `'3cr|p|urae 3acrarer|ur'.' b8|ol|1|(1oo). zo1-;8.
. `la ||po|og|a de||'agre||o pasqua|e e |'a||esa esca|o|og|ca |r e| pa|r|s||ca.'
3a|es|arur ( ). - . 1;118;z|
. `la ||po|og|a de||' agre||o pasqua|e e |'a||esa esca|o|og|ca |r e| pa|r|s||ca'.
A. Cuva, ed., lors v|vus. ls. F. |. v|srara. Zur|c|, , - . 1;11z|z
luoac, l. de. `A propos de |'a||egor|e c|re||erre.' b3b ( ). - . |;1|
. Fxegse red|eva|e. les qua|re sers de |'Fcr||ure, l. Co||. T| eo|og|e |1.
lar|s.
Auo|er, 1.
luoac. l. de. `'3ers 3p|r||ue|.'' b3b(1).
|a|er, 0. 0|e Jo|arresolleroarurg urd d|e K|rc|e. Tuo|rger. J. C. 8. |o|r,
181.
|a||rgrey, A.-|. `l'|arror|e des deux Tes|arer|s dars |es |ore||es Cor|ra
Aroroeos.' lages 18-zo1|r 3|la|r vo|. z;. lapers preser|ed a| ||e F|ever||
lr|erra||ora| Corlererce or la|r|s||c 3|ud|es |e|d |r 0xlord 11. Cappadoc|ar
la||ers, 0ree| Au ||ors al|er N|caea, Augus||re, 0ora||sr, ard le|ag|ar|sr.
louva|r. lee|ers, 1.
|aral|o||, 0. `l'eseges| de| ladr|. lurz|ore de||a 'regu|a l|de|' e s|gr|l|ca|o de|
re|odo a||egor|co-sp|r||ua|e.' lages - |r l ladr| de||a C||esa e |a Teo|og|a. |1o
lr d|a|ogo cor 8as|| 3|ruder. Fd||ed oy A. 0razzo. C|r|se||o 8a|saro. Fd.
lao||re, . 1
160
|arava|, l. `les ra|rs de 0|eu dars |a crea||or. ue|ques |r|erpre|a||ors
pa|r|s||ques d'ure |rage o|o||que.' lages 1;-o|r la |a|r de 0|eu. 0|e lard
0o||es. Fd||ed oy b. K|ell er ard J. 8ergrar. Tuo|rger. J. C. 8. |o|r, 1;.
|ar||r, J. l. `3oore |a ||s|or|a de |errereu||ca er e| cr|s||ar|sro. 0|scus|or cor
8er|rard de |arger|e.' bev. 8|o |(18;). z1-z.
zo|T| ree la|r|s||c lerrereu||cs
|e|or|, l. `l'arore re| Car||co de| Car||c| correr|a|o da| ladr| de||a C||esa.'
l3v ( ). - . 1o18|z|zz
. `Arore e |rror|a||| re| Car||co de| Car||c| a||a |uce de||'|r|erpre|az|ore
pa|r|s||ca.' lages - |r bea|| e a||egor|a re||'|r|erpre|az|ore de| Car||co de| |oz
car||c| [luoo|. de| 0.Ab.ll.Cl.FT. |. 1z;0eroa, 18.
|er|e|, l. `0|e w|derspruc|e zW|sc|er der Fvarge||er. l|re po|er|sc|e urd
apo|oge||sc|e 8e|ard|urg |r der A||er K||c|e o|s Augus||r.' wuNT ( ). 11;1
- 1z.
|essara, v. `3agg| d| eseges| sp|r||ua|e re| ladr|.' lr uad. d| preserza cu||.
vlll, 1;|
pp. Ca||ar|sse||a. Fd. de| 3er|rar|o, . 18o
. `l'eseges| |ropo|og|ca presso | padr| e |e o|o||c|e l|gure d| Aoe|e e d| Ca|ro |r
Arorog|o e Agos||ro.' 3|la|r1(18). 18-.
|e|zger, 8. |. `la|r|s||c ev|derce ard ||e |ex|ua| cr|||c|sr ol ||e NeW Tes|arer|.'
NT318(1;z). ;-|oo.
||zuga||, w. '3p|r||' ard '3earc|'. T| e 8as|s ol 8|o||ca| lerrereu||cs.
|orse|eWs||, w. 0er oarr|erz|ge 3arar||er. F|re aus|egurgsgesc||c||||c|e
ur|ersuc|urg zu lu|as 1o.z-;. Tuo|rger. J. C. 8. |o|r, 1o;.
|orero |ar||rez, J. l. `F| ro||ro de |os Tes|arer|os. ur s|roo|o de |a exeges|s
pa|r|s||ca y red|eva|.' F8|o|;(18). -o8.
|urao|a, T. `0r 3ep|uag|r| |ex|cograp|y ard pa|r|s||cs.' JT| 3(18|). ||1-
|8.
|usur|||o, l. `3|adoW ard bea|||y. T| oug||s or ||e lroo|er ol Typo|ogy.'
T3zz|
(1o1). |-oo.
|u||eroerg, F. `0as 0|e|c|r|s vor der Aroe||err |r we|roerg (|a|||aus zo.1-
1o)
oe| der va|err.' lages 11-zo|r Fpvdd.l3. lur ladW|g lorrer zur
sec|z|gs|er 0eour|s|ag.8KA z, ;. le|de|oerg, 1o.
. `0r|ec||sc|e la|r|s|||, ll. 8|oe|aus|egurg.' T|bo1(1o). z;-1o.
|u||er, K. w. `Kor|g urd va|er. 3|re|l||c||er zur re|ap|or|sc|er bede uoer 0o|| |r
der urWe|| des Neuer Tes|arer|s.' lages z1-||r Kor|gs|errsc|al|0o||es
urd ||rr||sc|er Ku|| |r Juder|ur, urc|r|s|er|ur urd |r der |e||er|s||sc|er
we|| .Fd||ed oy |. lerge| ard A. |. 3c|Werer. wuNT . Tuo|rger. J. C. 8.
|o|r, . 11
|u||er, |. `0raeca s|ve leora|ca ver||as? lorsvare| lor 3ep|uag|r|a | 0|d||r|er.'
[lorur lor o|oe|s| e|segese 1|. lages 11;-;|r 0e| gar|e Tes|arer|e og
der |r|s|re lor|o||r|rg, ed||ed oy Kar|r lr||s l|ur ard 0eer| la||oac|.
Coper|ager. |useur Tuscu|arurs lor|ag, 188.
N||o|asc|, l. 0as larr a|s C|r|s|ussyroo| |r der 3c|r|l|er der va|er. w|erer
8e||rage zur T| eo|og|e . v|erra. lerder, 1o.
Noo|e, l. b. `T|e 3ersus l||era||s. JoWe||, C|||ds ard 8arr.' JT| 3||(1). 1-
z.
Noce, C. l'Fsodo ,1|re||'|r|erpre|az|ore de| ladr| la||r|. Fs|ra||o de||a |es| d|
|aurea
|r |eo|. bore. lor||l. ur|v. de| la|eraro, 1;1.
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| zo3p|r||ua| Fxeges|s zo
Nurroerg, b. `Apos|o|ae Apos|o|orur. 0|e lrauer ar 0rao a|s ers|e Zeug|rrer
der
Aulers|e|urg |r der va|erexegese.' lages zz8-|z|r 3||ru||, l3. F. 0assrarr.
Fd||ed oy 0. 3c|o||ger ard C. 3c|o||er. |urs|er. Asc|erdorllsc|er v., 1o.
0||ororou, F. 8. `vorsc||age zur F|rordrurg urd 8eWer|urg der pa|r|s||sc|er
Aus|egurger des A||er Tes|arer|es (reugr.).' lages 11-z8|rF|segese|s a'
0r||o doxou lerrereu|||ou 3uredr|ou. Fd||ed oy J. laragopou|os. A||ers,
1;.
0||e, K. 0as 3prac|vers|ardr|s oe| l|||o vor A|exardr|er. 3prac|e a|s ||||e| der
lerre reu|||. Tuo|rger. J. C. 8. |o|r, 1o8.
0'Ne||, J. C. `T| e ru|es lo||oWed oy ||e ed||ors ol ||e |ex| lourd |r ||e Codex
va| |c arus .' NT3 ( ). - . 18z1z8
le||ard, 0. `ue lau|-|| a||erdre de |'||s|o|re de |'exegse arc|erre?' 0reg o
( ). 188
- o1;z8.
le||egr|ro, |. `l'Fseges| 8|o||ca re| ladr| de||a C||esa.' Aspreras | ( ). - 811o1z;
. |
ler lorarer acus. l| cr|s||ares|ro ar||co d| lror|e a||a per|cope evarge||ca de|
0|ovare
r|cco. 3|ud|a la|r|s||ca |ed|o|ar. |||ar. v||a & lers|ero, . 18o
lerrore, l. `A 0erera| 8|o||ograp|y ol ||e l|s|ory ol 8|o||ca| lr|erpre|a||or.
161
Fxeges|s, lerrereu||cs ard uses ol ||e 8|o|e Nr. [ | |.' A3F | ( ). 1|1 1111|
- zo.
. `lr|z|az|ore a||a 8|oo|a re||a |e||era|ura pa|r|s||ca.' Cr3| ( ). - . 1z111z;
le|||, |. `Tarar.' lages - |r l|gures de |'Arc|er Tes|arer| c|ez |es lres. 1|;
Ca||ers de 8|o||a la|r|s||ca . 3|rasoourg. Cer|re d'ara|yse & de docurer|a||or z
pa|r|s||que, . 18
le|rag||o, b. `le |r|erpo|az|or| cr|s||are de| sa||er|o greco.' Augus||r|arurz8
(188). 8-1o.
le|zer, J. l. `T| e la||r vers|or ol ||e NeW Tes|arer|.' lages 11-o|r T| e
Tex| ol
||e NeW Tes|arer| |r Cor|erporary besearc|. Fssays or ||e 3|a|us
uaes||or|s.
A vo|ure |r loror ol 8. |. |e|zger. Fd||ed oy 8. 0. F|rrar ard |. w.
lo|res. 3|0|o. 0rard bap|ds. Ferdrars, 1.
l|per, J. `love your Frer|es'. Jesus' love Corrard |r ||e 3yrop||c 0ospe|s
ard |r ||e
Far|y C|r|s||ar laraeres|s. A l|s|ory ol Trad|||or ard lr|erpre|a||or ol ||s uses.
0rard bap|ds. 8a|er, . 11
lo||rarr, K. `la geres| de||'errereu||ca re||'Alr|ca de| seco|o lv.' lages - 1;|
|r Cr|s||ares|ro e spec|l|c|| reg|ora|| re| |ed||errareo |a||ro (sec. lv-vl). XXll
|rcor|ro d| s|ud|os| de||'ar||c||| cr|s||ara. bora, - ragg|o . 3FAug, . o8 1 |o
bore. lrs|||u|ur la|r|s||cur Augus||r|arur, . 1|
lo||er|e, l. de |a. `Fseges| s|or|co-cr|||ca e |r|erpre|az|ore cr|s||ara.' lages -1o
|r
3|ud| C|pr|ar|.
. `0|e lesurg der le|||ger 3c|r|l|'|r 0e|s|.' ls| d|e pa|r|s||sc|e we|se der
8|oe||esurg |eu|e rog||c|?' lKaZ1(18o). zo-z|.
zooT| ree la|r|s||c lerrereu||cs
. `la |e||ura de||a 3acra 3cr|||ura 're||o 3p|r||o'. || rodo pa|r|s||co d| |eggere |a
8|oo|a poss|o||e ogg|?' CC ( ). - . 1;18ozoz
. `bead|rg |o|y scr|p|ure |r ||e sp|r||. ls ||e pa|r|s||c Way ol read|rg ||e 8|o|e
s|||| poss|o|e |oday?' Corrur|o (u3)1(18o). o8-z.
. `T| e bead|rg ol ||e 3acred 3cr|p|ure '|r ||e 3p|r||.' ls ||e pa|r|s||c read|rg ol
||e
8|o|e poss|o|e?' 0v|1(18o). z-.
lrocope, J. l. `0ree| l|||osop|y, lerrereu||cs ard A|exardr|ar urders|ard|rg
ol
||e 0|d Tes|arer|.' lages |1-;;|r leoreW 8|o|e|0|d Tes|arer|. T|e l|s|ory
ol l|s lr|erpre|a||or. vo|. 1. lror ||e 8eg|rr|rgs |o ||e ||dd|e Ages (ur||| 1oo).
lr co-opera||or W||| C. 8re|e|rars ard |. larar, ed||ed oy |. 3lo.lar| 1.
Ar||qu||y. 0o|||rger. varder|oec| & buprec||, . 1o
uacquare|||, A. `becupero de||a rurero|og|a per |a re|od|ca de||'eseges|
pa|r|s||ca.' A3F ( ). - . z18z|
. l| |r|p||ce lru||o de||a v||a cr|s||ara. , e (|| . re||e d|verse 1oooo o 18
|r|erpre|az|or|, ed. 8ar|. Fd|pug||a, . z 18
baros-l|ssor, 0. `A||egor|sro lagaro y A||egor|sro Cr|s||aro er 0rgeres. la
lo|er|ca cor|ra Ce|so.' lr Cr|s||ar|sro y acu||urac|or er |ierpos de| |rper|o
boraro, ed||ed oy A. 0. 8|arco, - . Ar||guedad y cr|s||ar|sro . |urc|a, 1z ;
3pa|r. ur|vers|dad de |urc|a, 3ecre|ar|ado de luo||cac|ores, . 1o
barc|e|||, |. `leggere | ladr| ogg|. r||orro a||e lor||.' bA|| ( ). - . 1;1zz8;o
ba|z|rger, J. `0|e 8edeu|urg der va|er lur d|e gegerWar||ge T|eo|og|e.' T | 1|8
( ). - . 1o8z;8z
`bea|| e a||egor|a re||'|r|erpre|az|ore de| Car||co de| Car||c|.' luoo||caz|or| de|
0|par||rer|o d| arc|eo|og|a, l||o|og|a c|ass|ca e |oro |rad|z|or|. No. 1z;. 0eroa.
lac. d| le||ere de||'ur|v., 18.
bec|, b. `zT|r .1o|r der a||||rc|||c|er l||era|ur. F|re W|r|urgsgesc||c||||c|e
ur|er suc|urg zur locus c|ass|cus der lrsp|ra||ors|e|re.' w|we| (1o).
81-1o.
bever||oW, l. 0. Fpoc|er der 8|oe|aus|egurg, l. vor A||er Tes|arer| o|s
0r|geres.
|ur|c|. 8ec|, 1o.
. Fpoc|er der 8|oe|aus|egurg. 8ard ll. vor der 3pa|ar|||e o|s zur Ausgarg
des
||||e|a||ers. |ur|c|. 8ec|, 1|.
b|ra|d|, 0. 8|o||a ger||ur. lr|ro cor|r|ou|o per ur |rd|ce de||e c||az|or|, de|
r|ler|rer|| e de||e a||us|or| a||a 8|oo|a reg|| au|or| pagar|, grec| e |a||r|, d| e|
|rper|a|e. bore. l|orer|a 3acre 3cr|||ure, 18.
b|||er, A. |. `ls| 0ogrergesc||c||e 0esc||c||e der 3c|r|l|aus|egurg?' lages 1-
1;
|r 3||ru||. Fxegese urd ||re lerrereu||| |r Ar|||e urd C|r|s|er|ur. les|sc|r|l|
lur Frrs| 0assrarr. Fd||ed oy 0. 3c|o||ger ard C. 3c|o||er. JAC.F, 8., z.
|urs|er. Asc|erdorllsc|e ver|agsouc||ard|urg, 1o.
b|zz|, |. ldeo|og|a e re|or|ca reg|| 'exord|a' apo|oge||c|. l| proo|era de||' 'a||ro'.
3|ud|a
162
la|r|s||ca |ed|o|aers|a . 18|||ar. v||a e lers|ero, 1.
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| zo;3p|r||ua| Fxeges|s zo;
bordeau, |. J. `l'e|uc|da||or des |r|er|ocu|eurs des lsaures e| |e
deve|opperer|
dogra||que (||
e
-v
e
s|c|e),' - , . o;;18
. les correr|a|res pa|r|s||ques du lsau||er (lll
e-v
e
s|c|es), ll. Fxegse prosopo|og|que e| ||eo|og|que.0CA . zzobore. lor||l. lrs|.
s|ud. or|er|., 18.
busse|, 0. 3. `Cour|doWr. Ar|||re||c ard Aragrar |r Far|y 8|o||ca|
lr|erpre|a||or.'
FT1o|(1). 1o-1.
3ca||se, C. J. `T| e 'sersus |||era||s'. A lerrereu||ca| Key |o 8|o||ca| Fxeges|s.'
3JT|
|z(18). |-o.
3c|erde|, F. lerrsc|al|urd ur|erWerlurg C|r|s||. 1. Kor|r||er 1.z|-z8|r
Fxegese
urd T| eo|og|e der va|er o|s zur Ausgarg des |. Ja|r|urder|s. Tuo|rger. J. C.
8.
|o|r, 1;1.
3c||aro, b. w|r s|rd r|| C|r|s|us oegraoer. 0|e Aus|egurg vor borer o.1-11|r
lru|c|r|s|er|ur o|s 0r|geres. Tuo|rger. J. C. 8. |o|r, 1o.
3c|r|d|, |. Typus, 3yroo|, A||egor|e oe| der os|||c|er va|err urd ||rer
lara||e|er |r
||||e|a||er, Ko||oqu|ur F|c|s|a|| 181. F|c|s|a||er 8e||rage |. F|c|s|a||, 18z.
3c|ro|ze, 0. `0as o|o||sc|e 3yroo| der 3||l|s|u||e.' 3yroo|or;(18). z;-oo.
3c|o||er, C|. `T||e|, 0a||urg, 3||z |r leoer. lroo|ere der K|ass|l|z|erurg ar|||er
8|oe|aus|egurg ar 8e|sp|e| der gr|ec||sc|er lexaererorsc|r|l|er.' lages
z|-o|r 3||ru||, ls. F. 0assrarr. Fd||ed oy 0. 3c|o||ger ard C. 3c|o||er.
|urs|er. Asc|erdorllsc|e v., 1o.
3c|u|z-l|uge|, F. `lr|erpre|a||o. Zur wec|se|W|r|urg vor uoerse|zurg urd
Aus|egurg |r |a|e|r|sc|er Car||cur Car|orur.' lages 11-||r l|||o|og|a
3acra. 8|o||sc|e urd pa|r|s||sc|e 3|ud|er lur lerrarr J. lrede urd wa||er T|
|e|e
zu ||rer s|eoz|gs|er 0eour|s|ag. l. A||es urd Neues Tes|arer|, ll. Apocryp|er,
K|rc|erva|er, versc||ederes. Fd||ed oy b. 0rysor. lre|ourg. lerder, 1.
3cope||o, |. `le rerard, syroo|e de |'|eres|e dars que|ques exegses
pa|r|s||ques
(Zusarrerlassurg).' bev. 3oc. F. berar (lar|s)8(188-18). z.
3corza 8arce||ora, l. `'0ro e |rcerso e r|rra' (|| . ). l'|r|erpre|az|ore z11
cr|s|o|og|ca de| |re dor| e |a lede de| rag|.' A3F ( ). - . z181;|;
. `'0re e |rcerso e r|rra' (|| . . ll. le |r|erpre|az|or| rora||.' z11 A3F(18o).
zz;-|.
3cr|p|ura| lr|erpre|a||or |r ||e la||ers. le||er ard 3p|r||. Fd||ed oy T. l|rar ard
v. TWorey. lor||ard. lour Cour|s lress, 1.
3egov|a, A. `F| |ex|o 'pa|er ra|or re es|' (s. Juar . ). exp||cado por ur 1|z8
po|er|s|a
ar||racedor|aro.' bev|s|a espao|a de Teo|oga ( ). - . 11|ooo
3e|||r, 0. `A||egor|e urd '0|e|c|r|s.' Zur lorrer|e|re der syrop||sc|er
0|e|c|r|sse.'
ZTK;(1;8). z81-.
0|e 3ep|uag|r|a zW|sc|er Juder|ur urd C|r|s|er|ur. Fd||ed oy |ar||r lerge|
urd
Arra-|ar|a 3c|Werer. Tuo|rger. J. C. 8. |o|r, 1|.
3|eger|, l. `lorer|r|erpre|a||orTora-ur|erWe|surg8|oe|aus|egurg. vor
ur-sprurg der pa|r|s||sc|er lerrereu|||.' lages 1-;1|r 3|ud|a la|r|s||ca
zo8T| ree la|r|s||c lerrereu||cs
z. lapers preser|ed a| ||e F|ever|| lr|erra||ora| Corlererce or la|r|s||c
3|ud|es
|e|d |r 0xlord 11. 8|o||ca e| Apocryp|a, 0r|er|a||a, Asce||ca. louva|r. lee|ers,
1.
3|rore|||, |. `3u| s|gr|l|ca|o d| a|cur| |err|r| |ecr|c| re||a |e||era|ura esege||ca
greca.' lr la |err|ro|og|a esege||ca re||'ar||c|||, - . z8
. le||era e|o a||egor|a. ur cor|r|ou|o a||a s|or|a de||'eseges| pa|r|s||ca. bore.
lrs|||u|ur la|r|s||cur Augus||r|arur, . 18
. `'3cr|p|urarur c|av|s ro||||a C|r|s||.' lropos|a per ura d|scuss|ore su||a
spec|l|c|| de||' eseges| pa|r|s||ca.' A3F ( ). - . |18;;zo
. `Arcora su a||egor|a e |err|r| all|r| |r a|cur| scr|||or| grec|.' A3F ( ). 811
- o8|.
163
. `Fseges| o|o||ca e |eo|og|a |ra A|essardr|a e Ar||oc||a.' lages - |r 181zo
3|or|a
de||a |eo|og|a. l. 0a||e or|g|r| a 8errardo d| C||arava||e a cura d| F. da| Covo|o.
8o|ogra. Fd|z|or| 0e|or|are, . 1
. `la 3acra 3cr|||ura re||a c||esa de||e or|ger| (l-lll seco|o). 3|gr|l|ca|o e
|r|erpre|az|or|.' 3a| ( ). - . ;1o;|
3r||rars, A. 0as we|rWurder vor Kara. 0|e Aus|egurg vor Jo . - oe| der z111
va|err urd |eu|e. Tuo|rger. J. C. 8. |o|r, 1oo.
3|aroW|eys||, |. `ler||a||arra e| per|psera. Cor|r|ou||or |'exegse
pa|r|s||que.'
Fos;1(1o). z8z-.
3|egru||er, l. `lruder|er e|oqu|| rys||c|. Zur 0esc||c||e der Aus|egurg vor ls
.,' 1o;.
3|rau, 0. 3c|r|l|georauc|, 3c|r|l|aus|egurg urd 3c|r|l|oeWe|s oe| Augus||r.
Tuo|rger.
J. C. 8. |o|r, 1.
3|ruoe|, A. `'A||egor|a |r lac||s' e| 'A||egor|a |r vero|s'.' loe||que ( ). - . o1;|;
le |erps de |a |ec|ure. Fxegse o|o||que e| ser|o||que. lr becue|| d'|orrages
pour
J. 0e|orre, sous |a d|rec||or de l. lar|er. lec||o 0|v|ra, 1. lar|s. Cerl, 1.
T| urre|, l. 0. `Typo|og|sc|e urd aragog|sc|e Argurer|a||or |r der
c|r|s|||c|er
Kurs|'. Tvers ( ) - . |1;z1z1|
T|o||e|||, C. `Ce||oa|o, ra|r|ror|o e ar|ropo|og|e de||e or|g|r|.' lages - |r z|
bea|| e a||egor|a re||'|r|erpre|az|ore de| Car||co de| car||c|. luoo||caz|or| de|
0|par||rer|o d| arc|eo|og|a, l||o|og|a c|ass|ca e |oro |rad|z|or|. No. . 0eroa. 1z;
lac. d| le||ere de||'ur|v., . 18
Tr|ra|||e, |. `Frcore |e |ypos d|dac|s de bora|rs . .' lages - |r la o1; zo8o
v|e de
|a laro|e. 0e |'Arc|er au Nouveau Tes|arer|. F|udes d'exegse e|
d'|errereu||que
o|o||ques oller|es l|erre 0re|o|. vo|. . lar|s. 0esc|ee, . | 18;
Tuccar|, l. `l| 3a||er|o A.y.ll de||a 8|o||o|eca d| 0ro||alerra|a.' A3F(18o). o-;o.
Typus, 3yroo|, A||egor|e oe| der os|||c|er va|err urd ||re lara||e|er |r
||||e|a||er.
Fd||ed oy |. 3c|r|d|. F|c|s|a||er 8e||rage |. begersourg. lus|e|, 18z.
var 8arr|rg, J. `3ys|era||sc|e uoer|egurger zur a||egor|sc|er
3c|r|l|aus|egurg.'
ZKT| 11;(1). zo-.
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| zo3p|r||ua| Fxeges|s zo
varderorouc|e, l. `3ur |a |ec|ure c|re||erre du lsau||er au e s|c|e.' 3F
( ). 1
- zo.
v|c|aro, A. `be|or|ca, grar||ca y dogra er |a |ecr|ca |errereu||ca de |a
ar||guedad c|s|ca.' lages - |r 8|o||a, exeges|s y cu||ura. Fs|ud|os er 1o118
|oror de|
lrol. J. |. Casc|aro. larp|ora. FuN3A, . 1|
v|re|, l. `l'aoire appe||e |'aoire. (ls |1(|z),8). l|a|doyers pour |'a||egor|e dars
que|ques correr|a|res du psau||er, d'Fusoe Augus||r.' lages - |r z
le lsau||er c|ez |es lres. Ca||ers de 8|o||a la|r|s||ca, . lre|ourg |. 8r.. Cer|re |
d'Ara|yse e| de 0ocurer|a||or la|r|s||que, . 1|
. `3a|oror, |'Fcc|es|as|e. exegse d'ur ror.' lages - |r d |1z o%
o,
3e|or |es 3ep|ar|e. lorrage|arguer||e lar|. Fd||ed oy 0. 0or|va| ard
0. |urr|c|. lar|s. Cerl, 1.
wa||ac|-la||er, |. `Zur c|r|s|||c|er urgarg r|| der |eoraisc|er 8|oe|.' 8|oe|
|eu|e||1zo(1|). 1;z-;|.
w||der, A. N. `3c|o|ars, T| eo|og|ars, ard Arc|er| b|e|or|c.' J8l;(1o). 1-11.
w||||ars, C. T| e descer| ol ||e dove. A s|or| ||s|ory ol ||e lo|y 3p|r|| |r ||e
C|urc|.
NeW or|. le||egr|r| & Cuda|y, 1o.
w|rs|oW, 0. l. `T| e |accaoear |ar|yrs. Far|y C|r|s||ar A||||udes.' Jdrz|8
(1;|). ;8-8o.
worder, T. `w|y does ||e Ca||o||c ruroer|rg ol ||e Ter Corrardrer|s d|ller
lror ||a| used oy ror-Ca||o||cs?' 3cr|p.;(1). z1.
ourg, l. `Fxege||ca| |e||od ard 3cr|p|ura| lrool||e 8|o|e |r 0oc|r|ra|
0eoa|e,'
z1-o|.
. `Typo|ogy.' lages z-|8|r Fssays |r 8|o||ca| lr|erpre|a||or |r lorour ol |.
0.
0ou|der.Fd||ed oy 3. F. lor|er, l. Joyce ard 0. F. 0r|or. 8|o||ca| lr|erpre|a||or
3er|es 8. le|der. 8r|||, 1|.
v| A|p|aoe||ca| l|s| ol lr|rc|pa| Au||ors & Aroryrous wor|s 0|scussed
164
T||s page |r|er||ora||y|el|o|ar|
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| z;1
ClAlTFb l0ub
lATbl3TlC FXF0F3l3 0l TlF
800K3 0l TlF 8l8lF
a spec|a| cor|r|ou||or
oy 0av|d l. 8a|s ard 0. Jellrey 8|rg|ar
cor|er|s
l. lr|roduc||or 273
ll. Aoorev|a||ors 275
lll. 0erera| 8|o||ograp|y 27o
lv. ler|a|euc| 278
0eres|s 278
Fxodus 281
Nuroers 283
0eu|erorory 285
v. l|s|or|ca| 8oo|s 290
Jos|ua 290
Judges 291
1, 2 3arue| & 1, 2 K|rgs 292
1, 2 |accaoees 293
vl. w|sdor ard loe|ry 29o
Joo 29o
lsa|rs 297
lroveros 301
Fcc|es|as|es 302
3org ol 3orgs 303
z;1
3|rac| (Fcc|es|as||cus) 304
w|sdor 305
vll. |ajor lrop|e|s 311
lsa|a| 311
Jerer|a| 313
larer|a||ors 315
8aruc| 317
Fze||e| 318
0ar|e| 320
vlll. ||ror lrop|e|s 32o
losea 32o
Joe| 327
Aros 328
0oad|a| 329
Jora| 329
laoa||u| 330
Zep|ar|a| 331
lagga| 331
Zec|ar|a| 332
|a|ac|| 333
lX. 0ospe|s ard Ac|s 33o
|a|||eW 33o
|ar| 343
lu|e ard Ac|s 344
Jo|r 345
X. lau||re Fp|s||es ard leoreWs 354
Xl. Ca||o||c Fp|s||es 3o2
Jares 3o2
1 le|er 3o4
1, 2, 3 Jo|r 3o5
Xll. beve|a||or 3o8
l
lNTb00uCTl0N
|os| ar||c|es or pa|r|s||c exeges|s address ||e approac|es used oy ||e la||ers
||roug| ||e progress|ve per|ods ol ||e pa|r|s||c era or |r ||e reg|ors or |arguages
(Fas|, wes|, 0ree|, la||r) assoc|a|ed W||| par||cu|ar groups ol la||ers.
0||ers |rea| ||er accord|rg |o W|e||er ||e la||er or group erp|oyed a
re||od oas|ca||y a||egor|ca| (A|exardr|ar) or |||era| (Ar||oc||ar). T||s ar||c|e
ac|roW|edges ard |o sore degree rel|ec|s ||e va|ue ol suc| approac|es, ou|
||s |r|eres| |s d|ll erer|. lr a rarrer corp|erer|ary |o a correr|ary or ||e
8|o|e || see|s |o do |Wo |||rgs. l|rs|, || prov|des lor ros| ooo|s ol ||e 8|o|e
ar or|er|a||or |o ex|ar| pa|r|s||c correr|ar|es ard |or|||es |r oo|| cr|||ca|
ed|||ors ard Frg||s| |rars|a||ors W|er ava||ao|e. T| e reader W||| l|rd a
pr|rary o|o||ograp|y ol ||ese Wor|s al|er eac| d|scuss|or ol ||e ra|r d|v|s|ors ol
o|o||ca| ooo|s W||||r ||e caror, lor exarp|e `ler|a|euc|,' `0ospe|s
ard Ac|s.' 3ecord, |||s essay |rea|s |oW ||e la||ers rece|ved, |r|erpre|ed, ard
165
|aug|| ros| ooo|s or corpora ol ||e 8|o|e. l| prov|des se|ec||ve |rs|g|| |r|o
|oW C|r|s||ars ol ||e l|rs| s|x |urdred years |r|erpre|ed ||e 8|o|e |r ||e|r
jourrey |o urders|ard 0od ard ||e|r Wor|d, |o Wors||p 0od, |o deve|op |rue
doc|r|re, ard |o |ove 0od ard re|g|oor. T| roug| ||e la||ers' correr|ar|es,
|or|||es, ||eo|og|ca| |rea||ses, ard corresporderce |||s ar||c|e se|s lor||
lor ||e reader ar |dea ol |oW C|r|s||ars |r a r|||eu o||er ||ar our oWr
read ||e very sare |ex| |r a s|r||ar rarrer ard ye| a|so |r a rarrer qu||e
d|llerer|. lr |||s Way || derors|ra|es ||s|or|ca||y |oW C|r|s||ar |r|erpre|a||or,
||oug| || s|oWs e|erer|s ol d|scor||ru||y arorg d|ller|rg cu||ures,
a|so revea|s e|erer|s ol cor||ru||y ard perrarerce. l| |s |oped ||a| ||ese
g||rpses |r|o pa|r|s||c exeges|s ol o|o||ca| ooo|s W||| lur||er ||e reader's
urders|ard|rg ol ||e sacred |ex|.
3ore ooo|s (lev|||cus, bu||, 1ard zC|ror|c|es, Fzra, Ne|er|a|,
Fs||er, ||ca|, Na|ur, Too||, Jud|||, add|||ors |o Fs||er ard 0ar|e|, le||er
ol Jerer|a|, zle|er, ard Jude) Were ro| |rea|ed due |o space ||r||a||ors
W||||r |||s essay ard ||e rore ||r||ed ro|e ol ||ese ooo|s |r ||e deve|oprer| ol
ear|y C|r|s||ar ||oug||.
A| ||e erd ol |||s |r|roduc||or, ||e reader W||| l|rd a or|el o|o||ograp|y
or pa|r|s||c exeges|s ol ||e 8|o|e. lor |e|plu| or|er|a||ors ard o|o||ograp||es |o
||e deve|oprer| ard ||s|ory ol pa|r|s||c exeges|s ||e reader W|||
War| |o corsu|| 0er|s lar|asla|vy's essay, `lr|erpre|a||or ol ||e 8|o|e,' |r
||e Frcyc|oped|a ol Far|y C|r|s||ar||y, zrd ed., ed||ed oy Fvere|| lergusor
(0ar|ard, Tex., 1;) ard |. 3|rore|||'s essay, `Fxeges|s, la|r|s||c,' |r ||e
z;| lour la|r|s||c Fxeges|s ol ||e 8oo|s ol ||e 8|o|e
Frcyc|oped|a ol ||e Far|y C|urc|, ed||ed oy Arge|o 0| 8erard|ro (0xlord,
1z). lur||er pr|rary ||s||rgs ol ||e la||ers' serrors ard |or|||es or ||e
r| ray oe lourd |r l. J. 3|eoer, K|rc|erva|er|or|||er zur Neuer Tes|arer|,
lrs|rurer|a la|r|s||ca, zz(T| e lague. |ar||rus N|j|olllr|erra||ora|, 11).
lor lu||er secordary |||era|ure, ||e lo||oW|rg sources ray oe corsu||ed.
l. J. 3|eoer, Fxeges|s la|rur, 3uss|d| la|r|s||c|, (bore. ls|||u|o la|r|s||co z
Augus||r|arur, 18), 8|o||ograp||a la|r|s||ca, zvo|s., ed||ed oy w|||e|r
3c|reere|c|er ard Kru| 3c|alerd|e| (8er||r. de 0ruy|er, 1-|). 8r|el
correr|s or |||urg|ca| perspec||ve Were grea||y |rlorred oy J. l. larg's
0|c||orary ol ||e l||urgy (NeW or|. Ca||o||c 8oo| luo||s||rg, 18). T| e
au||ors W|s| |o express ||e|r gra|||ude |o lrolessor lare|a 8r|g|| ard
lrolessor C|ar|es Karrerg|esser lor |rlorra||or ||ey prov|ded or ||e
pa|r|s||c |r|erpre|a||or ol severa| o| ooo|s. T| e au||ors a|so ac|roW|edge
||e|r deo| |o Jo|r 8roWr, 0av|d 0|c||rsor, booer| Judge, 8ryar l||l|r,
le|er |ar|ers, 8e|| |o||ey, ard Jora||ar a|es lor ||e|r cor|r|ou||ors |o
||e corp|e||or ol |||s essay.
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| z;ll
A88bFvlATl0N3
ACw Arc|er| C|r|s||ar wr||ers. NeW or|. NeWrar, 1|o-.
ANla Ar|e-N|cere la||ers,ed. A booer|s ard J. 0ora|dsor. 8ulla|o.
C|r|s||ar l||era|ure, 188-18o, repr. leaoody. lerdr|c|sor, 1|.
CC30 Corpus C|r|s||arorur, 3er|es 0raeca.Turr|ou|. 8repo|s, 1;;-.
CC3l Corpus C|r|s||arorur, 3er|es la||ra. Turr|ou|. 8repo|s, 1-.
C3C0 Corpus scr|p|orur c|r|s||arorur or|er|a||ur, ed. l. 8. C|aoo| e| a|.
lar|s. bepuo||cae, le|pz|g. larrasoW||z, louva|r. lee|ers, 1oz-.
C3Fl Corpus scr|p|orur ecc|es|as||corur |a||rorur. v|erra. 0ero|d|,
18oo-.
laC| la||ers ol ||e C|urc|. was||rg|or, 0.C.. Ca||o||c ur|vers||y ol
Arer|ca lress, 1|;-.
0C3 0|e gr|ec||sc|er c|r|s|||c|er 3c|r|l|s|e||er. 8er||r. A|ader|e, 18;-.
0N0 0regor|| Nysser| opera. le|der. F. J. 8r|||, 1oo-.
lol l|orary ol ||e la||ers ol ||e lo|y Ca||o||c C|urc|, ed. F. 8. lusey,
J. Keo|e, ard J. l. NeWrar. 0xlord, 188-88.
NlNl N|cere ard los|-N|cere la||ers, ed. l. 3c|all e| a|. zser|es. NeW
or|. C|r|s||ar l||era|ure, 188;-18|, repr. leaoody. lerdr|c|sor,
1|.
l0 la|ro|og|a 0raeca, ed. J.-l. ||gre. lar|s, 18;-18oo.
ll la|ro|og|a la||ra, ed. J.-l. ||gre. lar|s, 18||-18o|.
ll3 la|ro|og|ae |a||rae 3upp|erer|ur, ed. A. larrar. lar|s, 1;-
1;1.
lTA lapyro|og|sc|e Tex|e urd Ao|ard|urger. 8orr. laoe||, 1o8-.
lT3 la|r|s||sc|e Tex|e urd 3|ud|er. 8er||r. 0e 0ruy|er, 1o|-.
l0 la|ro|og|a 0r|er|a||s, ed. b. 0rall| r, l. Nau, e| a|. lar|s. l|rr|r-0|do|,
1o;-.
3C 3ources c|re||erres, ed. l. deluoac. J. 0ar|e|ou, e| a|. lar|s. Cerl,
1|z-.
Tu Tex|e urd ur|ersuc|urger. 8er||r. A|ader|e, 188-.
ZNw Ze||sc|r|l|lur d|e reu|es|arer|||c|e w|ssersc|al| .
z;o lour la|r|s||c Fxeges|s ol ||e 8oo|s ol ||e 8|o|e
lll
166
0FNFbAl 8l8ll00bAll
0r la|r|s||c Fxeges|s ol ||e 8|o|e |r 0erera|
8|oWers, lau| |., ed. ard |rars.T| e 8|o|e |r 0ree| C|r|s||ar Ar||qu||y. T| e 8|o|e
||roug| ||e Ages (d|r. C. Karrerg|esser ard l. 8r|g||) 1No|re 0are.
ur|vers||y ol No|re 0are lress, 1;. Frg||s| rev|sed ard exparded ed|||or ol
le |orde grec arc|er e| |a 8|o|e.8|o|e de |ous |es Terps (d|r. C. Karrerg|esser)
1. Fd||ed oy C|aude |ordeser|. lar|s. 8eauc|esre, 18|.
8r|g||, lare|a |., ed ard |rars. Augus||re ard ||e 8|o|e. T| e 8|o|e ||roug| ||e
Ages (d|r. C. Karrerg|esser ard l. 8r|g||) zNo|re 0are. ur|vers||y ol No|re
0are lress, 1. Frg||s| rev|sed ard exparded ed|||or ol 3a|r| Augus||r e|
|a 8|o|e. 8|o|e de |ous |es Terps (d|r. C. Karrerg|esser) . Fd||ed oy A.-|. la
8orrard|ere. lar|s. 8eauc|esre, 18o.
Caror|dge l|s|ory ol ||e 8|o|e, T|e, vo|. 1, lror ||e 8eg|rr|rgs |o Jerore, ed.
l. b.
Ac|royd ard C. l. Fvars. vo|. z, T| e wes| lror ||e la||ers |o ||e belorra||or,
ed. 0. w. l. larpe. Caror|dge. Caror|dge ur|vers||y lress, 1o-;o.
Cer|re d'Ara|yse e| de 0ocurer|a||or la|r|s||que (Jear A||eroac| e| a|.). 8|o||a
la|r|s||ca. lrdex des c||a||ors e| a||us|ors o|o||ques dars |a ||||era|ure pa|r|s||que.
ovo|s. ard supp|erer| or l|||o ol A|exardr|a. lar|s. Fd|||ors de C. N. b. 3.,
1;-1.
l|rar, T| oras ard v|rcer| TWorey, eds. 3cr|p|ura| lr|erpre|a||or |r ||e
la||ers.
le||er ard 3p|r||. lroceed|rgs ol ||e 3ecord la|r|s||c Corlererce a| |ayroo||
1. 0uo||r. lour Cour|s, 1.
lor|a|re J., ard C. l|e|re, eds. le rorde |a||r ar||que e| |a 8|o|e. 8|o|e de |ous
|es
Terps (d|r. C. Karrerg|esser) z. lar|s. 8eauc|esre, 18.
lroe|||c|, Kar|lr|ed, ed. ard |rars. 8|o||ca| lr|erpre|a||or |r ||e Far|y C|urc|.
3ources ol Far|y C|r|s||ar T| oug||. l|||ade|p||a. lor|ress, 18|.
la||, C|r|s|op|er A. bead|rg 3cr|p|ure W||| ||e C|urc| la||ers.0oWrers 0rove.
lvl, 18.
lopl|, l||deorard, A||aras|us ||||er, 8erro 0u|, ard A|daoer| |e|z|rger.
lr|roduc||o spec|a||s |r ve|us Tes|arer|ur. || ed. bore. A. Arrodo, 1o.
lr|roduc||o
spec|a||s |r Novur Tes|arer|ur. ||| ed. Nap|es. |. d'Aur|a, 1|. A|||oug|
||ese Wor|s are ar||qua|ed |r|roduc||ors, ||e|r o|o||ograp||es are s|||| va|uao|e
lor ||e corrrer|ar|es ol ||e arc|er|, red|eva|, ard ear|y roderr per|ods.
Karo, 0. ard l. l|e|zrar. Ca|erarur 0raecorur Ca|a|ogus. NA0. 0o|||rger,
1oz.
Kuge|, Jares l ard boWar A. 0reer. Far|y 8|o||ca| lr|erpre|a||or. l|orary ol Far|y
C|r|s||ar||y. l|||ade|p||a. wes|r|rs|er, 18o.
la 8orrard|re, Arre-|ar|e, ed. 3a|r| Augus||r e| |a 8|o|e. 8|o|e de |ous |es
Terps
(d|r. C. Karrerg|esser) . lar|s. 8eauc|esre, 18o.
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| z;;luoac, lerr| de. Fxegse
red|eva|e, les qua|re sers de |'Fcr||ure. |vo|s. lar|s. Auo|er,
1-1o|. lor ar Frg||s| |rars|a||or ol vo|ure ore see. |ed|eva| Fxeges|s.
vo|. 1, T| e lour 3erses ol 3cr|p|ure.Trars|a|ed oy |ar| 3eoarc. 0rard bap|ds|
Fd|rourg|. wr. 8. Ferdrars|T & T C|ar|, 18.
|arger|e, 8er|rard de. Ar lr|roduc||or |o ||e l|s|ory ol Fxeges|s, vo|s.
Trars|a|ed
oy leorard |a|ul, l|erre de lor|rouve||e, ard lau| 0uggar. le|ers|ar, |A.
3a|r| 8ede's luo||ca||ors, 1o-1|. Frg||s| Trars|a||or ol lr|roduc||or
|'||s|o|re de |'exegese. |vo|s. lar|s. Cerl, 18o-1o.
|ordeser|, C., ed. le |orde grec arc|er e| |a 8|o|e. 8|o|e de |ous |es Terps, . 1
lar|s.
8eauc|esre, . 18|
0|d, lug|es 0||p|ar|. T| e bead|rg ard lreac||rg ol ||e 3cr|p|ures |r ||e
wors||p ol
||e C|r|s||ar C|urc|. vo|. , T| e 8|o||ca| ler|od. vo|. , T|e la|r|s||c Age. 0rard 1 z
bap|ds. Ferdrars, . 18
3adoWs||, lrar|, ed. T| e C|urc| la||ers or ||e 8|o|e. 3e|ec|ed bead|rgs. NeW
or|.
A|oa louse, . 18;
3|rore|||, |ar||o. 8|o||ca| lr|erpre|a||or |r ||e Far|y C|urc|. Trars|a|ed oy J. A.
lug|es. Fd|rourg|. T & T C|ar|, . Frg||s| Trars|a||or ol lrol||o 3|or|co 1|
de||' Fseges| la|r|s||ca. bore. Augus||r|arur, . 181
. le||era e|o A||egor|a. ur cor|r|ou|o a||a s|or|a de||'eseges| pa|r|s||ca. bore.
Augus||r|arur, . T| |s |s a ruc| exparded ard upda|ed vers|or ol ||e 18
preced|rg ||er.
Tor r arce, T| oras l. 0|v|re |ear|rg. 3|ud|es |r la|r|s||c lerrereu||cs.
Fd|rourg|.
T & T C|ar|, . 1
Tr|gg, Josep| w. 8|o||ca| lr|erpre|a||or.|essages ol ||e la||ers ol ||e C|urc| .
167
w||r|rg|or. ||c|ae| 0|az|er, . 188
ourg, lrarces |. 8|o||ca| Fxeges|s ard ||e lorra||or ol C|r|s||ar Cu||ure.
Caror|dge. Caror|dge ur|vers||y lress, . 1;
NeW Tes|arer| |r 0erera|
3|eoer, lerrarr Josel. K|rc|erva|er|or|||er zur Neuer Tes|arer|. e|r
beper|o r|ur der Tex|ausgaoer urd uoerse|zurger. ||| e|rer Ar|arg der
K|rc|erva|er|orrer|are. lrs|rurer|a la|r|s||ca, . T| e lague. |ar||r N|j|oll zz
lr|erra||ora|, 3|eerourg|s. Aooa||a 3. le|r|, . lrd|ca|es lor a|| ||e ooo|s ol 11
||e r| a|| ||e pa|r|s||c |or|||es (|rc|ud|rg ed|||ors ard |rars|a||ors), ard
correr|ar|es (|rc|ud|rg ed|||ors).
Crarer, J. A. Ca|erae graecorur la|rur |r Novur Tes|arer|ur. vo|s. 0xlord, 8
- 18818||.
0erera| 8|o||ograp|y z;;
z;8lour la|r|s||c Fxeges|s ol ||e 8oo|s ol ||e 8|o|e
lv
lFNTATFuCl
0eres|s
T| e ear||es| C|r|s||ar |rea|rer|s ol ||e 0eres|s ra|er|a| appear |o |ave oeer
correr|ar|es ard |or|||es or ||e l|rs| c|ap|er's accour| ol crea||or W||||r
s|x days. T| ese Wor|s, lexaerera, cou|d oe devo||ora|, |r pra|se ol ard Worder
a| 0od's crea||ve rajes|y, or |ec|r|ca| |r exp|ara||or ol ||e procedure ol
0od's crea||ve ac|. T| ey Were Wr|||er oy |e|||o ol 3ard|s, b|odo, Card|dus,
Ap|or, |ax|rus, l|ppo|y|us, v|c|or|rus ol le||au, 3ever|ar ol 0aoa|a, 8as||
ol Caesarea, 0regory ol Nyssa, Arorose, ard Jo|r l|||oporos (Fuseo|us ol
Caesarea, Fcc|es|as||ca| l|s|ory . . , . . , . , Jerore, Fp|s||e . , l|ves |zoz18z; 8|;
ol l||us|r|ous |er ). urlor|ura|e|y, a|| ou| ||e |as| l|ve ard a lragrer| lror o1
v|c|or|rus |ave oeer |os|.
Fxege|es ol ||e ear|y C|urc| a|so produced severa| correr|ar|es ard
|or|||es or ||e o||er ra|er|a| W||||r 0eres|s. Arorg ||e 0ree| la||ers, |r
add|||or |o correr|s or ||e lexaereror, l|ppo|y|us a|so |rea|ed ||e |a|er
rarra||ve ol 0eres|s, ol ||a| or|y lragrer|s rera|r. 0r|ger's |||r|eer ooo|s
or 0eres|s are |os|, ou| sore lragrer|s |r ca|eraesurv|ve as do s|x|eer ol
||s |or|||es. T| e correr|ar|es ol Fuseo|us ol Fresa ard 0|odore ol Tarsus
are ex|ar| or|y |r ca|eraelragrer|s, ou| due |o a lor|ura|e d|scovery
ol papyr| a| Tura |r 0|dyrus ol A|exardr|a's correr|ary |s roW 1|1
|roWr. lr add|||or |o prov|d|rg ||s oWr |r|erpre|a||or 0|dyrus preser|s
ard ad|eres |o 0r|ger's read|rg ol c|s. - . T| e a||egory |s ||ere a|org W||| 1
||e dua||s||c ar||ropo|ogy der|ved lror ||e d|ller|rg accour|s ol Adar's
crea||or (0eres|s , ), ard Adar ard Fve oelore ard al|er ||e la|| (0eres|s 1z
). TWo ser|es ol |or|||es or 0eres|s oy Jo|r C|rysos|or are ex|ar|. r|re
|or|||es preac|ed |r ler| ol ard s|x|y-sever de||vered dur|rg . T| e 8o 88
|a||er ser|es prov|des a|ros| a corpre|ers|ve correr|ary or ||e ooo|. 0l
T| eodore ol |opsues||a's correr|ary or 0eres|s, lor ||e ros| par| or|y
se|ec||ors ol ||s read|rg ol ||e l|rs| ||ree c|ap|ers surv|ve |r lragrer|ary
lorr. Cyr|| ol A|exardr|a's sever ooo|s ol F|egar| Correr|s(0|ap|yra)
or 0eres|s oller a c|r|s|o|og|ca| |r|erpre|a||or ol c|oser passages, W|ere
|e erp|oys a sp|r||ua| (|ypo|og|ca|) read|rg ou| a|so preser|s a |||era| ore.
T| eodore|'s correr|ary or ||e 0c|a|euc| (ler|a|euc| W||| Jos|ua, Judges,
bu||) |s ex|ar|, W|||e 0errad|us's correr|ary or 0eres|s ard lrocop|us'
correr|ary or ||e 0c|a|euc| surv|ve or|y |r lragrer|s.
T| e correr|ar|es ol ||e 0ree| la||ers are corp|erer|ed oy ||e Wor|s
ol ||e la||r la||ers, Jerore ard Augus||re, ard ||e 3yr|ar la||er, Fp|raer.
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| Jerore Wro|e a correr|ary ||a| z;
erp|oyed 0r|ger's lexap|aard Was |rlorred oy leora|c |ssues ard |rad|||ors.
Augus||re's ||ree |rea|rer|s ev|derce soreW|a| d|ller|rg approac|es. T| e l|rs|
correr|ary, Wr|||er aga|rs|
||e |ar|c|aear oojec||ors |o ||e |eac||rgs ard |arguage ol 0eres|s, Was
||g||y a||egor|ca|. T| e secord, W|||e s|||| po|er|ca||y locused aga|rs| ||e
|ar|c|aear oojec||ors, Was ar a||erp| a| |||era| exeges|s. le or|y reac|ed
0er . oelore aoardor|rg ||e projec| |r . lror |o |e corposed 1zo |o1 |1
||s l|ra| Wor| or 0eres|s, a |We|ve-ooo| corpos|||or exege||ca||y |rea||rg
||e |ex| up |o 0er . W||| suos|ar||a| ||eo|og|ca| exp|ara||or. T| |s |||rd z|
correr|ary soug|| |o oe |||era|, ou| d|d er|er|a|r ||e a||egor|ca| serse.
Augus||re a|so addressed |rouo|esore ra|er|a| |r 0eres|s |r ||s locu||ors
or 0eres|sard |r ||e ues||ors or 0eres|s. Fp|raer's correr|ary |rea|s
||e ear|y c|ap|ers ol 0eres|s rore ex|ers|ve|y ||ar ||e |a|er ores, ev|derces
correc||ors |o baoo|r|c |rad|||ors, locuses a||er||or or ||e ||eo|og|ca| ques||or
ol lree W|||, ard |s ro| s|av|s||y |ypo|og|ca|.
0||er |r|erpre|a||ors ol 0eres|s |r add|||or |o ||e lexarera, correr|ar|es, ard
|or|||es |rc|uded spec|l|c Wor|s or ever|s ard persors
W||||r ||e rarra||ve. l|ppo|y|us expourded or Jacoo's o|ess|rg ol ||s sors
|r 0eres|s . 0regory ol Nyssa ard 8as|| ol Caesarea (or lseudo-8as||) |
oo|| addressed ||e crea||or ol |urar||y. Arorose produced |or|||es ard
|rea||ses or larad|se ard ||e la||, Ca|r ard Aoe|, Noa|, Aora|ar, lsaac,
168
Josep|, ard ||e la|r|arc|s. bul|rus ol Aqu||e|a a|so corposed a correr|ary
or 0eres|s , ||e o|ess|rgs ol ||e pa|r|arc|s. |
T| e rore corror ro||ls |a|er oy ||e la||ers lror 0eres|s |rc|ude.
0od as Crea|or |r prayer ard corless|or, ||e sa|va||or ol Noa| lror ||e
l|ood |r oap||sra| |||urgy, ||e deve|oprer| ol Adar |r para||e| ard ye|
cor|rad|s||rc||or |o C|r|s|, ||e rederp||ve |ope ol |urar||y ||roug| ||e
seed ol Fve (0er . ), ard ||e pa|r|arc|s as |ypes ol C|r|s|, C|r|s||ars, ard 1
||e|r la||| as ar||c|pa|ory rode|s ol ||e C|urc|'s la|||.
lr add|||or |o ||ese ca|egor|es ||e reader ray l|rd ||e lo||oW|rg pa|r|s||c
|r|erpre|a||ors ol 0eres|s va|uao|e (see Jear 0ar|e|ou, lror 3|adoWs |o
bea|||y. 3|ud|es |r ||e 8|o||ca| Typo|ogy ol ||e la||ers, |rars|a|ed oy wu|s|ar
l|ooerd [wes|r|rs|er, |d. NeWrar, |, - ). lreraeus, Ter|u|||ar, 1oo111|
Cyr|| ol Jerusa|er, ard 0regory ol Nyssa saW ||e C|urc| as ||e ar||-|ype ol
||e larad|se ol 0eres|s - . lror |||s larad|se (C|urc|) urredeered |urar||y z
|s ex||ed, ou| oap||zed, sp|r||-|rdWe|| |urar||y re-er|ers || (lreraeus,
Adv. laer. . . , Ter|u|||ar, Aga|rs| |arc|or . , Cyr||, lroca|ec|es|s , , 1o1 z| 11o
0regory ol Nyssa, 0r ||e 8ap||sr ol C|r|s|).
T| e ear|y C|urc| saW ||e sacr|l|ce ol lsaac as a |ype ol ||e sacr|l|ce ol
C|r|s| (0er . - ). As lsaac |s ||e or|y l|rs| oorr sor, grea||y |oved, so zz11|
ler|a|euc| z;
z8olour la|r|s||c Fxeges|s ol ||e 8oo|s ol ||e 8|o|e
|oo |s C|r|s|. As lsaac carr|es ||e Wood lor ||e sacr|l|c|a| l|re, so C|r|s| |s
susperded lror ||e |ree (cross), ra||ed |o ||e Wood. As lsaac |s de||vered
over oy ||s la|||, so |oo |s C|r|s|. Ard, as a |aro (rar) |r ||e erd |s ollered
lor lsaac, C|r|s|, ||e sp|r||ua| |aro |s oll ered lor ||e Wor|d (0regory ol Nyssa,
lor||y or ||e besurrec||or , Jo|r C|rysos|or, lor||y or 0eres|s . ). 1 |;
3ore ol ||e |arguage ol 0eres|s oecores qu||e |rpor|ar| |r doc|r|ra|
lorru|a||or. lor A||aras|us, 0er . , `|e| usra|e |urar||rd,' s|oWs ||a| 1zo
||e 3or Was a|Ways W||| ||e la||er |r accordarce W||| ||e word's preserce
W||| 0od ||e la||er |r ||e oeg|rr|rg (Jo|r . ). l| a|so s|oWs ||a| ||e la||er 11
||roug| ||e 3or crea|ed a|| |||rgs, a|| crea|ures (Aga|rs| ||e Ar|ars . , . ). z1z
T| ese |deas ol ||e (e|erra|) preserce ol ||e 3or W||| ||e la||er ard ||e 3or
as ||e la||er's ager| |r crea||or cour|er ||e Ar|ar ||es|s ol ||e 3or's crea||or.
T| e l|rs| 3|rr|ar Creed ( ), ||oug| ro| |r lavor ol A||aras|us' re|urr |o 1
||s o|s|op's oll|ce |r A|exardr|a ard vo|d ol ary rer||or ol ||e 3or oe|rg
ol ||e sare suos|arce (|oroous|os) as ||e la||er, rer||ors 0er . |r a 1zo
Way s|r||ar |o A||aras|us's |arguage. Accord|rg |o A||aras|us, |l aryore
der|es ||a| |r |||s |ex| ||e la||er addresses ||e 3or or |l aryore (|arce||us
ol Arcyra?) assures ||a| |r |||s |ex| 0od |s ou| spea||rg |o ||rse|l, ||a|
ore |s ara||era (A||aras|us, 0r ||e Courc||s . ). 0err|r|us, W|o orce z;1|
s|ded W||| ||e Ar|ars ||er roved doc|r|ra||y aWay, ||oug| |e rever corlessed
N|caea, gave a d|ll erer| erp|as|s |o 0er . . le corcer|ra|ed or ||e 1zo
p|rase `accord|rg |o our |rage,' po|r||rg ou| ||a| ||e Word|rg |s `our,' ro|
`ry' or `your.' T| |s rears, ||er, ||a| ary d|llererce oe|Weer ||e 3or's ard
||e la||er's d|v|r||y |s prec|uded (l||ary ol lo|||ers, l|s|or|ca| lragrer|s8
v. vl. - ). 1z
0eres|s . Wou|d a|so rece|ve a||er||or. `||e lord ra|red . . . or|rs|ore 1z|
ard l|re lror ||e lord . . .,' oecause ol ||e relererce |o |Wo lords, ||oug|| |o
oe ||e la||er ard ||e 3or. A||aras|us c||es || |r order |o s|oW ||a| a|ready
|r ||e o|, oelore ||s resurrec|ed exa||a||or, ||e pre-|rcarra|e 3or, C|r|s|, Was
a|ready ever|as||rg|y lord ard K|rg (Aga|rs| Ar|ars . ). Aga|r ||e l|rs| z1
3|rr|ar Creed c||es || |o |eac| ||a| ||e |Wo lords are ||e la||er ard 3or. l|
proc|a|rs ara||era upor aryore W|o oe||eves 0od ra|red doWr judgrer|
lror ||rse|l (A||aras|us, 0r ||e Courc||s . ). T| |s |r|erpre||ve d|s||rc||or z;1;
oe|Weer la||er ard 3or ard ||e appe|a||or ol ||e ||||e `lord' |o eac|
seers |o ar|se as ear|y as Jus||r (0|a|ogue W||| Tryp|o . ). 8o|| lreraeus 1z;
ard Ter|u|||ar carry lorWard ||e |rad|||or ol d|s||rc||or oe|Weer la||er ard
3or W||| corror ||||e (lreraeus, Adv. laer. . . , Ter|u|||ar, Aga|rs| lraxeas o1
1o. ). Fver|ua||y |r 0regory ol Naz|arzus || W||| oe used |r spec|l|c suppor| z
ol ||e c|a|r ||a| ||e la||er Was rever W|||ou| ||e word (3or) ard ||erelore
Was a|Ways la||er (T|eo|og|ca| 0ra||or . [0ra||or . |). 1; z1;
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| 0eres|s |s read dur|rg ler|, a| ||e z81
Fas|er v|g||, a| ler|ecos|, Corpus
C|r|s||, |r 0rd|rary ||re, ard a| |asses lor oap||sr ard rarr|age. l| |rs|ruc|s
oe||evers aoou| ||e|r deperderce or 0od lor ||le ||roug| crea||or,
ard rederp||or ||roug| Coverar|.
Fxodus
lror ||e oeg|rr|rg ||e la||ers devo|ed grea| a||er||or |o ||e ooo| ol
Fxodus. (|ary ol ||e lo||oW|rg |rs|g||s are |rdeo|ed |o Jear 0ar|e|ou, lror
3|adoWs |o bea|||y. 3|ud|es |r ||e 8|o||ca| Typo|ogy ol ||e la||ers. Trars|a|ed oy
wu|s|ar l|ooerd [wes|r|rs|er, |d.. NeWrar, | - .). C|erer| ol 1oo1zzo
bore ( C|er. - , ), 8arr. ( . . - ), Jus||r's 0|a|ogue W||| Tryp|o 1 |o| |1z1|1
ard lreraeus's Adv. laer. ( . - ) a|| |r|||a|ed ard ar||c|pa|ed ||e ex|ers|ve |o1
|ypo|og|ca| |r|erpre|a||or ol ||e persors, ever|s, ard ||eres ol Fxodus as
169
lu|l|||ed par||cu|ar|y |r C|r|s| ard ||e C|urc|. lr |||s regard ||e la||ers
rece|ved ||e exege||ca| rar||e lror ||e leoreW prop|e|s ard r| Wr||ers
||erse|ves, ||e lorrer W|o ar||c|pa|ed a reW Fxodus W|||e |r ex||e, ||e
|a||er W|o urders|ood ||e |rcarra||or ol ||e 3or ard ||e g|l| ol ||e lo|y
3p|r|| as ||e lu|l|||rer| ol |||s reW Fxodus. c|r|s|o|og|ca|, ecc|es|o|og|ca|,
ard rora| |r|erpre|a||ors ol Fxodus dor|ra|e.
lor rary ol ||e la||ers Jesus Was urders|ood |o oe ||e secord, or reW
|oses, a ||ere a|ready ev|der| |r |a|||eW's gospe|. Fuseo|us, lor |rs|arce,
deve|oped |||s |r|erpre|a||or (0er. Fv. . ), urders|ard|rg C|r|s| as ||e z
suprere |eg|s|a|or. C|r|s| us|ered |r reW ||le ard de||vered oe||evers lror
||e |do|a|orous Wor|d |r|o |eaver, as |yp|l|ed |r ||e reW |aW |e d|spersed
|r ||e 3error or ||e |our|. T| |s para||e|ed ||e l|rs| |oses W|o Was a|so a
|eg|s|a|or (|av|rg rece|ved ||e |aW or |our| 3|ra|) ard W|o de||vered ||e
leoreWs lror ||e |do|a|ry ol Fgyp| |o ||e pror|sed |ard. 0||er para||e|s oe|Weer
Jesus ard |oses seer oy ||e la||ers |rc|uded ||e lo||oW|rg. as |oses
las|ed lor lor|y days, so Jesus las|ed |r ||e W||derress, as 0od prov|ded ||e
r|rac|e ol ||e rarra, so Jesus ru|||p||ed |oaves, as |oses corrarded ||e
sea a| ||e Fxodus, so Jesus s||||ed ||e sea oy ||s corrard, as ||e leoreWs
crossed ||e bed 3ea, so Jesus Wa||ed or ||e Wa|ers, as |oses' lace s|ore
al|er ||s ercour|er W||| 0od or 3|ra|, so Was Jesus v|s|o|y g|or|l|ed a| ||s
|rarsl|gura||or or a ||g| rour|a|r, as |We|ve sp|es Were corr|ss|ored, so
Were |We|ve apos||es appo|r|ed, ard as |oses ca||ed Jos|ua |o assure ||e
|eaders||p ol lsrae|, so Jesus ca||ed 3|ror le|er |o |ead ||e C|urc|. To |||s
ex|ers|ve ca|a|ogue ol corpar|sors ore car add ||e poWerlu| ard preva|er|
|ypo|ogy ol |oses pray|rg W||| ||s |ards ex|erded |r ||e oa|||e W||| Ara|e|
ler|a|euc| z81
z8zlour la|r|s||c Fxeges|s ol ||e 8oo|s ol ||e 8|o|e
as a |ype ol Jesus' cross W||| ||s ex|erded arrs (see, lor exarp|e, 8arr. . , 1zz
Jus||r, 0|a|. . , Cypr|ar, Tes||ror|es . , , Ter|u|||ar, Aga|rs| |arc|or o| zz18
. , 0r|ger, lor|||es or Fxodus . , 0regory ol Nyssa, l|le ol |oses, . 18 11| z
- 1|;11, ). 1
T| e apos||e lau|'s sp|r||ua| |r|erpre|a||or ol ||e Fxodus |r Cor|r|||ars 1
1o. - |rc|uded relererce |o C|r|s|, ||e roc|. lr Fxodus ( . ) |oses s|ruc| 1| 1;o
||e roc| a| loreo W||| ||s s|allard Wa|er poured lor||. lor ||e la||ers ||e
ever|s ol ||e Fxodus oore a rerar|ao|e all| r||y |o ever|s |r ||e ||le ol C|r|s|.
lor |rs|arce, W|er C|r|s| ||e roc| Was p|erced W||| ||e spear W|||e or ||e
cross, Wa|er |oo poured lor|| (cl. Jo|r . , Cypr|ar, Fp|s||es . , 0regory ;; o8
ol F|v|ra, Trac|a|e ). Aro||er |ypo|ogy Was ||e |rc|der| a| |ara| ard ||s 1
o|||er Wa|ers (Fxodus . ) ard ||e sWee|er|rg ol ||e Wa|er oy ||roW|rg 1z
|r ||e Wood, W||c| Was seer as a |ype ol oap||sr. T| e erp|as|s |ere d|llered
lror ||e oap||sr ||a| |ad as ||s |ype ||e cross|rg ol ||e bed 3ea. T| e
`|ara|' oap||sr erp|as|zed ||e g|v|rg ol ||le W|ereas a| ||e `bed 3ea' oap||sr
||e Wa|er Was a syroo| ol judgrer| lror W||c| ||e oap||zed escape.
Ter|u|||ar (0r 8ap||sr ), 0|dyrus (0r ||e Tr|r||y . ), ard Arorose (0r z1|
||e |ys|er|es . ) a|| correr| or ||e |ara| |rc|der|. 1|
l| cores as |||||e surpr|se ||a| ||e p|vo|a| sa|v|l|c |rc|der| |r ||e Fxodus,
||e leoreW ra||or's pass|rg ||roug| ||e bed 3ea, oecare ||e dor|rar|
source lor ||e la||ers' Wa|er-oap||sr |ypo|ogy, ye| rary ol ||e la||ers'
|r|erpre|a||ors ol oap||sr Wer| oeyord W|a| ||e r| |aug|| Was lu|l|||ed |r
Jesus C|r|s|. T| ey asser|ed a day-|o-day lu|l|||rer| ol ||e Fxodus |r ||e ||le
ol ||e C|urc|, ||a| |s, |r oap||sr ard ||e Fuc|ar|s| (draWr lror ||e cross|rg
ol ||e bed 3ea ard ||e ea||rg ol rarra). T| e cross|rg ||roug| ||e bed 3ea
Was a |ype ol oap||sr (see lau| aoove) W||c| ||e la||ers assoc|a|ed W|||
rederp||orW|a| 0od d|d orce W||| Wa|er, 0od does |r ||e ||le ol ||e
C|urc| W||| Wa|er (Ter|u|||ar, 8ap|. . , 0|dyrus, Tr|r. . ). lr 0|dyrus' 8 z1|
Wor| Fgyp| represer|ed ||e Wor|d, ||e Wa|ers represer|ed sa|va||or ard
oap||sr, ard l|arao| ard ||s so|d|ers Were ||e 0ev|| ard ||s lorces (a|so see
Zero ol verora, lor||y ). 0||er exege|es Wou|d erp|as|ze ||e super|or||y ol ||e ;
C|r|s||ar sacrarer|s over ||e |ypes ol ||e Fxodus (Arorose, 0r
||e |ys|er|es . , 0r ||e 3acrarer|s . . , 8as|| ol Caesarea, Trea||se or 1 1|1z
||e lo|y 3p|r|| ). lor a Worderlu| ca|a|ogue ol ||e ex|ers|ve |ypo|og|ca| 1|
exeges|s ol ||e ever|s surrourd|rg ||e Fxodus lror Fgyp| see Augus||re,
Aga|rs| laus|us( . - ). 1zzo
A l|ra| ||ere lor cors|dera||or |s ||e rora|, rys||c, ard asce||c |r|erpre|a||ors
||a| Fxodus |rv||ed. lror|rer| |ere |s 0regory ol Nyssa's, l|le ol
|oses, W||c| |ypo|og|ca||y |||us|ra|ed ||e cor||rua| jourrey ol ||e C|r|s||ar
sou| |oWard perlec||or oased or pa||errs ard ever|s |r ||e ||le ol |oses.
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| 0regory |r|erpre|ed Fxodus . z8 zoz1
(descr|o|rg |oses' approac| |o 0od W|o
Was ers|rouded |r dar|ress) |r |errs ol ||e sou|'s progress |oWard a v|s|or
ol ||e ers|rouded, |racces|o|e 0od ||roug| urders|ard|rg (l|le ol |oses
z. - ). w||| Jo|r Cass|ar, ||e ooo| ol Fxodus oecare a syroo| lor 1oz1o
||e roras||c ||le as ||e Way ||a| |ed |o 0od (Corlererces . - ). || prov|ded z|z|z
exarp|es ol ||e roras||c ||les|y|e (Corler. . - ), adror|||ors aga|rs| |
170
|erp|a||or ( . ), ard sp|r||ua| coroa| ( . - ). lrcreas|rg|y ||e ever|s ol ; 1|1o
||e Fxodus care |o oe seer as a pa||err lor ||e sp|r||ua| ||le (see 0regory ||e
0rea|'s |ora| 0|scourses or Joo,ard Caesar|us ol Ar|es' 3errors - ). 11o
T| e ooo| ol Fxodus |s used ex|ers|ve|y |r ||e borar ||ssa|, ro|ao|y a|
||e Fas|er v|g||ard a| ler|ecos|, or Tr|r||y 3urday ard ||e |||rd 3urday ol
ler|. lr ||e l||urgy ol ||e lours || |s |||eW|se used |r ||e l|rs| ||ree Wee|s
ol ler|. T| e ever|s ol ||e lassover po|r| |oWard Jesus, ||e reW ard grea|
lassover |aro W|o |as de||vered ||s peop|e lror ||e oordage ol s|r.
Nuroers
T| e ooo| ol Nuroers Was ro| used oy ||e la||ers as lrequer||y as o||er
ooo|s ol ||e ler|a|euc|. loWever, 0r|ger (lor|||es or Nuroers), Augus||re
(ues||ors or Nuroers), Cyr|| ol A|exardr|a (0|ap|yra or Nuroers),
T|eodore| (0r Nuroers), ard lrocop|us ol 0aza (Correr|ar|es or Nuroers)
|ave a|| |el|oe||rd suos|ar||a| cor|r|ou||ors.
T| ere Was a|so a |ardlu| ol ro|ao|e peop|e ard ever|s lrequer||y correr|ed
or. 8a|aar's lour|| orac|e, ard espec|a||y Nur . , Was |o rary z|1;
ol ||e la||ers a source ol oo|| |rsp|ra||or ard perp|ex||y, oecause 8a|aar
Was ||oug|| |o |ave p|ayed ||e ro|e ol oo|| prop|e| (Nur . ard ||e z|1;
r|s|rg s|ar lror Jacoo, a prop|ecy ol||e |rcarra||or) ard v|||a|r (Nuroers
z, |ead|rg lsrae| |r|o |rrora|||y a| 8aa| leor). Nuroers . Was a cruc|a| z|1;
passage lor ||e la||ers. `l see ||r, ou| ro| roW, l oe|o|d ||r, ou| ro| reara
s|ar s|a|| core ou| ol Jacoo, ard a scep|er s|a|| r|se ou| ol lsrae|.' lror ||e
ear||es| ol ||e C|urc| Wr|||rgs |||s verse Was |r|erpre|ed as a pred|c||or ol
||e |rcarra||or ol C|r|s|. Jus||r (0|a|. , ) rer||ored ||e verse, ou| 1oo1zo
ro| ||e rare ol 8a|aar W|o u||ered ||e prop|ecy. lreraeus (Adv. laer.
. . ) saW ||e verse as c|r|s|o|og|ca|, ard oo|| A||aras|us (lrcarra||or ol z
||e word ) ard lac|ar||us (0|v|re lrs|||u|es . ) a||r|ou|ed |||s verse |1
ro| |o 8a|aar, ou| |o |oses. Cypr|ar (Trea||se . . ) ard Augus||re (0r 1zz1o
0|verse ues||ors |o 3|rp||c|us, ), |oWever, rer||ored 8a|aar as u||er|rg z
||e prop|ecy. T| e c|r|s|o|og|ca| |ypo|ogy ol |||s orac|e lurc||ored oecause
ol ||e correc||or rade oe|Weer `s|ars.' T| a| |s, ros| ol ||e la||ers ||oug||
ler|a|euc| z8
z8|lour la|r|s||c Fxeges|s ol ||e 8oo|s ol ||e 8|o|e
||e s|ar ||a| gu|ded ||e rag| W|o |ad core |o v|s|| ||e |rlar| Jesus |ad oeer
pred|c|ed oy 8a|aar ard ||s `s|ar ol Jacoo' (a|||oug| Augus||re d|s|arced
||rse|l lror suc| ar |r|erpre|a||or). 0r|ger Wer| so lar as |o a||r|ou|e |o
8a|aar ||e oeg|rr|rgs ol ||e rag| sec|, |rc|ud|rg ||ose W|o |ad core |o see
||e |rlar| Jesus (see 0r|ger lor.|r Nur. . , . , Aga|rs| Ce|sus . , ). 1;1| 1oo
3ore ol ||e la||ers argued lor 8a|aar's corvers|or as a |ype ol ||e lu|ure
0er|||e corvers|or. l|s cry, `le| re d|e ||e dea|| ol ||e upr|g||, ard |e|
ry erd oe |||e ||s' (Nur . ) Was ||oug|| |o s|gra| ||s sa|va||oroo|| z1o
0r|ger ard Jerore saW |r 8a|aar a rode| ol 0er|||e sa|va||or (Jerore,
Correr|ary or Fze||e| ). o
lr add|||or |o ||e l|gure ol 8a|aar, ||e |rc|der| W||| ||e ororze sra|e
|r Nur . - e||c||ed ||e la||ers' resporse. lgra||us |r|erpre|ed |||s ever| z1|
c|r|s|o|og|ca||y (cl. Jo|r . ). lor ||r, ||e word Was ra|sed up as ||e serper| 1|
Was |r ||e W||derress (3ryrr. ). T| e sare correc||or |s rade |r ||e z
8arr. ( ) W|ere ||e ororze serper| Was seer as a |ype ol C|r|s|, ||e s|rrer 1z
Wou|d oe res|ored oy |ope ard oe||el |r ||r. Ter|u|||ar a|so |r|erpre|s
|||s ever| as a lores|adoW|rg ol ||e pass|or ol C|r|s|, ou| W||| a d|llerer|
urders|ard|rg. |oses |urg a serper| or a |ree as ar |rs|rurer| ol |ea||rg
lor lsrae|. T| |s Was a pred|c||or ol ||e lord's cross or W||c| ||e dev|| (as
serper|) Was d|sp|ayed so ||a| everyore |ur| oy ||e serper| cou|d |urr |o
|| ard rece|ve sa|va||or (ArsWer |o ||e JeWs ). 1o
Aro||er passage ol lrequer| recourse |o ||e la||ers Was Nur . - 1z11o
W||c| served as a dua| paraeres|s. oo|| |oses' |ur||||y ard ||e a||erp|ed
sc||sr ol Aaror ard ||r|ar served as rora| gu|des |o ||e C|urc|, ||e
ore pos|||ve, ||e o||er rega||ve. T| e la|||lu|ress ol |oses, ||s |ur||||y |r
par||cu|ar, dreW grea| erp|as|s. C|erer| spo|e ol |oses as ||e la|||lu| 1 |
ore |r a|| ol 0od's |ouse, ard lgra||us (Fp|. , |agr. ), lreraeus (Adv. 1 1z
laer. . . ), Cypr|ar (Fp|s||es . ), ||e Apos|o||c Cors|||u||ors( . . ), ard o 11o ;1;
0regory ol Naz|arzus (To C|edor|us) a|| repea|ed |||s ex|or|a||or |o oe
|uro|e as |oses |ad oeer 0od's |uro|e servar|.
||r|ar's |||ress ||a| resu||ed lror ||e a||erp|ed sc||sr Was ro|ed oy,
arorg o||ers, lreraeus (lrag. ) ard ||e Apos|o||c Cors|||u||ors( . . ) 1 o11
W||c| |||eW|se ||g|||g||ed ||a| ||ose W|o crea|e sc||srs are pur|s|ed,
as |ad oeer ||e case W||| ||r|ar. T| e o||er ro|ao|e sc||sr |r Nuroers
(C|. ), ||e reoe|||or ol Kora|, 0a||ar, ard Ao|rar ard ||e|r a||erp|ed 1o
usurpa||or ol ||e pr|es||y ro|es, served as a Warr|rg ol ||e corsequerces
ol sc||sr lor ||e ||le ard Wors||p ol ||e ear|y C|urc|. T| |s |rc|der| Was
lrequer||y relerred |o |r ||e Apos|o||c Cors|||u||ors( . . , . . , . . , z1oz|z;111
o. . , . . ), ard Was d|scussed oy Arorose (Fp. . - ) ard Augus||re 11;11o oz
(0r 8ap||sr . - , . , . ). 181ozz|
171
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| 3ceres dep|c||rg ever|s |r ||e ||le z8
ol Aaror ard ||r|ar draWr lror ||e
8oo| ol Nuroers l|rd express|or |r ||e pa|r||rgs ol ||e 0ura 3yragogue.
lr ||e |||urgy, passages lror Nuroers are read |r ||e borar ||ssa| |r
0rd|rary T|re ard |r ||e |||rd Wee| ol Adver|, l|l|| Wee| ol ler|, ard or
severa| leas|s |rc|ud|rg Tr|urp| ol ||e Cross. Nuroers |s a|so read |r ||e
l||urgy ol ||e lours dur|rg ||e lour|| Wee| ol ler|. T| e rear|rg ol ||e
ooo| |s ||a| 0od's poWer ard rajes|y are ||e loca| po|r|s ol oe||evers' ||ves.
8e||evers are ro| |o Warder aWay lror 0od as ||e lsrae||||es d|d.
0eu|erorory
T| e ooo| ol 0eu|erorory d|d ro| excerc|se ||e a||er||or ol ||e ear|y C|urc|
la||ers, a| |eas| W|er ||e relererces |o 0eu|erorory Were jux|aposed |o
aro||er ooo| ol ||e ler|a|euc| suc| as 0eres|s. e| |||s |s ro| say ||a|
0eu|erorory Was er||re|y reg|ec|ed. 0eu|erorory . Was a lavor||e o1
passage |r ||e ear|y C|urc| (`3ee, l |ave se| oelore you |oday ||le ard prosper||y,
dea|| ard advers||y'), |||s ressage ol c|oos|rg good as opposed |o
ev|| Was assoc|a|ed W||| ||e s|r||ar ||ere |r 0eres|s expressed |r ||e |ree z
ol ||e |roW|edge ol good ard ev|| |r ||e 0arder ol Fder. 8o|| C|erer|
ol A|exardr|a (3|rora|a . ) ard Ter|u|||ar (Fx|or|a||or |o C|as|||y . ) 11 z
correc|ed 0eres|s . W||| 0eu|erorory . . z o1
Cer|a|r |ex|s lror 0eu|erorory d|d l|rd ||e|r Way |r|o c|r|s|o|og|ca|
d|scuss|ors. T| e 3|era ol lsrae|, 0eu| . , Was a |ex| used oy ||e Ar|ars |o o|
s|oW |oW ||e la||er a|ore Was |ru|y 0od |r oppos|||or |o ||e 3or W|o Was
suoord|ra|ed |o ||s la||er. w|||e lrov . Was per|aps ||e ros| s|gr|l|car| 8zz
verse |r ||e Ar|ar cor|rovers|es, ||e Ar|ars lourd ||e dec|ara||or ol 0od's
ur||y |r 0eu|erorory . corpe|||rg. 3o, accord|rg |o A||aras|us, d|d ||e o|
Ar|ar argurer| proceed. `8e|o|d, 0od |s sa|d |o oe ore ard or|y ard ||e
l|rs|, |oW do you say ||a| ||e 3or |s 0od? lor |l |e Was 0od, |e Wou|d ro|
say, 'l a|ore' or '0od |s ore.'' (0ra||ors aga|rs| ||e Ar|ars . ). ;
0eu|erorory . Was a|so |rpor|ar| lor ||e Cappadoc|ars W|o |ad o|
ar||cu|a|ed ||e ex|s|erce ol ||e ||ree |ypos|ases (persors) ol ||e 0od|ead.
ur|||e ||e Ar|ars W|o der|ed ||e lu|| d|v|r||y ol ||e 3or, 8as|| ol Caesarea,
||s oro||er 0regory ol Nyssa, ard 0regory ol Naz|arzus Were c|arged W|||
aoardor|rg ||e ur||y ol 0od, |r lavor ol `||ree gods.' To |||s cr|||c|sr,
0regory ol Naz|arzus repea|ed|y ar||cu|a|ed oo|| ||e ur||y ol ||e 0od|ead
ard ||e d|vers||y ol persors. 0regory ol Nyssa spec|l|ca||y c||ed 0eu| . |r o|
||s argurer| lor corless|or ol or|y ore 0od (0r No| T|ree 0ods).
T| e c|r|s|o|og|ca| or|er|a||or ol 0eu|erorory lor ||e la||ers Was ro|
ler|a|euc| z8
z8olour la|r|s||c Fxeges|s ol ||e 8oo|s ol ||e 8|o|e
res|r|c|ed |o suc| dogra||c |ssues as |r|r||ar|ar doc|r|res. lor |rs|arce, |r
Fuseo|us' lrool ol ||e 0ospe|( . - ) ||ere Were s|x|eer para||e|s draWr oo1o1
oe|Weer ||e ||ves ol |oses ard Jesus, ar exarp|e ol W||c| Was |oses'
pror|se ol a |o|y |ard W|||e Jesus ollered ||e K|rgdor ol 0od (a|so see ||e
lu||er |rea|rer| ol ||e |oses|Jesus para||e| aoove |r Fxodus).
Today 0eu|erorory |s lrequer||y used |r ||e |||urgy, |rc|ud|rg severa|
per|ods |r ler| ard 0rd|rary T|re. l| relers |o 0od's sa|va||or ard o|ess|rg
ol ||e c|oser peop|e.
8|o||ograp|y
lor ||e per|a|euc|
lr|rary sources
0eres|s
Arorose. lexaereror. Fd||ed oy C. 3c|er||. C3Fl . . - ( ). z1zo118;
. lexaereror. Trars|a|ed oy J. J. 3avage. laC| . - ( ). |z1z81o1
. 0e Aora|ar(||or| duo). Fd||ed oy C. 3c|er||. C3Fl . . - ( ). z1o1o818;
. 0e Ca|r e| Aoe|. Fd||ed oy C. 3c|er||. C3Fl . . - ( ). z1|o18;
. 0r Ca|r ard Aoe|. Trars|a|ed oy J. J. 3avage. laC| . - ( ). |z;|;1o1
. 0e Josep|. Fd||ed oy C. 3c|er||. C3Fl . . - ( ). zz;1zz18;
. 0r Josep|. Trars|a|ed oy |. l. |clug|. laC| . - ( ). o18z;1;z
. 0e lsaac ve| ar|ra. Fd||ed oy C. 3c|er||. C3Fl . . - ( ). z1o|1;oo18;
. 0r lsaac, or ||e 3ou|. Trars|a|ed oy |. l. |clug|. laC| . - ( ). o1oo1;z
. 0e Noe. Fd||ed oy C. 3c|er||. C3Fl . . - ( ). z1|1;18;
. 0e larad|so. Fd||ed oy C. 3c|er||. C3Fl . . - ( ). z1zoo18;
. 0r larad|se. Trars|a|ed oy J. J. 3avage. laC| . - ( ). |zz8;o1o1
. 0e la|r|arc||s. Fd||ed oy C. 3c|er||. C3Fl . . - ( ). zz1zoo18;
. 0r ||e la|r|arc|s. Trars|a|ed oy |. l. |clug|. laC| . - ( ). oz|;1;z
Augus||re. 0e 0eres| ad ||||erar ||oer |rperlec|us. Fd||ed oy J. Zyc|a. C3Fl
z8. . - ( ). 1|;o18|
. 0e 0eres| ad ||||erar ||or| Xll. Fd||ed oy J. Zyc|a. C3Fl . . - ( ). z81|18|
. 0e 0eres| cor|ra |ar|c|aeos. ll . - . |1;zzo
. locu||orur |r lep|a|euc|ur. l|oer lr|rus. locu||ores 0eres|s.Fd||ed oy J.
lra|por|. CC3l . - ( ). 81|o18
. uaes||orur |r lep|a|euc|ur. l|oer lr|rus. uaes||ores 0eres|s. Fd||ed
oy
172
J. lra| por|. CC3l . - ( ). 1o18
. T| e l||era| |ear|rg ol 0eres|s. Trars|a|ed oy J. l. Tay|or. ACw , |1|z
( ). 18z
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| . TWo 8oo|s or 0eres|s Aga|rs| z8;
||e |ar|c|eesard 0r ||e l||era| lr|erpre|a||or ol
0eres|s. Ar url|r|s|ed 8oo|. Trars|a|ed oy b. J. Tes|e. laC| ( ). 8|11
8as|| ol Caesarea. T|e lexaereror. Trars|a|ed oy 8. Jac|sor. NlNlz
, . - . 8z1o;
. lore||es sur |'lexaereror. Fd||ed ard |rars|a|ed oy 3. 0|e|. 3C ( ). zo1o8
. lor|||es or ||e lexaereror. Trars|a|ed oy A. C. way. laC| . - |o11o
( ). 1o
. 3ur |'or|g|re de |'|orre. Fd||ed ard |rars|a|ed oy A. 3re|s ard |. var
Fsoroec|.
3C ( ). 1oo1;o
. lor|||er |r lexaereror. Fd||ed oy F. A. |erd|eoa ard 3. . budoerg. 0C3,
Nl
z( ). 1;
Ca|erae 0raecae |r 0eres|r e| |r Fxodur, , Ca|era 3|ra|||caard , Co||e||o 1 z
Co|s||r|ara |r 0eres|r. Fd||ed oy lraro|se le|||. CC30 , ( , ). z11;;18o
la C|aire sur |a 0erse. vo|s. Trad|||o Fxege||ca 0raeca, - . Fd||ed oy 1
lraro|se
le|||. louva|r. lee|ers, - . 111
Cyr|| ol A|exardr|a. 0|ap|yrorur |r 0eres|r l|or| vll. l0 . - . oo;8
0|dyrus ol A|exardr|a. 3ur |a 0erse. Fd||ed ard |rars|a|ed oy l. Nau||r ard
l. 0ou|re|eau. 3C , ( , ). zz||1;o1;8
Fp|raer. 3|. Fp|rer ||e 3yr|ar. 3e|ec|ed lrose wor|s. Correr|ary or
0eres|s,
Correr|ary or Fxodus, lor||y or 0ur lord, le||er |o luo||us. Trars|a|ed oy
F. 0. |a|||eWs, Jr. ard J. l. Arar. laC| ( ). 11|
. lr 0eres|r e| |r Fxodur correr|ar||. Fd||ed oy b.-|. Torreau. C3C0 , 1z
1
( ). 1
Fuseo|us ol Fresa. lr 0eres|r(lragrer|s). lr l'|er||age ||||era|re d'Fusoe
d'Frse.
F|ude cr|||que e| ||s|or|que, Tex|es, ed. F. |. 8uy|aer|, - . louva|r. lee|ers, 1zz
1|.
0regory ol Nyssa. Fxp||ca||o apo|oge||ca |r lexaereror. l0 . - . ||o11z|
. 0r ||e |a||rg ol |ar. Trars|a|ed oy l. A. w||sor. NlNlz
, . - . 8;|z;
l|ppo|y|us. 8ered|c||ores lsaac e| Jacoo. lr l|ppo|y|us de bore. 3ur |es
oered|c||ors
d'lsaac, de Jacoo e| de |oise. Fd||ed oy |. 8r|ere, l. |ar|es, ard 8. C|. |erc|er.
l0 . - . - ( ). z;1zz111|
. lragrer|a |r 0eres|r. lr l. Ac|e||s, ed., l|ppo|y|us wer|e, . . 0C3 . - 1z 11
;1
( ). 18;
. lragrer|s 0r 0eres|s. Trars|a|ed oy 3. 0. l. 3a|rord. ANl . - . 1oo
Jerore. Jerore's leoreW ues||ors or 0eres|s. Trars|a|ed oy C. T. b.
layWard.
0xlord. C|arerdor, . 1
. uaes||ores leora|cae |r 0eres|r. Fd||ed oy l. 0e lagarde. CC3l . - ;z1o
( ). 1
Jo|r C|rysos|or. lor|||ae - |r 0eres|r. l0 . - . 1o; z1|
. 3errores - |r 0eres|r. l0 . - . 1 |81oo
. lor|||es or 0eres|s. Trars|a|ed oy b. C. l|||. laC| , , ( , , ;|8z8;18o1o
). 1z
. 3errors sur |a 0erse.Fd||ed oy l. 8ro|||er. 3C ( ). |18
ler|a|euc| z8;
z88lour la|r|s||c Fxeges|s ol ||e 8oo|s ol ||e 8|o|e
Jo|r l|||oporos. 0e op|l|c|o rurd| l|or| vll. Fd||ed oy 0. be|c|ard|. 3cr|p|ores
sacr| e| prolar|, lasc. . le|pz|g. Teuorer, . 1 18;
0r|ger. lore||es sur |a 0erse. Fd||ed oy l. de luoac. Fd||ed ard |rars|a|ed oy
l. 0ou |re|eau. 3C , rd ed. ( ). ;z 18
. lor|||es or 0eres|s ard Fxodus. Trars|a|ed oy b. F. le|re. laC| ( ). ;118z
bul|rus ol Aqu||e|a. 0e 8ered|c||or|ous la|r|arc|arur. Fd||ed oy |. 3|rore|||.
CC3l . - ( ). zo18zz81o1
3ever|ar ol 0aoa|a. 0ra||ores sex |r rurd| crea||orer. l0 . - . o|zoo
T|eodore|. uaes||ores |r 0eres|r. l0 . - . 8o;;zz
v|c|or|rus ol le||au. 0e laor|ca rurd|. Fd||ed oy J. lauss|e||er. C3Fl . - |
( ). 11o
. 0r ||e Crea||or ol ||e wor|d. Trars|a|ed oy b. F. wa|||s. ANl . - . ;|1|
lor ||s||rgs ol ca|erae or ||e 0c|a|euc| see C|av|s la|rur 0raecorur, . C. - | 1
Fxodus
173
Augus||re. locu||orur |r lep|a|euc|ur. l|oer 3ecurdus. locu||ores Fxod|.
Fd||ed
oy J. lra|por|. CC3l . - ( ). |o||z18
. uaes||orur |r lep|a|euc|ur. l|oer 3ecurdus. uaes||ores Fxod|.Fd||ed
oy
J. lra|por|. CC3l . - ( ). ;o1;|18
Ca|erae 0raecae |r 0eres|r e| |r Fxodur, , Ca|era 3|ra|||ca |r Fxodur. 1
Fd||ed oy
lraro|se le|||. CC30 . - ( ). 1zo1;;
Cyr|| ol A|exardr|a. 0|ap|yrorur |r Fxodur l|oer l-lll. l0 . - . o88
Fp|raer. `Correr|a|re de |'Fxode par 3a|r| Fp|rer.' lr|roduc||or, |rars|a||or,
ard ro|es oy lau| leg|a||. lar0r . - ( | ). 1z111118|18
. 3arc|| Fp|raer 3yr| |r 0eres|r e| |r Fxodur correr|ar||. Fd||ed oy b. |.
Torreau. C3C0 - ( ). 1z11
. 3|. Fp|rer ||e 3yr|ar. 3e|ec|ed lrose wor|s. Correr|ary or 0eres|s,
Correr|ary or Fxodus, lor||y or our lord, le||er |o luo||us. Trars|a|ed oy
FdWard 0. |a|||eWs, Jr. ard Josep| l. Arar. laC| ( ). 11|
0auder||us ol 8resc|a. Trac|a|us. Fd||ed oy A. 0|uc|. C3Fl ( ). o81o
0regory ol Nyssa. l|le ol |oses. Trars|a|ed oy A. J. |a||eroe ard F. lergusor.
C|ass|cs ol wes|err 3p|r||ua|||y ( ). 1;8
. la v|e de |oise. Fd||ed ard |rars|a|ed oy J. 0ar|e|ou. 3C ( ). 11o8
. 0e v||a |oys|s. Fd||ed oy l. |usur|||o. 0N0 . ( ). ;111
Jacoo ol 3arug. 0e s|u|er var |ozes. |e|r|sc|e pree| var Ja|oo var 3arug over
de
s|u|er var |e| 0ude veroord er de g|ars var |e| N|euWe. Fd||ed ard |rars|a|ed
oy A. we||er|uyser, ard l. var borpay. 8rugge. Zever|er|er, . 18
0r|ger. lor|||es or 0eres|s ard Fxodus. Trars|a|ed oy b. F. le|re. laC| ;1
( ). 18z
. 0r|gre. lore||es sur |'Fxode. Trars|a|ed oy |arce| 8orre||. 3C ( ). z118
lrocop|us ol 0aza. Correr|ar|| |r Fxodur. l0 . - . 8;11oo
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| T|eodore|. lr Fxodur. l0 . - z8 8ozz
. z8
Zero ol verora. 3errores. Fd||ed oy 8erg| lols|ed|. CC3l ( ). zz1;1
0r|y lragrer|s rera|r ol 0|odore's correr|ary or Fxodus.
Nuroers
Augus||re. locu||orur |r lep|a|euc|ur. l|oer uar|us. locu||ores Nurerorur.
Fd||ed oy J. lra|por| CC3l . - ( ). |z|||18
. uaes||orur |r lep|a|euc|ur. l|oer uar|us. uaes||ores Nurerorur.
Fd||ed
oy J. lra|por|. CC3l . - ( ). z|z;18
Cyr|| ol A|exardr|a. 0|ap|yrorur |r Nureros l|oer. l0 . - . o8o|z
0r|gre, lore||es sur |es Norores. Trars|a|ed oy A. |e|a|. 3C ( ). z11
3ecord
ed|||or oy l 0ou|re|eau. 3C ( ), ( ), ard ( ). |11o||z1 |o1zoo1
. 3e|ec|a |r Nureros. l0 . - . 1z;8|
. Adro|a||ores lr Nureros. l0 . - . 1;z1z|
lrocop|us ol 0aza. Correr|ar|| |r Nureros. l0 . - . 8;;8|
T|eodore|. lr Nureros. l0 . - . 8oo|oo
0eu|erorory
Augus||re. locu||orur |r lep|a|euc|ur. l|oer u|r|us. locu||ores
0eu|eroror||.
Fd||ed oy J. lra|por|. CC3l . - ( ). |||18
. uae||orur |r lep|a|euc|ur. l|oer u|r|us. uaes||ores
0eu|eroror||.Fd||ed
oy J. lra|por|. CC3l . - ( ). z;o1118
Cyr|| ol A|exardr|a. 0|ap|yrorur |r 0eu|eroror|ur l|oer. l0 . - . oo|o;8
0r|ger. Adro|a||ores |r 0eu|eroror|ur. l0 . - . 1;zo
. 3e|ec|a |r 0eu|eroror|ur. l0 . - . 1z8o818
lrocop|us ol 0aza. lr 0eu|eroror|ur. l0 . - . 8;8z
T|eodore|. lr 0eu|eroror|ur. l0 . - . 8o|o1|o
ler|a|euc| z8
zolour la|r|s||c Fxeges|s ol ||e 8oo|s ol ||e 8|o|e
v
ll3T0blCAl 800K3
Jos|ua
Arorg ||e la||ers |ey ever|s |r ||e ooo| ol Jos|ua served as |ypo|og|es lor
suosequer| rea||||es. As|de lror cer|a|r ever|s ard ||eres |r ||e ooo| W||c|
ercouraged ||ese read|rgs, |r 0ree| Jesus ard Jos|ua's rares Were
|ororyrous, prov|d|rg oov|ous |ex|ca| resources lor ||e lrequer| Jos|ua-Jesus
|ypo|og|es. Ter|u|||ar (Aga|rs| |arc|or . ), Jerore (Fp. ), ard Augus||re 1o
(Aga|rs| laus|us . ), arorg o||ers, dreW |ypo|og|ca| s|gr|l|carce lror 1zzz
||e |der||ca| rares.
T| e s|ardard |r|erpre|a||or ol Jos|ua |aug|| ||e super|or||y ol Jesus
174
ard ||e 0ospe| over |oses ard ||e laW. As |oses cou|d ro| |ead ||e lsrae|||es
|r|o ||e lror|sed lard, ard ||e pr|v||ege Was grar|ed Jos|ua, so ||e
laW W||c| Was urao|e |o prov|de sa|va||or Was rep|aced W||| ||e 0ospe|
ol Jesus ||a| us|ered ||e sp|r||ua| lsrae| |r|o ||e e|erra| lror|sed lard.
3uc| |r|erpre|a||ors are lourd |r 0r|ger's lor||y or Jos|uaas We|| as
lreraeus's lrool ol ||e Apos|o||c lreac||rg( ), Cypr|ar's Tes||ror|es( . ), |o zz1
ard oo|| Ter|u|||ar's Aga|rs| |arc|or( . , , . ) ard Aga|rs| ||e JeWs ( , 118|;
1o). lr s|r||ar ve|r Ter|u|||ar ra|r|a|red (Adv. Jud. ) ||a| ||e sever-day |
rarc| arourd Jer|c|o po|r|ed |o ||e |rars||ory s|a|us ol ||e 3aooa|| as a
day ol res|.
Aro||er |ypo|og|ca| read|rg ol Jos|ua dreW corpar|sors oe|Weer
ba|ao's |ouse ard ||e scar|e| cord |urg lror |er W|rdoW, |rea||rg ||er as
|ypes ol ||e C|urc| ard C|r|s|'s o|ood, respec||ve|y. A|so C|erer| ol bore
( C|er. ) ard Jus||r |ar|yr (0|a|. . - ) reler |o C|r|s|'s o|ood. w||| 1 1z 111|
lreraeus (Adv. laer. . ) ard 0r|ger (lor||y or Jos|ua . - ) ||e |zo |
ecc|es|o|og|ca| d|rers|or ol |||s |ype Was deve|oped. A corror |r|erpre|a||or
Was ||a| as sa|va||or lror ||e JeW|s| corques| ol Jer|c|o cou|d core lror
W||||r ba|ao's |ouse, so a|so cou|d sa|va||or core or|y lror ||ose W||||r
||e C|urc|. Cypr|ar's |r|erpre|a||or Was s|r||ar (0r ||e ur||y ol ||e C|urc|
8) as |e quo|ed Jos|ua . , W||c| reads, `ll ary ol you go ou| ol ||e doors z1
ol your |ouse |r|o ||e s|ree|, ||ey s|a|| oe respors|o|e lor ||e|r oWr dea||.'
Aro||er |r|eres||rg |ypo|ogy |s ||a| ol oap||sr, W||c|, lo||oW|rg lau| |r 1
Cor|r|||ars . , ||e la||ers |ad |rad|||ora||y assoc|a|ed W||| ||e Fxodus 1oz
ard ||e cross|rg ol ||e bed 3ea (see, lor exarp|e, Ter|u|||ar 0r 8ap||sr).
8u| W||| 0r|ger ||ere |s ||e exp||c|| |rarslorra||or ol |||s |ypo|ogy, so as
|o rerder ||e Fxodus a |ype ro| lor oap||sr, ou| lor ||e er|ry ol ||e ca|ec|urer
|r|o C|r|s||ar||y, W|||e cross|rg ||e Jordar Was a |ype ol oap||sr
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| (lor||y or Jos|ua . ). T| e z1 |1
suosequer| C|r|s||ar |rad|||or, cor|rary |o
0r|ger, ra|r|a|red ||e Fxodus-oap||sr |ypo|ogy, ou| W||| 0r|ger || a|so
oegar |o recogr|ze ||e r|c|ress ol ||e Jordar-oap||sr |ypo|ogy (lor exarp|e,
0regory ol Nyssa's 0r ||e 8ap||sr ol C|r|s|). A|org W||| |||s ecc|es|o|og|ca|
read|rg care ||e esc|a|o|og|ca| assoc|a||or ol Jer|c|o as a |ype ol ||e Wor|d
||a| Wou|d oe des|royed, excep| lor ||e C|urc| (ba|ao's |ouse) a| ||e erd
ol ||e age (l||ary, 0r ||e |ys|er|es . - ). z1o
Fp|sodes lror ||e ||le ol Jos|ua appear |r ||e rosa|c |r 3. |ar|a
|agg|ore |r bore, da||rg lror ||e l|l|| cer|ury. sceres |rc|ude ||e cross|rg ol
||e Jordar, ba|ao |e|p|rg ||e sp|es, ard ||e corques|s ol Jer|c|o ard
A|. Jos|ua |s a|so read |r ||e |||urgy |r 0rd|rary T|re ard or ||e lour||
3urday ol ler|, || |eac|es ||e sovere|gr|y ol 0od, as We|| as ||e reed lor
ac||ve la|||, ard ||s express|or |r prayer, or oe|a|l ol oe||evers.
Judges
T| e ooo| ol Judges |rlrequer||y ca||ed lor|| ||e a||er||or ol |a|er JeW|s|
(3|r . - ) ard r| Wr||ers (leo . ), ard ||e sare car oe sa|d lor ||e |o111z 11z
la||ers. T| ere are, |oWever, cer|a|r ||eres ||a| car oe d|scerred |r ||e ear|y
C|r|s||ar |r|erpre|a||or ol Judges. w|er ||e la||ers War|ed |o erp|as|ze
JeW|s| WayWardress, ard espec|a||y ||e dargers ol |do|a|ry, ||e sceres dep|c||rg
||ese recurr|rg s|rs |r Judges Were reca||ed (see Ter|u|||ar, 3corp|ace ,
Cypr|ar, Trea||se . . , Apos|o||c Cors|||u||ors . . ). 8u| ||ere Were a|so 1z11 z1z
pos|||ve reco||ec||ors ol Judges. lor C|erer| ol A|exardr|a, JeW|s| ||s|ory,
|rc|ud|rg ||e per|od ol ||e judges, derors|ra|ed ||e super|or ar||qu||y ol
leoreW ||oug|| ever over ||a| ol 0ree| p|||osop|y (3|rora|a . ). lr ||e 1z1
Apos|o||c Cors|||u||ors, JeW|s| p|e|y Was correrora|ed |r suc| l| gures as
Jos|ua, 0|deor, |aroa|, 3arsor, ard espec|a||y ||e prop|e| 0eoora| W|o
appears |o |ave served as a paragor lor deacoresses |r ||e ear|y C|urc|
(Ap. Cors|. . . , . . , . . ). ;z;81z8zo
T| e ear|y |r|erpre|a||or ol ||e ooo| ol Judges a|so W||resses |o ||e pa|r|s||c
|rc||ra||or |oWard c|r|s|o|og|ca| exeges|s ol ||e o|. 0re exarp|e |s
0r|ger's exeges|s ol 0|deor ard ||e s|gr ol ||e l|eece (Judges . - ). lor oo|o
||e l|rs| s|gr, |r W||c| ||e deW Was or|y or ||e l|eece, ||e deW represer|ed
||e word ol 0od, ||e d|v|re |aW g|ver |o ||e peop|e ol lsrae|, ||e l|eece.
lor ||e secord s|gr, |r W||c| ||e deW le|| or|y or ||e grourd, ||e deW
represer|ed ||e l|rs| adver| ol C|r|s| ard ||e cor|rg ol ||e gospe| ||roug|
||e apos||es ard evarge||s|s |o a|| ||e Wor|d, W||c| Was represer|ed oy ||e
grourd (lor|||es or ||e Judges . ). lr|erpre|ers oelore 0r|ger, suc| as 8|
l|s|or|ca| 8oo|s z1
zzlour la|r|s||c Fxeges|s ol ||e 8oo|s ol ||e 8|o|e
lreraeus, Were a|ready ra||rg ||e d|s||rc||or oe|Weer ||e l|eece as lsrae|
ard ||e grourd as ||e res| ol ||e Wor|d (Adv. laer. . . ). 1;
T| e C|urc| la||ers' perc|ar| lor rora| exeges|s car oe seer |r ||e|r
read|rg ol Judges. ler|aps ||e ros| derard|rg |rc|der| |r ||e ooo| ol
Judges lror ||e perspec||ve ol |ropo|og|ca| exeges|s Was Jep|||a|'s |rag|c
voW resu|||rg |r ||e sacr|l|ce ol ||s oWr daug||er (Judg . - ). 0r|ger, 11o|o
175
|r ||e s|x|| ooo| ol ||s Correr|ary or Jo|r, rel| ec|ed or ||e s|gr|l|carce
ol ||e dea||s ol rar|yrs. w|||e rea||z|rg ||e d|ll| cu||y ol Jep|||a|'s voW, as
|| sugges|ed a crue| 0od, 0r|ger corc|uded ||a| rar|yrs' dea||s, |rc|ud|rg
Jep|||a|'s daug||er, |r sore rarrer ||War|ed ||e poWers ol ev||. lr |||s Way
||e|r dea||s eased ||e suller|rg ol ||ose oe||evers W|o escaped rar|yrdor.
T| |s soreW|a| pos|||ve |r|erpre|a||or ol Jep|||a|'s ac||or oy 0r|ger Was
c|a||erged oy Jerore W|o corderred ||e voW as ras| (Aga|rs| Jov|r|ar
1. ). 3uosequer| |r|erpre|ers |oo| up Jerore's |r|erpre|a||or, ou| a|so lourd z
pra|se lor Jep|||a| |r ||a| |e Was a| ||e very |eas| la|||lu| |o ||e voW |e |ad
rade (cl. leoreWs . , T|eodore|, lrves||ga||ors or Judges , Arorose, 11z zo
0r v|rg|r||y . - . ). z1o
As ||e la||ers recogr|zed ||e la|||lu|ress ol 0od's judges |r ||e lace ol
lsrae|'s d|sooed|erce, so ||e |||urgy draWs upor ||e ||ere ol 0od's la|||lu|ress |r
||e ooo| ol Judges, ard c|a||erges Wors||pers |o ||e ||le ol la||| |r
||e lo|y 3p|r||. Judges |s read |r 0rd|rary T|re, as We|| as or 0eceroer 1
|r ||e borar ||ssa|.
1, 3arue| & , K|rgs z 1z
w|a| are roW |Wo ooo|s ol 3arue| Was or|g|ra||y ore ooo| W||c| Was
d|v|ded oy ||e corp||ers ol ||e |xx lor purposes ol corver|erce oecause ol
||s |erg||. T| e sare occurred lor W|a| |s roW ard K|rgs. lr ||e |xx a|| 1 z
lour ooo|s Were grouped urder ore ||||e, `8oo|s ol ||e be|grs.' T| ese lour
ooo|s cor|a|red ||eres ||a| prov|ded resources ro| or|y lor ||e C|ror|c|er,
ou| a|so lor ||e r| ard ||e ear|y C|urc|'s rel|ec||or or ||ese ooo|s.
w|||e ra|er|a| lror 3arue| ard K|rgs Was lrequer||y used |r ||e ear|y
C|urc|, ||ere Was se|dor spec|l|c relererce |o ||ese ooo|s. Never||e|ess,
pa|r|s||c Wr||ers (ro| ur|||e ||e r| Wr||ers), Were aWare ol ||e s|rorg cor||ru|||es
oe|Weer suc| persors as 0av|d, F||ja|, F||s|a, ard Jesus. l| cores
as |||||e surpr|se, ||er, ||a| ||ese o| persora||||es Were |r|erpre|ed a||egor|ca||y
W||| relererce |o Jesus. lor exarp|e, 0av|d's aro|r||rg, ||s ac||v||y as
s|ep|erd, ard ||s delea| ol 0o||a|| po|r|ed |o Jesus' oap||sr, ||s ac||v||y
as a re|ap|or|ca| s|ep|erd, ard ||s delea| ol s|r (ex|ers|ve rel|ec||or or
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| 0av|d car oe lourd |r z
correr|ar|es or ||e lsa|rs oy 0r|ger, A||aras|us ol
A|exardr|a, Fuseo|us ol Caesarea, l||ary, 0regory ol Nyssa, ard Augus||re).
A|so Wor||y ol rer||or |s ||e accour| ol ||e W||c| ol Frdor W|o surrored
3arue| lror ||e dead ( 3arue| ), ar ever| ||a| sugges|ed |o 1 z8
0r|ger ||a| 3arue| Was a |ype ol C|r|s|, |rasruc| as oo|| descerded |r|o
lades ard rade a re|urr (3ecord lor||y or ||e 8oo| ol K|rgs - ). A|so, o8
dur|rg ||e 0ora||s| cor|roversy (lour|| c.), a| ||e Corlererce ol Car||age,
||e 0ora||s|s argued ||a| ||e `rar ol 0od' |r K|rgs suppor|ed ||e|r 1 1
pos|||or ol rorpar||c|pa||or |r ||e sacrarer|s ol s|rlu| pr|es|s. Jeroooar's
r|va| Wors||p, suosequer| |o ||e sp|||||rg ol lsrae| |r|o |Wo ||rgdors, Was
ro|ed oecause |||s `sc||sra||c' Wors||p Was ro| par||c|pa|ed |r oy ||e `rar
ol 0od,' ror d|d |e d|re W||| Jeroooar. To ||e 0ora||s|s, ever |l s|r cou|d
oe c|earsed, ||e o| prop|e|s s|||| Wou|d ro| ergage |r ||e sacr|l|ces ol ||ose
W|o |ad corr|||ed cer|a|r s|rsard Jeroooar Was cors|dered |o oe `|r
sc||sr' (Ac|s ol ||e Corlererce ol Car||age . ). z8
13arue| |s read |r 0rd|rary T|re ard or ||e lour|| 3urday ol ler|.
l| po|r|s |o 0od's rerc|lu| ac||ors |r |urar ||s|ory. 3arue| |s read |r z
0rd|rary T|re ard a|so or ||e lour|| 3urday ol Adver|. l| spea|s ol 0av|d
as 0od's aro|r|ed ||rg, ar||c|pa||rg Jesus C|r|s| ||e |ess|a| W|o de||vers
0od's peop|e. l|rs| ard 3ecord K|rgs are read |r 0rd|rary T|re ( K|rgs |s z
a|so read |r ||e |||rd Wee| ol ler|) ard oo|| spea| |o oo|| 0od's coverar|
ard 0od's serd|rg ol prop|e|s as |rd|ca|ors ol r|g|| corduc|.
1, |accaoees z
1ard |accaoees Were dec|ared caror|ca| oy ||e courc||s ol l|ppo ( ), z
Car||age ( ), ard, u|||ra|e|y, Trer| ( ). T| ey Were W|de|y relererced |r ; 1|o
||e Wor|s ol ear|y C|r|s||ar Wr||ers suc| as C|erer| ol A|exardr|a, l|ppo|y|us
ol bore, Ter|u|||ar, Cypr|ar ol Car||age, Fuseo|us ol Caesarea, Arorose ol
|||ar, Augus||re, ard Jerore. 3ecord |accaoees Was espec|a||y s|gr|l|car|
|r ||a| || cor|a|rs ar exp||c|| scr|p|ura| all| rra||or ol crea||or ex r||||o
( |acc . , 0r|ger 0r l|rs| lr|rc|p|es . . , Correr|ary or ||e 0ospe| ol z ;z8 z1
Jo|r . . ). l| a|so cor|a|rs a passage corcerr|rg prayers lor ||e dead 11;1o
( |acc . - ) |rpor|ar| |o ||e deve|oprer| ard delerse ol ||e doc|r|re z 1z||
ol lurga|ory. |oreover, ||e accour|s ol rar|yrdor |r |accaoees par||cu|ar|y z
resora|ed W||||r ||e persecu|ed ear|y C|urc|. 0regory ol Naz|arzus,
Fuseo|us ol Caesarea, Augus||re, Jo|r C|rysos|or, 0auder||us, Fuseo|us ol
Fresa, ard leo a|| Wro|e paregyr|cs |o ||e |accaoear |eroes, ard Cypr|ar
(Fx|or|a||or |o |ar|yrdor ) as We|| as 0r|ger (Fx|or|a||or |o |ar|yrdor 11
l|s|or|ca| 8oo|s z
z|lour la|r|s||c Fxeges|s ol ||e 8oo|s ol ||e 8|o|e
- zzz;) |e|d ||ese JeW|s| rar|yrs as rode|s ol lor|||ude ard la|||lu|ress |o
oe |r||a|ed oy C|r|s||ars. 3ore |ave a|so seer ec|oes ol |accaoees |r z
lgra||us's d|scuss|ors ol ||s |rperd|rg rar|yrdor. T| e |accaoear rar|yrs
176
Were |a|er caror|zed oy ||e C|urc| ard a oas|||ca es|ao||s|ed |r ||e|r |oror
a| Ar||oc|, ||e s||e |o W||c| ||e|r dea||s |r Jerusa|er |ad oeer |ag|ograp||ca||y
re|oca|ed. loWever, || Was ||e aroryrous ro||er ol sever rar|yred
sors W|o |r par||cu|ar Was es|eered oy ||e ear|y C|urc|. ler p|e|y ard
la|||lu|ress |r ||e lace ol |er sep|erary sacr|l|ce roved 0regory Narz|arzer
|o |der||ly |er as a pro|o|ype ol |ary W|o Wou|d a|so |ose a roo|e sor lor
a r|g||eous cause (0ra||or ). T| e ear||es| correr|ary or |accaoees Was 1
Wr|||er oy 8e||a|or a| ||e oe|es| ol Cass|odorus dur|rg ||e s|x|| cer|ury,
ou| |||s Wor| |s ror-ex|ar|.
8|o||ograp|y
lor ||s|or|ca| ooo|s
lr|rary sources
Jos|ua
Augus||re. locu||orur |r lep|a|euc|ur. l|oer 3ex|us. locu||ores Jesu Nave.
Fd||ed
oy J. lra|por|. CC3l . - ( ). |||818
. uaes||orur |r lep|a|euc|ur. l|oer 3ex|us. uaes||ores Jesu Nave.Fd||ed
oy
J. lra| por|. CC3l . - . ( ). 1z|18
0r|ger. lore||es sur Josue. Fd||ed oy A. Jauoer|. 3C ( ). ;11oo
. lor|||es or Jos|ua. Trars|a|ed oy 8. J. 8ruce ard C. w|||e.
lrocop|us ol 0aza. Correr|ar|| |r Josue. l0 . - . 8;11o|z
T|eodore|. uaes||ores |r Josuar. l0 . - . 8o|;|8
Judges
Augus||re. locu||orur |r lep|a|euc|ur. l|oer 3ep||rus. locu||ores
Jud|cur.Fd||ed
oy J. lra|por|. CC3l . - ( ). ||o18
. uaes||orur |r lep|a|euc|ur. l|oer 3ep||rus. aes||ores Jud|cur.Fd||ed
oy
J. lra|por|. CC3l . - ( ). ;;18
ls|dore ol 3ev|||e. lr l|orur Jud|cur. ll . - . 8;z
0r|ger. 0r|gre. lore||es sur |es juges. Fd||ed ard Trars|a|ed oy l. |ess|e, l.
Neyrard, ard |. 8orre|. 3C ( ). 81
lrocop|us ol 0aza. Correr|ar|| |r Jud|ces. l0 . - . 8;1o|11o8o
T|eodore|. uaes||ores |r 0c|a|euc|ur. l0 . - . 8o|818
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| , 3arue| & , K|rgs z1z 1z
Arorose. 0e apo|og|a prop|e|ae 0av|d. ll . - . 1|81oo
8as|| ol 3e|euc|a. 3errores. l0 . - . 818zzz
Cyr|| ol A|exardr|a. lr begur l|or| l-lv. l0 . - . oo;o8
0regory ||e 0rea|. 0rego|re |e 0rard, Correr|a|re sur |e lrer|er l|vre des
bo|sl-v.
Fd||ed ard |rars|a|ed oy A. de vogue ard C. vu|||aure. 3C , , , , 11|z||
|o( , , , , ). 18118zoozzoo
Jo|r C|rysos|or. 0e Arra serrores. l0 . - . |o1o;|
. 0e 0av|de e| 3au|e |or|||ae. l0 . - . |o;;o8
0r|ger. lore||es sur 3arue|. Fd||ed oy l|erre Nau||r ard |ar|e-T| erese
Nau||r.
3C ( ). z818
. lor|||ae |r begrorur ||oros. Fd||ed oy w. A. 8ae|rers. 0C3 ( ). 1z
. lor|||es or Jerer|a| ard K|rgs . Trars|a|ed oy J. C. 3r|||. laC| 1 z8 ;
( ). 18
lrocop|us ol 0aza. Ca|era |r 0c|a|euc|ur. l0 . - . 8;11|;1zoo
T|eodore|. uaes||ores |r ||oros begrorur. l0 . - . 8ooo;8oo
lor ||s||rgs ol ca|eraeor ||e ooo|s ol K|rgs see C|av|s la|rur 0raecorur, . |
C. .
l|s|or|ca| 8oo|s z
zolour la|r|s||c Fxeges|s ol ||e 8oo|s ol ||e 8|o|e
vl
wl300| AN0 l0FTb
Joo
T| e ooo| ol Joo Was correr|ed upor oy rary la||ers ol ||e ear|y C|urc|.
T| oug| ||e ooo| Was |rpor|ar| lor rary Wr||ers |r ||e |a|e l|rs| ard secord
cer|ur|es, || |s lror ||e ||re ol C|erer| ol A|exardr|a ard Cypr|ar ||a|
||e ooo| ol Joo oeg|rs |o p|ay ar ever-|rcreas|rg ro|e. T| e ||s| ol ||s
correr|a|ors |rc|udes 0r|ger (W|ose correr|ary |s roW |os|), A||aras|us
ol A|exardr|a, 0|dyrus ol A|exardr|a, Ju||ar ||e Ar|ar, Jo|r C|rysos|or,
Augus||re, Ju||ar ol Fc|arur, lesyc||us ol Jerusa|er, ard 0regory ||e
0rea|. Far|y C|r|s||ar Wr||ers (as We|| as |corograp|ers) erp|oyed ||e s|ory
ard persora ol Joo lor oo|| rora| ard doc|r|ra| |rs|ruc||or. A leW or|el
exarp|es W||| oe ro|ed.
Nurerous la||ers draW or Joo as ar exarp|e ol |ur||||y, pa||erce, ||rdress,
ard erdurarce |r ||e r|ds| ol suller|rg (cl. 8as|| ol Caesarea, lor||y
zo. [Corcerr|rg lur||||y|, Jo|r C|rysos|or lor||y or Cor|r|||ars . ). ; 1 1o|
3o W|despread |s |||s rora| urders|ard|rg ol Joo ||a| C|r|s||ar |corograp|y
177
dep|c|s ||r as a l|gure lor rajor v|r|ues, par||cu|ar|y pa||erce ard suor|ss|or
|o 0od's W|||. Joo Was lrequer||y por|rayed covered W||| sores ard s||||rg
or a durg|eap (Joo . ). z8
C|r|s||ar Wr||ers suc| as Ter|u|||ar W|o Wro|e ar er||re Wor| or ||e
v|r|ue ol pa||erce, deve|op |||s rora| |r|erpre|a||or ol Joo. lr 0l la||erce,
Ter|u|||ar dec|ared |o ||s readers ||a| Joo's s|ory |ad oeer g|ver as a |es||rory
|o ||e C|r|s||ar corrur||y. le ex|or|ed ||e C|urc| |o |r||a|e Joo
s|rce |e Was a v|c|or|ous Warr|or W|ose revererce lor 0od |ad ro| oeer
urderr|red oy 3a|ar (la|. ). Arorose |oo |rcorpora|ed |||s rajor ||ere 1|
ol Joo as rora| exerp|ar ||roug|ou| ||s Wor| 0r ||e lrayer ol Joo ard
0av|d. lor Arorose, Joo Was |||e ar a|||e|e W|o |ad oeer judged v|c|or|ous
||roug| suller|rg. T| e lord |ad ever |r|er||ora||y preserved ||e ||le ol ||s
W|le |r order ||a| s|e r|g|| serve as ar add|||ora| source ol |erp|a||or |o
||r (Joo . - , lrayer . ). l|s v|c|ory care as |e Was dec|ared r|g||eous z1o z|
oy ||e lord. T| e ros| pror|rer| exarp|e ol |||s rora| |r|erpre|a||or ol
Joo |s 0regory ||e 0rea|'s |||r|y-l|ve ooo| asce||ca| |rea||se er||||ed |ora|s
or Joo, W||c| oo|| represer|s ard deve|ops ||e r|c| exege||ca| |rad|||or
surrourd|rg ||e l|gure ol Joo. 0regory sees Joo as a |ype ol C|r|s|, Joo's
suller|rg proved |o oe oo|| ca||ar||c ard rederp||ve. 3uller|rg s|ou|d oe
We|cored, 0regory pos||ed, s|rce || pur|l|es ore's sou| ard s|ru||areous|y
d|rec|s ard locuses ||e sullerer or corrur|or W||| 0od.
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| w|sdor ard loe|ry lr add|||or z; z;
|o ||ese |arge|y rora| |r|erpre|a||ors ol Joo, ||e ear|y C|urc|
lourd spec|l|c doc|r|ra| s|gr|l|carce |r Joo . - , . - , ard . . Joo 1||1zzo |11
1|. - surrar|zes W|a| |s a |arger d|scourse aoou| |urar||y's s|rlu|ress, |
Wea|ress, ard ror|a|||y. Augus||re Wou|d appea| |o || |r order |o suppor|
||e |dea ol ||e |rles|a||or ol a|| |urars, ol a|| ages, W||| s|r ard ||e|r reed
lor ||e sacrarer|s (lor exarp|e, Aga|rs| TWo le||ers ol ||e le|ag|ars . , cl. ||
0r|ger, lor|||es or lev|||cus . . , lor|||es or lu|e . . ). Joo . - , lor 8 1| 1zzo
||e ear|y C|urc| (oo|| |r |||era|ure ard |corograp|y), |as Joo proc|a|r|rg
||s oWr ood||y resurrec||or. T| |s passage W||| oe used |o |eac| ||e lu|ure
resurrec||or ol ||e dead ( C|er. , Cyr|| ol Jerusa|er, Ca|ec|e||ca| lec|ures 1 zo
18. ). Joo . , W|ere 0od ques||ors W|e||er Joo car suodue lev|a||ar, 1 |11
||e dragor, oecores lor ||e ear|y C|urc| a passage W||c| |eac|es rederp||or
||roug| C|r|s|'s delea| ol ||e dev|| (0r|ger, 0r l|rs| lr|rc|p|es . . , |1
0regory ||e 0rea|, |ora|s, . . ). ;1|
Joo |s used |||urg|ca||y |r 0rd|rary T|re ard |r ||e |asses lor ||e 0ead
ard ||e Aro|r||rg ol ||e 3|c|. T| e ooo| ercourages C|r|s||ars |o oear advers||y
|r |rus|lu| suor|ss|or |o 0od,|o ac|roW|edge ||e l|r||ude ol |urar
urders|ard|rg, ard |o |ope corl|der||y lor sa|va||or.
lsa|rs
lor ||e au||ors ol ||e r|, ||e lsa|rs |s ||e ros| lrequer||y c||ed o| ooo|.
0ur|rg ||e era ol ||e la||ers, ||e lsa||er |os| rore ol ||s |rpor|arce. lror|rer|
|r|erpre|ers ol ||e lsa|rs |rc|ude 0r|ger, Fuseo|us ol Caesarea, A||aras|us ol
A|exardr|a, 8as|| ol Caesarea, 0regory ol Nyssa, Arorose, Jerore,
Jo|r C|rysos|or, T| eodore ol |opsues||a, Augus||re, Cyr|| ol A|exardr|a,
ard T| eodore|.
|ary ol ||e psa|rs repea|ed|y used oy ||e au||ors ol ||e r| a|so gerera|ed ruc|
|r|eres| arorg ||e la||ers. Key psa|rs s|ared oy ||e exege||ca|
|rad|||ors ol oo|| eras Were , , , , , , , ard . T| e ress|ar|c zzz|11o|11o118 11
ro||l Was cer|ra| |o ||e la||ers read|rg ol ||e lsa|rs.
3evera| psa|rs |o W||c| ||e r| lrequer||y relerred, |rc|ud|rg lss , o
;, , ard , rece|ved re|a||ve|y |||||e a||er||or |r ||e pa|r|s||c era. 81o 1oo
Corverse|y, o||er psa|rs, lor exarp|e, lss , , ard , Were very lrequer||y 1| o
erp|oyed oy ||e la||ers ye| rece|ved |||||e a||er||or |r ||e r|. lsa|r |s a 1
case |r po|r|. T| oug| ||e lsa|r ||se|l |s rever c||ed |r ||e r|, ||e la||ers
a|ros| ur|versa||y urders|ood ||e `o|essed rar' ol vv. - as relerr|rg |o 1z
C|r|s|, ard corsequer||y, |o a|| C|r|s||ars. lur||errore, sore, ex|rapo|a||rg
lror |ex|s suc| as bor . - ard Cor . , a|so regarded ||e `W|c|ed 1zz1 1 1|;
z8lour la|r|s||c Fxeges|s ol ||e 8oo|s ol ||e 8|o|e
[persor|' ol vv. - as relerr|rg |o Adar, ||e or|g|ra| s|rrer (see, lor exarp|e., |o
Augus||re's 0|scourses or ||e lsa|rs ). z1
lr ear|y doc|r|ra| lorru|a||or ||e lsa|rs Wou|d |rlorr p|vo|a| e|erer|s
ol ||e C|urc|'s C|r|s|o|ogy. Jus||r va||da|ed ||e dogra ol C|r|s|'s ood||y
ascer| |r|o |eaver oy erp|oy|rg ls . - . le urders|ood ||e `ga|es' ol z|;8
||ese verses as relerr|rg |o ||e ga|es ol |eaver ard ||us |o C|r|s| |av|rg
passed ||roug| ||ese ga|es |r|o |eaver (Apo|ogy , ). la|er, lor lreraeus, 11
ls . Wou|d serve as |es||rory |o Jesus' 0av|d|c |er||age, ||s ||rgs||p 1z11
ard ||s o|r|| lror a v|rg|r. lreraeus erp|oyed |||s verse |o corp|erer| ||s
read|rg ol lsa. . (Adv. laer. . . ). 0r|ger used ls . |o va||da|e ||e ;1| z1 1o1o
|r|erre|a|ed doc|r|res ol C|r|s|'s descer| |r|o |e|| ard ||s resurrec||or. le
reasored ||a| s|rce C|r|s| Was ur|que|y (v|rg|r) oorr ard s|rce |e ||ved a
ur|que (s|r|ess) ||le, ||e p|rase `[l |or you do ro| g|ve re up |o 3|eo|,' rus|
oe app||ed |o C|r|s| s|rce |e Was a|so ur|que |r |av|rg oeer ra|sed lror
178
||e dead. lor 0r|ger || Was C|r|s|'s ur|queress ||a| prever|ed ||r lror
rera|r|rg perrarer||y |r lades (Correr|ary or Jo|r . ). A|||oug| 1zzo
0r|ger Wro|e ||e l|rs| correr|ary or ||e lsa|rs, urlor|ura|e|y or|y r|re
|or|||es or lsa|rs - ard sore lragrer|s surv|ve. o8
Cypr|ar ol Car||age, |r corpos|rg ar apo|ogy lor ||s `sor' u|r|rus
co||a|ed por||ors ol lss , , ard |o |e|p suppor| ||e |dea ||a| ||oo8 8z
C|r|s| Was lu||y 0od. ls , |r par||cu|ar, prov|ded Cypr|ar W||| ev|derce |
lor C|r|s|'s d|v|r||y. le quo|es lror vv. - . `our ||rore, o 0od, erdures o;
lorever ard ever. our roya| scep|er |s a scep|er ol equ||y, you |ove r|g||eousress
ard |a|e W|c|edress. T| erelore 0od, your 0od, |as aro|r|ed you W|||
||e o|| ol g|adress oeyord your corpar|ors' (T| ree 8oo|s ol Tes||ror|es
Aga|rs| ||e JeWs . ). zo
Cypr|ar's use ol lsa|r proved a lores|adoW|rg ol |||s psa|r's s|gr|l|carce. lr |
||e lour|| cer|ury, lsa|r Was cer|ra| |o ||e Ar|ar cor|roversy. T| e Ar|ars, |
read vv. - |o `prove' 0od ||e 3or's suoord|ra||or |o o;
0od ||e la||er. T| e s|a|erer| ||a| C|r|s| Was `aro|r|ed' oy 0od coro|red
W||| ||e |rlererce ||a| |e Was ||us e|eva|ed or|y oecause ol ||s v|r|ue ard
|ove ol r|g||eous corduc| sure|y rear| ||a| |e Was |rler|or |o ||e la||er.
A||aras|us ol A|exardr|a, arorg o||ers, prov|ded a rejo|rder. lr ||e l|rs|
ol ||s 0|scourses Aga|rs| ||e Ar|ars A||aras|us devo|ed a c|ap|er |o reou|||rg
||e Ar|ars' urders|ard|rg ol |||s passage. T| e reou||a| proceded oy
||g|||g|||rg d|llerer| e|erer|s ol v. , `our ||rore, 0 0od, erdures lorever o
ard ever,' ard v. , `0od, your 0od.' lor ||r ||ese |ex|s rade c|ear ||a| ||e ;
psa|r|s| |s grar||rg e|erra|||y |o aro||er oes|des 0od ||e la||er. T| erelore,
||ese verses rus| oe read as a s|a|erer| ||a| C|r|s| |s d|s||rc| lror or|g|ra|ed
|||rgs (0|scourses . . ). 11z|o
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| w|sdor ard loe|ry T| eodore z z
ol |opsues||a, |r ||s oWr correr|ary or ||e lsa|rs, |rrova||ve|y d|v|ded ||e
lsa||er |r|o l|ve oroad ca|egor|es. doc|r|ra| psa|rs,
pra|se psa|rs, prop|e||c psa|rs, d|dac||c psa|rs ard ex|or|a|ory psa|rs
(Correr|ary or ||e lsa|rs, 0evreese ed|||or, - ). T| eodore a|so zozoo
cors|dered K|rg 0av|d |o oe ||e au||or ol every ore ol ||e caror|ca| psa|rs, ard
|r cor|ras| |o ||e corror c|r|s|o|og|ca| read|rgs, oe||eved or|y lour psa|rs
( , , , ) |o oe prop|e||c ol C|r|s| (0evreese ed|||or, - ). z8|11o |o|;o
Jerore, |oo, Wro|e a correr|ary or ||e lsa|rs ard erp|oyed ||e
lsa||er as a oas|s lor rary |or|||es. TWo exarp|es lror ||e |or|||es rel|ec|
||e Ways |r W||c| Jerore cor||rued ||e |rad|||or ol us|rg ||e lsa|rs lor
c|r|s|o|og|ca| ard Tr|r||ar|ar purposes. lr lor||y , W||c| Was corposed z1
us|rg ||e |ex| ol lsa|r , Jerore urders|ards ||e ||re lror v. ||a| reads z 1o
`8u| you |ave exa||ed ry |orr |||e ||a| ol ||e W||d ox' as oe|rg ar a||us|or
|o ||e cross ol Jesus ||roug| W||c| |e oo|| |r|urp|ed over ||e dev|| ard
exa||ed ||e la|||lu|. lr lor||y , or lsa|r , Jerore urders|ood v. as zz | zz
corc|us|ve|y relu||rg ||e error ol ||e Ar|ars. T| |s verse reads `8u| ||e lord
|as oecore ry s|rorg|o|d.' Jerore reasors ||a| s|rce a|| agree ||a| ||ese
Words are Wr|||er |r relererce |o 0od ||e la||er, ard s|rce ||ey a||r|ou|e
|o ||e la||er ||e |dea ol |av|rg oeer `rade' (||e very |||rg ||a| ||e Ar|ars
a||r|ou|ed |o 0od ||e 3or), ||e Ar|ars' reasor|rg |s prover |o oe ||oroug||y
spec|ous. Fver Ar|ars Wou|d rever drear ol ascr|o|rg ary|||rg |ess ||ar
e|erra|||y |o 0od ||e la||er.
Augus||re, |r add|||or |o erp|oy|rg ||e lsa||er as ||e suojec| ol ||s
|orges| correr|ary-|||e Wor|, 0|scourses or ||e lsa|rs, a|so erp|oyed ||e
lsa|rs as ||e oas|s lor ||s puo||c preac||rg ard ||eo|og|ca| relu|a||ors. lor
exarp|e, |r ||s Trea||se Aga|rs| TWo le||ers ol ||e le|ag|ars ( . ), al|er |av|rg z;|
ro|ed ||s agreerer| W||| a passage lror Cypr|ar's Tes||ror|es, Augus||re
a|so rer|rded ||s readers ||a| Cypr|ar Was ar au||or||a||ve source lor ||e
doc|r|re ol or|g|ra| s|r. le lo||oWed |||s s|a|erer| W||| a c||a||or ol ls
1. . `lrdeed l Was oorr gu|||y, a s|rrer W|er ry ro||er corce|ved re,'
a|ready |av|rg ro|ed ||a| || Was ore ol severa| |ex|s ||e le|ag|ars cou|d ro|
adequa|e|y arsWer.
lror ||e oeg|rr|rg ol ||e pa|r|s||c era, ||e lsa||er l|gured pror|rer||y
|r ||e ||le ol ||e C|urc|. T| e ce|eora||or ol ||e Fuc|ar|s|, ||e |||urgy ol ||e
Word, ||e da||y oll|ce, Wedd|rg cereror|es ard lurera| serv|ces a|| care
|o oe accorpar|ed oy ||e lsa|rs. Trad|||or |o|ds ||a| || Was lgra||us ol
Ar||oc| W|o |r|roduced ||e ar||p|ora| s|rg|rg ol psa|rs. |ore ver|l|ao|e
|s ||e lac| ||a| ||e lsa|rs Were surg as par| ol ||e C|urc|'s Wors||p oy ||e
r|dd|e ol ||e secord cer|ury. C|erer| ol A|exardr|a relers |o ||e psa|rs
oe|rg used a| leas|s (Fx|or|a||or |o ||e lea||er , lrs|ruc|or . ). Ter|u|||ar 1z z|
oolour la|r|s||c Fxeges|s ol ||e 8oo|s ol ||e 8|o|e
a|so corl|rrs ||e preserce ol ||e lsa||er |r ||s c|urc|'s Wors||p. le Wro|e
||a| a| ||s c|urc|'s |ove leas|s eac| par||c|par| Was requ|red |o s|ard up ard
s|rg a |yrr lror ||e lo|y 3cr|p|ures (Apo|. ). T| ese prac||ces rera|red
rorra||ve. A| ||e |urr ol ||e l|l|| cer|ury Augus||re Wro|e |r order |o delerd
||e prac||ce ol ||e s|rg|rg ol psa|rs a| ||e euc|ar|s||c ce|eora||or (Aga|rs|
l||ary , cl. be|rac|a||ors . ). 1 z11
179
w||| ||e r|se ol ||e roras||c roverer|, ||e psa|rs cor||rued ||e|r grea|
s|gr|l|carce. l| Was dur|rg |||s era ||a| ||e lsa||er care |o ra|e up ||e pr|rc|pa|
par| ol ||e da||y oll| ce. lr ||e wes|, ||ere evo|ved ||ree d|llerer| sc|eres
lor us|rg ||e psa|rs. 8o|| ||e borar (0regor|ar) sc|ere ard ||e 8ere d|c||re
sc|ere a||oWed lor ||e s|rg|rg ol ||e er||re lsa||er |r ore Wee|, W|||e
||e Aroros|ar sc|ere rorra||y sarg a|| over ||e course ol |Wo Wee|s. 1o
lr ||e Fas|err C|urc|, ||e psa|rs Were rorra||y rec||ed |r ore Wee|, ||oug|
||ey Were surg |W|ce ||roug| |r ||e|r er||re|y dur|rg ||e Wee|s ol ler|.
l| |s a|so arorg ||e roras||cs ||a| ||e psa|rs care |o oe used |r ||e
r|g|| lor sacred voWs. lor exarp|e, |r ||e bu|e ol 8ered|c|, ls . Was 1111o
|rc|uded as a |ey por||or ol ||e cererory ||roug| W||c| rov|ces Were
adr|||ed as ror|s |r|o ||e corrur||y. lr ||e b8 ||e |r|||a|e Was requ|red
|o p|ace ||s Wr|||er pe||||or or ||e a||ar ard quo|e a|oud. `bece|ve re, 0
lord, accord|rg |o your pror|se, ard l W||| ||ve. ard do ro| d|sappo|r| re
|r ry |ope' ( ). T| |s prayer Was ||er repea|ed ||ree ||res oy ||e W|o|e 8
corrur||y.
T| e c|ar||rg ol ||e psa|rs a| C|r|s||ar our|a|s da|es oac| |o a| |eas| ||e
|||rd cer|ury. 0re ol ||e leW psa|rs erp|oyed |r |||s Way |s lsa|r . l| 11|
Was used oo|| |r ||e correrda||o ar|rae, `||e correrda||or ol ||e sou|,'
a| ||e ||re ol ar |rd|v|dua|'s dea|| ard as par| ol ||e process|ora| c|ar| as
||e oody Was roved |o ||e c|urc| ard lror ||e c|urc| |o ||e grave.
8y ||e |a|e la|r|s||c per|od, reror|za||or ol a|| ||e psa|rs oecare a
requ|rerer| lor ord|ra||or. 8o|| ||e secord Caror ol ||e secord Courc||
ol N|caea ard 0regory ||e 0rea| rade prov|s|or lor exc|ud|rg lror oll| ce
aryore W|o d|d ro| |roW ||e lsa||er ||oroug||y.
As Was a|so ||e case W||| ||e o|o||ca| W|sdor |||era|ure, ||e lsa|rs
qu|c||y oecare a source ol rora| ard e|||ca| gu|darce lor ear|y C|r|s||ars.
lr |r|roduc|rg ||s |rars|a||or ol a por||or ol 0r|ger's Correr|ary or
lsa|rs, bul|rus Wr||es ||a| `[0r|ger's| expos|||or ol ||e |||r|y-s|x||, |||r|ysever||
ard |||r|y-e|g||| lsa|rs |s e|||ca| |r ||s c|arac|er, oe|rg des|gred
|o erlorce rore correc| re||ods ol ||le, ard |eac|es a| ore ||re ||e Way ol
corvers|or ard reper|arce, a| aro||er ||a| ol pur|l|ca||or ard ol progress'
(bul|rus' lrelace |o ||e Trars|a||or ol 0r|ger's Correr|ary or lsa|rs , , o;
ard , |rars. w. l. lrerar||e, NlNl 8 z
, . ). oo
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| w|sdor ard loe|ry T|e o1 o1
psa|rs are read |||urg|ca||y rore ||ar ary o||er ooo| ol ||e
C|r|s||ar caror. T| ey are preser| |r eac| l||urgy ol ||e word, |r ||e |ass,
sacrarer|s, v|g||s, ard ||e l||urgy ol lours. T| ey ed|ly oe||evers ||roug|
||e|r ar||c|pa||or ol C|r|s| lu|l|||ed |r ||e r|, ||e|r cors|ar| |eac||rgs or la|||
ard |ope, ard ||e|r ercourag|rg rer|rders ol 0od's prov|derce, corpass|or,
ard poWer. T| ey exerp||ly prayer, corless|or, pra|se, ard ||ar|sg|v|rg.
lroveros
lr pa|r|s||c |||era|ure, lroveros, Fcc|es|as|es, ard ||e 3org ol 3orgs Were
cors|dered as a group |o lorr a syrpos|ur ol 3o|oror|c au||ors||p or
||e var|ous l|e|ds ol |urar |earr|rg. T| e re|a||ors||p arorg ||ese ||ree
ooo|s |s rel|ec|ed upor |r 0r|ger's Correr|ary or ||e 3org ol 3orgs. T| e
s|rorg rora| cor|er| ol lroveros prov|ded resources lor ||e la||ers' e|||ca|
ex|or|a||ors ou| ||e ooo| as a W|o|e, Was |rlrequer||y correr|ed or.
|uc| ol ||e exeges|s ||a| surv|ves |s |r lragrer|ary lorr or |r ||e ca|erae.
Trerds |r ||e |r|erpre|a||or ol lroveros |erd |o correspord |o ||e exege||ca|
approac|es ol ||e |rd|v|dua| au||ors||us ||e a||egor|ca| ard sp|r||ua|
exeges|s ||a| 0r|ger lurr|s|es |s scarce|y surpr|s|rg. lroveros . - |xx zzzoz1
(`0o you por|ray ||er ||reelo|d |r course| ard |roW|edge, ||a| you r|g||
arsWer Words ol |ru|| |o ||ose W|o ques||or you', l|rs| lr|rc|p|es . . ) |z|
prov|ded 0r|ger W||| a ra||ora|e lor ||s |errereu||ca| approac|, par||cu|ar|y ||s
urders|ard|rg ol ||e 8|o|e. T| ese verses suppor|ed ||e ro||or ol
||e ru|||p|e serses ol 3cr|p|ure. ||e |||era| (||s|or|ca|), rora|, ard sp|r||ua|
(a||egor|ca|). To ||ese corresporded ro| or|y ||s ||eo|og|ca| ar||ropo|ogy
(oody|sou||sp|r||), ou| a|so a ||reelo|d c|ass|l|ca||or ol C|r|s||ars (||e
s|rp|e|||ose ra||rg progress|||e perlec|). |os| ro|ao|e ol a|| ||e pa|r|s||c
Wr|||rgs or lroveros ||a| |ave surv|ved, |s 8as|| ol Caesarea'slor|||es or
||e 8eg|rr|rg ol ||e lroverosa ||g||y pr|zed correr|ary ||a| Was a|so
lrequer||y c||ed |r ||e ca|erae. lr ||s |rea|rer| ol lrov . - , 8as||'s approac|, 11
ro| ur|||e rary preced|rg ||r (suc| as l|ppo|y|us' 0r lroveros), Was |o
erp|as|ze ard revere ||e rora| |eac||rgs |r ||e ooo| ||a| |e derors|ra|ed
|r ||s expos|||or ol ||ese verses.
T|e Ar||oc||ar exege|e T| eodore ol |opsues||a, W|||e ro| dery|rg ||e
caror|c||y ol lroveros, rec|ored |o || a |oWer s|a|us ol |rsp|ra||or, a pos|||or
corderred a| Cors|ar||rop|e ll ( c.e.). loWever, lroveros Was |o
oecore ||e oa|||egrourd lor a lar rore ser|ous ard sus|a|red cor|roversy,
rare|y ||a| ar|s|rg W||| Ar|us ard ||s lo||oWers W|o pos|u|a|ed ||e or|o|og|ca|
suoord|ra||or ol ||e 3or |o ||e la||er. lr lrov . persor|l|ed w|sdor 8zz
ozlour la|r|s||c Fxeges|s ol ||e 8oo|s ol ||e 8|o|e
180
spea|s. `T| e lord crea|ed re a| ||e oeg|rr|rg ol ||s Ways lor ||s Wor|s'
(|xx), ard |r . w|sdor aga|r says ol |erse|l `[||e l0b0| oroug|| re 8z
lor|| oeyord a|| ||e ||||s.' Jus||r, 0r|ger, Ter|u|||ar ard o||ers |oo|ed |o v. z
as rorra||ve, erp|as|z|rg ||e `oego||er-ress' or gerera||or ol w|sdor, ard
v|eWed v. as express|rg a s|r||ar |dea (ard ||us doWrp|ay|rg ary ro||or zz
ol ||e `crea||or' ol w|sdor). lr|or |o Ar|us' |r|erpre|a||or ||er, ||ese verses
Were used |o ra|e a d|s||rc||or oe|Weer ||e la||er ard 3or, ard oe|Weer
||e 3or ard ||e res| ol crea||or. 8u| lor Ar|us v. Was dec|s|ve, |eac||rg zz
||e `crea|ed-ress' (ard ro| `oego||er-ress') ol w|sdor. lar| ol ||e |ssue
|ere Was ||e r|'s c|ose assoc|a||or ol `W|sdor' W||| C|r|s|. belererces |o
||e |ogosol Jo|r ard lau||re relererces |o C|r|s| as `||e W|sdor ol 0od'
( Cor . ) ard ||e `l|rs|oorr ol a|| crea||or' (Co| . ) prov|ded |rpe|us 1 1z| 11
lor ||e Ar|ars |o corc|ude ||a| C|r|s| Was crea|ed, ard oy |rp||ca||or ro|
e|erra| W||| ||e la||er. Fp|p|ar|us, |r lac|, ||oug|| ||a| lrov . Was ||e 8zz
|ex| ||a| |r|||a|ed ||e Ar|ar cor|roversy (larar|or . . ). o1z1
T|e l|rs| corpre|ers|ve reou||a| ol |||s |r|erpre|a||or |r ||e cor|ex|
ol lrov . arose lror A||aras|us ol A|exardr|a's ||eo|og|ca| |rea||se, 8zz
0|scourses Aga|rs| ||e Ar|ars( . - ). Aga|rs| ||e Ar|ars |e advarced z188o
|Wo poss|o|e |r|erpre|a||ors. l|rs|, ||e 3or Was crea|ed or|y|r ||e serse ol ||s
|rcarra||or, ard secord, ||e crea||or ol w|sdor Was ac|ua||y ||e crea||or
ol w|sdor's |rage |r |urars as ||ey Were ||erse|ves crea|ed.
Fcc|es|as|es
T| e ooo| ol Fcc|es|as|es rece|ves ro d|rec| c||a||or |r ||e r|, ard ||e relererces
|o || oy ||e Apos|o||c la||ers are sparse. lr ||e |||rd cer|ury ||e ooo|
erjoyed grea|er a||er||or, ard ||e l|rs| pa|r|s||c correr|ar|es Were ||ose ol
l|ppo|y|us ard 0r|ger, oo|| ol W|ose Wor|s are ex|ar| or|y |r lragrer|ary
lorr. 0re ol 0r|ger's pup||s, 0regory ol T| aura|urgos, Wro|e a parap|rase
er||||ed A |e|ap|rase ol ||e 8oo| ol Fcc|es|as|es, W||c| |s ||e ear||es| ex|ar|,
corp|e|e Wor| or Fcc|es|as|es. 0regory's parap|rase |s |rpor|ar| oecause
|| proposes a rove| resporse |o ||e seer|rg|y |e|erodox s|a|erer|s |r
Fcc|es|as|es, par||cu|ar|y ||ose |erd|rg |o |edor|sr or ||e ore |ard, ou|
a|so ||ose express|rg s|ep||c|sr. w|a| c|arac|er|zes 0regory's Wor| |s a
|arror|za||or ol ||ese d|ll|cu|| passages, W|e||er ||roug| ||e relas||or|rg
ol ||e |xx |ex| lor ||s |rars|a||or, or ||roug| ||e corcess|or ol |e|erodox
s|a|erer|s |r ||e ooo|. 0regory pos||ed ||a| ||ese d|ll| cu|| s|a|erer|s
represer|ed e|||er a yourger, rore loo||s| 3o|oror, or a prolare |r|er|ocu|or.
T| |s |errereu||c, sugges||rg ||e preserce ol a |ypo||e||ca| |r|er|ocu|or, |s
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| w|sdor ard loe|ry ca||ed o o
prosopopoe|aard rears `drara||za||or,' or `||e pu|||rg ol speec|es
|r|o ||e rou||s ol c|arac|ers,' || |as lurr|s|ed rary suosequer| correr|a|ors,
ever ||ose ol roderr ||res, W||| ar |r|erpre||ve approac| |o
||e |ers|ors W||||r Fcc|es|as|es.
8o|| 0regory ol Nyssa's lor|||es or Fcc|es|as|es, ard Jerore's Correr|ary or
Fcc|es|as|esrade use ol prosopope|a |o v|rd|ca|e 3o|oror ol
`Fp|curear' c|arges. ToWards ||e erd ol ||e s|x|| cer|ury, 0regory ol
Agr|ger|ur Wro|e a rass|ve Fxp|ara||or ol Fcc|es|as|es||a| s|ards a|org
W||| Jerore's as arorg ||e oes| ol pa|r|s||c correr|ar|es or |||s ooo|.
lr ||e pro|ogue 0regory c||ed lrov . |xx (`press r||| ard you W||| o
|ave ou||er') ard |der||l|ed r||| W||| a rore `oov|ous,' |||era| read|rg ol
||e |ex|, W|||e ||e ou||er represer|s ||e `secre|,' or sp|r||ua| serse. 0regory
u||||zed oo|| |r|erpre||ve approac|es, ye| |e s|av|s||y lo||oWed re|||er (||e
sare cou|d oe sa|d ol Jerore's Wor|). w|||e ar apo|oge||c ard rora||z|rg
|eror der|ved lror ear||er Wor|s (|o ollse| ||e `|edor|s||c' |eac||rg) Was
preser| |r 0regory's correr|ary, ||s proc||v||y |oWard a |||era| read|rg
rar|les|ed ||se|l |r a grea|er accep|arce ol ||ese passages. T| e o||er ||ere
||a| |rouo|ed exege|es Was Fcc|es|as|es' s|ep||c|sr, W||c| arose pror|rer||y
|r ||e oper|rg ||res ol ||e ooo|. `var||y ol var|||es! A|| |s var||y' ( . ). 1z
verses suc| as |||s suppor|ed a cor|erp|us rurd|, a `cor|erp| ol ||e Wor|d'
suosequer||y appropr|a|ed oy ||e C|urc|'s asce||c |rad|||or, ard ar||cu|a|ed
ro| or|y oy ||e pa|r|s||c Wr||ers prev|ous|y rer||ored ou| a|so oy red|eva|
correr|a|ors.
3org ol 3orgs
T| e ear||es| ex|ar| C|r|s||ar correr|ary or ||e 3org ol 3orgs cores lror
l|ppo|y|us. lr || We l|rd ||e oeg|rr|rgs ol a |org |rad|||or ol a||egor|ca|
|r|erpre|a||or |r W||c| C|r|s| |s v|eWed as ||e or|degroor ard ||e C|urc|
as ||s or|de. T| |s rup||a| ||eo|ogy, roo|ed |r Fp|es|ars , Wou|d core |o
dor|ra|e pa|r|s||c |r|erpre|a||or al|er 0r|ger's correr|ary ard |or|||es
or ||e 3org ol 3orgs. 0r|ger soug|| |o e||r|ra|e a|| |r|erpre|a||ors W||c|
Wou|d rel|ec| ar ear|||y or carra| ressage, ||oug| |e d|d ro| dery ||e ooo|'s
|||era| rear|rg as a drara aoou| rarr|age. lor |rs|arce, |e urders|ood ||e
3org's, `le| ||r ||ss re W||| ||e ||sses ol ||s rou||!' |r . as ar appea| 1z
lor ||e adver| ol ||e 8r|degroor W||c| surpasses ||e reve|a|ory `||sses' ol
|oses ard ||e prop|e|s (l|rs| lor||y or ||e Car||c|e ol Car||c|es ). A|org z
W||| ||s c|r|s|o|og|ca| ard ecc|es|as||ca| exeges|s, 0r|ger |r|erpre|ed ||e
181
3org as a p|c|ure ol ||e sou|'s ascer| |oWard ur|or W||| 0od. Jerore Wou|d
o|lour la|r|s||c Fxeges|s ol ||e 8oo|s ol ||e 8|o|e
all| rr 0r|ger|ar exeges|s, || Was Jerore W|o, W||| bul|r|us' |rars|a||or ol
||e correr|ar|es, preserved 0r|ger's |or|||es ard par| ol ||s correr|ary
or ||e 3org.
A||egor|ca| |r|erpre|a||ors ||us oecare ||e rorr |r ||e ear|y C|urc|.
0l|er ||e |W|r oreas|s ol ||e or|de |r . ard . Were seer as represer||rg | ;8
||e 0|d ard NeW Tes|arer|'s ol sa|va||or ||s|ory. lor Arorose, ||e l|oWer
ol 3org . Was C|r|s| W|o |ad sprou|ed lror ||e v|rg|r |ary |o or|rg z1
||e lragrarce ol la||| |o ||e W|o|e Wor|d (T|e lo|y 3p|r|| . ). Cyr|| ol z8
A|exardr|a oe||eved . descr|oed ||e Worer W|o soug|| ||e r|ser 3av|or 1
or Fas|er rorr|rg, ard . prel|gured ||e las| 3upper (Correr|ary or 1
||e Car||c|e ol Car||c|es, respec||ve verses). 0regory ol Nyssa, T| eodore|,
ard Apor|us a|| cor||rued ||e 0r|ger|ar |r|erpre|a||or ol ||e C|urc| as
8r|de |r ||e|r correr|ar|es or ||e 3org. 0regory ||g|||g||ed ||e ro|e ol
||e Fuc|ar|s| |r ||e ur|or oe|Weer C|r|s| ard ||e C|urc|. lr Nor|| Alr|ca,
0r|ger's corcep||or ol ||e C|urc| as ar `urspo||ed' or|de Wou|d g|ve r|se
|o cor|roversy over ||e |rue ex|er| ol ||e C|urc| |r ||g|| ol ||s |rpur||y or
cap||u|a||or |o Wor|d|y pressures. T| e 3org Was a|so |rcorpora|ed |r|o ||e
C|urc|'s |||urgy.
lr rar|ed cor|ras| |o o||er |r|erpre|ers, T| eodore ol |opsues||a |oo| a
|||era| v|eW ol ||e 3org ol 3orgs |r ||s correr|ary. lo||oW|rg Ar||oc||ar
|errereu||ca| |erderc|es, |e argued || s|ou|d ro| oe urders|ood as spea||rg ol
C|r|s| ard ||e C|urc|, ou| Was |rs|ead |o oe read |r a p|a|r serse
as ar ero||c sorg. 3o|oror Wro|e || |r order |o oo|d|y ex|o| ||e oeau||es ol
|urar |ove |r ||e lace ol cr|||c|sr lor ||s rarr|age |o ar Fgyp||ar pr|rcess.
T| us poss|o|e use oy C|r|s||ars lor ed|l|ca||or Was r|r|ra|. T| eodore's
v|eW Was corderred a cer|ury al|er ||s dea|| oy ||e 3ecord Courc|| ol
Cors|ar||rop|e |r .
3|rac| (Fcc|es|as||cus)
A||us|ors |o |||s ooo|, a|so |roWr as w|sdor ol 3|rac|, appear ear|y |r ||e
0|dac|e( . ), ||e le||er ol 8arraoas( . ), Ter|u|||ar (Ar Fx|or|a||or |o | 1
C|as|||y ), ard |r C|erer| ol A|exardr|a (||sce||ar|es . ) W|o sugges|ed z 11
||a| ||e Wor| Was Wr|||er oy 3o|oror ard |ad |rl|uerced ||e le||er|c
p|||osop|er lerac|||us (||sc. . . ). l|ppo|y|us (0r ||e lsa|rs . ) ard zz| 1;
Fuseo|us (Fcc|. l|s|. . . ) oo|| quo|e lror 3|rac|, ard |r ||e Fas| || Was ;o1|
c||ed oy C|r|s||ar Wr||ers suc| as 8as|| ol Caesarea, 0regory ol Naz|arzus,
0regory ol Nyssa, ard Jo|r C|rysos|or. 0r|ger relererced 3|rac| lrequer||y
|r ||s |or|||es, as d|d Augus||re, espec|a||y |r ||s Fxpos|||ors or ||e 8oo|s ol
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| w|sdor ard loe|ry lsa|rs. o o
3|rac|'s au||or||y Was rade exp||c|| oy ||e Courc||s ol l|ppo ( )
ard Car||age ( , ) W||c| oll| c|a||y es|ao||s|ed ||e ooo| as caror|ca|. lr ;|1
||e s|x|| cer|ury la|er|us corp||ed 0regory ||e 0rea|'s rurerous relererces
|o 3|rac| |r|o a quas|-correr|ary ||a| |Wo cer|ur|es |a|er |rsp|red s|r||ar
ellor|s oy 8ede. l| Was ro| ur||| ||e r|r|| cer|ury, ||oug|, ||a| b|aoarus
|aurus produced ||e l|rs| lu||-|erg|| correr|ary ol |||s ooo|.
w|sdor
A|so |roWr as ||e w|sdor ol 3o|oror, |||s ooo| Was Wr|||er pseudoryrous|y
oy a le||er|s||c JeW |r ||e l|rs| cer|ury o.c.e., ||oug| rary ear|y
C|r|s||ar Wr||ers, |rc|ud|rg C|erer| ol A|exardr|a, Ter|u|||ar, ard Cypr|ar
accep|ed ||s se|l-prolessed 3o|oror|c au||ors||p. T| e 8oo| ol w|sdor |s l|rs|
a||uded |o oy C|erer| ol bore ( C|er. . ) ard poss|o|y soor ||ereal|er 1 z;
oy lgra||us (|agr. . o) ard 8arraoas ( . ). 0||er ear|y W||resses |rc|ude 8z zoz
lreraeus (Adv. laer. . . ), ||e |ura|or|ar Caror ( - ), Ter|u|||ar |8 o8;o
(Aga|rs| ||e va|er||r|ars . ), 0r|ger (Aga|rs| Ce|sus . ), ard Cyr|| ol zz ;z
Jerusa|er (Ca|ec|e||ca| lec|ures . ). Cass|odorus records oo|| Arorose 1
ard Augus||re preac||rg or ||e 8oo| ol w|sdor (0r ||e lrs|||u||or ol
0|v|re le||ers ), ||oug| ||ese |or|||es are ror-ex|ar|. Cass|odorus a|so
corr|ss|ored 8e||a|or |o Wr||e a lu||-|erg|| correr|ary or w|sdor (||e
e|g|| ooo| Fxpos|||or or w|sdor), ||oug| |||s s|x|| cer|ury docurer| |as
a|so oeer |os|. lr ||e sever|| cer|ury la|er|us corp||ed 0regory ||e 0rea|'s
sca||ered correr|s or 3|rac| ard w|sdor, ard |r ||e r|r|| cer|ury ||e
8ered|c||re b|aoarus |aurus Wro|e ||e ear||es| ex|ar| lu||-|erg|| correr|ary
or ||e 8oo| ol w|sdor. T| oug| Jerore ca|egor|zed w|sdor
as pseudep|grap||c, C|erer| ol A|exardr|a ard Augus||re regarded || as
caror|ca|, ar appra|sa| oll| c|a||y corl|rred oy ||e courc||s ol 3ard|s ( ), |;
Car||age ( ), Tru||o ( ), ard Trer| ( ). ; oz 1|o
w|||e ||e r|re|eer c|ap|ers corpr|s|rg |||s Wor| prov|ded a We|| ol W|sdor lor
||e la||ers |o p|uro (Augus||re a|ore relers |o w|sdor ol 3o|oror
rore ||ar e|g|| |urdred ||res), w|s . - . |r par||cu|ar proved |o oe a ;zz81
lavor||e |ex| lor ear|y C|r|s||ar Wr||ers. lr |||s passage W|sdor |s persor|l|ed ard
c|arac|er|zed oy |Wer|y-ore a||r|ou|es, |rc|ud|rg suc| ||eo|og|ca||y
provoca||ve s|a|erer|s as `lor s|e |s a rel|ec||or ol e|erra| ||g||, a spo||ess
r|rror ol ||e Wor||rg ol 0od, ard ar |rage ol ||s goodress' (w|s . , cl., ;zo
182
leo. . ), ard, `lor s|e |s a orea|| ol ||e poWer ol 0od, ard a pure erara||or 1
ol ||e g|ory ol ||e A|r|g||y' (w|s . ). 0r |urdreds ol occas|ors ear|y ;z
C|r|s||ar Wr||ers ||r|ed w|sdor W||| suc| c|r|s|o|og|ca||y s|gr|l|car| ;
oolour la|r|s||c Fxeges|s ol ||e 8oo|s ol ||e 8|o|e
r| passages as Co| . , Cor . , leo. . , ard Jo|r . , (lor exarp|e, 11z || 1| 1|1o
0r|ger, Ar Fx|or|a||or |o |ar|yrdor ). T| |s c|r|s|o|og|ca| corresporderce
oecare espec|a||y |rpor|ar| |r ||e lour|| cer|ury W||| ||e r|se ol Ar|ar|sr,
ard ||e Ar|ar deoa|e a|so ra|sed preura|o|og|ca| ques||ors |o W||c| ||e
w|sdor ol 3o|oror cou|d spea|. lor exarp|e, Arorose ||r|ed w|s . , ;zz
zW||| Cor . - |o exp|a|r ||e lo|y 3p|r||'s ro|e |r d|spers|rg ard 1 zo1o
deve|op|rg W|sdor ard d|scerrrer| W||||r ||e C|urc| (0r ||e lo|y 3p|r||
. ). T| e 0ora||s| ||eo|og|ar Tycor|us, a cor|erporary ol Arorose, rade o
|||s sare |ex|ua| correc||or as We||. l|ra||y, |||s ooo| Was a|so |rpor|ar|
|o ||e deve|oprer| ol ||e rar|yro|ogy ol ||e ear|y C|urc|. T| e 8oo| ol
w|sdor ||r|ed r|g||eous suller|rg W||| ||e g|l|ol e|erra| ||le (w|s . - , 11z1o
z. - . , . - . ), ard ||e au||or ol ||e le||er ol ||e |ar|yrs ol lyor ;z1o11zz
( ) app||ed |||s re|a||ors||p |o C|r|s||ar rar|yrs W|o |r ||e|r suller|rg 1;;
Were ur||ed W||| ||e dea|| ard resurrec||or ol Jesus C|r|s|.
8|o||ograp|y
lor W|sdor ard poe|ry
lr|rary sources
Joo
0|e a||erer urd gr|ec||sc|er Ka|erer zur 8uc| l|oo. . F|r|e||urg, lro|oge urd 1
Fp||oge,
lragrer|e zu l|oo , - , , ed. u. lagedorr ard 0. lagedorr. lT3 ( ). 1z8zz |o1|
Arorose. 0e |r|erpe||a||ore loo e| 0av|d. Fd||ed oy C. 3c|er||. C3Fl . . - zzz11
zo
( ). 18;
. T| e lrayer ol Joo ard 0av|d. Trars|a|ed oy ||c|ae| l. |clug|.
laC| . - oz
( ). 1;z
A||aras|us. 3co||a |r loo (lragrer|a |r ca|er|s). l0 . - . z;1||1|8
Augus||re. Adro|a||ores |r loo. Fd||ed oy J. Zyc|a. C3Fl . . - ( ). z8zooz818
0|dyrus ol A|exardr|a. 0|dyrus der 8||rde, Korrer|ar zu l|oo. vo|s. Fd||ed |
oy
A. lerr|c|s, u. lagedorr, 0. lagedorr, ard l. Koerer. lTA - , . ( , 111o8
18).
0regory ||e 0rea|. |ora||a |r loo. Fd||ed oy |. Adr|aer. CC3l , A, 8 1|1| 1|
( - ). 1;18
. |ora|s or ||e 8oo| ol Joo oy 3. 0regory ||e 0rea|. vo|s |r . Fd||ed ard |
|rars|a|ed oy J. 8||ss. lol , , , . 18z1z1
lesyc||us ol Jerusa|er. lesyc||us de Jerusa|er, lore||es sur Joo. vers|or
arrer|erre. vo|s. Fd||ed oy C. beroux ard C. |erc|er. l0 . - ( ). z |z1z18
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| w|sdor ard loe|ry Jo|r o; o;
C|rysos|or. Correr|ar|us |r loo (par|ur ed||us). l0 . - . o|oo
. lragrer|a |r loo |r ca|er|s. l0 . - . o|oooo
. Korrer|ar zu l|oo. Fd||ed oy u. lagedorr ard 0. lagedorr. lT3 ( ). 1o
Ju||ar ||e Ar|ar. 0er l|oo|orrer|ar des Ar|arers Ju||ar. Fd||ed oy 0. lagedorr.
lT3 ( ). 1|1;
Ju||ar ol Fc|arur. Fxpos|||o ||or| loo. Fd||ed oy l. 0eCor|rc|. CC3l . - 8811o
( ). 1;;
0|yrp|odorus. 0|yrp|odorus A|exardr|a, Korrer|ar zu l|oo. Fd||ed oy u.
lagedorr ard 0. lagedorr. lT3 ( ). z|18|
0r|ger. lor|||ae |r loo (lragrer|s). l0 . - . l0 . - . 1z1oz1o| 1;;1o
lor a ||s||rg ol ca|eraeor Joo see C|av|s la|rur 0raecorur, . C. - | o1
lsa|rs
Arorose. Fxpos|||o de psa|ro CXvlll.Fd||ed oy |. le|sc|er|g.C3Fl ( ). oz11
. Fxp|ara||o super psa|ros Xll.Fd||ed oy |. le|sc|er|g. C3Fl ( ). o|11
Apo|||rar|s. lragrer|a |r psa|ros|r booer| 0evreesse, les arc|ers
correr|a|eurs
grecs des lsaures.3|ud| e |es||, , - . va||car C||y. 8|o||o|eca Apos|o||ca 1|1z11z
va||cara, . 1;o
Arroo|us ||e ourger. Correr|ar|| |r psa|ros.Fd||ed oy K. 0. 0aur. CC3l z
( ). 1o
As|er|us. lor|||ae |r lsa|ros.Fd||ed oy |. b|c|ard. lr As|er|| 3op||s|ae.0s|o.
8rogger, . 1o
A||aras|us. Fxpos|||ores |r psa|ros. l0 . - . z;oo|
. Fp|s|u|a ad |arce|||rur. l0 . - . z;1z|
. `0r ||e lr|erpre|a||or ol ||e lsa|rs (le||er |o |arce|||rus).' Trars|a|ed oy
l. 8r|g||. lr C|ar|es Karrerg|esser, ed., Far|y C|r|s||ar 3p|r||ua|||y.l|||ade|p||a.
lor|ress, , - . 18oo;;
Augus||re. Fxpos|||ors or ||e 8oo| ol lsa|rs.Trars|a|ed oy J. TWeed. lol - z|
, , zo
z, ( - ). ;18|;
183
. Frarra||ores |r psa|ros. Fd||ed oy 0. F. 0e||ers ard l. lra|por|. CC3l , 8
,
|o( , ). 1o1o
. Fxpos|||ors or ||e lsa|rs. Trars|a|ed oy 3. lego|r ard l. Corr|gar.ACw , z
o
( ). 1oo
8as|| ol Caesarea. lor|||ae super psa|ros. l0 . - . zzo||
Cass|odorus. Fxpos|||o psa|rorur.Fd||ed oy |. Adr|aer. CC3l , ( ). ;818
. Fxp|ara||or ol ||e lsa|rs. Trars|a|ed oy l. 0. wa|s|. ACw - ( - ). 11o1
Cyr|| ol A|exardr|a. Fxpos|||o |r lsa|ros. l0 . - . o;1;1z;
0|dyrus ol A|exardr|a. 0|dyros der 8||rde, lsa|rer|orrer|ar(Tura-lapyrus),

vo|s. Fd||ed oy l. 0ou|re|eau, A. 0esc|e ard |. 0roreWa|d. lTA , , , , |o;81z
( - ). 1o81;o
o8lour la|r|s||c Fxeges|s ol ||e 8oo|s ol ||e 8|o|e
. lragrer|a |r psa|ros. l0 . - , - . 11o1o1o1o1;zz
0|odore ol Tarsus. Correr|ar|| |r lsa|ros. Fd||ed oy J. |. 0||v|er. CC30 o
( ). 18o
Fuseo|us. Correr|ar|us |r lsa|ros. l0 . - . l0 . - . o811o| z||11zz1
Fvagr|us ol lor|us. 3c|o||a |r psa|ros. l0 . - . l0 . - . 1z1o|1o8o z;oo|
0regory ol Nyssa. lr |rscr|p||ores psa|rorurard lr sex|ur ls|arur. Fd||ed oy
J. |c0oroug|. 0N0 . - ( ). z|118o
. 0regory ol Nyssa's Trea||se or ||e lrscr|p||ors ol ||e lsa|rs. Trars|a|ed oy
b. F.
le|re. 0xlord. C|arerdor, . 1
. 3ur |es |||res des lsaures. Fd||ed oy J. beyrard. 3C ( ). |oozooz
l||ary. Trac|a|us super psa|ros. Fd||ed oy A. Z|rger|e. C3Fl ( ). zz181
. lor|||es or lsa|rs. Trars|a|ed oy w. 3arday. NlNlz
, . - . zo|8
l|ppo|y|us. lr lsa|ros (lragrer|s). Fd||ed oy l. Ac|e||s. 0C3 . - , . 11|o1|;1
Jerore. Correr|ar|o|| |r psa|ros. Fd||ed oy 0. |or|r. CC3l ( ). ;z1
. Trac|a|us ||x |r psa|ros. Fd||ed oy 0. |or|r. CC3l . - ( ). ;8z18
. Trac|a|ur |r psa|ros ser|es a||era. Fd||ed oy 0. |or|r. CC3l . - ;8||;
( ). 18
. lor|||es or ||e lsa|rs. Trars|a|ed oy |. l. FWa|d. laC| , ( , |8;1o|
). 1o;
Jo|r C|rysos|or. Fxpos|||ores |r psa|ros. l0 . - . z8
. 3|. Jo|r C|rysos|or Correr|ary or ||e lsa|rs. vo|s. Trars|a|ed oy b. C. z
l|||. 8roo|||re, |A. lo|y Cross 0r||odox lress, (lerrere|a e|s |ous 18
lsa|rous).
0r|ger. Fxcerp|a |r lsa|rur l. l0 . - , - . 1z1o;o1o8|1oz1oo
. Fxcerp|a |r lsa|rur. vl, Xv, Xvlll. l0 . - , - . 1;1o;o1o8|1oz1oo
. l|or| |r lsa|ros (lraela||o). l0 . - . 1z1o1o;o
. l|or| |r lsa|ros (lragrer|a |r d|uersos lsa|ros |r ca|er|s). l0 . - 1z1o8
, 1zo
- 1|o1o8o. l0 . - . 1;1o1|
. lore||es sur |es lsaures . Fd||ed oy Frarue|a lr|rz|va|||. o 8
Trars|a|ed oy
lerr| Crouze| ard luc 8resard. 3C ( ). |111
. lor|||ae de lsa|r|s. l0 . - . 1z111|1o
lrosper ol Aqu||a|re. Fxpos|||o psa|rorur a cer|es|ro usque ad ce|es|rur
qu|rquages|rur.Fd||ed oy l. Ca||ers. CC3l A ( ). o8 1;z
lsa|rer|orrer|are aus der Ka|ereruoer||elerurg , , lsa|rer|orrer|are 1z
aus der
Ka|ereruoer||elerurg , ur|ersuc|urger zu der lsa|rer|a|erer. Fd||ed oy
F. |u| |eroerg. lT3 , , . 11o1
T| eodore ol |opsues||a. le Correr|a|re de T| eodore de |opsues|e sur |es
lsaures.Fd||ed oy b. 0evreesse. va||car C||y. 8|o||o|eca Apos|o||ca va||cara,
1.
. T| eodor| |opsues|er| Fxpos|||ores |r lsa|ros lu||aro Aec|arers| |r|erpre|e.
Fd||ed oy l. 0eCor|rc|. CC3l A ( ). 88 1;;
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| w|sdor ard loe|ry . o o
lragrer|s syr|aques du Correr|a|re des lsaures. Fd||ed oy l. var borpay.
CC30 - ( ). |o18z
T|eodore|. lr|erpre|a||o |r lsa|ros. l0 . - . 8o8;1;
. Correr|ary or ||e lsa|rs, - , - . Trars|a|ed oy b. C. l|||. laC| 1;z;1o 1o1
( ) ard ( ). zoo 1ozzoo1
lor a ||s||rg ol ca|eraeor lsa|rs see C|av|s la|rur 0raecorur, . C. - . | 1o||
lroveros
8as|| ol Caesarea. lor|||a |r pr|rc|p|ur lrovero|orur. l0 . - . 18|z|
Fvagr|us ol lor|us. 3c|o||es aux lroveroes. Fd||ed ard |rars|a|ed oy l. 0e||r.
3C
|o( ). 18;
l|ppo|y|us. lr lrovero|a. l0 . - . 1oo1oz8
184
Jo|r C|rysos|or. lragrer|a |r 3a|oror|s lrovero|e. l0 . - . o|ooo;|o
0r|ger. lragrer|aard Fxpos|||o |r lrovero|a. l0 . - . 1;1|zz
lor a ||s||rg ol ca|eraeor lroveros see C|av|s la|rur 0raecorur, . C. - . | o|
Fcc|es|as|es
Aroryrus |r Fcc|es|as|er Correr|ar|us qu| d|c|ur Ca|era Tr|ur la|rur. Fd||ed
oy 3. luc. CC30 ( ). 1118
Ca|era lavr|ers|s |r Fcc|es|as|er. Fd||ed oy Ar|or|o laoa|e. CC30 ( ). z|1z
0|dyrus ol A|exardr|a. Korrer|ar zur Fcc|es|as|es. Fd||ed oy 0. 8|rder,
l. l|eseroorg|s, |. 0roreWa|d, ard J. Krarer.lTA , , , , , 11ozzz|z
( - ). 1o1;
Fvagr|us ol lor|us. Fvagre |e lor||que, 3c|o||es sur |'Fcc|es|as|e. Fd||ed ard
|rars|a|ed oy l. 0e||r. 3C ( ). ;1
0regory ol Agr|ger|ur. lr Fcc|es|as|er. l0 . - . 8;|11181
0regory ol Nyssa. lr Fcc|es|as|er. l0 . - . ||o1;|
. lr Fcc|es|as|er lor|||ae. Fd||ed oy l. A|exarder. 0N0 . - ( ). z;;||z18o
. 0regory ol Nyssa. lor|||es or Fcc|es|as|es. Ar Frg||s| vers|or W|||
3uppor||rg
3|ud|es. Fd||ed oy 3. 0. la||. 8er||r. de 0ruy|er, . 1
. lore||es sur |'Fcc|es|as|e. Fd||ed ard |rars|a|ed oy l. v|re|. 3C ( ) |1o1o
0regory ol T|aura|urgos. |e|ap|ras|s |r Fcc|es|as|er. l0 . - . 1o881o1;
. 0regory T| aura|urgos' larap|rase ol Fcc|es|as|es. Trars|a|ed oy Jo|r
Jar|c|.
3ep|uag|r| ard Cogra|e 3|ud|es . A||ar|a. 3c|o|ars lress, . z 1o
Jerore. Correr|ar|us |r Fcc|es|as|er. Fd||ed oy |. Adr|aer. CC3l ( ). ;z1
lor a ||s||rg ol ca|eraeor Fcc|es|as|es see C|av|s la|rur 0raecorur, . C. - | 1oo
1o.
1olour la|r|s||c Fxeges|s ol ||e 8oo|s ol ||e 8|o|e
3org ol 3orgs
Apor|us.lr Car||cur Car||corur expos|||orer. Fd||ed oy 8. de vreg|||e ard
l. Neyrard. CC3l ( ). 118o
. Correr|a|re sur |e Car||que des car||quesl-lll. Fd||ed ard |rars|a|ed oy 8.
de
vreg|||e ard l. Neyrard. 3C , ( ) ard ( ). |zo|z11; |o18
Cyr|| ol A|exardr|a. lragrer|a |r Car||cur Car||corur. l0 . - . o1z;;
0regory ol Nyssa. lr Car||cur Car||corur. Fd||ed oy l. largeroec|. 0N0 o
( ). 18o
. lor|||er zur lo|er||ed.Fd||ed ard |rars|a|ed oy l. 0urz|. lor|C|r ( ). 1o1|
0regory ||e 0rea|. Fxpos|||o |r Car||cur Car||corur. Fd||ed oy l. verora|er.
CC3l
1||( ). 1o
l|ppo|y|us. lr|erpre|a||o Car||c| car||corur. Fd||ed oy 0. 0ar|||e. C3C0 . - zoz
, ;o
zo|. - ( ). z1o
0r|ger. Correr|a|re sur |e Car||que des Car||ques. bul| rus' |ex|. Trars|a|ed oy
l. 8resard, l. Crouze| ard |. 8orre|. 3C , ( , ). ;;o111z
. T| e 3org ol 3orgs. Correr|ary ard lor|||es. Trars|a|ed oy b.l. laWsor.
ACw
zo( ). 1;
T| eodore ol |opsues||a. lragrer|a |r Car||cur. l0 . - . ooo;oo
T|eodore|.Fxp|ara||o |r Car||cur Car||corur. l0 . - . 81z8z1
lor a ||s||rg ol ca|eraeor 3org ol 3orgs see C|av|s la|rur 0raecorur, . C. - | 8o
. 8;
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| vll 11
|AJ0b lb0llFT3
lsa|a|
0r|ger gave ||e C|r|s||ar corrur||y ||s l|rs| correr|ary or lsa|a|.
urlor|ura|e|y, |||s rass|ve produc||or ol |||r|y ooo|s |s ro |orger ex|ar|.
loWever, r|re ol 0r|ger's |or|||es or lsa|a| Were |rars|a|ed |r|o la||r oy
Jerore ard ||ese s|||| surv|ve. Fuseo|us ol Caesarea, a d|sc|p|e ol 0r|ger,
produced ||e ear||es| surv|v|rg correr|ary or ||e prop|e|. A|so ex|ar| are
||e s|x |or|||es ol Jo|r C|rysos|or, ||e correr|ary ol lseudo-8as|| ol
Caesarea or lsa|a| - , Jerore's correr|ary, Cyr|| ol A|exardr|a's 11o
correr|ary, ||e correr|ary ol T| eodore| ol Cyrus, lesyc||us ol Jerusa|er's
sc|o||a, ard lrocop|us ol 0aza's ca|era.
lr gerera|, ||e correr|ar|es ard |or|||es Were corposed oy C|r|s||ar
r|rds read|rg ||e prop|e||c |ex|s |r ||g|| ol ||e C|r|s|-ever|. (lor |||s |rs|g|| We
ac|roW|edge our deo| |o b. l. w|||er's essay, `lr rov|ss|r|s d|eous.
8|o||ca| lror|ses, JeW|s| lopes ard Far|y C|r|s||ar Fxeges|s,' Jourra| ol
Far|y C|r|s||ar 3|ud|es [ |. - .) T| e ress|ar|c age, |o W||c| ever ||e 1111
JeWs lrequer||y oe||eved ruc| ol lsa|a|'s ra|er|a| po|r|ed, |ad core |o pass
|r Jesus. lor ||e C|r|s||ars ||e JeW|s| ress|ar|c expec|a||or cor|a|red |r
||e lsa|ar|c p|rase `|r days |o core' (lsa . ), Was a ra||er ol cor|erporary zz
exper|erce. T| e pror|ses ol lsa . - relerred |o ||e ||res ol ||e borar zz|
erp|re lo||oW|rg C|r|s|, ||e ||res ol sa|va||or, ||e ||res ol ||e ur|versa|
185
C|urc|, ||e reW corrur||y ||a| or|rgs ||e gospe| |o ||e Wor|d.
ll ear|y correr|a|ors read lsa|a| W||| |||||e |r|eres| |r ||e or|g|ra|
||s|or|ca| se|||rg || Was oecause a reW ||s|or|ca| se|||rg roW ex|s|ed. 8u|
a|||oug| ||e l|rs| serse Was c|r|s|o|og|ca| ||e correr|a|ors d|d |rea| ||e
||s|or|ca| se|||rgs ol ||e prop|ec|es, sore||res ex|ers|ve|y, ard d|d use
a||egory lor ra||ers o||er ||ar c|r|s|o|ogy.
T| |s sare C|r|s||ar reWress |o ||s|ory Wou|d |ead sore ear|y C|r|s||ars |o read
o||er passages |r lsa|a| as prop|ec|es ol JeW|s| uroe||el |r
Jesus. 0r|ger (Aga|rs| Ce|sus . ) ard Cypr|ar (Trea||se . . ), lor exarp|e, z8 1z1
Wou|d read lsa . - |r |||s Way. Cypr|ar (Trea|. . . ) Wou|d add|||ora||y o1o 1z1
urders|ard lsa . - |o app|y |o ||e JeWs |r ||e|r r|surders|ard|rg 1z|
ol Jesus W|||e Ter|u|||ar Wou|d app|y lsa . |o ||e|r uroe||el |r oo|| 3or 1z
ard la||er (0r lrayer ). T| e evarge||za||or ol ||e 0er|||es ard ||e r|sery z
ol lsrae| al|er c.e. prov|ded a cor|ex| lor C|r|s||ar |r|erpre|a||or ol ||e ;o
prop|e|.
e| |r ear|y C|r|s||ar |r|erpre|a||or ||e ra|er|a| ol lsa|a| served a
1zlour la|r|s||c Fxeges|s ol ||e 8oo|s ol ||e 8|o|e
ruroer ol d|llerer| erds. lsa|a| . - |aug|| ||e |as||rg pur||y ol |rrer 1111|
v|r|ues ou| ||e erd ol sacr|l|ces (8arr. ). lror lsa . - ||e C|r|s||ar z 11ozo
|earred aoou| ||e reed lor reper|arce ( C|er. . ) ard ol ||e oap||sr |r 1 8|
Wa|er ||a| oroug|| rer|ss|or ol s|rs (Jus||r, Apo|. , ). C|erer| ol bore 1o1
|r ||s ecc|es|o|og|ca| corcerrs lourd prop|e||c Warrar| lor ||e apos|o||c
appo|r|rer| ol o|s|ops ard deacors |r lsa . ( C|er. . ), W|||e Cypr|ar, oo1;1 |z
|r ||s oWr ecc|es|o|og|ca| pressures, lourd lsa . , . - |e|plu| |r z1z1|11o
ercourag|rg |ur||||y ard ||e lorsa||rg ol |uor|s(Fp. . ). 0l course ||e |
passage or ||e suller|rg servar|, lsa . - , |rlorred ||e C|urc|'s la||| 11z
ard prac||ce. C|erer| ol bore Wou|d quo|e ||e er||re passage |o |eac| |ur||||y
lror ||e exarp|e ol ||e lord Jesus C|r|s| ( C|er. ). 0r|ger c||es 1 1o
a|ros| ||e er||re passage |r order |o exp|a|r ||e pred|c||or ol ||e 3av|or's
dea|| lor s|rrers, a dea|| ||a| Wou|d or|rg oerel||, |ea||rg (Aga|rs| Ce|sus
z. - ). lor A||aras|us, |oo, . - Was a prop|ecy ol C|r|s|'s dea||, a | 1o
dea|| ol ore ol d|v|re ra|ure sullered lor ||e sa|va||or ol a||, ard ro| lor ||s
oWr sa|e (0r ||e lrcarra||or ). 0regory ol Naz|arzus read . , |r ||e | |
serse ol Cor . ard 0a| . . T| e lord Was rade s|r ard a curse |r ||e z z1 1
serse ||a| |e |oo| ||er upor ||rse|l, oore ||er, ard reroved ||er lror
s|rrers (Fp. ). lor Augus||re . se|s lor|| ||e l|rs| |oW|y, ||dder, s||er| 1o1 ;
cor|rg ol C|r|s| |o oe lo||oWed oy ||s exa||ed, rar|les|ed adver| (Trac|a|e
or ||e 0ospe| ol Jo|r . ). |z
lr doc|r|ra| corl||c| ard deve|oprer| lsa|a|'s ra|er|a| Wou|d p|ay rary
ro|es. lreraeus Wou|d argue aga|rs| T| eodo||or, Aqu||a, ard ||e Fo|or||es
||a| lsa . spo|e ol a v|rg|r corce|v|rg, ro| a yourg Worar. 0od |ad ;1|
super|r|erded ||e |rars|a||or ol ||e leoreW |r|o 0ree| (|xx), ard ||e
|rars|a||or Was |r accord W||| ||e apos|o||c la||| (Adv. laer. . . - ). z11|
Aga|rs| ||e gros||cs W|o a||egor|zed lsa|a|'s prop|ec|es ol ||e erd ||res
|r|o |deas re|a|ed |o ||e|r p|eroralreraeus Wou|d argue ||a| ||ey |aug|| ro
suc| doc|r|re. ba||er, |r accord W||| beve|a||or ||ey |aug|| ||e ||res ol ||e
||rgdor ard ||e relas||or|rg ol ||e crea||or (Adv. laer. . . - . ). A|so 1o
aga|rs| ||e gros||cs lreraeus Wou|d correc| ||e prop|ec|es ol lsa . - 111|
ard . - W||| ||e oap||sr ol Jesus ard ||e 3p|r||'s descer| upor ||r as o11z
recorded, lor |rs|arce |r |a|| . - . 8y do|rg so |e opposed ||e gros||c 1o1;
||es|s ||a| || Was a sp|r||ua| `C|r|s|' lror ||e p|erora||a| descerded upor
Jesus (Adv. laer. . . , . . ). 1;1
0r|ger Wou|d see ||e 3or ard ||e lo|y 3p|r|| |r ||e |Wo serap||r ol
lsa (lor|||es or lsa|a| . , l|rs| lr|rc|p|es . . ). T| |s Wou|d evo|e ||e o 1z 1|
aroryrous (lseudo-Jerore) ar||-0r|ger|s||c |rac|a|e 0r ||e v|s|or ol lsa|a|
o. - . Jerore, |oo, Wou|d oojec| |o 0r|ger's |r|erpre|a||or |r ||s Correr|ary 1;
or lsa|a|( . . ) ard |r a |e||er |o 0arasus (Fp. A, . - . ). Jerore sees oz 18 |1;
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| |ajor lrop|e|s 1 1
C|r|s| as ||e lord W|o |s sea|ed ard W|o spea|s ard ||e serap||r as ||e
|Wo |es|arer|s.
lsa|a|'s ro|e |r ||eo|og|ca| d|scuss|or Wou|d ro| oe ||r||ed |o ||e d|spu|e
over ||e v|s|or ol c|. . |uc| ra|er|a| lror ||e prop|e| Wou|d |ave ar |rpor|ar| o
p|ace |r |r|r||ar|ar deve|oprer|. T| e Ar|ars used lsa|a| . |o ru|||ly 1z
||e c|a|r ||a| ||e c|r|s|o|og|ca| |err `oego||er' relerred |o ||e 3or's s|ar|rg
||e la||er's ra|ure. lor ||er ||e prop|e| rade ||e |err `sor' app||cao|e |o
||ose ol d|ss|r||ar ra|ure |o 0od (Fuseo|us ol N|cored|a, Fp|s||e |o lau||rus
ol Tyre, A|exarder ol A|exardr|a, Fp|s||e |o A|exarder ol T|essa|or|ca - , 1o11
A||aras|us, 0elerce ol ||e N|cere 0el|r|||or - ). A|exarder ol A|exardr|a, 1o
|oWever, Wou|d exp|a|r ||a| ||e passage relerred |o ||ose adop|ed as 0od's
sors, ro| ||e 3or W|o Was ||e 3or oy ra|ure (Fp|s. A|ex. T|es. ). lsa|a| z
|. Wou|d oe used oy A||aras|us |o prove ||e d|v|re esserce ol ||e 3or, 1|
lor ||ere |e |s Wors||pped (Aga|rs| ||e Ar|ars . ), W|||e Arorose c||ed || zz
|o va||da|e ||e ur||y ol ||e d|v|re suos|arce (0r ||e C|r|s||ar la||| . . ). 1z;
lor 8as|| ||e 0rea| lsa . |aug|| ||e lo|y 3p|r||'s d|v|re ra|ure (Aga|rs| |81o
186
Furor|us . . , 0r ||e lo|y 3p|r|| . ). lsa|a| . Wou|d oe qu||e pror|rer|. z| 1| 8
A|exarder ol A|exardr|a c||ed || |W|ce |r ||s Fp|s||e |o A|exarder ol
T|essa|or|ca( , ) |o |rs|s| ||a| ||e 3or |s oego||er ol ||e la||er, ou| ||a| z1|o
||s |ypos|as|sard ||s gerera||or are oeyord |urar |rves||ga||or. T| us
A|exarder soug|| |o prever| Ar|ar specu|a||or |r|o ||e 3or's gerera||or,
ou| ||e Ar|ars Wou|d use ||e |ex| |o prever| N|caea's |arguage aoou| ||e
3or oe|rg ||e sare suos|arce as ||e la||er lror oe|rg |a|er |oo ser|ous|y,
||e 3or Was c|ear|y suoord|ra|e (3|rr|ar lorru|a (8|asp|er|a) |r l||ary,
0r ||e Courc||s ). 8u| Cyr|| ol Jerusa|er Wou|d see ||e 3or's e|erra|||y |r 11
||e prop|e|'s Words (Ca|ec|e||ca| lec|ures . ). 11
lsa|a|'s p|ace |r ||e C|urc|'s |||urg|ca| use ol ||e o| |s secord or|y |o
lsa|rs. l| |s read dur|rg Adver|, C|r|s|ras, ler|, ard lo|y wee|. T| e read|rgs
rer|rd ||e peop|e ol 0od ||a| a |o|y, r|g||eous 0od |as prov|ded a
suller|rg, ye| u|||ra|e|y v|c|or|ous, sav|our |r ||e |rcarra|e 3or.
Jerer|a|
lror 0r|ger's |ard |Wer|y |or|||es or Jerer|a| are ex|ar| |r 0ree| ard
lour|eer |r la||r. lragrer|s lror Cyr|| ol A|exardr|a's correr|s or ||e
prop|e| car oe lourd |r ca|erae, ard s|||| ex|ar| |s a correr|ary sa|d |o oe
au||ored oy Jo|r C|rysos|or, ou| || |s spur|ous. T| eodore|'s correr|ary
or Jerer|a| |rea|s ||e prop|e| as We|| as larer|a||ors ard 8aruc|. Jerore's
correr|ary or Jerer|a| seers |o |ave oeer ||s |as|. Ca|eraea|so preserve
1|lour la|r|s||c Fxeges|s ol ||e 8oo|s ol ||e 8|o|e
correr|s or Jerer|a| oy Fp|rer (or lseudo-Fp|rer). w||||r Jerer|a| ||e
la||ers ol ||e ear|y C|urc| Wou|d l|rd ra|er|a| ||a| |rlorred ||er aoou|
||e|r p|ace |r rederp||ve ||s|ory, ||e|r r|r|s|ry, ||e|r e|||cs ard rora|s, ard
||e|r ||eo|og|ca| ques||ors.
Jerer|a| . - , a passage |r W||c| ||e prop|e| c||des ||e peop|e lor z1z1
lorsa||rg ||e lord ard d|gg|rg oro|er c|s|errs, |s a lavored |ex| lor C|r|s||ar
se|l-del|r|||or aga|rs| o||er groups. T| e opporer|s are cor|ras|ed W||| ||e
C|urc|, C|r|s||ar la|||, ard rayoe JeWs (Jus||r, 0|a|ogue w||| Tryp|oo
1|. , Ter|u|||ar, Ar ArsWer |o ||e JeWs ) or |ere||cs (lreraeus, Adv. laer. 1 1
. . ). Ar appea| oy ||e prop|e| lor ||e peop|e |o c|rcurc|se ||e|r |ear|s |r z|1
accord W||| reW coverar| expec|a||or ( . - ) |s used as a pe||||or |o JeWs ||
lor C|r|s||ar corvers|or (Jus||r, 0|a|. . ) ard as Warrar| lor ||e ur||y ol z8z
||e ore 0od ol oo|| prop|e| ard apos||e ol ||e reW coverar| (Ter|u|||ar,
Aga|rs| |arc|or . . ). Ap|ra|a| W||| urders|ard Jer . as |eac||rg ||a| 1zo| oo
||e ||rgdor ol 0od |as passed aWay lror ||e JeWs, ||a| ||ey |ave oeer
rejec|ed (0erors|ra||ors . ). Jerer|a| ec|oes ||e C|urc|'s ressage ard z1
||s se|l-urders|ard|rg.
T| e prop|e| a|so prov|des rora| |eac||rg. Jer . |s used |o corpare |us|lu| 8
oe|av|or |o ||a| ol |orses (lreraeus, Adv. laer. . . , Cyr|| ol Jerusa|er, 8
Ca|ec|e||ca| lec|ures . ). Jerer|a| . - lurc||ors as ar appea| |o 1 zz|
C|r|s||ar |ur||||y ( C|er. ) ard ar ex|or|a||or |o |rus| ard g|ory |r 1 1
0od (Cypr|ar, Trea||se . . ). lor 0r|ger, |r a |or||y or ||e prop|e|, Jer 1z1o
zo. |eac|es ||e reed |o corless ard reper| ol s|rlu| Words W||c| ourr |r
||e s|rrer's |ear| (lor||y or Jerer|a| . - ). 18
lr ||e deve|oprer| ol doc|r|re Jerer|a|'s ra|er|a| Wou|d p|ay ar |rpor|ar| ro|e.
lreraeus's exp|ara||or ol C|r|s|'s d|v|r||y ard |urar||y aga|rs|
||ose W|o asser| ||a| |e Was or|y a rar |s |rlorred oy Jer . . `|e (||) |s 1;
a rar ard W|o car |roW ||r (|xx).' T| e |ex| |eac|es ||e lord's |urar||y, ou|
a|so ||e urla||orao|e dep|| ol ||s de||y revea|ed or|y oy 0od. le
|s 3or ol |urar||y ard 3or ol 0od (Adv. laer. . . , . . , . . ). lor 181z|11
Ter|u|||ar ||e sare passage Wou|d cor|r|ou|e |o ||e C|r|s||ar |eac||rg,
aga|rs| |arc|or ard ||e JeWs, or ||e |Wo adver|s ol C|r|s|, ore |oW|y ard
||e o||er g|or|ous (Aga|rs| |arc|or . ). ;
lr |||r||rg aoou| 0od, 0regory ol Naz|arzus Wou|d |rves| cors|derao|e space |r
exp|a|r|rg 0od's |rcorpre|ers|o||||y lror Jer . (0ra||or zz|
z. - ). 0r|ger Wou|d oe lasc|ra|ed W||| Jer . . `0 lord, you |ave dece|ved 811 zo;
re ard l |ave oeer dece|ved.' l| se|s lor|| 0od as a parer| or p|ys|c|ar W|o
ray dece|ve ||e c|||d or pa||er| lor ||s or |er u|||ra|e good. l| s|ou|d ra|se
oe||evers' aWareress ol ||e|r c|||d|||e, ur|aug|| s|a|e |r W||c| 0od |eac|es
||er as c|||drer, ro| as adu||s (lor|||es or Jerer|a| , ). 1zo
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| |ajor lrop|e|s 1 1
lr ||e Tr|r||ar|ar cor|roversy A||aras|us Wou|d c||e Jer . ol ||e z1
la||er. `A lour|a|r ol ||v|rg Wa|er.' 3|rce ||e 3or |s ||le (Jo|r . ) || |s aosurd lor 1|o
||e Ar|ars |o suppose ||a| `||ere Was W|er |e Was ro|.' T| |s Wou|d
ra|e ||e la||er a dry lour|a|r vo|d ol ||le (0elerce ol ||e N|cere 0el|r|||or
. , Aga|rs| ||e Ar|ars . ). T| e sare o|s|op ol A|exardr|a Wou|d c||e 1z 11
Jer . (|xx . ) ard . (|xx . ) |r suppor| ol ||e N|cere lorru|a's 1o zzz z18
s|a|erer| or ||e 3or oe|rg ol ||e la||er's esserce or suos|arce (Fp|s||e |o
||e 8|s|ops ol Alr|ca ). A||aras|us sees |r ||e 0ree| Word|rg ol ||ese |ex|s |
(|ypos|era||, |yparx|s) prop|e||c |es||rory |o ||e |arguage ol N|caea.
l|ra||y, s|rce ||e ear|y C|r|s||ar corrur||y read ||e prop|e|s |r ||g||
187
ol ||e reW age |r|roduced oy ||e C|r|s|-ever|, Jerer|a| |rlorred ||e|r v|s|or ol
c|r|s|o|ogy ard so|er|o|ogy. 0r|ger read Jer . (|xx), `Core |e| 111
us pu| Wood |r|o ||s oread,' as |rd|ca||rg ||e 8read ol l|le's, ||e Teac|er's,
||e word's cruc|l|x|or a| ||e |ards ol ||ose peop|e W|o opposed ||s |eac||rg
(lor||y or Jerer|a| . ). l||eW|se, A||aras|us |s lourd assoc|a||rg 1oz
||e |ree or Wood ol . W||| ||e prop|e||c pred|c||or ol ||e cross (0r 111
||e lrcarra||or ). 0l course ||e la||ers Wou|d g|ve spec|a| p|ace |o Jer
1. - , ||e reW coverar|. lreraeus erp|as|zes ||e reWress, ||a| |s, ||s 1|
||oer|y, ||e o|ess|rg ol ||e 3p|r||, ||e la||| |r C|r|s|, ||e reW rarrer ol ||le
||a| d|llers soreW|a| lror ||e coverar| ol |oses, ou| |e a|so s|resses ||e
ur||y ol ||e 0od W|o gave oo|| (Adv. laer. . . , . . ). lr ||s Trea||ses |1|1|
Cypr|ar quo|es ||e er||re passage |o |eac| ||e prop|e||c expec|a||or ol a
reW d|spersa||or ard coverar| lor ||e 0er|||e C|urc| ( . . ). lor Jerore 1z111
||e passage |eac|es, |r corcer| W||| o||ers, ||a| ur||| ||e erd cores |urars
W||| oe |rcorp|e|e |r r|g||eousress (Aga|rs| ||e le|ag|ars . - ), ard lor zzzo
Augus||re || erp|as|zes ||e o|ess|rg ol poWer |o lu|l||| ||e laW ||roug| ||e
3p|r||'s Wr|||rg || upor |ear|s. T| e learlu| oecore ||ose W|o de||g|| |r laW,
||e |rarsgressor |s rade a |over (T| e 3p|r|| ard ||e le||er - ). z|z
lr ||e |||urgy Jerer|a| |s read |r 0rd|rary T|re, ler|, ard b||ua|
|asses |rc|ud|rg ||ose ol lerarce, |arr|age, 8ap||sr ol Adu||s, be||g|ous
lroless|or, ard voca||ors. T| e Words ol ||e prop|e| rer|rd ||e la|||lu| |o
see| r|g||eousress ro| ||roug| |aW Wr|||er or s|ore ou| ||roug| a reW |ear|
Wr|||er upor oy 0od's 3p|r||.
larer|a||ors
Fuseo|us |e||s us ||a| |e possessed l|ve ooo|s ol 0r|ger's Correr|ary or
larer|a||ors (l|s|. Fcc|. . . ). urlor|ura|e|y, ol ||ese or|y lragrer|s |ave ozz
surv|ved. T| eodore| |rc|udes rerar|s or larer|a||ors |r ||s Correr|ary
1olour la|r|s||c Fxeges|s ol ||e 8oo|s ol ||e 8|o|e
or Jerer|a|. 0|yrp|odorus' correr|s or larer|a||ors a|so surv|ve or|y
as lragrer|s |r ca|aera.
lar . Was ar |rpor|ar| |ex| |o ear|y C|r|s||ars. lr add|||or |o |zo
read|rg ||e |ex| as relerr|rg |o C|r|s| as ||e oe||ever's sp|r||ua| lood, ear|y
C|r|s||ars Wou|d see ||e |rcarra||or, cross, ard pass|or prop|es|ed |r lar
|. . 3|rce ||e rose, ||e orgar ol orea|||rg, s|ards ou| lror ||e lace, Jus||r zo
oe||eved a cross Was |raced |r ||e cer|er ol ||e |urar v|sage. T| us lar
|. , `||e orea|| ol our ros|r||s |s ||e lord's aro|r|ed,' ar||c|pa|ed C|r|s|'s zo
cruc|l|x|or lor Jus||r ( Apo|ogy . - ). lreraeus, |oo, Wou|d see ||e lord's 1 1o
pass|or |r lar . , ou| |e Wou|d erp|as|ze oo|| ||e relererce |o `orea||' |zo
|r . a, W||c| |e |rars|a|es `3p|r||,' ard ||e relererce |o `||s s|adoW' |r |zo
|. c. T| |s coro|ra||or ol |errs prop|es|ed ||e o|||er, ve|||rg |rcarra||or zo
(s|adoW) ol ||e 3p|r|| C|r|s| (0erors|ra||or ol ||e Apos|o||c lreac||rg ). ;1
lor 0r|ger as We|| ||e passage spo|e ol ||e l|rs| adver| ol ||e lord C|r|s|,
||a| |uro|e |rcarra||or (lor||y or Jos|ua8.o). 8u| ||e `s|adoW |r W||c|
We ||ve' cou|d a|so reler |o ||e ror|a|||y ol ||e preser| age ||a| c|ouded ever
||e oe||ever's par||a| exper|erce ol |rror|a|||y |r |||s ||le (Correr|ary
or |a|||eW1.1z). Aga|r ||e A|exardr|ar Wou|d read || |r a pos|||ve, ye|
guarded rarrer ol ||e C|r|s||ar's preser| exper|erce. `l|s s|adoW |r W||c|
We ||ve arorg ||e ra||ors' |s cor|ras|ed |o ||e s|adoW ol ||e laW |r W||c|
||e urredeered ||ve. lr ||e s|adoW ||e oe||ever |as a s|are |r C|r|s| as ||e
Way, |ru||, ard ||le, ou| || |s d|r. T| e oe||ever s|||| aWa||s a perlec|, lu|ure
rederp||or (Correr|ary or ||e Car||c|es).
T|e |arguage ol lar |.zo, ||er, as a|ready seer Wou|d serve ||e
C|r|s||ar's urders|ard|rg ol ||e preser| s|a|e |r |ers|or oe|Weer |Wo Wor|ds,
ore ol ror|a|||y ard |arer| ard ore ol |rror|a|||y ard exu||a||or, a s|a|e
rel|ec||ve ol ||e lord's pass|or pr|or |o g|ory. 3uc| a ||ere Wou|d a|so oe
lourd |r lar .|, `. . . ||e pr|sorers ol ||e ear||.' 0regory ol Naz|arzus Wou|d
l|rd |ere a relererce |o ||e oody ard carra|||y (ear||) ||a| oos|ruc|s ||e
C|r|s||ar's (pr|sorer) pa|| |o 0od (T|eo|og|ca| 0ra||or z.1z[0ra||orz8.1z|).
T| e sare ||ere ol ||e C|r|s||ar's s|rugg|e |r ||e preser| s|a|e Wou|d oe seer
|r lar .z;, z8, o, 1. lror ||ese verses Jerore corposed a descr|p||or
ol ||e c|arac|er ol ||e asce||c ||le ol ||e arc|or||es. l|ra||y, ear|y C|r|s||ars
Wou|d l|rd |r larer|a||ors ar||c|pa|ory Words ol ||e|r oWr deep, re|er||ess
gr|el. A| ||s lurera| 0ra||or or |e|e||us, o|s|op ol Ar||oc|, 0regory ol Nyssa
Wou|d c||e lar 1.|, `T| e roads |o Z|or rourr.' lor 0regory, Jerer|a| spo|e
||ese Words |org ago |r relererce |o ||s gr|el over ||e der|se ol Jerusa|er,
ou| ||ese Words ol |arer| Were a|so rea||zed ard lu|l|||ed |r ||e corrur||y's
rourr|rg lor |e|e||us.
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| 1;|ajor lrop|e|s 1;
8aruc|
lrequer||y relerred |o oy ||e la||ers as a par| ol Jerer|a|, ||e ooo| ol
8aruc| supp||ed r|c| ra|er|a| lor ear|y C|r|s||ar ||oug||. T|eodore| Wou|d
|rc|ude rerar|s or 8aruc| |r ||s Jerer|a| correr|ary, ard 0|yrp|odorus
Wou|d a|so prov|de correr|ary. 8aruc| Wou|d |rlorr ||e C|urc|'s |deas
or a oroad rarge ol ques||ors lror esc|a|o|ogy, reve|a||or, ard |rcarra||or
188
|o C|r|s||ar gros|s ard sarc|||y |r rarr|age.
lreraeus, ||e ear||es| la||er |o c||e 8aruc|, reads ||e address |o Jerusa|er
|r |.o-;, .1-as Jerer|a|'s prop|e||c expec|a||or ol ||e reou|||,
esc|a|o|og|ca| Jerusa|er |r ||e K|rgdor pr|or |o ||e reW ear|| (Adv. laer.
..1-z). le a|so reads 8ar .;[8|, W||c| spea|s ol 0od corvers|rg W|||
|urar||y or ||e ear||, as lu|l|||ed |r ||e prop|e||c r|r|s|ry ol reve|a||or
red|a|ed oy ||e la||er's word ard |r ||e word's oWr |rcarra|e r|r|s|ry ol
reve|a||or (Adv. laer. |.zo.|, 8). Ter|u|||ar W||| a||ude |o ||e passage W|er |e
a|so d|scusses ||e 3or ol 0od's r|r|s|ry ol reve|a||or ||roug|ou| a|| rederp||ve
||s|ory (Aga|rs| lraxeas1o.). Fver |a|er, |r ||e lour|| cer|ury, 8ar .;
[8| Wou|d oe assoc|a|ed W||| ||e 3or's |rcarra|e ||le arorg |urar||y. l| |s
|ere ||a| 0od Was corvers|rg W||| |urar||y (Arorose, 0r ||e C|r|s||ar
la|||.18.zzz). lor C|erer| ol A|exardr|a, 8ar .1, W||c| pror|ses e|erra|
peace |o ||e ore W|o Wa||s |r 0od's Way, |eac|es ||e o|ess|rg ||a| lo||oWs
|roW|edge (T|e lrs|ruc|or 1.1o). C|erer| Wou|d a|so l|rd |r ||e |arguage
ol 8ar .1o, W||c| spea|s ol lsrae|'s del||erer| |r a s|rarge cour|ry, a |essor
aga|rs| |r||racy W||| a lore|gr (||a| |s, a ror-spousa|) par|rer.
lr ||e|r lorru|a||or ol |r|r||ar|ar doc|r|re C|r|s||ars ol ||e lour||
cer|ury a|so |urred |o 8aruc|. lr ||e sare Way ||a| |e |ad used Jer z.1,
1;.1zaga|rs| ||e Ar|ars, A||aras|us Wou|d use 8ar .1z. ll ||e la||er |s ||e
`lour|a|r ol W|sdor' |e cou|d rever oe W|||ou| ||e 3or, lor |||s Wou|d
ra|e ||r a dry spr|rg (0elerce ol ||e N|cere 0el|r|||or . , Aga|rs| ||e 1z
Ar|ars . ). lur||errore, 8ar . , W||| ||s |arguage aoou| ||e e|err||y 11 |zozz
ol 0od prov|ded A||aras|us W||| a oas|s lor ||s argurer| or ||e 3or's e|err||y.
Aga|rs| ||e Ar|ars W|o sa|d `||ere Was W|er |e Was ro|,' A||aras|us
argues ||a| |e W|o |s ||e express|or ard reve|a||or (cl., lor exarp|e, |a||
11. , Jo|r . - , leo . ) ol ||e la||er W|o |s e|erra| rus| ||rse|l oe z; 1|8 1
e|erra| (Aga|rs| ||e Ar|ars . ). w||| ||e sare agerda |o s|oW ||e 3or's 11z
de||y ard |o s|oW ||r as a d|s||rc| persor lror ||e la||er, l||ary (0r ||e
Tr|r|| y . ) c||es 8ar . [ |- [ |. lr cor|ras| |o ar Ar|ar usage ol ||e ||z o;8
|ex| ||a| Wou|d cap||a||ze or ||e |arguage aoou| 0od's exc|us|ve ur|queress |r
. [ | |r order |o erp|as|ze ||e la||er's separa||or lror ||e 3or, o
l||ary |a|es aro||er pa||. le erp|as|zes . [ |- [ | |r order |o |eac| o;8
18lour la|r|s||c Fxeges|s ol ||e 8oo|s ol ||e 8|o|e
||a| ||e o| |es||l|ed |o ||e ex|s|erce ol ||e 3or, `0od,' W|o dWe|| arorg
|urar||y or ear|| ( . [ |- [ |). T| erelore ||e |err `0od' ( . [ |) o;;8 o
cou|d ro| oe ass|gred |o ||e la||er a|ore, lor |e Was ro| |rcarra|e or ear||
|r corversa||or W||| |urar||y.
Fze||e|
0r|ger's |Wer|y-l|ve ooo| correr|ary or Fze||e| Was ||e l|rs| |r ||e ear|y
C|urc|. urlor|ura|e|y, || |s ro |orger ex|ar|, ou| lour|eer ol ||s |or|||es or
||e prop|e|'s Wr|||rgs, |rars|a|ed oy Jerore, do surv|ve. 3ad|y, rary o||er
correr|ar|es or Fze||e| |ave ro| reac|ed ||e preser| era, excep| as lragrer|s
|r ca|erae. T| ose ol Apo||rar|s ol laod|cea, T| eodore ol |opsues||a,
ard lo|yc|ror|us ol Aparea, |ave a|| oeer |os|. loWever, ||e correr|ar|es
ol T| eodore| ol Cyrus ard ol Jerore are ex|ar| as are |Wer|y-|Wo |or|||es
ol 0regory ||e 0rea| W||c| preser| |rpor|ar| |eac||rgs or ||s v|eWs ol
sp|r||ua|||y, cor|erp|a||or ard corpurc||or (||s |ex|s are Fze| . - . ard 11|
Fze| ). A|so, a |or||y la|se|y ascr|oed |o ||e Fgyp||ar ror|, |acar|us |o
||e 0rea|, g|v|rg a sp|r||ua| |r|erpre|a||or ol Fze| . - . |s ava||ao|e |r ||e 1|z1
co||ec||or l|l|y 3p|r||ua| lor|||es.
T| e la||ers oper|y dec|ared ||e prolurd||y ard ooscur||y ol ||e Wr|||rgs
ol ||e prop|e| Fze||e| ye| lourd ||s prop|ec|es lorra||ve lor C|r|s||ar la|||,
perspec||ve, ard prac||ce.(cl. 0regory ol Narz|arus, 0ra|. , T| eodore|, z
Correr|ary or Fze||e|lrel., Jerore, Fp. , Correr|ary or Fze||e| lrel.).
T| e ear|y C|urc| Wou|d l|rd ||e v|s|or ol 0od |r Fze||e| p|vo|a| |o ||s case 1
lor ||e par||a|, progress|ve ra|ure ol 0od's reve|a||or ol ||e d|v|re esserce
|o |urar||y. lor lreraeus ||e ra|ure ol ||e v|s|or ol c|. |s exp|a|red oy 1
Fze| . . || Was ||e v|s|or ol ||e |||eressol 0od's g|ory. T| |s cor|r|ou|es |o 1z8
||s ||ere ol ||e progress|or ol |urar||y, |r ||e advarce ol ||e ecoror|es,
|oWard ever rore |rred|a|e v|s|ors ol 0od. T| e prop|e|s d|d ro| see 0od
as ||ose W|o saW ||e 3or Wou|d see 0od, ard ||e |rcarra|e v|s|or ar||c|pa|es
||e lu||er v|s|or ol 0od |r ||e esc|a|o|og|ca| ||rgdor. lor 0r|ger, |oo, ||e
v|s|or descr|oed |r Fze| . |s ro| a d|rec| see|rg ol 0od. l| |s a v|s|or ol 11
good |||rgs, ||e |ype ol ||le W||c| |s ava||ao|e |o ||e oe||ever |r ||e preser|
age. e| || |s or|y a s|adoWol ||e lu|| ||le ava||ao|e |r ||e lu|ure g|ory W|er
ore |s aoser| lror ||e oody ard ur||ed W||| 0od ard 0od's 3or (0|a|ogue
W||| lerac||des - ). l||eW|se, lor 0regory ol Naz|arzus ||e v|s|or ol ||e 1;;|
prop|e| Was ro| ar ooserva||or ol ||e esserce or ra|ure ol 0od. No |urar
oe|rg |r ||e preser| s|a|e ol |||rgs, pr|or |o esc|a|o|og|ca| g|ory, |as seer
0od's ra|ure or esserce (T|eo|og|ca| 0ra||or . , cl. [0ra||or . |). z1 1; z81
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| |ajor lrop|e|s 1 1
lor ||e A|exardr|ars, C|erer| ard 0r|ger, Fze| . , `T| e sou| ||a| s|rs 18|
s|a|| d|e,' prov|ded a oas|s lor red||a||or or sarc||l|ca||or ard ||e ra|ure ol
189
dea||. C|erer| (0r 3p|r||ua| lerlec||or . ) Wou|d argue ||a| ||e passage 1|
Was address|rg a C|r|s||ar's pu|||rg as|de ol W|c|ed pass|ors |r ||e sare
Way ||a| lau| spea|s ol ||e o|d |urar dy|rg ard oe|rg ra|sed |o ||le (Fp|
|. , ). lr |||s Way ore Wou|d oe ar accep|ao|e sacr|l|ce (cl. bor . ). zzz| 1z1
0r|ger, |oWever, Wou|d read ||e passage d|llerer||y. l| |s seer repea|ed|y |r
||s d|scuss|ors ol ||e sou|'s dea||, ror|a|||y, ard |rror|a|||y. lor ||r ||e
passage |eac|es dea|| as a sou|'s cap||u|a||or |o s|r. l| addresses ||e exc|us|or
ol ||a| sou| lror 0od, ||a| |s, ||le (lor||y or lev|||cus . , 0|a|ogue 11
W||| lerac||des - , Correr|ary or Jo|r . ). 1o8;z 1
lor 0regory ol Nyssa, W|o argued aga|rs| ar |dea ||a| ||e |rcarra||or
|rvo|ved or|y |urar l| es| ard ro| ||e |urar sou|, Fze| . Was cr|||ca|. 18zo
le reasored ||a| |l C|r|s| care |o save ||e |os| |e care |o save ||e|r W|o|e
oe|rg. Fze||e| . |eac|es ||e dea|| ol ||e s|rr|rg sou|, as does . , W||c| 18zo 18|
|r ||s r|rd |oo| ell ec| |rred|a|e|y a| ||e la|| oecause ||ere |urar||y Was
a||era|ed lror 0od, ood||y dea|| lo||oWed years al|erWard. 3|rce, ||er, |urar||y
d|es |r oo|| sou| ard oody ||e 3av|our rus| |ave |a|er upor ||rse|l
a|| ||a| |s |os| (Aga|rs| Furor|us . ). z1
lur||errore, lor ||e ear|y C|r|s||ars c|. Wou|d lurc||or pror|rer||y 18
|o |rlorr ||er aoou| reper|arce ard s|eadlas|ress |r ||e C|r|s||ar ||le. Fze|
18. - , W||c| |eac|es ||e lord's prelererce lor ||e s|rrer's reper|arce 18z
ard r|g||eousress ra||er ||ar ||e s|rrer's dea||, ard . , W||c| |eac|es 11
||e sare, Wou|d oe relerred |o repea|ed|y (e.g., A||aras|us ol A|exardr|a,
Fp. [Fas|er | , l|le ol Ar|ory , 8as|| ol Caesarea, Fp. . , Jerore, Fp. 1| 18 |1z
1zz. , . ). l||us|ra||ve ol |oW d|ller|rg ||eo|og|ca| c||ra|es car produce 11|;
d|llerer| read|rgs ard erp|ases lror ||e sare |ex| |s Ter|u|||ar's ruc|
ear||er use ol Fze| . . Aga|rs| ||e ||eo|og|ca| dua||sr ol |arc|or ||a| 11
sees |Wo gods, ore ol goodress ard ore ol jus||ce, Ter|u|||ar |urrs |o ||e
Fze||e| passage. lere |e l|rds ore 0od W|o rerc|lu||y prelers a s|rrer's
reper|arce ou| W|o jus||y ard r|g||eous|y W||| pur|s| ||e s|rrer. T||s |eac|es
ore 0od W|o s|ou|d oe |oved oy ||e ooed|er| ou| leared oy ||e s|rrer
(Aga|rs| |arc|or . ). z1
l| |s |rpor|ar| |o ro|e |oW ||e reW coverar| o|ess|rg ol Fze| . - ozz;
Was lrequer||y urders|ood oy ||e ear|y C|urc|. T| e lord pror|sed lsrae|
a c|ears|rg W||| Wa|er, a reW |ear|, ard a reW sp|r||. T| ese pror|ses Were
rea||zed lor ||e ear|y C|r|s||ar |r regerera||or oy oap||sr (e.g., 0regory
ol Nyssa, 0r ||e 8ap||sr ol C|r|s|, Cyr|| ol Jerusa|er, Ca|ec|e||ca| lec|ures
. , . ). A|so |rpor|ar| |s ||e |org pa|r|s||c |rad|||or correc|ed W||| 11oo
||e esc|a|o|og|ca| read|rg ol Fze||e| , ||e prop|ecy ol ||e va||ey ol dry ;
zolour la|r|s||c Fxeges|s ol ||e 8oo|s ol ||e 8|o|e
oores. lror pas|ora| ex|or|a||ors lor ur||y, |o C|r|s||ar apo|oge||cs ard
po|er|cs, |o ca|ec|e||ca| |rs|ruc||or, ||e pror|se ol ||e oores cor|rg |o ||le
gave ear|y C|r|s||ars ||e expec|a||or ol a secord re|urr ol C|r|s| ard ||e|r
oWr resurrec||or lror ||e dead ( C|er. , Jus||r, Apo|. , , lreraeus, Adv. 1 o 1z
laer. . . , Ter|u|||ar, 0r ||e besurrec||or ol ||e l|es| , Cyr||, Ca|ec|e||ca| 11 z
lec|ures . ). 0r|ger, |oWever, oroug|| ou| a lu|ure |ope ol ||e ecc|es|a| 181
ur||y ol ||e reroers ol C|r|s|'s oody, ||e C|urc| (Correr|ary or Jo|r
1o. - ). lor T| eodore|, ||e ros| |r|eres||rg lea|ure ol c|. Was ||e zz8 ;
|a|er relererce |o ||e cor|rg ur||y ol lsrae|'s |ouse ard ||e e|erra| ru|e ol
0od's servar| 0av|d (vv. - ). 3ee|rg ro oas|s lor a |||era|, ||s|or|ca| lu|l|||rer| 1z8
arorg ||e JeWs |r la|es||re urder a dav|d|c descerdar|, T|eodore|
|r|erpre|ed ||e prop|ecy sp|r||ua||y |r relererce |o ||e |rv|s|o|e, e|erra|,
|eaver|y ru|e ol C|r|s| (Correr|ary or Fze||e| . - , cl. ||e |e|plu| ;z|z
d|scuss|or |r booer| l. w|||er, T| e lard Ca||ed lo|y. la|es||re |r C|r|s||ar
l|s|ory ard T|oug|| [NeW laver. a|e ur|vers||y lress, |, - ). 1z1|1|8
l|ra||y, ||ree d|llerer| read|rgs ol Fze||e|'s prop|ec|es regard|rg ||e
reou||d|rg ol Jerusa|er (c|s. - ) W||| oe rer||ored. l|rs|, || Was corror |r |o|8
||e secord cer|ury lor C|r|s||ars |o expec| |o rece|ve ard |r|ao||,
or ||e oas|s ol Fze| . - ard o||er para||e| prop|e||c |ex|s (lsa . |8o |
- 111|), a reW, reou|||, esc|a|o|og|ca| Jerusa|er upor ||e ear|| (Ter|u|||ar,
Adv. |arc. . . - , cl. lreraeus, Adv. laer. . . ). 8u|, W||| a rore sp|r||ua| z|| ||
exeges|s |||e ||a| ol 0r|ger, ||e ac|ua| reou||d|rg ol ar ear|||y Jerusa|er as
a C|r|s||ar |ope gave Way |o ||e expec|a||or ol a |eaver|y Jerusa|er W|ere
||e sou| Wou|d oe rour|s|ed ard ||e r|rd er||g||ered (0r|ger, 0r l|rs|
lr|rc|p|es . . - ). lr|eres||rg|y, W|er T| eodore|'s |r|erpre|a||or |s z11z|
ercour|ered, ||e reou||| Jerusa|er |s ||e Jerusa|er ol ||s oWr day, ||e C|r|s||ar
Jerusa|er W||| ||s C|r|s||ar c|urc|es (Cor. Fze|. . ). |8
lr ||e C|urc|'s |||urgy Fze||e| |s read or Fas|er v|g|| ard ler|ecos|, or
||e leas| ol C|r|s| ||e ||rg, or ||e l|l|| 3urday ol ler|, ard |r 0rd|rary
T|re. T| e prop|e| ercourages ||e corrur||y ol oe||evers corcerr|rg ||e
o|ess|rgs ol ||e reW coverar|, resurrec||or, ||e sarc||ly|rg r|r|s|ry ol ||e
lo|y 3p|r||, ard ||e sovere|gr grac|ousress ol 0od |r sa|va||or.
0ar|e|
lor||ors ol ||e ooo| ol 0ar|e| |ave |ad ar |rpor|ar| p|ace |r ||e C|urc|'s
||oug|| ard prac||ce. 0ar|e|'s ra|er|a| |s d|scussed |r ||eo|og|ca|, po|er|ca|,
190
ard apo|oge||c |rea||ses as We|| as |r correr|ar|es. |o||ls lror ||e s|or|es
W||||r ||e prop|e||c ooo| Were a|so popu|ar |r ||e C|urc|'s |corograp|y.
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| |ajor lrop|e|s z1 z1
T| e oe|av|our ol 0ar|e| ard ||s corpar|ors |r ||e l|rs| c|ap|er exerp||l|es lor
l|ppo|y|us, |r ||s Correr|ary or 0ar|e|( . , ), ||e la|||lu|ress 181z
ard pur||y expec|ed ol C|r|s||ars. l| a|so va||da|es lor 0r|ger ||e au||er||c||y
ol 0ar|e| as a |rue prop|e| ol ||e C|urc| |r cor|ras| |o ||e la|se prop|e|s
ol ||e pagars (Aga|rs| Ce|sus . ). ;;
T| e s|ore ol 0ar . , cu| ou| lror ||e rour|a|r W|||ou| |urar z|
|ards Was |r|erpre|ed c|r|s|o|og|ca||y, coverar|a||y, ard ecc|es|o|og|ca||y. l|
Was seer |o |eac| ||e v|rg|ra| corcep||or ard ||e rys|er|ous, d|v|re |rcarra||or
ol ||e la||er's 3or (Jus||r, 0|a|. . , Fp|raer, Correr|ary or 0ar|e| ;o1
. ), ||e g|or|ous, poWerlu|, des|ruc||ve secord cor|rg ol C|r|s| aga|rs| zoo
||e |erpora| erd-||re ||rgdors |r order |o es|ao||s| ||e e|erra| ||rgdor
(lreraeus, Adv. laer. . . - , Ter|u|||ar, Adv. lud. ), ||e cor|rg ol ||e zo1z 1|
reW coverar|, |aW W||c| over|a|es ard erds ||e o|d |aW ard rep|aces ||
W||| a reW, sp|r||ua| c|rcurc|s|or (Ter|u|||ar, Adv. lud. ), ard ||e C|urc|,
||e oody ol C|r|s|, W||c| |as |arg|o|y l|||ed ||e W|o|e ear|| (Tycor|us,
8oo| ol bu|es ) ard ||erelore ||ose W|o spea| ol a d|v|s|or ard po||u||or 1
ol ||e C|urc| (lor exarp|e, ||e 0ora||s|s) |a|e ||e|r oro||er ard s|uro|e
o||rd|y aga|rs| ||e rour|a|r (Augus||re, lor|||es or Jo|r . , ). T| ese 1 181
read|rgs are lrequer||y |rl|uerced oy ||e r|c| scr|p|ura| |rages ol `s|ore'
ard `rour|a|r.'
T| e ||ree yourg leoreWs |r ||e lurrace ol l|re (0ar|e| ) W|o are |
ro| ourred prov|ded a |opelu| so|er|o|og|ca| |rage reproduced |r ear|y
C|r|s||ar ar|. T| e corror assoc|a||or ol ||e lour|| l|gure |r ||e lurrace
W||| C|r|s| ||e 3or |s preser| a|ready |r lreraeus (Adv. laer. . . ) ard |zo11
l|ppo|y|us (lr 0ar. . ). Neouc|adrezzar's suosequer| reper|arce (0ar z
|. - ) serves as ar exarp|e |o s||r o||ers |o reper|arce ard res|ora||or z;
(Ter|u|||ar, 0r beper|arce ). Jerore |r ||s Correr|ary or 0ar|e|, 11
erp|as|zed a ||s|or|ca| ard |||era| read|rg ol Neouc|adrezzar's exper|erce
dery|rg ary syroo||c relererce.
T| e s|ory ol 0ar|e| |r ||e ||ors' der (0ar|e| ) Was r|c| so|| lor ||e ear|y o
C|urc|'s red||a||or. 0ar|e|'s resporse ol prayer |o ||e ||rg's decree ard
||s preserva||or Was a rode| ol |oW ||e C|r|s||ar prays W|||ou| ceas|rg
ard rece|ves o|ess|rg (0r|ger, 0r lrayer . , . ). l|s suller|rg a| 0ar|us' 1zz1z
|ards |eac|es ||a| C|r|s||ars are persecu|ed oy W|c|ed rer ard ||erelore
s|ou|d ro| reoe| aga|rs| ore aro||er ( C|er. ). To Cypr|ar, || |eac|es 1 |
||e p|ace ol ||e lear ol 0od |r la||| ard |ope (Trea||se . . ). lr ||e ear|y 1zzo
C|urc|'s |corograp|y ||e s|ory Was popu|ar|y dep|c|ed as a |opelu| p|c|ure
ol sa|va||or ard resurrec||or.
T| e lour oeas|s ol 0ar|e| ard ||e lour par|s ol ||e |rage ol 0ar|e| ; z
Were ol par||cu|ar |r|eres| |o ear|y C|r|s||ars. lr ros| |r|erpre|a||ors ||e l|rs|
zzlour la|r|s||c Fxeges|s ol ||e 8oo|s ol ||e 8|o|e
||ree Were read as ||e erp|res ol 8aoy|or, lers|a (|edo-lers|a), ard 0reece.
T| e lour|| erp|re Was corror|y urders|ood as bore (l|ppo|y|us, lr 0ar.
z. - , Jerore, lr 0ar. . - ) W||| Cyr|| ol Jerusa|er s|a||rg ||a| |||s 1 ;1;
|r|erpre|a||or Was ||e C|urc|'s |rad|||or (Ca|ec|e||ca| lec|ures . ). T| e 11
3yr|ar
correr|a|ors, |oWever, oller sore a||erra||ve read|rgs ol ||e lour|| erp|re.
Ap|ra|a|'s |r|erpre|a||or |s soreW|a| d|ll|cu|| |o c|ar|ly. 0r ||e ore |ard
|e seers |o |der||ly ||e lour|| ||rgdor as bore, ye| or ||e o||er |ard |e
appears |o oe||eve ||a| ||e |||rd ard lour|| ||rgdors lourd ||e|r lu|l|||rer|
|oge||er |r A|exarder, ||a| |s, |r 0reece (0erors|ra||ors . ). Fp|rer, |r 1
||s Correr|ary or 0ar|e|( . ), se|s ||e lour ||rgdors lor|| as ||ose ol zoo
||e 8aoy|or|ars, |edes, lers|ars (Cyrus), ard 0ree|s (A|exarder).
T| e `|||||e |orr' ol 0ar. , Was urders|ood oy ||e la||ers oo|| ||s|or|ca||y ard ;8
esc|a|o|og|ca||y. l|ppo|y|us saW || |r ore p|ace as relerr|rg |o
Ar||oc|us Fp|p|ares (lr 0ar. . - ), ou| |r o||ers as relerr|rg |o Ar||c|r|s| z1o
(lr 0ar. . - , . . ). Jerore Wou|d s|ress aga|rs| lorp|yry ||e var||y ol zz;1
read|rg ||e |||||e |orr as Ar||oc|us ra||er ||ar Ar||c|r|s|, ou| seers |o a||oW lor
ar or||odox read|rg ||a| sees Ar||oc|us as a pro|ep||c lu|l| ||rer| or
|ype ol Ar||c|r|s| (lr 0ar. . - , . , , ). T| e 3yr|ar correr|a|ors, as ore ;;881|
Wou|d expec|, preler ||e ||s|or|ca| |r|erpre|a||or. lor Ap|ra|a| (0erors|r.
. ) ard lo|yc|ror|us, |r ||s Correr|ary or 0ar|e|( ), ||e |||||e |orr Was zo 11
Ar||oc|us, |r cor||ru||y W||| ||e |der||l|ca||or ol ||e lour|| ||rgdor.
w|er || cores, |oWever, |o ||e |r|erpre|a||or ol ||e 3or ol rar |r 0ar.
;. ||e 3yr|ar read|rg |s ro| so pred|c|ao|e. lo|yc|ror|us g|ves ro |der|||y, 1
Ap|ra|a| (0erors|r. . ) rejec|s ||e |r|erpre|a||or ||a| || |s a relererce |o z1
||e JeWs ard app||es || |rs|ead |o C|r|s| |r ||s l|rs| adver|, W|||e Fp|rer
(lr 0ar. . ) app||es || pro|ep||ca||y |o ||e ||re ol ||e |accaoees, ou| |r z1
||s corsurra||or |o C|r|s|. Correr|a|ors o||er ||ar ||e 3yr|ars read ||e
passage c|r|s|o|og|ca||y as We||, ard W||| oo|| ||s|or|ca| ard esc|a|o|og|ca|
perspec||ves. lor Jus||r (0|a|. ) || relers |o C|r|s|'s secord adver|, as || 1
191
does lor lreraeus (Adv. laer. . . ) ard Ter|u|||ar (Adv. lud. ). lac|ar||us |811 1|
correc|ed ||e passage W||| Jesus' ascers|or |r|o |eaver |r a c|oud (Fp||ore
ol ||e 0|v|re lrs|||u|es , cl. Ac|s . ). lor Jerore ||e |ex| |s ||r|ed W||| Ac|s |; 1
1. ard l||| . - . l| relers, ||er, |o ||e 3or ol rar as ||e 3or ol 0od W|o 11 zo8
|s equa| W||| 0od, W|o |as |a|er |urar l| es| ard W|o W||| re|urr lror
|eaver (lr 0ar. . , ). ;11|
T| e |a|e ||dd|e Ages Wou|d s|oW ||a| d|spu|es oe|Weer ru|er ard lope,
d|ss|der| order ard lope, ard relorrer ard lope resu||ed |r ||e lor||ll
oe|rg |der||l|ed W||| ||e Ar||c|r|s| ol 0ar|e| ard ||s ac|s equa|ed W||| ||e
aoor|ra||or ol deso|a||or. T| e lro|es|ar| belorra||or, par||cu|ar|y |r ||e
Wr|||rgs ol |ar||r lu||er, Wou|d cor||rue |||s |der||l|ca||or lror 0ar|e|.
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| |ajor lrop|e|s z z
Jo|r Ca|v|r's correr|ary or ||e prop|e|, |oWever, Wou|d erp|as|ze a
||s|or|ca| |r|erpre|a||or, see|rg ||e lour|| ||rgdor as bore ard ||e |||||e
|orr as Ar||oc|us.
lr ||e C|urc|'s |||urgy 0ar|e| |s read, lor exarp|e, or ||e |||r|y-|||rd
3urday, ||e leas| ol C|r|s| ||e K|rg, ard dur|rg ||e |||r|y-lour|| Wee|. l|
|s a|so read |r ler| ard |r |asses lor persecu|ed C|r|s||ars. T| e read|rgs
ercourage 0od's peop|e corcerr|rg 0od's sovere|gr cor|ro| ol ever|s ard
||e|r ever|ua| v|c|ory over |r|a| ard advers||y.
8|o||ograp|y
lor ||e rajor prop|e|s
lr|rary sources
lsa|a|
lseudo-8as||. Frarra||o |r prop|e|ar lsa|ar. l0 . - . o11;oo8
. 3ar 8as||o. Correr|o a| prole|a lsa|a. Fd||ed oy l. Trev|sar. Corora la|rur
3a|es|ara. 3er|es 0raeca, - ( ). |1
Jo|r C|rysos|or. Jear C|rysos|ore. Correr|a|re sur lsa|e. Fd||ed oy J.
0uror||er.
Trars|a|ed oy A. l|eloog|e. 3C ( ). o|18
. lor|||ae |r lsa|ar. l0 . - . o11|
. `C|rysos|or's lr|erpre|a||o |r lsa|ar. Ar Frg||s| Trars|a||or W||| ar Ara|ys|s
ol ||s lerrereu||cs.' Trars|a|ed ard ara|yzed oy 0. A. 0arre||. l|.0. d|ss.,
8ay|or ur|vers||y, . 181
Cyr|| ol A|exardr|a. Correr|ar|us |r lsa|ar. l0 . - . ;o1||
Fuseo|us ol Caesarea. Correr|ar|| |r lsa|ar. l0 . - . z|8zo
. 0er Jesaja|orrer|ar. lr Fuseo|us wer|e lX. ed. J. Z|eg|er. 0C3( ). 1;
lesyc||us ol Jerusa|er. lr|erpre|a||o lsa|ae. l0 . - . 1o8
. lesyc||| l|eroso|yr||ar| |r|erpre|a||o lsa|ae prop|e|ae. Fd||ed oy |.
lau||aoer.
lre|ourg. lerder . 1oo
Jerore. lr lsa|ar. Fd||ed oy |. Adr|aer ard l. 0|or|e. CC3l ( ). ;1o
. Correr|a|res de Jerore sur |e prop|e|e lsaie, l-lv. Fd||ed oy b. 0rysor ard
l.-A. 0eproos|. lre|ourg. lerder, . 1
lseudo-Jerore (T| eop|||us ol A|exardr|a?). 3. l|eroryr| 3|r|dorers|s preso.
|rac|a|us cor|ra 0r|gerer de v|s|ore Fsa|ae. Fd||ed oy A. |. Are|||. |or|e
Cass|ro. T|pogral|a d| |or|ecass|ro, . 1o1
0r|ger. lr lsa|ar ||or| XXX(lragrer|s). l0 . - . 1z1;zo
. lr lsa|ar |or|||ae. l0 . - . 1z1|
z|lour la|r|s||c Fxeges|s ol ||e 8oo|s ol ||e 8|o|e
. lr lsa|ar |or|||ae. Fd||ed oy w. A. 8ae|rers. 0C3 . - ( ). z|z81z
lrocop|us ol 0aza. Ca|era |r lsa|ar. l0 . - . 8;181;z;18
T|eodore|. Correr|a|re sur lsaie. Fd||ed ard |rars|a|ed oy J.-N. 0u|ro|. 3C , z;o
z, ( , , ). 118o18z18|
lor a ||s||rg ol ca|erae or lsa|a| see C|av|s la|rur 0raecorur, . C. - . | ooo
Jerer|a|
Jerore. lr l|erer|ar. Fd||ed oy 3. be||er. CC3l ( ). ;|1oo
T| eodore| ol Cyrus. lr|erpre|a||o |r lerer|ar. l0 . - . 81|o8o
lseudo-C|rysos|or. lragrer|a |r lerer|ar. l0 . - . o|;|o1o;
0r|ger. lor||ae |r lerer|ar. Fd||ed oy l. Nau||r ard l. lusser. 3C , zzz8
( , 1;o
1;;).
. lor|||es or Jerer|a| ard K|rgs . Trars|a|ed oy J. C. 3r|||. laC| 1 z8 ;
( ). 18
lor a ||s||rg ol ca|erae or Jerer|a| see C|av|s la|rur 0raecorur, . C. - . | oo8
larer|a||ors
0|yrp|odorus. lragrer|a |r Jerer|ae larer|a||ores. l0 . - . ;zo1
0r|ger. lragrer|a |r larer|a||ores |r ca|er|s. Fd||ed oy F. K|os|errarr. 0C3 . o
- z;( ). 1o1
8aruc|
0|yrp|odorus. Correr|ar|| |r 8aruc|. l0 . - . ;o1;
Fze||e|
0regory ||e 0rea|. lore||es sur Fzec||e|. Fd||ed ard |rars|a|ed oy C. |ore|.
3C , zo
192
oo( , ). 18o1o
. lor|||ae |r l|ezec||e|er. Fd||ed oy |. Adr|aer. CC3l ( ). 1|z1;1
Jerore. Correr|ar|| |r Fzec||e|er. Fd||ed oy |. Adr|aer ard l. 0|or|e. CC3l;
( ). 1o|
lseudo-|acar|us. `lor||y ' |r T| e lseudo |acar|us. T| e l|l|y 3p|r||ua| 1
lor|||es
ard ||e 0rea| le||er. Fd||ed ard |rars|a|ed oy 0eorge A. |a|orey. NeW or|.
lau||s|, , - . 1z;||
0r|ger. lore||es sur Fzec||e|. Fd||ed ard |rars|a|ed oy |. 8orre|. 3C z
( ). 18
. lor|||ae |r Fzec||e|er. Fd||ed oy w. A. 8ae|rers. 0C3 . - ( ). 1|1z
. 0re||e su Fzec||e|e. Fd||ed oy N. Ar|or|oro. Co||ara d| |es|| pa|r|s||c| . o;
bore. C|||a Nuova, . 18;
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| |ajor lrop|e|s z z
T|eodore|. lr|erpre|a||o |r Fzec||e|er. l0 . - . 818o;1zo
lor a ||s||rg ol ca|eraeor Fze||e| see C|av|s la|rur 0raecorur, . C. . | ;o
0ar|e|
Fp|rer. Correr|ar|| |r 0ar|e|ur. lr 3arc|us Fp|raer 0pera orr|a quae
exs|ar|
graece, syr|ace, |a||re , ed. J. 3. Asserarus, l. 8ered|c|us, ard 3. F. z
Asserarus.
bore. va||car, . 1;|o
l|ppo|y|us. Correr|a|re sur 0ar|e|. lr|roduced oy 0. 8ardy. Trars|a|ed oy
|. lelevre. 3C ( ). 1|1|;
. Correr|ar|us |r 0ar|e|ur. l|rs| ed|||or oy 0. N. 8orWe|sc|. 0C3 . ( ). 1118;
3ecord ed|||or oy |. b|c|ard. 0C3, Nl ( ). ;zooo
. lragrer|s lror ||e Correr|ary or 0ar|e|. Trars|a|ed oy 3. 0. l. 3a|rord.
ANl
. - . 1;;|
Jerore. Correr|ar|orur |r 0ar|e|er, l|or| ( ). Fd||ed oy l. 0|or|e. CC3l A | ;
( ). 1o|
. Jerore's Correr|ary or 0ar|e|. Trars|a|ed oy 0. l. Arc|er. 0rard bap|ds.
8a|er
8oo| louse, . 18
lo|yc|ror|us. Correr|ar|us |r 0ar|e|er. lr 3cr|p|orur ve|erur Nova
Co||ec||o , 1
ed. A. |a|, - . bore. va||car, , . 1z; 18z181
T|eodore|. lr|erpre|a||o |r 0ar|e|er. l0 . - ( ). 811z1|o18o|
lor a ||s||rg ol ca|eraeor 0ar|e| see C|av|s la|rur 0raecorur, . C. - . | ;;o
zolour la|r|s||c Fxeges|s ol ||e 8oo|s ol ||e 8|o|e
vlll
|lN0b lb0llFT3
T| e |We|ve r|ror prop|e|s (losea, Joe|, Aros, 0oad|a|, Jora|, ||ca|,
Na|ur, laoa||u|, Zep|ar|a|, lagga|, Zec|ar|a|, ard |a|ac||) appeared
ear|y as a |||erary ur|| |r 3|r . . `|ay ||e oores ol ||e TWe|ve lrop|e|s |1o
serd lor|| reW ||le.' lr caror|ca| ||s|s |||s cus|or ol relerr|rg |o ||ese
prop|e|s as ||e `|We|ve' Was corror, ye| ||e la||ers lrequer||y c||ed ||er
|rd|v|dua||y. Augus||re gave us ||e appe||a||or `r|ror prop|e|s,' |||s d|s||rc||or
oe|rg draWr oecause ol ||e|r s|or|er |erg|| (C||y ol 0od . ). 18z
Fuseo|us records (l|s. Fcc|. . . ) ||a| ||ere Were a| |eas| |Wer|y-l|ve ooo|s oo
ol 0r|ger ded|ca|ed |o ||e |We|ve prop|e|s, ol W||c| or|y lragrer|s ol
losea roW rera|r. Fx|ers|ve expos|||ors ol ||ese ooo|s Were urder|a|er
oy Cyr|| ol A|exardr|a, T| eodore ol |opsues||a, T| eodore| ol Cyrr|us, ard
Jerore. Jerore's Wor|, occupy|rg ||e |a|er years ol ||s ||le, |s ol cors|derao|e
erud|||or.
losea
lor ||e pa|r|s||c Wr||ers ||e |ssue ol |oW |o |r|erpre| losea's rarr|age
Was par||cu|ar|y |rouo|esore. Ju||ar ol Fc|arur, W|o, |r add|||or |o Cyr||,
T| eodore ol |opsues||a, T| eodore| ard Jerore, a|so Wro|e a correr|ary
or losea, po|r|s ou| ||a| ||e d|llererces ol |r|erpre|a||or or |||s ra||er
Were |arge|y reg|ora| (Correr|ary or losea . - ). T| e A|exardr|ars 1z
|r|erpre|ed ||e corrard lror 0od a||egor|ca||y. T| |s sc|oo| c|a|red ||a| a
rea| rarr|age Wou|d |ave exposed losea |o r|d|cu|e, ard 0od roW|ere e|se
|r ||e 8|o|e derards a v|o|a||or ol lorrer|y-revea|ed |aWs.
T| e Ar||oc||ars, |r cor|ras|, sa|d ar ac|ua| rarr|age d|d |a|e p|ace.
T|eodore (Correr|ary or losea . ) ard T| eodore| (lr|erpre|a||or ol losea 1
1. ) argued ||a| |||era| rares ard p|aces are a||ac|ed |o ||e rarr|age, ard z
||e Worar |s sa|d |o oear |||era| ollspr|rg. T| e po|r| ol ||e passage |s ro|
|ega||s||c ad|ererce |o d|v|re precep|s ou| losea's urques||or|rg ooed|erce
|o 0od's W||| lor ||r (T| eodore|, lr|erp. los. . , cl. Ju||ar, lr losea . - ). 1| 1z
T| e prop|e| c|ose ar aoso|u|e rora| good. Fver Cyr|| ol A|exardr|a a||erp|ed
|o relu|e ar urrared |r|erpre|er W|o c|a|red ||e rarr|age rus|
|ave oeer pure|y syroo||c s|rce losea Wou|d ro| |ave |||era||y ooeyed suc|
a corrard lror 0od. l||e o||ers, Cyr|| |oo| ro|e ol ||e |ex|'s ||s|or|ca|
193
|rd|ca|ors suc| as ac|ua| rares lor ac|ua| oll spr|rg (Correr|ary or losea
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| ||ror lrop|e|s z; z;
1. . ll.). 0||er d|rec||ves lror 0od, |e po|r|s ou|, seer rore repugrar| 11z
||ar ||a| a prop|e| s|ou|d rarry a pros|||u|e ( . - ). lr lac|, C|r|s| 11zo
l|rse|l assoc|a|ed W||| s|rrers, W||c| |s rys||ca||y p|c|ured |r losea's ac||or
( . - ). le rescued 0orer lror |er s|arelu| pos|||or ard gave |er 1z1zz
|eg|||ra|e s|ard|rg |r soc|e|y ( . ). w|||e ro| deperd|rg or o||er correr|a|ors 1zz
d|rec||y, Cyr||'s |r|erpre|a||or Was cors|s|er| W||| Ar||oc||ars
suc| as T| eodore ol |opsues||a ard T| eodore| |r ||e a||erp| |o prove ||e
||s|or|c||y ol losea's rarr|age.
Jerore ro|es ||a| Apo|||rar|s ol laod|cea, 0r|ger, ard l|er|us |ad Wr|||er or
losea (prelace |o Correr|ary or losea). l|s oWr Wor| Was |r|erded
|o corp|e|e ||e or|el correr|ary ol 0r|ger a| ||e reques| ol 0|dyrus ol
A|exardr|a. loWever, Jerore |s ruc| rore aro|guous W|er || cores |o
||e appropr|a|e |errereu||ca| re||od |o oe used. lr ||e prelace |e s|a|es
a pred||ec||or lor ar a||egor|ca| |r|erpre|a||or ol losea's rarr|age oecause
`0od corrards ro|||rg ou| W|a| |s |ororao|e, ror does |e, oy o|dd|rg
rer do d|sgracelu| |||rgs, ra|e ||a| corduc| |ororao|e ||a| |s d|sgracelu|'
(prelace |o lr losea), ou| ||s |r|erpre|a||or ol los . seers |o |rd|ca|e a 1z
|||era| rarr|age |oo| p|ace. 3uc| var|e|y |r approac| s|oWs ||e l| ex|o||||y W|||
W||c| ||e pa|r|s||c |r|erpre|ers care |o ||e 3cr|p|ures, cau||or|rg aga|rs| a
|oo-r|g|d d|s||rc||or oe|Weer ||e `Ar||oc||ar' ard `A|exardr|ar' sc|oo|s.
Joe|
0r|ger oroug|| ||s c|arac|er|s||c a||egor|ca| |errereu||ca| |erderc|es |o ||s
address |o ||e ooo| ol Joe|. lor exarp|e, |r ||s correr|ary or ||e ooo| |e
l|rds ru|||p|e |ayers ol rear|rg |r . - , W||c| pred|c|s ||e W|||er|rg ol 1111z
Juda|'s larrs, v|reyards, ard orc|ards. 8eyord ||e |||era| aspec| ||e passage
relers sp|r||ua||y |o ||e devas|a||or ol ||e JeWs a| ||e |ards ol ||e borars lor
rejec||rg ||e |ess|a|, ard |ropo|og|ca||y |o ||e sou|, W||c| |s |||e a garder
||a| o|oors W|er v|r|ue |s pursued ou| s|r|ve|s lror v|ce.
lor Cypr|ar, Joe| . - Was ar |rpor|ar| passage. le used || |o derors|ra|e z1z1o
0od's rercy |oWard ||ose W|o |ad der|ed ||e la||| ou| W|o ||er
per||er||y soug|| re|rs|a|erer| |r|o ||e C|urc| (e.g., T|e lapsed ). o
8ecause || |s quo|ed |r Ac|s , Joe| . - |s ore ol ||e leW passages z zz8z
lror ||e ||ror lrop|e|s ||a| ||e la||ers urar|rous|y agreed rus| oe read
|r ||g|| ol ||e r|. lr Aga|rs| leres|es, lreraeus sees ||e ur||y ol prop|e||c
expec|a||or ard apos|o||c lu|l|||rer| |r le|er's use ol ||e prop|e| ( . . ). 1z1
Ter|u|||ar g|ves ||e passage a |or|ar|s||c l|avor |r 0r ||e besurrec||or ol
||e l|es|( ), a |erdercy a|so seer |r ||elass|or ol lerpe|ua ard le||c||as o
z8lour la|r|s||c Fxeges|s ol ||e 8oo|s ol ||e 8|o|e
(prelace), W||c| ray oear ||s |rl|uerce. Arorose quo|es . lour ||res |r zz8
T|e lo|y 3p|r|| |o prove ||a| ||e ou|pour|rg ol 0od's 3p|r|| Was pred|c|ed oy
||e leoreW prop|e|s ( . , , , . , cl. T| e 3acrarer| ol ||e lrcarra||or 1188zzzz
ol 0ur lord, . ). Fver T| eodore ol |opsues||a urders|ood Joe| . - o zz8z
|r a c|r|s|o|og|ca| serse oy re|a||rg || |o ||e day ol ler|ecos| (Correr|ary
or Joe| . - ). zz8z
Aros
Aros . , `lor |o, ||e ore W|o lorrs ||e rour|a|rs, crea|es ||e W|rd, |1
revea|s ||s ||oug||s |o ror|a|s, ra|es ||e rorr|rg dar|ress, ard |reads
or ||e |e|g||s ol ||e ear||||e l0b0, ||e 0od ol |os|s, |s ||s rare!' Was
|rpor|ar| lor ||e C|urc| la||ers. l| lurc||ored p|vo|a||y |r ||e |r|r||ar|ar
deoa|e. T| e |xx cor|a|rs ||e p|rase `ard dec|ares l|s Aro|r|ed [= C|r|s||
|o |urar||y,' W||c| ||e or||odox pa|r|s||c correr|a|ors used |o |eac|
||e d|s||rc||veress ol ||e 3or lror ||e la||er (Ter|u|||ar, Aga|rs| lraxeas
z8). 0regory ol Naz|arzus, |oWever, ||g|||g||ed ||e coopera||or oe|Weer
la||er ard 3or |r ||e cor||ruous up|o|d|rg ol ||e crea|ed order (0ra||or
o. ). A||aras|us exar|red ||e verse |r de|a|| ard lourd |r || dec|s|ve 11
prool aga|rs| ||e lreura|orac||ars W|o der|ed ||e d|v|r||y ol ||e 3p|r||
(le||ers |o 3erap|or . , 0r ||e lo|y 3p|r|| . ). T| ere |s ro cause lor |a||rg 1 zo
||e crea|ed `W|rd' (preura) as a relererce |o ||e lo|y 3p|r||, |e argued,
oecause 3cr|p|ure uses ||e del|r||e ar||c|e W|er || W|s|es |o |rd|ca|e ||e T||rd
lersor ol ||e Tr|r||y. Arorose a|so relu|ed ||e |ere||cs' use ol Aros . |1
(0r T| e lo|y 3p|r|| . ). T| e passage does ro| reler |o ||e lo|y 3p|r|| ou| |o zo
||e `||urder' ol ||e |rcarra||or, ||e 3ors ol T| urder (Jesus' oro||ers), ard
||e vo|ce ol 0od a| ||e lord's oap||sr ( . . - ). zo|;
Aros Was a|so |rpor|ar| |r c|r|s|o|og|ca| ard ecc|es|o|og|ca| d|scuss|ors. T| e
cor|rg dar|ress ard rourr|rg ol Aros . - Were ||oug|| 81o
|o lores|adoW ||e d|rr|rg ol ||e sur a| ||e cruc|l|x|or ol C|r|s|. lreraeus
(Adv. laer. . . ), Ter|u|||ar (Ar ArsWer |o ||e JeWs . , , . , |1z 1o1;111|
Aga|rs| |arc|or . . ), lac|ar||us (0|v|re lrs|||u|es . . ) ard Cypr|ar ||z |1
(Tes||ror|es Aga|rs| ||e JeWs . ) |a|e |||s v|eW. 8as||, |oWever, app||es ||e zz
verse |o ||e persecu||or ard corlus|or ol ||e Fas|err C|urc|es (le||er |o
||e 8|s|ops ol l|a|y ard 0au| ). z|
Aros . , W||c| spea|s ol ||e la||er `ooo|| ol 0av|d,' Was |r|erpre|ed 11
194
as ||e oody ol C|r|s| oy l||ary ol lo|||ers (see correr|ary or Aros |r
|||s vo|ure). Jerore, |oWever, urders|ood || as ||e der|se ol ||e JeW|s|
syragogue, W||c| |as oeer superseded oy ||e C|urc|, |o W||c| a|| ra-
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| ||ror lrop|e|s z z
||ors W||| oe corver|ed. lreraeus |ad a s|r||ar v|eW, argu|rg aga|rs| ||e
|arc|or||es ||a| ||e 0od ol ||e o| pror|sed |r ||e Words ol Aros |o core
|o ||e 0er|||es ard ra|se up a reW |aoerrac|e ol 0av|d (Adv. laer. . . ), 1z1|
ou| e|seW|ere |e |a|es || as ||e resurrec||or oody ol C|r|s| (lrool ol ||e
Apos|o||c lreac||rg , ). 8oz
0oad|a|
T| eodore ol |opsues||a, Cyr|| ol A|exardr|a, ard T| eodore| urders|ood
||e ooo| |r ||g|| ol ||e s|o||rg r|va|ry oe|Weer Fsau ard Jacoo. `Fdor,' as
||e lar||y ard descerdar|s ol Fsau, oecare a syroo| ol a|| W|o oppose
lsrae|. lror |||s ||e |dea deve|oped ||a| `Fdor' Was ||e persor|l|ca||or ol
||e dev||.
lor ||e la||r la||ers Fdor oecare a |ype represer||rg Wor|d|y W|c|edress, ||e
erery ol ||e C|urc| ard ||e sou|. Augus||re rod|l|es ||e |arge|y
ar|agor|s||c |r|erpre|a||or ol Fdor oy say|rg ||a| as Fsau Was a `par|' lor
||e W|o|e ol Fdor, so Fdor Was a par| lor ||e W|o|e, ||e 0er|||e ra||ors.
Augus||re |r|erpre|ed 0oad|a| as relerr|rg |o C|r|s||ars, ard spec|l|ca||y ||e z1
apos||es, as ||ose W|o `care up lror |our| Z|or' (Judea) |o `delerd' ||e
rour|a|r, ||a| |s, |o preac| |o ||e 0er|||es ||e gospe| ol sa|va||or
lror ||e ||rgdor ol dar|ress (T| e C||y ol 0od, . ). 181
Jerore lorra||y correr|ed or 0oad|a| or a| |eas| |Wo d|llerer| occas|ors.
w|||e |e Was very yourg |e corposed a correr|ary or 0oad|a| ||a|
|e Wou|d |a|er d|soWr. w|er |e aga|r |oo| up ||e projec| (ca. W|||e |r o
||e r|ds| ol ||e 0r|ger|s| cor|roversy) |e Wou|d regre| ||s ear||er a||erp|
oecause ol ||s excess|ve a||egor|za||or.
Jora|
0l ||e |We|ve r|ror prop|e|s Jora| Was ||e ros| lrequer||y c||ed ard ar||s||ca||y
represer|ed |r ||e ear|y C|urc|. 0r |||s aourdarce ol relererces
Jerore Wro|e W||| persp|cac||y. `l |roW ||a| o|der |r|erpre|ers, oo|| 0ree|
ard la||r, |ave sa|d rary |||rgs aoou| |||s ooo|, ard |ave ro| so ruc|
urcovered rary ques||ors as ||ey |ave ooscured rear|rgs' (0r Jora|,
CC3l . ). ;o;;
lr pa|r|s||c ||oug|| ||e dea|| ard resurrec||or ro||l Was lrequer||y
ar||cu|a|ed oo|| ||roug| ||e averue ol |ypo|og|ca| exeges|s (Jora| oe|rg
||e `|ype' ard Jesus ||e `ar|||ype') ard W||||r ||e cor|ex| ol apo|oge||c
olour la|r|s||c Fxeges|s ol ||e 8oo|s ol ||e 8|o|e
or ||eo|og|ca| Wr|||rgs delerd|rg or exp|a|r|rg ||e resurrec||or ol C|r|s|
(e.g. Jus||r's 0|a|ogue W||| Tryp|o ard 0regory ol Naz|arzus' 0ra||or 1o;
z. , ). Jerore cap|ured |||s ||ere, as We|| as ||e ur|versa|||y ol 0od's 1oo1o
sa|v|l|c p|ar, W|er |e Wro|e ol Jora|'s `s||pWrec| prel|gur|rg ||e pass|or
ol ||e lord [||a|| ca||s ||e Wor|d |o per||erce. ard |r ||e rare ol N|reve|
|e arrources sa|va||or |o ||e 0er|||es' (Fp. ).
0eve|op|rg ||e ||ere ol 0od's |rcreas|rg scope ol sa|va||or, Jerore
Wro|e e|seW|ere ||a| Cypr|ar ol Car||age Was corver|ed |o C|r|s||ar||y
oy red||a||rg or ||e ooo| ol Jora|. lar||cu|ar|y pror|rer| |r|erpre|a||ors
ol 0od's |arger p|ar ol sa|va||or |rc|ude Cyr|| ol A|exardr|a's 0r Jora|,
W||c| propourded ||a| ||e very reasor lor Jora|'s r|ss|or Was 0od's
ur|versa| des|gr. T| eodore| (0r Jora|) Was rore asser||ve |r argu|rg ||a|
JeW|s| ard 0er|||e sa|va||ors Were corre|a||ves urder 0od's ore ruor|c ol
sa|va||or. Augus||re, |r correr||rg or Jora|'s relusa| |o go |o N|reve|,
|r|erpre|ed suc| re||cerce as a s|gr ol lsrae|'s jea|ousy |o 0er|||e sa|va||or
(Fp. . - ). 1ozo8
T| e resurrec||or ard sa|va||or ro||ls a|so lourd express|or |r ar|. T| e
s|ory ol Jora| Was ||e ros| lrequer||y dep|c|ed ol o| sceres. le Was ros|
corror|y d|sp|ayed as oe|rg ||roWr |r|o ||e sea ard sWa||oWed oy ||e
rors|er (W||c| Wou|d a||ude |o C|r|s|'s pass|or ard resurrec||or), speWed
ou| or dry |ard, ard l|ra||y res||rg urder a gourd. T| |s |a|er ep|sode rece|ved
var|ous dep|c||ors. 3ore||res Jora| Was a| ease, sugges||rg ||e C|r|s||ar
|rarslorra||or ol ||e pagar ry|| ol Frdyr|or W|o Was |rarspor|ed |o
F|ys|ur, para||e||rg Jora|'s de||verarce |r|o larad|se. 0||er ||res Jora|
appeared sad urder ||e v|re, urderscor|rg ||s re|uc|arce |o spread|rg 0od's
ressage ol sa|va||or |o ||e 0er|||es.
lr roderr ||res Jora| |as lourd ex|ers|ve |||urg|ca| express|or, oe|rg
read oo|| W||||r JeW|s| (or ||e 0ay ol A|orerer|) ard C|r|s||ar |rad|||ors. 3|rce
va||car ll, Jora| |s read |r ||e l|rs| Wee| ol ler|, ard c|s. - 1
are read dur|rg ||e |Wer|y-sever|| Wee| |r a||erra|e years. Arg||cars ard
Fp|scopa||ars c||e Jora| - or ||e 3urday c|oses| |o 3ep|eroer , ard | z1
lu||erars reler |o Jor . - or Fas|er ever|rg ard Jor . - , or ||e |||rd zz 11o
3urday al|er ||e Fp|p|ary.
laoa||u|
lor ||e la||ers, laoa||u| Was usua||y |r|erpre|ed |r ||g|| ol ||e r|. T| e
195
p|rase, `ou| ||e r|g||eous W||| ||ve oy ry la|||,' ( . ) Was par||cu|ar|y |rpor|ar| z|
oecause ol ||s use |r borars . . lreraeus, |r ||g|| ol bor . , 11; 11;
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| ||ror lrop|e|s 1 1
urders|ood ||e adver| ol C|r|s| |o oe ||e lu|l|||rer| ol ||e prop|e|'s Words
(Adv.laer. . . ). T| e prop|e|s ard apos||es, ||er, are lror ||e very sare ||z
0od. lor Ter|u|||ar, laoa||u| ar||c|pa|ed ||e ||rd ol la||| exerc|sed oy ||e
Worar W|o aro|r|ed Jesus' lee| (Aga|rs| |arc|or . , cl. lu|e . - ), |18 ;oo
or a|| W|o are jus||l|ed oy C|r|s| ( . ). `la|||' |r 0od Was urders|ood |o
oper reW averues ol urders|ard|rg. C|erer| ol A|exardr|a quo|ed lao
z. |o prove oe||el rus| precede ||e sou|'s `|rarscerder|a| cor|erp|a||or' ol |
d|v|re ||eres (3|rora|a . ). l||eW|se, Cypr|ar uses ||e verse |o s|oW la||| zz
|r C|r|s| |s recessary |o urders|ard ||e 3cr|p|ures (Tes||ror|es Aga|rs| ||e
JeWs . ) ard |o see grea| r|rac|es ac||eved |r ore's ||le ( . ). 1 |z
Zep|ar|a|
T| e ooo| ol Zep|ar|a| Was ol| er |r|erpre|ed esc|a|o|og|ca||y, espec|a||y |r
assoc|a||rg ||e |errors ol ||e |as| judgrer| W||| ||e prop|e|'s `0ay ol ||e
lord' ro||l. Cypr|ar ||r|s ||e |rev||ao||||y ol 0od's lu|ure Wra|| (Zep| . ) 8
|o Jesus' corrard ro| |o |a|e vergearce s|rce suc| oe|orgs |o 0od a|ore
(T| ree 8oo|s ol Tes||ror|es Aga|rs| ||e JeWs . , cl. 0r ||e Advar|age ol 1oo
la||erce ). 0r|ger, argu|rg aga|rs| ||e v|eW ol Ce|sus ||a| ||e peop|es ol z1
||e Wor|d cou|d rever oe oroug|| urder ||e s|rg|e re|gr ol 0od, |r|erpre|s
Zep| . - as a prop|ecy cer|a|r |o oe lu|l|||ed (Aga|rs| Ce|sus . ). Fv|| ;1 8;z
W||| oe des|royed oy 0od ard |urar |arrory W||| ore day preva||. T||s
esc|a|o|og|ca| rea|||y W||| occur a| ||e `corsurra||or ol a|| |||rgs.' Zep|ar|a|
a|so cor|a|red c|r|s|o|og|ca| relererces lor ||e C|urc| la||ers. lor exarp|e,
Cypr|ar urders|ood . , `||e l0b0 |as prepared a sacr|l|ce,' |o oe spea||rg 1;
ol ||e cruc|l|ed Jesus (Aga|rs| ||e JeWs . ). zzo
lagga|
0r ||e W|o|e ||e |||||e ooo| ol ||e prop|e| lagga| |s se|dor rer||ored
oy ||e C|urc| la||ers. l| Wou|d, |oWever, |rlorr ||er or var|ous |ssues. l|
addressed, lor exarp|e, ||e|r v|eWs ol ||eo|ogy, ||s|ory, ard rora|s.
Cypr|ar relu|ed ||s pagar opporer|s' prer|se ||a| Wars ard lar|res
cor||rue oecause ||e arc|er| gods |ave oeer aoardored oy C|r|s||ars. le
used lagga|'s s|a|erer| |r . |o prove ||e reverse. 0od's arger ac|ua||y 1
ourrs aga|rs| ||ose W|o cor||rue |o Wors||p |do|s (Ar Address |o 0ere|r|arus , o
cl. T| ree 8oo|s ol Tes||ror|es Aga|rs| ||e JeWs . ). lr ooo| zo 1o
ol ||e Fcc|es|as||ca| l|s|ory, W|ere Fuseo|us Was rel| ec||rg or ||e g|or|es ol
zlour la|r|s||c Fxeges|s ol ||e 8oo|s ol ||e 8|o|e
||e C|urc|es reou||| al|er persecu||ors ceased, lau||rus ol Tyre |s |||ered |o
Zeruooaoe|. lr |||s o|s|op's oas|||ca lagga|'s prop|ecy |r . ||a| ||e g|ory z
ol ||e JeW|s| |erp|e W||| oe res|ored `|s ro |orger a Word ou| a lac|, lor ||e
|as| g|ory ol |||s |ouse |as oecore ard roW |ru|y |s grea|er ||ar ||e lorrer'
(Fcc|. l|s. . . - ). 0||er ||s|or|ca| read|rgs Wou|d oe ruc| oroader. 1o|||o
T| e `s|a||rgs' ol lag . - relerred |o ||e grea| epoc|s ol sa|va||or ||s|ory zo;
lor ||e C|urc| la||ers. T| ey revea| a roverer| lror ||e lorrer ||re ol
dar|ress |o ||e reW age ol ||e 0ospe|. 0r|ger |r|erpre|ed ||e `ear||' as ||e
era ol |esser urders|ard|rg urder |oses ard l|a|o ard ||e `dry |ard' as
||e C|r|s||ar |ard |r W||c| |e roW ||ves (Aga|rs| Ce|sus . , cl. . ). lor ;o zo
0regory ol Naz|arzus ||ere Were |Wo `rerar|ao|e |rarslorra||ors ol ||e
|urar Way ol ||le |r ||e course ol ||e Wor|d's ||s|ory,' lror |do|a|ry |o laW
ard lror laW |o 0ospe|, p|us ore `s|a||rg' ye| |o core |r ||e erd ||res
W|er |||s ear|| |s |rarslorred (T|eo|og|ca| 0ra||or . [0ra||or . |). z 1z
T| e ooo| ol lagga| Was a|so used |o prov|de rora| |rs|ruc||or. lor
exarp|e, C|erer| ol A|exardr|a |r|erpre|ed . as a corrard lor l|sca| 1o
respors|o||||y. T| e ore W|o greed||y |oards rorey or sperds || War|or|y W|||
|ose ar e|erra| reWard, pu|||rg ||e rorey |r|o a `purse W||| |o|es' (C|r|s|
||e Fduca|or . , 3|rora|a . . ). z oz
Zec|ar|a|
T| e ooo| ol Zec|ar|a| Was ore ol ||e ||ror lrop|e|s ros| W|de|y quo|ed
oy ||e C|urc| la||ers. T| |s |s oecause rary ol Zec|ar|a|'s prop|ec|es Wou|d
core |o oe |r|erpre|ed |r ||e C|r|s||ar |rad|||or as relererces |o Jesus' ||le
ard Wor|. loWever, ||ose W|o |erded |oWard Ar||oc||ar exeges|s, espec|a||y
T| eodore ol |opsues||a, Were re|uc|ar| |o g|ve ary|||rg ou| a ||s|or|ca|
|r|erpre|a||or |o passages ||a| |ad |rpor|ar| c|r|s|o|og|ca| rear|rg lor
o||er pa|r|s||c Wr||ers ard ||e r| au||ors.
Zec|ar|a| . , W||c| descr|oes ||e v|c|or|ous ||rg ol Jerusa|er r|d|rg
`a co||, ||e loa| ol a dor|ey,' Was app||ed |o ||e |r|urp|a| er|ry ol C|r|s|
|r |a|||eW . - . Jus||r |ar|yr sees |||s as lu|l|||rer| ol prop|ecy ||a| z1|
proves Jesus |s ||e C|r|s| (0|a|. ). C|erer| ol A|exardr|a, |oWever,
urders|ards ||e co|| as `||g|-sp|r||ed' C|r|s||ars W|o are `ursuodued oy
W|c|edress' ard are |r reed ol C|r|s| as a `|ra|rer,' (C|r|s| ||e Fduca|or
1. . ). T| eodore ol |opsues||a s|r|c||y ||r||s ||e rear|rg ol ||e verse |o 1
||e re|urr ol Zeruooaoe| lror ex||e (Correr|ary or Zec|ar|a| . ). T| e
gospe| app||ca||or |o C|r|s| car oe rade or|y oecause Jesus d|sp|ayed ||e
196
sare c|arac|er|s||cs Zec|ar|a| descr|oed |r Zeruooaoe|.
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| ||ror lrop|e|s
T| e prop|e| spo|e ol |oo||rg W||| regre| or ||e `ore W|or ||ey |ave
p|erced' |r . , ard |ere ||e C|urc| la||ers lourd aro||er relererce |o 1z1o
C|r|s|. Cypr|ar app||ed ||e verse |o ||e ||s|or|ca| ever| ol Jesus' cruc|l|x|or,
W||c| Was v|eWed oy ac|ua| W||resses jus| as Zec|ar|a| pred|c|ed (Tes||ror|es
Aga|rs| ||e JeWs . ). lgra||us used ||e verse |o relu|e ||e 0oce||c |eac||rg zzo
||a| Jesus d|d ro| rea||y assure |urar l|es| (Tra||. ) ard d|d ro| |ave 1o
a p|ys|ca| resurrec||or oody (3ryrr. ). A| ||res ||e verse Was g|ver ar
esc|a|o|og|ca| |r|erpre|a||or. lreraeus app||ed || C|r|s|'s secord cor|rg |r
judgrer|, W|er s|rrers W||| oe pur|s|ed lor ||e|r uroe||el ard rejec||or ol
||e 3or ol rar (Adv. laer. . . ). Ter|u|||ar does ||e sare |r a||erp||rg |11
|o s|oW ||e error ol ||e JeWs ard ol |arc|or |r ro| urders|ard|rg ||e |Wo
adver|s ol C|r|s|, ore |oW|y, ||e o||er suo||re (Ar ArsWer |o ||e JeWs , 1|
Aga|rs| |arc|or . ). Arorose, |oWever, locuses or ||e `pour|rg ou| ol ||e ;
sp|r||' |r ||e verse, urders|ard|rg || as a relererce |o ||e grace ol ||e lo|y
3p|r|| (T| e lo|y 3p|r|| . . ). 11z1z;
Ter|u|||ar g|ves Zec|ar|a| . - a rar|yro|og|ca| |r|erpre|a||or |r 1;
W||c| ||e s|r|||rg ol ||e s|ep|erd ard suosequer| sca||er|rg ol ||e s|eep
|r v. relerred |o c|ergy W|o aoardor ||e|r corgrega||ors, ard ||e purg|rg ;
l|re ol v. |s ||e `l|are ol persecu||or' ||a| proves ||e s|eadlas|ress ol ||e
corlessor's la||| (0r l||g|| |r lersecu||or . ). Norra||y, |oWever, ||e passage 11
Was urders|ood |o address ||e sca||er|rg ol ||e d|sc|p|es W|er Jesus Was
arres|ed lor |r|a| ard pu| |o dea||. Jus||r, lor exarp|e, lo||oWs |||s |r|erpre|a||or
(0|a|. ). 0r|ger oe||eved ||e `s|r|||rg' ol C|r|s| ||e 3|ep|erd Was
prel|gured |r ||e roc| s|ruc| oy |oses ||a| oroug|| lor|| l|oW|rg Wa|ers.
lr ||e sare Way, Wa|er |ssued lror C|r|s|'s s|de, W||c| represer|s ||e word
ol 0od (lor||y or Fxodus . ). Zec|ar|a| Was usua||y urders|ood as a 11z 1|
relererce |o C|r|s|'s secord cor|rg.
|a|ac||
|a|ac|| . , `lr every p|ace |rcerse |s ollered |o ry rare, ard a pure oller|rg,' 111
Was urders|ood oy ||e C|urc| la||ers |o |ave euc|ar|s||c s|gr|l| carce.
lur||errore, lor Jus||r, lreraeus, ard Cyr|| ol Jerusa|er ||e `uraccep|ao|e
sacr|l|ces' ol v. relerred |o JeW|s| Wors||p, roW rep|aced oy ||e C|r|s||ar 1|
rea|. Ter|u|||ar a|so urders|ood ||e |ex| |o spea| ol ||e C|urc|'s rep|acerer| ol
lsrae|, ou| |r add|||or |o ||e sacrarer|a| ||ere |e |r|erpre|s ||e
sacr|l|ces as sp|r||ua| oller|rgs ol pra|se ard ooed|erce, |yrrs ol Wors||p,
ard |o|y prayer (Ar ArsWer |o ||e JeWs , Aga|rs| |arc|or . , . ). zz|1
T| e `resserger ol ||e lord' |r . Was urders|ood |o oe e|||er Jo|r ||e 1
|lour la|r|s||c Fxeges|s ol ||e 8oo|s ol ||e 8|o|e
8ap||s| or C|r|s| ||rse|l. Jerore |r|erpre|ed ||e resserger as ||e 8ap||s|
ard ||e `ore cor|rg |o ||s |erp|e' as Jesus. lreraeus (Adv. laer. . . ) ard 11|
Ter|u|||ar |||eW|se urders|ood Jo|r |o oe ||e resserger, W|o |s `arge||c' |r
||s 3p|r||-erpoWered r|r|s|ry ol W||ress (ArsWer |o ||e JeWs , cl. Aga|rs|
|arc|or . ). C|erer| ol bore, |oWever, |r|erpre|s . - as a pror|se ol |18 1z
C|r|s|'s re|urr ( C|er. ). lr a s|r||ar las||or Cyr|| ol Jerusa|er |a|es ||e 1 z
|ex| esc|a|o|og|ca||y, ro| as a relererce |o ||e 3ecord Cor|rg a|ore ou| |o
oo|| adver|s ol C|r|s| (Ca|ec|e||ca| lec|ure . ). 1z
|a|ac|| . , `lor l ||e l0b0 do ro| c|arge,' Was used oy ||e la||ers |o o
|eac| ||e |rru|ao||||y ol 0od. 0r|ger relu|ed ||e 3|o|cs W|o |e|d ||a| 0od
|s a oody capao|e ol c|arge (Aga|rs| Ce|sus . ). Fver |r cordescerd|rg 1z1
|o oecore |urar 0od d|d ro| c|arge as Ce|sus oe||eved ( . , cl. . ). |1| ooz
A|exarder ol A|exardr|a, relu||rg ||e Ar|ars, used ||e |ex| |o s|oW ||ere
carro| oe a ||re W|er ||e la||er Was W|||ou| l|s 3or (Fp|s||es or ||e Ar|ar
leresy . ). l||ary ol lo|||ers argued lor ||e coequa|||y ol ||e la||er ard z
3or ex|s||rg |r cors|ar| |rru|ao||||y (T|e Tr|r||y . , . , . ). |8;z;11|;
T| e `sur ol r|g||eousress' |r . ( . ) Was urders|ood c|r|s|o|og|ca||y. zo|z
As ||e |rue 3ur, Jesus s|ou|d oe Wors||ped ||roug|ou| ||e day, accord|rg
|o Cypr|ar (0r ||e lord's lrayer ). lor 0r|ger, |||e ||e daWr, ||e lord
opered up a reW day W||| ||e ||g|| ol |roW|edge (lor||y or Fxodus . , ;8
cl. lor||y or lev|||cus . . ), as opposed |o ||e rere `|arp' ol ||e laW 1oz
(lor. |r lev. . . ). 1z1
8|o||ograp|y
lor ||e r|ror prop|e|s
lr|rary sources
Cyr|| ol A|exardr|a. Correr|ar|us |r x|| prop|e|as r|rores. Fd||ed oy l. F.
lusey.
0xlord. C|arerdor, . 18o8
Jo|r C|rysos|or. lore||es sur 0z|as = lr |||ud, v|d| 0or|rur. Fd||ed ard
|rars|a|ed oy Jear 0uror||er. 3C ( ). z;;181
lesyc||us ol Jerusa|er. lr x|| prop|e|as r|rores. l0 . - . 11;o
Jerore. Correr|ar|| |r prop|e|as r|rores. Fd||ed oy |. Adr|aer. CC3l , A ;o;o
( , ). 1o1;o
197
. Korrer|ar zu der lrop|e|er Jora.Fd||ed ard |rars|a|ed oy 3. b|sse.
lor|C|r
oo( ). zoo
Ju||ar ol Fc|arur. Trac|a|us lrop|e|arur 0see, lo|e| e| Aros. Fd||ed oy l. 0e
Cor|rc|. CC3l ( ). 881;;
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| ||ror lrop|e|s
0r|ger. lr loe| l|oer (lragrer|s). lr b. A. be||zers|e|r,'0r|geres urd
l|eroryrus.'
ZNw ( ). - . zo1z1o|
. lr 0see correr|ar|us (lragrer|s). lr J. A. boo|rsor,T| e l|||oca||a ol
0r|ger.
Caror|dge. Caror|dge ur|vers||y lress, , - . 18z|
T| eodore ol |opsues||a. T| eodor| |opsues|er| Correr|ar|us |r Xll prop|e|as.
Fd||ed oy l. N. 3prerger. w|esoader. larrassoW||z, . 1;;
T|eodore|. lr|erpre|a||o |r x|| prop|e|as r|rores. l0 . - . 811|188
lor a ||s||rg ol ca|erae or ||e ||ror lrop|e|s see C|av|s la|rur 0raecorur, . |
C. - . o
olour la|r|s||c Fxeges|s ol ||e 8oo|s ol ||e 8|o|e
lX
003lFl3 AN0 ACT3
|a|||eW
lr ||g|| ol lreraeus's relererce |o ||e lour-gospe| caror ard ||s spec|l|c
rer||or ard exeges|s ol |a|||eW ||e ear|y C|urc|'s use ol ||e l|rs| 0ospe|
|s cer|a|r. 8u| ev|derce co||ec|ed oy Fdouard |assaux (T|e lrl|uerce ol ||e
0ospe| ol 3a|r| |a|||eW or C|r|s||ar l||era|ure 8elore 3a|r| lreraeus, vo|s.
NeW 0ospe| 3|ud|es . - , |rars|a|ed oy N. J. 8e|va| ard 3. lec|| [|acor, 1
0A. |ercer ur|vers||y lress, - |) ard w.-0. Ko||er (0|e bezep||or 1o
des |a|||ausevarge||urs |r der Ze|| vor lreraus, wuNT ser. , [Tuo|rger. zz|
J. C. 8. |o|r (lau| 3|eoec|), |) argues s|rorg|y lor ||e C|urc|'s use ol 18;
|a|||eW |r a var|e|y ol Wor|s oy ||e erd ol ||e l|rs| or ||e oeg|rr|rg ol
||e secord cer|ury.
A|||oug| Jerore rerar|s ||a| |e |reW ol a correr|ary or ||e gospe| (prooao|y
or ||e lour gospe|s) oy T| eop|||us ol Ar||oc|, |e seers |o
ques||or W|e||er || |s ac|ua||y lror T| eop|||us' |ard (cl. l|ves ol l||us|r|ous
|er , Fp. . , Correr|ary or |a|||eW, prelace). T| e correr|ary urder z 1z1o
T| eop|||us' rare l|rs| puo||s|ed |r , ard d|scovered ard se| lor|| 1;
aga|r oy Za|r |r , |s ac|ua||y a l|l||-cer|ury spur|ous assero|age ol 188
||e correr|s ol o||ers. Jerore a|so repor|s ||a| |e |reW ||e 0ree|
correr|ar|es or |a|||eW oy l|ppo|y|us ol bore, 0r|ger, ||e Ar|ar T|eodore
ol lerac|ea, Apo|||rar|s ol laod|cea, 0|dyrus ol A|exardr|a, ard ||e la||r
correr|ar|es oy v|c|or|rus ol le||au, l||ary, ard lor|ura||ar ol Aqu||e|a
(lr |a||. prelace). 0|dyrus's ard v|c|or|rus's correr|ar|es are |os| ard or|y
lragrer|s ol ||e o||ers surv|ve excep| lor por||ors ol 0r|ger's |Wer|y-l|ve
ooo| Wor| ard ||e s|or| correr|ary ol l||ary. A||egor|ca| |r locus, l||ary's
Correr|ary or |a|||eWpreser|s a |a|||ear |r|eres| |r JeW|s| |os|||||y
|oWard C|r|s| ard ||s C|urc| ard ||e |rc|us|or ol ||e 0er|||es. T| e ex|ar|
por||ors ol 0r|ger's correr|ary cors|s| ol a |rea|rer| |r 0ree| ol |a||
1. - . ard ar aroryrous la||r |rars|a||or |rea||rg |a|| . - . ozz 1o1z;
o. F|g|| |or|||es or |a|||eW la|se|y a||r|ou|ed |o 0r|ger a|so surv|ve. l|s
correr|ary, as K. J. Torjeser |as po|r|ed ou| (lerrereu||ca| lrocedure
ard T| eo|og|ca| |e||od |r 0r|ger's Fxeges|s, la|r|s||sc|e Tex|e ard 3|ud|er
z8[8er||r. de 0ruy|er, 18o|, 1o-1o;) |s corposed |r suc| a Way as |o
|ead ||e reader lror |roW|edge ol C|r|s| ||e logos as |urar |o ||e perlec|
urders|ard|rg ol ||r as d|v|re. le does ro| |grore ||e |||era| serse ol
|a|||eW's accour|, ou| der|ves a sp|r||ua| |eac||rg lror ||. lor exarp|e, |e
ac|roW|edges ||e ||s|or|ca| s|gr|l|carce ol Jesus' |rarsl|gura||or s|x days al|er
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| ;0ospe|s ard Ac|s ;
||e d|a|ogue W||| ||e d|sc|p|es or ||s |der|||y ard pass|or (|a|| 1o.z1-z8,
1;.1-z), ou| ||e ever| |eac|es ||a| ||e sp|r||ua| W|o W|s| a ||g|er v|s|or ol
||e logos rus| pass oeyord ||e s|x days, W||c| are ||e |us|s ard pass|ors
ol ||e Wor|d s|rce || Was rade |r s|x days (lr |a||. 1z.o).
0||er 0ree| Wor|s or |a|||eW's 0ospe| |rc|ude ||e 3c|o||aol A||aras|us
ol A|exardr|a, ||e r|re|y |or|||es ol Jo|r C|rysos|or, lragrer|s ol Cyr||
ol A|exardr|a's correr|ary, ard sore |or||e||c lragrer|s urder ||e rare
Arror|us ol A|exardr|a. (T| ese |as| are oe||eved |o oe spur|ous.) T| oug|
a co||ec||or ol |or|||es, C|rysos|or's Wor| ollers ||e o|des| surv|v|rg corp|e|e
correr|ary or |a|||eW. l|||ed W||| rora| |eac||rgs corcerr|rg ||e
c|as|e, separa|e ||le ol ||e C|r|s||ar, C|rysos|or's |or|||es a|so erp|as|ze
||eo|og|ca| ||eres. Aga|rs| ||e |ar|c|aears 0od's ur||y |s deve|oped, W|||e
|r oppos|||or |o ||e Ar|ars ||e 3or's equa|||y |o ||e la||er |s |rea|ed |r ||g||
ol ||e Wea|ress ol ||s |urar||y.
la||r Wor|s or |a|||eW ro| rer||ored |r Jerore's ||s| |rc|ude ||e
lo||oW|rg. lor|y |or|||es ard s|x|y |rac|a|es oy C|rora||us ol Aqu||e|a, ar
aroryrous par||a| correr|ary or |a|| z|a||r|ou|ed oy sore |o v|c|or|ous
198
ol le||au or Aroros|as|er, ar |rcorp|e|e la||r correr|ary la|se|y ascr|oed
|o C|rysos|or ou| ac|ua||y Wr|||er oy ar Ar|ar ol ||e l|l|| cer|ury, Jerore's
oWr correr|ary W||c| re||es or 0r|ger, ard Augus||re's |Wo-ooo| |rea|rer| ol
||e 3error or ||e |our|, ||s exp|ara||or ol lor|y-sever proo|era||c
|a|||ear passages (ard l|l|y-ore lu|ar), ||s argurer| lor ||e corcordarce
ol ||e lour 0ospe|s, ard ||s exp|ara||or ol sever|eer passages |r |a|||eW.
Augus||re a|so preac|ed severa| serrors or |a|||eW. F|ever |or|||es or
|a|||ear |ex|s surv|ve lror ||e |ard ol 0regory ||e 0rea|.
T| e ear|y C|urc| corror|y v|eWed |a|||eW as ||e ear||es| gospe|,
corposed |r leoreW lor JeWs oy ||e |ax co||ec|or |urred apos||e ard |a|er
|rars|a|ed |r|o 0ree|. T| e |rad|||or |s l|rs| seer |r lap|as, ard ||oug| |a|er
Wr||ers are |rdeo|ed |o a degree |o ||s |es||rory, |rdeperder| |roW|edge
oy sore ol ||e la||ers carro| oe d|sr|ssed, ard ||e coro|red |es||rory
seers |o ex|erd oeyord ||r (lap|as |r Fuseo|us, Fcc|. l|s|. ..1o, lreraeus,
Adv. laer. .1.1, 0r|ger |r Fuseo|us, Fcc|. l|s|. o.z.|, Fuseo|us, Fcc|. l|s|.
.z|.o, Cyr|| ol Jerusa|er, Ca|ec|e||ca| lec|ures1|.1, Jerore, Correr|ary
or |a|||eW, lrelace, l|ves ol l||us|r|ous |er).
lor lreraeus ||e or|g|ra| or|er|a||or ol |a|||eW's 0ospe| |s seer |rred|a|e|y |r
||e gerea|ogy. le Wro|e |o prove |o ||e JeWs ||a| C|r|s| Was
descerded lror 0av|d (lrag. z;) ard |o deve|op ||e |uro|e, ger||e |urar||y ol
||e |rcarra|e word (Adv. laer. .11.8). To ||e ca|ec|urer, Cyr|| ol
Jerusa|er Was qu|c| |o exp|a|r ||a| ||e ro||or ol gerea|ogy or gerera||or
|r |a|| 1.1app||ed |o ||s l|es|. C|r|s| Was 0av|d's sor `a| ||e erd ol ||e age'
8 lour la|r|s||c Fxeges|s ol ||e 8oo|s ol ||e 8|o|e
(leo .zo), ou| 0od's 3or oelore ary age, lor |e |s e|erra||y oego||er ol ||e
la||er (Ca|ec|e||ca| lec|ure11.). 0r|ger's read|rg ol |a|||eW's l|rs| verse
|r ||s Correr|ary or Jo|r(1.zz) po|r|s ||e reader |o Jo|r's 0ospe|. le,
a|org W||| lreraeus, ro|es ||s or|er|a||or |oWard ||e JeW|s| expec|a||or ol
||e 0av|d|c |ess|a|, ou| lror ||a| po|r| |e asser|s ||a| or|y Jo|r's 0ospe|
erp|as|zed Jesus' de||y. |a|||eW, |ar|, ard lu|e, |r ||s read|rg, aWa|| Jo|r's
||g|||g|||rg ol ||e word as 0od. loWever, a|||oug| lreraeus W||| see Jesus'
|urar||y s|ressed |r ||e gerea|ogy ard |r o||er p|aces ||roug|ou| ||e
gospe|, |e |as ro d|ll| cu||y l|rd|rg s|rorg |es||rory |o Jesus' d|v|r||y. lor
|rs|arce, |r Aga|rs| leres|es..z|| |s p|a|r |o ||r |r ||e ||||e Frrarue|,
`0od W||| us' (|a|| 1.z) ard ||e |ag|'s g|l|ol lrar||rcerse (|a|| z.11).
T| e 3error or ||e |our| (|a|||eW -;) Wou|d er|er lu||y |r|o ||e
C|urc|'s ||eo|og|ca| ard rora| rel|ec||or. lr lreraeus's po|er|c aga|rs| ||e
gros||cs, |a|| .1;, `l |ave ro| core |o aoo||s| [||e |aW ard ||e prop|e|s|
ou| |o lu|l||| ||er,' Wou|d lurc||or p|vo|a||y. l| |rlorrs ||s ||es|s ol ||e ur||y
oe|Weer ||e ac|s ard |eac||rg ol ||e lord ol ||e NeW Coverar| ard ||e
reve|a||or g|ver urder ||e o|d ecorory (Adv. laer. |.|.z). 8u| ||e lord's
say|rg a|so, lor ||e 8|s|op ol lyors, se|s lor|| ||e lord's ex|ers|or ol ||e
pro||o|||ors ol ||e 0|d Coverar|'s laW. Jesus lu|l|||s ||e laW oy ra||rg
exp||c|| ||e laW's |eac||rg corcerr|rg |r|erra| des|res ard ||oug||s. T| e
laW does ro| pro||o|| rere|y ex|erra| ac||ors, ou| app||es a|so |o ||e |r|er|or
par| ol ||e |urar oe|rg. T| us ||e |eac||rgs ol Jesus regard|rg suc| |||rgs
as arger ard |us| (rurder ard adu||ery, |a|| .z1-z) are ||s lu|l|||rer|,
ex|ers|or, expars|or ol ||e laW (Adv. laer. |.1.1, ). C|erer| ol A|exardr|a
corcurs. lu|l|||rer| ol ||e corrards ol ||e laW |rvo|ves, lor ||e C|r|s||ar
ol |rue |roW|edge, separa||or lror ||e des|re lor ard rer|a| ar||c|pa||or
ol W|a| |s pro||o||ed (||sce||ar|es|.18.11). w||||r lreraeus's po|er|c,
W||c| |rc|uded a resporse |o |arc|or, ||s |r|erpre|a||or Wou|d prov|de
||e C|r|s||ar corrur||y a pos|||ve urders|ard|rg ol ||e lord's Word. 3uc|
a read|rg Wou|d oe reeded, lor |arc|or, Ter|u|||ar repor|s, erased |a|| .1;
lror ||e lord's say|rgs ard argued ||a| C|r|s| |ad core as ||e opporer|
ol ||e laW ard ||e prop|e|s (Aga|rs| |arc|or|.;, , 1z, o, .1|). Ter|u|||ar
||rse|l s|oWs |oW |r ||s deeds ard Words C|r|s| Was |rue |o ||e say|rg ol
|a|| .1;. Aga|rs| ||e dua||sr ol oo|| gros||c ard |arc|or||e, |a|| .1;
derors|ra|es |o ||e secord-cer|ury C|urc| a ||eo|og|ca| ard coverar|a|
cor||ru||y |r sa|va||or ||s|ory. la|er ca|ec|e||ca| |rs|ruc||or Wou|d s|ress ||e
sare cor||ru||y oe|Weer ||e o| ard ||e r| or ||e oas|s ol |||s |a|||ear
|ex| (Cyr|| ol Jerusa|er, Ca|ec|e||ca| lec|ures|.).
Aro||er Word ol ||e lord lror |a|||eW's accour| ol ||e serror ||a|
Wou|d s|gr|l|car||y |rlorr ear|y C|r|s||ar ||oug|| Was ||e oea|||ude ol ||e
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| 0ospe|s ard Ac|s
pure, |a|| .8. `8|essed are ||e pure |r |ear|, lor ||ey W||| see 0od.' A|org
W||| o||er o|o||ca| |ex|s (e.g., Joo 1.z-z;, 1Jo|r .1-z, 1Cor 1.1z) |||s
oea|||ude Wou|d cor|r|ou|e |o ||e C|urc|'s deve|oprer| ol ||e |ope ol ||e
v|s|or ol 0od. lor lreraeus ||e say|rg rel|ec|s ||e v|s|or ol 0od a||a|red
oy |urars |r d|llerer| degrees |r d|llerer| ecoror|es ol reve|a|ory ||s|ory.
3ore |r ||e pas|, urder ||e 0|d Coverar|, saW 0od l|gura||ve|y, prop|e||ca||y,
sore |r ||e |rcarra||or urder ||e NeW Coverar| see 0od adop||ve|y,
||ose |r ||e ||res ol ||e ||rgdor |o core W||| see 0od |rred|a|e|y, pa|erra||y
(Adv. laer. |..z, |.zo.). lr ||s read|rg ol ||e |ex|, |oWever, 0r|ger
199
erp|as|zes a rys||ca|, sp|r||ua| v|s|or, |roW|edge ol 0od, ro| ||roug| ood||y
eyes, ou| ||roug| ||e pure, urdel||ed r|rd ard |ear| (Aga|rs| Ce|suso.|, o,
;., |). 3|rce 0od |s oy ra|ure |rv|s|o|e, |o see 0od |s |o |roW 0od ard
||erelore ||e lord's Word app||es |o ||e |r|e||ec|ua| lacu||y, ro| ||e lacu|||es
ol serse (l|rs| lr|rc|p|es1.1.8-). T| ere |s lor 0r|ger a pos|ror|er progress|ve
ascer| ol r|rd ard |r|e|||gerce |oWard ||e perlec| v|s|or, |roW|edge
ol 0od oy ||ose ol urdel||ed, sp|r||ua||y-sc|oo|ed, ra||ora| r|rds, |r|e||ec|s.
T| ese r|rds progress |oWard a perlec| urders|ard|rg ol reasors ard causes
ol 0od's Ways (lr|rc. z.11.o-;). 8as|| ||e 0rea|, |oo, reads ||e |ex| |r relererce
|o ||e |rrer persor's cor|erp|a||or, ou| lor ||e Cappodoc|ar ||ere |s
a d|llerer| locus. As ||e ood||y par|s ||a| appre|erd sersa||ors reed |o oe
|rea|ed W|er ||ey are |rjured, so ||e erood|ed, |rpr|sored r|rd reeds |o
g|ve |eed |o a proper la|||. Cor|erp|a||or ol suc| a la||| |rc|udes cor|erp|a||or
ol ||e pure doc|r|re ol ||e |r|r||y (Fp. 8.1z). T| roug| suc| |r|r||ar|ar
cor|erp|a||or 0od |s seer.
|a|||ear ra|er|a| ou|s|de ||e 3error or ||e |our| Wou|d a|so |rlorr
||e ear|y C|urc|'s |||r||rg. |a|| 11.z;ard ||s lu|ar para||e| (1o.zz) Wou|d
prov|de |arguage cr|||ca| |o ||e deve|oprer| ol or||odox ||eo|ogy ard
c|r|s|o|ogy. T| e secord p|rase ol |||s say|rg ol ||e lord, `ro ore |roWs
||e 3or excep| ||e la||er, ard ro ore |roWs ||e la||er excep| ||e 3or
ard aryore |o W|or ||e 3or c|ooses |o revea| ||r,' a|ds lreraeus |r ||s
po|er|c aga|rs| ||e gros||cs. T| ey |eac| |Wo gods, ||e ur|roWr, e|erra|
la||er ard ||e W|c|ed crea|or ol ||e o|. T| ey |roW ||e lord's Word recorded
|r |a|| 11.z;(lu|e 1o.zz), ou| ||ey read ` ro ore |reW||e la||er excep|
||e 3or' |r order |o erp|as|ze ||e u||er ||dderress ol ||e la||er ur|||
|e Was revea|ed oy ||e 3or's adver| (Adv. laer. |.o.1). 8elore C|r|s| ||e
gros||c's la||er Was ur|roWr, ard ||erelore |e Was ro| ||e |roWr 0od ol
||e o|. lreraeus, |oWever, does ro| read ||e say|rg as a |erpora| |rd|ca|or
ol a spec|l|c rorer| ol reve|a||or. T| e say|rg erp|as|zes ||e 3or as ||e
|rue, perlec| ager| ol ||e reve|a||or ol ||e la||er, ar agercy |e |as oeer
perlorr|rg ||roug|ou| rederp||ve ||s|ory, ever pr|or |o ||s |rcarra||or
|o lour la|r|s||c Fxeges|s ol ||e 8oo|s ol ||e 8|o|e
(Adv. laer. |.o.z-;). lor lreraeus, ||er, ||e lord's Word |eac|es aga|rs| ||e
gros||cs ||e ore la||er revea|ed |r a|| ||res oy ||e word, ||e 3or, ard
c|a||erges ||e JeWs |o rece|ve ||e 3or a|org W||| ||e la||er. 3uc| erp|as|s or
||e ur||y ol ||e 0od revea|ed exc|us|ve|y oy ||e 3or |s ec|oed oy C|erer|
ol A|exardr|a (||sc. 8.1o.8), W|||e 0r|ger c|a|rs ||e word's appropr|a|eress as
||e la||er's revea|er (lr loarr. 1.z;;-;8), ard Cyr|| ol Jerusa|er
repea|s ||e coro||ary oe|Weer recep||or ol ||e la||er ard recep||or ol ||e
3or (Ca|ec|e||ca| lec|ures1o.1).
|os| lour||-cer|ury exeges|s ol |a|| 11.z;||lu|e 1o.zz, |oWever, Wou|d
corcer|ra|e or ||e say|rg's |r|r||ar|ar |rp||ca||ors. Cyr|| ol Jerusa|er |r
ca|ec|es|s Wou|d erp|as|ze ||e perlec|, rec|proca| |roW|edge oe|Weer
la||er ard 3or as |rd|ca||ve ol ||e 3or's equa| d|gr||y W||| ||e la||er
|r ||e 0od|ead (Ca|ec|e||ca| lec|ures |.;, o.o). 0regory ol Nyssa, |r po|er|c,
se| ||e 3or's exc|us|ve ro|e as ||e la||er's ager| ol reve|a||or aga|rs|
Furor|us's suoord|ra||or|sr ard saW |r ||e 3or's Word ol |a|| 11.z;ar
all| rra||or ol ||e 3or's equa|||y |r esserce ard g|ory W||| ||e la||er (Aga|rs|
Furor|us1.z, z.|). A||aras|us ol A|exardr|a Wro|e a |rac| cour|er|rg ||e
Ar|ar |r|erpre|a||or ol ||e lord's Word (A|| T| |rgs were larded 0ver To
|e[|a|| 11.z;|). w|ereas ||e gros||cs ||roug| ||e|r read|rg ol ||e say|rg
|ad locused lreraeus's a||er||or or ||e secord par| ol ||e verse, ||e Ar|ars
oegar W||| ||e l|rs| ||re. `A|| |||rgs |ave oeer |arded over |o re oy ry
la||er. . . .' To ||e Ar|ar |||s |rd|ca|ed a rorer| pr|or |o ||e |rcarra||or
W|er ||e 3or |ad oeer rade lord ol crea||or. ll |||s Was so, ||ey argued,
|e |s ro| e|erra||y ol ||e la||er lor |e Wou|d ||er |ave oeer lord e|erra||y.
T| erelore ||ere rus| |ave oeer orce W|er |e Was ro|, ||a| |s, ||e 3or rus|
oe crea|ed (A|| T||rgs1, Aga|rs| ||e Ar|ars.zo). A||aras|us, |oWever, argues
||a| ||e say|rg app||es |o ||e 3or's |rcarra||or. T| e 3or, oe|rg e|erra|
W||| ||e la||er, d|d ro| ga|r a |ords||p prev|ous|y urearred. ba||er, ||e `a||
|||rgs' reler |o la||er |urar||y W||c| ||e la||er de||vered over |o ||e 3or
|o oe redeered, |ea|ed ||roug| ||s sav|rg |rcarra||or (A|| T||rgsz-). l|
|s a de||verarce |o save, ro| ru|e, lor ||e ru|e Was a|ready ||s. loWever, |r
aro||er p|ace A||aras|us Wou|d exp|a|r ||e |ex| d|llerer||y. Aga|r |e |rs|s|s
||a| || does ro| reler |o a preroga||ve oe|rg g|ver |o ||e 3or, as |l ||e 3or
d|d ro| |ave a|| g|ory e|erra||y, ou|, re|||er does |e app|y || |o |rcarra||or.
NoW |e |r|erpre|s || as a say|rg ||a| d|sc|oses ||e d|s||rc||or oe|Weer ||e
persors ol 3or ard la||er. 0uard|rg aga|rs| 3aoe|||ar|sr (|oda||sr) ||e
8|s|op ol A|exardr|a erp|as|zes ||a| ||e lord's |arguage s|rp|y exp|a|rs
||e 3or's re|a||ors||p |o ||e la||er. l| |s a re|a||ors||p |r W||c| |e |s e|erra|
W||| ||e la||er ou| |r W||c| |e rece|ves ||s |r|er||arce ol a|| |||rgs, as a
3or, lror ||e la||er (Aga|rs| ||e Ar|ars.-o). 3uc| ar urders|ard|rg
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| |10ospe|s ard Ac|s |1
200
ol ||e l|rs| ||re ol ||e say|rg ol |a|| 11.z;app|y|rg |o ||e 3or's |r|er||arce
as ||e la||er's or|y-oego||er, ooed|er| 3or |s seer a|so |r Cyr|| ol Jerusa|er
(Ca|ec|e||ca| lec|ures;., 1o.). A|||oug| ||e Ar|ar usage ol ||e l|rs| ||re ol
|a|| 11.z;Wou|d draW A||aras|us's a||er||or |o ||a| p|rase ol ||e say|rg,
|e a|so erp|oyed ||e secord par| |r po|er|c aga|rs| ||e Ar|ars. T| e 3or's
s|a|erer| ||a| |e |roWs ||e la||er||e |rv|s|o|e, uror|g|ra|e 0rese|s
||e 3or apar| lror crea|ures W|o are urao|e |o see 0od's lace ard ||ve (Fxod
.zo) ard assoc|a|es ||r W||| ||e esserce ol ||e la||er as ||ey oo|| s|are
||e orr|sc|erce pecu||ar |o 0od (Aga|rs| ||e Ar|arsz.zz.||). l|ra||y, ||e
secord p|rase ol |a|| 11.z;|rlorrs A||aras|us's v|eW or ||e 3or'se|erra|
gerera||or. lor ||r, ||e word d|d ro| oecore ||e 3or a| ||e |rcarra||or.
T| |s Wou|d |rd|ca|e, oecause ol ||e say|rg's par||cu|ar usage ol ||e |err
`sor,' ||a| ur||| ||e |rcarra||or ||e word d|d ro| |roW ||e la||er. 8u|
|l ||e la||er Was oe|rg revea|ed |o ||e peop|e ol ||e o|, ard |l ||e say|rg
||r||s |roW|edge ard reve|a||or ol ||e la||er |o ||e 3or, ||e word, ||er,
rus| a|so |ave oeer 3or oelore ||e |rcarra||or (Aga|rs| ||e Ar|ars|.z).
T| us W|e||er ar||-gros||c or ar||-Ar|ar, ||e ear|y C|r|s||ar r|rd Wou|d
erp|as|ze ||e e|erra| ra|ure ol ||e 3or's |roW|edge W||c| |e exerc|ses
||roug|ou| rederp||ve ||s|ory.
0l course, ary |rea|rer| ol |a|||eW |r ||e ear|y C|urc| rus| |a|e accour| ol ||e
Words ol ||e lord |o le|er |r |a|| 1o.18-1. Ar ear|y deve|oped
preser|a||or occurs |r Cypr|ar's T| e ur||y ol ||e Ca||o||c C|urc|(|). lr
lac| ||ere ex|s| |Wo vers|ors ol Cypr|ar's |rea||se or ||e passage, corror|y
v|eWed as ar ear|y vers|or ard a |a|er rev|s|or oy ||s oWr |ard. lr oo||
ed|||ors Cypr|ar's erp|as|s |s or ||e ur||y ol ||e C|urc| ||roug| ||e ur||y
ol ||e o|s|ops, W||c| |as as ||s parad|gr ||e lord's oeg|rr|rg ||e C|urc|
lror oreapos||e, le|er. lor Cypr|ar a|| ||e apos||es are equa|. T| ere seers
|o oe ro supreracy appor||ored |o le|er or bore, ou| |||s ore apos||e does
lurc||or as ||e po|r| ol ur||y arorg d|llerer| apos||es lror W||c| W|||
der|ve d|verse ep|scopa| ||res. lr o||er exeges|s ol ||e passage ||e la||ers
locus or ||e lord's |arguage, `upor |||s roc| l W||| ou||d ry C|urc| ard
||e ga|es ol lades W||| ro| preva|| aga|rs| ||,' as |rd|ca||ve ol severa| |ru||s.
l| ray |rd|ca|e ||e C|urc|'s perrarercy |r cor|ras| |o ||e o| ecorory
(A||aras|us ol A|exardr|a, Aga|rs| ||e Ar|ars|.|). l| ray |rd|ca|e Jesus'
de||y, lor or|y as 0od cou|d |e or ||s oWr au||or||y dec|are le|er |o oe ||e
C|urc|'s lourda||or (Arorose, Fxpos|||or ol ||e C|r|s||ar la||||..;). 0r ||
ray erp|as|ze le|er's la||| as ||e lourda||or ol ||e C|urc|, ||s corless|or
ol Jesus as `||e C|r|s|, ||e sor ol ||e ||v|rg 0od (|a|| 1o.1o),' oy |r|erpre||rg
`upor |||s roc|' as ||s c|r|s|o|og|ca| oe||el (Augus||re, lor||y or 1Jo|r
1o.1). Ard ||oug| |a|er le|er's corless|or, ||s la|||, Wou|d ro| oe r|r|r|zed
|z lour la|r|s||c Fxeges|s ol ||e 8oo|s ol ||e 8|o|e
|r ||e C|urc|'s |r|erpre|a||or ol ||e passage (e.g., leo ||e grea|, Fp..1,
3erroroz.z) ||e prer|er au||or||y ol ||e borar 3ee, as le|er's see, Wou|d
oe der|ved lror ||e lord's Words |o le|er. 3ore||res ||r|ed W||| Jo|r z1.1;
ard lu|e zz.1, ||e Words Were urders|ood |o g|ve |o le|er ard ||s borar
successors, ||roug| ||s erdur|rg r|r|s|ry, ar exa||ed |der|||y, ro|e, ard au||or||y
(leo ||e 0rea|, 3error., 0regory ||e 0rea|, Fp. ;.;).
l|ra||y We core |o ||e ro|e ol |a|| z8.1|r ||e la||| ard prac||ce ol
||e ear|y C|urc|. A|ready |r lreraeus's so|er|o|ogy ||e lord's Words pr|or |o
||s ascers|or, `0o ||erelore ard ra|e d|sc|p|es ol a|| ||e ra||ors, oap||z|rg
||er |r ||e rare ol ||e la||er, ard ol ||e 3or, ard ol ||e lo|y 3p|r||,' |ave
ar |rpor|ar| p|ace. T| ey |eac| ||a| ||e |r|r||ar|ar order ol oap||sr corrarded
oy ||e lord |s ||e poWer ol regerera||or appor||ored |o a|| ra||ors
(Adv. laer. .1;.1). Cypr|ar ra|r|a|rs ||e sare so|er|o|og|ca| s|gr|l| carce
ol ||e lord's Words W|er |e oojec|s |o recorc|||a||or ol ||e |apsed ||roug|
cer||l|ca|es prov|ded |r ||e rares ol corlessors ard rar|yrs. leace ard
lorg|veress are ava||ao|e |o ||e ra||ors ro| ||roug| ary rare or a cer||l|ca|e,
ou| ||roug| oap||sr |r ||e rare ol ||e Tr|r||y (Fp.z;.). lr |||e rarrer |e
erp|as|zes ||e recess||y ol oap||sr |r ||e rare ol ||e Tr|r||y aga|rs| ||ose
W|o Wou|d d|r|r|s| ||e re|evarce ol ||e la||| ol ||e oap||zer. le argues ||a|
|l ||e la||| ol ||e oap||zer |s ro| |r|r||ar|ar, ||e la||| ol ||e ore oap||zed |s |r
darger, ard ||erelore so |s ||e rer|ss|or ol s|rs (Fp. ;.-o). 3o, |oo, |||r|s
0regory ol Nyssa. le c|a|rs ||e Words ol |a|| z8.1|o oe ||e rys|er|ous
Word ol ||e C|r|s||ar's reW o|r||, ||e |rarslorra||or lror oe|rg corrup||o|e
|o |rcorrup||o|e, ror|a| |o |rror|a|, al|er ||e |||eress ol ||e 0od|ead. 8u|
0regory presses ||e |r|r||ar|ar|sr ol ||e Words. T| e ||||es ol la||er, 3or,
ard 3p|r|| |eac| ||a| ||ese are ||e proper ||||es lor ||e ||ree persors ard
ro| ||e o|asp|erous ores proposed oy ||e |ere||cs. T| ese ||||es, g|ver oy
||e lord, ||e word, are a ru|e ol la|||, |ru||, ard p|e|y, W||c| |ead ||e p|ous
|r|o a sull| c|er| la||| aoou| 0od. T| e lord says `rare,' s|rgu|ar, s|gr|ly|rg
|rred|a|e|y ||e ur||y ol esserce ol ||e ||ree persors. 0regory a|so deve|ops
||a| ||e lord rever |der||l|ed |||s ore rare. T| |s |s oecause ||e esserce ol
0od|ead |s |rcorpre|ers|o|e ard ||erelore carro| oe rared (cl. 0regory
ol Naz|arzus, 0ra||or |o.|[0r lo|y 8ap||sr|). T| e lord ||er spo|e ||e
201
||ree ||||es |r order |o se| lor|| ro| a d|llererce |r ra|ure or suos|arce arorg
||e ||ree, ou| ||e|r par||cu|ar proper||es, so ||a| a |rue la||| |r 0od |s seer
as a |r|r||ar|ar la|||. T| e ||||es d|v|de ||e ||ree |r suc| a Way ||a| ever |r
d|llerer||a||or ||e ||ree, la||er, 3or, ard 3p|r||, are corpre|erded or|y |r
re|a||or |o eac| o||er. T| us, lor exarp|e, la||| |r ||e la||er ca||s lor|| la|||
|r ||e la||er's 3or W|o |s |rp||ed |r ||e ||||e `la||er' (Adv. Furor. z.1-).
Augus||re |r ||s prayer a| ||e erd ol ||s 0e Tr|r||a|e 1.1, oeg|rs W||| a
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| |0ospe|s ard Ac|s |
relererce |o |a|| z8.1, ec|o|rg a |a|er ||g| regard lor ||e p|ace ol ||e |ex|
|r ||eo|og|ca| deve|oprer|. T| e lord Wou|d ro| |ave spo|er aoou| our 0od
as la||er, 3or, ard 3p|r|| ur|ess 0od Were Tr|r||y, ard ||e lord Wou|d ro|
|ave ordered oap||sr |r ||e rare ol ary W|o Was ro| 0od.
|ar|
8ecause ol ||e grea|er de|a|| |r ||e o||er syrop||c accour|s, ||e 0ospe| ol
|ar| Was g|ver |||||e |rd|v|dua| a||er||or |r ||e pa|r|s||c per|od. loWever,
||e la||ers d|d ra|e se|ec||ve use ol |ar| |r ||e|r var|ous Wr|||rgs.
T| e ear||es| a||es|a||or ol |ar| oy a pa|r|s||c Wr||er |s ||a| ol lap|as,
quo|ed oy Fuseo|us (Fcc|. l|s|. .). lap|as assoc|a|es |ar| W||| ||e preac||rg
ol le|er, W|ose Words |ar| recorded W||| `grea| accuracy.' T| a| |||s
gospe| |s a secord-|ard accour| exp|a|rs W|y sore ever|s |r |ar| occur
|r a d|ll erer| order ||ar ar ac|ua| eyeW||ress r|g|| |ave recorded ||er,
||oug| ro|||rg |as oeer or|||ed or la|se|y s|a|ed. C|erer| ol A|exardr|a
reca||s ||a| |ar|'s gospe| Was urder|a|er a| ||e urg|rg ol rary C|r|s||ars
|r bore, W||| re|||er ||e ercouragerer| ror d|scouragerer| ol le|er
(Fuseo|us, Fcc|. l|s|. o.1|). Ter|u|||ar a|so ra|es ||e correc||or oe|Weer
|ar| ard le|er (Aga|rs| |arc|or |.z.) as does 0r|ger (Fuseo|us, Fcc|. l|s|.
o.z). lreraeus p|aces ||e Wr|||rg ol |ar| a| ||e ||re jus| al|er le|er's dea||
(Adv. laer..1.1). le ca||s || a gospe| W||| a `prop|e||ca| c|arac|er,' revea|ed
oy ||e 3or ol 0od ||roug| ||e 3p|r|| ||a| |overs over ||e C|urc|, correspord|rg
|o ||e `crea|ure |||e a l|y|rg eag|e' ol bev |.;(Adv. laer. .11.8).
le oe||eves |||s c|arac|er|za||or |s appropr|a|e oecause ||e gospe| oeg|rs
W||| ||e lsa|ar|c prop|ecy ard oecause || |s `corperd|ous ard surrary,'
W||c| prop|ecy |erds |o oe. 0r|ger agreed ||a| |ar| |ad produced sore
aor|dged vers|ors ol ever|s (lr loarr. o.1z-1) ard ||a| |ar| preser|ed
||e 0ospe|'s `oeg|rr|rg' W|||e Jo|r preser|ed ||s corp|e||or ||roug| ||s
erp|as|s or Jesus' d|v|r||y (lr loarr. 1.zz).
Jerore's |or|||es or |ar| (la|se|y ascr|oed |o Jo|r C|rysos|or) are
||e lu||es|, ex|ar| |rea|rer|s ol ||e 0ospe| oy a C|urc| la||er. lragrer|s
lror T| eodore ol |opsues||a's correr|s or |ar|'s 0ospe| surv|ve, as
do serrors oased or |ar|ar passages Wr|||er oy suc| la||ers as Jo|r
C|rysos|or, Augus||re, le|er C|ryso|ogus, ard 0regory ||e 0rea| (lor ||e
||s||rg ol 0regory's |or|||es see ||e |a|||eW o|o||ograp|y). wor|s or |ar|
erroreous|y a||r|ou|ed |o Jerore ard T| eop|||us |ave a|so surv|ved.
|| lour la|r|s||c Fxeges|s ol ||e 8oo|s ol ||e 8|o|e
lu|e ard Ac|s
As W||| |a|||eW, ||e ear|y C|urc|'s use ol lu|e's 0ospe| |s cer|a|r a| ||e
po|r| ol lreraeus's lour-gospe| caror, ou| ever oelore ||e o|s|op ol lyors
corposed Aga|rs| leres|es, usage ol ||e gospe| |s poss|o|y ev|der| |r sore
Apos|o||c la||ers ard Jus||r |ar|yr. lreraeus re|a|es ||a| oo|| |arc|or
ard ||e gros||c va|er||rus |reW lu|e's 0ospe| ard Were oe|rg |rcors|s|er|
oy |a||rg par|s ol || ard ed|||rg ou| o||er ra|er|a| (Adv. laer..1|.-|).
A|ready |r ||e secord ard ear|y |||rd cer|ur|es lu|e's 0ospe| |s perce|ved as
represer|a||ve ol lau|'s (0er|||e) gospe| oy oo|| or||odox ard |ere||c (Adv.
laer. .1.1, Ter|u|||ar. Aga|rs| |arc|or|.z., 0r|ger, lor|||es or lu|e1).
T| e ear||es| |roWr correr|ary or lu|e Was ||e l|l|eer-ooo| Wor|
ol 0r|ger ex|ar| or|y |r a leW lragrer|s. lor|ura|e|y, |||r|y-r|re ol ||s
|or|||es or ||e gospe| s|||| surv|ve. Jerore Wou|d |rars|a|e || |r o. 0l
||e o||er 0ree| la||ers, sc|o||aor lu|e lror oo|| Fuseo|us ol Caesarea
ard A||aras|us ol A|exardr|a are ex|ar|, as are lragrer|s ol correr|s oy
0|orys|us ol A|exardr|a, Apo|||rar|s ol laod|cea, T| eodore ol |opsues||a,
ard T||us ol 8os|ra. Cyr|| ol A|exardr|a's correr|ary or lu|e's gospe|,
ac|ua||y a ser|es ol 1o|or|||es, |s corp|e|e |r a 3yr|ac vers|or, W|||e or|y
||ree |or|||es ex|s| corp|e|e |r 0ree| ard ||e res| surv|ve |r 0ree| or|y
|r lragrer|s. lr la||r ||ere surv|ve lragrer|s ol ar Ar|ar correr|ary
or lu|e's gospe|, ||e Trac|a|e or lu|e's 0ospe|. Arorose Was ||e or|y la||r
la||er |o corpose a correr|ary or ||e 0ospe| ol lu|e. T| e correr|ary
appears |o oe ||s rev|sed ard ed||ed corp||a||or ol se|ec|ed |or||es or ||e
gospe|. T| oug| Augus||re d|d ro| produce a correr|ary, |e d|d exp|a|r
l|l|y-ore passages ol lu|e |r ||s |rea|rer| ol d|ll| cu|| |ex|s |r |a|||eW ard
lu|e, ard preac|ed severa| ||res or lu|e. 3ever|eer |or|||es or lu|e
are cor|a|red |r a co||ec||or ol gospe| |or|||es oy 0regory ||e 0rea| (see
|a|||eW o|o||ograp|y).
202
T| ere are lragrer|ary rera|rs ol severa| 0ree| pa|r|s||c correr|ar|es ard
|or|||es or ||e Ac|s ol ||e Apos||es lror severa| au||ors |rc|ud|rg 0r|ger,
0|dyrus ol A|exardr|a, T| eodore ol |opsues||a, ard Cyr|| ol
A|exardr|a. T| e or|y suos|ar||a| ex|ar| co||ec||or ol |or|||es |s a ser|es ol
l|l|y-l|ve serrors oy Jo|r C|rysos|or. lror C|rysos|or's |ard e|g|| add|||ora|
|or|||es |ave surv|ved. lour or ||e oeg|rr|rg ol ||e ooo| ard lour
or o||er passages |rc|ud|rg lau|'s c|arge ol rare. lror ||e la||r la||ers
|| |s |rpor|ar| |o rer||or Augus||re's severa| |or|||es or Ac|s ard ||e a||egor|ca|
|r|erpre||ve poer ol Ara|or or ||e Ac|s ol ||e Apos||es.
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| |0ospe|s ard Ac|s |
Jo|r
lror arorg ||e ear|y la||ers, lgra||us ol Ar||oc| prooao|y |reW ard used
||e lour|| 0ospe|, ||e sare |s prac||ca||y cer|a|r ol Jus||r |ar|yr. T| a| |e
d|d ro| reler |o || exp||c||y ray oe due |o ||e lac| ||a| sore borar c|rc|es
(ca||ed `A|ogo|' oy Fp|p|ar|us) opposed |||s gospe| as |ere||ca|. Ta||ar, a
d|sc|p|e ol Jus||r W|o |a|er oecare ar ercra|||e, used ||e gospe| ol Jo|r as a
lrareWor| lor ||s lour-gospe| |arrory, ||e 0|a|esseror. |e|||o ol 3ard|s used
|| as We||. T| eop|||us ol Ar||oc| |r ||s To Au|o|ycus(z.zz) exp||c|||y quo|es ||.
`lerce ||e |o|y scr|p|ures ard a|| ||ose |rsp|red oy ||e 3p|r|| |eac| us, ard
ore ol ||er, Jo|r, says, 'lr ||e oeg|rr|rg Was ||e logos, ard ||e logos Was
W||| 0od' [Jo|r 1.1|.' l| |s |r|eres||rg |o ro|e ||a| ||e ca|acoros ol bore
cor|a|r represer|a||ors ol sceres lror ||e gospe| ol Jo|r (|r par||cu|ar ||e
ra|s|rg ol lazarus) prooao|y lror ||e secord cer|ury (l.-|. 8raur, Jear
|e ||eo|og|er e| sor evarg||e dars |'Fg||se arc|erre, F|udes o|o||ques, [lar|s.
J. 0aoa|da, 1|, 1|-o).
T| e A|exardr|ar gros||c va|er||rus, W|o roved |o bore (ca. 1|o), a|ros|
cer|a|r|y used ||e gospe| ol Jo|r. T|e va|er||r|ar 0ospe| ol Tru||(ca.
1o?) cor|a|rs rurerous ec|oes ol ||. l|o|ery, ar ear|y d|sc|p|e ol va|er||rus,
Wro|e a correr|ary or ||s lro|ogue, a||r|ou||rg || |o `Jo|r, ||e d|sc|p|e ol ||e
lord' (lreraeus,Adv. laer. 1.8.). lerac|eor, aro||er va|er||r|ar, au||ored
||e l|rs| |roWr correr|ary or ||e gospe| (ca. 1;o), ex|erded lragrer|s
ol W||c| are qo|ed |r 0r|ger's correr|ary or Jo|r. Fxcerp|s lror ||e
va|er||r|ar T| eodo|us |ave oeer preserved oy C|erer| ol A|exardr|a.
T|e l|rs| exp||c|| W||ress ol ||e lour-gospe|s caror , lreraeus ol lyors,
rade ex|ers|ve use ol ||e gospe| ol Jo|r |r ||s Aga|rs| leres|es|r relu||rg
||e gros||cs ard |arc|or ard exp|a|r|rg ||e or||odox la|||. l|s ||eo|og|ca|
syr||es|s, erp|as|z|rg ||e ur||y ol ||e ||s|ory ol sa|va||or, |rea|ed a|ros|
a|| ||e rajor ||eres ol ||e gospe| ol Jo|r. lor exarp|e, |e c|ear|y perce|ved
||a| ||e `||le' or `e|erra| ||le' ||a| presupposes la||| |r Jesus |s ro| o|o|og|ca|
||le or rere|y a cor||rued ex|s|erce ol ||e sou|, ou| corrur|or W||| 0od
||e la||er, ||roug| C|r|s|, |r ||e lo|y 3p|r||.
Ter|u|||ar, |oo, rade suos|ar||a| use ol ||e gospe| ol Jo|r, |r par||cu|ar
|r es|ao||s||rg ||e d|s||rc||or ol la||er ard 3or W||||r ||e ur||y ol 0od
(see espec|a||y Aga|rs| lraxeas). l|ppo|y|us ol bore uses ||e 0ospe| ol Jo|r
|r a s|r||ar ve|r. C|erer| ol A|exardr|a |s repor|ed oy Fuseo|us as |av|rg
Wr|||er ||a| `. . . Jo|r, |as| ol a||, corsc|ous ||a| ||e ou|Ward lac|s |ad oeer
se| lor|| |r ||e 0ospe|s, Was urged or oy ||e d|sc|p|es, ard, d|v|re|y roved
oy ||e 3p|r||, corposed a sp|r||ua| 0ospe|' (Fcc| l|s|. o.1|.;).
|o lour la|r|s||c Fxeges|s ol ||e 8oo|s ol ||e 8|o|e
T|e l|rs| pa|r|s||c correr|ary ol W||c| suos|ar||a| par|s |ave oeer preserved |s
||a| ol 0r|ger, Fuseo|us |reW ol |||r|y-|Wo ooo|s (correr||rg
or Jo|r 1-1), ol W||c| or|y approx|ra|e|y e|g|| ard a |a|l are ex|ar|. lor
||ese, lor|ura|e|y, We |ave ||e 0ree| |ex|. T| e l|rs| l|ve ooo|s Were corposed
re|a||ve|y ear|y |r 0r|ger's ||le, W|||e |e Was s|||| |r A|exardr|a, ||e res|
oe|rg corposed |a|er |r Caesarea. T| e l|rs| ooo|s ol ||e correr|ary are
ex|rere|y pro||x. 8oo| 1|s er||re|y or Jo|r 1.1, 8oo| zarr|ves a| Jo|r 1.;.
T|ese l|rs| verses ol ||e lro|ogue ol Jo|r ollered 0r|ger ar oppor|ur||y |o
expose ||s c|r|s|o|ogy ard ||eo|ogy ol ||e Tr|r||y, ard ever sore esser||a|s
ol ||s corpre|ers|ve v|eW ol ||e crea|ed ur|verse. T| ere are rar|lo|d
corresporderces oe|Weer ||e doc|r|res ol ||ese ooo|s ol ||e correr|ary ard
||ose ol 0r l|rs| lr|rc|p|es(a Wor| Wr|||er arourd ||e sare ||re, ou| lu||y
preserved or|y |r la||r). 0r|ger's `sp|r||ua| exeges|s' |s ol|er qu||e corger|a|
|o ||e lour|| 0ospe|. `T| e ||rd ol deeper rear|rg ||a| |e l|rds var|es lror
||e ros| aro||rary a||egor|s|rg |o a prolourd urders|ard|rg ol ||e syroo||sr ol
||e 0ospe|' (|. l. w||es, T| e 3p|r||ua| 0ospe|. T| e lr|erpre|a||or ol
||e lour|| 0ospe| |r ||e Far|y C|urc|[Caror|dge. ur|vers||y lress, |, 1oo
z). le |s a|ros| ||e or|y arc|er| correr|a|or W|o sys|era||ca||y s|ud|ed
||e |ey |errs ol Jo|r, suc| as `sp|r||,' `|ru||,' `||le,' `||g||,' `|roW|edge,' ard
`g|ory,' ard ol|er pere|ra|ed ||e|r deeper rear|rg.
Jo|r's 0ospe| p|ayed a |ey par| |r ||e |r|r||ar|ar ard c|r|s|o|og|ca|
d|scuss|ors lror ||e|r oeg|rr|rg, ard ||erelore rece|ved spec|a| a||er||or
|r ||e grea| cor|rovers|es ol ||e lour|| ard l|l|| cer|ur|es. urlor|ura|e|y,
a good ruroer ol correr|ar|es Wr|||er |r |||s cor|ex| |ave oeer |os| or
surv|ve or|y as lragrer|s |r ca|erae (see w||es, T| e 3p|r||ua| 0ospe|, - ). |
203
3evera| |rpor|ar| ores, |oWever, |ave oeer preserved. T| e l|rs| ol ||ese |s
||e ser|es ol e|g||y-e|g|| |or|||es oy Jo|r C|rysos|or, preac|ed |r Ar||oc|
(ca. ), ard cor|a|r|rg a carelu| expos|||or ol ||e W|o|e gospe|. lror ||e 1
wes | , Augus | |re's Trac|a|es or ||e 0ospe| ol Jo|r, a|so cover|rg ||e W|o|e
gospe|, are ex|ar|. T| e Wor| cors|s|s ol `serrors,' sore ac|ua||y de||vered, 1z|
o||ers rere|y d|c|a|ed. 0erera||y, ||e l|rs| group ( - ) |s da|ed ear||er 1|
(ca. - ) ard ||e secord ( - ) |a|er (ca. - ). T| ese Wor|s |oo|18 1z| |1o|zo
s|are a pas|ora| c|arac|er ard a| ||e sare ||re |ave suos|ar||a| ||eo|og|ca|
cor|er|. C|rysos|or, ||oug| deve|op|rg ||e |eac||rgs ol ||e gospe| aga|rs|
Ar|ar|sr, |s, |r ||e sp|r|| ol Ar||oc||ar exeges|s, rore prac||ca| ard |ess
prore |o exp|ore ||e deeper syroo||c rear|rg. Augus||re's exeges|s |s rore
corger|a| |o Jo|r's ||eo|ogy. l|ra||y, |er |or|||es or Jo|r oy 0regory ||e
0rea| surv|ve (see |a|||eW o|o||ograp|y).
lror ||e oeg|rr|rg ol ||e l|l|| cer|ury |Wo rajor 0ree| correr|ar|es surv|ve,
||ose ol T| eodore ol |opsues||a ard ol Cyr|| ol A|exardr|a.
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| 0ospe|s ard Ac|s |; |;
T| eodore's correr|ary, preserved |r ||s er||re|y or|y |r 3yr|ac |rars|a||or,
|s |yp|ca| ol ||e Ar||oc||ar sc|oo|. ||s oer| |s prac||ca| ard |||era| (||oug|
W|ere ||e |ex| c|ear|y derards || |e does g|ve syroo||c |r|erpre|a||ors).
l|s c|r|s|o|ogy, |oo, rel|ec|s Ar||oc||ar |erderc|es. Cyr||'s rorurer|a|
correr|ary |s er|rer||y ||eo|og|ca|, W||| arp|e use ol sp|r||ua| |r|erpre|a||or.
0oc|r|ra||y |e l|g||s aga|rs| ||e Ar|ars ard ||e c|r|s|o|ogy ol
Ar||oc|, ||oug| Nes|or|us |s ro| rer||ored oy rare, ard ||erelore ||e
correr|ary |s da|ed oelore . lragrer|s ol severa| 0ree| correr|ar|es are |z
corp||ed |r J. beuss, ed., Jo|arres-Korrer|are aus der 0r|ec||sc|er
K|rc|e, Tu ( ). Correr|ar|es represer|ed are ||ose oy Apo|||rar|s 81oo
ol laod|cea, T| eodore ol lerac|ea, 0|dyrus ol A|exardr|a, T| eop|||us ol
A|exardr|a, Cyr|| ol A|exardr|a (or lseudo-Cyr||), Arror|us ol A|exardr|a,
ard l|o||us ol Cors|ar||rop|e.
T| ere are, ol course, rurerous correr|ar|es ol |esser |rpor|arce lror
8yzar||re ||eo|og|ars ard wes|err red|eva| au||ors. lror ||e go|der age
ol 3c|o|as||c|sr, T| oras Aqu|ras' Correr|ary or ||e 0ospe| ol 3|.
Jo|rdeserves spec|a| rer||or. Ta|er doWr lor ac|ua| |ec|ures |r lar|s oy T|
oras'
secre|ary, beg|ra|d ol l|perro, || Was correc|ed oy T| oras ||rse|l, ard |s
cors|dered |o oe ore ol ||s ou|s|ard|rg Wr|||rgs or sacred 3cr|p|ure.
0ue |o ||e spec|a| |r|eres|, ard aourdarce ol recer| researc| or ||e
pa|r|s||c |r|erpre|a||or ol Jo|r, as We|| as ||e |rrers||y ol ||e |as| ol
a||erp||rg |o surrar|ze ||e lea|ures ol ||a| |r|erpre|a||or, a secordary
o|o||ograp|y |s ollered |o ||e reader.
8|o||ograp|y
lor Jo|r
3ecordary sources
8raur, l.-|. Jear |e ||eo|og|er e| sor evarg||e dars |'Fg||se arc|erre. lar|s. J.
0aoa|da,
1. T| |s ooo| cor|a|rs a de|a||ed s|udy ol a|| ||e |races ol ||e Jo|arr|re
corpus|r ||e l|rs| |Wo cer|ur|es oy geograp||ca| reg|ors (pp. - ), ard ar ozo
exar|ra||or ol ||e evarge||s|'s `doss|er.'
Cu|pepper, b. A|ar. Jo|r, ||e 3or ol Zeoedee. T| e l|le ol a legerd.Co|uro|a,
3.C..
ur|vers||y ol 3ou|| Caro||ra lress, . 1|
0| 8erard|ro, Arge|o, ed. Frcyc|oped|a ol ||e Far|y C|urc|. 3.v. `Jo|r ||e
Fvarge||s|,
0ospe| ol. use ard |r|erpre|a||or |r ||e Far|y C|urc|,' oy T. F. lo||ard.
lo||ard, T. F. Jo|arr|re C|r|s|o|ogy ard ||e Far|y C|urc|.Caror|dge. Caror|dge
ur|vers||y lress, . 1;o
|8lour la|r|s||c Fxeges|s ol ||e 8oo|s ol ||e 8|o|e
3c|rac|erourg, budo|l. T| e 0ospe| Accord|rg |o 3|. Jo|r.vo|. . Trars|a|ed oy 1
Kev|r
3ry||. NeW or|. lerder ard lerder, . 3ee pp. - . `T| e lour|| 1o8 1zz1;
0ospe| |r l|s|ory.'
w||es, |aur|ce l. T| e 3p|r||ua| 0ospe|. T| e lr|erpre|a||or ol ||e lour|| 0ospe|
|r ||e
Far|y C|urc|. Caror|dge. Caror|dge ur|vers||y lress, . 1oo
8|o||ograp|y
lor ||e 0ospe|s ard Ac|s
lr|rary sources
|a|||eW
lseudo-Arror|us. lragrer|a |r |a|||aeur. l0 . - . 81811z
Aroryrous. `Aroryr| c||||as|ae |r |a|||aeur XXlv lragrer|a,' |r 0|ovarr|
|erca||, var|a 3acra. 3|ud| e Tes|| , - . bore. T|pogral| a va||cara, , 111| 111
C. l. Turrer, `Ar Fxege||ca| lragrer| ol ||e T||rd Cer|ury.' JT| 3 ( ). 1o|
- z18|1.
Apo|||rar|s ol laod|cea. lr |a|||aeur(lragrer|s). lr |a|||aus-Korrer|are aus
204
der gr|ec||sc|er K|rc|e, ed. J. beuss, - . Tu ( ). 1| o11;
A||aras|us ol A|exardr|a. lr l||ud. 0rr|a r||| |rad||a sur|(|a||| , ). l0 11z;
z. - . zo8zo
. 0r lu|e X. (|a||. Xl. ). Trars|a|ed oy A. booer|sor. NlNl zz z; z
, . - . |8;o
. 3c|o||a |r |a|||aeur. l0 . - . z;1o|18
Augus||re. 0e corsersu Fvarge||s|arur ||or| lv. Fd||ed oy lrarc|s we||r|c|.
C3Fl
|( ). 1o|
. 0e serrore 0or|r| |r ror|e ||or| ll. Fd||ed oy A|ru| |u|zeroec|er. CC3l
( ). 1o;
. T| e larrory ol ||e 0ospe|s. Trars|a|ed oy w. l|rd|ey ard l. 3c|all .
NlNl1
, . o
- ;;zo.
. 0ur lord's 3error or ||e |our|. Trars|a|ed oy w. l|rd|ey ard l. 3c|all .
NlNl1
,
o. - . Trars|a|ed oy J. Jepsor. ACw ( ). Trars|a|ed oy 0. J. Kavarag| 1;o 1|8
laC| ( ). 1111
. uaes||ores Fvarge||orur ||or| ll. Fd||ed oy A|ru| |u|zeroerger. CC3l 8. ||
- ;118( ). 18o
. uaes||orur sep|erdec|r |r Fvarge||ur securdur |a|||aeur ||oer l.
Fd||ed oy
A|ru| |u|zeroec|er. CC3l 8. - ( ). ||11|o18o
. 3errors - or ||e NT, |r T| e wor|s ol 3a|r| Augus||re. A Trars|a||or lor 1|
||e s| Cer|ury . . Fd||ed oy Jo|r F. bo|e||e. Trars|a|ed oy Fdrurd l|||. z1
8roo||yr, N. NeW C||y lress, . 11
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| 0ospe|s ard Ac|s | |
C|rora||us ol Aqu||e|a. Trac|a|us |r |a|||aeur. Fd||ed oy b. F|a|x ard J.
lerar|e.
CC3l A. - ( ). 18|81;|
. Trac|a|us Xvll |r Fvarge||ur |a|||ae|. Fd||ed oy Arse|r los|e. CC3l
. - ( ). 8||z1;
lor|ura||arus ol Aqu||e|a. Correr|ar|| |r evarge||a(lragrer|s). Fd||ed oy Ardre
w||rar| ard 8err|ard 8|sc|oll. CC3l . - ( ). o;o1;
0regory ||e 0rea|. Fvarge||er|or|||er. Fd||ed ard |rars|a|ed oy |. l|edroW|cz.
zvo|s. lor|C|r . - ( - ). z81z1;8
. lor|||ae |r Fvarge||a.Fd||ed oy b. F|a|x. CC3l ( ). 1|11
. lor|||ae Xl |r Fvarge||a. ll . - . ;o1o;11z
. lor|y 0ospe| lor|||es. Trars|a|ed oy 0av|d lurs|. 3percer, |A. C|s|erc|ar,
. 1o
l||ary ol lo|||ers. 3ur |a||||eu. Fd||ed ard |rars|a|ed oy Jear 0o|gror. 3C , z|
z8
( , ). 1;81;
l|ppo|y|us. lr |a|||aeur(lragrer|s), |r l|ppo|y|us wer|e . . Fd||ed oy lars 1z
Ac|e||s. 0C3 . 1
Jerore. Correr|ar|| |r evarge||ur |a|||ae|. Fd||ed oy 0av|d lurs| ard |arc
Adr|aer. CC3l ( ). ;;1o
Jo|r C|rysos|or. T| e lor|||es ol 3. Jo|r C|rysos|or, Arc|o|s|op ol
Cors|ar||rop|e,
or ||e 0ospe| ol 3|. |a|||eW.Trars|a|ed oy 0. lrevos|. lol , , ( - ). 111|18|1
. lor|||es or 3|. |a|||eW. Trars|a|ed oy 3. 0. lrevos|. bev|sed oy |. 8.
b|dd|e.
NlNl1
, . 1o
. lr |a|||aeur |or|||ae - . l0 . - . l0 . - . 1o ;1|;z 8|;1;|
lseudo-C|rysos|or. 0pus |rperlec|ur |r |a|||aeur. l0 . - . oo11|o
|a|||aus-Korrer|are aus der gr|ec||sc|er K|rc|e. Fd||ed oy Josep| beuss. Tu
o1
( ). Cor|a|rs ||e lo||oW|rg. 1;
Apo|||rar|s ol laod|cea. lr |a||aeur(lragrer|s) - . 1|
Cyr|| ol A|exardr|a. lr |a||aeur(lragrer|s) - . 1zo
l|o||us ol Cors|ar||rop|e. lr |a||aeur(lragrer|s) - . z;o;
T| eodore ol lerac|ea. lr |a||aeur(lragrer|s) - .
T| eodore ol |opsues||a. lr |a||aeur(lragrer|s) - . o1
T|eop|||us ol A|exardr|a. lr |a||aeur(lragrer|s) - . 111z
0r|ger. Correr|a|re sur | evarg||e se|or |a||||eu l. Trars|a|ed oy booer| 0|rod.
3C
1oz( ). 1;o
. Correr|ary or |a|||eW. Trars|a|ed oy J. la|r|c|. ANl . - . 1o|o1z
. lor|||ae v||| |r |a|||aeur. ll . - , - . ll3 . - . ll 11ozo;1181zoo |8z8
|. - . |111
205
. lor|||ae v-v|||, |r |a|||aeur, |r 0r|geres wer|e Xl. 0r|geres
|a||auser||arurg
z, 0|e |a|e|r|sc|e uoerse|zurg der Correr|ar|orur 3er|es. l|rs| ed|||or oy Fr|c|
K|os|errarr ard Frrs| 8erz ( ). 3ecord ed|||or oy u. Treu. 0C3 ( ). 1 81;o
. 0r|geres wer|e X. 0r|geres |a|||auser||arurg . 0|e gr|ec||sc| er|a||er 1
Toro|.
Fd||ed oy Fr|c| K|os|errarr ard Frrs| 8erz. 0C3 ( - ). |o1;
olour la|r|s||c Fxeges|s ol ||e 8oo|s ol ||e 8|o|e
. 0r|geres wer|e Xl. 0r|geres |a|||auser||arurg . 0|e |a|e|r|sc|e z
uoerse|zurg
der Correr|ar|orur 3er|es. l|rs| ed|||or oy Fr|c| K|os|errarr ard Frrs| 8erz
( ). 3ecord ed|||or oy u. Treu. 0C3 ( ). 1 81;o
. 0r|geres wer|e Xll, . 0r|geres |a|||auser||arurg . lragrer|e urd lrd|ces. 1
Fd||ed oy Fr|c| K|os|errarr ard Frrs| 8erz. 0C3 . ( ). |111|1
lseudo-le|er ol laod|cea. 0es le|rus vor laod|cea Fr||arurg des
|a|||aus evarge||urs. 8e||ragage zur 0esc||c||e urd Fr||arurg des Neuer
Tes|arer|es . Fd||ed oy C. l. 0eorg le|rr|c|. le|pz|g. 0urr, . 1o8
lseudo-T| eop|||us. Correr|ar|| s|ve a|egor|ae |r qua||uor evarge||a. ll
. - . 1z81z
lor spec|l|c ||s||rgs ol serrors ard |or|||es, see l. J. 3|eoer,
K|rc|erva|er|or|||er
zur Neuer Tes|arer|, - . 1o
lor ||s||rgs ol ca|erae or |a|||eW see C|av|s la|rur 0raecorur, . C. - . | 11o118
|ar|
Augus||re. 3errors (lror ||e 0ospe| ol |ar|). ll3 . - . ll . - , z|z|z; 8811
- 11o|
o;, - , - . 111z111zo
. 3errors(lror ||e 0ospe| ol |ar|). Trars|a|ed oy b. 0. |ac|u||er. Fd||ed
oy
l||||p 3c|all. NlNl1
, . - . o|oo1
. 3errors A- A or ||e r|, |r T| e wor|s ol 3a|r| Augus||re. A Trars|a||or | 1|;
lor
||e s| Cer|ury . . Trars|a|ed oy F. l|||. 8roo||yr, N... NeW C||y lress, . z1 | 1z
- z|.
Jerore (lseudo-C|rysos|or). Trac|a|us |r |arc| Fvarge||ur. Fd||ed oy 0. 0. 1o
|or|r. CC3l . - . ;8||oo
. lor|||es or ||e 0ospe| ol |ar|, |r T| e lor|||es ol 3|. Jerore. Trars|a|ed oy
|. l.
FWa|d. laC| . - . ;1z1z
lseudo-Jerore. Fxpos|||o Fvarge||| securdur |ar|ur.Fd||ed oy |. Ca||||.
CC3l
8z( ). 1;
. T| e l|rs| Correr|ary or |ar|. Ar Arro|a|ed Trars|a||or. Trars|a|ed oy
|. Ca||||. NeW or|. 0xlord ur|vers||y lress, . 18
. Correr|ar|us |r euarge||ur securdur |arcur. ll . - . o8o||
Jo|r C|rysos|or. 3errors(lror ||e 0ospe| ol |ar|). l0 . - . l0 11|o
8. - , - . oo1o;;o;
le|er C|ryso|ogus. 3errors(lror ||e 0ospe| ol |ar|). Fd||ed oy A|exardre
0||var. CC3l . - , - , - , - , - , - , - , z|1oz1zzz;1o;;z18z818oozoo1ozo;
- z8|1( ). CC3l A. - , - , - ( ). CC3l 8. 1; z| oo111oo1;1181 z|
- 1o|o|, - , - , - ( ). 1o|81oooo|1oo8;z18z
. 3errors(lror ||e 0ospe| ol |ar|). Trars|a|ed oy 0. F. 0arss. laC| . - 1;;
, 8o
- 1;, - ( ). z;o8z1
T| eodore ol |opsues||a. lragrer|a |r |arcur. l0 . - . oo;11o
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| 0ospe|s ard Ac|s 1 1
lseudo-T| eop|||us. A||egor|ae |r euarge||ur securdur |arcur. ll3 . - 1o8
. 1z
lor se|ec|ed por||ors ol pa|r|s||c correr|ar|es or |ar| see T| oras C. 0der
ard
C|r|s|op|er A. la||, eds. |ar|. Arc|er| C|r|s||ar Correr|ary or 3cr|p|ure,
r| . 0oWrers 0rove. lvl, . z 18
lor spec|l|c ||s||rgs ol serrors ard |or|||es, see l. J. 3|eoer,
K|rc|erva|er|or|||er
zur Neuer Tes|arer|, - . o;1
lor ||s||rgs ol ca|eraeor |ar| see C|av|s la|rur 0raecorur, . C. - . | 1z1z;
lu|e
Arorose. Fxpos|||o Fvarge||| securdur lucar. Fd||ed oy |arc Adr|aer.
CC3l 1|
( ). 1;
. Fxpos|||o Fvarge||| securdur lucar, |r 3ar|' Arorog|o, 0pere
esege||c|e . . 111
Fd||ed oy 0|ovarr| Coppa. |||ar, . 1;8
206
A||aras|us ol A|exardr|a. 3c|o||a |r lucar. l0 . - . z;1z1|o|
Augus||re. ues||ores Fvarge||orur ||or| ll. Fd||ed oy A|ru| |u|zeroerger.
CC3l
||8. - ( ). ;11818o
. 3errors A- or ||e r|, |r T| e wor|s ol 3a|r| Augus||re. A Trars|a||or ; 11o
lor
||e s| Cer|ury . . Trars|a|ed oy F. l|||. 8roo||yr, N... NeW C||y lress, , z1 | 1z
- |ozo8.
Cyr|| ol A|exardr|a. Corer|ar|| |r lucar (|or|||es , , , ard sc|o||a|r |1
ca|erae).
l0 . - . l0 . - , - . ;z|;oo ;;1oo1o1o|o|
. A Correr|ary upor ||e 0ospe| Accord|rg |o 3|. lu|e oy 3|. Cyr||, la|r|arc|
ol
A|exardr|a. vo|s. Trars|a|ed oy b. l. 3r|||. 0xlord. 0xlord ur|vers||y lress, z
18, repr. As|or|a, N... 3|ud|or, . 18
. 3. Cyr|||. A|exardr|ae arc||ep|scop| Correr|ar|| |r lucae evarge||ur quae
supersur| syr|ace e raruscr|p||s apud |useur 8r||arr|cur. Fd||ed oy booer|
layre 3r|||. 0xlord. Typograp|eo Acader|co, . 188
. 3. Cyr|||| A|exardr|r| correr|ar|| |r lucar l. Fd||ed oy J. 8. C|aoo|.
C3C0 , ;o
3cr|p|ores 3yr| ( ). z;11z
0|orys|us ol A|exardr|a. Fxege||ca| lragrer|s or ||e 0ospe| Accord|rg |o lu|e.
Trars|a|ed oy 3. 0. l. 3a|rord. ANl . - . o11|zo
. lragrer|a |r lucar. lr T| e le||ers ard o||er bera|rs ol 0|orys|us ol
A|exardr|a. Fd||ed oy C|ar|es l. le||oe. Caror|dge. Caror|dge ur|vers||y
lress, , - . 1o|z1zo
Fuseo|us ol Caesarea. 3c|o||a |r lucar. l0 . - . z|zooo
lu|as-Korrer|are aus der gr|ec||sc|er K|rc|e. Fd||ed oy Josep| beuss. Tu
1o
( ). lrc|udes. 18|
Apo|||rar|s ol laod|cea. lragrer|a |r lucar, - . 1o
Cyr|| ol A|exardr|a. Corer|ar|| |r lucar, - . |z;
T| eodore ol |opsues||a. lragrer|a |r lucar, - . 1z1|
zlour la|r|s||c Fxeges|s ol ||e 8oo|s ol ||e 8|o|e
0r|ger. Correr|ar|| |r lucar(lragrer|s). lr 0r|gre. lore||es sur 3. luc,
Fd||ed
ard |rars|a|ed oy lerr| Crouze|, lrarco|s lourr|er, l|erre ler|c|or. 3C 8;
( ). - . 1oz|o||;
. Correr|ar|| |r lucar(lragrer|s), |r 0r|geres wer|e lX. 0|e lor|||er zu
lu|as |r der uoerse|zurg des l|erorrus urd d|e gr|ec||sc|er bes|e der
lor|||er
urd des lu|asKorrer|ars. rd ed. Fd||ed oy |ax bauer. 0C3 ( ). z |1
- zz;o.
. lor|||es or lu|e. Trars|a|ed oy J. T. l|er|ard. laC| ( ). |1o
. lor|||er zur lu|as-evarge||ur, vo|s. Fd||ed ard |rars|a|ed oy l.-J. z
3|eoer.
lor|C|r . - ( - ). |1z11z
. lr lucar |or|||ae xxx|x, |r 0r|gre. lore||es sur 3. luc. Fd||ed ard
|rars|a|ed oy lerr| Crouze|, lrarco|s lourr|er, ard l|erre ler|c|or. 3C 8;
( ). 1oz
- |.
. lr lucar |or|||ae xxx|x, |r 0r|geres wer|e lX. 0|e lor|||er zu lu|as |r der
uoerse|zurg des l|eroryrus urd d|e gr|ec||sc|er bes|e der lor|||er urd des
lu|asKorrer|ars. rd ed. Fd||ed oy |ax bauer. 0C3 ( ). - . z |1zzz
T| eodore ol |opsues||a. lragrer|a |r lucar. l0 . - . oo;1oz8
T||us ol 8os|ra. Correr|ar|| |r lucar(lragrer|s), |r T||us vor 8os|ra. 3|ud|er zu
desser lu|as|or|||er. Fd||ed oy Josep| 3|c|eroerger. Tu . ( ). - z111o11|
. z|
lor spec|l|c ||s||rgs ol serrors ard |or|||es, see l. J. 3|eoer,
K|rc|erva|er|or|||er
zur Neuer Tes|arer|, - . o18o
lor ||s||rgs ol ca|eraeor lu|e see C|av|s la|rur 0raecorur, . C. - . | 1o18
Ac|s
Ara|or. Ara|or's 0e ac||ous Apos|o|orur. Fd||ed ard |rars|a|ed oy J. l. booer|s lll,
J. l. |a|oWs||, ard b. J. 3c|rader. A||ar|a. 3c|o|ars, . 188
Jo|r C|rysos|or. 0e ru|a||ore ror|rur, |or|||ae - . l0 . - . 1| 111o
. T| e lor|||es ol 3. Jo|r C|rysos|or. Arc|o|s|op ol Cors|ar||rop|e or ||e
Ac|s ol
||e Apos||es. Trars|a|ed oy J. wa||er ard T. 3|eppard. lol , ( - ). 181z
. lor|||es or ||e Ac|s ol ||e Apos||es. Trars|a|ed oy J. wa||er, J. 3|eppard,
ard
l. 8roWre. bev|sed oy 0. 8. 3|evers. NlNl1
, . - . 111z8
. lr Ac|a apos|o|orur |or|||ae - . l0 . - . 1 oo18|
207
. lr pr|rc|p|ur Ac|orur, |or|||ae - . l0 . - . 1| 1o11z
lor spec|l|c ||s||rgs ol serrors ard |or|||es, see l. J. 3|eoer,
K|rc|erva|er|or|||er
zur Neuer Tes|arer|, - . 1o
lor ||s||rgs ol ca|erae or Ac|s see C|av|s la|rur 0raecorur, . C. - . | 1o1
Jo|r
Augus||re. lor|||es or ||e 0ospe| Accord|rg |o 3|. Jo|r ard l|s l|rs| Fp|s||e.
Trars|a|ed oy l. 8roWre. lol , ( - ). zoz1|8|
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| 0ospe|s ard Ac|s
. lr Jo|arr|s evarge||ur |rac|a|us CXXlv. rd ed. Fd||ed oy badoodus z
w|||ers.
CC3l ( ). o1o
. lec|ures or Trac|a|es or ||e 0ospe| ol Jo|r.Trars|a|ed oy J. 0|oo ard J.
lrres.
NlNl1
, . - . ;;|z
. Trac|a|es or ||e 0ospe| ol Jo|r.Trars|a|ed oy J.w. be|||g. laC| , , , ;8;88
, oz
( - ). 1881
Cyr|| ol A|exardr|a. Correr|ar|| |r Jo|arrer. l0 . - . l0 . - . ;1oo ;|;o
. (or lseudo-Cyr||). Correr|ar|| |r Jo|arrer(lragrer|s). lr
Jo|arresKorrer|are aus der gr|ec||sc|er K|rc|e. Fd||ed oy Josep| beuss.
Tu ( ) 81oo
- 188.
. Correr|ary or ||e 0ospe| Accord|rg |o Jo|r. vo|s. Trars|a|ed oy l||||p z
F. lusey ard T|oras barde||. lol , ( , ). ||818z18
. 3arc|| pa|r|s ros|r| Cyr|||| arc|. A|exardr|r| |r d. Joarr|s evarge||ur. vo|s.
Fd||ed oy l||||p F. lusey. 0xlord. C|arerdor, . 18;z
0|dyrus ol A|exardr|a. Korrer|ar zur Jo|arres-Fvarge||ur Kap. , - . o
Fd||ed
oy 8aroe| Krarer. lTA . - ( ). |81o18
Jo|arres-Korrer|are aus der gr|ec||sc|er K|rc|e. Fd||ed oy Josep| beuss.
Tu 8
( ). 1oo
Jo|r C|rysos|or. lor|||ae |r Joarrer. l0 . - . z|8z
. T| e lor|||es ol 3. Jo|r C|rysos|or, Arc|o|s|op ol Cors|ar||rop|e, or ||e
0ospe|
ol 3|. Jo|r. Trars|a|ed oy 0. T. 3|upar|. lol , ( - ). z8o18|zz
. lor|||es or ||e 0ospe| ol 3|. Jo|r.Trars|a|ed oy C|ar|es |arr|o||. Arro|a|ed
oy
l||||p 3c|all. NlNl1
, . - . 1|1|
. lor|||es or ||e 0ospe| ol Jo|r.Trars|a|ed oy T. A. 0ogg|r. laC|, , |1
( - ). 1;1oo
0r|ger. Correr|ar|| |r Jo|arrer. lr 0r|geres wer|e lv. 0er
Jo|arres|orrer|ar.
Fd||ed oy FrW|r lreusc|er. 0C3 . - . 1o|8o
. Correr|a|re sur sa|r| Jear. Fd||ed ard |rars|a|ed oy Cec||e 8|arc. 3C , 1zo
, 1;
zzz, ( , , , ). zo1oo1;o1;18z
. Correr|ary or ||e 0ospe| Accord|rg |o Jo|r. Trars|a|ed oy b. F. le|re.
laC|
8o, ( , ). 8181
. Correr|ary or ||e 0ospe| ol Jo|r.Trars|a|ed oy A||ar |erz|es. ANl
1o. - . z;|o8
T| eodore ol |opsues||a.T| eodor| |opsues|er| correr|ar|us |r evarge||ur
Jo|arr|s Apos|o||. Fd||ed oy J. |. vos|e. C3C0 , ( ). 3yr|ac W||| 1111o1|o
la||r |rars|a||or.
. Correr|ar|| |r Jo|arrer(lragrer|s). lr booer| 0evreesse, Fssa| sur
T|eodore
de |opsues|e. 3|ud| e Tes|| . va||car C||y. 8|o||o|eca Apos|o||ca va||cara, 1|1
1|8, - . o|1
lor spec|l|c ||s||rgs ol serrors ard |or|||es, see l. J. 3|eoer,
K|rc|erva|er|or|||er
zur Neuer Tes|arer|, - . 8;1z
lor ||s||rgs olca|eraeor Jo|r see C|av|s la|rur 0raecorur, . C. - . | 1|o1|8
|lour la|r|s||c Fxeges|s ol ||e 8oo|s ol ||e 8|o|e
X
lAullNF Fll3TlF3 AN0 lF8bFw3
lr order |o |rea| adequa|e|y ||e ques||or ol ||e pa|r|s||c recep||or ard
|r|erpre|a||or ol lau| || |s recessary |o reca|| ||e c|arge |r ||e s|a|e ol ||e
ques||or W||c| |as occurred dur|rg ||e |as| leW decades.
As lrolessor w||||ar 8aococ| |as Wr|||er |r ||s lr|roduc||or |o lau|
ard ||e legac|es ol lau| (0a||as. 3ou||err |e||od|s| ur|vers||y lress, ), 1o
208
W||c| co||ec|ed ||e papers preser|ed a| ar |r|erra||ora| researc| corlererce,
|e|d |r 0a||as, ). `0ver ||e pas| cer|ury ard a |a|l, espec|a||y arorg 18;
lro|es|ar| sc|o|ars, assessrer|s ol lau|'s p|ace ard |egacy |r ||e ear|y ||s|ory
ol C|r|s||ar||y |ave |erded |o la|| |r|o a d|s|ress|rg|y s|ereo|yped pa||err'
(p. x|||). Accord|rg |o 8aococ| |||s `pa||err |rc|udes a| |eas| lour e|erer|s'
||a| car oe surrar|zed as lo||oWs.
1. `T| a| lau|'s ||eo|ogy exerc|sed ||s grea|es| appea|ard care c|oses|
|o oe|rg r|g|||y urders|oodarorg vers|ors ol C|r|s||ar||y ||a| Wou|d
|urr ou| |o oe rarg|ra| or |ere||ca| oy ||e s|ardards ol W|a| Wou|d oecore
||e dor|rar| |rad|||or.'
z. T| a| `||e |rad|||ors ||a| d|d u|||ra|e|y g|ve C|r|s||ar||y ||s erdur|rg
s|ape e|||er |grored or r|scors|rued lau|. . . .'
. T| a| `or|y W||| Augus||re, |r ||e la||r wes| ard a| ||e |urr lror ||e
lour|| |o ||e l|l|| cer|ury, d|d ||ere ererge sore|||rg |||e a recovery ol ||e
geru|re cer|ra| ro||ls |r lau||re ||oug|| ard |r par||cu|ar, a |rue serse lor
||e grea| lau||re ||ere ol jus||l|ca||or oy grace ard la|||. . . .'
|. T| a| `||e 0ree| C|r|s||ar |rad|||or rever d|doelore or al| er Augus||re
ac||eve ar ap| apprec|a||or ol lau|. . . .'
T| e cover copy |rd|ca|es ||a| `lau| ard ||e legac|es ol lau| preser|s a
ser|es ol s|ud|es ||a| pa|r| a very d|llerer|, ard rore corp|ex p|c|ure'a
p|c|ure corl|rred oy a W|o|e ser|es ol s|ud|es c||ed |r ||e o|o||ograp||es
g|ver oe|oW. `T| ey sugges| ||a| lau| Was oy ro rears a reg||g|o|e or rarg|ra|
l|gure |r W|a| Wou|d oecore 'or||odox' C|r|s||ar||y, ||a| ||e 'or||odox' read|rg ol
lau| Was ro rere dores||ca||or ol ||s ||oug||, ard ||a| lau| cer|a|r|y
|ad a lorra||ve s|gr|l|carce lor 0ree| as We|| as lor la||r C|r|s||ar||y.'
T| e recep||or ard |r|erpre|a||or ol ||e lau||re |e||ers oeg|rs W||||r ||e
r| ||se|l. T| e so-ca||ed 0eu|ero-lau||re |e||ers (accord|rg |o ros| exege|es,
zT| essa|or|ars, Co|oss|ars [?|, Fp|es|ars, ard ||e las|ora|s), W||c| Were, ol
course, cors|dered urques||orao|y lau||re oy ||e la||ers, are |ere arorg
||e l|rs| exarp|es (see ||e|r |rea|rer| |r ||e preser| correr|ary oe|oW).
Arorg ||e Apos|o||c la||ers ||e |e||er ol C|erer| |o ||e Cor|r|||ars,
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| ||e |e||ers ol lgra||us, ard ||e |e||er
ol lo|ycarp |o ||e l||||pp|ars rel|ec|
||e |rl|uerce ol ||e lau||re |e||ers. 3urpr|s|rg |s ||e aoserce ol ||e use
ol ||e lau||re |e||ers |r ros| ol ||e Apo|og|s|s. (T| e le||er |o 0|ogre|us|s ar
|rpor|ar| excep||or.) T| e lo||oW|rg passage lror ||a| |e||er (W||| severa|
o||ers) urdouo|ed|y s|oWs ||e |rl|uerce ol lau|, espec|a||y ||e |e||er |o ||e
borars.
le ||rse|l gave up ||s oWr 3or as a rarsor lor us||e |o|y ore lor
||e urjus|, ||e |rrocer| lor ||e gu|||y, ||e r|g||eous ore lor ||e urr|g||eous, ||e
|rcorrup||o|e lor ||e corrup||o|e, ||e |rror|a| lor ||e ror|a|. lor W|a| e|se cou|d
|ave covered our s|rs excep| ||s r|g||eousress?
lr W|or cou|d We, |aW|ess ard |rp|ous as We Were, oe rade r|g||eous
excep| |r ||e 3or ol 0od a|ore? 0 sWee|es| exc|arge! 0 urla||orao|e Wor| ol
0od! 0 o|ess|rgs oeyord a|| expec|a||or! T| e s|rlu|ress
ol rary |s ||dder |r ||e b|g||eous 0re, W|||e ||e r|g||eousress ol
||e 0re jus||l|es ||e rary W|o are s|rrers. (0|ogr. . - , |rars|a|ed z
oy F. b. la|rWea||er |r Far|y C|r|s||ar la||ers, lCC , ed||ed oy C. C. 1
b|c|ardsor [(l|||ade|p||a. wes|r|rs|er, |, - .) 1zzoz1
0l course severa| ol ||e gros||c Wr||ers appea|ed a|so |o lau|. |arc|or |r|ed
|o suppor| ||s rejec||or ol ||e o| ard ||s oppos|rg |o ||s crea|or `0od,' ||e
good 0od ol Jesus C|r|s|, or a co||ec||or ol (ol|er dras||ca||y ru|||a|ed)
lau||re Fp|s||es.
lor lreraeus ard Ter|u|||ar ||e lau||re corpus lorrs ar |r|egra| par|
ol ||e r| (suos|ar||a||y as We |roW ||). l| Was espec|a||y lreraeus W|o |r ||s
Aga|rs| leres|es |r|egra|ed ||e |r|erpre|a||or ol prac||ca||y ||e W|o|e lau||re
corpus (|oge||er W||| ||e o||er r| Wr|||rgs) |r|o ||s oWr ar||-gros||c ard
ar||-|arc|or||e ||eo|ogy (cl. b. Norr|s, `lreraeus's use ol lau| |r l|s lo|er|c
Aga|rs| ||e gros||cs,' |r lau| ard ||e legac|es ol lau|, - ). ;8
lror ||e |||rd cer|ury or We |ave a cors|derao|e ruroer ol exp||c||
correr|ar|es or lau||re ep|s||es (`lror Jerore We |roW ol sore 0ree| zo
correr|ar|es ded|ca|ed |o var|ous lau||re ep|s||es . . . ||e rajor||y ol ||er
ur|roWr |o us . . .' [Arge|o 0| 8erard|ro, ed., Frcyc|oped|a ol ||e Far|y C|urc|,
s.v. `lau| lll. Correr|ar|es or ||e lau||re Fp|s||es,' oy |. 0. |ara|). lr
W|a| lo||oWs or|y ||ose correr|ar|es ard |or|||es W||| oe rer||ored ||a|
|ave oeer preserved er||re or lror W||c| We |ave suos|ar||a| lragrer|s.
(lor de|a||ed accour|s ard ed|||ors ol ||e lragrer|s see ||e o|o||ograp|y
or ||e pa|r|s||c exeges|s ol lau|.)
0r|ger seers |o |ave oeer ||e l|rs| |o correr| or a|| ||e lau||re
ep|s||es, a|||oug| excep| lor ||s correr|ary or borars (|r bul|rus's la||r
|rars|a||or, ard par||y |r 0ree|) or|y lragrer|s |ave oeer preserved. Jo|r
C|rysos|or |el|us a corp|e|e ser|es ol |or|||es or a|| ||e lau||re ep|s||es
lau||re Fp|s||es ard leoreWs
olour la|r|s||c Fxeges|s ol ||e 8oo|s ol ||e 8|o|e
209
ard a correr|ary or 0a|a||ars, lor|ura|e|y a|| preserved. lror T| eodore ol
|opsues||a's correr|ar|es or|y ||ose or ||e `r|ror' lau||re ep|s||es (||a|
|s, lror 0a|a||ars |o l|||eror |r ||e caror|ca| order) are ex|ar| |r|egra||y
|r ar ear|y la||r |rars|a||or, ||oug| We |ave rurerous lragrer|s ol ||e
0ree| or|g|ra|. T| eodore|'s or|el, ou| sys|era||c, correr|ar|es or a|| ||e
lau||re ep|s||es are preserved |r ||e or|g|ra| 0ree|.
lror arorg ||e 0ree| Wr||ers ol ||e |a|er pa|r|s||c or 8yzar||re per|od
We |ave correr|ar|es or lragrer|s ol correr|ar|es, lor exarp|e, oy Jo|r
ol 0arascus, l|o||us ol Cors|ar||rop|e, 0ecurer|us ol Tr|cca ( || c.), 1o
T| eop|y|ac|us ( || c.), ard Fu||yr|us Z|gaoerus (ear|y || c.). 11 1z
T|e l|rs| la||r pa|r|s||c au||or W|o correr|ed or ||e lau||re ep|s||es
|s |ar|us v|c|or|rus. we |ave or|y par|s ol ||s correr|ar|es or 0a|a||ars,
Fp|es|ars, ard l||||pp|ars. T| e Wr||er ca||ed `Aroros|as|er' (ar ur|roWr
au||or ol ||e lour|| cer|ury W|ose Wor|s |ave oeer la|se|y a||r|ou|ed |o
Arorose) |as |el|us suos|ar||a| correr|ar|es or a|| ||e lau||re ep|s||es.
lror Jerore We |ave correr|ar|es or l||||pp|ars, 0a|a||ars, Fp|es|ars,
ard T||us. le|ag|us, W|ose correr|ar|es ar|eda|e ||s cor|rovers|es W|||
Augus||re, correr|ed or|el|y or |||r|eer ol ||e lau||re |e||ers.
lror Augus||re We |ave a correr|ary or 0a|a||ars ard severa| |rcorp|e|e
|rea|rer|s ol borars, oo|| oelore ard al|er ||s c|as| W||| le|ag|us.
Cass|odorus ard ||s sc|oo| |el|us or||odox re-Wor||rgs ol ||e correr|ar|es ol
le|ag|us.
lr ||e 3yr|ar C|urc|, Fp|rer (or lseudo-Fp|rer) correr|ed or a||
||e lau||re ep|s||es. T| ey |ave oeer preserved |r Arrer|ar, ard |rd|rec||y
|r la||r.
3ore ol ||e rajor red|eva| au||ors W|o correr|ed or ||e lau||re
ep|s||es Were lug| ol 3|. v|c|or, le|er loroard, T| oras Aqu|ras, ard
0|orys|us ||e Car||us|ar.
lror arorg ||e lro|es|ar| belorrers lu||er's correr|ar|es or
borars ard 0a|a||ars |ave oeer lourda||ora| lor ||s ||eo|ogy ol jus||l|ca||or ard
|rrerse|y |rl|uer||a|. Ca|v|r puo||s|ed correr|ar|es or a|| ||e
lau||re ep|s||es (3|rassoourg, ). Ca||o||c correr|a|ors ol ||e s|x|eer|| 1
ard ear|y sever|eer|| cer|ur|es |rc|ude Caje|ar (T| oras de v|o), W|ose
correr|ary or ||e lau||re ep|s||es Was puo||s|ed |r bore |r , ard 1z
Corre||us de lap|de (Ar|Werper, ). 1o1|
0ue |o ||e spec|a| |r|eres| ard aourdarce ol recer| researc| or ||e
pa|r|s||c |r|erpre|a||or ol lau|, as We|| as ||e |rrers||y ol ||e |as| ol a||erp||rg
|o surrar|ze ||e lea|ures ol ||a| |r|erpre|a||or, a secordary o|o||ograp|y |s oll
ered |o ||e reader. A|so |rc|uded |s a o|o||ograp|y |rlorr|rg
||e reader or ||e p|ace ol leoreWs |r ||e ear|y C|urc|.
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| 8|o||ograp|y ;
lor lau||re Fp|s||es ard leoreWs
3ecordary sources
3e|ec|ed 3|ud|es
or la|r|s||c Fxeges|s ol ||e lau||re Fp|s||es
8aococ|, w. 3., ed.lau| ard ||e legac|es ol lau|.0a||as, Tex.. 3ou||err
|e||od|s|
ur|vers||y lress, . lapers ol ar |r|erra||ora| corlererce or lau| |r ||e 1o
ear|y C|urc| (|rc|ud|rg Augus||re).
Cocc||r|, lrarcesca.l| lao|o d| 0r|gere. Cor|r|ou|o a||a s|or|a de||a recez|ore
de||e
ep|s|o|e pao||re re| lll seco|o. veroa 3er|orur r.s. . bore. 3|ud|ur, . 11 1z
lrc|udes a r|c| o|o||ograp|y, - . 1;zo8
0assrarr, Frrs|. 0er 3|ac|e| |r l|e|sc|. lau|us |r der lru|c|r|s|||c|er l||era|ur
o|s
lreraus. |urs|er. Asc|erdorll, . 1;
0| 8erard|ro, Arge|o, ed. Frcyc|oped|a ol ||e Far|y C|urc|. 3.v. `lau| ll.
lau||r|sr,'
oy Frrs| 0assrarr.
. Frcyc|oped|a ol ||e Far|y C|urc|. 3.v. `lau| lll. Correr|ar|es or ||e lau||re
Fp|s||es,' oy |. 0. |ara.
l|rderarr, Ardreas. lau|us |r a||es|er C|r|s|er|ur. 0as 8||d des Apos|e|s urd
d|e bezep||or der pau||r|sc|er T| eo|og|e |r der lru|c|r|s|||c|er l||era|ur o|s
|arc|or. 8lT| . Tuo|rger. J. C. 8. |o|r (lau| 3|eoec|), . 8 1;
w|c|er|, u|r|c|. 3|ud|er zu der lau|us|orrer|arer T| eodors vor |opsues||a.
8er||r. A. Tope|rarr, . 1oz
w||es, |. l. T| e 0|v|re Apos||e. T| e lr|erpre|a||or ol 3|. lau|'s Fp|s||es |r ||e
Far|y
C|urc|.Caror|dge. Caror|dge. ur|vers||y lress, . 1o;
3e|ec|ed 8|o||ograp|y
lor borars ard leoreWs
borars
210
l||zryer, Josep| A. borars. A NeW Trars|a||or W||| lr|roduc||or ard
Correr|ary.
NeW or|. 0ouo|eday, . Cor|a|rs ||e ros| ex|ers|ve ard up-|o-da|e 1
o|o||ograp|y or pa|r|s||c correr|ar|es ard regu|ar|y relers |o ||e|r |r|erpre|a||ors
ol ||e |ex|.
3c|e|||e, Kar| lerrarr. lau|us le|rer der va|er. 0|e a||||rc|||c|e Aus|egurg vor
borer - . rd ed. 0usse|dorl. la|ros, . 0e|a||ed |rea|rer| ol ||e 111z 1
exeges|s ol ||e ep|s||e oy ||e W|o|e pa|r|s||c |rad|||or. va|uao|e surrary ol
pa|r|s||c
exeges|s ol borars, - . |1||1
lau||re Fp|s||es ard leoreWs ;
8lour la|r|s||c Fxeges|s ol ||e 8oo|s ol ||e 8|o|e
leoreWs
0reer, boWar A. T| e Cap|a|r ol our 3a|va||or. A 3|udy |r ||e la|r|s||c Fxeges|s
ol leoreWs.808F . Tuo|rger. J. C. 8. |o|r (lau| 3|eoec|), . T||s |s 1 1;
a suos|ar||a| ard oa|arced s|udy, ro| ||r||ed |o ||e correr|ar|es. A or|el
`Corc|us|or' (pp. - ) g|ves a surrary c|arac|er|za||or ol ||e pa|r|s||c o
exeges|s ol leoreWs.
lr|rary sources
Fx|ers|ve lr|erpre|a||or or lau||re Fp|s||es
Aroros|as|er. Correr|ar|us |r x|| ep|s|u|as lau||ras. Fd||ed oy l. J. voge|s.
C3Fl
81. - ( - ). Correr|ar|es or a|| lau||re ep|s||es. 11ooo
Cass|odorus. Fxpos|||o 3. lau|| ep|s|u|ae ad boraros, ura cur corp|ex|or|ous
|r x||
sequer|es 3. lau|| ep|s|u|as a quodar Cass|odor| d|sc|pu|o aroryro
corc|rra||s.
ll . - . Fxpos|||ors or a|| lau||re ep|s||es. o8|1o8o
Jo|r C|rysos|or. lor|||es or ||e lau||re Fp|s||es. Trars|a|ed oy J. 8. |orr|s,
w. l. 3|rcox, ard rev|sed oy 0. 8. 3|evers (borars), T. w. C|aroers ( , 1z
Cor|r |||ars), 0xlord |rars|a||or rev|sed oy 0. A|exarder (0a|a||ars, Fp|es|ars),
J. A. 8roadus (l||||pp|ars, Co|oss|ars, T| essa|or|ars), l||||p 3c|all
(T|ro||y, T||us, l|||eror). NlNl1
, . - . . lor|||es or a|| lau||re 1181;
ep|s||es.
. Correr|ary or ||e Fp|s||e |o ||e 0a|a||ars ard lor|||es or ||e Fp|s||e |o ||e
Fp|es|ars ol 3. Jo|r C|rysos|or.Trars|a|ed oy w. J. Cope|ard e| a|. lol o
( ). 18|o
. T| e lor|||es ol 3. Jo|r C|rysos|or, Arc|o|s|op ol Cors|ar||rop|e, or ||e
l|rs|
Fp|s||e ol 3|. lau| |o ||e Cor|r|||ars. Trars|a|ed oy w. K. Corr|s| ard J. |ed|ey.
lol - ( ). |18
. T| e lor|||es ol 3. Jo|r C|rysos|or, Arc|o|s|op ol Cors|ar||rop|e, or ||e
3ecord
Fp|s||e ol 3|. lau| |o ||e Cor|r|||ars. Trars|a|ed oy J. As|Wor||. lol ( ). z;18|8
. T| e lor|||es ol 3. Jo|r C|rysos|or, Arc|o|s|op ol Cors|ar||rop|e, or ||e
Fp|s||es
ol 3|. lau| ||e Apos||e |o ||e borars. Trars|a|ed oy J. 8. |orr|s lol ( ). ;18|1
. T| e lor|||es ol 3. Jo|r C|rysos|or, Arc|o|s|op ol Cors|ar||rop|e, or ||e
Fp|s||e
ol 3|. lau| ||e Apos||e |o T|ro||y, T||us, ard l|||eror.Trars|a|ed oy J. TWeed.
lol ( ). 1z18|
. T| e lor|||es ol 3. Jo|r C|rysos|or, Arc|o|s|op ol Cors|ar||rop|e, or ||e
Fp|s||es ol 3|. lau| ||e Apos||e |o ||e l||||pp|ars, Co|oss|ars, ard T|essa|or|ars.
Trars|a|ed oy w. C. Co||or, J. As|Wor||, ard J. TWeed. lol ( ). 1|18|
. loarr|s C|rysos|or| |r|erpre|a||o orr|ur ep|s|u|arur lau||rarur. - . 1o
Fd||ed
oy lreder|c| l|e|d. 0xlord. Coroe, - . 18|oz
Jo|r 0arascere. Correr|ar|| |r ep|s|u|as lau||. l0 . - , - . ||1z;1o
Correr|ar|es or a|| lau||re ep|s||es.
lseudo-0ecurer|us. Ca|era ls.-0ecurer||. l0 . - . . 118o811z;;
Correr|ar|es
or a|| lau||re Fp|s||es.
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| lau|us|orrer|are aus der
gr|ec||sc|er K|rc|e. rd ed. Fd||ed oy Kar| 3|aao. NTA z
1. |urs|er|wes|la|er. Asc|erdorll, . T| |s Wor| cor|a|rs lragrer|s 18|
lror ||e Wr|||rgs ol 0|dyrus ol A|exardr|a, Fuseo|us ol Fresa, Acac|us ol
Caesarea, Apo|||rar|us, 0|odore, T| eodore ol |opsues||a, 3ever|ar ol 0aoa|a,
0errad|us ol Cors|ar||rop|e, 0ecurer|us, l|o||us, ard Are||as or ||e ep|s||es
ol lau|. lrc|udes.
0ecurer|us. Correr|ar|| |r lau|| ep|s|u|as, - . Correr|ar|es lror |z|o1
borars
||roug| T|ro||y (ro T||us or l|||eror). z
211
3ever|ar ol 0aoa|a. lragrer|a |r ep|s|u|as s. lau||, - . Fxpos|||ors or a|| z1|
||e
lau||re ep|s||es W||| ||e excep||or ol l|||eror.
T| eodore ol |opsues||a. lragrer|a |r ep|s|u|ar ad borarosard lragrer|a |r
ep|s|u|ar ad Cor|r|||os | e| ||, - . Cor|a|rs ||e lragrer|s or borars, 11zoo
1ard Cor|r|||ars. z
le|ag|us. Fxpos|||ores x||| ep|s|u|arur lau||. Fd||ed oy A|exarder 3ou|er. Ta3
. - 1z
( | ). ll3 . - . Fxpos|||ors or a|| ||e lau||re ep|s||es. 1zz1zo 11111;|
3ever|ar ol 0aoa|a. lragrer|a |r ep|s|u|as s. lau||. lr lau|us|orrer|are aus
der
gr|ec||sc|er K|rc|e, rd ed., ed. K. 3|aao, - . Fxpos|||ors or a|| ||e z z1|
lau||re ep|s||es W||| ||e excep||or ol l|||eror.
T| eodore ol |opsues||a.Correr|ar|| |r ep|s|u|as lau|| r|rores. lr T|eodor|
ep|scop| |opsues|er| |r ep|s|u|as 8. lau|| correr|ar|| - . Fd||ed oy l. 8. 1z
3We|e.
Caror|dge. ur|vers||y lress, , , repr|r| wes|read|larrooroug|, 188o188z
lar|s.. 0regg lr|erra||ora|, . Cor|a|rs correr|ar|es or 0a|a||ars 1o
||roug| l|||eror.
T|eodore|. lr|erpre|a||o |r x|| ep|s|u|as s. lau||. l0 . - . lr|erpre|a||ors ol 8z||8;;
a||
lau||re ep|s||es.
lor se|ec|ed por||ors ol pa|r|s||c correr|ar|es or 0a|a||ars, Fp|es|ars,
l||||pp|ars see |ar| J. FdWards, ed. 0a|a||ars, Fp|es|ars, l||||pp|ars. Arc|er|
C|r|s||ar Correr|ary or 3cr|p|ure, r| . 0oWrers 0rove. lvl, . 8 18
lor spec|l|c ||s||rgs ol serrors ard |or|||es, see l. J. 3|eoer,
K|rc|erva|er|or|||er
zur Neuer Tes|arer|, - . 1o1;
lor ||s||rgs ol ca|erae or ||e lau||re Fp|s||es see C|av|s la|rur 0raecorur, . |
C. - . 1oo1o8
lr|erpre|a||or ol lrd|v|dua| lau||re Fp|s||es ard leoreWs
borars
Augus||re. Augus||re or borars. lropos|||ors lror ||e Fp|s||e |o ||e borars
ard
url|r|s|ed Correr|ary or ||e Fp|s||e |o ||e borars. Fd||ed ard |rars|a|ed oy
lau|a lredr||ser lardes. C||co, Ca|.. 3c|o|ars lress, . 18z
. Fp|s|u|ae ad boraros |rc|oa|a expos|||o. Fd||ed oy Jo|arres 0|vja|.
C3Fl 8|
( ). - . 1;11|81
. Fp|s|u|ae quorurdar propos|||orur ex ep|s|u|a ad boraros. Fd||ed oy
Jo|arres
0|vja|. C3Fl ( ). - . 8|1;1z
lau||re Fp|s||es ard leoreWs
oolour la|r|s||c Fxeges|s ol ||e 8oo|s ol ||e 8|o|e
Cyr|| ol A|exardr|a. lragrer|a |r ep|s|u|ar ad boraros. l0 . - . ;|;;8o
0r|ger. Correr|ar|| |r ep|s|u|ar ad boraros. l0 . - . 1|81zz
. Correr|ary or ||e Fp|s||e |o ||e borars, 8oo|s - , - . Trars|a|ed oy 1o1o
T.l.
3c|ec|. laC| , ( , ) 1o1o|zoo1zooz
. `Fxeges|s ol borars vlll, - .' J3l d ser. ( - ). - . 18z 1z18ooo1|1ozo
. boreror|el |orrer|ar. vo|s. Fd||ed oy T. le|||er. lor|C|r . - ( - ). o z1o1o
lor se|ec|ed por||ors ol pa|r|s||c correr|ar|es or borars see 0era|d 8ray, ed.
borars. Arc|er| C|r|s||ar Correr|ary or 3cr|p|ure, r| . 0oWrers 0rove. o
lvl, . 18
1Cor|r|||ars
Cyr|| ol A|exardr|a. lragrer|a |r pr|rar ep|s|u|ar ad Cor|r|||os. l0 . - ;|8o
. 1o
0r|ger. lragrer|a |r ep|s|u|ar pr|rar ad Cor|r|||os. lr C. Jer||rs, `0r|ger or
1
Cor|r|||ars,' JT| 3 ( ). - , - , - , ( ). - . 1o8zz|;;zoo1|1o1oz1
zCor|r|||ars
Cyr|| ol A|exardr|a. lragrer|a |r securdar ep|s|u|ar ad Cor|r|||os. l0 . - ;|1o
. z
0a|a||ars
Augus||re. Fp|s|u|ae ad 0a|a|as expos|||o. Fd||ed oy Jo|arres 0|vja|. C3Fl 8|
( ). - . 1;11|1
Jerore. Correr|ar|| |r ep|s|o|ar ad 0a|a|as. ll . - . zoo;|8
|ar|us v|c|or|rus. Correr|ar|| |r ep|s|u|ar ad 0a|a|as. ll . - . 811|118
0r|ger. Correr|ar|| |r 0a|a|as(lragrer|s). l0 . - . 1|1z1z8
Fp|es|ars
Jerore. Correr|ar|| |r ep|s|u|ar ad Fp|es|os. ll . - . zo|
|ar|us v|c|or|rus. Correr|ar|| |r ep|s|u|ar ad Fp|es|os. ll . - . 81z|
212
0r|ger. Correr|ar|| |r Fp|es|os(lragrer|s). lr J. A. l. 0regg, `T| e
Correr|ary
ol 0r|ger upor ||e Fp|s||e |o ||e Fp|es|ars,' JT| 3 ( ). - , - , 1ozz|z||8|zo
- |;o.
l||||pp|ars
|ar|us v|c|or|rus. Correr|ar|| |r ep|s|u|ar ad l||||pperses. ll . - . 811;1zo
1T| essa|or|ars
0r|ger. Correr|ar|| |r ep|s|u|ar pr|rar ad T|essa|or|cerses. Fd||ed oy ls|dore
l||oerg. C3Fl ( ). - . 11z|ooo;
T||us
Jerore. Correr|ar|| |r ep|s|u|ar ad T||ur. ll . - . o8o;o8|
0r|ger. Correr|ar|us |r T||ur. l0 . - . 1|1oz1oo
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| l|||eror o1
Jerore. Correr|ar|| |r ep|s|u|ar ad l|||erorer. ll . - . zoo18
0r|ger. Correr|ar|us |r l|||erorer. l0 . - . 1|1o1o8
leoreWs
Cass|odorus. Fxpos|||o ep|s|u|ae ad leoraeos. ll . - . o8o8;|
Cyr|| ol A|exardr|a. lragrer|a |r ep|s|u|ar ad leoraeos. l0 . - . ;|1oo
Jo|r C|rysos|or. lor|||es or ||e Fp|s||e |o ||e leoreWs. Trars|a|ed oy l.
0ard|rer.
NlNl1
, . - . 1|ozz
. lr ep|s|u|ar ad leoraeos argurer|ur e| |or|||ae - . l0 . - . 1| o1zo
. loarr|s C|rysos|or| |r|erpre|a||o orr|ur ep|s|u|arur lau||rarur . Fd||ed oy ;
l. l|e|d. 0xlord. Coroe, . 18oz
Jo|r 0arascere. Correr|ar|| |r ep|s|o|ar ad leoraeos. l0 . - . z;
0ecurer|us. Correr|ar|| |r ep|s|o|ar ad leoraeos. lr lau|us|orrer|are aus
der
gr|ec||sc|er K|rc|e rd ed. Fd||ed oy Kar| 3|aao, - . z |ozo
lseudo-0ecurer|us. Correr|ar|| |r ep|s|u|ar ad leoraeos. l0 . - . 11z8o|z
0r|ger. lr Fp|s|u|ar ad leoraeos |or|||ae(lragrer|s). l0 . - . 1|1o81o
. lr Fp|s|u|ar ad leoraeos ||or|(lragrer|s). l0 . - . 1|1o;1o8
lseudo-le|ag|us. lragrer|a |r ep|s|u|ar ad leoraeos. ll3 . - . 11o81o8;
T| eodore ol |opsues||a. lragrer|a |r ep|s|u|ar ad leoraeos. lr
lau|us|orrer|are
aus der gr|ec||sc|er K|rc|e rd ed. Fd||ed oy Kar| 3|aao, - . z zooz1z
T|eodore|. lr|erpre|a||o |r ep|s|u|ar ad leoraeos. l0 . - . 8zo;;8
lor spec|l|c ||s||rgs ol serrors ard |or|||es, see l. J. 3|eoer,
K|rc|erva|er|or|||er
zur Neuer Tes|arer|, - . 1;|1;8
lau||re Fp|s||es ard leoreWs o1
ozlour la|r|s||c Fxeges|s ol ||e 8oo|s ol ||e 8|o|e
Xl
CATl0llC Fll3TlF3
Fuseo|us ol Caesarea |rlorrs us ol C|erer| ol A|exardr|a's
0u|||res(lypo|ypose|s), e|g|| ooo|s ol |r|erpre|a||ors ol se|ec|ed passages lror
||e o|
ard ||e r|, |rc|ud|rg ||e Ca||o||c Fp|s||es, ||e Fp|s||e ol 8arraoas, ard
||e Apoca|ypse ol le|er(Fcc|. l|s|. . . ). lragrer|ary correr|s or o1|1 1
le|er, Jude, ard Jo|r surv|ve |r Cass|odorus' la||r |rars|a||or, 0u|||res z
Corcerr|rg ||e Caror|ca| Fp|s||es. l|o||us, |r ||s l|orary(8|o||o||eca Codex
1o) Wou|d exp|a|r C|erer|'s 0u|||resas rel|ec||rg oo|| or||odoxy ard
|rp|e|y. lr add|||or |o ||ese lragrer|s ol C|erer|'s 0u|||res, a leW pa|r|s||c
correr|ar|es are |roWr ard ex|ar|. 0|dyrus ol A|exardr|a, ||oug| ||s
au||ors||p |ad oeer ques||ored ear||er |||s cer|ury, corposed a correr|ary
|rea||rg Jares, ard le|er, , , Jo|r, ard Jude. l| surv|ves |r ||s 1 z 1z
corp|e|e lorr or|y |r a la||r vers|or. A correr|ary or ||e sare ep|s||es oy
lseudo-0ecurer|us a|so |s ex|ar| as |s ore sore||res a||r|ou|ed |o l||ary
ol Ar|es, ou| || |s spur|ous ard da|es prooao|y |o ||e |a|e sever|| or ear|y
e|g||| cer|ury. l|l|y lragrer|s or ||e Ca||o||c ep|s||es surv|ve |r ca|erae
urder ||e rare ol Jo|r C|rysos|or ard |||r|y-e|g|| sc|o||aare ascr|oed
|o Cyr|| ol A|exardr|a. lror Augus||re, |er |or|||es deve|op|rg ||e ||ere
ol c|ar||y W||||r Jo|r surv|ve. 1
Jares
T| e ep|s||e ol Jares Wou|d |rlorr ear|y C|r|s||ar rora|s ard sp|r||ua|
prac||ce as || Was used repea|ed|y |o |eac| ||e v|r|ues W||| W||c| Jares
Was corcerred. 0r|ger Wou|d ex|or| C|r|s||ars |o pray ||a| 0od Wou|d
lu|l||| Jas . |r ||e|r ||ves (`oe doers ol ||e Word, ard ro| |earers or|y') oy 1zz
c|ears|rg ||er ol s|r ard er||ver|rg ||e good ||roug| C|r|s| ard ||e 3p|r||
(lor||y or 0eres|s . ). 8u| |e Wou|d a|so |eac| ||a| Jas . |aug|| persora| zo |1;
respors|o||||y |o l|ee s|r orce ||e d|v|re word |ad oegur |o revea| |o ||er
||e d|llererce oe|Weer good ard ev|| (0r l|rs| lr|rc|p|es . . ). va|er|us 1o
Wou|d ded|ca|e a |or||y or Jas . |o ||e v|r|ue ol |ur||||y (lor||y ). |o 1|
Augus||re Wou|d preac| serrors or Jares . - , . , ard . . 11zzz1o 1z
213
T| eo|og|ca||y, Jas . , `. . . ||e la||er ol ||g||s W||| W|or ||ere |s ro 11;
var|a||or or s|adoW due |o c|arge,' Wou|d prov|de |arguage |rpor|ar| |o
|r|r||ar|ar d|scuss|or. l||ary ol lo|||ers s|a|es ||a| ||e Ar|ars Wou|d appea| |o || |o
erp|as|ze ||e la||er's exc|us|ve 0od|ead |o ||e der|a| ol ||e
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| 3or's d|v|r||y (0r ||e Tr|r||y . ). o |8
A||aras|us, |oWever, uses || d|llerer||y.
le deduces ||a| ||e Ar|ars erroreous|y ra|e 0od a corpourd ol qua|||y
ard esserce oy say|rg ||e 3or |s |||e ||e la||er or|y |r v|r|ue (qua|||y).
T||s corl||c|s W||| 0od's s|rp||c||y |r esserce, a s|rp||c||y |e sees s|a|ed oy
Jares |r . (Fp|s||e |o ||e 8|s|ops ol Alr|ca ). Cyr|| ol Jerusa|er c||es ||e 11; 8
er||re verse |r ||s |ec|ure or ||e la||er, |o s|oW ||e e|erra| la||er|ood ard
a oege|||rg ol ||e 3or ||a| rear| ro a||era||or |r ||e 0od|ead (Ca|ec|e||ca|
lec|ure . ). Augus||re, |oo, c||es || |r ||s d|scuss|or ol ||e rys|ery ol 0od's ;
suos|arce, ||e rys|ery ol ar |rru|ao|e 0od W|o crea|es ru|ao|e |||rgs
(0r ||e Tr|r||y . - ). lr ||e c|r|s|o|og|ca| d|scuss|or Cyr|| ol A|exardr|a 1z
Wou|d reler |o Jas . |o s|a|e ||s oppos|||or |o ary ro||or ol corlus|or 11;
ol ||e d|v|re word W||| l|es|. No c|arge, ro a||era||or cou|d occur |r ||e
word's d|v|re ra|ure (Fp|s||e |o Jo|r ol Ar||oc| e- a). 1o; 1o8
T| e passage |r Jares ||a| Wou|d oecore soreW|a| |rouo|esore |r
|a|er so|er|o|og|ca| |||r||rg, Jas . - , usua||y lourd app||ca||or W|||ou| z1|zo
ary apparer| |ers|or oe|Weer lau| ard Jares |r ||e ear|y C|urc|. 0regory
ol Naz|arzus |aug|| ||e C|r|s||ar ||a| oo|| la||| ard Wor|s are eac| dead
W|||ou| ||e o||er (Jas . ). T| erelore ||e C|r|s||ar Was |o do good Wor|s z1;
upor oe||ev|rg ||e po|r|s ol ||e la||| (0ra||or or lo|y 8ap||sr ). Arorose |
Wou|d s|a|e s|rp|y ||a| a proper la||| |r C|r|s| |s or|y prol||ao|e W|er
croWred W||| good Wor|s (Fxpos|||or ol ||e C|r|s||ar la||| . lrel. ). lor z 1|
Augus||re ||e la||| ||a| |s se| apar| lror ||a| ol ||e derors (Jas . ) |s ||e z1
la||| ||a| Wor|s ||roug| |ove oy ||e lo|y 3p|r|| (0r ||e Tr|r||y . ). 1z
lr|o ||e ||dd|e Ages sore |ers|or Wou|d ar|se, ard ||ere Wou|d oe a||erp|s |o
recorc||e perce|ved d|llererces oe|Weer lau| ard Jares or la|||
ard Wor|s. lor exarp|e, Ju||ar ol To|edo Wou|d read Jas . as ro| so ruc| zz|
d|sr|ss|rg jus||l|ca||or oy la||| a|ore (cl. bor. . ), ou| as |eac||rg ||e z8
la|seress ol ||e |dea ||a| ore cou|d reluse good Wor|s (Ar||||es|s . ). la|er, z;;
|r ||e belorra||or, sore opporer|s ol ||e belorrers Wou|d se| Jas . - zz1z|
aga|rs| ||e|r doc|r|re ol jus||l|ca||or oy la||| a|ore. Jo|r Ca|v|r Wou|d rep|y
||a| Jares |s ro| |rea||rg rarrer ol jus||l|ca||or, ou| |rp|or|rg C|r|s||ars
|o or|rg lor|| good Wor|s ||a| prove ard are ||e lru|| ol r|g||eousress
(lrs|||u|es ol ||e C|r|s||ar be||g|or . . - ). 1;111z
Jares occurs |r ||e l||urgy, lor exarp|e, or ||e |||rd 3urday ol
Adver|, |r |asses lor var|ous Needs ard 0ccas|ors, |r b||ua| |asses lor
becorc|||a||or, ard |r ||e Aro|r||rg ol ||e 3|c|. l| |rs|ruc|s ||e oe||ever or
||e corp|erer|ary re|a||ors||p oe|Weer la||| ard good Wor|s, espec|a||y
||e reed |o corp|erer| la||| W||| |ove lor re|g|oor, soc|a| jus||ce, ard
rora| pur||y.
Ca||o||c Fp|s||es o
o|lour la|r|s||c Fxeges|s ol ||e 8oo|s ol ||e 8|o|e
1le|er
TWo passages W||||r le|er ||a| Wou|d |rl|uerce sore lorru|a||ors ol ||e 1
creed Were . ard . . `. . . |r W||c| |e Wer| ard preac|ed |o ||e sp|r||s |r 1 |o
pr|sor', `lor |||s |s W|y ||e gospe| Was preac|ed ever |o ||e dead. . . .' T| ese
|Wo passages Wou|d |e|p |rlorr ||e doc|r|re ol C|r|s|'s descer| |r|o |e||
oe|Weer ||s dea|| ard resurrec||or. lor exarp|e, 0r|ger Wou|d erp|as|ze
||a| C|r|s|'s r|r|s|ry ol preac||rg lor corvers|or d|d ro| |a|e p|ace or|y |r
||e oody, ou| a|so W|er C|r|s|'s sou| |el| ||e oody ard descerded |o preac| |o
o||er ood||ess sou|s (Aga|rs| Ce|sus . ). 0regory ol Naz|arzus Wou|d read z|
||e s|gr|l|carce ol ||e descer| |o |rc|ude rescue. W|er C|r|s| descerded |e
oroug|| sou|s up lror |e||. lreac||rg Was ex|erded |o |r|urp|ar| de||verarce ol
||e dead (T|eo|og|ca| 0ra||ors . ). bul|rus Wou|d see a soreW|a| zo
rore corpre|ers|ve s|gr|l|carce. lor ||r C|r|s| descerded |o ||e dead |o
preac| ard |o |ead god|y dead lor|| lror corrup||or (Correr|ary or ||e
Apos||es' Creed - ). e|, C|erer| ol A|exardr|a |ad read ||e passages z8z
d|llerer||y, |r a rarrer urre|a|ed |o ||e creed's corless|or ol C|r|s|'s descer|
|r|o |e||. T| e `sp|r||s' ard ||e `dead' relerred |o C|r|s||ars W|o lorrer|y
Were uroe||evers, W||||r W|ose sp|r||s C|r|s| oecare a||ve (Correr|ary or
1le|er[lragrer|s| . , , . ). 18zo|o
lr d|scuss|ors ol |r|r||y ard so|er|o|ogy as We|| as rora| |rs|ruc||or 1
le| . - Wou|d prov|de ||e ear|y C|urc| W||| r|c| |arguage. T| e passage zzz
spea|s ol C|r|s|'s s|r|essress ard ||s la|||lu|, qu|e| pass|v||y |r suller|rg as ar
exarp|e |o oe||evers |r ||e|r oWr |r|ou|a||or. A||aras|us ol A|exardr|a relerred |o
||e passage |r ||s 3ecord les|a| le||er( ) lor ||e prec|se purpose ol
ex|or||rg C|r|s||ar corduc| |r |r||a||or ol C|r|s|, ou| lor 0regory ol Nyssa,
|r ||s |rea||se Aga|rs| Furor|us( . ), ||e passage delerded ||e 3or's s|ar|rg ol o
||e la||er's esserce ever |r |rcarra||or. T| e |ere||cs (Aroroears)
ray argue ||a| C|r|s| |s c|ear|y d|s|arced lror ||e la||er's ur|rpass|ored
214
ra|ure |r ||s |a||rg upor ||rse|l |urar ra|ure. 8u| 0regory ro|es ||a|
||e 3or d|d ro| assure `pass|or' |r ||e serse ol a perver|ed ra|ure, lor
`|e corr|||ed ro s|r, ro gu||e Was lourd or ||s ||ps' ( . ). le or|y |oo| zzz
upor ||rse|l ||e |rcorver|er| a||r|ou|es ol oody ard sou|. A|so, Cyr|| ol
Jerusa|er Wou|d reler |o ||e passage (Ca|ec|e||ca| lec|ure . - ). lor ||r, 1|
|oWever, ||e Words ol le|er . reed |o oe recogr|zed l| rs| as ||e Words 1 zzz
ol ||e prop|e| lsa|a| ( . ), ard ||er as Words W||c| revea| ||e |rue g|ory
ol ||e cross. C|r|s| d|d ro| d|e lor ||s oWr s|rs, ou| lor ||e s|rs ol o||ers,
ard |ere |s |rue rederp||or ard sa|va||or.
lr c|r|s|o|og|ca| ra||ers, regard|rg ||e ur|or ol ||e |Wo ra|ures ol
C|r|s|, le| . , `C|r|s| sullered |r ||e l|es|,' Wou|d oe |rpor|ar|. Cyr|| ol 1 |1
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| A|exardr|a Wou|d se| |||s |ex|'s o
|arguage aga|rs| ||ose W|o Wou|d sugges|
a corlus|or ol ||e word's |rpass|o|e d|v|r||y W||| l|es|. C|r|s| sullered ro|
|r ||e |rpass|o|e ra|ure ol 0od, ou| |r ||s oWr l|es| (Fp. . e- o, |o 1o; 1o8
Jo|r ol Ar||oc|). 3uc| ar erp|as|s lror le|er's Words Were a|ready se| ou| 1
oy A||aras|us ol A|exardr|a |r ||s ||eo|og|ca| Wor| aga|rs| ||e Ar|ars. lr
||s corcep||or ||e Ar|ars |ad oecore l|xa|ed upor ||e |urar||y ol C|r|s|
|o ||e po|r| ||a| ||ey ruroered ||r arorg ||e crea|ures. le cour|ers |||s
|eresy oy argu|rg ||a| ||e p|rase `|r ||e l|es|' ol le| . derors|ra|es 1 |1
||e Wea|ress ol C|r|s| ||r||ed |o ||e ra|ure ol l|es|, ||a| W||c| oe|orgs |o
|urar||y. 0re rus| recogr|ze ||a| ||e Words ol ||e Apos||e separa|e suc|
crea|ure|y a||r|ou|es lror ||e d|v|re ra|ure ol ||e word (Aga|rs| Ar|ars
. - ). |
Ard ||er, ol course, ||ere |s ||e ear|y C|urc|'s |r|eres| |r ||e l|ood|
oap||sra| passage ol le| . - . lor Cypr|ar ||e relererce |o ||e e|g|| 1 zoz1
peop|e |r ||e ar| saved ||roug| Wa|er |eac|es ||e recess||y ol ||e sacrarer| ol
oap||sr W||||r ||e ore, urd|v|ded C|urc| (Fp. . , . , . ). ;11;|1;z
Ter|u|||ar |ad a|ready ar||c|pa|ed |||s |ypo|ogy oe|Weer ar| ard C|urc| |r
0r ldo|a|ry ard |ad deve|oped ||e ar||l|ood, C|urc||oap||sr |ypo|ogy z|
|r 0r bap|ure . T| e ear|| |s our l|es|, ||e l|ood our oap||sr, ||e dove ||a| 8
re|urred |o ||e ar| ||e sp|r|| ol 0od ||a| or|rgs 0od's peace.
1le|er |s read, lor exarp|e, |r ||e C|urc|'s |||urgy dur|rg ||e 3urdays ol
||e Fas|er 3easor, or ||e l|rs| 3urday ol ler|, |r |asses ol ||e C|a|r ol le|er,
ard or ||e leas| ol |ar| ||e evarge||s|. l| prov|des oap||sra| |eac||rg ard
rer|rds ||e oe||ever aoou| ||e o|ess|rg ol ar erdur|rg sp|r||ua|, |eaver|y
|r|er||arce, ard ol ||e reed |o oe prepared |o lo||oW Jesus |r sull er|rg.
1, , Jo|r z
w|ereas bayrord 8roWr (T| e Fp|s||es ol Jo|r. Trars|a|ed W||| lr|roduc||or,
No|es, ard Correr|ary. A8 . 0arder C||y, N... 0ouo|eday, , - [see o 18zo
pp. - lor ar or|er|a||or |o , , Jo|r |r ||e C|urc|'s |rad|||or|) spea|s 1 1z
ol sore `poss|o|e ec|oes' ol Jo|r |r ||e ear|y C|r|s||ar |||era|ure ol ||e 1
secord cer|ury, ore l|rds prooao|e use or|y |r Jus||r (cl., 0|a|. . . `we 1z
W|o ooserve ||e corrardrer|s ol C|r|s| are ca||ed geru|re c|||drer ol
0odard ||a| |s W|a| We rea||y are,' corpared espec|a||y W||| Jo|r . ), 1 1
ard ||e le||er |o 0|ogre|us(cl. . - ). Accord|rg |o ||e sare au||or ore 1oz
Wou|d l|rd `prooa||ve |roW|edge ol ore or rore ol ||e Jo|arr|re |e||ers'
lor ||e l|rs| ||re |r lo|ycarp's Fp|s||e |o ||e l||||pp|ars(cl. . . `lor everyore ;1
W|o does ro| corless Jesus C|r|s| |o |ave core |r ||e l|es| |s Ar||c|r|s|'
Ca||o||c Fp|s||es o
oolour la|r|s||c Fxeges|s ol ||e 8oo|s ol ||e 8|o|e
corpared W||| Jo|r ard Jo|r . - ). lreraeus |r ||s Aga|rs| leres|es z ; 1 |z
quo|es exp||c|||y lror oo|| Jo|r ard Jo|r, ou| as |l ||ey Were ore |e||er 1 z
(8roWr, T| e Fp|s||es ol Jo|r, - ). T| e |||rd ep|s||e ol Jo|r appears |r ear|y 1o
C|r|s||ar |||era|ure or|y oy ||e r|dd|e ol ||e |||rd cer|ury, ard || |s or|y oy
||e erd ol ||e lour|| cer|ury ||a| accep|arce ol a|| ||e ||ree Jo|arr|re |e||ers
as caror|ca| Was s|oW|y preva|||rg (8roWr, T| e Fp|s||es ol Jo|r, - ). 111
As lor correr|ar|es, a leW la||ers W|o correr|ed or ||e so-ca||ed
`Ca||o||c' ep|s||es |rc|uded a|so or|el correr|s or - Jo|r (see ||e 1
o|o||ograp|y or Ca||o||c ep|s||es). A rajor correr|ary or Jo|r |as oeer 1
preserved |r ||e lorr ol |er |or|||es preac|ed oy Augus||re (s|x dur|rg
||e Fas|er wee| ol ||e year , ||e |as| lour oe|Weer Fas|er wee| ard |1
||e leas| ol Ascers|or). A|| raruscr|p|s erd W||| |or||y |er, cover|rg 1
Jo|r . - , ||us |eav|rg Jo|r . - W|||ou| correr|. T| ese |or|||es 1 1 |z1
cou|d oe ca||ed a|so a |rea||se or c|ar||y. `||ere |s ro ||ere or W||c| l
Wou|d la|rer spea| ||ar c|ar||y, ard ro o||er 3cr|p|ure ex|o|s c|ar||y W|||
grea|er Warr||' ( . , |rars. J. 8urraoy |r Augus||re's la|er wor|s, - ). 81| z;z8
Augus||re arc|ors c|ar||y (as does Jo|r) |r 0od's |ove lor us, rar|les|ed 1
espec|a||y |r ||e |rcarra||or ol ||e 3or ard ||e serd|rg ol ||e lo|y 3p|r||
(cl. espec|a||y lor||y ), ye| ||e rajor par| ol ||s |or|||es |s ar ex|or|a||or ;
|o oro||er|y ard s|s|er|y |ove ||a|, paradox|ca||y, |rc|udes a|so erer|es as
po|er||a| oro||ers ard s|s|ers (cl. lor||y ). 8
8|o||ograp|y
lor Ca||o||c Fp|s||es
215
lr|rary sources
Augus||re. Correr|a|re de |a lrr|ere Fpi|re de 3. Jear. Fd||ed ard |rars|a|ed
oy
lau| Agaesse. 3C ( ). ;18|
. lor|||es or ||e l|rs| Fp|s||e ol Jo|r. Trars|a|ed oy l. 8roWr. bev|sed oy J.
l.
|yers. NlNl1
, . - . ;|oz
. lor|||es or ||e 0ospe| accord|rg |o Jo|r ard l|s l|rs| Fp|s||e.Trars|a|ed oy
l. 8roWre. lol , ( - ). zoz18|8|
. lr lo|arr|s ep|s|u|ar ad lar||os |rac|a|us x. ll . - . 1;;zooz
. Ter lor|||es or ||e l|rs| Fp|s||e 0erera| ol 3|. Jo|r. lr Augus||re. la|er
wor|s,
lCC. Trars|a|ed oy J. 8urraoy. l|||ade|p||a. wes|r|rs|er lress, , - . 1z|8
lrcorp|e|e. ||ere are |r|er||ora| r|ror or|ss|ors ol repe||||ve or |ess |rpor|ar|
passages.
. Trac|a|es or ||e l|rs| Fp|s||e ol Jo|r. Trars|a|ed oy J. w. be|||g. ACw z
( ). 1
- 1z1z;;.
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| C|erer| ol A|exardr|a. Correr|s o;
or ||e l|rs| Fp|s||e ol le|er, ||e Fp|s||e ol Jude,
ard ||e l|rs| ard 3ecord Fp|s||es ol Jo|r(lragrer|s). Trars|a|ed oy w. w||sor.
ANla . - . z;1;;
. lypo|yposes(lragrer|s). lr C|erers A|exardr|rus. . 3|rora|a 8uc| vll urd
vlll. Fxcerp|a ex T| eodo|o, Fc|ogae prop|e||cae, u|s d|ues3a|ue|ur,
lragrer|e.
zrd ed. Fd||ed oy 0||o 3|a|||r, ludW|g lruc||e|, ard ursu|a Treu. 0C3 1;
( ). - . 1;o1z1
Cyr|| ol A|exardr|a. lragrer|a |r Ac|a apos|o|orur e| |r ep|s|u|as ca||o||cas. lr
Cyr|||| arc||ep|scop| A|exrardr|r| |r 0. loarr|s evarge||ur. . Fd||ed oy l||||p
lussey, - . 8russe|s. Fd|||ors Cu||ure e| C|v|||sa||or, 0. leoor, . ||11 1o
0|dyrus ol A|exardr|a. 0|dyr| A|exardr|r| |r ep|s|u|as caror|cas orev|s
erarra||o. NTA . . Fd||ed oy lr|edr|c| Zoepl| . |urs|er. Asc|erdorll sc|e |1
ver|agsouc||ard|urg, . 11|
Jo|r C|rysos|or (or lseudo-C|rysos|or). lragrer|a |r ep|s|u|as Ca||o||cas.
l0
o|. - . 1o|o1ooz
lseudo-0ecurer|us. Correr|ar|| |r ep|s|u|as ca||o||cas. l0 . - . 11|;zz
lor spec|l|c ||s||rgs ol |or|||es ard serrors, see l. J. 3|eoer,
K|rc|erva|er|or|||er
zur Neuer Tes|arer|, - . 1;181
lor ||s||rgs ol ca|eraeor ||e Ca||o||c Fp|s||es see C|av|s la|rur 0raecorur, . |
C. - . 1;1;
Ca||o||c Fp|s||es o;
o8lour la|r|s||c Fxeges|s ol ||e 8oo|s ol ||e 8|o|e
Xll
bFvFlATl0N
T| ere ex|s|s |||||e corcersus or poss|o|e |races ol ||e ooo| ol beve|a||or
|r ||e Apos|o||c la||ers, ou| Jus||r |es||l|es ol ||s oWr |roW|edge ol ||e
prop|ecy (0|a|. . ). |e|||o ol 3ard|s, oy Fuseo|us ol Caesarea's record 811
(Fcc|. l|s|. . . ), corposed a Wor| 0r ||e 0ev|| ard ||e Apoca|ypse ol Jo|r, |zoz
ro |orger ex|ar|, ard T| eop|||us ol Ar||oc| used beve|a||or |r ||s Wor|
Aga|rs| ||e leresy ol lerrogeres(Fuseo|us Fcc|. l|s|. . . ). lreraeus uses |z|1
beve|a||or lrequer||y |r ||s Aga|rs| leres|es. le s|a|es ||a| Jo|r ||e lord's
d|sc|p|e Wro|e || ( . . , . . ) a| ||e erd ol 0or|||ar's ru|e ( . . ) ard |zo11|o| o
|es||l|es |o lar|||ar||y W||| severa| raruscr|p|s ol ||e ooo| ( . . ). l| |ad, o1
||er, ar ear|y, oroad c|rcu|a||or W||||r ||e C|urc|es ol As|a ||ror, 3yr|a,
ard 0au|. w||||r 0au|, ||e C|urc|es ol lyors ard v|erre cer|a|r|y |reW
||e |arguage ol beve|a||or ard rel|ec| || |r ||e|r ep|s||e |o ||e C|urc|es ol
As|a ard l|ryg|a (Fuseo|us, Fcc|. l|s|. . . - ). lr ||e sare ||re lrare ol 18o1
||e |a||er |a|l ol ||e secord cer|ury || Was a|so arorg ||e ooo|s accep|ed
|r l|a|y (|ura|or|ar lragrer|).
l|ppo|y|us ol bore's Apo|ogy lor ||e Apoca|ypse ard ||e 0ospe| ol Jo|r,
roW |os| ard ex|ar| or|y |r lragrer|s, s|oWs cor||rued l|a||ar |r|eres| |r
||e ooo| |r|o ||e |urr ol ||e cer|ury. Ter|u|||ar's rurerous relererces as
We|| as 0r|ger's pror|sed, ou| apparer||y urWr|||er, correr|ary |rd|ca|e
||s |orored p|ace |r Nor|| Alr|ca. lor|ura|e|y sore sc|o||aol 0r|g|r or
beve|a||or |ave surv|ved, ou| ||e co||ec||or se| lor|| oy larrac| as 0r|ger's
sc|o||acor|a|rs sc|o||alror o||ers, |rc|ud|rg lreraeus ard C|erer| ol
A|exardr|a.
T| e ooo| ol beve|a||or, |oWever, Was ro| W|||ou| ||s ques||orers ard
opporer|s. |arc|or rejec|ed || (Ter|u|||ar, Aga|rs| |arc|or . ). 0a|us ol |
bore a||r|ou|ed || |o ||e gros||c Cer|r||us (Fuseo|us Fcc|. l|s|. . . - ), z81z
arorg o||er poss|o|e reasors oecause ol ||s d|s|as|e lor c||||asr. T| e A|ogo|,
216
a secord cer|ury sec| ol As|a ||ror W||| ar||-|or|ar|s| |erderc|es, a|so
rejec|ed beve|a||or (as We|| as Jo|r's 0ospe|) ard ascr|oed || |o Cer|r||us
(Fp|p|ar|us, larar|or . . - ). T| ey roc|ed ||e ooo| lor W|a| ||ey 11o
cors|dered ||s |rprac||ca| cor|er||||rgs |||e arge|s ard |rurpe|s (bev
8. )ard lau||ed || lor ||s supposed erroreous relererce (bev . - ) |o z z18z
a C|urc| |r T| ya||ra (Fp|p|ar|us, larar. . . - . ). 0|orys|us ol bore 1zz1
Was acqua|r|ed W||| suc| correc||ors ol beve|a||or |o Cer|r||us ard ol ||s
||s|ory ol rejec||or. le ||rse|l d|d ro| rejec| ||, a|||oug| |e d|d ro| oe||eve
||e au||or Was Jo|r ||e apos||e, ou| aro||er Jo|r ol As|a. T| e ooo| Was
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| Wr|||er, |e ||oug||, |r a crude s|y|e o
ard cor|a|red rys|er|es |o W||c| ||ere
rus| oe a deeper, ror-|||era| rear|rg. 3|gr|l|car||y, ||ese correr|s Were
evo|ed oy ||e Fgyp||ar o|s|op Nepos' ooo| Aga|rs| ||e A||egor|s|s, W||c|
|aug|| a c||||asr draWr lror beve|a||or (Fuseo|us Fcc|. l|s|. . - ). ;z|z
Fuseo|us, W|o |s our source lor ruc| ol ||e aoove ||s|ory, ||rse|l |ad a
v|eW ol beve|a||or ||a| Was ro| er||us|as||ca||y pos|||ve. le does ro| rejec|
||e ooo| ou|r|g||, ro||rg ||a| op|r|or or ||s recogr|||or |s ever|y sp|||, ou|
|e W||| a||oW ||s p|acerer| arorg ||e spur|ous Wr|||rgs |rc|ud|rg |ex|s
suc| as ||e 3|ep|erd ol lerras, 8arraoas, ard ||e Teac||rgs ol ||e Apos||es.
T| e |es||arcy ol Fuseo|us regard|rg accep|arce ol beve|a||or ray oe due
|o ||s rejec||or ol c||||asr, W||c| Was popu|ar|y lourd |r Jo|r's ooo|. 3uc|
a lu|ur|s||c, ear|||y, rega| esc|a|o|ogy (ro| |o rer||or ||e ex|rere, sersua|
vers|or ol Cer|r||us) Was uraccep|ao|e |o ||s v|s|or ol Cors|ar||re's preser|
C|r|s||ar erp|re. lur||errore, ||e |ers|or le|| W||| regard |o beve|a||or oy
Fuseo|us ard ||ose W|ose accour|s |e preser|s ray oe due |o ||s poss|o|e
correc||or |o |or|ar|sr. T| oug| ruc| ev|derce |s c|rcurs|ar||a|, || |s
p|aus|o|e ||a| ||e |or|ar|s|s used Jo|r's v|s|ors as rode|s lor ||e|r oWr
v|s|ors ard |ad a c||||as| esc|a|o|ogy |rlorred oy beve|a||or.
v|c|or|rus, 8|s|op ol le||au (rar|yred ca. ), Wro|e ||e ear||es| ex|ar| o|
correr|ary or beve|a||or. T| e |ex| ol ||e or|g|ra| correr|ary Was ro|
es|ao||s|ed ur||| , ard ||ree recers|ors ex|s|. 0l ||e ||ree ||e oes| |roWr 11o
|s ||a| ol Jerore, W||c| |rproved ||e la||r, rade o||er s|y||s||c ed||or|a|
c|arges, ard a||ered or reroved passages ||a| revea|ed v|c|or|rus's c||||asr.
T| oug| Jerore |ad |der||l|ed ||r as a c||||as| (l|ves ol l||us|r|ous |er ) 18
ard ||s correr|ary preser|s a |||era| read|rg ol beve|a||or - , ||e o|s|op zoz1
ol le||au Weaves |r a rerar|ao|e arour| ol a||egory ard l|gura||ve read|rg
||roug|ou| ||s correr|s. lor exarp|e, as |r lreraeus (Adv. laer. . . ), 118
||e lour ||v|rg crea|ures ol beve|a||or are ||e lour gospe|s. T| e |Wer|ylour |
e|ders are ||e laW ard ||e lrop|e|s, ard ||e W|||e rooes ol bev . o11
syroo||ze ||e lo|y 3p|r||. T| e Worar ol beve|a||or |s ||e C|urc|, arc|er| 1z
as ||e pa|r|arc|s, ard ||e dragor |s ||e dev||, a rurderer lror ||e oeg|rr|rg
(cl. Jo|r . ). T| |s Wou|d oe expec|ed, lor Jerore a|so Wr||es ol ||s oe|rg 8||
a lo||oWer ol 0r|ger (Fp. ). lor v|c|or|rus ||e ever|s ol ||e sever ooW|s oz
(beve|a||or ) recap||u|a|e ||e ever|s ol ||e sever |rurpe|s (beve|a||or 1o
- ;8) rore erp|a||ca||y. T| e po|r| |s ro| order ol ever|s W||||r beve|a||or,
ou| ||e|r s|gr|l|carce. T| ey descr|oe judgrer| ard |r|ou|a||or. l|s|or|ca||y
||e oeas| ol beve|a||or Was Nero, ard esc|a|o|og|ca||y || |s Nero resurrec|ed 1
lror ||e aoyss |o oe Ar||c|r|s|. T| e l|rs| resurrec||or ol bev . - zo|o
|s s|oWr as para||e| |o ||e lau||re resurrec||ors ol T| ess . - , Cor 1 |1181
1. - . T| |s resurrec||or erao|es ||ose |r ||e ooo| ol ||le, ||er |rror|a|, 1|
beve|a||or o
;olour la|r|s||c Fxeges|s ol ||e 8oo|s ol ||e 8|o|e
|o ru|e W||| C|r|s| over a|| ra||ors or ||e ear|| lor a ||ousard years oelore
||e secord |rurpe|. Jerore, ol course, or|||ed |||s |r|erpre|a||or |r ||s
recers|or. le suos|||u|ed |rs|ead a read|rg ||a| erp|as|zed ||e re|gr as
||e |aWlu|, v|rg|ra| pur||y ol ||e oe||ever. T| |s |s ro| surpr|s|rg. F|seW|ere,
or ||e oas|s ol ||e relererce |o ||e , W|o rera|red v|rg|rs (bev 1||ooo
1|. - ), |e argues ||a| a|| W|o |ave ro| preserved ||e|r c|as|||y are del||ed 1
(Aga|rs| Jov|r|arus . ). 1|o
v|c|or|rus s|oWs cor||ru||y W||| ear||er c||||as|s. 3|r||ar read|rgs ol
beve|a||or - as a ||re ol ear|||y o|ess|rg ard rereWa| lo||oW|rg a zoz1
l|rs| |||era| resurrec||or ard aga|r lo||oWed oy a secord resurrec||or W|||
judgrer| car oe seer |r Jus||r, 0|a|. , lreraeus, Adv. laer. . . - . , 81 1o
Ter | u|||ar, 0r ||e besurrec||or ol ||e l|es| , Aga|rs| |arc|or . . z z
Al|er ||e Wor| ol v|c|or|rus ||e rex| correr|ary, ex|ar| or|y |r lragrer|s, |s ||a|
ol Tyc|or|us, ||e 0ora||s|. le lo||oWs v|c|or|rus's ro||or ol
ever|s recap||u|a|ed oy lu|ure rarra||or ol ever|s. T| e correr|ary's
ur|queress res|s |r ||s s|rorg ecc|es|o|og|ca| locus. T| e r|||err|ur ol beve|a||or
zo|s ||e C|urc|'s preser| exper|erce oe|Weer C|r|s|'s |Wo adver|s oecause
C|r|s| |as a|ready oourd ||e dev|| (cl. |a|| . , lu|e . ). beve|a||or 1zz 11zz
1zdescr|oes |r gerera| ||e |rcessar| s|rugg|e oe|Weer C|r|s| ard ||e dev||,
ou| rore par||cu|ar|y || revea|s ||e ||le ol ||e C|urc| (0ora||s|) ||a|, pregrar| W|||
||e gospe|, g|ves o|r|| |o ||ose |r W|or C|r|s| |s lorred. T|e
dev|| persecu|es ||e C|r|s||ars, ||e C|urc|, C|r|s|'s oody ||roug| ||e la|se
217
C|urc| (Ca||o||c). w||||r Tycor|us's correr|ary ore car see a| Wor| severa| ol
||e |errereu||ca| pr|rc|p|es ou|||red |r ||s 8oo| ol bu|es. Tycor|us's
exeges|s Wou|d prov|de a dor|ra||rg parad|gr lor ||e C|urc|'s read|rg ol
beve|a||or |r suosequer| years.
Augus||re, ||oug| |e rever Wro|e a correr|ary or beve|a||or, d|d
adap| sore|||rg a||r |o Tycor|us's l|gura||ve-ecc|es|o|og|ca| |r|erpre|a||or
ol beve|a||or |r ||s C||y ol 0od( . - ). zo zo;1o
T|e l|ra| la||r correr|ar|es ol ||e pa|r|s||c per|od Were ||ose ol
Jerore, lr|ras|us, ard Apr|rg|us. Jerore's, as rer||ored aoove, Was ore ol
severa| recers|ors ol v|c|or|rus's |||era|, c||||as||c correr|ary. lr|ras|us's
correr|ary coro|res ||e ||oug|| ol oo|| Tycor|us ard Augus||re. T| e
raruscr|p| ol Apr|rg|us's Wor|, puo||s|ed l|rs| |r , |as or|y ||s correr|s or 1oo
. - . ard . - . surv|v|rg. T| e gap ol . - . |r ||e raruscr|p| |s l|||ed 11; 18ozzz1 818
W||| ||e ra|er|a| ol Jerore ard v|c|or|rus. Cass|odorus's or|el
ro|es or beve|a||or |ave surv|ved ard ev|derce relererces |o Tycor|us ard
|rl| uerce lror oo|| v|c|or|rus ard Augus||re. A|so Caesar|us ol Ar|es' r|re|eer
|or|||es or beve|a||or are ex|ar|, ||oug| ear||er ||ey |ad r|s|a|er|y
oeer c|ass|l|ed as Augus||re's Fxpos|||or ol ||e Apoca|ypse. T| ese |or|||es
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| rel|ec| ||e ecc|es|o|og|ca| read|rg ol ;1
Tycor|us. ||e r|||err|ur ol beve|a||or
zo|s ||e C|urc|'s ru|e |r ||e Wor|d, ||e l|rs| resurrec||or |s regerera||or,
||e descer| ol ||e reW Jerusa|er (beve|a||or ) |s ||e C|urc|'s ur|versa| z1
d|spers|or.
T|e ear||es| surv|v|rg 0ree| correr|ary or beve|a||or |s ||a| ol
0ecurer|us ( || cer|ury) W|o W||| ar apprec|a||or lor a||egory reads o
||e ra|er|a| as e|||er relerr|rg |o ||e pas| rorer| ol C|r|s|'s |rcarra||or,
||e preser| s||ua||or, or |o ||e erd ||re. lor ||r ||e Worar ard ||e ra|e
c|||d |o W||c| s|e g|ves o|r|| |r beve|a||or are |ary ard Jesus. T| e 1z
Worar ard c|||d are ||rea|ered oy ||e dragor ou| ||e ooy |s saved oy 0od
W|||e ||e Worar l|ees |r|o ||e deser| lor , days. T| a| |s, 3a|ar s||rs up 1zoo
lerod |o rurder Jesus ou| ||e |eaver|y la||er g|ves Josep| a drear ard
||e lar||y l|ees |o Fgyp| ard rera|rs ||ere , days ur||| lerod's dea||. 1zoo
3|r||ar|y, ||e r|||err|ur ol beve|a||or syroo||ca||y relers |o ||e |rcarra||or. zo
0ecurer|us, |oWever, car s|||| see 3a|ar|c persecu||ors ||roug| ||e
Ar||c|r|s| ol ||e erd ||re |r beve|a||or. ArdreW ol Caesarea seers |o |roW
0ecurer|us's correr|ary ard erp|oys || |r ||s oWr. ArdreW reads ||e
ra|er|a| |r ar ec|ec||c rarrer, l|rd|rg ar adequa|e |r|erpre|a||or ||roug|
a |||era|, |ropo|og|ca|, or a||egor|ca| serse. ur|||e 0ecurer|us lor ArdreW
||e Worar ard c|||d ol beve|a||or are ||e C|urc| ard ||e C|r|s||ars || 1z
or|rgs lor||, W|||e ||e r|||err|ur ol beve|a||or |s ||e ||re lror C|r|s|'s zo
l|rs| adver| ur||| ||e |roW|edge ol 0od |s ur|versa|. T| e l|rs| resurrec||or ol
bev . |s ro| esc|a|o|og|ca|, ou| relers |o sp|r||ua| regerera||or. zo|
beve|a||or, as car oe seer, |rlorred ||e ear|y C|urc| corcerr|rg C|r|s|'s
|rcarra||or, ||e per|od oe|Weer |rcarra||or ard ||e erd ||re ol |r|ou|a||or
ard ever|ua| o|ess|rg, ard ||e C|urc|'s ||le oe|Weer ||ose ||res. T| ere Was
a|Ways d|scuss|or ol ||e ruroer ard ||e |der|||y ol Ar||c|r|s|, oo|| ooo
||s|or|ca| ard esc|a|o|og|ca|, ||a| rarged lror ||g||y specu|a||ve |o oe|rg
sooer-r|rded ard res|ra|red. T| e |r|erpre|a||ors ol ||e r|c| syroo||sr
ol beve|a||or cou|d oe very larc|lu| ard very ear||y. 0re's |errereu||ca|
approac| de|err|red W|a| ore saW. 8u| ||e ||s|ory ol beve|a||or |r ||e
ear|y C|urc| |s ro| or|y a ||s|ory ol d|ller|rg |r|erpre|a||ors ||a| a| ||res
|ed |o d|ll er|rg op|r|ors ol ||e ooo|'s uselu|ress ard ever ||s caror|c||y. l|
|s a|so a ||s|ory ol ||e r|r|s|ry ol ||e ooo| |o ||e la||| ol C|r|s|'s oody |r
||e l|rs| cer|ur|es.
lr par||cu|ar, ||e |arguage ol beve|a||or cor|r|ou|ed |o ||e C|urc|'s
reverer| c|r|s|o|ogy. T| e descr|p||ors ol ||e laro ard ||e word as `K|rg ol
K|rgs ard lord ol lords' (bev . , . ) cause 0r|ger |o address C|r|s| 1;1|11o
as ||e `|reasure ol |reasures' (lor||y or Jerer|a| . - , cl. Co| . , |a|| 8o z
1. ). Cypr|ar |r ||s Trea||ses( . . ) c||es Jo|r's v|s|or ol C|r|s| |r bev |o 1zzzo
beve|a||or ;1
;zlour la|r|s||c Fxeges|s ol ||e 8oo|s ol ||e 8|o|e
1. - |o address ||e ever|as||rg poWer ||e 3or rece|ved lror ||e la||er al|er 1z18
||s resurrec||or lror ||e dead. 0regory ol Naz|arzus sees ||e d|v|r||y ol ||e
3or |r ||e |arguage ol bev . W||c| |e |||r|s |s spo|er ol ||e 3or `. . . W|o 18
|s ard W|o Was ard W|o |s |o core, ||e A|r|g||y' (T|eo|og|ca| 0ra||ors . 1;
[0ra||or . |). To ||e ca|ec|urer, Cyr|| ol Jerusa|er Wou|d preser| ||e z1;
lord Jesus C|r|s| as ||e l|or (bev . ), ro| oecause |e corsures |urar||y
ou| oecause |e |s a s|eadlas|, corl|der| ||rg W|o opposes ard |rarp|es ||e
dev||, ||a| roar|rg, devour|rg, dece|v|rg ||or (Ca|ec|e||ca| lec|ures . ). 1o
beve|a||or |as a |arge ro|e |r ||e C|urc|'s |||urgy. l| |s read or lo|y
T| ursday, ||e 3urdays ol Fas|er seasor, ard or ||e leas|s ol ||e Assurp||or,
A|| 3a|r|s, A|| 3ou|s, C|r|s| ||e K|rg, ard |r 0rd|rary T|re. T| e ooo| ercourages
oe||evers |oWard la|||lu|ress ard separa||or lror W|c|edress |r
||g|| ol C|r|s|'s sure, u|||ra|e |r|urp| over s|r, dea||, ard ||e dev||.
218
8|o||ograp|y
lor beve|a||or
ArdreW ol Caesarea. 0er Apo|a|ypse-Korrer|ar des Ardreas vor Ka|sare|a, |r
3|ud|er zur 0esc||c||e des gr|ec||sc|er Apo|a|ypseTex|es l. Fd||ed oy Josel
3c|r|d. |ur|c|. Z|r|, , - . 1;zo;
Apr|rg|us ol 8eja. Trac|a|us |r Apoca|yps|r. Fd||ed oy |ar|us lero||r. lar|s.
A. l|card, . 1oo
Caesar|us ol Ar|es (lseudo-Augus||re). Fxpos|||o |r Apoca|yps|r, |r 3arc||
Caesar||
ep|scop| Are|a|ers|s 0pera orr|a rurc pr|rur |r urur co||ec|a. vo|s. Fd||ed z
oy 0errarus |or|r. |aredsous, - , . - . 1;|zzz1oz;;
Cass|odorus. Corp|ex|ores Apoca|yps|s loarr|s. ll . - . ;o1|o1|18
l|ppo|y|us. 0e Apoca|yps|(lragrer|s), |r `les lragrer|s du 0e Apoca|yps|
d'l|ppo|y|e,' ed||ed ard |rars|a|ed oy l|erre lr|ger| ard b. 3|e||y. T|Z z
( ). - . 1;1
0ecurer|us. T| e Corp|e|e Correr|ary ol 0ecurer|us |o ||e Apoca|ypse.
Fd||ed
ard |rars|a|ed oy l. C. los||er. Arr Aroor, ||c|.. ur|vers||y ol ||c||gar
lress, . 1z8
0r|ger. 3c|o||a |r Apoca|yps|r, |r 0er 3c|o||erKorrer|ar des 0r|geres zur
Apo|a|ypse Jo|arr|s. Fd||ed oy Cors|ar||r 0|ooour|o||s ard Ado|l larrac|.
Tu . ( ). - . 811z|||
lr|ras|us. Correr|ar|us |r Apoca|yps|r. Fd||ed oy A. w. Adars. CC3l z
( ). 18
Tycor|us. T| e Tur|r lragrer|s. Correr|ary or beve|a||or. T3 . Fd||ed oy ;
lrarcesco lo8ue ard 0. 0. w||||s. Caror|dge. ur|vers||y lress, . 1o
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| v|c|or|rus ol le||au ard Jerore. ;
Correr|ar|| |r Apoca|yps|r loarr|s, ed|||o
v|c|or|r| e| recers|o l|eroryr|. uracur pos|er|orur add||arer||s. Fd||ed oy
Jo|arres lauss|e||er. C3Fl ( ). - . |11o111|
. Correr|ary or ||e Apoca|ypse. Trars|a|ed oy b. F. wa|||s. ANl . - . ;||oo
. 3ur |'Apoca|ypse e| au|res ecr||s. Fd||ed ard |rars|a|ed oy |. 0u|aey. 3C |z
( ). 1;
lor spec|l|c ||s||rgs ol serrors ard |or|||es, see l. J. 3|eoer,
K|rc|erva|er|or|||er
zur Neuer Tes|arer|, - . 18z8
beve|a||or ;
v| A|p|aoe||ca| l|s| ol lr|rc|pa| Au||ors & Aroryrous wor|s 0|scussed
T||s page |r|er||ora||y|el|o|ar|
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| ;
lar| 8
l|s|or|ca| 3urvey
;
v| A|p|aoe||ca| l|s| ol lr|rc|pa| Au||ors & Aroryrous wor|s 0|scussed
T||s page |r|er||ora||y|el|o|ar|
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| ;;
ClAlTFb llvF
TlF 3FC0N0 CFNTub
cor|er|s
l. lr|roduc||or 379
ll. T| e lorra||or ol ||e 3cr|p|ura| Caror 392
| T| e |ssues a| s|a|e 392
|| T| e |egacy ol Juda|sr 393
||| T| e `0|d Tes|arer|' ol ||e C|r|s||ars 394
|v T| e 3ep|uag|r| (lXX) 397
v T| e NeW Tes|arer| 398
v| T| e NeW Tes|arer| Apocryp|a 400
lll. T| e Apos|o||c la||ers. lourd|rg ar `Apos|o||c' Corsersus 404
| C|erer| ol bore 409
|| T| e Aroryrous ol ||e 0|dac|e 413
||| lgra||us ol Ar||oc| 415
|v lo|ycarp ol 3ryrra 419
v lap|as ol l|erapo||s 421
v| lseudo-8arraoas 423
v|| lerras 424
v||| T| e l|ys|o|ogos42o
lv. Far|y C|r|s||ar loe|ry. T| e 0des ol 3o|oror 429
v. Ac|s ol |ar|yrs 431
vl. T|e 0ree| Apo|og|s|s 434
| Jus||r ol bore 434
|| Ta||ar ||e 3yr|ar 439
||| |||||ades 441
|v Apo|||rar|s ol l|erapo||s 442
v A||eragoras ol A||ers 442
219
;8l|ve T| e 3ecord Cer|ury
vll. |or|ar|sr 445
vlll. C|r|s||ar 0ros||c|sr 448
| lr|roduc||or 448
|| |arc|or ol 3|rope 450
||| T| e va|er||r|ar exeges|s (oy Arre lasqu|er) 454
lX. T| e besporse |o 0ros||c|sr |r ||e 0ree|-spea||rg C|urc|es 471
| lr|roduc||or 471
|| leges|ppus 471
||| T| eop|||us ol Ar||oc| 472
|v |e|||o ol 3ard|s 473
v le||er |o 0|ogre|us 47o
v| lreraeus ol lyor 477
v|| lreraeus ard ||e 8|o|e (oy Noroer| 8rox) 483
X. C|erer| ol A|exardr|a 507
Xl. Ar||-baoo|r|c lo|er|cs 51o
| Tes||ror|a51o
|| Ar||-Juda|c au||ors 517
1 Ar|s|or ol le||a 517
(2 Jus||r ol bore. seep. 434)
(3 |e|||o ol 3ard|s. seep. 473)
4 lseudo-Cypr|ar 518
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| l ;
lNTb00uCTl0N
As ||e ||re ol ||e lorra||or ol pos|-apos|o||c c|urc|es, ||e secord cer|ury
c.e. Was a pr|v||eged area ol researc| lor rary |Wer||e|| cer|ury pa|r|s||c
sc|o|ars. l| Was |r ||e secord cer|ury ||a| ||e caror ol ||e r| ererged lror
||e corsersus arorg ||e rajor c|urc| corrur|||es ard ||a| ||e recep||or
ol ||e o| pervaded ||e very l|rs| C|r|s||ar |||era|ure. l| Was a| |||s ||re ||a| a
||erarc|y ol corrur||y serv|ces, or `r|r|s|r|es,' s|ar|ed |o oecore a regu|ar
lea|ure ol C|r|s||ar groups. T| e |Wer||e|| cer|ury sc|o|ar|y locus or ||e
secord cer|ury Was ||e resu|| ol a lus|or ol ||eo|og|ca| corcerrs W||| ||s|or|ca|
|rqu|ry, draW|rg or ||e |rad|||ora| represer|a||or ol a d|v|re agercy
ac||ve|y |rvo|ved |r ||e ou||d|rg up ol ||e ear||es| c|urc| corrur|||es. lr
|||s Way ||e `Apos|o||c la||ers' ol ||e secord cer|ury oecare, |r a serse,
sacra||zed oy ||e|r prox|r||y |r space ard ||re |o ||e r| per|od.
NeW perspec||ves c|a||erged suc| |rad|||ora| apo|oge||cs. w|||e ||e
||||e `Apos|o||c la||ers' cor||rued |o oe |r use, ||e ||eo|og|ca| cors|ruc|s
or W||c| || or|g|ra||y res|ed d|d ro| s|ard ||e |es| ol ||re. lr par||cu|ar,
||e orea|doWr ol ||e ear||er s|arce resu||ed lror ||e las| deve|oprer| ol
s|ud|es or 0ros||c|sr |r ||e Wa|e ol ||e Nag larrad| d|scovery |r , 1|
as We|| as lror ||e spec|a| |r|eres| or secord cer|ury `Judaeo-C|r|s||ar||y'
deve|oped oy a ruroer ol spec|a||s|s dur|rg ||e 's. 1o
T| e preser| c|ap|er exar|res ||g||y corp|ex |ssues |r ||e |r|e||ec|ua|
||s|ory ol ||ese ear|y C|r|s||ar corrur|||es, a ||s|ory W||c| cu|r|ra|es |r
||e Wor|s ol C|erer| ol A|exardr|a ard lreraeus ol lyor. 0ur so|e purpose
|s |o docurer| ||e use ol scr|p|ure oy secord cer|ury au||ors. l| |s urrecessary
|o |rs|s| ||a| ||e preser| survey does ro| d|sperse lror corsu|||rg
la|ro|og|es lor rore gerera| |rlorra||or.
3ec||or l, `T| e lorra||or ol ||e 3cr|p|ura| Caror,' lo||oWs ||e process
oy W||c| ||e c|urc|es reac|ed ar agreerer| aoou| ||e scr|p|ura| caror.
T| e |egacy ol o|o||ca| Juda|sr lor C|r|s||ar corrur|||es ra|er|a||zed |r ||e
lorr ol a s|ardard co||ec||or ol Wr|||rgs soor |o oe ca||ed `0|d Tes|arer|.'
To ||ese scr|p|ures aro||er co||ec||or Was jo|red |r ||e lorr ol gospe|s ard
o||er `apos|o||c' Wr|||rgs, recogr|zed as au||or||a||ve oy |oca| |rad|||ors.
lr ||ese lourda||ora| Wr|||rgs ca|ec|urers Were |rs|ruc|ed ard |||urg|es
ce|eora|ed. T| ese Wr|||rgs, c|a|r|rg apos|o||c or|g|rs, ever|ua||y oecare
||e `caror,' or oll| c|a| co||ec||or, ol ||e sacred r|. w|||e ||e overW|e|r|rg
|rl| uerce ol ||e r| |r secord cer|ury c|urc|es |as oeer ||e oojec| ol ruc|
8ol|ve T| e 3ecord Cer|ury
researc| dur|rg recer| decades, || rera|rs a l|e|d oper lor reW s|ud|es ard
lres| approac|es.
T| e c|urc| |eac||rg oased or ||e r| W||| oe d|scussed |r 3ec||or ll,
`T| e Apos|o||c la||ers,' W||c| dea|s W||| ||e lourd|rg ol ar `apos|o||c'
corsersus ol C|r|s||ar |rad|||ors. T| e sources corcerred are ||e le||er |o ||e
Cor|r|||arsol C|erer| ol bore (W||| a rer||or ol ||e apocryp|a| `3ecord
le||er |o ||e Cor|r|||ars'), ||e 0|dac|e, ||e le||ersol lgra||us ol Ar||oc|,
lo|ycarp ol 3ryrra, lap|as ol l|erapo||s, ||e le||erol 8arraoas ard ||e
3|ep|erdol lerras ard ||e er|gra||c l|ys|o|ogos, ar aroryrous produc|
ol ||e cu||ure ol A|exardr|a |r ||e |a|e secord cer|ury oy W||c| a C|r|s||ar
`exper| |r ra|ure' c|a|rs |o |ave |earred ||s |ypo|og|ca| |roW|edge ol ||e
ar|ra| ||rgdor lror ||e scr|p|ures.
3ec||or lll`Far|y C|r|s||ar loe|ry,' cors|s|s ol a (|oo) s|or| ro||ce
aoou| ||e 0des ol 3o|oror, ard a sec||or lv`Ac|s ol ||e |ar|yrs,' |s
220
ded|ca|ed |o ||e |||erary gerre ol ||e rar|yr ac|s. lr 3ec||or v, l|ve au||ors
represer||rg ||e |r|e||ec|ua| ||le ol ||e secord cer|ury, are |r|roduced urder
||e ||||e `0ree| Apo|og|s|s,' a ||||e W||c| erp|as|zes ||e|r ra|r s|gr|l|carce
|r ||e|r oWr ||re ard |r ||e |a|er |rad|||ors ol ||e c|urc|. T| ey are Jus||r ol
bore, |||||ades, Ta||ar ||e 3yr|ar, Apo|||rarus ol l|erapo||s, A||eragoras
ol A||ers.
w||| a or|el rev|eW ol |or|ar|sr |r 3ec||or vl, 3ec||or vll opers ||e
deoa|e corcerr|rg 0ros||c|sr, s|r|c||y ||r|||rg ||e ara|ys|s |o ||e use ard
|r|erpre|a||or ol scr|p|ure dur|rg ||a| rajor cr|s|s ol ear|y C|r|s||ar||y.
3pec|l|c a||er||or W||| oe g|ver |o ||e Nag larrad| l|orary, |arc|or, ard
va|er||r|ar exeges|s aoou| W||c| Arre lasqu|er ollers a spec|a| cor|r|ou||or.
3ec||or vll, `T| e besporse |o 0ros||c|sr |r ||e 0ree|-3pea||rg
C|urc|es,' W||| cors|der ||e Wor|s ol leges|ppus, T|eop|||us ol Ar||oc|,
|e|||o ol 3ard|s, ard ||e au||or ol ||e le||er |o 0|ogre|us|oge||er W||| a
spec|a| cor|r|ou||or or lreraeus ol lyor oy N. 8rox. T| e l|ra| sec||or (vll)
|s ded|ca|ed |o C|erer| ol A|exardr|a W|ose |||erary crea||v||y a|ready arrources
||e |ead|rg ro|e ||a| ||e A|exardr|ar c|urc| Wou|d p|ay |r ||e
||s|ory ol C|r|s||ar exeges|s |r ||e |||rd cer|ury.
0erera| 8|o||ograp|y
3ecord Cer|ury
Adar, A. `0ros||sc|e Zuge |r der pa|r|s||sc|er Fxegese vor lu|as .' 3|ud|a 1
Fvarge||ca ( ). - . 1o|zo
A|ard, 8. `0|e bezep||or des reu|es|arer|||c|er Tex|es |r der ers|er
Ja|r|urder-
lr|roduc||or 81
|er.' lages - |r T| e NeW Tes|arer| |r Far|y C|r|s||ar||y.Fd||ed oy J.-|. 18
3evr|r. la recep||or des ecr||s reo|es|arer|a|res dars |e c|r|s||ar|sre pr|r|||l
1|. louva|r. ur|v. lr., . 18
A|ard, K. `|e||od|sc|e 8erer|urger zur Corpus lau||rur oe| der
K|rc|erva|err des zWe||er Ja|r|urder|s.' lages - |r ls. C. Ardreser zur z|8
. ;o
0eour|s|ag.Fd||ed oy A. |. b|||er. 0o|||rger. varder|oe| & buprec||, . 1;
. `0er reu|es|arer|||c|e Tex| |r der vor|ors|ar||r|sc|er Fpoc|e.' lr l|erora.
3a|us carr|s. loreraje a Ar|or|o 0roe.Fd||ed oy F. borero lose, J.
b|usCarps ard J. |or|serra| Torrer|s. 3ar||ago de Corpos|e|a.
Corpos|e||arur,
1o.
A||eroac|, J. `la l|gure de Joras dars |es |ex|es precors|ar||r|ers ou |'||s|o|re
de
|'exegse au secours de |'|corograp||e.' lages - |r la 8|o|e e| |es lres. ;11z
Fd||ed oy A. 8eroi| e| a|. lar|s, . 1;1
Ara|, J. lass|or de lerpe|ue e| de le||c||e su|v| des Ac|es. lr|roduc||or, |ex|e
cr|||que,
|raduc||or, correr|a|re e| |rdex. 3ources c|re||erres . lar|s. Cerl, . |1; 1o
Arp|oux, C.-8. `les prer|res ed|||ors de luc. ll. l'||s|o|re du |ex|e au lle
s|c|e.'
FT|l ( ). - . o81z8|
. `les prer|res 'ed|||ors' des Fvarg||es.' lages - |r les prer|res 1oz
|rad|||ors
de |a 8|o|e. Fd||ed oy C.-8. Arp|oux ard J. |arga|r. l|s|o|re du |ex|e o|o||que
z. lausarre. Fd|||ors du Zore, . 1o
Arrs|rorg, 0. T. `0|e 0eres|s |r der A||er K|rc|e. 0|e dre| K|rc|erva|er.' 808l |
1o( ). - . 1oz11;
Aude|, J.-l. `l'|ypo||se des Tes||ror|a. berarques au|our d'ur ||vre recer|.'
b8 ;o
( ). - . 1o81|o
Aul der |aur, l. `Zur 0eu|urg vor ls ( ) |r der A||er K|rc|e. F|re uoers|c|| 11o
uoer d|e lru|c|r|s|||c|e lr|erpre|a||orsgesc||c||e o|s zur Arlarg des . J|.s.' |
8|jdr ( ). - . |118o|o118
Aure, 0. F. `Far|y C|r|s||ar 8|o||ca| lr|erpre|a||or.' Fv ( ). - . |11o8o
Azza|| 8errarde|||, 0. ` 0v . e l| . - re||a eseges| de| pr|r| |re seco||.' 1 1; 1 1181
lages - |r 3argue e ar|ropo|og|a re||a |eo|og|a. a||| de||a vl se|||rara, ;8|
bora - roverore .Fd||ed oy lrarcesco va|||or|. bore. Fd. l|a zz8 18;
ur|ore lrez|os|ss|ro 3argue.
8auer, J. 8. `3c|r|l|rezep||or |r der reu|es|arer|||c|er Apo|ryp|er.' lages - |
|8
|r 3||ru||, ls. F. 0assrarrFd||ed oy 0. 3c|o||ger ard C. 3c|o||er. |urs|er.
Asc|erdorll, . 1o
8e|||rzor|, A. J. `T| e 0ospe| ol |a|||eW |r ||e 3ecord Cer|ury.' 3ecord
Cer|ury
( ). - . 1z1;z8
8eroi|, A. le oap|ere c|re||er au secord s|c|e. la ||eo|og|e des lres. F|udes
d'||s|o|re e| de p|||osop||e re||g|euse de |'ur|vers||e de 3|rasoourg. lar|s.
lresses ur|ver s||a|res, . 1
221
8zl|ve T| e 3ecord Cer|ury
. `lreree Adversus |aereses lv . - e| |es Tes||ror|a.' 3|la|r ( ). - 1;1 |1o1zo
. z;
8oderrarr, b. Na|ssarce d'ure exegse. 0ar|e| dars |'eg||se arc|erre des
prer|ers
s|c|es. 808F . Tuo|rger. J. C. 8. |o|r, . z8 18o
8oel|, J. der. `Ld |r ||e le||er ol ||e C|urc|es ol v|erre ard lyors.' lages
- 11118|r 3|ud|a pa|r|s||ca , . T| e secord cer|ury, Ter|u|||ar |o N|caea |r 18
||e Wes|, C|erer| ard 0r|ger, ||e Cappadoc|ar la||ers, vo|. . Fd||ed oy F. A. 1o
l|v|rgs|ore. Ka|arazoo, ||c|.. C|s|erc|ar luo||ca||ors, . 18
8o|srard, |.-F. `ure |rad|||or para-syrop||que a||es|ee par |es lres arc|ers.'
lages - |r T| e NeW Tes|arer| |r ear|y C|r|s||ar||y. Fd||ed oy J.-|. 3evr|r. 1;;
la recep||or des ecr||s reo|es|arer|a|res dars |e c|r|s||ar|sre pr|r|||l . 1|
louva|r. ur|v. lr., . 18
8ovor, l. `T| e Words ol ||le |r ||e Ac|s ol ||e Apos||e ArdreW.' lT|b ( ). 8;1|
- 1|.
. `Jesus' ||ss|orary 3peec| as lr|erpre|ed |r ||e la|r|s||c Correr|ar|es ard
||e
Apocryp|a| Narra||ves.' lages - |r Tex|s ard Cor|ex| (ls. l. lar|rar). 8;18o
Fd||ed oy T. lorroerg ard 0. le|||o|r. 0s|o. 3card|rav|ar ur|vers||y lress,
1.
8ovor, l., ard F. Nore|||. `0a| Kerygra a| carore. lo s|a|u|o deg|| scr||||
reo|es|arer|ar| re| secordo seco|o.' Cr3| ( ). - . 11|z|o
8o||g, A., ard C. |ar|sc||es. 0ros|s urd |ar|c|a|srus. lorsc|urger urd
3|ud|er zu
Tex|er vor va|er||r urd |ar| soW|e zu der 8|o||o||e|er vor Nag larrad| urd
|ed|re| |ad|. 8ZNw . 8er||r. de 0ruy|er, . ;z 1|
8roc|, A. 0. `0erre ol ||e Ac|s ol lau|. 0re |rad|||or er|arc|rg aro||er.'
Apocryp|a ( ). - . 1|11o
8ruce, l. l. `3ore T| oug||s or ||e 8eg|rr|rg ol ||e NeW Tes|arer| Caror.'
8Jbl
o( ). - . 18;oo
8us|o 3a|z, J. b. `F| |ex|o |uc|r|co er e| rarco de| p|ura||sro |ex|ua|. Fs|ado de
|a
cues||or y perspec||vas.' FF ( ). - . o1o18
Ca||||, |. `T|e lder||l|ca||or ol ||e l|rs| |ar|ar Correr|ary.' b8 ( ). 1o11|
- zzo8.
Car|a|aressa, b. `la pr|r|||va eseges| cr|s|o|og|ca d| borar| . - e luca 1|
. .' 1
b3lb ( ). - . z1ooo8o
Carozz|, C. Fsc|a|o|og|e e| au-de|. bec|erc|es sur |'Apoca|ypse de lau|. A|x-
erlroverce. luo||ca||ors de |'ur|vers||e de lroverce, . 1|
Cocc||r|, l. `la p| ar||ca ore||a su 3. 0|ovarr|.' lages - |r A||| de| lll 1o1;1
3|rpos|o d| Fleso su 3. 0|ovarr| Apos|o|o. Turv||a. la C||esa e |a sua s|or|a
|. bore. ls|||u|o lrarcescaro d| 3p|r||ua|||, lor||l|c|o A|ereo 'Ar|or|arur,'
1.
Corso||ro, l. F. `la dorra reg|| Ac|a rar|yrur.' lages - |r la dorra re| 11;
pers|ero cr|s||aro ar||co. Fd||ed oy u. |a|||o||. lr|roduc||or oy |. 3|rore|||.
Teo|og|a. 3agg| e b|cerc|e. 0eroa. |ar|e|||, . 1z
lr|roduc||or 8
Corrrar, T. `T| e 0eve|oprer| ol T| |rd-Cer|ury lerrereu||ca| v|eWs |r
be|a||or
|o Fsc|a|a|og|ca| 3ys|ers.' JFT3 ( ). - . o18;z;8;
Cre|ar, J. l. Far|y C|r|s||ar 8ap||sr ard ||e Creed. A 3|udy |r ||e Ar|e-N|cere
T|eo|ogy. T| e 8e||arr|re 3er|es . lordor. 8urrs 0a|es & was|oourre, 1
. 1o
Curr|rgs, J. T. `Juo||a||or or u|u|a||or? la|r|s||c Tes||rory lor ||e 0|d la||r,
espec|a||y lsa|r . .' 3|la|r , . - . 881o 181111o
0a||, N. A. `la |erre o cou|er| de |a|| e| de r|e| se|or 8arraoe . - .' lr ls. o81
0ogue|, . 1o
0a| Covo|o, F. `b|cc|ezza e pover| re| pr|r| due seco|| de||a c||esa,' - . z;|
0ar|e|ou, J. `Tr|r||e e| arge|o|og|e dars |a ||eo|og|e judeo-c|re||erre.' b3b z
( ). - . 1;|1
. l|s|o|re des doc|r|res c|re||erres avar| N|cee, l. T| eo|og|e du
judeoc|r|s||ar|sre. lr 8T.Tourra|. 0esc|ee, . 18
. l|s|o|re des doc|r|res c|re||erres avar| N|cee, l. T| eo|og|e de
judeoc|r|s||ar|sre. lr 8T. lar|s. 0esc|ee, 1958.
. `les douze apo|res e| |e zod|aque.' v|gC|r ( ). - . 111|z1
0ea||e, 0. w. `T| e la||ers aga|rs| |arc|or|sr. A 3|udy ol ||e |e||ods ard
|o||ves |r ||e 0eve|op|rg la|r|s||c Ar||-|arc|or||e lo|er|c.' 0|ss., 3a|r|
lou|s ur|vers||y, . 11
0erre||, J. 0. |. `3cr|p|ure ard Norrs |r ||e Apos|o||c la||ers,' - . o|
T| e 0|dac|e |r |oderr besearc|. Fd||ed oy J. A. 0raper. le|der. 8r|||, . 1o
222
0| |arco, A.-3. `la recez|ore de| Nuovo Tes|arer|o re| padr| apos|o||c|,' - ;z|
. oz
0o|gror, J. `l'espr|| soull|e o || veu| (Jear . ) dars |a p|us arc|erre |rad|||or 8
pa|r|s||que |a||re.' b3l|T| ( ). - . oz1;8|
0orr|e, l. `0er lro|og zur Fvarge||ur rac| Jo|arres |r vers|ardr|s der
a||erer
Apo|oge|er.' lages - |r ls. C. Ardreser zur . 0eour|s|ag.Fd||ed oy 1oz ;o
A. |. b|||er. 0o|||rger. varder|oe| & buprec||, . 1;
Fvars, C. A. To 3ee ard ro| lerce|ve, lsa|a| . - |r Far|y JeW|s|-C|r|s||ar o1o
lr|erpre|a||or. J30T.3 . 3|ell| e|d. J30T lress, . o| 18
larrer, w. b., ard 0. |. lar|asla|vy. T| e lorra||or ol ||e NeW Tes|arer|
Caror. Ar
ecurer|ca| approac|. Fd||ed oy l. w. A||r|dge. NeW or|. lau||s|, . 18
lergusor, F. `Caror |ura|or|. 0a|e ard lroverarce.' 3|la|r ( ). - . 1;18zo;;8
l|sc|er, 8. 0|e lsa|rerlrorr|g|e|| der |ar|yrer||rc|e. lre|ourg. lerder, . 1|
lrar|, K. 3. `vor Nu|zer der lares|e. Kor . |r der lru|er pa|r|s||sc|er 1 111
l||era|ur.' lages - |r Fcc|es|a r||||ars. 3|ud|er zur Korz|||er- urd z
belorra||orsgesc||c||e, ber|g|us 8aurer zur . 0eour|s|ag geW|dre|. vo|. l. ;o
Zur
Korz|||ergesc||c||e. Fd||ed oy w. 8rardru||er. laderoorr. 3c|or|rg|, . 188
0aro|e, l.. T| e NeW Tes|arer| Caror. l|s |a||rg ard |ear|rg.0u|des |o
8|o||ca|
3c|o|ars||p. l|||ade|p||a. lor|ress, . 18
0argaro, 0. l. `l'|rrag|re de||'ape |aoor|osa d| lrov . aoc e |a d|dasca||a o8
|rasressa da| ladr| cr|s||ar|,' - . zoo8z
8|l|ve T| e 3ecord Cer|ury
0|aro||o, C. `l'|r|erpre|az|ore d| A||| re| pr|r| seco|| cr|s||ar|.' A3F ( ). 1 11o
- 1z|1.
0|se|, l. `Apocryp|es e| caror. |eur rappor|s e| |eur s|a|u| respec||l. ur
ques||orrerer| ||eo|og|que.' Apocryp|a ( ). - . ;1o1|
0r|||a, C. `0er reue 3|rr der wor|e. Zur lru|c|r|s|||c|er lass|ors|||era|ur.' l|3|
zo( ). - . 1zzo|
0orz|ez 0a||aro, J. `la |rarsr|s|or reo|es|arer|ar|a de |a doc|r|ra soore |a
creac|or er |os ladres Apo|og|s|as 0r|egos de| s|g|o ll.' 0|ss., A||eraeur
borarur 3arc|ae Cruc|s. lacu||as T|eo|og|ae, . 1
0rar|, b. |. Jesus al|er ||e 0ospe|. T| e C|r|s| ol ||e 3ecord Cer|ury. lordor.
3C|,
1o.
. `0|d Tes|arer| 3a|r|s ard 3|rrers |r ||e 3ecord Cer|ury.' lages - |r oo1
Trad|||or urd Trars|a||or. Zur lroo|er der |r|er|u||ure||er uoerse|zoar|e||
re||g|oser l|arorere. les|sc|r|l|lur Cars|er Co|pe zur . 0eour|s|ag. ed||ed o
oy
C. F|sas, e| a|. 8er||r. 0e 0ruy|er, . 1|
0rappe, C. `0u |ero|r p|eu|re de |a lass|or au rar|yr. |rages de l|erre aux
deux
prer|ers s|c|es.' lages - |r l|gures du Nouveau Tes|arer| c|ez |es 1oo
lres.
Ca||ers de 8|o||a pa|r|s||ca . 3|rasoourg. Cer|re d'ara|yse e| de docurer|a||or
pa|r|s||ques, . 11
0ross|, v. `No|a d'|rs|ere su||a preserza de||a |e||era|ura g|ovarrea re||a c||esa
d| bora de| pr|r| seco||.' lages - |r ll 3|rpos|o d| Fleso su 3. 0|ovarr| 8;11z
Apos|o|o. bora. lrs|||u|o lrarcescaro d| sp|r||ua|||, lor||l| c|o A|ereo
Ar|or|aro, . 1z
0rysor, b. `la v|e|||e-|a||re, |ero|r pr|v||eg|e du |ex|e du Nouveau Tes|arer|.
l'exarp|e de |a||||eu . - .' bTl ( ). - . 111 1188|1z
lae|eWyc|, J.-C. `les prer|res vers|ors |a||res de |a 8|o|e.' lages - |r 1z1o
les
prer|res |rad|||ors de |a 8|o|e. Fd||ed oy C.-8. Arp|oux ard J. |arga|r.
l|s|o|re du |ex|e o|o||que . lausarre. Fd|||ors du Zore, . z 1o
la|rerar, 0. |. T| e |ura|or|ar lragrer| ard ||e 0eve|oprer| ol ||e Caror.
0xlord T| eo|og|ca| |orograp|s. 0xlord. C|arerdor, . 1z
larrar, A. 0. `l'u||||sa||or des lsaures dars |es deux prer|ers s|c|es
c|re||ers.'
3|la|r . - . 18o;|
leoreW 8|o|e0|d Tes|arer|. T| e l|s|ory ol ||s lr|erpre|a||or. vo|. . lror ||e 1
8eg|rr|rgs |o ||e ||dd|e Ages. lar| . Ar||qu||y. Fd||ed oy |. 3ao W||| 1
C. 8re|e|rars ard |. larar. 0o|||rger. varder|oec| & buprec||, . 1o
legge|oac|er, 0. 0|e c|r|s|||c|e Taule a|s bec||sa|| rac| der Zeugr|s der
lru|er
C|r|s|er|e||. larados|s. lre|ourg |.d. 3c|W.. ur|v.-ver|., . 1
lerre, l. `le 'Caror' de |ura|or|0r||ograp||e e| da|a||or.' Arc||vur
8oo|erse
1z| ( - ). - . 11o11z8o|
. `la da|a||or du Caror de |ura|or|.' b8 ( ). - . 1oo1|;
223
lr|roduc||or 8
lolr|c||er, l. `logos|e|re urd 0o||eso||d oe| Apo|oge|er, |oda||s|er urd
0ros|||err. Jo|arre|sc|e C|r|s|o|og|e |r l|c||e ||rer lru|es|er bezep||or.'
lages - |r |oro||e|srus urd C|r|s|o|og|e. Zur 0o||eslrage |r 18;z1;
|e||er|s||sc|er Juder|ur urd |r urc|r|s|er|ur. 0 . lre|ourg |. 8r.. lerder, 18
. 1z
loroury, w. `T| e w|sdor ol 3o|oror |r ||e |ura|or|ar lragrer|.' JT| 3 |
( ). - . 1|1|
luorer, b. |. `0er ar||va|er||r|ar|sc|e C|ara||er der T| eo|og|e des Noe| vor
3ryrra.' lages - |r logos. les|sc|r|l|lur lu|se AoraroWs|| zur . Ju|| ;8o 8
1Fd||ed oy l. C. 8rerrec|e, F. l. 0rasruc|, ard C. |ar|sc||es. 8er||r. 0e
0ruy|er, . 1
l| d|avo|o e | suo| arge||. Tes|| e |rad|z|ore (seco|o l-lll). lr 8|o||o|eca la|r|s||ca
. z8
Fd||ed oy A. |orac| Cas|agro, . 1o
T| e JeW|s| Apoca|yp||c ler||age |r Far|y C|r|s||ar||y. Fd||ed oy J. C. varder|ar
ard
w. Ad|er (Cbl.lllJeW|s| Trad|||ors |r Far|y C|r|s||ar l||era|ure, ). Asser. |
var 0orcur, . 1o
Jo|rsor, w. l. `la|r|s||c use ol ||e lsa|rs ur||| ||e |a|e |||rd cer|ury.' 0|ss.,
3ou||err 8ap||s| T| eo|og|ca| 3er|rary, . 18
Jorge, |. de. `|a|||eW . |r Far|y C|r|s||ar Fxeges|s.' lT|b ( ). - z;1 ;18oo;
. ;
Jurod, F. `'Apocryp|es du Nouveau Tes|arer|.' ure appe||a||or erroree e| ure
co||ec||or ar||l|c|e||e. 0|scuss|or de |a rouve||e del|r|||or proposee par
w. 3c|reere|c|er.' Apocryp|a ( ). - . 1z1;|o
Kaes|||, J.-0. `la p|ace du lragrer| de |ura|or|dars |'||s|o|re du caror. Apropos
de |a ||se de 3urdoerg e| la|rerar.' Cr3| ( ). - . 11|oo|
Kar|oroW|cz, F. l. `T| e oap||sr ol ||e Apos||es.' 00l | ( ). - . 1o1ozo1
K|rz|g, w. `Ka|re d|a||e|e. ||e ||||e ol ||e NeW Tes|arer| |r ||e secord ard |||rd
cer|ur|es.' JT| 3 ( ). - . |1|1||
K|ev|rg|aus, J. `0|e ||eo|og|sc|e 3|e||urg der apos|o||sc|er va|er zur
a|||es|arer|||c|er 0lleroarurg.' 88lAK, 8er|( ). 1|z
K||jr, A. l. J. `la|r|s||c ev|derce lor JeW|s| C|r|s||ar ard Arara|c 0ospe|
|rad|||or.'
lages - |r Tex| ard lr|erpre|a||or. ls. |. 8|ac|. Caror|dge, . 1o;; 1;
Kroc|, 0. `Kerr|r|s urd verWerdurg des |a|||aus-Fvarge||urs oe| der
Apos|o||sc|er va|err.' lages - |r 3|ud|er zur |a|||ausevarge||ur. 1;;
les|sc|r|l|lur w|||e|r lesc|.Fd||ed oy l. 3c|er|e. 3|u||gar|. Ka||o||sc|es
8|oe|Wer|, . 188
Koes|er, l. 3yrop||sc|e uoer||elerurg oe| der apos|o||sc|er va|err. Tu .
8er||r.
A|ader|e, . 1;
Ko||er, w.-0. 0|e bezep||or des |a|||ausevarge||urs |r der Ze|| vor lreraus.
Tuo|rger. J. C. 8. |o|r, . 18;
Kor|g, l. `wer |s| '0o|| |r C|r|s|us? ' 8eooac||urger zu der Arlarger der
bezep ||orsgesc||c||e vor Cor . |r der lru|c|r|s|||c|er l||era|ur, l.' z 1
8ol|ve T| e 3ecord Cer|ury
lages - |r l|||o|og|a 3acra. 8|o||sc|e urd pa|r|s||sc|e 3|ud|er lur z8o
lerrarr J. lrede urd wa||er T| |e|e zu ||rer s|eoz|gs|er 0eour|s|ag. l. A||es
urd
Neues Tes|arer|, ll. Apocryp|er, K|rc|erva|er, versc||ederes. lre|ourg. lerder,
1.
Kral|, l. `0|e Arlarge der c|r|s|||c|er Taule.' T|Z ( ). - . 1;1o1|1z
Ku|r, l.-w. `Jesus a|s 0e|reuz|g|er |r der lru|c|r|s|||c|er ver|urd|gurg o|s zur
||||e des . Ja|r|urder|s.' ZTK ( ). - . z ;z1;1|o
le 8ou||uec, A. `les c||a||ors de |a 3ep|ar|e dars |'lore||e Xvl pseudo-
c|erer||re.
ure cr|||que |rp||c||e de |a |ypo|og|e?' lages - |r d ||1o1 o% `3e|or |es
3ep|ar|e.' lorrage 8 |arguer||e lar|. Fd||ed oy 0. 0or|va| ard 0. |urr|c|.
lar|s. Cerl, . 1
. `l'ecr||ure corre rorre |eres|o|og|que dars |es cor|roverses des lle
e|
lll
e
s. (dora|re grec).' lages - |r 3||ru||, ls. F. 0assrarr. Fd||ed oy oo;o
0. 3c|o||ger ard C. 3c|o||er. |urs|er. Asc|erdorll, . 1o
leer, F. l. var. `le| 0ude Tes|arer| o|j de apos|o||sc|e vaders er Apo|oge|er.'
NTT | ( - ). - . |1|1zo||
l|rderarr, A. `0er Apos|e| lau|us |r . Ja|r|urder|,' - . z o;
l|rdes|og, 0. `3c|opler urd 3c|oplurg |r der 3c|r|l|er der Apos|o||sc|er
va|er.'
ANbw . . . - . zz;188o|8
224
lo|rarr, l. 0ro|urg urd ver|e|ssurg. Fxege||sc|e ur|ersuc|urger zur
Fsc|a|o|og|e
oe| der apos|o||sc|er va|err. 8er||r. 0e 0ruy|er, . 18
lo|se, 8. 0as lassales| der uar|adez|rarer. 0u|ers|o|. 8er|e|srarr, . 1
lorgerec|er, b. N. 8|o||ca| exeges|s |r ||e apos|o||c per|od. 0rard bap|ds.
Ferdrars,
1;.
lo|r, w. A. `la doc|r|re de 0|eu darsla |e||re l|ora de l|o|eree.' bll|b ;
( ). - . 11;;1
|acdora|d, l. |. T| e lorra||or ol ||e C|r|s||ar 8|o||ca| Caror. Nas|v|||e.
Ao|rgdor, . 188
|agr|s, A. `Traslorraz|or| de| rode||o o|o||co d| 0|o re||o gros||c|sro.' A3F 1z
( ). - . 1z1
|arava|, l. `Joo dars |'oeuvre de Zeror de verore.' lages - |r le ||vre de zo
Joo
c|ez |es lres. Ca||ers de 8|o||a la|r|s||ca, . 3|rasoourg. Cer|re d'Ara|yse e|
de
0ocurer|a||or la|r|s||que, . 1o
|ar||ar, v. `T| e ldea ol bepara||or |r 3|. lreraeus ard ||s Cor|erporar|es.'
3|la|r ( ). - . o1oz1|1|o
|ar|sc||es, C. `l|a|ors Kor|g oder va|er Jesu C|r|s||? 0re| 8e|p|e|e lur d|e
bezep||or e|res ||rr||sc|er 0o||esep|||e|ors oe| der C|r|s|er |r der ers|er
Ja|r|urder|er urd derer vorgesc||c||e.' lages - |r Kor|gs|errsc|al| 8|
0o||es urd ||rr||sc|er Ku|| |r Juder|ur, urc|r|s|er|ur urd |r der
|e||er|s||sc|er we||. Fd||ed oy |. lerge| ard A. |. 3c|Werer. wuNT .
Tuo|rger.
J. C. 8. |o|r, . 11
lr|roduc||or 8;
|assaux, F. T|e lrl|uerce ol ||e 0ospe| ol 3a|r| |a|||eW or C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
oelore 3a|r| lreraeus. Fd||ed oy A. J. 8e|||rzor|. |acor, 0a.. |ercer, . 1o
|cNe||, 8. `T| e 0des ol 3o|oror ard ||e 3cr|p|ures.' 0rC|r ( ). - . ;181o|zz
|e|zger, 8. |. T| e Caror ol ||e NeW Tes|arer|. l|s 0r|g|r, 0eve|oprer| ard
3|gr|l|carce. 0xlord. C|arerdor, . 18;
||guers, |. `Appur|| su||'eseges| de||'epoca apos|o||ca.' 8|o0r | ( ). - . o1o1zo1o
|||ra. Tex|, Trars|a||or, bead|rg ard lr|erpre|a||or ol ||e leoreW 8|o|e |r
Arc|er|
Juda |sr ard Far|y C|r|s||ar||y. Fd||ed oy |. J. |u|der. Asser. var 0orcur,
188.
||rour|, 3. C. `les v|es de |a v|erge. F|a| de |a ques||or.' Apocryp|a ( ). 1|
- z11|8.
|o|rg|, J. `la recep||or du lro|ogue de Jear au lle
s|c|e.' b3b ( ). - . 81z|8z
|o||ra, C., ard J. lerrardo. F| proo|era de |a |ey. luc|as ar||pau||ras er |os
dos
pr|reros s|g|os de |a lg|es|a. |urc|a, . 18
|orac| Cas|agro, A. `l| d|avo|o e |e sue re|arorlos|. 3pur|| esege||c| reg|| A||| d|
l|e|ro.' A3F ( ). - . 111||1z
. `la deroro|og|a cr|s||ara lra ll e lll seco|o.' lages - |r l| deror|o e | 11o
suo|
corp||c|. 0o||r|re e crederze deroro|og|c|e re||a Tarda Ar||c|||. Fd||ed oy
3. lr|oco. Arrar|ur . buooe|||ro. 3over|a |ore|||, . o 1
|oresc||r|, C. `la 8|oo|a e |'apo|oge||ca |a||ra.' lages - |r la 8|oo|a z
re||'ar||c||| cr|s||ara. l. 0a 0es a 0r|gere.Fd||ed oy F. Nore|||. 8o|ogra.
Fd|z|ore 0e|or|are 8o|ogra, . 1
|orger, |. `la proresse de Jesus Na||arae| (Jr . ) ec|a|ree par |a 1
|agadda| de
Jacoo-lsrae|.' bev3b ( ). - . o;1z1
|ur|er, C. `la lerre de lo| dars |a ||||era|ure ju|ve e| c|re||erre des prer|ers
s|c|es.' lages - |r l|gures de |'Arc|er Tes|arer| c|ez |es lres. Ca||ers 1z|z
de 8|o||a la|r|s||ca . 3|rasoourg. Cer|re d'Ara|yse e| de 0ocurer|a||or z
la|r|s||que, . 18
Ne|ryrc|, l. `l'|rl|uerce de |'evarg||e de |a||||eu. A propos d'ure re|rpress|or.'
FT|l ( ). - . oz18o|o
T| e NeW Tes|arer| |r Far|y C|r|s||ar||y. Fd||ed oy J.-|. 3evr|r. la recep||or des
ecr||s reo|es|arer|a|res dars |e c|r|s||ar|sre pr|r|||l. louva|r. ur|v. lr., . 18
Nore|||, F. `la saoo|a e |e s|e||e. 0er . , . , . re||'eseges| cr|s||ara de| 11o1zz1;
pr|r|s|re seco||.' Aug ( ). - . zz18zz81z
. l'Ascers|ore d| lsa|a. 3|ud| su ur apocr|lo a| crocev|a de| cr|s||ares|r|.Cer|ro
lr|erd|par||rer|a|e d| s|ud| su||'Fora|sro e su| Cr|s||ares|ro ar||co. 0r|g|r|.
N3 . 8o|ogre. 0e|or|are, . 1 1|
0roe, A. `F| d|a de |a creac|or de| |orore er|re |es |eo|ogos de| s. ll.'
FsTe | |z1oz
( ). - . 1o;z;o
. Fs|ud|os soore |a |eo|og|a cr|s||ara pr|r|||va. luer|es la|rs||cas. Fs|ud|os . 1
225
|adr|d. Fd||or|a| C|udad Nueva, . 1|
88l|ve T| e 3ecord Cer|ury
. la |eo|og|a de| secc. ll e lll. l| corlror|o de||a 0rarde C||esa cor |o
gros||c|sro. vo|. . Ter| ve|ero|es|arer|ar|. vo|. . Ter| reo|es|arer|ar|. Trad. 1 z
da| spagruo|o. Casa|e |orlerra|o (A|), l|erre T| eo|og|ca. bore. lor||l| c|a
ur|vers|| 0regor|ara, . 1
0soorr, F. `T| e Fxce||erce ol Adar |r secord Cer|ury C|r|s||ar T| oug||.'
lages
- |r l|gures de |'Arc|er Tes|arer| c|ez |es lres. Ca||ers de 8|o||a
la|r|s||ca
z. 3|rasoourg. Cer|re d'ara|yse & de docurer|a||or pa|r|s||que, . 18
0|rar|o, 0. `l| sacerdoz|o corure de| lede|| re| r|l|ess| de||a le|r . (l e ll 1 z
seco|o).' ve|C|r ( ). - . ;1;ozz|o
. `Fzec||e|e . - re||'eseges| pa|r|s||ca de| secordo seco|o.' ve|C|r ;11|
( ). 1;z
- ;o.
0u||or, J. F. l. `3ecord-cer|ury Teac||rg or lo|y 8ap||sr.' T|eo|ogy ( ). 11|;
- 8o1.
lac|ore|, A. `Fgzegeza lv Fvarge||| W p|srac| 0jcoW Apos|o|s||c| (= 0e
exeges|
lv Fvarge||| |r scr|p||s la|rur Apos|o||corur.' voxl ( ). - . ;18;z
lacz|oWs||, |. C. `T|e 3acr|l|ce ol lsaac |r Far|y la|r|s||c Fxeges|s.' lages
- 1o1z1
|r T|e 3acr|l|ce ol lsaac |r ||e T| ree |oro||e|s||c be||g|ors. lroceed|rgs ol a
3yrpos|ur or ||e lr|erpre|a||or ol ||e 3cr|p|ures le|d |r Jerusa|er, |arc|
- 1o1;, . Fd||ed oy l. |arrs. 38lA . Jerusa|er. lrarc|scar lr|r||rg 1 |1
lress, . 1
la|rc|aud, l. `T| e use ol 3cr|p|ure |r 0ros||c l||era|ure. A lurc||ora| Approac|.'
lr Aos|rac|s. Arer|car Acadery ol be||g|or|3oc|e|y ol 8|o||ca| l||era|ure.
Fd||ed oy F. l. lover|rg, Jr. ard 8. 3. os||o|a. A||ar|a. 3c|o|ars lress, . 11
. `T| e use ol 3cr|p|ure |r 0ros||c l||era|ure.' JFC3 ( ). - . |1o1z|o
lar|ro||e, 3. la ||oer| da||a |egge d| |ose reg|| scr|||| de| ladr| da||a l|re de| ll
sec.
bore. 8or|a, . 18
. 0es d| Nazare| re||'u|||ro evarge|o e re| pr|r| scr|||| de| ladr|.bore. 8or|a,
1o.
lar|er, J. l. `d\iovd\(. A Cor|ex|ua| Ara|ys|s ol T| e|r |ear|rg
|r ||e NeW Tes|arer| ard ||e Apos|o||c la||ers.' 0|ss., NeW 0r|ears 8ap||s|
T| eo|og|ca| 3er|rary, . 1o
lasqu|er, A., . `lr|erpre|a||or ol ||e lro|ogue |o Jo|r's 0ospe| |r 3ore 1;
0ros||c
ard la|r|s||c wr|||rgs. A Corror Trad|||or.' lages - |r T|e Nag |8|
larrad| l|orary al|er l|l|y ears. lroceed|rgs ol ||e 3oc|e|y ol 8|o||ca| 1
l||era|ure Correrora||or Fd||ed oy J. 0. Turrer ard A. |c0u|re. Nl|3 . ||
le|der. 8r|||.
learsor, 8. A. 0ros||c|sr, Juda|sr, ard Fgyp||ar C|r|s||ar||y. 3|ud|es |r
Ar||qu||y
ard C|r|s||ar||y. ||rreapo||s. lor|ress, . 1o
lerra, b. `l'or|g|re de| Corpus lau||rur. a|cur| aspe||| de||a ques||ore.' Cr3| 1
( ). - . 1|;;oo;
lr|roduc||or 8
lere||o, F. `Fvarge||zare pauper|ous (lc . , . - ) re||a |e||ura pa|r|s||ca de| |18;zzz
seco|| ||-|||.' Augus||r|arur ( ). - . 1;1;;;11oo
l|ero, A. la lorrac|or de| caror de| Nuevo Tes|arer|o. |adr|d. lurdac|or
3ar|a
|ara, . 18
l|r|c||||, b. F. `A||us|ors |o le|er |r ||e Apos|o||c la||ers.' J3NT ( ). - z 188;
. 8
lo|r|er, l.-l. `lour ure ||s|o|re de |a |ec|ure preura|o|og|que de 0r . . z;
ue|ques
ja|ors jusqu' lreree de lyor.' bFAug ( ). - . |o1|zz
lo||er|e, l. de |a. `l'arrurc|o a |ar|a. lc . e . o re| |er|gra d| luca e re||a 1z8 1
ca|ec|es| de| ladr|.' lages - |r la rar|o|og|a re||a ca|ec|es| de| ladr| (e| 1;|
prer|cera). corvegro d| s|ud|o e agg|orrarer|o, laco|| d| le||ere cr|s||are e
c|ass|c|e (lor||l|cur lrs|||u|ur A|||or|s la||r||a||s), bora, - rarzo . 181 188
Fd||ed oy 3. le||c|. bore. lA3, . 18
uacquare|||, A. `l'eseges| ||po|og|ca de||a croce da| ladr| Apos|o||c| a| pr|r|
Apo|oge||.' A3F ( ). - . 1o1o;;|
. `l'ore||a ar||gros||ca de||o lseudo-C|erer|e e |a carre d| Cr|s|o e
de||'uoro.'
lr Corvegro d| s|ud|o e agg|orrarer|o, laco|| d| le||ere cr|s||are e c|ass|sc|e
(lor|. lrs|. A|||or|s la||r||a||s), bora - rarzo . Fd||ed oy 3. le||c|. zoz8 1z
8|o||o|eca d| sc|erze re||g|ose . bore. lA3, . 1oo 1
b|c|ard, |. `la ques||or pasca|e au z
226
e
s|c|e.' 0r3yr ( ). - . o1o11;z1z
b|ga|o, |.-l. `l''apos|o|o ed evarge||s|a 0|ovarr|,' 'sacerdo|e' |ev|||co.' b|v8|o 8
( ). - . 1o|18
. `la |es||ror|arza d| lo||cra|e d| Fleso su 0|ovarr| Fvarge||s|a. b|scor|r|
re| quar|o varge|o.' lages - |r A||| de| lll 3|rpos|o d| Fleso su 1o8|z
3. 0|ovarr| Apos|o|o Turc||a. la C||esa e |a sua s|or|a, . ls|||u|o lrarcescaro
d| 3p|r||ua|||, lor||l|c|o A|ereo 'Ar|or|arur,' . 1
bo|darus, J. `usages var|es de Joras par |es prer|ers lres.' lages - |r 188
l|gures
de |'Arc|er Tes|arer| c|ez |es lres. Ca||ers de 8|o||a la|r|s||ca . 3|rasoourg. z
Cer|re d'Ara|yse e| de 0ocurer|a||or la|r|s||que, . 18
bouger, 0. `la cr|||que du |ex|e o|o||que au ll
e
s.. Ce|se |ec|eur de |'Fvarg||e.' lages
- zo;|o|r les prer|res |rad|||ors de |a 8|o|e. Fd||ed oy C.-8. Arp|oux ard
J. |arga|r. l|s|o|re du |ex|e o|o||que . lousarre. Fd|||ors du Zore, . z 1o
bou|era, b. 0e u|||eg var lau|us' eers|e or|el aar de Cor|r|||ers |r de |Weede
er
derde eeuW.Karper. Ko|, . 1o
boW|ard, C. `Apoca|yp||c, 0od ard ||e wor|d. Appeararce ard bea|||y. Far|y
C|r|s||ar||y's 0eo| |o ||e JeW|s| Apoca|yp||c Trad|||or.' lages - |r z8|
Far|y C|r|s||ar T| oug|| |r l|s JeW|s| Cor|ex|. Fd||ed oy J. 8arc|ay ard J. 3Wee|.
Caror|dge. Caror|dge ur|vers||y lress, . 1oo
buscor|, C. `|o|o| re||a |e||era|ura pa|r|s||ca de| pr|r| |re seco||.' lages - z;18;
|r
A||| de||a 3e|||rara 3argue e ar|ropo|og|a re||a |e||era|ura cr|s||ara ll (bora,
- zz8roverore ). bore. Fd. l|a ur|ore de| lrez|os|ss|ro 3argue ll, 181
. 18z
ol|ve T| e 3ecord Cer|ury
3a|rar, 0. `8|o||ca| lrop|e|s ard C|r|s||ar legerd. T| e l|ves ol ||e lrop|e|s
becors|dered.' lages - |r |ess|a| ard C|r|s|os. 3|ud|es |r ||e JeW|s| 1||
0r|g|rs ol C|r|s||ar||y.Fd||ed oy l. 0ruerWa|d, 3. 3|a|ed, ard 0. 0. 3|roursa.
Tex|e urd 3|ud|er zur Ar|||er Juder|ur . Tuo|rger. J. C. 8. |o|r, . z 1z
3oallor|, l. Tes|| su||'Ar||cr|s|o. 3eco|| l-ll (8|o||o|eca la|r|s||ca). l|orerce.
Nard|r|,
1z.
3c||aro, b. `bor . - |r der Aus|egurg der lru|er K|rc|erva|er.' 8Z ( ). o111 18
- 1|.
. w|r s|rd r|| C|r|s|us oegraoer. 0|e Aus|egurg vor borer . - |r o1z
lru|c|r|s|er|ur o|s 0r|geres. 8e||rage zur 0esc||c||e der o|o||sc|er Fxegese
. 1
Tuo|rger. J. C. 8. |o|r, . 1o
3c|reere|c|er, w. `lau|us |r der gr|ec||sc|er K|rc|e des zWe||er
Ja|r|urder|s.'
ZK0 ( ). - . ;1o|1zo
3c|o||ger, 0. `lseudapos|o||z||a| urd 3c|r|l|georauc| |r der ers|er
K|rc|erordrurger. Arrer|urger zur 8egrurdurg des lru|er K|rc|errec||s.'
lages - |r 3||ru||, ls. F. 0assrarr.Fd||ed oy 0. 3c|o||ger ard o1z1
C. 3c|o||er. |urs|er. Asc|erdorll, . 1o
3c|r|l|aus|egurg |r ar|||er Juder|ur urd |r urc|r|s|er|ur.Fd||ed oy |. lerge|
urd l. lo|r. wuNT . Tuo|rger. J. C. 8. |o|r, . ; 1|
3cope||o, |. `|ar|e-|ade|e|re e| |a |our. p|s||s e| sop||a.' lages - |r 1;o
l|gures
du Nouveau Tes|arer| c|ez |es lres. 3|rasoourg. Cer|re d'ara|yse e| de
docurer|a||or pa|r|s||ques, . 11
3|rore|||, |. `l'eseges| pa|r|s||ca d| 0ar|e|e e| re| || e ||| seco|o.' lages - z ; ;
|;
|r lopo|| e spaz|o roraro |ra d|r|||o e prolez|a. A||| de| ||| 3er|rar|o |r|erraz|ora|e
d| s|ud| s|or|c| 0a bora a||a |erza bora, - apr||e . Nap|es. z1z 18
Fd. 3c|er||l|c|e l|a||are, . 18o
. `luca . re||e cor|rovers|e cr|s|o|og|c|e de| ll e lll seco|o.' lages - |r 1 |;
la
rar|o|og|a re||a ca|ec|es| de| ladr| (e| prer|cera). corvegro d| s|ud|o e
agg|orrarer|o, laco|| d| le||ere cr|s||are e c|ass|c|e (lor||l|c|ur lrs|||u|ur
A|||or|s
la||r||a||s), bora, - rarzo .Fd||ed oy 3. le||c|. 8|o||o|eca d| sc|erze 181 188
re||g|ose . bore. lA3, . 88 18
. `ur 'ar||ca ' |r|erpre|az|ore d| luca . - .' lr l|erora. 3a|us carr|s. 1o18
loreraje
a Ar|or|o 0roe.Fd||ed oy F. borero lose, J. b|us-Carps, ard J. |or|serra|
Torrer|s. 3ar||ago de Corpos|e|a. Corpes|e||arur, . 1o
. `Ca|ec|es| ed eseges| da| l a| lll seco|o.' lages - |r Fseges| e 1|
ca|ec|es| re|
227
ladr| (secc. ll-lv). Corvegro d| s|ud|o e agg|orrarer|o, laco|| d| le||ere
cr|s||are e c|ass|sc|e (lor|. lrs|. A|||or|s la||r||a||s), bora - rarzo . zoz8 1z
Fd||ed
oy 3. le||c|. 8|o||o|eca d| sc|erze re||g|ose . bore. lA3, . 1oo 1
. `la 3acra 3cr|||ura re||a C||esa de||e or|g|r| (l-lll sec.). 3|gr|l|ca|o e
|r|erpre|az|or|.' 3a| ( ). - . ;1o;|
lr|roduc||or 1
3|r|sca|co, l. `lo s|||e o|o||cao re||a r|l|ess|ore d| scr|||or| cr|s||ar| de| ll e lll
seco|o.' lages - |r 3|ud| su| cr|s||ares|ro ar||co e roderro |r orore d| z1z
|ar|a 0raz|a |ara = Aug ( ). bore. lrs|||u|o la|r|s||co 'Augus||r|arur.' 1
3|arsaure, 0. `lror 8oo|s |o Tes||ror|es. berar|s or ||e Trarsr|ss|or ol ||e
0|d Tes|arer| |r ||e Far|y C|urc|.' lrr. ( ). - . z1ozo;1
3pada, C. A. `Aspe||| de||a po|er|ca ar||rarc|or||a re| Correr|o a| varge|o d|
0|ovarr|.' lages - |r 0r|ger|ara u|r|a. Fd||ed oy b. J. 0a|y. louva|r, 81
1z.
3|oc||auser, C. l. `Far|y lr|erpre|a||ors ol ll Cor|r|||ars . ar Fxege||ca|
lerspec||ve,' 3|la|r ( ). - . 118z
3|u|||oler, l. 0er 0eorauc| der 8|oe| vor Jesus o|s Fuseo. F|re s|a||s||sc|e
ur|ersuc|urg zur Karorgesc||c||e. wupper|a|. 8roc||aus, . 188
3u||er|ard, 0. `0er . ard Far|y C|r|s||ar 3|rugg|es over F|ec||or.' 3JT| 1o ||
( ). - . 11||o
Taoe|, |. `l |es|| pao||r| su||a parados|sre| correr|| pa|r|s||c| (seco|| l-lll),'
- |.
uroarr| 8||oao, 0. |orarqua y Tr|r|dad. F| corcep|o |eo|og|co 'rorarc||a' er |a
cor|rovers|a 'rorarqu|ara'(lulC|, |adr|d, 3er|e l. Fs|ud|os, ). ur|vers|dad oz
lor||l|c|a Cor|||as, |adr|d, . 1o
ve||r|, 0. `Carore, scr|||ura e cor|es|o |rrarer|e |r a|cur| |es|| de| l seco|o dopo
Cr|s|o.' laur ( ). - . o18z|
v|cer| Cerruda, A. `la |ue||a cr|s|o|og|ca de Jr . er e| s|g|o ll y |a |rso|||a 11
audac|a de es|a lorru|a joarea.' Frc8|o ( ). - . |18z;zo
v|sora, 0. `lover|, seque|a, car||. 0r|er|arer|| re| cr|s||ares|ro de| pr|r| due
seco||.' lr ler lorarer acus, - . ;8
. `l'uoro a |rrag|re d| 0|o. l'|r|erpre|az|ore d| 0eres| . re| pers|ero 1zo
cr|s||aro de| pr|r| |re seco||.' 3|la|r ( ). - . z;18o|o
ward, b. 8. `Jares ol Jerusa|er |r ||e l|rs| TWo Cer|ur|es,' ANbw . . . - zzo1;;
. 81z
w||d, F. `l|s|o|re de |'exegse de |a per|cope de 0e||serar| (|| . - , |c zoo|o
. 1|
- z|z, lc . - ). les |ro|s prer|ers s|c|es.' bll|b ( ). zz|o 1;
ous|l, l. `Fxegse e| |ypo|og|e o|o||que c|ez 3. Fp|rer de N|s|oe e| c|ez
3. T| oras d'Aqu|r.' lar0r ( ). - . 118o1o
Zallagro, F. `3u| cap||o|o |r|rodu|||vo de| '0e c|o|s |uda|c|s'.' 0ll ( ). - ||1z
. o
zl|ve T| e 3ecord Cer|ury
ll
TlF l0b|ATl0N 0l TlF 3CbllTubAl CAN0N
|. T|e lssues a| 3|a|e
T| e ||r| oe|Weer 0|d Tes|arer| (o|) ard NeW Tes|arer| (r|) |s ol a v||a|
|rpor|arce lor ||e |rrer s|ruc|ur|rg ol ||e reW-oorr c|urc|. T| e leoreW
scr|p|ures oecare o| lor oe||evers W|o exper|erced a |errereu||ca| corvers|or
W|er lac|rg ||e reWress ol ||e gospe|-ever|. lr all| rr|rg ||e |ru||
ol ||e gospe| ||ese corver|s opered a reW space ard a reW ||re |r|o W||c|
||ey er|ered oy crea||ve|y c|a|r|rg ||e|r C|r|s||ar |der|||y. As par| ol ||e
rereWed crea||or (`||e e|g||| day,' accord|rg |o ||e Fp|s||e ol 8arraoas)
||e d|sc|p|es ol Jesus read ||e sacred ooo|s ol lsrae|'s pas| as ar||c|pa|ory
s|ages |r ||e ||s|ory ol 0od's ac||or |r ||e|r Wor|d. T| ey cors|dered ||erse|ves
as par||c|pa||rg d|rec||y |r ||a| d|v|re ac||or ||roug| ||e|r la||| |r
||e gospe|-ever|.
T| e r| resu||ed lror ||e corvers|or exper|erces ol severa| gerera||ors
ol oe||evers W|o progress|ve|y er|ered |r|o W|a| ||ey saW as ||e u|||ra|e
p|ase ol sa|va||or ||s|ory. lror ||e ||re ol Jesus' dea|| ur||| arourd 1zo
c.e., ||e r| g|ves |es||rory ||a| |os|s ol rer ard Worer oecare par||c|par|s |r
||a| sare gospe|-ever|. l| preser|s a s|ory ol Jesus, ||e |ess|a|,
Wr|||er rore or |ess |rdeperder||y oy d|llerer| au||ors des|gra|ed oy ear|y
C|r|s||ar corrur|||es, |oge||er W||| a se| ol c|rcurs|ar||a| essays or |e||ers
addressed |o sra|| groups ol oe||evers s|rugg||rg lor surv|va|. lr a var|e|y
ol |||erary gerres crea|ed or adap|ed lor ||ese purposes, ||e r| re|r|eves
||e o| ressage |r order |o ce|eora|e ||e gospe|-ever|. lr a Word, ||e r|
resu||ed lror a re|oca||or ol ||e leoreW 8|o|e lror ||e par||cu|ar||y ol
lsrae|'s pas|. A| ||e sare ||re || rad|ca||zed o| prop|ec|es ard o| W|sdor
app|y|rg ||er d|rec||y |o ||e very persor ol Jesus ard |o ||e la||| exper|erce ol
||s d|sc|p|es.
T| e sp|r||ua| |reasures ol ||e o| l|||ed ||e |ear|s ol ear||es| C|r|s||ars,
228
jus| as ||e |errereu||ca| corvers|or |rc|uded |r ||e gospe|-ever| res|aped
ard d|rec|ed ||e|r r|rds. w||| ||e|r eyes opered ard ||e|r |orgues lreed
oy ||e|r corvers|or, C|r|s||ar oe||evers exp|ored ard proc|a|red ||e lu|l|||rer| ol
||e o| |r ||e gospe| ever|. lerce ||e r| rel|ec|s ||e dyrar|cs ol
||a| ever|, as urders|ood ard ar||cu|a|ed oy a par||cu|ar group ol oe||evers.
As a |||erary docurer|, ||e r| represer|s a corrur||y ever| |r W||c| ore
car |ear ||e ressage ol Jesus ||roug| ||e vo|ces ol ||e rer ard Worer
W|o ||ved ||.
T| e lorra||or ol ||e 3cr|p|ura| Caror
||. T|e legacy ol Juda|sr
T| e s|rorg JeW|s| oe||el |r ||e d|v|re au||or||y ol Tora| (||e ler|a|euc|.
`l|ve ooo|s' ol 0eres|s, Fxodus, lev|||cus, Nuroers, 0eu|erorory) |s oes|
expressed ||roug| ||e v|v|d re|ap|or ol 0od ||rse|l Wr|||rg or s|ore lor
|oses ||e oas|c e|erer|s ol ||e laW. Fx . , . - . 0| . , . - . 118z11o zz11o1
T| e spec|a| sacredress ol Tora| Was lorever e|c|ed |r|o ||e o|o||ca| la||| ol
lsrae|, ou| al|er sore ||re || Was |o a cer|a|r degree ex|erded |o o||er ooo|s.
||e 8oo| ol Joo Was prooao|y ore ol ||e l|rs| |o oe cour|ed W||| Tora| as ol
d|v|re or|g|r (pa|eo-leora|c raruscr|p| a| urrar). lr ||e ear|y secord
cer|ury o.c.e., a `caror' (|r 0ree|, `ru|er'. oll| c|a| co||ec||or ol Wr|||rgs) ol
lrop|e|s a|ready ex|s|ed |rc|ud|rg lsa|a|, Jerer|a|, Fzec||e| ard ||e |We|ve
||ror lrop|e|s.
A| urrar, |r ||e Fssere corrur||y lorred aoou| |Wo cer|ur|es oelore
C|r|s|, `|o|y scr|p|ure,' lorra||y quo|ed as suc|, |rc|uded. Tora|, lsa|a|,
Jerer|a|, Fzec||e|, 0ar|e|, ||e |We|ve ||ror lrop|e|s, lsa|rs. a |o|a| ol
|Wer|y|Wo ooo|s. Fs||er |s ||e or|y o| ooo| rever relerred |o a| urrarror |s
|| rer||ored |r ||e r|. lsa|rs are used as prop|ec|es (aga|r as |r ||e r|),
W|||e ||e 3org ol 3orgs |s corp|e|e|y a||egor|zed. l|s|or|ca| ooo|s (3arue|,
K|rgs, C|ror|c|es) |ave ro| ye| reac|ed ||e s|a|us ol `|o|y scr|p|ure,' ra||er
||ey are revered `docurer|ar|es,' aga|r as |r ||e r|. |ary o||er revered
Wr|||rgs Were quo|ed ard cop|ed a| urrar. ||e cyc|e ol Froc|, ||e 8oo|
ol Juo||ees, ||e bo|| ol ||e Terp|e, e|c.
lr 0ree|, a urrar ro|| ol ||ror lrop|e|s da||rg lror ||e ear|y l|rs|
cer|ury c.e. s|oWs |races ol a rev|s|or|erce ||e leora|c |ex| used lor ||e
rev|s|or Was cors|dered as au||or||a||ve. lr ||e l|rs| cer|ury o.c.e., a 0ree|
vers|or ol Fsdras-Ne|er|a| |ad rep|aced ar o|der ore, W|ereas ||e Car||c|e ol
Car||c|es, bu||, larer|a||ors Were |rars|a|ed lor ||e l|rs| ||re |r|o
0ree| dur|rg ||a| sare per|od ard d|s|r|ou|ed arorg ||e syragogues ol
||e 0|aspora lor |||urg|ca| lassover read|rgs. o|e|e| (Fcc|es|as||cus) Was
|rars|a|ed |r|o 0ree| or|y rear ||e erd ol ||e l|rs| cer|ury c.e. oecause ol a
cor|roversy oe|Weer l|ar|sees. ||e sc|oo| ol 3|arrai relused ||s caror|c||y,
ou| ||e sc|oo| ol l|||e| adr|||ed ||.
Ac|ua||y, ||e l|ar|sear caror ol scr|p|ure Was cors|dered c|osed lror
||e r|dd|e ol ||e secord cer|ury o.c.e., ||e erd ol a cor||ruous success|or
ol lrop|e|s |av|rg oeerda|ed lror ||e erd ol ||e lers|ar per|od. lrop|e|s
Were seer as lo||oWed oy `3ages.' ll 0ar|e| cou|d oe added |o ||e caror, ||
Was as `prop|e|,' ard so Were Fsdras, Ne|er|a|, K|rgs, C|ror|c|es.
A ga||er|rg ol raoo|s oe|Weer ard a| a|vre dec|ded |o rep|ace o 1o
0ara||e| ll oy ||s oro||er-|r-|aW F|eazar oer lyrcaros as ||e |ead ol ||e
|l|ve T| e 3ecord Cer|ury
es||va, ||e raoo|r|c acadery. 0ur|rg ||e ree||rg, Car||c|e ard o|e|e|
Were corl|rred |r ||e|r caror|ca| s|a|us, Car||c|es oe|rg recorrerded lor
||e |||urgy or|y ard o|e|e| delerded aga|rs| ||e oojec||ors ol 3|arrai.
Aga|rs| Judaear|C|r|s||ar |rrova||ors, ||e raoo|r|c caror ol |Wer|y-|Wo
(|Wer|y-lour corror|y adr|||ed) o| ooo|s Was del|r|||ve|y c|osed oelore
8ar Koc|oa's revo||.
|||. T|e `0|d Tes|arer|' ol ||e C|r|s||ars
As descr|oed oy 0r|ger ol A|exardr|a |r ||s le||er|o Ju||us Alr|carus, ||e
o| |rc|udes a|so Too|| ard Jud|||, ard |r 0ar|e| ||e s|or|es ol 3usarra|,
ol 8e| ard ||e 0ragor, ard ||e Car||c|e ol Arar|as, Azar|as, ||sae|, || a|so
|rc|udes |r Fs||er ||e prayers ol Fs||er ard |ardoc|a| ard |Wo roya| ed|c|s,
ou| sore par|s ol ||e leoreW |ex| |r Jerer|a| ard Joo Were |grored oy ||e
0ree| |rars|a|ors.
T|e d|llererces oe|Weer ||e baoo|r|c ard ||e C|r|s||ar caror are ro|
due, as ol|er repea|ed, |o ar `A|exardr|ar' caror, ou| |o p|e||s| c|rc|es ro|
ye| cor|ro||ed oy ||e l|ar|sees a| ||e oeg|rr|rg ol c.e., c|rc|es |||e urrar
oper |o er|arg|rg ||e caror. 0r|y al|er 8ar Koc|oa d|d l|ar|sa|sr |der||ly
W||| Juda|sr.
T| e l|ar|sear Caror ard ||e C|r|s||ar 8|o|e lorr |Wo corcer|r|c c|rc|es
W||| ||e sare cer|ra| pr|rc|p|es.
|osa|c au||ors||p |s ||r||ed |o Tora|.
T| e co||ec||or ol lsa|rs |s ||e sare.
T| e l|ar|sees adr|||ed |Wo 3a|oror|ar add|||ors.
T| e l|ar|sees adr|||ed ar add|||or |o Jerer|a|, ||e
larer|a||ors, |xx-C|r|s||ars add 8aruc| ard ||e le||er ol
229
Jerer|a|.
To arc|er| ||s|or|ca| ooo|s, ||e l|ar|sees added
C|ror|c|es, Fsdras, Ne|er|a|, |xx-C|r|s||ars add a rore
recer| ore, |accaoees.
T| e l|ar|sees adr|||ed ||ree s|or| rove|s. bu||, Jora|,
Fs||er, |xx-C|r|s||ars add |Wo rore. Too|| ard Jud|||.
l|s|s ol caror|ca| ooo|s are g|ver oy |e|||o |r ||e secord, ard 0r|ger |r
||e |||rd cer|ury c.e. T| ey are |rarsr|||ed, |||e o||er ||s|s, oy lour||-cer|ury
au||ors. Codex l|eroso|yr||arus , lo||o , |e|||o (Fuseo|us ol Caesarea, | ;1
C|urc| l|s|orylv. , , ), 0r|ger (sare, vl. , ), Cyr|| ol Jerusa|er, Ca|- zo1| zz
T| e lorra||or ol ||e 3cr|p|ura| Caror
ec|e||ca| lor|||eslv, , A||aras|us ol A|exardr|a, les|a| le||er , Courc||
ol laod|ocea, caror ( ), Fp|p|ar|us ol 3a|ar|s, larar|or , , 0e rersura oo 8o |
ard , ||ree ||s|s, 0regory Naz|arzus, Carrer , Arp|||oc||us ol z 1z
lcor|ur, laro| ad 3e|eucur, verses - , Apos|o||c Carors, . z11 8
lr secord-cer|ury |||era|ure, ||e urcor|es|ed predor|rarce ol o| relererces |s
||a| ol ||e ler|a|euc| ard ||e lsa|rs. w|sdor |||era|ure er|ers
|r|o ||e scr|p|ura| arroury ol C|r|s||ars or|y rear ||e erd ol ||e secord
cer|ury W||| au||ors |||e C|erer| ol A|exardr|a, W|o a|so quo|es Froc|,
lv Fsdras, Ascers|or ol |oses, Apoca|ypse ol 3op|or|a|, leora|c 3yo|||,
Apoca|ypse ol F||ja, ar Apocryp|a| ol Fzec||e|, |r a |o|a| ol aoou| |||r|y
quo|a||ors lror Apocryp|a|s. lr ||e |||rd cer|ury 0r|ger d|s||rgu|s|es
oe|Weer `|es|arer|ary' (vidsoi) ard `apocryp|a|' (soi) ooo|s,
a raoo|r|c d|s||rc||or.
T| e `apocryp|a|' ooo|s quo|ed oy 0r|ger are. T| e |ar|yrdor ol lsa|a|,
T| e lrayer ol Josep|, T| e 8oo| ol larr|s ard |arores, T| e Apoca|ypse ol
F||ja, T| e Apoca|ypse ol Fzec||e|, T| e 3|ory ol Josep| ard Asere||, T| e
Tes|arer|s ol ||e TWe|ve la|r|arc|s, T| e Ascers|or ol |oses, T| e Apoca|ypse
ol
Aora|ar, T|e Apoca|ypse ol 8aruc|. 0r|ger rever |errs ooo|s ro| |rc|uded
|r ||e leoreW vers|or ol ||e raoo|s, |||e w|sdor, 3|rac|, Jud|||, or Too||, as
`apocryp|a|.' No|e ||a| `apocryp|a|' |rp||es ro pejora||ve corro|a||or, ||
rears `va|uao|e, ou| ro| caror|ca|.' As suc|, `Apocryp|a|s' are cersured lor
||e l|rs| ||re or|y oy A||aras|us, les|a| le||er, |r o;, oecause ||ey are
ro| used |r ||e |||urgy, are quo|ed or|y oy |ere||cs, ard a| a|| ever|s rore
recer| ||ar caror|ca| Wr|||rgs. A||aras|us ca||s 0eu|erocaror|ca|s||e `o||er
ooo|s' (|e|era o|o||a) ard |e recorrerds ||er lor ||e rora| progress ol
oeg|rrers. Cyr|| ol Jerusa|er spea|s ol `apocryp|a|' ard `cor|rover|ed'
(|||e beve|a||or) ooo|s a|| a| orce. No pa|r|s||c |or|||es or correr|ar|es
or deu|erocaror|ca| ooo|s are ava||ao|e.
lr ||e la||r c|urc|es, lr|sc||||ar (c. |o-8o) |r 3pa|r p|eads |r lavor ol
||e Apocryp|a|s. ||ey s|ou|d oe used lor pr|va|e s|udy, |l ro| |r ||e |||urgy,
as prop|ecy goes oeyord caror. Corderred oy |rper|a| au||or|||es urder
|ax|rus, lr|sc||||ar oecare ||e l|rs| C|r|s||ar suojec|ed |o cap||a| pur|s|rer| lor
ar a||eged |eresy.
lr l|a|y, ca. |oo, |r Apo|ogy aga|rs| Jeroreard Fxp|ara||or ol ||e Creed,
bul|rus ol Aqu||e|a opposes Jerore's `leora|ca ver||as' |r delerse ol ||e |xx,
W||c| |e cors|dered as ||e or|y |rsp|red |ex|, oecause || Was rece|ved |r ||e
c|urc|, scr|p|ure ard c|urc| |a||rg ||e|r or|g|r |r ||e sare 3p|r||.
T|e 0ecre|ur 0e|as|arur|s a pr|va|e co||ec||or (Co||ec||o l|spara)
da||rg lror ||e sever|| cer|ury, |r|roduced |r a |arger co||ec||or ol carors. l|
|rarsr||s docurer|s ol ||e |a|e lour|| cer|ury W||| a ||s| ol o|o||ca|
ol|ve T| e 3ecord Cer|ury
ooo|s. K|rgs ard 3arue| are ro| d|s||rgu|s|ed, |erce K|rgs, |accaoees |
are p|aced a| ||e erd ol ||e ||s|. Aga|rs| lr|sc||||ar, || does ro| er|arge ||e
caror, aga|rs| Jerore (W|o e||r|ra|ed ||e 0eu|erocaror|ca|s oecause ol
||s rarroW urders|ard|rg ol ||e `ver||as leora|ca'), re|||er does || reduce
||e caror.
lr Alr|ca, syrods ol l|ppo () ard Car||age (;) s|a|ed. u| prae|er
scr|p|uras caror|cas r|||| |r ecc|es|a |ega|ur suo ror|re d|v|rarur scr|p|urarur,
`ou|s|de ol caror|ca| Wr|||rgs ro|||rg s|ou|d oe read |r c|urc| urder ||e ||||e ol
d|v|re scr|p|ures.' Augus||re delerds ||e 0eu|erocaror|ca|s
aga|rs| Jerore |r 0e doc|r|ra c|r|s||arall, 1. zz. lo||oW|rg s|r|c||y ||e
cor|er| ard order ol ||e raoo|r|c caror |r ||s lro|ogue |o K|rgs, Jerore
ca||s a|| o||er ooo|s `apocryp|a|,' ||a| |s w|sdor, Fcc|es|as||cus, Jud|||, Too||,
|accaoees. T| e resu|||rg corlus|or |r re|a||or |o A||aras|us' del|r|||or ol
`Apocryp|a|s' |s a c|ear W||ress ol Jerore's erud||e v|eWpo|r|'s preva|||rg
over |rad|||ora| |||urg|ca| use.
lor a popu|ar |||era|ure cover|rg sever cer|ur|es, lror ||e |||rd cer|ury
o.c.e. |o ||e lour|| cer|ury c.e., ||e C|av|s Apocryp|orur ve|er|s Tes|arer||,
puo||s|ed oy J.-C. lae|eWyc|, preser|s raruscr|p|s, ed|||ors ard o|o||ograp||es
corcerr|rg z;;d|llerer| Wr|||rgs. T| e l|e|d s|||| rera|rs oper lor
lres| d|scover|es, lor |rs|arce, ||e au||or ro|es. `l| |s |||e|y ||a| docurer|a||or lor
3|av|c W||| urdergo a rajor up|eava|. l. J. T| orsor |s prepar|rg
230
a c|av|sol s|av|c |||era|ure lor ||e Corpus C|r|s||arorurlor W||c| |e |as
assero|ed a vo|ur|rous o|o||ograp|y' (Xl, ro|e |). 0l par||cu|ar |r|eres| lor
||e s|udy ol pa|r|s||c exeges|s are ooo|s da||rg lror ||e |||rd cer|ury o.c.e.
ur||| arourd 1ooc.e. w||| ||e excep||or ol zFsdras, ||ey are a|| |rc|uded
|r |xx. 1Fsdras, Too||, Jud|||, add|||ors |o ||e 8oo| ol Fs||er, w|sdor ol
3o|oror, Fcc|es|as||cus (3|rac|), 8aruc|, W||| ||e le||er ol Jerer|a|, 3org
ol ||e T| ree ourg |er, 3usarra, 8e||ard ||e 0ragor, lrayer ol |arasse|,
1|accaoees, z|accaoees. T| e |o|a| ol ||ese Wr|||rgs equa|s lour-l|l||s ol
||e r| Wr|||rgs.
0l a ||s|or|ca| c|arac|er are 1Fsdras, quo|ed oy Cypr|ar ard Augus||re,
1ard z|accaoees. To ||e gerre ol |aggada| (rora|s corrur|ca|ed
||roug| l|c||ora| |a|es) oe|org Too||, Jud|||, ||e add|||ors |o Fs||er ard
0ar|e|. w|sdor |||era|ure |s represer|ed oy Fcc|es|as||cus ard w|sdor ol
3o|oror.
Fd|||ors ard 3|ud|es
C|ar|es, b. l., Apocryp|a ard lseudep|grap|a ol ||e 0|d Tes|arer|.
0oodspeed, F. J., T| e 3|ory ol ||e Apocryp|a.
T| e lorra||or ol ||e 3cr|p|ura| Caror ;
lae|eWyc|, J.-C., C|av|s Apocryp|orur ve|er|s Tes|arer||. CC. Turr|ou| 18.
boWe|arp, 0.. lAClzrd ed., 1, 8-|1.
|v. T|e 3ep|uag|r| (|xx)
0ree| Was cors|dered oy ||e raoo|s as ||e or|y |arguage capao|e ol serv|rg
as a |rars|a||or ol ||e leoreW 8|o|e. T| ey |rvo|ed 0r .z;, `|ay 0od ex|erd
Jap|e||'s oourdar|es, |e| ||r dWe|| |r ||e |er|s ol 3|er, ray Caraar oe
||s s|ave.' lr raoo|r|c |r|erpre|a||or, Jap|e|| represer|ed ||e 0ree|s, 3|er
||e leoreWs. Accord|rg |o Targur ol Jora||ar (Add. z;o1), ||e `|er|s'
Were raoo|r|c s|udy |ouses. `|ay ||e sors (ol Jap|e||) oecore prose|y|es
ard s|ay |r ||e sc|oo| ol 3|er.' A |arge percer|age ol ||e popu|a||or |r a
var|e|y ol cu||ures arourd ||e |ed||errarear ard |r ||e Near Fas| spo|e
0ree|, e|||er |r adr|r|s|ra||or, ||e arry, correrce or sc|o|ars||p. lr Fgyp|,
W|ere ||e|r propor||or Was ||e ||g|es|, JeWs Were soc|o|og|ca||y ass|r||a|ed
|o |e||erop|ores. 0ree|s d|d ro| |earr lore|gr |arguages, ou| ro lore|grer,
|rc|ud|rg JeWs, Wou|d reg|ec| |o |earr sore 0ree|.
0ur|rg ||e |as| ||ree cer|ur|es o.c.e., leoreW scr|p|ure Was |rars|a|ed
|r|o 0ree| |r Fgyp|, a| urrar ard arorg or||odox raoo|s |r Judaea. As ar
orgo|rg er|erpr|se, reW vers|ors Were a|so produced |r ||e l|rs| cer|ur|es c.e.
oy raoo|s |||e T| eodo||or, Aqu||a ard 3yrrac|us, ur||| ||e ||re ol 0r|ger.
A|Ways aWare ol ||e d|llererces oe|Weer ||e |Wo |arguages, |r |rars|a||rg
||ey |ep| |r r|rd ||e cr|||ca| ooserva||ors ard ||e purpose lorru|a|ed oy
||e au||or ol Fcc|es|as||cus. `lor W|a| |s sa|d |r leoreW does ro| |ave ||e
sare lorce W|er |rars|a|ed |r|o aro||er |orgue. No| or|y ||e preser| Wor|,
ou| ever ||e |aW ||se|l, as We|| as ||e prop|e|s ard ||e o||er Wr|||rgs, are
ro| a |||||e d|llerer| W|er spo|er |r ||e or|g|ra| . . . l ||oug|| || recessary
|o sperd sore erergy ard |aoour or ||e |rars|a||or ol |||s ooo|' (lrelace
|rars|. bev|sed Frg||s| 8|o|e).
0ver ||e cer|ur|es ||e leoreW scr|p|ures Were suojec| |o a process ol
cors|ar|, |l s||g||, c|arges. lror gerera||or |o gerera||or reW var|ar|s
er|ered |r|o ||er ur||| a group ol raoo|s, |r ||e ear|y secord cer|ury c.e.,
succeeded |r |rpos|rg ||e so-ca||ed 'rassore||c' (rassora|, leoreW '|rad|||or')
|ex| oy voca||z|rg || (do|s ard o||er s|grs s|gra| lor eac| corsorar|
||e appropr|a|e voWe|s |o oe jo|red, excep| lor lwl |oo sacred |o oe
prorourced). T| e grea|es| JeW|s| correr|a|or ol Tora| |r |a|e Ar||qu||y, l|||o
ol A|exardr|a (l|rs| cer|ury c.e.), |reW or|y ||e 0ree| 8|o|e, |||e 0r|ger
(|||rd cer|ury c.e.), |e possessed ro |roW|edge ol leoreW.
0r ||e sca|e ol ||e borar Frp|re, ||e C|r|s||ar recep||or ol ||e 8|o|e as
8l|ve T| e 3ecord Cer|ury
o| |rcu||ura|ed ||e syr|ax ard re|ap|or|c |arguage ol ||e leoreW peop|e,
|rars|a|ed |r ar leora|c-sourd|rg 0ree| oy o|||rgua| JeWs. A| ||e sare ||re,
|||s C|r|s||ar o|o||ca| recep||or a|so ass|r||a|ed |errereu||ca| pr|rc|p|es
ard dev|ces proper |o ||ose |rars|a|ors.
1) ||e pr|rc|p|e ol |||era||sr. a||er||or Was g|ver |o ||e |e||er ol ||e |ex|
|r v|eW ol ||s Word-oy-Word appropr|a||or,
z) ||e pr|rc|p|e ol |r|er|ex|ua|||y. |ex|ca| ara|og|es Were recogr|zed
W|er ||e sare Words recurred |r d|llerer| p|aces ard cor|ex|s, crea||rg ar
`|r|er|ex|ua|||y' W||c| err|c|ed ||e rear|rg ol |so|a|ed Words ard sugges|ed
a re|Wor| ol ||era||c corresporderces,
) ||e pr|rc|p|e ol a||egor|sr. ||e reed lor `a||egory' |s W||ressed lor
|rs|arce |r ls .1|, 1as || |s lor ||e |r|erpre|a||or ol ||e 3org ol 3orgs a|
urrar ard |r raoo|r|c exeges|s a| |arge, ard |r ||e c|urc|.
v. T|e NeW Tes|arer|
T| e r| Wr|||rgs ev|derced lor sra|| groups ol oe||evers lror JeW|s| ard
ror-JeW|s| oac|grourds ||e va||d||y ol ||e C|r|s||ar c|a|r ||a| ||e arc|er|
prop|ec|es aoou| 0od's |r|||a||ves lor sav|rg ||s e|ec|ed peop|e |ave lourd
231
||e|r u|||ra|e lu|l|||rer| |r Jesus ol Nazare||, ||e |ess|a|. T| e cer|ra| relererce
lor a|| s|a|erer|s rade oy au||ors ol ||e r| Was ||e Wr|||er |rad|||or
ol lsrae|||e la|||, er|arged |r ||e 3ep|uag|r| (|xx), ||s 0ree| ed|||or secured
oy ||e Fgyp||ar 0|aspora. lr ||e r|, ||e ooo|s ol ||e |xx are quo|ed, a||uded |o,
re||oug|| ard parap|rased, |r order |o g|ve a proper accour| ol
||e Jesus-ever| lor ||e ear||es| C|r|s||ar corrur|||es. Cord|||ored oy ||e|r
oWr cor|ex| a| ||e ||re ol ||e|r corpos|||or, ard rar|ed oy ||e persora|
g|l|s ard ro||va||ors ol ||e|r au||ors, |r esserce, r| Wr|||rgs or|g|ra|ed
lror a spec|l|c exeges|s ol |xx.
T| e r| er|erpr|se, ||oug| |r sore respec|s r|dras||c |r c|arac|er, |rp||ed a
prolourd rup|ure W||| ||e use ol scr|p|ure |r ||e raoo|r|c sc|oo|s
oecause ol ||e sp|r||ua| ra|ure ol ||e Jesus-ever| ce|eora|ed arorg gospe|
oe||evers. T| e ||le, dea|| ard resurrec||or ol ||e |ess|a| |s arrourced oy
||e gospe| Wr||ers as ||ecer|ra| rea|||y ol ||e gospe|. 0r ||e ore |ard ||ey
gave a doWr-|o-ear|| lac||c||y |r ||e ||s|or|ca| |rred|acy ol ||e|r accour|s,
ard or ||e o||er, a |rarscerder| access |o ||e d|v|re rys|ery ol sa|va||or.
lerce ||e raoo|r|c ord|rarces, W||c| app||ed |osa|c laW |r age-o|d verera||or,
sourded ooso|e|e ard d|spersao|e |o a gospe|-or|er|a|ed corrur||y.
lr lau|'s le||ers ard |r |a|er par|s ol W|a| Was |o oecore ||e r|, a cors|ar|
T| e lorra||or ol ||e 3cr|p|ura| Caror
all| rra||or ol la||| relers |o Jesus as ||ereve|a||or W||c| g|ves a|| lorrer
s|a|erer|s ol scr|p|ure a reW rear|rg|r o||er Words C|r|s||ar la||| derards a
corvers|or ol ore's lorrer urders|ard|rg ol scr|p|ure.
l|rs||y, ||e use ol scr|p|ure |r r| Wr|||rgs |s |erygra||c. T| e very l|rs|
puo||c arrourcerer| (|erygra, |r 0ree|) ol ||e gospe|-ever| as perce|ved
oy ||e d|sc|p|es ol Jesus as esser||a||y `accord|rg |o scr|p|ure.' T| ere Was ro
Way, sacred or prolare, |o rer||or ||e r|ser C|r|s| |r o||er ||ar scr|p|ura|
|errs. T| e ros| e|erer|ary aWareress ol ||e reW ||rd ol la||| c|a|red oy
||e d|sc|p|es ol Jesus pos|u|a|ed a |errereu||ca| corvers|oroy W||c| ||ese
oe||evers re|r|erpre|ed ||e|r sacred scr|p|ures ol o|d |r order |o ar||cu|a|e ||e
rear|rg ol ||e Jesus-ever| lor ||er. T| us ||e|r |erygra proceeded lror
|rp||c|| or exp||c|| reca|| ol ||e arc|er| scr|p|ures cors|ar||y r|rg|ed W|||
||e|r rarra||ves ard ||e|r proc|ara||ors aoou| Jesus.
3ecord|y, ||e use ol scr|p|ure |r r| Wr|||rgs |s c|ar|sra||c. T| e au||ors
ol gospe|s, ac|s, |e||ers, |or||e||c essays ard apoca|yp||c Wr|||rgs (up |o
|Wer|y-sever Wr|||rgs |r ||e caror|ca| co||ec||or W||c| oecare s|ardard
|r a|| rajor c|urc|es lror ||e |||rd cer|ury or) served ||e|r |oca| corrur|||es |r
exerc|s|rg a persora| `c|ar|sra' (a g|l|a||r|ou|ed |o 0od's 3p|r||).
T| ese au||ors cor|r|ou|ed ac||ve|y |o ||e ou||d|rg up ol ||e c|urc| W||c|
||ey served, as ||e|r Wr|||rgs |e|ped |o c|ar|ly ard s|ao|||ze ||e ora| |rad|||ors ol
W||c| d|llerer| corrur|||es gave over |o ||er as a vu|rerao|e ard
var|s||rg |egacy. lr a |uro|e r|r|s|ry, er|a|||rg ro persora| lare excep|
|r ||e case ol ||e apos||e lau|, a|| ||e Wr||ers ol ||e r| are, lor us, ro|||rg
ou| raresJo|r, |ar|, |a|||eW, ou| lor a|| ||res ||ey are ||e vo|ces ol
oe||ev|rg rer ard Worer W|o dec|ared ||erse|ves C|r|s||ars dur|rg ||e
|a|er decades ol ||e l| rs| cer|ury ard ||e l|rs| decades ol ||e secord.
T| |rd|y, ||e use ol scr|p|ure |r r| Wr|||rgs |s lourda||ora|. 8ecause ol
||e|r use ol ||e o| W||c| rade poss|o|e ||e |rarsr|ss|or ol ||e gospe|-ressage
|r a Wr|||er lorr, ||ese Wr|||rgs ol ||e r| cors|||u|e a sacred lourda||or ol a||
C|r|s||ar |||era|ure |o core. w|||e ||ey are ro| par| ol pa|r|s||c
|||era|ure ||e scr|p|ures ar||c|pa|e ard regu|a|e ||. lror ||e s|ardpo|r| ol
cor|erporary r| sc|o|ars||p, || |s |rpor|ar| |o recogr|ze ||e par||cu|ar
locus ol ||e r| lor pa|r|s||c s|ud|es. lror a pa|r|s||c v|eWpo|r|, ||e locus |s
or ||e recep||orol scr|p|ure |r ||e c|urc|es, ra||er ||ar or ||e|r geres|s.
T| e |err `recep||or' |rp||es ar ||s|or|ca| process.
(a) ||e recogr|||or ol g|ver Wr|||rgs as oe|rg ol ar apos|o||c or|g|r ard
||erelore rorra||ve lor C|r|s||ar la|||,
(o) ||e |rarsr|ss|or ard d|s|r|ou||or ol ||ese Wr|||rgs |r ||e|r or|g|ra|
0ree| or |r |rars|a||ors,
|ool|ve T| e 3ecord Cer|ury
(c) ||e quo|a||or ol ||e|r s|a|erer|s as au||or||a||ve lor regu|a||rg ||e
veroa| or Wr|||er s|ar|rg ol la|||, a||oW|rg ||ereoy a corsersus arorg var|ous
c|urc| |rad|||ors.
T| e cer|ra|||y ol |||s process ol `recep||or' W||| oe ev|der| ||roug|ou|
||e W|o|e ol lar| 8 ol |||s Wor|.
v|. T|e NeW Tes|arer| Apocryp|a
T| e rajor par| ol C|r|s||ar Wr|||rgs produced dur|rg ||e |a|e l|rs| ard ||e
W|o|e secord cer|ury |as oeer c|ass|l|ed urder ||e ruor|c `NeW Tes|arer|
Apocryp|a.' Corver|er| as || ray oe |r regard |o ||e oll|c|a| co||ec||or ol ||e
r|, caror|zed progress|ve|y dur|rg ||e secord ard |||rd cer|ury, ||a| ruor|c
seers aro||rary ard |radequa|e lor ca|egor|z|rg ||e ros| popu|ar |||era|ure
ol C|r|s||ar or|g|rs. lor oy ro rears Was || a `||dder' (osd\iv, |o
||de lror) sor| ol Wr|||rgs. || |ad ro| oeer corce|ved as suc| oy ||s au||ors,
232
ror Was || read as suc|, ard ||ere Was ro regu|a||rg au||or||y lror W|or
|o ||de || lror cersure.
T| e so-ca||ed Apocryp|a represer| a reeded corp|erer| |o ||e r|
Wr|||rgs. |os| |rpor|ar||y, ||ey |e|p |o |der||ly ||e |a||er |r ||e|r spec|l|c or|g|ra|||y.
T| ey a|so |||us|ra|e ||e co||ec||ve reed lor ac|ua||z|rg ||e
s|gr|l|carce ol ||e gospe|-ever| |r ||e every-day ||le ol ||e corrur|||es.
T| ey oper a space lor ||e |rag|ra||or ol ||e oe||evers oeyord ||e re|rospec||ve
recors|ruc||or ol ||e gospe| rarra||ves oourd exc|us|ve|y |o ||e
c|rcurs|arces ol ||e ||le ard dea|| ol Jesus. T| ey ques||or ||e ||res, pas|,
preser| ard lu|ure, |r W||c| ||e reve|a|ory d|rers|ors ol ||e gospe|-ever|
are rear|rglu|. l|ra||y, ||ey respord |o re||g|ous reeds |r ||e |ear|s ard
sou|s ol oe||evers, reeds W||c| cou|d ro| adequa|e|y express ||erse|ves |r
W|a| oecare caror|ca| r| |||era|ure. 3uc| Was ||e urders|ardao|e |erdercy
|o specu|a|e aoou| al|er-||le ard ||e `o||er' Wor|d ol superra|ura| poWers,
spec|a||y |r re|a||or W||| ||e resurrec||or ol Jesus, a |op|c |ard|y a||uded |o
|r ||e apos|o||c Wr|||rgs ol ||e r|. lr order |o sa||sly |eg|||ra|e asp|ra||ors
ol ||a| sor|, rore `apos|o||c' Wr|||rgs Were corposed |org al|er ||e ||re ol
||e |rue apos||es. 8e|Weer suc| apocryp|a| Wor|s ard gros||c produc||ors
||e oorder carro| a|Ways oe |raced W||| cer|||ude, oo|| sor|s ol Wr|||rgs
|r|erd|rg |o respord |o s|r||ar sp|r||ua| ques||or|rgs.
lor a re||odo|og|ca| |r|roduc||or ard a gerera| survey see l. 8ovor,
A. 0. 8roc|, C. b. |a|||eWs, eds. T| e Apocryp|a| Ac|s ol ||e Apos||es.
Caror|dge, |ass., . 1
T|e C|av|s Apocryp|orur Nov| Tes|arer||, puo||s|ed |r oy |. 1z
T| e lorra||or ol ||e 3cr|p|ura| Caror |o1
0eerard (CC, Turr|au| ), prov|des |rlorra||or aoou| raruscr|p|s 1z
ard re|evar| o|o||ograp||es corcerr|rg ||e Ac|s ol le|er( ||||es), ||e 1
0r|er|a| Ac|s ol le|er( Wr|||rgs), ||e Ac|s ol Ardreas ard 8ar|o|oraeus( ;
||||es), |a||||as( ||||es), lau|( ||||es), l|||eror, |Wer|y-r|re apocryp|a| z 1o
Apoca|ypses ol 8aruc|, 0ar|e|, F||ja, Jares( ||||es), Jo|r( ||||es), |ary( o 1 ;
||||es), lau|( ||||es), le|er, l||||p( ||||es), 3edrac|( JeW|s| or C|r|s||ar, 1o ;
o| or r| Apocr.?), Zep|ar|a|, T|oras( ||||es), p|us Ascers|o lsa|ae, v-vl o
Fzra, |ys|er|a lo|arr|s, 0racu|a 3|oy|||ra, 3|oy||a |aga, 3|oy||a T|our||ra, ard
v|s|o Fzrae, ||e Cyc|e ol l||a|e( Wr|||rgs), ||e 0|a|ogues W||| ||e 3av|or( 1
||||es), Fp|s||es( ol ||er), 0ospe|s( `|os| or l|c||||ous,' gros||c, `rore 1o 1o o
recer|,' suc| as ||e 0ospe| ol 8arraoas, urpuo||s|ed gospe|s lror 0eorg|a
ard borar|a, ||e Arao|c apocryp|a| 0ospe| ol Jo|r, ard lragrer|s lror a|
|eas| o||er |os| 0ospe|s). zo
T| e 3er|es Apocryp|orur, added s|rce |o ||e Corpus C|r|s||arorur, 18
preser||y |rc|udes ||e cr|||ca| ed|||ors ard |rars|a||ors, corp|e|ed W|||
|uxur|ous correr|ar|es, ol ||e Ac|a lo|arr|s. Ac|a Ardreaeard Ascers|o
lsa|ae. To |||s rus| oe added ||e |Wo vo|ures ol Apocryp|a Apos|o|orur
Arrer|acaW||| |r|roduc||ors ard lrerc| |rars|a||ors ol ||e Arrer|ar
Ac|s ol le|er, lau|, Ardreas, |a||||as, |a|||eW, Jares sor ol Zeoedee,
Jo|r, l||||p, 8ar||e|ery, T| oras, Jares ||e oro||er ol Jesus, T| addaeus,
ard 3|ror Zea|o|.
8ecause ||ey Were exc|uded lror ||e caror, u|||ra|e|y ||e r| Apocryp|a
exerc|sed a r|ror |rl|uerce or ||e lorra||or ol ||e C|r|s||ar r|rd. T|e|r
d|rec| use oy sore pa|r|s||c au||ors appears or|y per|p|era|. T| e|r cor|r|ou||or |o
spec|l|c oe||els (||e r|racu|ous o|r|| ol Jesus, ||s descer| |r|o
3|eo| oe|Weer ||s dea|| ard Fas|er rorr|rg, ||s resurrec||or ||se|l ard ||s
ercour|ers W||| ||e apos||es oelore re|urr|rg |o ||e la||er), r|c||y |rag|ra||ve as
|| Was, carro| oe corpared W||| ||e r|g||y lourda||or secured lor
suosequer| C|r|s||ar ||oug|| oy ||e r| ||se|l.
Fcr||s apocryp|es c|re||ers, l, ar ed|||or d|rec|ed oy l. 8ovor ard
l. 0eo||ra|r (8|o||o||que de |a l|e|ade. lar|s ), |rc|udes |||r|y-|Wo 1;
apocryp|a| Wr|||rgs, |rars|a|ed lror 0ree|, la||r, 3yr|ac, Cop||c, Arao|c
ard F|||op|ar, oy as rary, |l ro| rore, spec|a||s|s. lr add|||or, ore l|rds |r
|| a se| ol raruscr|p| var|ar|s lror ||e gospe| |ex|s ard sra|| gospe| lragrer|s.
Fac| Wr|||rg |s preceded oy a de|a||ed |r|roduc||or, || |s ||oroug||y
arro|ed ard lo||oWed oy a o|o||ograp|y. T| ese apocryp|a|s reler |rd|ll erer||y
|o ||e o| or ||e r|, ou| ||ey a|| da|e lror ||e l|rs| |Wo or ||ree cer|ur|es ol
||e pa|r|s||c era. A vo|ure ll |s arrourced W||| `||e apocryp|a| C|r|s||ar
Wr|||rgs ol ||e lo||oW|rg cer|ur|es (ur||| ||e ||dd|e Ages)' (Xll, ro|e ).
l| |s urrecessary |o s|ress ||e lac| ||a| |||s |a|es| co||ec||or ol C|r|s||ar
|ozl|ve T| e 3ecord Cer|ury
apocryp|a|s, secured oy l. 8ovor ard l. 0eo||ra|r, ev|derces ||e rerar|ao|e
progress rade |r ||e l|e|d s|rce ||e puo||ca||or ol s|r||ar co||ec||ors
oy |. b. Jares (0xlord ), F. lerrec|e ard w. 3c|reere|c|er ( rd ed. 1z|
Tuo|rger - ), |. Froe||a (Casa|e |orlerra|o - ), l. |ora|d| 18;8 1oo81
(Tur|r ) ard ever A. de 3ar|os 0|ero ( || ed. 8AC, |adr|d ). 8u| 1;1 o 18
see a|so J. K. F|||o|| (0xlord ). 1
T| e cor|er| ol ||e adr|rao|y ed||ed vo|ure |r ||e `8|o||o||que de
|a l|e|ade' ( , pages!), |s oes| |rd|ca|ed oy a ||s||rg ol ||e apocryp|a| 1;8z
233
||||es.
1. 0r Jesus ard |ary
T| e lreac||rg ol le|er
T| e 0ospe| ol T| oras
T| e 3ecre| 0ospe| ol |ar|
T| e lro|o-0ospe| ol Jares
T| e C|||d|ood 0ospe| ol lseudo-|a|||eW
T| e 8oo| ol ||e Na||v||y ol |ary
|ary's 0orr|||or ol lseudo-Jo|r
T| e l|s|ory ol ||e C|||d|ood ol Jesus
T| e Arao|c l|le ol Jesus
T| e 0ospe| ol le|er
T| e ues||ors ol 8ar||e|ery
T| e 8oo| ol ||e besurrec||or ol Jesus C|r|s| oy ||e Apos||e 8ar||e|ery
T| e Fp|s||e ol ||e Apos||es
0ospe| lragrer|s
z.v|s|ors ard beve|a||ors
T| e Ascers|or ol lsa|a|
T|e Apoca|ypse ol Fsdras
T| e Apoca|ypse ol 3edrac|
T| e v|s|or ol Fsdras
T|e l|l|| 8oo| ol Fsdras
0des ol 3o|oror
T| e Apoca|ypse ol le|er
T| e Apoca|ypse ol lau|
T| e 8oo| ol ||e beve|a||or ol F||asa|
. 0r Jo|r ||e 8ap||s| ard ||e Apos||es
Ac|s ol ArdreW
Ac|s ol Jo|r
Ac|s ol le|er
Ac|s ol lau|
Ac|s ol l||||p
T| e lorra||or ol ||e 3cr|p|ura| Caror |o
Ac|s ol T|oras
0oc|r|re ol ||e Apos||e Adda|
T| e legerd ol 3|ror ard T| eoroe
Frcor|ur ol 3a|r| Jo|r ||e 8ap||s|
Corresporderce ol lau| ard 3ereca
Fd|||ors ard Trars|a||ors
ANl = . 8188 1
CC 3er|es Apocryp|orur
8ovor, l. ard l. 0eo||ra|r, Fcr||s apocryp|es c|re||ers. 8|o||o||que de |a
l|e|ade. lar|s . 1;
F|||o||, J. K., 0xlord . 1
Froe||a. |., Casa|e |orlerra|o - . 1oo81
lerrec|e, F. ard w. 3c|reere|c|er, rd ed., Tuo|rger - . 18;18
Jares, |. b., 0xlord . 1z|
|ora|d|, l., Tur|r . 1;1
3ar|os 0|ero, A. de, || ed. 8AC . |adr|d . o 1|8 18|
3c|re|der, 0., Fvarge||a |rlar||ae Apocryp|a, laC| , . 181
3|ud|es
8rox, N., lseudep|grap||e |r der |e|dr|sc|er urd jud|sc|-c|r|s|||c|er Ar|||e.
0arrs|ad| . 1;;
C|ar|esWor||, J. l., `besearc| or ||e r| Apocryp|a'. ANbwll, | ( ). z188
- 1o8.
larrer, w. b. ard 0. |. lar|asla|vy, T| e lorra||or ol ||e r| Caror.NeW or|
18.
0ero, 3., `Apocryp|a| 0ospe|s'. ANbwll, - ( ). - . z188oo
|ac0ora|d, 0. b. ed., T| e Apocryp|a| Ac|s ol ||e Apos||es. 3ere|a . . 81o
boWe|arp, 0.. lACl rd ed. , - , W||| up-da|ed o|o||ograp|y, |r z 18|1
par||cu|ar, ore ray ro|e |r ||.
aroro-Co|||rs, A., `Far|y C|r|s||ar Apoca|yp||c l||era|ure'. ANbwll, | ( ). zo188
- |oo||;;1.
|o|l|ve T| e 3ecord Cer|ury
lll
TlF Al03T0llC lATlFb3.
l0uN0lN0 AN `Al03T0llC' C0N3FN3u3
urder a ||||e |rver|ed |r ||e || cer|ury (J.-8. Co|e||er, la|res aev| apos|o||c|, 1;
1o;z), sever au||ors lror ||e |a|e l|rs| ard ear|y secord cer|ur|es W||ress
||e o|r|| or ||e ear||es| s|ages ol |||erary ard doc|r|ra| |rad|||ors |r ||e
c|urc|es oeyord ||e produc||or ol Wr|||rgs. T| e are |rea|ed |ere accord|rg
|o ||e ros| prooao|e c|roro|ogy.
0erera| 8|o||ograp|y
Apos|o||c la||ers
234
A|dara, J. A. de. `|ar|a er |a pa|r|s||ca de |os s|g|os l y ll.' 8AC, vo|. . |. Fd. oo
Ca|o||ca, . 1;o
A|vrez, 0. `los 3a|ros er |as 'Cors|||uc|ores Apos|o||cas '.' bev|s|a de
Fsp|r||ua||dad ( - ). - , - . 81|1oo;1zzz;
8a|rd, J. A. `T| e |o|y Word, ||e ||s|ory ard lurc||or ol ||e |eac||rgs ol Jesus |r
||e
||eo|ogy ard prax|s ol ||e ear|y C|urc|.' NT3 ( ). - . 18;8
8a||u|zer var der 8r|r|, J. N. `Trad|||or urd l|. 3c|r|l| ar Arlarg des . J|.'
Ca||o||ca ( ). - . 1z1o1|
8arrard, l.w. 3|ud|es |r ||e Apos|o||c la||ers ard ||e|r 8ac|grourd. 0xlord.
8|ac|We||, . 1o;
8as|||-Ka||roWs|a, A. `Fsqu|sse d'ure ||s|o|re de |'exegse des Fvarg||es jusqu'
0r|gre.' lages - |r les proo|res d'express|or dars |a |raduc||or 11o1
o|o||que,
Co||oque - rov.Fd||ed oy l. 0|oaud. Argers. ur|v., . ;8 188
8e|er, J. C. `lrop|ecy ard ||e 3p|r|| |r ||e Apos|o||c la||ers.' 0|ss., C||cago,
. 1
8e|||rzor|, A. J. `T| e 0ospe| ol |a|||eW |r ||e 3ecord Cer|ury.' 3ecCer |
( ). 1z
- 1;z8.
8e|||s, |. A. `'levar|es puras rarus' ( T|r . ) re||'ar||ca |e||era|ura cr|s||ara.' 1 z8
lr
b|c. d| s|or|a re||g|osa, vo|. , , - , . 111|
la 8|oo|a re||'ar||c||| cr|s||ara. Fd||ed oy F. Nore|||. 8o. 0e|or|are, . 1z
8ourgeau||, 0. 0eca|ogue e| rora|e c|re||erre. Frque|e pa|r|s||que sur
|'u||||sa||or e|
|'|r|erpre|a||or c|re||erre du deca|ogue de c. 8 c. . bec|erc|es, T| oo zoo
eo|og|e,
vo|. . l|Tourra| |or|rea|. 0esc|ee|Fd. 8e||arr|r, . z 18;1
. `la spec|l|c||e de |a rora|e c|re||erre se|or |es lres des deux prer|ers
s|c|es.'
3cFs ( ). - . z1;11;z
8rorsor, 0. `Ae||ar ard ||e r|. 3ore Aspec|s ol Far|y C|r|s||ar l||era|ure |r
be|a||or |o a 3ecu|ar wr||er ol ||e Far|y 3ecord Cer|ury.' 0|ss., larvard, . 1o1
T|e Apos|o||c la||ers |o
8ruce, l. l. T| e Apos|o||c 0elerse ol ||e 0ospe| ( rd Cer|ury). lordor. lr|er- z
vars||y
le||oWs||p, . 1
8rur|, 0. lor|| re||g|ose e r|l|ess|ore l||osol| ca re||a 8|oo|a e re| ladr| Apos|o||c|.
bore. Fd|z|or| b|cerc|e, . 1oo
Carper|auser, l. vor. `0|e Fr|s|e|urg der le||sgesc||c||e. 0er Auloau des
c|r|s|||c|er 0esc||c||so||des |r der T| eo|og|e des ers|er u. zWe||er
Ja|r|urder|s.' 3aec. ( ). - . z11;o18z1z
Car|a|aressa, b. l p|| ar||c|| |es|| pasqua|| de||a C||esa. le ore||e d| |e|||ore d|
3ard| e de||'Aror|ro uar|odec|raro e a||r| |es|| de| ll seco|o. lr|rd., |rad. e
correr|o. Fd. l||urg|c|e . bore, . 8 1;1
Ca|e|||, 0. `Cr|s|o re| ladre Apos|o||c|.' le|rar||ca ( ). - . |1zz;1|
C|r|s|||c|e Fxegese zW|sc|er N|caea urd C|a|cedor. Fd||ed oy J. var 0or| ard
u. w|c|er|. Karper. Ko| l|aros, . 1z
Coo|s, l. J., ard A. 0ruooe|. wegW|jzer door |e| Fvarge||e. T||ourg. ||ss|e|u|s,
. 1;
Cu||rarr, 0. `0|e l|ura|||a| der Fvarge||er a|s ||eo|og|sc|es lroo|er |r
A||er|ur.' T|Z ( ). - . 11|z|z
0ar|e|ou, J. F|udes d'exegse judeo-c|re||erre. les Tes||ror|a. T| eo|og|e
l|s|or|que,
vo|. . lar|s. 8eauc|esre, . 1oo
0assrarr, F. `0|e 8edeu|urg des AT lur das vers|ardr|s des ||rc||. Ar|es |r
der
lru|pa|r|s||sc|er T| eo|og|e.' 8|le ( ). - . 111;o18z1|
0ec|er, 0. de. `Fvoca||or de |a 8|o|e dars |e `0|scours|'Assero|ee des 3a|r|s'
|'erpereur Cors|ar||r.' lages - |r 3|ud|a 8|o||ca, || lr|erra||ora| 1| o
Corgress or 8|o||ca| 3|ud|es, ed||ed oy F. A. l|v|rgs|ore. 0xlord, - . 1;81;
0|dac|e (Apos|e||e|re), 8arraoasor|el, ZWe||er K|erersor|el, 3c|r|l|ar 0|ogre|,
3c|r|l|e des urc|r|s|er|urs . Fd||ed ard |rars|a|ed oy K. wergs|. 0a. w|ss, z
18|.
0o||ar, 0. w. `T| e lord's 3upper |r ||e 3ecord Cer|ury (0|d., lgr., C|. bor.,
Jus||r., lrer.).' 83 ( ). - . 11;1oo1|||
F|j|, T. l. C. var. la resurrec||or des ror|s c|ez |es lres apos|o||ques. T|l . z
lar|s. 8eauc|esre, . 1;|
ler|or, J. `besp|ce l|rer (|r ||or|s r|, C|er, C|er.).' FT ( - ). 1 z 8|1;z1;
- z|||;.
lerc|, A. J. `lorp|yry, ar |e|r |o C|r|s||ar exeges|s?' ZNw ( ). - . ;18z1|1|;
l|r|, J. `|y||o|og|sc|e urd o|o||sc|e T| erer |r der 3ar|op|agp|as||| des
. Ja|r|urder|s.' b|vAc ( ). - . z;111o;o
235
lord, J. |. `T| e bay, ||e boo| ard ||e b|ver. A No|e or ||e JeW|s| 0r|g|r ol
Tr|r||ar|ar lrages (Ter | .Adv. lraxear , Cypr|ar, 0e ur||a|e ard l|||o 8
or ||e rerora|.' 3|la|r ( ). - . 111;z18o
lrerd, w. l. C. `T| e 3c|||||ar 3a|r|s ard ||e lau||re Fp|s||es.' JFl ( ). ;1o
- 1|1|o.
|ool|ve T| e 3ecord Cer|ury
0||rr, l. X., |. l. |ar|que, ard 0. 0. wa|s|. T|e Apos|o||c la||ers. la||ers ol
||e
C|urc| . 0o||., . 1 1|;
0oodspeed, F. J. T| e Apos|o||c la||ers. Ar Arer|car Trars|a||or. 0o||., . 1o
0oppe||, l. C|r|s|er|ur urd Juder|ur |r ers|er urd zWe||er Ja|r|urder|. lr
w|ss. |orogr. . 0u|ers|o|. 8er|e|srarr, . 1|
0rar|, b. |. `l|s|or|ca| Cr|||c|sr |r ||e Arc|er| C|urc|.' Jb ( ). - . z1|18o
. `T| e 8|o|e |r ||e Arc|er| C|urc|.' Jb ( ). - . zo1|o1ozoz
. T| e Apos|o||c la||ers. vo|. . Ar lr|roduc||or. NeW or|. Ne|sor, . 1 1o|
0r|ooror| J. `Nouve||es perspec||ves sur |'exegse de |'Arc|er Tes|arer| |a l|r
du lll
e
s|c|e.' Aug ( ). - . zz18z;o
0ruoer, w. 0|e preura||sc|e Fxegese oe| der A|exardr|rerr. F|r 8e||rag zur
Noera||| der l|. 3c|r|l| . 0raz. A|ader|sc|e 0ruc|- u. ver|agsars|a||, . 1;
larsor, b. l. C. `A ro|e or '|||e' accord|rg |o ||e 3cr|p|ures.' ZK0 ( ). 818;
- zoz.
lausc|||d, w. 0. 0o||es 0e|s| urd der |ersc|. 3|ud|er zur lru|c|r|s|||c|er
lreura|o|og|e. 8FvT| . |ur|c|. Ka|ser, . o 1;z
leard, b. 0. `T| e 0|d lro|ogues.' JT| 3 ( ). - . o111o
lr|go|r, J. `lour ure e|ude des cer|res de cop|e oyzar||rs, ll.' 3cr|p|or|ur 1
( ). 1
- 1;;zo.
Jacoo, b. `le rar|yre, eparou|sserer| du sacerdoce des c|re||ers, dars |a
||||era|ure
pa|r|s||que jusqu'er .' |3b ( ). - , - , - . z8 z|1o;;81;z1;;zo
Karrerg|esser, C. `8u||e||r de ||eo|og|e pa|r|s||que.' b3b ( ). - . ;|18o;o1|
Karpp, l. 3c|r|l|, 0e|s| urd wor| 0o||es, 0e||urg urd w|r|urg der 8|oe| |r der
0esc||c||e der K|rc|e, vor der A||er K|rc|e o|s zur Ausgarg der
belorra||orsze||. 0a. w|ss., . 1z
Ka|z, l. `T| e Far|y C|r|s||ars use ol cod|ces |rs|ead ol ro||s.' JT| 3 ( ). |o1|
- oo.
K|e|s|, J. A. T| e 0|dac|e, ||e Fp|s||e ol 8arraoas. T| e Fp|s||es ard |ar|yrdor
ol
3|. lo|ycarp. T| e lragrer|s ol lap|as. T| e Fp|s||e |o 0|ogre|us. Arc|er|
C|r|s||ar wr||ers , . o1|8
K|ev|rg|aus, J. 0|e ||eo|og|sc|e 3|e||urg der Apos|o||sc|er va|er zur
a|||es|arer|||c|er 0ll eroarurg. 8er|e|srarr, . 1|8
Kroc|, 0. `w|e oeru|z| d|e rac|apos|o||sc|e K|rc|e das wor| der l|. 3c|r|l|?
uoer|egurger zur gegerse|||ger ver|a||r|s.' 8|K| ( ). - . |1;11ozz
. 0|e 3|e||urg der apos|o||sc|er va|er zu lsrae| urd zur Juder|ur, . 18o
Koe||er, T. `Jo . - dars |'|yrro|og|e du 1zz; |
e
au 1z
e
s|c|e.' lr 3|ud|a red|aeva||a e| rar|o|og|ca, C. 8a||c sep|uages|rur exp|er||
arrur d|ca|a, - . ;oo
bore. Fd. Ar|or|arur, . 1;1
Kos|er, l. 3yrop||sc|e uoer||elerurg oe| der apos|o||sc|er va|err. 8er||r.
A|ader|e,
1;.
T|e Apos|o||c la||ers |o;
Kral|, l. C|av|s la|rur Apos|o||corur. Ca|a|ogus vocur |r ||or|s la|rur qu|
d|cur|ur Apos|o||c| ror raro occurrer||ur ad|uvar|e u. lruc||e| corgess||,
cor|u|||,
corscr|ps||. 0arrs|ad|. w|ssersc|al| ||c|e 8uc|gese||sc|al| , . 1o
larre, F. `3ur |a ||eo|og|e du judeoc|r|s|.' lrer ( ). - . z1||
lassus, J. `0ar|e| e| |es rar|yrs.' b|vAc ( , ed. ). - . |z1oo 1o8zo1o
laWsor, J. A T| eo|og|ca| ard l|s|or|ca| lr|roduc||or |o ||e Apos|o||c la||ers.
NeW
or|. |acr|||ar, . 1o1
l|rdars, 8. `3ecord T| oug||s. lv. 8oo|s ol Tes||ror|es.' FT ( - ). ;1o1o|
- 1;;.
lorgrec|er, b. l. 8|o||ca| Fxeges|s |r ||e Apos|o||c ler|od (ard Juda|sr ol ||e
3are
ler|od). 0rard bap|ds. Ferdrars, . 1;|
loul, A. `Caper er|ssar|us (lev ) u| |ypus bederp|or|s apud la|res (ls. 8arr., 1o
Jus|., Ter|., 0r|g., Cyr. A|.).' v0 ( ). - . 81oozoz;;
236
|ar||r, J. l. F| Fsp|r||u 3ar|o er |os or|geres de| cr|s||ar|sra. Fs|ud|o soore l
C|erer|e, lgrac|o, ll C|erer|e y Jus||ro |ar|yr.8|o|. d| sc|erze re||g|ose . b|Z. z
l|orer|a A|ereo 3a|es|aro|lA3-ver|ag, . 1;1
|assaux, F. `lrl|uerce de |'Fvarg||e de 3. |a||||eu sur |a ||||era|ure c|re||erre
avar| 3. lreree.' 0|ss., . 1o
|azas, J. `la ra|er|a |rcardescer|e, ura |rager cr|s|o|og|ca er 3ar C|r||o de
A|ejardr|a.' le|rar||ca ( ). - . |1z1z8
|cbay, J. `T| e C|urc| la||ers |r ||e 3ecord Cer|ury.' bes| ( ). - 111o8zo
. 1|
||||er, w. l. `Ar Ar||o|ogy ol ||e T| eo|ogy ol ||e Apos|o||c la||ers.' 0|ss.,
3ou||Wes|err 8ap||s| T| eo|og|ca| 3er|rary, . 1|8
||rc||o|||, 0. la l|gura de| cr|s||aro reg|| scr|||| de| ladr| Apos|o||c|. lr Tes| r. 1o
(de||a lor||l|c|a laco|| Teo|og|ca d| |||aro). |||ar, . 1o8
|||ros, J. `l|r|s e| rerova||o rurd|. 0oc|r|ra de corl|agra||ore e| rerova||ore
rurd| apud s|o|cos recer||ores, apud la|res Apos|o||cos, 3. lreraeur e|
Apo|oge|as graecos.' d|ss, bore. 0regor|ara, - . 1|1
|o|rg|, J. `la recep||or du lro|ogue de Jear au lle
s|c|e.' b3b ( ). - . 81z|8z
|orgar, C. 3. `T| e Corpara||ve lrl|uerce ol ||e 0ospe|s ol |a|||eW ard lu|e
or C|r|s||ar l||era|ure oelore lreraeus.' lT|b | ( ). . o||1;1;
|urc|, J. `JeW|s| C|r|s||ar||y |r los|apos|o||c T|res.' NT3 ( - ). - o11oo1o
. 1o
Noac|, 8. `Aroejde| red 8|oe|oversae||e|ser | 0arrar| | ryere ||d.' 3FA
( ). 1||
- |8.
0p||z, l. ursprurge lru||a||o||sc|er lreura|o|og|e. F|r 8e||rag zur Fr|s|e|urg
der
le|re vor le|||ger 0e|s| |r der ror|sc|er 0ere|rde ur|er Zugrurde|egurg des
1. C|erers-8r|eles urd des 'l|r|er' des lerras. 8. Fvarg. ver|agsars|a||, . 1oo
0roe, A. `ure ||eo|og|e du judeo-c|r|s||ar|sre (0ar|e|ou).' b3b ( ). - |;1||
.
. `F| d||era er|re |a v|da y ruer|e (exeges|s prer|cera de 0eu| . - ). o11
T| e C|o|ce oe|Weer l|le ard 0ea||.' 0reg , - , - . 1oooo1;o
|o8l|ve T| e 3ecord Cer|ury
0'lagar, A. l. `|a|er|a| be-Crea||or |r ||e Apos|o||c la||ers.' Tu ( ). 1oo1o8
1|pp.
laragopou|os, J. `C|r|s|o|og|e urd 3c|r|l|aus|egurg oe| der gr|ec||sc|er
K|rc|erva|err.' ZTK ( ). - . 81z|18
l|c|r||||, b. F. `A||us|ors |o le|er |r ||e Apos|o||c la||ers.' J3NT ( ). - z 188;
. 8
l|grar|, A. `l| rode||o orer|co e |a lor|e o|o||ca re| cer|ore d| Fudoc|a
|rpera|r|ce.' Ko|ror|a ( ). - . 18|1
lolle|, J.-|. `lrd|ces de recep||or de |'evarg||e de Jear au ll
e
s|c|e, avar| lreree.'
lages - |r (lrsg.). la corrurau|e jo|arr|que e| sor ||s|o|re, laoor e| oz1
l|des Fd||ed oy J.-0. Kaes||| e| a|. 0ereva, . 1o
uacquare|||, A. `la 0eres| re||a |e||ura de| ladr| Ar|er|cer|.' b8|ol|Xv| ( ). 1o;
- |;1.
. `l'eseges| ||po|og|ca de||a croce da| ladr| Apos|o||c| a| pr|r| Apo|oge||.' Arra||
d| s|or|a de||'eseges| | ( ). - . 1oz1o;;|
baposo, J. 0. `As 3. Fscr||uras ros ladres Apos|o||cos.' bF8 ( ). - . |1||88o1
bappo|d, l. `0er weg der |a|ec|e||sc|er ver|urd|gurg vor der 0|dac|e o|s
0r|geres.' 0|ss., 0raz, . 18
b|ra|d|, 0. `l'Ar||co Tes|arer|o re||a po|er|ca ar||cr|s||ara d| lorl|r|o d| T|ro.'
Augb ( ). - . zz18z;111
bu|z 8uero, 0. ladres Apos|o||cos. 8AC, . 1o
3a||es, A. `la d|a|r|oe ar||-pau||r|erre dars |e 'borar pseudo-C|erer||r' e|
|'or|g|re des 'Kerygres de l|erre'.' b8 ( ). - . o|1;1o1
3c||rd|er, l. 0e Apos|o||s|e laedre og ardre ur||r|e||ge 0o|urer|er, |rd|ede,
lordars|ede og lor||arede. lagerups lor|ag, . 1|8
3c|r|d|, |. Typus, 3yroo|, A||egor|e oe| der os|||c|er va|err urd ||rer
lara||e|er |r
||||e|a||er, Ko||oqu|ur F|c|s|a|| . F|c|s|a||er 8e||rage. F|c|s|a||, . 181 18z
3c|Warz, l. `0er warde| |r der 0o||eoero||d||c||e||svors|e||urg vor r| zur
lru|er la|r|s|||. Zug|e|c| e|r versuc| zur 3|ardor|oes||rrurg o|o||sc|er
T| eo|og|e. vor der uraulgeooar|e|| des Jo|arres.' Ka|ros ( ). - . 1o1;|zo8|
3|rore|||, |. `l'|r|erpre|az|ore pa|r|s||ca de| vecc||o Tes|arer|o lra ll e lll
seco|o.' Aug | - ( ). - . zz1z18z;
3|rors, A. `lrcorpora||or |r|o ||e C|urc| oy 8ap||sr.' 0|ss., bore. 0regor|ara,
1;.
3|a|||r, w. `0|e dre|ge|e|||e vor|a||e. Juderc|r|s|er|ur, le|derc|r|s|er|ur urd?'
Ze||Werde ( ). - . o1o;oo
237
Te|l er, w. ` T| e lour||-Cer|ury 0ree| la||ers as Fxege|es.' lT|b ( ). o1;
- 11o.
T| eoc|ar|s, A. `le ro|e de lrov . perdar| |es cor|roverses c|r|s|o|og|ques.' 8zz
K|eroror|a ( ). - , s. z1;o|||
Tor r arce, T. l. T| e 0oc|r|re ol 0race |r ||e Apos|o||c la||ers. 0||ver ard 8oyd,
. 1|8
T|e Apos|o||c la||ers |o
va|r, b. ` T| e 0|d Tes|arer| lror|se ol ||e lard as be|r|erpre|ed |r l|rs| ard
3ecord Cer|ury C|r|s||ar l||era|ure.' 0|ssAo ( | ). |o1;8o
w|esre|, F. `Zur lrage rac| der ue||er der lasc|as|auro|og|e oe| der
K|rc|erva|err.' 0|ss., Tr|er, . 1;o
wy||er, F. A. `T| e l|a|or|c corcep| ol r|e|or|c |r 'l|aedrus' ard ||s ellec| upor
C|r|s||ar r|e|or|c.' TTK ( ). - . o1zz|1z
Zareza, J. Carac|er|s||ca r|s|orera de |os ladres Apos|o||cos y Apo|oge|as. lr
||s s|ores Fs|rarjeros, - . 8urgos, . oz 1|
Z|rrerrarr, A. `0|e urc|r|s|||c|er le|rer, 3|ud|er zur Trader|er|re|s der
d|ds |a|o||r urc||s|er|ur.' 0|ss., 8err, . 18z
|. C|erer| ol bore (|a|e s| c.) 1
T|e le||er |o ||e Cor|r|||ars, `||e ear||es| ex|ar| C|r|s||ar Wr|||rg W||c|
|s ro| par| ol our r| caror' (lagrer, , ), Was prooao|y Wr|||er a| ||e 1;1
||re ol ||e persecu||or ol 0or|||ar ( - c.e.). T| a| ex|or|a||or lor peace o8
ard corcord, addressed |r ||e rare ol ||e C|r|s||ar corrur||y ol bore
|o a le||oW corrur||y |r Cor|r||, Was |rars|a|ed |r|o 3yr|ac, Cop||c, ard
la||r. l|s au||or s|oWs ar |r||ra|e |roW|edge ol o| ard |ra|r|rg |r secu|ar
r|e|or|cs.
C|erer| ol bore, pres|der over ||e |oca| co||ege ol e|ders W|o goverred
||e JeW|s| C|r|s||ar corrur||y rear ||e erd ol ||e l|rs| cer|ury, |r or o
c.e., Was ||e au||or ol ||e le||er. 8y ||s d|sapprova| ol ary lorr ol d|scord |r
||e corrur||y ol oe||evers, ard ||s rary argurer|s |r lavour ol perarce,
p|e|y ard |ur||||y, ||e au||or |s |ed |r ||e l|rs| par| ol ||e |e||er |o a rass|ve
quo|a||or ol o|o||ca| exarp|es. lr ||e secord par|, ||s |rs|s|er| derards
lor d|sc|p||re ard suor|ss|or a|so res| or relererces |o o| |rs|||u||ors. T| e
Way ol argu|rg ard corpos|rg ||s |ex| |eeps C|erer| |r c|ose v|c|r||y |o
cor|erporary JeW|s| |||era|ure. Ac|ua||y ||e d|s||rc||or oe|Weer o| ard r|
rera|rs o|urred |r ||s ur|l|ed v|s|or ol 0od's Wor||rg |r ||s|ory. 0esp||e ar
exp||c|| rer||or ol lau|'s s|r||ar le||er(s) |o ||e Cor|r|||ars, C|erer| seers
urao|e |o |a|e over ary e|erer| ol lau||re d|a|ec||cs. l|s a||||ude |oWards
scr|p|ure para||e|s ||e ore proper |o sore Apocryp|a|s. le reWr||es scr|p|ure
|r quo||rg ||. le |ac|s ||e s|rorg c|r|s|o|ogy ol ||e caror|ca| 0ospe|s or
le||ers, ou| ra|r|a|rs ar esc|a|o|og|ca| locus.
8|o||ca| quo|a||ors |r C|erer|'s le||er|ave rece|ved a lu|| |rea|rer| oy
0. A. lagrer W|o d|s||rgu|s|es oe|Weer `esser||a||y veroa||r quo|a||or' (0r
|. - , . , . - , . - , . , . - , . , Fx . , 0| . , . - , 8zz1z111|1o18z;1zzz;1z8 z1| z81z1|
Joo . - , . - , |r add|||or ||ere are |Wer|y-ore quo|a||ors lror ||e 11z1;zo
|1ol|ve T| e 3ecord Cer|ury
lsa|rs, ||ree lror lroveros ard ||ree lror lsa|a|), `rodera|e|y var|ar|
quo|a||ors (0r . - , Fx . , Joo . , . - , . , ls . - , . - , 1o zz 111||1zo o;o81
ls . , Fz . ), ard `corpos||e quo|a||ors' e|||er `lror ||e sare ooo|' or z1 11
`lror d|llerer| ooo|s' ( - ). T| e use ol ||e apos|o||c Wr|||rgs urder||res 8o|
||e lac| ||a| ||ese Wr|||rgs Were a|ready We|| recogr|zed as suc|.
Cl0l, - . 1oo11oo8
Fd|||ors
Jauoer|, A.. 3C ( ). 1o;1;o
l|sc|er, J. A., 0|e Apos|o||sc|er va|er, || ed. |ur|c| , - . ; 1;oz|1o;
l|rderarr, A. ard l. lau|ser, 0|e Apos|o||sc|er va|er. Tuo|rger , 1z
- 8o11.
3c|re|der, 0.. lor|C|r ( ). 11|
Trars|a||ors
Frg||s|. ANl , = . l|g||loo|, J. 8., T|e Apos|o||c la||ers. rd ed., 1188 1 z
lordor - . 18818o
lrerc|. lerrer, l., 0. 0ger, A. laurer|, A. le|org. Jauoer|. aoove.
0errar. l|sc|er. aoove, l|rderarr, A., 0|e C|erersor|ele. Tuo|rger , 1z
l|rderarr, lau|ser. aoove.
l|a||ar. Co|oroo, 3., Tur|r . 1|
3par|s|. bu|z 8uero, 0., 8AC, |adr|d . 1o
3|ud|es
A|ura, T. `A 3|udy ol 0|d Tes|arer| uo|a||ors |r l|rs| C|erer|.' Arrua| 3|ud|es
1, ( ). - . 1111o
Ardrer, 0. ba||lard|g|e| oc| lr|d. Fr 3|ud|e | de| lors|a C|erers-oreve|. 3|o.
0|a|or|s|yre|ser, . 1oo
8ea|r|ce, l. l.. 0lACl ( ) - . 18;1z;1
8eysc||ag, K. `Zur 'vp pd+d ( C|er , ).' v|gC|r ( ). - . 1 zz zo1;z18z
8o|srard, |.-F. `C|erer| de bore e| |'Fvarg||e de 3. Jear.' b8 ( ). 1|
- ;o8;.
238
8rurrer, 0. 0|e ||eo|og|sc|e ||||e des ers|er K|erersor|eles F|r 8e||rag zur
lerrereu||| lru|c|r|s|||c|er Tex|e. lrar|lur|er T| eo|. 3|ud|er . lrar|lur|. 11
Krec||,
1;z.
8urpus, l. 8. T| e C|r|s|o|og|ca| AWareress ol C|erer| ol bore ard ||s
3ources.
Caror|dge. ur|vers||y lress ol Caror|dge, . 1;z
T|e Apos|o||c la||ers |11
C|adW|c|, l. `Jus||l|ca||or oy la||| ard losp||a|||y (exerp|o Aora|ae, |r 1
C|er).'
3|la|r ( ). - . |1o1z818o
0assrarr, F., 0er 3|ac|e| |r l|e|sc|. lau|us |r der lru|c|r|s|||c|er l||era|ur o|s
lreraeus. |urs|er|w. . 1;
Fvars, C. A. `T| e C||a||or ol lsa|a| . |r C|erer|.' v|gC|r | ( ). oo1; 1 oz18z
- . 1oo;
. `A ro|e or Fr|rp|e|r|r C|erer|.' v|gC|r ( ). l. 1 818|zoo
la|vre, A. `le `sys|re rorra||l ' dars |a |e||re de C|erer| de bore aux
Cor|r|||ers.' b3b | ( ). - . |z18o1zz
lar|asla|vy, 0. `T| e C|r|s|o|og|ca| cor|er| ard ||s o|o||ca| oas|s |r ||e |e||er ol
||e
|ar|yrs ol 0au|.' 3ecCer ( ). - . 1zz
lr|dr|c|ser, A. `lrop|er lrv|d|ar. No|e sur C|er .' Fr ( ). - . 1 z|1|o1o1;|
0aroer, K. `0as lapyruslragrer| zur |ar|us|||urg|e urd das Fuc|ar|s||egeoe|
|r
C|erersor|el.' 0s||. 3|ud|er ( ). - . 811|
0reer, l. 8. `|a|||eW, C|erer|, ard lu|e. T| e|r 3equerce ard be|a||ors||p.'
JT| 3
|o| ( ). - . 1181z
lagrer, 0. A., T| e use ol ||e 0|d ard ||e NeW Tes|arer|s |r C|erer| ol bore.
NT.3
|. le|der. 8r|||, . 1;
Je|||coe, 3. `T| e lsa||er-Tex| ol 3|. C|erer| ol bore.' lr lz8 l, ls. J. Z|eg|er,
- , oo
1;z.
Jourjor, |. `berarques sur |e vocaou|a|re sacerdo|a| dars |e le C|erer||s.' lr
Fpe| |as|s. |e|arges pa|r|s||ques oller|s au Card|ra| Jear 0ar|e|ou, - . 1o;1o
lar|s,
1;z.
Kroc|, 0. 8. `lr Narer des le|rus urd lau|us. 0er 8r|el des C|erers
borarus
urd d|e F|gerar| des ror|sc|er C|r|s|er|urs.' lr ANbw , Apos|o||sc|e z;1
va|er urd Apo|oge|er, - . 8er||r. 0e 0ruy|er, . | 1
l|g||loo|, J. 8., T|e Apos|o||c la||ers. rd ed. lordor, - . z 18818o
l|rderarr, A., lau|us |r a||es|er C|r|s|er|ur. 0as 8||d des Apos|e|s urd d|e
bezep||or der pau||r|sc|er T| eo|og|e |r der lru|c|r|s|||c|er l||era|ur o|s
|arc|or.
8A|| . Tuo|rger. |o|r, . 8 1;
. 0|e C|erersor|ele. lNT . Tuo|rger. J. C. 8. |o|r, . 1; 1z
|ar||r, J. l. `la cu||ura rorara y |a lr|ra C|erer||s. 0oservac|ores de
cor|er|do
y de re|odo.' Teo|og |a ( ). - . 11|;1
|ayer, l. T. `C|erer| ol bore ard l|s use ol 3cr|p|ure.' CT|| | ( ). |z81;1
- o|o.
|ees, |. `3c|era urd 0|spos|||o |r ||rer 8edeu|urg lur d|e lorrurg der
lerrerWor|e aus der . C|erersor|el. Kap. , .' ve|C|r ( ). - . 1 1z 81;1z;;z
. `0|e lo|epr|es|er-T| eo|og|e des leoraeror|eles |r verg|e|c| zur . 1
C|erersor|el '. 8Z ( ). - . zz1;811zz
. `lsaa|s 0plerurg |r lru|c|r|s|||c|er 3|c||, vor C|erers borarus o|s
C|erers
A|exardr|rus.' Augb ( ). - . z8188z;z
|1zl|ve T| e 3ecord Cer|ury
. `0as C|r|s|uso||d des ers|er K|erersor|eles.' FT|l ( ). - . oo1oz;18
||r|e, l. u. `0|e 3c|oplurg |r der lru|c|r|s|||c|er ver|urd|gurg rac| der
Frs|er C|erersor|el urd der Areopagrede.' 0|ss., larourg, . 1oo
la||, l. 0. `T| e use ol 3cr|p|ure |r C|erer|.' ATb ( ). - . 1 z;1;1o;11
lrou|x, l., ard J. 0'Ca||ag|ar. `la |ec|ura de| sa|ro , o (|xx) er C|er 88z1 1
. .' 181
8|o | ( ). - . o1118oz1o1
b|gg|, C. `la |||urg|a de||a pace re||a 'lr|ra C|erer||s'.' 3a| ( ). - , 1;11;o
- zoo1.
bocco, 8. `0ue c||az|ore o|o||c|e |r 3ar C|erer|e boraro ( C|er , ).' 8|0r 1 z8 1o
( ). - . 1o8zo;1o
borde|, l. `le pec|e or|g|re| dars |a |rad|||or.' 8lF ( ). - . o81o;zo|
3r|||, |. `T| e bepor| aoou| le|er |r C|erer| . .' NT3 ( - ). ll. 1 | ;1oo1o18o
239
3|a|der, K. `Apos|o||sc|e 3u|zess|or urd Fuc|ar|s||e oe| C|erers borarus,
lreraus
urd lgra||us vor Ar||oc||er.' lKZ | ( ). - . oz|1;zz1||
T| |erry, J. J. `No|e sur \id v (v au c|. XX de |a e C|er.' 1
v|gC|r 1|
( ). - . 1ooz||
urr||, w. C. var. `0|e buc|s|c|| aul d|e bea|||or der N|c||-C|r|s|er a|s |o||v
der
a||c|r|s|||c|er lararese.' 8ZNw ( ). - . zo1oozz1|
werrer, F. los|-o|o||ca| leora|srs |r ||e lr|ra C|erer||s. lr l. A. wo|lsor Juo.
vo|.N|J, . 1o
w|c|er|, u. `F|re le||uoerse|zurg zu C|er , .' ZNw ( ). - . 1 1z |18z;o;
Z|eg|er, A. w. Neue 3|ud|er zur ers|er K|erersor|el. |u. |arz., . 18
. `lrop|e||sc|e Fr|err|r|s urd ver|urd|gurg |r . K|erersor|el.' lJ 1 ;;
( ). - . 18|
T|e 3ecord le||er ol C|erer||s ||e o|des| |roWr C|r|s||ar |or||y (ou|s|de
ol ||e r|), da||rg lror ca. , ard pu| urder ||e rare ol C|erer| ol bore. 1o
l| or|g|ra|ed |r 3yr|a or Fgyp|.
Fd|||ors
l|rderarr, A., Tuo|rger , - . 1z1;zo1
wergs|, K., |ur|c| , - . 18|zoz8o
Trars|a||ors
Frg||s|. ANl , = . ;188 1
0errar. l|rderarr,wergs|. aoove.
T|e Apos|o||c la||ers |1
s|ud|es
8aarda, T. ` C|erer| ard ||e 3ay|rgs ol Jesus.' 8FT|l ( ). - . z 1z 18zzo
0orlr|ed, K. l., T| e 3e|||rg ol 3ecord C|erer| |r Far|y C|r|s||ar||y(NT.3 ). 8
le|der
1;|.
||. T|e Aroryrous ol ||e 0|dac|e (|a|e s| c.) 1
T| e lu|| ||||e, `T| e Teac||rg ol ||e lord T| roug| ||e TWe|ve Apos||es |o ||e
Na||ors,' ever |l per|aps ol a |a|er ||re, s|resses ||e apocryp|a| ra|ure ol ||e
docurer|. lrescr|p||ors per|a|r|rg |o ||e |||urgy ol oap||sr ard |o corrur||y
rea|s preceed o||er regu|a||ors aoou| r|r|s|r|es ard soc|a| oe|av|our
|r W|a| seers |o oe a corp|||a||or ol |ex|s da||rg lror d|ll erer| per|ods ol
||re arourd ||e year c.e. l|s l|ra| ed|||rg Was secured |r ||e l|rs| |a|l ol 1oo
||e secord cer|ury, ||s proverarce |oca|ed |r rura| se|||erer|s ol ||e 3yr|ar
rour|a|rs. l||erary cor|ac|s W||| scr|p|ure are aryore's guess.
ed|||ors
8ryerr|os, l., Cors|ar||rop|e . 188
l|rderarr A ard l. lau|ser, Apos|o||sc|e va|er. Tuo|rger . 1z
bordorl, w. ard A. Tu|||er. 3C o|s ( ). z|8 18
3c|r|d|. C., `Kop||sc|es 0|dac|e-lragrer|'. ZNw ( ). - . z|1z81
0. 3c|o||ger, 0.. laC| , rd ed. ( ). 1z 1z
wergs|, K., 0arrs|ad| . 18|
|rars|a||ors
Frg||s|. lorrer, 0. w., 3|a|u|es. lordor , |rars|. lror F|||op|ar. 1o|
lrerc|. Tu|||er. aoove.
0errar. l|rderarr, 3c|r|d|, wergs|. aoove.
s|ud|es
A|dr|dge, b. F., `T| e los| Frd|rg ol ||e 0|dac|e'. vC ( ). - . 111
Aude|, J. l., la 0|dac|. lar|s . 18
0raper, J., ed., T| e 0|dac|e |r |oderr besearc|. le|der . 1o
. `besurrec||or ard Zec|ar|a| . |r 0|dac|e Apoca|ypse'. JFC3 ( ). 1| 1;
- 11;.
|1|l|ve T| e 3ecord Cer|ury
lerdersor, l. l., `0|dac|e ard 0ra|||y'. J8l ( ). - . 1111zz8oo
Jellord, C. N., T| e 0|dac|e |r Cor|ex|. Fssays or l|s Tex|, l|s|ory, ard
Trarsr|ss|or
(3upp|. r|, lXXvll). le|der , W||| ex|ers|ve o|o||ograp|y. 1
3ee||ger, l. b., `Apo|a|yp||sc|es 3c||uss|ap||e| der 0|dac|e'. 3|la|r ( ). z118
- ;|o8.
3|e|rer, 8.. lACl rd ed. , - . z 11oo1o;
3|erpe|, l.-A., `0er le|rer |r der 0|dac|e'. vC ( ). - . |18ozo1;
3upp|erer|ary 8|o||ograp|y
8||g|, J. `Corpos|||o 0|dac|es e|usque re|a||o ad Fvarge||ur scr|p|ur.' v0 o
( ). - . 18oo
8u||er, 8. C. `T| e l||erary be|a||ors ol 0|dac|e, C|. Xvl.' JT| 3 ( ). - z1oozo
. 8
Cox, J. J. C. `3ore lro|egorera ard Adderda |o a 3|udy ol ||e 0or|r|ca|
logo|as
c||ed |r ||e 0|dasca||a Apos|o|orur.' 3|la|r ( ). - . 1o188z8;
240
0raper, J. `T| e Jesus Trad|||or |r ||e 0|dac|e.' 0ospe| lerspec||ves ( ). 18
- . zo8;
0raper, J. A. `besurrec||or ard Zec|ar|a x|v, |r ||e 0|dac|eApoca|ypse.' Jourra|
ol
Far|y C|r|s||ar 3|ud|es ( ). - . 1;1;
0|over, b. `T| e 0|dac|e's uo|a||ors ard ||e 3yrop||c 0ospe|s.' NT3 ( ). 18
- 1zz.
lerdersor, l. l. `0|dac|eard ora|||y |r syrop||c corpar|sor.' J8l ( ). 1111z
- z8oo.
lorrarr, K. `0as 'beder |r 0e|s|e' rac| der 0|dac| urd der las|or lerrae.'
lr
Jo. l. |ys|. T| eo|. ( ), - . 1;1o1
Jo|rsor, 3.F. `A 3uos|d|ary |o||ve lor ||e wr|||rg ol ||e 0|dac|e.' lages - 1o;zz
|r ls. w. l. l. la|c|, |urera 3|ud|osa. Fd||ed oy |. b. 3|ep|erd ard 3. F.
Jo|rsor. Caror|dge, |ass.. Fp|scopa| 3c|oo| ol T| eo|ogy, . 1|o
K|opperoorg, J. 3. `0|dac|e . - ard 3pec|a| |a|||ear Trad|||or.' ZNw 1oo8 ;o
( ). - . 1;|o;
ladd, 0. F. `T| e Fsc|a|o|ogy ol ||e 0|dac|e.' 0|ss., larvard, - . 1|81|
|assaux, F. `l'|rl|uerce ||||era|re de |'Fvarg||e de 3. |a||||eu sur |a 0|dac|e.' lr
FT|l ( ). - . z1||1
|ees, |. `0|d. , . F|r|ge Arrer|urger zur uoer||elerurg der JesusWor|e.' 1
0r|er|lress ( ). - . 11;o1oo8
|||arov|c|, |. `T| e Teac||rgs ol ||e 0|dac|e Corpared W||| ||e Teac||rgs ol
||e
NeW Tes|arer|.' 0|ss., 3ou||err 8ap||s| T| eo|og|ca| 3er|rary, - . 1|81|
|or|agr|r|, l. `Fc|| de| d|scorso su| ror|e re||a 0|dac|e.' 8|0r | ( ). z1;18
- 1;|.
|ou|e, C. l. 0. `A No|e or 0|d. , .' JT| 3 ( ). - . | o1z|o|
T|e Apos|o||c la||ers |1
0'Corror, 0. `T| e 'rary gra|rs ol C|r|s| ' |r Fuc|ar|s||c 3yroo||sr.' lT| z
( ). - . 1818z
lr|ger|, l. `ure ||se rouve||e sur |a 0|dac|e.' bT|l| ( ). - . 1o1oozo|
bordorl, w. `0oes ||e 0|dac|e cor|a|r Jesus |rad|||or |rdeperder||y ol ||e
3yrop||c 0ospe|s?' lages - |r Jesus ard ||e ora| 0ospe| |rad|||or. Fd||ed ||z
oy
l. warsoroug|. J3NT 3upp. . 0uo||r, . o| 18
3c|r|d, J. `0|dac|.' bAC ( ). - . 1;1o1o1
Terzo||, b. `0|dac|e e 3. 3cr|||ura. ur esare |e||erar|o.' 3cCC| ( ). - . o1;z|;;
Tuc|e||, C. |. `3yrop||c |rad|||or |r ||e 0|dac|e.' lages - |r T|e NeW 1;zo
Tes|arer| |r Far|y C|r|s||ar||y. Fd||ed oy J.-|. 3evr|r. la recep||or des ecr||s
reo|es|arer|a|res dars |e c|r|s||ar|sre pr|r|||l . louva|r. ur|v. lr., . 1| 18
var der laar Kral||, A. |. leer der TWaa|l Apos|e|er. d ed. Ars|erdar. z
were|do|o||o||ee|, . 1|
vooous, A. l||urg|ca| Trad|||ors |r ||e 0|dac|e. lapers ol ||e Fs|or|ar T|
eo|og|ca|
3oc|e|y |r Fx||e . 3|o. FT3l., . 1o 1o8
. `begard|rg ||e 8ac|grourd ol ||e l||urg|ca| Trad|||ors |r ||e 0|dac|. T|e
ues||or ol l||erary be|a||or oe|Weer 0|d lX, ard ||e lour|| 0ospe|.' |
v|gC|r ( ). - . z1o818;
|||. lgra||us ol Ar||oc| (ear|y rd c.) z
A||eged|y Wr|||er oy ||e |||rd `o|s|op' ol Ar||oc| or ||s lorced jourrey lror
Ar||oc| |o bore, W|ere |e Was des||red |o d|e |r ||e arp||||ea|re urder ||e
re|gr ol Trajar ( - ), ||ree ol ||ese le||ers, addressed |o ||e c|urc|es ol 811;
Fp|esus, |agres|a, ard Tra||es, Were ser| ou| ol 3ryrra. TWo o||ers, Wr|||er
e|seW|ere, Were d|rec|ed |o ||e corrur||y ol l|||ade|p||a ard |o 8|s|op
lo|ycarp ol 3ryra. T| e ros| ex|ers|ve ard suos|ar||a| |e||er Was ser| |o
bore. No |e||er a| a|| Wer| |o Ar||oc|. T| e Wor| represer|s a co||ec||or ol
ep|s|o|ary ras|erp|eces a| ar ear|y s|age ol arc|er| C|r|s||ar||y.
w||| prolourd |r|u|||ors aoou| d|v|re reve|a||or, |oge||er W||| ar |r|erse locus or
rereWa| ard ded|ca||or |r la|||, ||e au||or |rs|s|er||y ragr|l|es ||e |dea| ur||y ol
||e c|urc|, secured oy ||s ep|scopa| s|ruc|ure, lourded
oy Jesus ||rse|l. T| e pass|ora|e p|ea lor a rorarc||ca| |ype ol ep|scopacy,
apparer||y ou| ol cor|ex| |r ||e l|rs| decade ol ||e secord cer|ury, |ed sore
cr|||cs |o ||e |ypo||es|s ol a |a|er da|e arourd lor ||e `lgra||ar' le||ers, 1oo
|r ||e rorarc||ar c|rc|e |eaded oy Noe|us ol 3ryra (b. |. lueorer). As
a|Ways, c|roro|ogy cord|||ors ||e W|o|e |r|erpre|a||or ol ||ose araz|rg
docurer|s. lgra||us rera|rs a rys|er|ous l|gure W|o cer|ers ||s a||er||or or
3ryrra, W|||ou| a s|rg|e Word addressed |o ||s oWr c|urc| ol Ar||oc|.
|1ol|ve T| e 3ecord Cer|ury
l| |s gerera||y recogr|zed ||a| `lgra||us rel|ec|s scar| |r|eres| |r ||e
leoreW scr|p|ures' (w. b. 3c|oede|, ). le or|y quo|es (`lor || |s Wr|||er')
lrv . |r Fp|es|ars , , lrv . (`As || |s Wr|||er') |r |agres|ars , | 181; 1z
ard lsa|a| . (`lor') |r Tra|||ars , . 0||erW|se ore rus| oe cor|er| z 8z
W||| a||us|ve relererces due |o secordary (ora|?) sources (as |r ||e case ol
241
|a|||eW), ard W||| all|r|||es caused oy corror |rad|||ors, lor |rs|arce ol a
Jo|arr|re |ype. T| e or|y veroa| cor|ac|s W||| ||e r| are W||| Cor . , `does 1 o
ro| |r|er|| ||e K|rgdor ol 0od,' |r Fp|es|ars , , ard W||| Cor . `No| 181 1 ||
lor ||a| reasor ar l jus||l|ed' |r borars , . le |r||a|es Cor . - , `l ar 1 1 1
||e |as| ol ||er ard a r|scarr|age' |r borars , , ard |e ec|oes orce rore z
1Cor . (or ) `does ro| |r|er|| ||e K|rgdor ol 0od' |r l|||ade|p||ars , o 1o
. 8u| lgra||us |reW ||a| lau| |ad Wr|||er rore |e||ers ard |rd|rec||y ||ey
ray |ave cor|r|ou|ed |o ||s Wr|||rg (A. F. 8arre||). l||e lerras |r regard
|o Jares, lgra||us |s oes| urders|ood |r veroa| ard sp|r||ua| agreerer| W|||
Jo|arr|re |||era|ure ||roug| corror |rad|||ora| oac|grourd. T| e vexed
passage ol l|||adep||ars , , `lor l |eard sore say, 'll l do ro| l|rd (||) |r 8z
||e arc||ves, l do ro| oe||eve (|| |o oe) |r ||e 0ospe|' ard W|er l sa|d 'l| |s
Wr|||er,' ||ey arsWered re, '||a| |s jus| ||e ques||or,'' (|r. 3c|oede|, ) zo;
sourds |||e ||e deoa|e oe|Weer Jus||r ard Tryp|o. l| |rp||es a c|ear d|s||rc||or
oe|Weer o| ard r| ard a |errereu||c ol ||e|r re|a||ors||p.
0r|y sever le||ersare au||er||c (Za|r, , l|g||loo|, T|e Apos|o||c 18;
la||ers, lar| . 3. lgra||us, 3. lo|ycarp, vo|s. lordor , rd ed. , , z 188z 1881
- 1z;zz1), da|ed - c.e. lor ||e c|a||erg|rg v|eWs ol b. we|jeroorg, 1oo118
J. b|us-Carps, b. Jo|y, see w. b. 3c|oede|, lgra||us ol Ar||oc|. lerrere|a.
A Cr|||ca| ard l|s|or|ca| Correr|ary or ||e 8|o|e. l|||ade|p||a . 18
Fd|||ors
Care|o|, l. T., 3C , || ed. ( ). 1o| 1o
l|sc|er, J. A., 0|e apos|o||sc|er va|er, 3uC , || ed. |ur|c| , - 1 18o1o
zz.
l|rderarr, A. ard l. lau|ser, Tuo|rger , - . 1z1;oz|1
Trars|a||ors
Frg||s|. l|g||loo|, J. 8. ANl , rd ser. = . 1z 188 18|
lrerc|. Care|o|. aoove.
0errar. l|sc|er,l|rderarr. aoove. w|r|ersWy|, l. A., lre|ourg . 18
l|a||ar. |orac|es|, |., bore . |or|cca, u., bore . 1z 1z
T|e Apos|o||c la||ers |1;
3|ud|es
8arrard, l. w. `T| e 8ac|grourd ol 3|. lgra||us ol Ar||oc|.' vC ( ). - 1;1o1
. zoo
8arre||, C. K. `JeWs ard Juda|zers |r ||e Fp|s||es ol lgra||us.' lr JeWs, 0ree|s
ard
C|r|s||ars. Fssay |r loror ol w. 0. 0av|es. Fd||ed oy b. larrer|or-Ke||y ard
b. 3croggs. le|der. 8r|||, . 1;o
8ar|sc|, l.-w. 0ros||sc|es 0u| urd 0ere|rde|rad|||or oe| lgra||us vor
Ar||oc||er.
0u|ers|o|. 8er|e|srarr, . 1|o
8as||e, 8. `ure au|re vers|or araoe de |a |e||re aux bora|rs de 3|. lgrace
d'Ar||oc|e.' |e||o | ( ). - . z1ozo8;
8ergare|||, l. `l| sargue d| C|r|s|o re||e |e||ere d| lgraz|o d| Ar||oc||a.' lr 3argue
& ar|ropo|. re||a |e||er. cr|s|. lll, - , . 8ooz18
. `0es Cr|s|o e g|| arc||v| (l||ade|l|es| , ). Cr|s|o cer|ro de||e 3cr|||ure 8z
secordo
lgraz|o d| Ar||oc||a.' lr Fseges| e ca|ec|es| re| ladr| (secc. ll-lv). Corvegro d|
s|ud|o e agg|orrarer|o, laco|| d| le||ere cr|s||are e c|ass|sc|e (lor|. lrs|.
A|||or|s
la||r||a||s), bora - rarzo , a cura d| 3. le||c| (8|o||o|eca d| sc|erze zoz8 1z
re||g|ose, ), - . bore. lA3, . 1oo|8 1
8er||ouzoz, b. `le lre, |e l||s e| |e 3a|r|-Fspr|| d'aprs |es le||res d'lgrace
d'Ar||oc|e.' lr lZl|T| , - , . 18;|181;1
8|eder, w. `0as Aoerdra|| |r c|r|s|||c|er leoerszusarrer|arg oe| lgra||us
vor
Ar||oc||a.' FvT| ( ). - . 1o1o;;
8|eyroerg, u. `0|e 0egerWar| C|r|s|| |r der K|rc|e, e|re ||eo|og|sc|e
ur|ersuc|urg zu der 8r|eler des ||. lgra||us vor Ar||oc||er.' 0|ss., bore.
3. Croce, . 11
8orger, l. `Fr |rad|sjors||s|or|s| ara|yse av ra|er|a|e| or Jesu lrdse| |os
lgra||us
(F|re |rad|||orsgesc||c||||c|e Ara|yse des |a|er|a|s uoer Jesu 0eour| oe|
lgra||us).' TTK | ( ). - . |z11;1;||
8rer|, A. `l|s|ory ard Fsc|a|o|og|ca| |ys||c|sr |r lgra||us ol Ar||oc|.' lr FT|l
, o
- oz, . 18
8u||rarr, b. `lgra||us urd lau|us.' lr 3|ud|a la|r|s||ca, |r |ororer Jo|arres de
ZWaar sep|uagerer||, - . laar|er. 8o|r, . ;1 1
Care|o|, l.-T. `lgrace d'Ar||oc|e.' lr 0|c||orra|re de sp|r||ua|||e , - . ;1zooo
lar|s.
8eauc|esre, . 1;1
Cecc||r, A. |. `|ar|a re|| 'ecoror|a d| 0|o' secordo lgraz|o d| Ar||oc||a.' lr
|ar|arur. Fp|erer|des |ar|o|og|ae , - , . 1|;81z
242
C|r|s|os, l. `Z" \p9iv" sd "v idsd\dv lv. o# 0oo.'
T|A||er z1
( ). - . 1oo1
CorW|r, v. 3|. lgra||us ard C|r|s||ar||y |r Ar||oc|. a|e ur|vers||y lress, . 1oo
0e|p|r|, |. `3u| rappor|o de||e |e||ere d| lgraz|o d| Ar||oc||a cor || varge|o d|
0|ovarr|.' 3cC ( ). - . 11111|z
|18l|ve T| e 3ecord Cer|ury
0ora|ue, l. J. `JeW|s| C|r|s||ar||y |r ||e le||ers ol lgra||us ol Ar||oc|.' vC z
( ). - . 1;881
la|vre, A., ard C. la|vre. `0erse d'ur |ex|e e| recours aux Fcr||ures. lgrace,
aux
Fp|es|ers . - . .' bev3b ( ). - . 1|11oz o111;o
lergusor, F. `T| e ||r|s|ry ol ||e word |r ||e l|rs| TWo Cer|ur|es.' bes|ora||or
uar|er|y ( ). - . 11;z11
0ou|der, |. 0. `lgra||us' '0oce||s|s''. vC ( ). - . 11oo
0rar|, b. A. `3cr|p|ure ard Trad|||or |r 3|. lgra||us ol Ar||oc|.' C8 ( ). z1o
- zz.
. `3cr|p|ure ard Trad|||or |r lgra||us ol Ar||oc|.' lr Al|er ||e NeW Tes|arer|,
- ;|. l|||ade|p||a. lor|ress, . 1o;
0rec|, l. `la cord|z|ore de||a c||esa d| Fleso re||a |e||era d| lgraz|o d|
Ar||oc||a.'
lr A||| de| lll 3|rpos|o d| Fleso su 3. 0|ovarr| Apos|o|o (Turc||a. la C||esa e
|a sua s|or|a, ), - . bore. ls|||u|o lrarcescaro d| 3p|r||ua|||, lor||l| c|o 1oo
A|ereo 'Ar|or|arur,' . 1
luorer, b. |. `T| eser zur Fc|||e|| urd 0a||erurg der s|eoer 8r|ele des
lgra||us'.
ZAC ( ). - . 11;||;z
K|ev|rg|aus, J. 0|e ||eo|og|sc|e 3|e||urg der apos|o||sc|er va|er zur
a|||es|arer|||c|er 0ll eroarurg (8lCT . ). 0u|ers|o|. 8er|e|srarr, . ||1 1|8
Koes|er, l. `0esc||c||e urd Ku||us |r Jo|arresevarge||ur urd oe| lgra||us.'
ZT|K
|( ). - . 1;oo
. 3yrop||sc|e uoer||elerurg oe| der Apos|o||sc|er va|err. 8er||r. A|ader|e,
. 1;
. `l|s|ory ard Cu|| |r ||e 0ospe| ol Jo|r ard |r lgra||us ol Ar||oc|.' JTC 1
( ). - . 1o111z
legar||, l. v. 0uds |erpe|, |erpe|syroo||sre og |r|s|o|og| |os lgra||us al
Ar||o||a.
|er|g|edsla| . Cr|us. Ko|or, . 1z
l|||erle|d, l. vor. `Zur syr|sc|er Kurzrezers|or der lgra||arer.' 3|la|r ( ). ;1oo
- zz|;.
lora, l. F. `0er 3prac|georauc| vor 3AbX, 3AbKlK03 oe| lgra||us vor
Ar||oc|er'. ZKT| ( ). - . 1o818o8|o8
|ac0ora|d, |. . `T| e ldea| ol ||e C|r|s||ar Coup|e. lgr. lo|. . - looo||rg 1z
8ac|
|o lau|.' NT3 ( ). - . |o1|1oz
|aurer, C. lgra||us vor Ar||oc||er urd das Jo|arresevarge||ur. AT| ANT . 18
Zur|c|. ZW|rg||, . 1|
|e|r|o|d, l. 3|ud|er zu lgra||us vor Ar||oc||er.veroller|||c|urger des lrs|||u|s
lur
Furopa|sc|e 0esc||c||e |a|rz . we|soader. 3|e|rer, . ; 1;
N|ederW|rrer, K., 0rurdr|ss der T| eo|og|e des lgra||os vor Ar||oc||er. 0|ss.
v|erra,
1o.
ladoerg, b. `vor go||esd|ers|||c|er leoer |r der 8r|eler des lgra||us vor
Ar||oc||er.' T|0| ( ). - . 1o;|;
T|e Apos|o||c la||ers |1
lerra, b. `le |re |e||ere d| lao|o, 0|ovarr|, e lgraz|o ag|| Fles|r|.' lr A||| de| lll
3|rpos|o d| Fleso su 3. 0|ovarr| Apos|o|o (Turc||a. la C||esa e |a sua s|or|a, ),
- . bore. ls|||u|o lrarcescaro d| 3p|r||ua|||, lor||l| c|o A|ereo 1||
'Ar|or|arur,' . 1
ler|er, 0. `0as v|er|e |a||aoaerouc|, lgra||us Ar||oc|erus urd d|e a||es|er
|ar|yrera||er.' b|vAC ( ). - . z1||;;z
ba|||e, l. `0|e 8eru|zurg der lau|usor|ele oe| lgra||us vor Ar||oc||er.' 0|ss.,
bos|oc|, . 1o
. `lgra||us vor Ar||oc||er urd d|e lau|usor|ele.' Tu | ( ). - . 1o11o;11o|
beoe||, w. `0as le|dersvers|ardr|s oe| lau|us urd lgra||us vor Ar||oc||er.' lr
NeW Tes|arer| 3|ud|es , - , . 1z|;o18o
b|eserle|d, l. `bel|ec||ors or ||e 3|y|e ard ||e T| eo|ogy ol 3|. lgra||us ol
Ar||oc|.'
3|la|r ( ). - . |1o11zzz
243
busc|, T., 0|e Fr|s|e|urg der le|re vor l|. 0e|s| oe| lgra||us vor
Ar||oc||a,T|eop|||us vor Ar||oc||a urd lreraeus vor lyor. 3003T| , Zur|c| z
. 1z
3c|oede|, w. b. `lgra||us ard ||e Arc||ves.' lT|b ( ). - . ;11;8;1oo
3|o|rga, J. 3. `lgra||us ard |a|||eW.' NT ( ). - . 81oozoz8
3ryder, 0. b. `T| e cor||ru||y ol ear|y C|r|s||ar||y. A s|udy ol lgra||us |r re|a||or
|o
lau|.' 0|ss., lr|rce|or T| eo|og|ca| 3er|rary, . 1o1
. `T| e l|s|or|ca| Jesus |r le||ers ol lgra||us ol Ar||oc|.' 8b ( ). - . 81o1z
3|a|der, K. `Apos|o||sc|e 3u|zess|or urd Fuc|ar|s||e oe| C|erers borarus,
lreraus
urd lgra||us vor Ar||oc||er.' lKZ | ( ). - . oz|1;zz1||
T|orasser, F. `^o - i o\9$v. lgra||us, |ag. . .' lr Tex|s ard 8z
Cor|ex|s (ls. l. lar|rar), ed||ed oy T. lorroerg ard 0. le|||o|r, - . 8|;o;
0s|o. 3card|rav|ar ur|vers||y lress, . 1
T|rs|ey, F. J. `T| e |r||a||o C|r|s|| |r ||e rys||c|sr ol 3|. lgra||us ol Ar||oc|.'
3|la|r
l ( ). 1;
Treve||, C. `Arora|y ard cors|s|ercy, Josep b|us-Carps or lgra||us ard
|a|||eW.'
v|gC|r ( ). - . 818|1o;1
. `Approac||rg |a|||eW lror ||e 3ecord Cer|ury. T| e urder-used lgra||ar
Corresporderce.' J3NT ( ). - . zo18|o;
Zaar|u, 3. F| corcep|o de Z0l er lgrac|o de Ar||oqu|a.luo||cac|ores de |a
ur|vers|dad lor||l|c|a Cor|||as , . Teo|og|a , . |adr|d. Fapsa, . 1; 1| 1;;
. `les corcep|s de v|e e| de ror| c|ez lgrace d'Ar||oc|e.' vC ( ). - 1;z|
. |1
|v. lo|ycarp ol 3ryrra (d. ) 1o
|ar|yred |r leoruary c.e., 8|s|op lo|ycarp |el|oe||rd ||r severa| 1o
|e||ers ol W||c| a| |eas| ore, To ||e l||||pp|ars, surv|ves. l|s verera||or ol
|zol|ve T| e 3ecord Cer|ury
`||e o|essed ard g|or|ous lau|' ( , ) |s v|orar| ||roug|ou| ||e |e||er. l|s z
recep||or ol lau||re ||oug|| Was ra|r|y due |o deu|ero-lau||re le||ers,
|||e Fp|es|ars ( , , , ) ard T|ro||y ( , , , , , , ), leoreWs ( , 11z11 z |1z1| o
z). le a|so relers |o ard Cor|r|||ars, ard T| essa|or|ars, 0a|a||ars, 1 z 1 z
borars, ard l||||pp|ars, ros||y W|||ou| ary express quo||rg lorru|a, or
sore||res W||| p|ras|rgs equ|va|er| |o `||e lord says' ( , , , ). 0r|y orce z;1
does |e quo|e `as || |s sa|d |r ||s scr|p|ures' ( , ), `||s' rear|rg `0od, 1z1
||e la||er ol our lord Jesus C|r|s|' ( , ), ard ||e |ex| c||ed |s ls . as 1zz |
par||a||y repea|ed |r Fp| . . |z
Fd|||ors
8auer, J. 8., 0|e lo|y|arpor|ele, KAv ( ), ex|aus||ve o|o||ograp|y. 1
Care|o|, l. T.. 3C , || ed. ( ). 1o| 1o
l|sc|er, J. A., 0|e Apos|o||sc|er va|er. 0arrs|ad|. || ed. . 18o
l|rderarr, A. ard l. lau|ser, 0|e Apos|o||sc|er va|er. Tuo|rger . 1z
Trars|a||ors
Frg||s|. ANl , ( = ) - . 1188 11o
lrerc|. Care|o|. aoove.
0errar. l|sc|er, l|rderarr. aoove.
3|ud|es
8aure|s|er, T| . `0|e Norr des evarge||urgerasser 8|u|zeugr|sses. 0as
|ar|yr|ur lo|ycarp|a|s vors|c|||ge Fx|or|a||o ad |ar|yr|ur,' - . 1zzz8
0e|ardsc|u||er, 8. `lo|ycarp's Fp|s||e |o ||e l||||pp|ars. ar ear|y exarp|e ol
'recep||or' [ol ||e r||.' 8|o|. Fp|erer|dur T|eo|og|carur lovar|ers|ur( ) 18
T|e
NeW Tes|arer| |r ear|y C|r|s||ar||y. la recep||or des ecr||s reo|es|arer|a|res
dars |e c|r|s||ar|sre pr|r|||l., ed||ed oy J.-|. 3evr|r. louva|r. lee|ers.
0u|||aur|r, |. l. `Fr rarge du '|ar|yre de lo|ycarpe.' le d|scerrerer| des
a||us|ors scr|p|ura|res.' lr lorra lu|ur| ls. Card. |. le||egr|ro, - . T. |ooo
8o||ega
d'Frasro, . 1;
N|e|ser, C. |. `lo|ycarp, lau| ard ||e 3cr|p|ures (lau||re corpus as 3cr|p|ure).'
AT|b ( ). - . |;1o1z1o
b|||er, A. |., `0e lo|ycarpe C|erer|. Aux or|g|res d'A|exardr|e c|re||erre,'
A|exardr|ra. le||er|re, judaisre e| c|r|s||ar|sre A|exardr|e. ls.
C. |ordeser|. lar|s , - . 18;11;z
3c|oede|, w. b., `lo|ycarp ard lgra||us ol Ar||oc|'. ANbwll, | ( ). - ;11z;z
. 8
T|e Apos|o||c la||ers |z1
v. lap|as ol l|erapo||s (ear|y rd c.) z
A o|s|op ol l|ryg|a, |r As|a ||ror, lap|as Wro|e ar Fxp|ara||or ol ||e 3ay|rgs
ol ||e lord(^ov sidsv pi), |r l|ve ooo|s, ca. - . A lr|erd 1o1|o
ol lo|ycarp ol 3ryrra, |e W||resses |rs|de ||s |rad|||or ||e |rarsler ol o|des| ora|
`say|rgs,' ra|r|y 0ospe| rarra||ves, |r|o ||e Wr|||er lorr ol ||e r|
244
(|||r|eer lragrer|s preserved |r lreraeus, Adv. laer. , , , Fuseo|us ol |
Caesarea, lFll, , , lll, , , , - , aoou| ||e 0ospe|s ol |a|||eW ard 1z oz11;
|ar|). lap|as |r|roduces |ar| as ||e `|r|erpre|er ol le|er,' ard rer||ors a
leoreW or|g|ra| ol |a|||eW, |rars|a|ed |r|o 0ree|. le |s a|so a W||ress |o
r|||erar|sr. `T| ere W||| oe a ||ousard years al| er ||e resurrec||or ol ||e
dead, W|er ||e K|rgdor ol C|r|s| W||| oe se| up |r a ra|er|a| lorr or |||s
ear||,' a c||||as||c oe||el proper |o As|a ||ror, or W||c| lreraeus ol lyor
Wou|d Wr||e ex|ers|ve|y |r ||s l|l|| ooo| Aga|rs| ||e leres|es(J. l. 8||g|,
J. |urc|, J. Kurz|rger).
Fd|||ors
8|||reyer, K., 0|e Apos|o||sc|er va|er, rd ed., Tuo|rger , - . z 1o1|o
8uce||a|o, |., lap|as d| l|erapo||. lrarrer|| e |es||ror|arze re| |es|o greco.
3|8| . |||ar . 111 1o
Kor|rer, u., 0arrs|ad| , - . 181o
lreusc|er, F., Ar|||egorera. 0|esser, rd ed. , - , - . z 1o11zoz
Trars|a||ors
Frg||s|. ANl , = , - . 1188 1118
0errar. Kor|rer, lreusc|er. aoove.
3|ud|es
8auc||ar, b. `lap|as ard lo|ycra|es or ||e 0r|g|r ol ||e lour|| 0ospe|.' JT|
3 ||
( ). - . 1z|o
8eysc||ag, K. `ler|url|urd F|gerar| der lap|as-lragrer|e.' 3|la|r ( ). |1o1
- zo88o.
8|ac|, |. `T| e use ol b|e|or|ca| Terr|ro|ogy |r lap|as or |ar| ard |a|||eW,'
- 1|1.
C|r|||o, l. `ur recer|e vo|ure su lap|a.' Cr3| | ( ). - . ;18oo
0r|ropo|ous, l. ;l doi ldo sd d% os. o#
lvvo. \p siis sivv. A||ers, . 1
|zzl|ve T| e 3ecord Cer|ury
0|x, 0. 0., `T| e use ard Aouse ol lap|as or ||e lour|| 0ospe|'. T|ed ( ). z|1z
- 8zo.
0uoo|s, J.-0. `berarques sur |e lragrer| de lap|as c||e par lreree.' bll|b ;1
( ). - . 111o
F|c|everria, b. T. `la oora de lap|as y sur ro||c|as soore |c y ||.' 3a|r | |1z
( ). - . 1|181z1z
0rar|, b. |. `lap|as ard ||e 0ospe|s'. lT|b ( ). - . z1|zo8zz
. `A No|e or lap|as.' AT|b ( ). - . z1|;1;1;z
0ry, l. `le lap|as des oe||es proresses ress|ar|ques.' v|vre e| lerser ( ). 1|
- 11zz|.
0rysor, b. `Apropos du |ero|grage de lap|as sur ||. le sers du ro| \iov
c|ez
|es lres du secord s|c|e.' FT|l ( ). - . |11oo|;
leard, b. `T| e Al0|Nl|0NF|ATA |r lap|as, Jus||r, ard lreraeus.' 83NT3
1| ( ). - . z1|1zzz
. `lap|as' uo|a||ors lror ||e NeW Tes|arer|.' 83NT3 | ( ). - . 1z1|1o|
Jourjor, |. `lap|as.' 083 ( ). - . |1oo11oo
Kor|rer, u. l. J. `lap|as vor l|erapo||s, e|r 8e||rag zur 0esc||c||e des lru|er
C|r|s |er|urs.' 0|ss., 8|e|ele|d. 8e||e|, . 18z
. lap|as vor l|erapo||s, e|r 8e||rag zur 0esc||c||e des lru|er C|r|s|er|urs.
lblANT . 0o|||rger. varder|oec| & buprec||, . 1 18
Kurz|rger, J. `0as lap|aszeugr|s urd d|e Frs|ges|a|| des |a|||ausevarge||urs.'
8Z
|( ). - . 1oo188
. lap|as vor l|erapo||s urd d|e Fvarge||er des r|s. F|c|s|a||er |a|er|a|er . |
begersourg. lus|e|, . 18
laroo|, C. `les presoy|res e| |'exegse de lap|as'. b8 ( ). - . |1111oz
|u|||rs, T. . `lap|as or |ar|'s 0ospe|.' v|gC|r ( ). - . 1|1ooz1oz|
|urc|, J. `lresoy|ers ard 0|sc|p|es ol ||e lord |r lap|as. Fxege||c Correr|s
or
Fus. l.F. , .' lT|b ( ). - . z1zz|
N|e|ser, C. |. `lap|as. lo|er|c|s| Aga|rs| w|or?' T3 | ( ). - . 1;|z
b|c|ard, |. `ue|ques raruscr||s peu corrus des c|aires exege||ques e| des
correr|a|res grecs sur |e lsau||er.' lr 8u||e||r d'lrlorr. de |'lrs|||u| de
bec|erc|e e|
d'l|s|o|re des Tex|es, vo|. , - . lar|s, . 8;1oo 1|
b|gg, l. A. Jr. `lap|as or |ar|.' NT ( ). - . 11o1o18
byar, F. 0. `lap|as ard ||e |arcar 0ospe|.' T|e T| eo|og|ar , ( ). - . 1z1;11o
3c|r|d|, l. l. `3er|||srer oe| lap|as.' TZ | ( ). - . ||z1881|o
3|eger|, l. `uroeac||e|e lap|asz||a|e oe| arrer|sc|er 3c|r|l|s|e||err.' NT3 | z;
( ). - . 181oo1|
Torr|s, J. `lap|as e| |'au||er||c||e des evarg||es.' 8berar | ( ). - . 1o1|o1o8|
. `lap|as e| |'|rler|or||e des Fcr||s.' 8berar ( ). - . 111o1o11
245
Trev|jaro F|c|everr|a, b. `la oora de lapas y sus ro||c|as soore |c y ||.'
3a|rar||cers|s ( ). - . |11|181z1z
wa||s, A. l. `lap|as ard 0ra| Trad|||or.' v|gC|r ( ). - . z11o;1;|o
T|e Apos|o||c la||ers |z
v|. lseudo-8arraoas (r|d- rd c.) z
Aro||er apocryp|a| Wr|||rg, da||rg lror ||e r|dd|e ol ||e secord cer|ury al|er ||e
8ar-Koc|oa revo||, per|aps Wr|||er |r A|exardr|a, || Was s||||
cour|ed arorg ||e caror|ca| Wr|||rgs ol ||e r| oy 0r|ger W|o ca||s ||
sd9o\is"v io\pv (lA lll, , , , CC l, . `gerera| ep|s||e.' C|adW|c| z|; o
1), ard |r ||e Codex 3|ra|||cus (lour|| cer|ury). A v|o|er| d|a|r|oe aga|rs|
Juda|sr, rass|ve|y quo||rg ||e o| ard W||| ||e sare ro||or ol ||e `TWo
ways' ol ||le ard dea|| W||c| Was ro||ceao|e |r ||e 0|dac|e, ||e le||er ol
lseudo-8arraoas, |||e Ar|s|or ol le||a, suppor|s ar exc|us|ve|y a||egor|ca|
read|rg ol o|.
Fd|||ors
l|rderarr, A. ard l. lau|ser. Tuo|rger , - . 1zz;
lr|ger|, l. ard b. A. Kral|. 3C ( ). 1;z1;1
wergs|, K., 0|dac|e (Apos|e||e|re), 8arraoasor|el. ZWe||er K|erersor|el.
3c|r|l|ar 0|ogre|. 3c|r|l| er des urc|r|s|er|urs . 0ars|ad| , z 18|
- 1o1zoz.
Trars|a||ors
Frg||s|. ANl , = , - . 1188 111z
lrerc|. lr|ger|. aoove.
0errar. l|rderarr, wergs|. aoove.
3|ud|es
Auo|reau, |. `les serv||eurs d'Aora|ar (0er . ) e| |e rorore des lres 18 1|1|
au
Corc||e de N|cee ( ).' blF ( ). - . z o11oo|
8ea|r|ce, l. l. `ure c||a||or de |'Fvarg||e de |a||||eu dars |'Fpi|re de 8arraoe.'
8FT|l ( ). - . T| e NeW Tes|arer| |r Far|y C|r|s||ar||y. la recep||or 8o18z1|
des ecr||s reo|es|arer|a|res dars |e c|r|s||ar|sre pr|r|||l, vo|. , ed||ed oy J.- 8o
|.
3evr|r. louva|r. lee|ers.
8raur, l. |. `la 'le||re de 8arraoe ' e| |'Fv. de 3. Jear. 3|rp|es bel|ex|ors.'
NT3 |
( - ). - . 1;1811z|
Cava||a, v., A. |e|z|rger, ard |. le||egr|ro. `8arraoas (arc|e 'A|||' e 'le||era').'
FC z
( ). - . 1o8ooo
0a||, N. A. `la |erre o cou|er| |e |a|| e| |e r|e|, se|or 8arraoe . - .' lr ls. o81
|. 0ogue| Aux sources de |a Trad|||or C|re||erre, - , . oz;o1o
0ar|e|ou, J. `la v|s|or des osserer|s dessec|es (Fx . - ) dars |esTes | ;11|
|ror|a.'
b3b ( ). - . 1ozzo
|z|l|ve T| e 3ecord Cer|ury
lerre, l. `8arraoe, |e |erp|e e| |es pagaro-c|re||ers.' b8 ( ). - . 1o1oz;;o
lerrars, A. `le lseudo-8arraoe es|-|| r|||erar|s|e?' FT|l | ( ). - . |18|;o
loroury, w. `JeW|s|-C|r|s||ar re|a||ors |r 8arraoas ard Jus||r |ar|yr.' lr JeWs
ard C|r|s||ars. T| e lar||rg ol ||e ways, vo|. , ed||ed oy J. 0. 0. 0urr, - oo 1
. |
wuNT. Tuo|rger. |o|r, . 1z
lva|v||, b. `8arraoas . - ard ||e Au||or's 3upposed use ol 0era|r|a.' ;
NT3 | z
( ). - . 18;z;o8z
. T| e 3|rugg|e lor 3cr|p|ure ard Coverar|. T| e lurpose ol ||e Fp|s||e ol
8arraoas
ard JeW|s|-C|r|s||ar Corpe||||or |r ||e 3ecord Cer|ury.wuNT d ser|es . z 8z
Tuo|rger. |o|r, . 1o
Koc|, 0.-A. `Aus|egurg vor ls oe| Jus||r urd |r 8arraoasor|el.' lr lerders 1
o|o||sc|e 3|ud|er , Neue wege der lsa|rerlorsc|urg. Fd||ed oy K. 3eyoo|d, e| 1
a|.,
- zz|z. lre|ourg. lerder, . 1|
Kral|, b. A. `8arraoas' lsa|a| Tex| ard ||e 'Tes||rory 8oo|' lypo||es|s.' J8l ;
( ). - . 1oooo
. `Cr|||ca| No|e. 8arraoas' lsa|a| Tex| ard |e|||o's lasc|a| lor||y.' J8l 8o
( ). - . 1o1;1;
. `T| e Fp|s||e ol 8arraoas. l|s uo|a||ors ard ||e|r 3ources.' 0|ss., larvard,
1o1.
. `Ar urro||ced lapyrus lragrer| ol 8arraoas.' v|gC|r | ( ). - . z11o;1oo
l|rges, 3. |. 0as 8arraoas-Fvarge||ur. wa|res Fvarge||ur Jesu, gerrar|
C|r|s|us,
e|res reuer lrop|e|er, vor 0o|| der we|| gesard| gerass der 8er|c|| des
8arraoas, se|res Apos|e|s.8orrdorl |r 3c|WarzWa|d. Turoar-ver|ag, . 1|
246
0'lagar, A. l. `Far|y C|r|s||ar Fxeges|s Fxerp||l|ed lror ||e Fp|s||e ol
8arraoas.'
Aus8| ( ). - . 111o|o
lage|, J. C. T| e Fp|s||e ol 8arraoas. 0u||oo| ard 8ac|grourd.wuNT d ser|es z
. o|
Tuo|rger. J. C. 8. |o|r, . 1|
lr|ger|, l. les |es||ror|a du c|r|s||ar|sre pr|r|||l. l'Fp||re de 8arraoe - e| 11o
ses
sources. F|udes o|o|. lar|s. 0aoa|da, . 1o1
3corza 8arce||ora, l. `le rorre ve|ero|es|arer|ar|e su||a pur|| re||'Fp|s|o|a d|
8arraoa.' A3F ( ). - . 11o111
vesco, J.-l. `la |ec|ure du lsau||er se|or |'Fpi|re de 8arraoe.' b8 ( ). - 18o
. ;
v||. lerras (l|rs| |a|l rd c.) z
A s|ave so|d |o a Worar ca||ed b|oda (cl. Ac|s . ) ard |a|er lreed oy 1z1
|er |r bore, lerras corver|ed |o C|r|s||ar||y as a |ard-oWrer W||| W|le
ard groWr-up c|||drer. le corp|e|ed ||s v|s|orary corp||a||or urder
||e ||||e T|e 3|ep|erdarourd c.e. A |ayrar W|||ou| ary oll| c|a| s|a|us 1|o
|r ||e c|urc|, lerras preser|ed a Wor| |rc|ud|rg l|ve `v|s|ors,' |We|ve
T|e Apos|o||c la||ers |z
`Corrards' ard |er `3|r||||udes' or parao|es, W||c| s|oWs ro |og|ca| or
corpos|||ora| ur||y. A very urusua| `8oo| ol A||egor|es' (8rox , ), ||s 11
apoca|yp|c lrare |ac|s ||e appropr|a|e cor|er| ol esc|a|o|og|ca| ||eres, ou|
|| oov|ous|y succeeded |r |eg|||ra||rg ||e a||egor|ca| ard parere||c purposes
ol ||s au||or. l|s rary ser|||srs (a|ros| a|| |r |xx. A. l|||urs|) do ro| pu|
|r|o ques||or lerras's ro||er |orgue, a |oW-|eve| 0ree| |o|re. lerras
does ro| quo|e ary sources (excep| |r v|s|or ll, , ), ou| |e |s rer|r|scer| |
(a| |eas| lor sore roderr cr|||cs) ol rary da|a para||e| |o |xx (larrac|,
l|s|ory, | , ). lr |||r|y-e|g|| passages lerras cores c|ose |o r|re|eer 111
verses ol Jares (8rox, - ), ou| ever ||er a proper |||erary deperdercy |o|;
rera|rs ||g||y ques||orao|e. T| e sare |s |rue aoou| lerras's prox|r||y
|o 0ros||c Wr|||rgs |||e lo|rardres, ||e popu|ar `3|ep|erd' ol ||e Corpus
lerre||cur. l|ra||y, ||e d|s||rc||or ol caror|ca| ard ex|racaror|ca| Wr|||rgs
d|d ro| ye| ex|s| lor lerras.
Fd|||ors
8rox, N., 0o|||rger . 11
Car||r|, A., ed., lapyrus 8odrer XXXvlll. Frra. l| las|ore (la-llla v|s|ore.
Fd||o cor |r|roduz|ore e correr|ar|o cr|||co (cor |a co||aoora||ore d|
l. 0|accore). lorda||or |ar||r 8odrer, Co|ogry - 0erve . 11
Jo|y, b.. 3C , rd ed. . 18
vezzor|, A., l|orerce . 1|
w||||a|er, |., 0C3 , rd ed., . |8z 1o;
lor o||er ed|||ors, see N. 8rox , l. T| e ear||es| la||r vers|or da|es 11|
lror arourd c.e. zoo
Trars|a||ors
Frg||s|. ANl , = . l|g||loo|, J. 8. lordor . Tay|or, C., vo|s. z188 1 18o z
lordor - . 1o1oo
lrerc|. Jo|y. aoove. le|org, A., lar|s . 11z
0errar. 8rox. aoove. leu|zsc|, 0arrs|ad| . 11
l|a||ar. vezzor|. aoove.
3|ud|es
Arrera, 0. `0u roc|er d'Fsa|e aux douze ror|agres d'lerras.' FT|b ( ). 18|
- z1zo.
8oWrar, w. 0. `T| e l|ace ol lerras Arorg ||e Far|y C|r|s||ar lrop|e|s.'
0|ss.,
l||ll3c|oo| ol T| eo|ogy, . 1o|
|zol|ve T| e 3ecord Cer|ury
8rox, N. 0er l|r| des lerras. uoerse|z| urd er||ar|. Korrer|ar zu der
apos|o||sc|er va|err . 0o|||rger. varder|oec| & buprec||, . ; 11
0av|sor, J. F. 3p|r||ua| 0|l|s |r ||e borar C|urc|. C|erer|, lerras ard Jus||r 1
|ar|yr. Arr Aroor, ||c|., . 181
larrar, A. `la s|gr|l|ca||or de d dars |e las|eur d'lerras.' 3|la|r |
( ). - . 1o1z8oo
le|||o|r, 0. 0as v|s|orerouc| des lerras a|s Apo|a|ypse, lorrgesc||c||||c|e
urd
|ex|||eore||sc|e 3|ud|er zu e|rer |||erar|sc|er 0a||urg l. |e||odo|og|sc|e
voruoer|egurger urd ra|ros|ru||ure||e Tex|ara|yse. Cor8|oNT vo|. | . lurd. 11
0|eerup, . 18o
lerre, l. `la po|yser|e a||egor|que dars |e las|eurd'lerras.' FT|l ( ). o18
- 11.
. `Caror|c||e du 'las|eur' d'lerras.' bT|or | ( ). - . o11o811oo
. `le pec|e d'lerras.' bT|or | ( ). - . o|1oo|o1
. la c|r|s|o|og|e c|ez C|erer| de bore e| dars |e las|eur d'lerras.
larados|s .
247
lr3. ur|v., . 1z
|ees. |. `0er l|r|e des lerras urd se|re Aussager uoer der le|||ger 0e|s|?'
- |. la|erarur ( ). |;181
||c|ae|s, J. b. `T| e 'leve| 0rourd' |r ||e 3|ep|erd ol lerras.' ZNw ( ). 1o8
- z|o.
N|jerd|j|, l. w. `0|e C|r|s|o|og|e des l|r|er des lerras. Fxege||sc|, re||g|ors-
urd
dogrergesc||c||||c| ur|ersuc||.' 0|ss., b|j|sur|vers||e|| u|rec||, . 18o
0'lagar, A. l. `T| e 0rea| Tr|ou|a||or |o Core |r ||e las|or ol lerras.'
3|la|r | oz
( ). - . 1o1o11
lre|e, 3. `Cr|s||ares|ro ar||co e r|lorra or|odossa. No|e |r|orro a| las|or d|
Frra.'
lr Corv|v|ur, vo|. , . 11o
J. uas|er, la|ro|ogyl ( ). - . 1;z1o
3e||z, 0. J. l. `be|a||ors||p ol ||e 3|ep|erd ol lerras |o ||e Fp|s||e ol Jares.'
J8l
o( ). - . 1||11|o
Tarrer, b. 0. `la||r|srs |r ||e Tex| ol lerras.' Co||oqu|ur,Auc||ard | ( ). ||1;z
- 1zz.
o u r g , l. w. ` T| e 3|ep|erd ol lerras. A 3|udy ol ||s Corcep|s ol
beper|arce ard
ol ||s C|urc|.' 0|ss., 0u|e ur|vers||y, . 1|o
v|||. T|el|ys|o|ogos(secord |a|l rd c. or |a|er) z
T|e l|ys|o|ogos, or T| e Fxper| |r Na|ure, Was Wr|||er |r 0ree| oy ar ur|roWr
A|exardr|ar (per|aps lar|aeros) dur|rg ||e secord |a|l ol ||e
secord cer|ury. 0r|g|ra||y |r lor|y-e|g|| c|ap|ers, ||e l|ys|o|ogosollered a
T|e Apos|o||c la||ers |z;
|ypo|og|ca| descr|p||or ol ar|ra|s, s|ores ard p|ar|s, oased or ||e |xx ard
||e r|. Ter|u|||ar prooao|y |reW ||, C|erer| ol A|exardr|a uses || |r lro|X,
1oo, (l|ys. ard ), Xl, , (l|ys. ), 3|ror. lv, . , (l|ys. ), 1 11 z1 1181 1 o1oo 1o
laed. ll, (l|ys. ). 0r|ger relers |o || |r ||s Correr|ary or |a|||eW, 11 ||
lrg. . 0C3 , , l. (l|ys. ) ard e|seW|ere (3oordore ). A |err|rus zoz 1zo; 11 1o
ar|e quer|s secured oy lyppo|y|us, 0r Ar||c|r|s| l. (l|ys. ), da||rg | 18
lror ca. , ||e |err|rus pos| quer|s g|ver oy a quo|a||or lror ||e zoo
lro|o0ospe| ol Jares ( , - , . l|ys. ) corposed ca. . 3evera| 1oz11| 1o
a||us|ors
|o lrd|a (l|ys. , ) d|rec|ed ||e a||er||or ol sore exper|s |o lar|aerus |||o
W|o |ad v|s||ed lrd|a accord|rg |o Fuseo|us, l.F.v, l. T| e Wor| seers 1o
|o |ave s|ar|ed c|rcu|a||rg W|||ou| ary rer||or ol ar au||or. lrlorra||or
|r l|ys. ra|c|es s|a|erer|s ol Ae||ar, l||ry ||e F|der, T|ro||y ol 0aza, ||e
Cyrar|des, lorapo||or, |oWever ||e esser||a| source ol ||e Wor|, very ol|er
quo|ed |||era||y, |s |xxr|. 3ore e|erer|s are oorroWed lror ls-8arraoas's
le||er( , , . l|ys. a, , . l|ys. , , . l|ys. , , . . (l|ys. ), 1o1| 1o8 z11o; z|1zz |o
1C|er , |r l|ys. , ard lerras, , |r l|ys. . z 81
T| e au||er||c exper||se |r ra|ure, accord|rg |o ||e au||or, |s g|ver or|y
||roug| ||e o|o||ca| reve|a||or corrur|ca|ed oy o| |r v|eW ol ||e sa|v|l|c
gospe|-ever|. T| e popu|ar |roW|edge ol ra|ura| rea||||es |s ro| |grored, ou|
urder ||e appeararce ol ra|ve s|or|es a ||g||y sop||s||ca|ed |ypo|ogy |s
a| Wor| a|| a|org ||e l|ys|o|ogos. `Fac| c|ap|er |s sore|||rg ol a crea||ve
ras|erp|ece' (Carrody , ). 1o;|z
w||| a record ruroer ol a|ros| e|g||y 0ree| raruscr|p|s ard severa|
er|arged ed|||ors secured |r 8yzar||re ||res, ||e Wor| erjoyed |rars|a||ors
|r|o F|||op|ar, Arrer|ar, 3yr|ac, Cop||c, 0eorg|ar, 3|avor|c ard 0|d borar|ar.
A| |eas| |Wo |rdeperder| la||r vers|ors ex|s|ed, ol W||c| ore Was
quo|ed oy Arorose ard Jerore, |a|er |r ||e 0ecre|ur 0e|as|arurard |r
||e F|yro|og|esol ls|dore ol 3ev|||e. lopu|ar adap|a||ors ol ||e l|ys|o|ogus
cor|r|ou|ed ruc| |o red|eva| 8es||ar||(K. A|pers ). 1o
Fd|||ors
l||ra, J.-8.. 3p|c3o| , , Xlvll-lXXv, - . 18 8o
3oordore, l.. |||ar . l||des|e|r , . 1o 1;o11
Carrody, l. J.. l|ys|o|ogus la||rus, vers|o 8, lar|s , vers|o , ur|vers||y 1
ol Ca||lorr|a luo||ca||ors |r C|ass|ca| l|||o|ogy, 8er|e|ey, CA ( ) 1z1|1
- 1|. N . 1;1
Trars|a||or
Frg||s|. berde||, A. w., lordor . 1z8
|z8l|ve T| e 3ecord Cer|ury
3|ud|es
A|pers, K.. TbF ( ). - , o|o||ograp|y. zo1ooooz
8roe|, var der, b., T| e |y|| ol ||e l|oer|x Accord|rg |o C|ass|ca| ard Far|y
C|r|s||ar Trad|||or(F|udes lre||r|ra|res aux be||g|ors 0r|er|a|es dars |'erp|re
rora|r ). le|der . z| 1;z
Carrody, l.. NCF ( ). l. 111o;|z
248
C|ccarese, |. l., `l| lorr|ca|eore, || l|||o|ogo e |'eseges| a||egor|ca d| 0o . '. |11
A3F
11| ( ). - . z1||o
. `l| s|roo||sro ar|ropo|og|co deg|| ar|ra|| re||'eseges| cr|s||ara ar||ca. cr||er|
e
cor|eru|| errereu||c|,' A3F | ( ). - . ;z1ozo;
. `l| s|roo||sro ar|ra|e re||'eseges| cr|s||ara ar||ca, |r 'besporsao|||| de|
3apere'.' Cer|ro |r|erraz|ora|e d| corparaz|ore e s|r|es| ( ). - . ||1z|
. `'lerd|x d|aoo|us.' l'eseges| pa|r|s||ca d| 0erxv||, .' lr la|de|a cr|s||ara. ls. 11
|. va|d|r|, ed||ed oy 0. A. lr|v||era, - . bore, . z;o 1|
0er|ard|, |. l., `T| e Ar|-l|or. Na|ure 3|udy ard ||e lr|erpre|a||or ol a 8|o||ca|
Tex| (Joo . ), lorr ||e l|ys|o|ogus |o A|oer| ||e 0rea|'. v|var|ur (Asser |11
1o). - . 1z
Jurger, w., 3p|r||a||s ur|corr|s, |ur|c| . 1;o
le|ersor, F., `0|e 3p|r||ua|||a| des gr|ec||sc|er l|ys|o|ogus'. lru|||rc|e,
Juder|ur
urd 0ros|s, lre|ourg . 0arrs|ad| , - . 1 18zzo
Treu, u., `Zur 0a||erurg des l|ys|o|ogus (oelore 0r|ger). ZNw ( ). - ;1oo1o1
1o|.
w||ra 0. ard . 8rursdor, T| e Nar|rg ol 8eas|s. Na|ura| l|s|ory |r ||e
|ed|eva|
8es||ary. lordor . 11
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| lv |z
FAbl Clbl3TlAN l0FTb.
TlF 00F3 0l 30l0|0N FAbl 2N0 C.
|. J. l|erre erds |er |r|roduc||or |o ||e 0des|r Fcr||s apocryp|es arc|ers
oy as||rg. `w||c| o|o||ca| |ex| d|d ||e au||or ol ||e 0des|roW? lad |e
a|ready a Wr|||er copy ol ||e r|, or d|d |e or|y co||ec| ar ora| |rad|||or?
lor ||e 0desrever quo|e scr|p|ure |||era||y, ever W|er p|ay|rg W||| o|o||ca|
vocaou|ary. quas|-quo|a||ors, a||us|ors, ||era||c all| r|||es, a|| |es||ly |o
a deep |roW|edge ol ||e 8|o|e ard ol ||s |r|erpre||ve |rad|||ors |r a 3er|||c
r|||eu, |r ||re W||| ||e ress|ar|c lu|l||rer|. 8u| ||e |||erary gerre |rposes
||s lorr. ||e 0desare poers, ard ||e poe| |r|erds ro d|dac||c Wor|. lr a
r|g|d ard s|r|c| lrare, ||e d|scourse see|s |o recover ||e rys|ery, suor|||ed
|o ||e |arrory ol r|y||r, ||e per||rerce ol sourd' ( - ). o;;o
A co||ec||or ol lor|y-|Wo poers corposed |r 3yr|ac, prooao|y |r ||e
ear|y secord cer|ury, ||e 0des ol 3o|ororrera|r rys|er|ous |r ||e|r
or|g|r ard ||e|r very perlec||or. T| e|r lrerc| ed||or, |.-J. l|erre, sugges|s
`||e |ypo||es|s ||a| ||e au||or oe|orged |o ||e Judaeo-C|r|s||ar 'raz|r' ol
Jerusa|er, reroers ol ||e pr|es||y cas|e W||| W|or ||e ear||es| C|r|s||ar
|rad|||or assoc|a|es ||e 0av|d|c lar||y ol Jesus.' 3|e a|so ooserves ||a| `||e
W|sdor ard ||e c|r|s|o|ogy ol ||e 0desare very pr|r|||ve, ear||er ||ar
||e |ec|r|ca| e|aoora||ors ol ||e 0ros||cs ard ||e dogra||c del|r|||ors ol
||e ra|rs|rear C|urc|es' ( , ). l|erre adds a o|o||ograp|y W||| ||e 1;o;
esser||a| ||||es ol ed|||ors ard s|ud|es ( - ). o;8o;
lr a ro||ce ol lACl, |. la|||e cordersed ||e resu||s ol a ||le-|org ded|ca||or |o
||e 0des. `T| e 0desoerel|| lror ||e 0|d Tes|arer|, ||ey are c|ose |o
sore |ex|s lror urrar, ||ey reler |o ||e c|rc|es ol ||e evarge||s| Jo|r ard
ol ||e lgra||ar le||ers. . . . As ||e ||re ol ||e|r corpos|||or ore ray c|oose
||e l|rs| quar|er ol ||e secord cer|ury' ( ). |z
Fd|||ors
larr|s, b., A. ||rgara. |arc|es|er - . 11ozo
la|||e, |.. lr|oourg, 3W||zer|ard . 1;
. lor|C|r ( ). 11
l|erre |. J. ard J. |. |ar||r, eds. ard |rars|., les 0des de 3a|oror, Turr|ou|
1|.
Tes|uz, |., 0d. , lapyrus 8odrer X-Xll. 0erve . 11 1
|ol|ve T| e 3ecord Cer|ury
Trars|a||ors
Frg||s|. 8r|g||, l., 0d. ard . C. Karrerg|esser ed. Far|y C|r|s||ar ; |o
3p|r||ua|||yl|||ade|p||a , l. larr|s. aoove. 18o;
lrerc|. l|erre, Tes|uz. aoove.
0errar. la|||e, |., lACl, rd ed. , l. z 1|1
3|ud|es
la|||e, |., 0|e 0der 3a|oros |r l|rer 8edeu|urg lur Neues Tes|arer| urd
0ros|s, |
vo|s. 0o|||rger - . 1;8o
. `0|e |ess|as-3|e||er der 0der 3a|oros. ls. l. la|r. 0o|||rger , - 11|z
. |
l|erre, |. J., `la|| e| r|e| ou |a douceur du veroe'. Apocyrp|a ( ) - . 1o11;o
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| v |1
ACT3 0l |AbTb3
3|r|c||y spea||rg `Ac|s ol |ar|yrs' are ||e oll| c|a| records ol ||e |r|a|s W|ere
C|r|s||ars Were corderred |o dea||, ard are |o oe d|s||rgu|s|ed lror
249
||e `lass|ors,' or rar|yr s|or|es oased or ||e |es||ror|es ol eyeW||resses.
3uc| Ac|sard lass|orsare erurera|ed oy w. bordorl |r 03 ( ). 1o18o
- ;zozz.
|ar|yrdor ol lo|ycarpard ||s e|ever corpar|ors, a |e||er lror ||e c|urc|
ol 3ryrra, da||rg prooao|y lror . 1o
|ar|yrdor ol l|o|eree ard luc|us|r bore, ca. - , re|a|ed oy Jus||r, 11oo
Apo|ogyll, . z
|ar|yrdor ol Jus||rard s|x corpar|ors |r bore, oe|Weer ard , ol 1o 1o;
W||c| severa| records are |rarsr|||ed.
Ac|s ol Carpus, lapy|us ard Aga||or||e, rar|yrs ol lergarur, prooao|y
- 1o11o, or dur|rg ||e persecu||or ol 0ec|us, accord|rg |o a la||r
|rad|||or.
|ar|yrs ol lyor ard v|erre, |r . 1;;
Ac|s ol ||e 3c|||||ar |ar|yrs, a record |s |rarsr|||ed ol ||e|r |r|a| |r Car||age
ca. . 18o
Ac|s ol Apo||or|us, W||| a ||s|or|ca| ruc|eus da||rg lror ||e re|gr ol
Corrodus ( - ). 1oo1z
lass|or ol lerpe|ua ard le||c||asard ||e|r corpar|ors, |r Car||age - , zozzo
urder 3ep||rus 3erverus, poss|o|y ed||ed oy Ter|u|||ar.
|ar|yrdor ol lo|ar|ara ard 8as|||des, d|sc|p|es ol 0r|ger, |r A|exardr|a
- zozzo.
To |||s ||s| are |o oe added s|or|es ol a rore ques||orao|e au||er||c||y,
re|a|ed |o ||e persecu||or ol 0ec|us ( - ). zoz1
|ar|yrdor ol l|or|us, a pr|es| ol 3ryrra, ard lour corpar|ors.
Ac|s ol |ax|rus
|ar|yrdor ol Apo|||raard corpar|ors, repor|ed |r a |e||er ol 0|orys|us ol
A|exardr|a (Fuseo|us, lFvl, ). |1
Ac|s ol Aca||us, o|s|op ol Ar||oc| ol l|s|d|a.
0||er sparse |rlorra||or |s ava||ao|e |r ||e le||ersol Cypr|ar.
lror ||e persecu||or ol va|er|ar ( - ) da|e. z;z8
T| e lrocorsu|ar|s Ac|s ol 3|. Cypr|ar, execu|ed |r , z8
T| e lass|or ol |or|arus, luc|usard corpar|ors |r Car||age,
T| e lass|or ol |ar|ar ard Jares|r laroes, Nur|d|a,
T| e lass|or ol lruc|uosus ard Corpar|ors, |r Tarragora, 3pa|r,
|zl|ve T| e 3ecord Cer|ury
T| e |ar|yrdor ol |ar|r, ore ol ||e l| rs| so|d|ers rar|yred (Fuseo|us, lF
vll, ). 1
lr ||e |ar|yrdor ol lo|ycarp, || |s Wor|| ro||rg ||e purpose ol ||e |e||er. `T| a|
||e lord r|g|| s|oW us lror aoove a rar|yrdor oecor|rg ||e
0ospe|' (l, ANl , ). l Cor . |s quo|ed |r c|. ard ||e de|a||s ol ||e 1; z z
rarra||ve |rdeed evo|e ||e pass|or s|ory ol Jesus |r ||e 0ospe|s. lo|ycarp,
oe|rayed oy peop|e ol ||s oWr |ouse|o|d ard lourd a| suppper ||re or ||e
0ay ol ||e lrepara||or, Was oroug|| |o ||e s|ad|ur oy ar oll|cer ca||ed lerod,
`||a| |e r|g|| lu|l|| ||s spec|a| |o|, oe|rg rade a par|a|er ol C|r|s|' (vl,
ANl , ). T| e repor| c|oses oy s|a||rg ||a| `a|| des|re |o |r||a|e (lo|ycarp's) 1|o
rar|yrdor as |av|rg oeer a||oge||er cors|s|er| W||| ||e 0ospe| ol C|r|s|'
XlX, ANl , ). T| us ||e parad|gr Was es|ao||s|ed lor ||e gerre ol Ac|s ol 1|
|ar|yrs|o oecore, lor ||e ros| par|, rarra||ves ac|ua||z|rg ||e lass|or ol
C|r|s| W|er descr|o|rg ||e |ero|c dea|| ol C|r|s||ar W||resses.
T| e lass|or ol ||e lo|y |ar|yrs lerpe|ua ard le||c||asrece|ved |r ||s
l|ra| redac||or, poss|o|y due |o Ter|u|||ar, a |or|ar|s| l|avour. T| e rar|yrs
W||ress |o ||e poWer ol ||e 3p|r|| as a source ol spec|a| g|l|s ard v|s|ors
pred|c|ed oy J| . - (lrelace). lr ore ol |er v|s|ors lerpe|ua cores c|ose zz8z
|o cor|erp|a||rg a scere ol ||e 8oo| ol beve|a||or. `we er|ered ard saW
||e oourd|ess ||g||, ard |eard ||e ur||ed vo|ces ol sore W|o sa|d W|||ou|
ceas|rg, 'lo|y! lo|y! lo|y!' Ard |r ||e r|ds| ol ||a| p|ace We saW, as || Were,
a |oary rar s||||rg, |av|rg sroW-W|||e |a|r ard W||| a you||lu| cor|erarce,
ard ||s lee| We saW ro|. Ard or ||s r|g|| |ard ard or ||s |el|Were lour ard
|Wer|y e|ders' (lv, , ANl , ). Fr|er|rg ||e arp||||ea|er, lerpe|ua `sarg z ;o
psa|rs,' ard W||| |er corpar|ors `rejo|ced ||a| ||ey s|ou|d |ave |rcurred
aryore ol ||e|r lord's pass|ors' (vl, , ANl , ). 1 ;o|
Fd|||ors
Are|, J.. 3C ( ). |1;1o
8ee|, C. l. |. lvar, N|jreger = l|orla|r ( ). 1o |18
lrarc||, de Cava||er|, l., bore = 3cr|||| ag|ogral|c| , 3|T ( ). 18o 1 zz11oz
- |11.
boo|rsor, J. A., Caror|dge . 181
Trars|a||ors
Frg||s|. ANl. aoove. 8r|g||, l., `T| e |ar|yrs ol lyor'. C. Karrerg|esser,
ed., Far|y C|r|s||ar 3p|r||ua|||y. l|||ade|p||a , - . 3|eWr|rg, 18oo
w. l., lordor . 11
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| lrerc|. Are|. aoove. |
0errar. 8Kv rd ed. ( ). lagereyer, 0., K|os|erreuourg . z 1|11 18
3|ud|es
250
le||egr|ro, |., `l'|r||a||or du C|r|s| dars |es ac|es des rar|yrs'. v3 ( ). 818
- 8|.
3axer, v., |or|s, rar|yrs, re||ques er Alr|que c|re||erre aux prer|ers s|c|es.
les
|ero|grages de Ter|u|||er, Cypr|er e| Augus||r |a |ur|re de |'arc|eo|og|e
c|re||erre (T|l ). lar|s (or |||urg|ca| scr|p|ure read|rg, see pp. - 18o zo8
zz;).
var 0arre, 0., `lo|ycarp vor 3ryrra'. TbF ( ). - . z;1;zz8
Ac|s ol |ar|yrs |
||l|ve T| e 3ecord Cer|ury
vl
TlF 0bFFK Al0l00l3T3
|. Jus||r ol bore (d. | ) 1oz1o8
Jus||r ol bore Wro|e ||e l|rs| |roWr apo|ogy `Aga|rs| ||e JeWs,' ||e 0|a|ogue
W||| Tryp|o, ol W||c| ||e |r|roduc||or ard a |arge par| ol c|ap|er are ;|
|os|. T| e |org d|a|ogue, or a se| ol equ|va|er| corversa||ors, repor|ed |r 1|z
cap||u|a, ray ac|ua||y |ave |appered, poss|o|y |r Fp|esus. l|s argurer|
|rc|udes ( ) a surrary or C|r|s||ar |r|erpre|a||or ol ||e o| |r c|ap. - , 1 |;
( ) a l|rr all| rra||or ol la||| |r C|r|s| |r c|ap. - , ( ) a recogr|||or z |81o8
ol pagar ra||ors ga|red lor C|r|s|, as ||e reW lsrae| ard ||e |rue e|ec|.
T| e |ex|ure ol ||e W|o|e Wor| res|s or |r|erre|a|ed quo|a||ors lror ||e o|
ard r|.
As a p|||osop|er, Jus||r opered a sc|oo| |r bore. le `Was ro au|od|dac|, ro
vagrar| |r ||e |err||ory ol l|a|o, ou| ||e s|uder| ard exporer| ol
a sys|era||c doc|r|re W||c| || Was poss|o|e |o |ear |r ||e sc|oo|s ol ||s day'
(FdWards). Currer||y, ore ca||s |||s doc|r|re ||dd|e l|a|or|sr, oes| represer|ed
oy ||e |eac||rg ol Nurer|us. As a re||g|ous |||r|er, Jus||r corce|ved
||s puo||c respors|o|||||es |r ||re W||| ||e p|||osop||ca| apo|og|s|s |r ||e
JeW|s| C|r|s||ar c|urc| ol ||s ||re. le `urders|ood '||eo|ogy' as a ||rd ol
argurer|a||ve produc||or ol o|o||ca| |ex|s. . . . Accord|rg |o a |erdercy ol ||e
Judeo-C|r|s||ar corrur||y ol bore, Jus||r |as |||||e lee||rg lor ||e reWress
ol ||e 0ospe| |r ||e Way ol lau||re d|a|ec||cs, ou| |e all| rrs ||a| reWress
|r ||e ||g|| ol ||s oWr percep||or ol ||e ra||ora| cors|s|ercy ol C|r|s||ar
la|||. T| e 0ospe| |s ro| lor ||r ||e lu|l|||rer| ol a d|v|re dyrar|c, groW|rg
||roug|ou| ||e ecorory ol sa|va||or as lreraeus Wou|d |eac| rear ||e erd ol
||e cer|ury, lor Jus||r, || preser|s ||e corcre|e ard perlec| ev|derce ol W|a|
|as a|Ways oeer ||e |ru|| lor JeW|s| |||r|ers as We|| as lor ary p|||osop|er. . . .
3cr|p|ure |s ||e 'rys|ery' ol ||e ||r|s oe|Weer prop|e||c reve|a||ors ard ||e|r
lu|l|||rer| |r Jesus C|r|s|, a rys|ery perce|ved or|y oy ||ose W|o ad|ere
lree|y |o C|r|s| |r la||| (0|a|ogue ard ). Jus||r erurera|es ||e g|l|s ol || 8|
||e lo|y 3p|r|| |r ||re W||| lau||re s|a|erer|s ard ls . - . le preser|s 11z
a ser|es ol |ypo|og|ca| |r|erpre|a||ors ol Fxodus ard ol Jacoo as a l|gure ol
C|r|s| ard ||e c|urc|. le relers |o Jerer|a| ard Joo.
Fd|||ors
apo|. d|a|.. 0oodspeed, F. J., 0|e a||es|er Apo|oge|er. 0o|||rger = . 11| 18|
apo|.. |arcov|c|, |., 8er||r . 1|
|ur|er, C., lr|oourg . 1
T|e 0ree| Apo|og|s|s |
d|a|.. Arc|aroau||, 8., lar|s . 1o|
laeuser, l., 8Kv rd ed. . z
Trars|a||ors. 0|a|.
Frg||s|. la||or, T. l. ard 3|osser, |., bev. ed. ard |rars. ol T. 8. la||, laC|
o( ). ANl ( = ), - . lu|yr w||||ars, A., lordor zoo 1188 11oz
1o.
lrerc|. |ur|er, Arc|aroau||. aoove.
0errar. bausc|er, 8Kv rd ed. . ve||, l., 3|rasoourg . z 1z 18|
3|ud|es
Aure, 0. F. `Jus||r |ar|yr's use ol ||e o|.' 8FT3 ( ). - . 1oo1;;
Ayr Ca|vo, J. J. `F| |ra|ado de sar Jus||ro soore |a besurrec||or.' bevAg 1
( ). 1o
- 1o1|.
8ac||, l. `0|e le|re vor der prop|e||sc|er lrsp|ra||or des ||. Jus||rus |ar|yr.'
3c|o| ( ). - . z;1z1z
8a|er, A. `Jus||r's Agrap|or |r ||e 0|a|ogue W||| Tryp|o.' J8l ( ). - . 8;1o8z;;8;
8arrard, l. w. `T| e 0|d Tes|arer| ard Juda|sr |r ||e wr|||rgs ol Jus||r |ar|yr.'
vT ( ). - . 1|1o||oo
8ar||e|ery, 0. `Jus||r e| |e |ex|e de |a 8|o|e.' lr Jus||r |ar|yr. 0euvres
Corp||es.
0rarde Apo|og|e, 0|a|ogue avec |e ju|l Tryp|or, beque|e, Tra||e de |a
besurrec||or, |r|r. J. 0. 0uoo|s, |rad. 0. Arc|aroau|| - lau||gry - F. 0auc|e,
|avo|e e
apperd|c| a cura d| A.-0. larrar, 0. 8ar||e|ery, - . lar|s. '8|o||o||que' o;;
||gre - 8repo|s, . 1|
8asev|, C. `la gereraz|ore e|erra d| Cr|s|o re| ls e secordo 3. 0|us||ro e z 1o
251
3. lrereo.' Aug ( ). - . zz18z1|;
8e|||rzor|, A., Jr. `T| e 3ay|rgs ol Jesus |r ||e wr|||rgs ol Jus||r |ar|yr.' lT|bo
( ). . 1ozz
8|rg|ar, 0. J. `Jus||r ard lsa|a| .' v|gC|r ( ). - . |zoooz|8o1
8|s|op, F. l. l. `3ore bel|ec||ors or Jus||r |ar|yr ard ||e Na||v||y Narra||ves.'
Fv
( ). - . 1o;z1
8o|srard, |.-F. `0e Jus||r |'|arror|e de lepys. |a paraoo|e de |a 3ererce.'
b8
1o( ). - . 1o|||o
. le 0|a|essaror, de Ta||er Jus||r. lr F|8N . lar|s. 0aoa|da, . 1 1z
8ourgeo|s, 0. la sagesse des arc|ers dars |e rys|re du veroe, Fvarg||e e|
p|||osop||e
c|ez 3a|r| Jus||r p|||osop|e e| rar|yr.lrelace oy l. 8ouyer. lr Cro|re e| 3avo|r.
lar|s. Tequ|, . 181
8ro||ers, J. T. `T| e lr|erpre|a||or ol d+ 0o# |r Jus||r |ar|yr's 0|a|ogue W|||
Tr yp|o.' 3|la|r ( ). - . 1oo1z;8
|ol|ve T| e 3ecord Cer|ury
C|r|e|, J. `l'|rsp|ra||or o|o||que c|ez 3a|r| Jus||r.' Ara|ec|a Cracov|ers|a
( ). 1;;
- 1o|.
Covo|o, F. da|. `'3argue de| Cr|s|o' re| 0|ago|o d| 0|us||ro cor Tr|lore 0|udeo.'
lr 3argue e ar|ropo|og|a re||a |eo|og|a. a||| de||a vl se|||rara, bora - zz8
roverore , ed||ed oy lrarcesco va|||or|, - . bore. Fd. l|a ur|ore 18; 8;o
lrez|os|ss|ro 3argue, . 18
Cuv||||er, F. `|arc, Jus||r, T| oras e| |es au|res. var|a||ors au|our de |a ler|cope
du
0er|er Cesar.' FTb ( ). - . o;1zz||
0avey, 0. |. `Jus||r |ar|yr ard ||e lour|| 0ospe|.' 3cr|p|ure ( ). - . 1;1o11;zz
Fsoroec|, |. var. `la |e||re de Jus||r|er pour |a le|e de |'lypapar|e er .' oz
A8 11z
( ). - . 1|o8|
lau, 0. `Jus||r e| |es evarg||es.' Cberar | ( ). - . z11;1z8
lrar|||r, C. l. `Jus||r's Corcep| ol 0e||oera|e Corcea|rer| |r ||e o|.' 0|ss.,
larvard, . 1o1
0agrer, 0. A. `T| e 3ay|rgs ol Jesus |r ||e Apos|o||c la||ers ard Jus||r |ar|yr.'
0ospe| lerspec||ves ( ). - . 18zo8
la||, 8. `T| e 3arar||ars |r ||e wr|||rgs ol Jus||r |ar|yr ard Ter|u|||ar.'
lr lroceed|rgs ol ||e l|rs| lr|erra||ora| Corgress ol ||e 3oc|e|e d'F|udes
3arar||a|res, Te| Av|v, Apr|| - , , - . Te| Av|v. C|a|r boseroerg 11118811zz
3c|oo| lor JeW|s| 3|, Te| Av|v ur|vers||y, . 11
leard, b. `T|e lNlNFT |r lap|as, Jus||r, ard lreraeus.' 83NT3
1| ( ). - . z1|1zzz
lerge|, |. `0|e 3ep|uag|r|a a|s vor der C|r|s|er oearspruc||e
3c|r|l|ersarr|urg
oe| Jus||r urd der va|err vor 0r|geres.' lages - |r JeWs ard C|r|s||ars. 8|
T| e lar||rg ol ||e ways, ed||ed oy J. 0. 0. 0urr. wuNT . Tuo|rger. |o|r, oo
1z.
lerre, l. `lour Jus||r, Jesus es|-|| ur au|re 0|eu?' b3l|T| ( ). - . 811;;o8
lerrardo, J. 0. `lreraeus ard ||e Apos|o||c la||ers. ar |rqu|ry |r|o ||e
deve|oprer| ol ||e NeW Tes|arer| caror.' 0|ss., 0reW ur|v., . 1o
l|rs|rar, |. `lo|er|c l||erary ur||s |r ||e C|ass|ca| ||dras||r ard Jus||r
|ar|yr's 0|a|ogue W||| Tryp|o.' Jb ( ). - . 81o8|
lolrarr, l|. `0e lrolee| |oses |r de Apo|og|e var 3|r| Jus||rus |ar|e|aar.'
FT|l
o( ). - . 1||1o
loroury, w. `JeW|s|-C|r|s||ar re|a||ors |r 8arraoas ard Jus||r |ar|yr.' lages
- 1||r JeWs ard C|r|s||ars. T| e lar||rg ol ||e ways, ed||ed oy J. 0. 0.
0urr.
wuNT . Tuo|rger. |o|r, . oo 1z
Ja||ard, T. 0. `Jus||r |ar|yr ard ||e lres|der| ol ||e Fuc|ar|s|.' 3|la|r( ). 1oz
- . 88
Karrerg|esser, C. ard A. 3o||grac. 03p ( ) - (o|o||ograp|y. 81;|1o|o|;
A. 3o||grac).
Ka|z, l., `0|d Tes|arer| uo|a||ors ard ||e 0ree| 0ode|aprop|e|er 3cro||
( )'. 3. Je|||coe ard |. 0r||rs|y, eds. 3|ud|es |r ||e 3ep|uag|r|. NeW or| 1;
1;|, - . o|o
T|e 0ree| Apo|og|s|s |;
K||re, l. l. `larror|zed 3ay|rgs ol Jesus |r ||e lseudo-C|erer||re lor|||es
ard
Jus||r |ar|yr.' ZNw ( ). - . oo1;zz|1
Koc|, 0.-A. `Aus|egurg vor ls oe| Jus||r urd |r 8arraoasor|el.' lages - 1 zz
|r |z
Neue wege der lsa|rerlorsc|urg. Fd||ed oy K. 3eyoo|d, e| a|. lerders o|o||sc|e
252
3|ud|er . lre|ourg. lerder, . 1 1|
Kor|r|a|, 8. `T|e T| eop|ar|es ol ||e 0|d Tes|arer| |r ||e wr|||rgs ol 3.
Jus||rus.'
Ca||. ur|v. ol Arer|ca, . 1|8
lec|ercq, J. `l'|dee de |a royau|e du C|r|s| dars |'oeuvre de 3. Jus||r.' ArTo| ;
( ). 1|o
- 8.
|arcov|c|, |., la|r|s||c Texua| Cr|||c|sr . A||ar|a . 1 1|
|ar||aro, |. `le prolez|e ve|ero|es|arer|ar|e su||a rasc||a verg|ra|e d| Cr|s|o
reg||
scr|||| d| 0|us||ro rar||re.' lr `Ad|u|or 0aud|| ves|r|.' ||sce||area |r orore de|
card|ra|e 0|ovarr| 3a|dar|r|, arc|vescovo d| Tor|ro, |r occas|ore de| suo lXX
corp|earro, - . leurarr (Tor|ro). l0C, . 1;| 1
|ay, 0., 3c|oplurg aus der N|c||s. 8er||r . 1;o
|ur|er, C. l'Apo|og|e de 3. Jus||r p|||osop|e e| rar|yr.larados|s. F|udes de
||||era|ure e| de ||eo|og|e arc|erres . lr|oourg (3.). Fd|||ors ur|vers||a|res, 8
. 1|
0|rar|o, 0. Fseges| o|o||ca e s|or|a |r 0|us||ro (0|a|. - ). uad. ve|C|r. 8ar|. o8|
ur|v. ls|. le||era|ura Cr|s||ara Ar||ca, . 1;
. `la |err|ro|og|a esege||ca |r 0|us||ro.' ve|C|r ( ). - . z|18;z|1
lao|o |ar||r, J. `los evarge||os de Jus||ro y |a rueva |es|s de |.-F. 8o|srard.'
bev8|o (Arg) ( ). - . 111o1
lar|ro||e, 3. `l''ora' de| Cr|s|o re| 0|a|ogo cor Tr|lore.' ve|C|r ( ). - z;1oo
. z
. `3|or|c|| de||'|rcarraz|ore de| veroo e varge|o de||'lrlarz|a re| 0|a|ogo cor
Tr|lored| sar 0|us||ro.' |ar|ar ( ). - . z1oo8
. `l| varge|o de||'lrlarz|a reg|| scr|||| d| sar 0|us||ro.' b|cerc|e s|or|co-
o|o||c|e |
( ). - . 1z;1oz
ler|er, 0. `logos urd Fuc|ar|s||e rac| Jus||rus, Apo| c. .' 0T ( ). 1 oo 181|o
- zo1o.
le|erser, w. l., `Ta||ar's 0eperderce upor Jus||r's lNlNFT'.
NT3 ( ). - . o1o1z|
l|||oler, l. `Jus||r urd das le|rusevarge||ur.' ZNw ( ). - . 811ooo;8
l|per, 0. A. `T| e Na|ure ol ||e 0ospe| acc. |o Jus||r |ar|yr.' Jb ( ). - |11o11
. o8
lor|er, l. 8. `T| e Fuc|ar|s||c l|e|y ol Jus||rus |ar|yr.' AT|b ( ). - . 1;z|
lr|ger|, l. Jus||r e| |'AT. l'argurer|a||or scr|p|ura|re du |ra||e de Jus||r cor|re
|ou|es
|es |eres|es corre source pr|rc|pa|e du 0|a|ogue avec Tryp|or e| de |a
lrer|re
Apo|og|e. F|. 8|o|. lar|s. 0aoa|da, . 1o|
. `les c||a||ors des evarg||es c|ez Jus||r (Apo|og|a - ).' lr lec|ures arc., 1|1;
- 1;1, . 18;
lryor, J. w., `Jus||r ard ||e lour|| 0ospe|'. 3ecCer ( ). - . 1z1o
lyc|e, N. `Corra|ssarce ra||ore||e e| corra|ssarce de grce c|ez 3. Jus||r.'
FT|l ;
( ). - . 1o1z8
|8l|ve T| e 3ecord Cer|ury
borar|des, J. 3. `Jus||r |ar|yr ard ||e lour|| 0ospe|.' 00Tb | ( ). - |z1o11
. z|
3|o|We||, w. A. T| e 8|o||ca| Fxeges|s ol Jus||r |ar|yr. 3lCK. lordor, . 1o
3|dera, J. `l's de|s evarge||s er |'Apo|og|a de Jus|.' lages - |r Trad|c|o | |;
Traducc|o de |a larau|a. ||sce||r|a 0u|u Carps (3cr|p|a e| 0ocurer|a ), |;
ed||ed oy l. baure||, 0. boure, ard l.-b. Tragar. |or|serra|. Assoc|ac|o 8|o||ca
de Ca|a|uryaluo||cac|ors de |'Aoad|a de |or|serra|, . 1
3|arsaure, 0. T| e lrool lror lrop|ecy, a 3|udy |r Jus||r |ar|yr's lrool-Tex|
Trad|||or, Tex|-Type, lroverarce, T|eo|og|ca| lrol||e. 3NT . le|der. F. J. 8r|||, o
18;.
3|ar|or, 0. N. `T| e TWo larous|as ol C|r|s|. Jus||r |ar|yr ard |a|||eW.' lages
- 18|r lror Jesus |o Jo|r. Fssays or Jesus ard NeW Tes|arer| C|r|s|o|ogy
|r
lorour ol |ar|rus de Jorge (J3NT3up ), ed||ed oy |. C. de 8oer. 3|ell| e|d. 8|
J30T, . 1
3|e|rer, |. la |er|a||or de Jesus dars |'|r|erpre|a||or pa|r|s||que de 3a|r| Jus||r
0r|gre.F|udes o|o||ques. lar|s. 0aoa|da, . 1oz
3|y||aropou|os, T. `Jus||r |ar|yr's Cor|r|ou||or |o ||e Fxege||ca| Trad|||or ol ||e
C|urc|.' lages - |r F|segese|s a' 0r||odoxou lerrereu|||ou 3uredr|ou. 1;z
Fd||ed oy J. laragopou|os. A||ers, . 1;
. Jus||r |ar|yr ard ||e |osa|c laW.lr 38l 0|ss., . ||3, . zo 1;
T| orr|or, C.-J. `Jus||r urd das |ar|usevarge||ur.' ZNw ( ). - . 8|111o
Tra|a|e|||s, 0. C. `T| e lre-Fx|s|erce ol C|r|s| |r ||e wr|||rgs ol Jus||r |ar|yr.
Ar Fxege||ca| 3|udy W||| belererce |o ||e lur|||a||or ard Fx|a||a||or
C|r|s|o|ogy.' 0|ss., larvard, . 1;z
253
. `T| e C|r|s|o|og|ca| lr|erpre|a||or ol ||e T| eop|ar|es ol ||e o| |r ||e wr|||rgs
ol Jus||r |ar|yr.' lages - |r F|segese|s a' 0r||odoxou lerrereu|||ou 1o
3uredr|ou. Fd||ed oy J. laragopou|os. A||ers, . 1;
Ts|rpar||s, C. N. `T| e Ar||c|r|s| ard ||e Frd ol ||e wor|d |r lreraeus, Jus||r,
l|ppo|y|us ard Ter|u|||ar.' T| e la|r. & 8yz. bev. ( ). - . 1o1;
urr||, w. C. var. `0er l|uc| des 0e|reuz|g|er. 0eu|eroror|ur . |r der z1z
0eu|urg Jus||rus des |ar|yrers.' lr T| eo|og|a cruc|ss|grur cruc|s. ls. lur
Fr|c| 0|r||er, - . Tuo|rger, . |8 1;
uroarr|, 0. `las |eolaras ve|ero|es|arer|ar|as er Jus||ro, `0|a|.' y 1z
Ter|u||aro.
ur caso de cor||ru|dad er |a argerc|or exege||ca ar||rorarqu|ara.' ||sc.
Cor|||as ( ). - . z1|o1
war|e||e, A. `ure o|o||ograp||e de sa|r| Jus||r, p|||osop|e e| rar|yr.' bFAug z
( ). - . 18o18|1
wa||s, C. |. `T| e lurar||y ol Jesus |r Jus||r |ar|yr's 3o|er|o|ogy.' Fv o
( ). 18|
- z1.
. `0|e 'Fr|rrerurger der Apos|e|' oe| Jus||r.' lages - |r 0as Fvarge||ur |1
urd d|e Fvarge||er. Fd||ed oy l. 3|u||rac|er. Tuo|rger. J. C. 8. |o|r, . 18
T|e 0ree| Apo|og|s|s |
||. Ta||ar ||e 3yr|ar (|a|e rd c.) z
Ta||ar, a 3yr|ar oy o|r||, oecare a pup|| ol Jus||r al|er a corvers|or ||a|
prooao|y |oo| p|ace |r bore. As |e rarra|es |r ||s 0|scourse |o ||e 0ree|s
(0ra||o), |e ercour|ered `cer|a|r oaroar|c Wr|||rgs |oo o|d |o oe corpared
W||| ||e op|r|ors ol ||e 0ree|s, ard |oo d|v|re |o oe corpared W||| ||e|r
errors.' le apprec|a|ed |r ||ese Wr|||rgs (urdouo|ed|y ||e scr|p|ures) `||e
urpre|er||ous cas|e ol ||e |arguage, ||e |ac| ol ar||l|ce ol ||e Wr||ers, ||e
lore|roW|edge d|sp|ayed ol lu|ure ever|s, ||e exce||er| qua|||y ol ||e precep|s
cer|ered or ore 8e|rg' (0ra| , J. uas|er l, ). l|s erp|as|s or z zzo
||e ur|queress ol ||e scr|p|ures |ed |o a corp|e|e rup|ure W||| ||e secu|ar
Wor|d, occas|ored cr|||c|sr ol ||e C|r|s||ar||y ol ||s ||re W||c| |e accused
ol oe|rg |oo |rdu|ger| |oWard cor|erporary educa||or ard cu||ure. Arourd
1;z, oac| |r ||e Fas|, |e lourded ||e sec| ol ||e Frcra|||es, or `Aos|a|rers'
|r ||re W||| 0ros||c r|gor|sr. A| ||a| ||re Ta||ar corposed (propao|y |r
3yr|ac) ||e 0|a|esseror, |||era||y `0u| ol lour,' a corpos||e se|ec||or `||roug|
W||c| ||e ||reads ol ||e rarra||ves ol ||e lour gospe|s Were dex|erous|y
|r|erWover' (vooous, , ). T| |s Wor| Was |o p|ay ar ex|raord|rary 1o;o
ro|e |r ||e 3yr|ac |rad|||or. As |a|e as ||e lour|| cer|ury, Fp|rer Wro|e a
correr|ary or ||. Near ||e r|dd|e ol ||e l|l|| cer|ury T| eodore| lourd |Wo
|urdred cop|es ol || |r ||e d|ocese ol Cyrr|us ard |ad ||er des|royed. `l
ryse|l lourd over |Wo |urdred cop|es ol ||a| sor| verera|ed (ipvd)
W||c| l pu| aWay (9pv), ard l |r|roduced |r ||e|r p|ace ||e gospe|s ol
||e lour gospe| Wr||ers' (laer , , l0 , ). |ary quo|a||ors surv|ve 1zo 8;z
|r 3yr|ac |||era|ure. T| e |rl|uerce ol ||e 0|a|esserorcar oe |raced `lror
Arrer|a |o Aoyss|r|a, ard lror bore |o ||e 8r|||s| ls|es' (vooous, ). 1o;
Trars|a||ors |r|o Arao|c, lers|ar, la||r, l|a||ar d|a|ec|s, red|eva| 0errar
d|a|ec|s, 0u|c|, lrerc| ard Frg||s|, a||oW a la|r|y accura|e recors|ruc||or
ol ||e or|g|ra| |ex| (3ee o|o||ograp|y |r uas|er l, - ). zzzz8
Arorg ||e |os| Wr|||rgs ol Ta||ar, rer||ored oy Fuseo|us ol Caesarea
(l.F. , , ) ||e ooo| 0r lroo|ers|r W||c| `|e ergaged |r exp|a|r|rg W|a| 18
|s ooscure ard ||dder |r ||e scr|p|ures' |s a par||cu|ar |oss lor ||e ||s|ory
ol ear|y o|o||ca| |r|erpre|a||or. T| ere |s |||||e douo| ||a| Ta||ar's |r|||a||ves
|r ||s 3yr|ac-spea||rg |ore|ard cor|r|ou|ed erorrous|y |o corso||da||rg
a C|r|s||ar |der||ry, as d|s||rc| lror ||e raoo|r|c.
Fd|||ors
l0 , - . o8o888
0oodspeed, F. J., 0|e a||es|er Apo|oge|er. 0o|||rger = , - . 11| 18|zooo
||ol|ve T| e 3ecord Cer|ury
3c|War|z, F., le|pz|g . 1888
w||||a|er, |. Ta| |ar. 0ra||o ad 0raecos, 0xlord . 18z
Trars|a||ors
Frg||s|. ANl , J. F. by|ard, - , = . w||||a|er. aoove. z 8|188 1
lrerc|. luec|, A., bec|erc|es sur |e 0|scours aux 0recs de Ta||er, lar|s
1o.
0errar. Ku|u|a, b. C., 8Kv rd ser. . z 1z
l|a||ar. Cr|s||ra, 3. d|, bore . 11
3|ud|es
8aarda, T. Far|y |rarsr|ss|or ol Words ol Jesus. T| oras, Ta||ar ard ||e |ex| ol
NeW
Tes | arer|. Fd||ed oy J. le|derrar ard 3. Noorda. Ars|erdar. lree ur|v. lr.,
18.
. `Lidvdvd. lac|ors |r ||e |arror|za||or ol ||e 0ospe|s,
espec|a||y
|r ||e 0|a|essaror ol Ta||ar.' lages - |r 0ospe| |rad|||ors |r ||e secord 1|
254
cer|ury. or|g|rs, recers|ors, |ex|, ard |rarsr|ss|or. (C|r|s||ar||y ard Juda|sr |r
Ar||qu||y ), vo|. , ed||ed oy w. l. le|erser. No|re 0are, lrd.. ur|vers||y ol 11
No|re 0are lress, . 18
. `'A s|allor|y, ro| a s||c|'. d|s|arrory ol ||e 0ospe|s ard ||e larrory ol
Ta||ar (|a|||eW . l., |ar| . l., lu|e . ard . ).' lr T| e NeW Tes|arer| 1o o8 1o|
|r ear|y C|r|s||ar||y. (la recep||or des ecr||s reo|es|arer|a|res dars |e
c|r|s||ar|sre pr|r|||l ), ed||ed oy J.-|. 3evr|r, - . louva|r. ur|vers||y 1| 11
lress,
18.
. `Jo|r . |r ||e 0ra||or ard 0|a|essaror ol Ta||ar. Corcerr|rg ||e read|rg ol 1
sdd\dpvi.' vC ( ). - . |;1zoz
8arrard, l. w., `T| e leresy ol Ta||ar'. A8|a ( ) - . zo1;8181
8ec|, F. `0er syr|sc|e 0|a|essaror|orrer|ar zu der urvergeooarer 3urde
W|der
der le|||ger 0e|s| uoerse|z| urd er||ar|.' 0rC|r ( ). - . ;181;
. `0er syr|sc|e 0|a|essaror|orrer|ar zu der ler||ope vor der 3arar||er|r
ar
8rurrer uoerse|z| urd er||ar|.' 0rC|r ( ). - . ;1o1z|
. `Fp|rar urd der 0|a|essaror|orrer|ar |r Aosc|r||| uoer d|e wurder oe|r
Tode Jesu ar Kreuz.' 0rC|r ( ). - . ;;11o|1
8o|srard, |.-F., ard A. larou|||e. le 0|a|essaror de Ta||er Jus||r.F|udes
o|o||ques, N3 . lar|s. 0aoa|da, . 1 1z
8oWrar, J. `Terp|e ard les||va|s |r ||e lers|ar 0|a|essaror.' 8ZAw ( ). 1o1o8
- o1.
8rurs, l. . lACl, rd ed. ( ) . z 181
T|e 0ree| Apo|og|s|s ||1
C|ar|esWor||, J. l. `Ta||ar's 0eperderce upor Apocryp|a| Trad|||ors.' leyJ 1
( ). - . 1;|1;
0e 8ruyr, T. 3. `Cors|ar||us ||e Trac|a|or. Au||or ol ar Aroryrous Correr|ary
or ||e lau||re Fp|s||es?' JT| 3 ( ). - . |1z8|
0urgar, 0. l. `beac||orary Trerds |r ||e 0ospe| lroduc|rg Ac||v||y ol ||e Far|y
C|urc|. |arc|or, Ta||ar, |ar|.' 8FT|l ( ). - . |1;|1;zoz
0rar|, b. |. `Ta||ar ard ||e 8|o|e.' 3|la|r ( ). - . 11;z;oo
. `Ta||ar's T|eo|og|ca| |e||od.' lT|b ( ). - . 1181zz8
la||eux, A. de. `l'adora||or des |ages dars |e correr|a|re syr|aque du
'0|a|essaror.'' |us ( ). - . 1o|11z1o|
. `l'arrorce Zac|ar|e dars |e correr|a|re syr|aque du 0|a|essaror.' |us
1oo( ). - . 1zoo
lar|g, b., `Ta||ar urd Jus||r, e|r verg|e|c|.' vC ( ). - . 11;
lead, l. |. `Ta||ar's C|r|s|o|ogy ard l|s lrl|uerce or ||e Corpos|||or ol ||e
0|a |essaror.' Tyr8 ( ). - . |1z1z1;
Ku|u|a, b. C., Ta||ars sogerarr|e Apo|og|e. le|pz|g . 1oo
0roe, A., `A propos||o de 0er . er |a exeges|s de Ta||ar.' 0reg ( ). 1 |z1o1
- |o1|.
le|erser, w. l. `T| e 0|as|essaror ard Fp|rer 3yrus as sources ol boraros
||e
|e|od|s|.' lr C3C0 , 3uos. , . |oo ;18
. `Tex|ua| ev|derce ol Ta||ar's deperderce upor Jus||r's lNlNF-
T.' NT3 ( ). - . o1o1z|
. Ta||ar's 0|a|essaror. l|s Crea||or, 0|sser|ra||or, 3|gr|l|carce, ard l|s|ory |r
3c|o|ars||p (3v|gC|r ). le|der. 8r|||, . z 1|
. `T| e 0|a|essaror ol Ta||ar.' lages - |r T| e Tex| ol ||e NeW Tes|arer| ;;o
|r
Cor|erporary besearc|. Fssays or ||e 3|a|us uaes||or|s. A vo|ure |r loror
ol 8. |. |e|zger. Fd||ed oy 8. 0. F|rrar ard |. w. lo|res. 3|0 . 0rard |o
bap|ds. Ferdrars, . 1
|||. |||||ades (secord |a|l rd c.) z
Arorg rary o||er apo|oge||c parp|e|s, |||||ades Wro|e |Wo |rea||ses, ore
Aga|rs| ||e 0ree|s(ldo|a|res), |r W||c| |e delerd ||e C|r|s||ar Way ol ||le
`aga|rs| ||e ru|ers ol |||s Wor|d' (- o% soiso% ovd), a p|rase
c|ose |o Cor . - , ard aro||er |rea||se, Aga|rs| ||e JeWs, ||us rar||rg 1 zo8
a |rad|||or ol po|er|ca| apo|oge||cs, W||c| Wou|d |ead |r ||e ear|y lour||
cer|ury |o A||aras|us ol A|exardr|a's Trea||se or ||e lrcarra||or.
||zl|ve T| e 3ecord Cer|ury
3ources
Fus. Caes., lF , , . 1;
3|ud|es
0rar|, b. |., `l|ve Apo|og|s|s ard |arcus Aure||us.' vC ( ). - . |z18811;
|v. Apo|||rar|s ol l|erapo||s (secord |a|l rd c.) z
Apo|||rar|s ol l|erapo||s o|s|op ca. - , lo||oWed |||||ades's |r|||a||ve oy 1oo18o
corpos|rg l|ve ooo|s Aga|rs| ||e 0ree|sard |Wo o||ers Aga|rs| ||e JeWs.
Fd|||ors ard Trars|a||ors
lr.. Car|a|aressa, b., 0s|err |r der A||err||rc|e. 8err , l. 181|o
3|ud|es
255
la|||, 0., `Acqua e| sargue'. Cer|ro 3|ud| 3argu|s C|r|s|| . bore , - . 181;
v. A||eragoras ol A||ers (secord |a|l rd c.) z
A cor|erporary ol ||e Frperors |arcus Aure||us ard Corrod|ar, |o
W|or |s addressed ||e Froassy lor ||e C|r|s||ars, A||eragoras Was a
p|||osop|er, prooao|y es|ao||s|ed |r A||ers. le seers |o |ave oeer
urrer||ored
oy ||s cor|erporar|es, excep| lor |e||od|us (0e res. l, , - ) W|o quo|es ;1
||r (= Fp|p|ar|us, larar|or , , - ). A copy execu|ed oy Are||as ol o|z1
Caesarea |r ||e |er|| cer|ury a||oWed ||s ra|r Wr|||rgs, ||e Froassyard
||e Trea||se or ||e besurrec||or ol ||e 0ead, |o surv|ve.
Al|er corver||rg |o C|r|s||ar||y, A||eragoras cor||rued ||s |eac||rg ol
p|||osop|y ard r|e|or|cs |r ||e lrare ol cor|erporary ||dd|e l|a|or|sr.
le |er|a||ve|y |arror|zed C|r|s| ard beasor as |Wo express|ors ol ||e
sare d|v|re logos, |r ou||d|rg up a l|rs| sys|era||c lorr ol C|r|s||ar p|||osop|y.
T| e Froassyda|es lror ca. , arourd ||e ||re W|er C|r|s||ars 1;
Were persecu|ed |r lyor. 0r ||e besurrec||or, Wr|||er soor al| er, |s a p|ece
ol ar||-0ros||c apo|oge||cs or ||a| |ssue.
belererces |o scr|p|ure are rare, ard or ||e W|o|e a||us|ve |r oo|| Wr||-
T|e 0ree| Apo|og|s|s ||
|rgs. 3ever passages ol o| are quo|ed |r ||e Froassy. ls . , . - , zz1|1o11
||. , . , lrv. . , , , 8ar . ), a|| lror |xx. T| ey seer a|Ways quo|ed ooo1 8zzz11 o
lror rerory. C||a||ors lror r| |r ||e Froassya|so are lror rerory. ||
. , - , , . , bor . , Tr . . 0r|y ||ree scr|p|ura| c||a||ors z8|o||o1 1z;1 zz
occur |r 0e res.. ls . , Fx . , , bor . (louderor , - . zz1 zo1z1| 1 1z|1|
`Apperd|ce vll. les c||a||ors scr|p|ura|res e| |eurs sources').
Cl0 l ( - ). 1o;o;1
Fd|||ors
|eg. res.. 0ell c|er, J. ZWe| gr|ec||sc|e Apo|oge|er. le|pz|g . 1o;
0oodspeed, F. J., 0|e a||es|er Apo|oge|er. 0o|||rger = , - . 11| 18|1|8
louderor, 8. 3C ( ). ;1z
3c|oede|, w. b. 0xlord . 1;z
|eg.. |arcov|c|, |., lT3 . 8er||r . 1 1o
res.. 3c|War|z, F. Tu , . le|pz|g . |z 181
Trars|a||ors
Frg||s|. ANl , = , - . 3c|oede|. aoove. z188 11z1oz
lrerc|. louderor. aoove.
0errar. Foer|ard, A., 8Kv rd ser. . Kerp|er . z 1z 11
3|ud|es
8arrard, l. w. `T| e 0|d Tes|arer| ard ||e Au||ors||p ol A||eragoras' 0e
besurrec||ore.' JT| 3 ( ). l. 181o;|z
. `T| e l|||osop||ca| ard 8|o||ca| 8ac|grourd ol A||eragoras.' lages - |r 1o
Fpe||as|s. |e|arges pa|r|s||ques oller|s au Card|ra| Jear 0ar|e|ou. lar|s . 1;z
. A||eragoras. A 3|udy |r 3ecord Cer|ury C|r|s||ar Apo|oge||cs(T|l ) lar|s 18
1;z.
. `A||eragoras ard ||e 8|o||ca| Trad|||or.' 3|ud|a Fvarge||ca ( ). - . o1;1;
la||eux, A. de. la|ro|og|e e| oecurer|sre( cor|r|ou||ors - ). z; 1;o
l|sor, J. `Ardre de la||eux ( - ). lr reror|ar.' bev3b ( ). - 1z1| o81||o
. |o8
louderor, 8., `'la c|a|r e| |e sarg'. Frcore sur |'au||er||c||e du |r|a|e d'A||era
gore.'
vC ( ). - . ||1o1
. `A||eragore. 3upp||que au suje| des c|re||ers e| 3ur |a resurrec||or des
ror|s'.
3C . lar|s . ; 1z
. `Apo|oge||ca. Frcore sur |'au||er||c||e du '0e resurrec||ore' d'A||eragore'.
bev3b ( ) - , ( ) - , ( ) - , ( ) - . o;1z|oo81|18o11|zo1;o1ozz|
|||l|ve T| e 3ecord Cer|ury
. `les c||a||ors scr|p|ura|res dars |'oeuvre d'A||eragore. leurs sources e|
|eurs
s|a|u|.' ve|era C|r|s||arorur ( ). - . 11|111
. 0'A||res A|exardr|e. F|udes sur A||eragore e| |es or|g|res de |a
p|||osop||e
c|re||erre (8|o||o||que Cop|e de Nag larrad|. 3ec||or `F|udes' ). leuver |
18.
b|zz|, |. `'lus||||a' e| 'ver||as', |'exord|ur deg|| scr|||| apo|oge||c| d| 0|us||ro,
A||eragora, Teru|||aro.' Aevur ( ). - . o111z|
3c|oede|, w. b. A||eragoras. lega||o ard 0e resurrec||ore(0xlord Far|y
C|r|s||ar
Tex|s). 0xlord . 1;z
uoa|d|, l.-|. le||egr|ro, A|eragora. la 3upp||ca per | Cr|s||ar|. 0e||a r|surrez|ore
de|
ror||(Corora la|rur 3a|es|ara. 3er|e greca, ). Tur|r . 1 1|;
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| vll ||
|0NTANl3|
256
lr l|ryg|a, ca. , poss|o|y as ear|y as , a c|ar|sra||c roverer| Was 1;z 1;
oorr |ed oy |or|arus, W|o |ad exper|erced ecs|a||c prop|ecy (Fuseo|us
l.F.v, , ). T| e rys||c ever| s|gr|l|ed lor |or|arus ard ||s ear||es| d|sc|p|es 1oo
||e ac||ve preserce ol ||e larac|e|e, accord|rg |o Jr . - , ard 1|1o18
||e |rr|rer| secord cor|rg ol ||e lord, |raugura||rg ||e u|||ra|e r|||err|ur (bv
. - ). T| e `erd ol ||res' ca||ed lor|r|erse las||rg ard lor zo1o
vo|ur|er|rg lor rar|yrdor. T| e |eaver|y Jerusa|er Was |o oe es|ao||s|ed
or ear|| (bv . - ). z111o
T| e ressage ol |or|arus reve|ved ar er||us|as||c resporse |r ||e
v|||ages ol l|ryg|a, W|ere esc|a|o|og|ca| expec|a||or ard ||e prac||ce ol
prop|ecy |ad preva||ed s|rce ||e days ol ||e daug||ers ol ||e a||eged 0ospe|
Wr||er l|||||p, a|| lour larous prop|e|s, our|ed |r ||e c||y ol l|erapo||s. lr
1;;, ||e |or|ar|s| `NeW lrop|ecy' |ad poss|o|y reac|ed lyor. T|e le||er
or ||e |ar|yrs ol lyorrares ve|||us Fpaga||us as `arder| |r ||e 3p|r||'
||ar|s |o ||e 'ass|s|arce ol ||e larac|e|e', ard eager |o d|e |r ||e arera.' T| e
roverer| |ad a|so spread over |r|o 0a|a||a ard T| raca. 3oor || exparded
|o Ar||oc| ard bore. l| rece|ved a lavourao|e We|core |r borar Alr|ca
W|ere Ter|u|||ar adop|ed ||s r|gor|sr |r . T| e c|ar|sra||c |r|erver||ors zo;
ol ||e larac|e|e Were erp|as|zed oy ||e aroryrous redac|or ol ||e lass|o
lerp|uae e| le||c||a||s. As a corso||da|ed c|urc| W||| rurerous o|s|ops,
presoy|ers ard deacors, a|| ol ||er ra|e or lera|e, |or|ar|sr ra|r|a|red
||se|l deep |r|o ||e lour|| cer|ury. 0re l| rds || rer||ored lor ||e |as| ||re
arourd |r Jo|r ol Fp|esus' C|urc| l|s|orylll, , . 8o zoz
T|e s|gr|l|carce ol |or|ar|sr |s ||e ||s|ory ol pa|r|s||c exeges|s |s very
||r||ed, due |o ||e lac| ||a| ||e c|ar|sra||c roverer| d|d ro| produce
||s oWr |||era|ure. A par||a| ard prooao|y o|ased |rs|g|| aoou| || ray oe
ga|red oy exar|r|rg ||e pecu||ar use ol scr|p|ure |r Ter|u|||ar's Wr|||rgs
da|ed lror or, s|ar||rg W||| ||s Trea||se Aga|rs| |arc|or. lr par||cu|ar, zo;
oe|Weer ard ||e au||or ol Adversus lraxear, 0r las||rg, 0r z11 z1;
|orogary, 0r C|as|||y, Was er||re|y corr|||ed |o ||e sec|ar|ar pr|rc|p|es ol
|or|ar|sr, as |e Was |r 0r ||e ve|||rg ol v|rg|rsard |r 0r |odes|y. Ar
essay |r `s|x ooo|s' 0r Fcs|acy|s |os|. lor a rore |r-dep|| rev|eW ol Ter|u|||ar's
|or|ar|s| Wr|||rgs |r regard |o ||s use ol scr|p|ure, lredou|||e ( ) 1;z
g|ves va|uao|e |rs|g||s. 0re cou|d a|so exp|ore ||e |r|roduc||ors |o ||e re|evar|
vo|ures ol 3ources C|re||erres. lr 3C , 0e rorogar|a, l. |a||e| |
ro|es ||e use ol lau||re |ex|s ( - ), lr 3C , 0e ex|or|a||ore cas|||a||s, | 1
||ol|ve T| e 3ecord Cer|ury
C. |ore sc||r| d|scusses ||e |r|erpre|a||or ol Cor|r|||ars ( - ), lr 1 ;
3C , 0e v|rg|r|ous ve|ard|s, ||e a||er||or corcer|ra|es or Cor|r|||ars |z| 1
11, |r 3C , 0e pud|c|||a, o||er lau||re verses, ra|r|y ol Cor|r|||ars, | 1
are cer|ra| |r Ter|u|||ar's argurer|.
0esp||e grourd-orea||rg |rqu|r|es |r ep|grap||c ard arc|eo|og|ca| da|a
(Taooerree), ||e |or|ar|s| use ol scr|p|ure rera|rs er|gra||c. A sugges||ve
loray |r|o ||e s|gr|l|carce ol 3|rac| |r Ter|u|||ar, Adversus lraxear , z| 8
(ro|ed oy 0. 3|arsaure, `T| e 0eve|oprer| ol 3cr|p|ura| lr|erpre|a||or |r
||e 3ecord ard ||e T| |rd Cer|ur|esexcep| C|erer| ard 0r|ger'. |agre
3aeo, ed., leoreW 8|o|e|0|d Tes|arer|. T| e l|s|ory ol l|s lr|erpre|a||or, vo|.
1| . Ar||qu||y, 0o|||rger , r. ) |s preser|ed oy J. C. lo|r|er ( ). 1 1o| 11 1
lo|r|er corc|udes ||a| ||e persor|l|ed l|gure ol lady w|sdor |r 3|rac| z|
Was cer|ra| |r ||e |or|ar|s| recep||or ol scr|p|ure, |ead|rg ||e ad|erer|s
ol ||e sec| |o corce|ve `W|sdor |r c|ar|sra||c |errs, as ||e prop|e||c urc||or. T|
|s urders|ard|rg ol W|sdor as a prop|e||c urc||or, |eadquar|ered
|r lepuza, ra||er ||ar ||e r|||er|a||s| esc|a|o|ogy ol ||e 8oo| ol beve|a||or,
|o|ds ||e |ey lor urders|ard|rg (Fp|p|ar|us) |aer , , - ' ( ). |1zo;
Fd|||ors|3ources
8orWe|sc|, 0. N., Tex|e zur 0esc||c||e des |or|ar|srus. 8orr . 11|
le|re, b. F., T| e |or|ar|s| 0rac|es ard Tes||ror|a. |acor, 0a. . 18
laor|o||e, l. de, les sources de |'||s|o|re du ror|ar|sre. lr|oourg . 11
Taoo er ree, w., |or|ar|s| lrscr|p||ors ard Tes||ror|a. Fp|grap||c 3ources
l||us|ra||rg
||e l|s|ory ol |or|ar|sr. |acor, 0a. . 1o
3|ud|es
8raur, b., `Ter|u|||er e| |'exegse de Cor. '. J. lor|a|re - C. Karrerg|esser 1 ;
eds.,
Fpe||as|s. ls. J. 0ar|e|ou. lar|s , - = b. 8raur, Approc|es de 1;zz1z8
Ter|u|||er. lar|s , - . 1;z11118
. `Ter|u|||er e| |e ror|ar|sre. Fg||se |rs|||u||orre||e e| Fg||se sp|r||ue||e'.
b3lb ( ). - . z118z|;
lord, J. |., `3a|r| lau| ||e l|||ogar|s|. Cor. |r Far|y la|r|s||c Fxeges|s'. 1 ;
NT3 ( ). - . 111ozo|8
lredou|||e, J. 3., Ter|u|||er e| |a corvers|or de |a cu||ure ar||que. lar|s , 1;z
- 11oo.
0ro|, 0. F., `u||erarceard Fxeges|s. 8|o||ca| lr|erpre|a||or |r ||e |or|ar|s|
Cr|s|s.' lr T| e l|v|rg Tex|. Fssays |r lorour ol F. w. 3aurders.Fd||ed oy
257
0. F. 0ro| ard b. JeWe||. lar|ar, |d.. ur|vers||y lress ol Arer|ca, . 18
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| larsor, b. l. C., `No|es or ||;
Ter|u|||ar's lr|erpre|a||or ol 3cr|p|ure'. JT| 3 ( ). 1z1o1
- z;;|.
le|re, b. F., `T| e bo|e ol ||e 0ospe| ol Jo|r |r ||e |or|ar|s| Cor|roversy.' T|e
3ecord Cer| ( - ). - . o18;18811
0'|a||ey, T. l., Ter|u|||ar ard ||e 8|o|e. N|jreger - u|rec|| . 1o;
lo|r|er, J. C., `|or|ar|s| lepuza-Jerusa|er ard ||e 0We|||rg l|ace ol w|sdor'.
JFC3 ( ). - . ;1|1o;
vo|es, l. F., `T| e use ol 3cr|p|ure |r ||e |or|ar|s| Cor|roversy'. 3|Fv ( ) 1o8
- 1;zo.
wa||s, A. l., `T| e |or|ar|s| 'Ca||o||c Fp|s||e' ard l|s NeW Tes|arer| lro|o|ype'.
3|Fv | ( ). - . z1o||;|o
|or|ar|sr ||;
||8l|ve T| e 3ecord Cer|ury
vlll
Clbl3TlAN 0N03TlCl3|
|. lr|roduc||or
0ur|rg ||e secord ard |||rd cer|ur|es ol ||s ex|s|erce C|r|s||ar||y laced a
||le ||rea|er|rg cr|s|s, due |o ||e success ol 0ros||c doc|r|res pro||lera||rg
|rs|de ||e ra|r-currer| c|urc|es ard |r ||e|r cu||ura| surrourd|rgs. A cr|s|s ol
|der|||y deep|y allec|ed ||e se|l-urders|ard|rg ol C|r|s||ar oe||evers,
er|a|||rg ||e |oss ol er||re corrur|||es ard ca|||rg lor a relorru|a||or
ol apos|o||c |rad|||ors. T| e or|g|rs ol ||e cr|s|s a| orce JeW|s|, pagar ard
C|r|s||ar rera|r ooscure ard corp|ex. As appropr|a|e oac|grourds, capao|e
ol exp|a|r|rg ||e exp|os|ve propaga||or, |||erary produc||or ard popu|ar
uo|qu||y ol gros||c|sr, sc|o|ars |ave |rvo|ed ||e JeW|s| d|sas|ers ol ;o
(Terp|e ol Jerusa|er des|royed) ard (3|ror Koc|oa's revo|| delea|ed), 1
||e |rrup||or ol or|er|a| re||g|ors |r|o |rper|a| c||y ||le, ||e |r|r|rs|c dua||sr ol
l|a|or|sr, as We|| as ||e del|c|erc|es ol ||e C|r|s||ar es|ao||s|rer|
||se|l. lreser| exper||se da|es ||e ear||es| syrp|ors ol ||e proper cr|s|s lror
oelore ||e l|rs| cer|ury c.e., |r ||e Wa|e ol ||e 8ap||s| roverer|, or|g|ra||rg lror
3arar|a ou| cor|ar|ra|ed oy JeW|s| C|r|s||ar expec|a||ors ard
popu|ar l|a|or|sr (l. |. 3c|er|e TbF , ). z;
lor ||e recep||or ard |r|erpre|a||or ol ||e 8|o|e |r ||e ourgeor|rg
c|urc|es ol ||e secord ard |||rd cer|ur|es, ||e 0ros||c cr|s|s p|ayed a dec|s|ve
ro|e. 8y ||e|r adarar| rejec||or ol rary o|o||ca| oe||els ard ol sacred Tora| as
suc|, ||e 0ros||cs |rposed or c|urc| |eaders a ||eore||ca| reassessrer| aoou|
||e|r oWr accep|arce ol ||e o|. T| e caror|ca| ooo|s ol ||e r| a|so reeded |o
oe oe||er |der||l|ed, as ||e|r |rrer |og|c ard |||erary |ex|ure |ep| ||er oourd
|o JeW|s| scr|p|ures. T| e lorra||or ol ||e o|-r| caror oecare a ||g| pr|or||y
urder ||e pressure ol 0ros||c, |r par||cu|ar |arc|or||e, |eac||rgs.
C|r|s||ar exeges|s oegar as a sc|er||l|c d|sc|p||re |r sore 0ros||c c|rc|es
ol A|exardr|a W||| ||e Correr|ary or Jo|roy lerac|eor, a d|sc|p|e ol
va|er| |rus . T| e grea| va|er||rus ||rse|l (see oe|oW Arre lasqu|er's spec|a|
cor|r|ou||or) |ad a|ready ou||| up a ||eo|og|ca| ard |errereu||ca| ||eory |r
order |o |eg|||ra|e ||s o|o||ca| exeges|s. Teac||rg |rs|de c|urc| corrur|||es,
l|rs| |r A|exardr|a, |a|er |r bore, |||s pres||g|ous sp|r||ua| |eader |os| ||e
suppor| ol c|urc| au||or|||es, ra|r|y oecause ol ||s pecu||ar |r|erpre|a||or
ol scr|p|ure. 0r ||e oroader sca|e ol ||e ru|||lace|ed 0ros||c |rerds lor
W||c| |||erary ev|derce |s roW ava||ao|e, a ||oroug| s|udy ol ||e 0ros||c
use ol scr|p|ure s|||| represer|s a |as| ol ||e lu|ure.
C|r|s||ar 0ros||c|sr ||
A reW |rpu|se Was g|ver |o suc| s|udy oy ||e d|scovery, |r 0eceroer
1|, ol ||e Nag larrad| raruscr|p|s, |||r|eer cod|ces |r a Cop||c d|a|ec|
or papyrus ard cor|a|r|rg a |o|a| ol l|l|y-s|x separa|e |rac|a|es, sore reduced
|o a leW ||res, o||ers repea|ed |Wo or ||ree ||res. T| e cod|ces, da||rg lror
||e l|rs| |a|l ol ||e lour|| cer|ury. Were ||dder |r a cave oelore ||e erd ol
||e lour|| cer|ury, |rarsr|| Wr|||rgs lror a ruc| ear||er ||re, poss|o|y
lror ||e l|rs| ard secord cer|ury c.e., rary ol ||er cor|rg lror 3yr|a.
w|y, lror W|ere, ard oy W|or ||ey Were co||ec|ed ard|or ||dder rera|r
urarWered ques||ors.
|os| ol ||e |rac|a|es preserve 0ros||c |eac||rg, |yrrs ard prayers, |o
a |arge arour| corp|e|e|y ur|roWr oelore ||e sersa||ora| d|scovery. lr
||e preser| s|age ol researc|, over |a|l a cer|ury s|rce , a l|rs| |rars|a||or 1|o
ard prov|s|ora| ara|ys|s ol ||e Nag larrad| |ex|s |s ava||ao|e lor ||e
puo||c. 0r|y very |er|a||ve corc|us|ors ray oe sugges|ed corcerr|rg ||e
s|gr|l|carce ol ||ese |ex|s lor ||e ear|y ||s|ory ol pa|r|s||c exeges|s.
1. T| e p|c|ure ol 0ros||c ||oug|| ard exeges|s, |roWr ||roug| ar||0ros||c
Wr||ers, |||e lreraeus, |s suos|ar||a||y corl|rred.
z. T| e ||s| ol r| apocyp|a|s |s s|gr|l|car||y err|c|ed oy ||e 0ospe| ol
T|oras, ||e 0ospe| ol l||||p, ||e 8oo| ol T| oras ||e Cor|erder, ||e
Apocryp||or ol Jares, ||e 0|a|ogue ol ||e 3av|or, ||e (l|rs|) Apoca|ypse ol
Jares, ||e
258
(3ecord) Apoca|ypse ol Jares, ||e le||er ol le|er |o l||||p, ||e Ac| ol le|er ard
||e TWe|ve Apos||es, ||e Apoca|ypse ol lau|, ||e Apoca|ypse ol le|er.
. T| e JeW|s| ard C|r|s||ar |rad|||ors ol W|sdor |||era|ure |r ||e|r
0ros||c re|rcarra||or a| ||e s|ar| ol corror era are ruc| docurer|ed,
||ar|s |o T| e 0ospe| ol T| oras, T| e 8oo| ol T| oras ||e Cor|erder, T| e
lrov|der ol lerlec| 0ar|e|, T|e T| urder-lerlec| ||rd, Au||er|||os legos, T| e
Teac||rgs ol 3||varus. T| e |a||er's |r|ers|ve quo|a||or ol o|, r| ard lorer's
0dyssey, exerp||l| es a geru|re w|sdor c|r|s|o|ogy ol C|r|s||ar or|g|r.
|. T| e appropr|a||or ol lau||re |e||ers oy 0ros||c |eac|ers |s aourdar||y
ev|derced |r ||e Nag larrad| |ex|s, T| e lr|erpo|a||or ol KroW|edgeoller|rg `a
||g| s|gr|l|car| pr|rary source lor urders|ard|rg roW sore 0ros||c
C|r|s||arsard spec|l|ca||y cer|a|r va|er||r|ar C|r|s||arsurders|ard ||e
c|urc| |r ||e ||g|| ol Jesus' |eac||rg ard ol lau|'s |e||ers' (F. l. lage|s, |r
J. |. boo|rsor T| e Nag larrad| l|orary, ). T| e `va|er||r|ar' proverarce |;
ol ||e |or||y oe|rg a ra||er ol deoa|e, as |s ||e case lor T| e 0ospe| ol Tru||,
ard T| e Trea||se ol ||e besurrec||or(le||er |o b|eg|ros), rore recer||y
a||r|ou|ed |o a `3e|||ar' sc|oo| ol 0ros||c|sr.
|ol|ve T| e 3ecord Cer|ury
||. |arc|or ol 3|rope (ca. - ) 81oo
A Wea|||y s||p-oWrer lror lor|us, |arc|or jo|red ||e d|sc|p|es ol ||e
0ros||c |eac|er, Cerdor, ard oe|Weer ard , dora|ed , ses|erces 1|o 1o zooooo
(approx|ra|e|y $ , ) |o ||e borar c|urc| corrur||y |r app|y|rg 1oooo
lor ||s reroers||p, ou| al| er a s|or| ||re |e Was expe||ed lror ||e c|urc|
ard ||e rorey g|ver oac| |o ||r. Accord|rg |o |arc|or||e da||rg, exac||y
11years ard s|x ard a |a|l ror||s al|er Jesus |ad |raugura|ed ||s puo||c
appeararce (Ter|u|||ar, Adv. |arc. , , ), |arc|or proc|a|red ||rse|l ||e 11z
|rue `Apos||e ol Jesus C|r|s|' ard lourded ||s oWr c|urc|, l|rr|y orgar|zed
ard er||re|y oased or ||s oWr scr|p|ura| caror, ||s Apos|o|||oror rev|sed
co||ec||or ol lau||re le||ers, ard ||s 0ospe|ol lu|e, a|so expurga|ed. l|s
|eac||rg Was cor|erporary W||| Jus||r |ar|yr ( Apo|ogy , , , ). l| 1 zo81
reac|ed a c||rax urder ||e borar o|s|op Ar|ce|us ( - ), ard spread 1|1o
over rary prov|rces ol ||e Frp|re as a rea| ||rea| lor ||e apos|o||c |rad|||ors
ol ||e c|urc|, a darger ||g|||g||ed oy ar aourdar| ar||-|arcor||e |||era|ure.
T| roug| 3yr|a ard Ar|rer|a, |arc|or||e corrur|||es s|||| l|our|s|ed dur|rg
||e l|rs| decades ol ||e l|l|| cer|ury.
|arc|or's ros| |rl|uer||a| ard |rdeperder| d|sc|p|e Was Ape||es, ||e
au||or ol |||r|y-e|g|| ooo|s ol 3y||og|srsderors|ra||rg ||e |rcors|s|erce
ol o| prop|ec|es, W|o coro|red |arc|or|sr W||| A|exardr|ar 0ros||c|sr.
`A corpre|ers|ve recors|ruc||or ol ||e |arc|or||e o|o|e |s ar |rpor|ar|
requ|rerer| lor sc|o|ar|y researc|' (8. A||ard, ). |arc|or |r|||a|ed ||e o
|rad|||or ol a l|xed caror, rare|y ore 0ospe| (lu|e) ard |er le||ers ol lau|
(exc|ud|rg l- T|ro||y, T||us, leoreWs). l|s caror c|a|red |o oe lree ol z
||e JeW|s| |rl|uerces derourced |r ||e d|spu|e oe|Weer lau| ard le|er a|
Ar||oc| (0a| - ), || |r|erded |o res|ore ||e `pure' gospe| ol lau| W|ose |ex| 1z
|ad oeer corrup|ed oy (JeW|s|-C|r|s||ar) pseudo-apos||es (0a| . - ). 11o1;
|arc|or proceeded exc|us|ve|y oy e||r|ra||rg duo|ous e|erer|s |r lu|e's
0ospe| or oy |r|roduc|rg sra|| var|ar|s (l| . `youroread,' |rs|ead ol 11
`our' oread). le corce|ved ol ro pseudep|grap|y ol ||s oWr. l|s rev|s|or
ol ||e 0ospe| Was ol a ||eo|og|ca| ra|ure. ||e 0od ol ||e o| (|a|er corp|e|e|y ou|
ol cor|ex|. `l| |s re W|o crea|es ev||,' ls . , cl. Ter|u|||ar, Adv. |;
|arc. , , ), Was rejec|ed, ||e `ur|roWr,' good bedeerer Was Jesus. As a 1zz
correr|ary added |o ||s 0ospe|, |arc|or corposed a se| ol Ar||||eses oy
W||c| |e s|ressed ||e a||eged oppos|||or oe|Weer o| ard r|, ard |e rus|
|ave added sore exege||ca| correr|s |o ||e 0ospe| |ex| corparao|e W|||
||e sy|era||c exeges|s ol 8as|||des, Ta||ar or C|erer| ol A|exardr|a.
l||e lerras, |arc|or Was corcerred oy ||e preserce ol s|rrers |r ||e
c|urc|. le s|a|ed ||a| accord|rg |o bor . ||e `corrardrer|' ol ||e ;11
C|r|s||ar 0ros||c|sr |1
laW, ro| s|r ||se|l caused ev||, ||e s|rrer Was v|c||r|zed oy ||e Crea|or0er|urge
ol o|, ers|aved oy ||r ur||| lreed oy ||e `good 0od' Jesus, ||e
des|ruc|or |eg|s(Ter|u|||ar, Adv. |arc. , , ), |ercelor|| |ove ol |||s `good |
0od' prever|ed lror s|rr|rg. T| e 0ospe| rears ||oera||or lror s|r (|oro
||oera|us |r l| der op||r| de|. Adv. |arc. , , ) ard sa|va||or. l| d|sperses 1z|o
lror ary |ega| cor|ra|r|s, ||e `8ea|||udes' ca|||rg lor ro|||rg ou| |rus| ard
|ove. T| e rar|les|a|or ol ||e `good 0od' |r Jesus Was |o|a||y urpred|c|ao|e
ard sudder (suo||o l|||us e| suo||o r|ssus e| suo||o C|r|s|us) Adv. |arc. , , z
zl.), W||| ro correc||or W||| ||e o|, ard ro o|o|og|ca| la||er or ro||er (T| e
`C|r|s|' ol o| Was aro||er C|r|s|, s|||| |o core). T| e l|ra| judgerer|, ||oug|
des|oy|rg oy l|re a|| ||e jus|, |oge||er W||| ||e oad `Crea|or-0er|urge' ||rse|l,
a||oWs |rue oe||evers |o oe saved oeyord dea|| |r ||e |eaver|y ||rdor
ol ||e `good 0od' (8. A|ard. TbF ( ). - , o|o||og.). zz1z81o1
Fd|||ors
larrac|, A. vor, 0as Fvarge||ur vor lrerder 0o||. le|pz|g, rd ed. = z 1z|
0arrs|ad| l. 1oo
259
3|ud|es
A|ard, 8.. TbF ( ). - , o|o||ograp|y. zz1z81o1
8aarda, T. `|arc|or's Tex| ol 0a| . . Corcerr|rg ||e recors|ruc||or ol ||e l|rs| 11
verse ol ||e |arc|or||e Corpus lau||rur.' v|gC|r ( ). - . |z188zoo
8a|s, 0. l. `|arc|or rev|s||ed, a 'pos|-larrac|' perspec||ve.' lr ls. 3. 0. Curr|e.
Tex|s ard Tes|arer|s, ed||ed oy w. F. |arc|, - . 3ar Ar|or|o. Tr|r||y 1o8
ur|vers||y, . 18o
8|arc||, u. `|arc|or. ||eo|og|er o|o||que ou doc|eur gros||que? (p|u|o|
gros||que).'
v|gC|r ( ). - . z11o;1|1|
8|erer|, w. `|ar||orC|r|s|er|ur a|s Ar||||ese zur Juder|ur.' lr C|r|s|||c|er
Ar||juda|srus urd jud|sc|er Ar||pagar|srus. l|re |o||ve urd l|r|ergrurde
|r der ers|er dre| Ja|r|urder|er,ed||ed oy l. lro|r|oler, - . larourg, 1||
1o.
8|ac|rar, F. C. |arc|or ard ||s lrl|uerce. 3lCK, . 1o
8urdy, 0. `|arc|or ard ||e |arc|or||es |r ear|y 3yr|ar apo|oge||cs.' |useor 1o1
( ). - . 188z1z
. `T| e ar||-|arc|or||e correr|ary or ||e lucar parao|es 'lseudo-Fp|rer A'.
lrages |r |ers|or.' |us ( ). - . 1o1o111z
C|aoeaux, J. J. `T| e lau||re corpus W||c| |arc|or used. T| e |ex| ol ||e |e||ers
ol
lau| |r ||e ear|y secord cer|ury.' 0|ss., larvard, . 18
|zl|ve T| e 3ecord Cer|ury
. A |os| ed|||or ol ||e le||ers ol lau|. A reassesrer| ol ||e |ex| ol ||e lau||re
corpus
a||es|ed oy |arc|or. C8 |orograp| ser|es , vo|. . was||rg|or, 0.C.. T| e z1 1|
Ca||o|. 8|o|. Assoc. ol Arer|ca, . 18
0ea||e, 0. w. `T| e la||ers aga|rs| |arc|or|sr, a s|udy ol ||e re||ods ard
ro||ves
|r ||e deve|op|rg pa|r|s||c ar||-|arc|or||e po|er|c.' 0|ss., 3|. lou|s, . 11
0e|ooe|, J., `T| e lord's lrayer |r ||e Tex|ua| Trad|||or. A Cr|||que ol becer| T|
eor|es ard T| e|r v|eW ol |arc|or's bo|e'. J. |. 3evr|r, ed., T| e NeW Tes|arer|
|r
Far|y C|r|s||ar||y. louva|r , - . 18zo
0r|jvers, lar J. w. `|arc|or's read|rg ol 0a| . . l|||osop||ca| oac|grourd ard |8
|rl| uerce or |ar|c|ae|sr.' lr A greer |eal. lapers |r |orour ol Jes. l. Arusser
(Ac|a lrar|ca , . ser. lorrages e| opera r|rora ), - . le|der. 8r|||, z8z 1z|8
188.
Fvars, F. `Ter|u|||ar's Correr|ary or ||e |arc|or||e 0ospe|.' 3|Fv, - , o;o
. 1
0|aro||o, C., `0|| gros||c| e |arc|ore. la r|spos|a d| lrereo'. F. Nore|||, ed., la
8|oo|a re||' Ar||c||| Cr|s||ara. 8o|ogra , - . 1z;|
0rar|, b. |. `No|es or 0ros|s . |arc|or ard ||e o|.' v|gC|r ( ). - . 1 111;1|1
lead, l. `T| e lore|gr 0od ard ||e 3udder C|r|s|. T| eo|ogy ard C|r|s|o|ogy |r
|arc|or's 0ospe| bedac||or.' Tyr8 ( ). - . ||1o;z1
l|gg|rs, J. 8. `T| e la||r Tex| ol lu|e |r |arc|or ard Ter|u|||ar.' v|gC|r ( ). 11
- 1|z.
lollrarr, b. J. |arc|or, 0r ||e bes|||u||or ol C|r|s||ar||y, ar essay or ||e
deve|oprer| ol rad|ca| lau||r|s| ||eo|ogy |r ||e secord cer|ury. AAb, vo|. . |o
C||co
Ca||l.. 3c|o|ars lress, . 18|
lo|c|||ss, b. v. A (lseudo-)Fp|p|ar|us Tes||rory 8oo|. 38l Tex|s ard
Trars|a||ors
|(Far|y C|r|s||ar l||era|ure 3er|es ). ||ssou|a, |or|.. 3c|o|ars lress, . 1 1;|
Jurod, F. `les a||||udes d'Ape||es, d|sc|p|e de |arc|or, |'egard de |'Arc|er
Tes|arer|.' Aug( ). 18z
Krox, J. |arc|or ard ||e N.T. Ar essay |r ||e ear|y ||s|ory ol ||e Caror. lordor.
Car or|dge ur|vers||y lress, . 1|z
lo|r, w. A. `0|e Aus|egurg des 0ese|zes oe| |ar||or, der 0ros|||err urd der
|ar|c|aerr.' lr 3||ru||, ls. F. 0assrarr, ed||ed oy 0. 3c|o||ger ard C.
3c|o||er, - . |urs|er. Asc|erdorll, . ;; 1o
|a|e, J. l. `Ter|u|||er e |'Fp|s|o|a |arc|or|s.' bev3b ( ). - . |1;18;1
`|arc|ore.' lr Frc. Fcc|es., . - . |||ar, . ozo 1
|ay, 0. `|arc|or |r cor|erporary v|eWs, resu||s ard oper ques||ors.' 3ecCer , o
( ). - . 1881z1
. `|arc|ore re| suo |erpo.' Cr3| ( ). - . 1|1zozo
|e|jer|rg, F. l. Ter|u|||ar cor|ra |arc|or. 0o||es|e|re |r der lo|er||. Adversus
|arc|orer l-ll. l|||osop||a pa|rur . le|der. 8r|||, . 1;;
|u||eroerg, F. `|arc|or's Jea|ous 0od.' lr ls. b. Fvars, 0|sc|p||ra ros|ra,
ed||ed
C|r|s||ar 0ros||c|sr |
oy 0. l. w|rs|oW, - , ss. la|r |or 3er . l|||ade|p||a. la|r|s||c 11zo o
lourda||or, . 1;
N|e|ser, C. |. `lo|ycarp ard |arc|or, a No|e.' T3 ( ). - . |;18oz;
260
Nore|||, F. `la lurz|ore d| lao|o reg|| scr|||| d| |arc|ore.' b8|ol| ( ). - |18o|
. ;
. `ura 'res|||uz|ore' d| |arc|ore?' Cr3| | ( ). - . 818;oo1
. `|arc|ore |e||ore de||'ep|s|o|a a| borar|.' Cr3| | ( ). - . 11|o;
. `No|| su||a so|er|o|og|a d| |arc|ore'. Aug ( ). - . 1z18oo
0||y, l. `|arc|or urd der 3c||argerry||os.' 3||rre ( ). - . z1;1zz;
0roe, A. `F| 'ladrerues|ro' segr |arc|or.' Corpos|e||arur ( ). - . 188o1o|
. `lac|a |a preura|o|og|a de |arc|or.' Corpos|e||arur ( ). - . o11;|z
. `|arc|or|||ca.' Augus||r|arurXXXl ( ). - . 111z||
. `lac|a |a doc|r|ra rarc|or||ca de |a rederc|or.' 0reg ( ). - . ;|1|;|
luec|, l. C. `les rouveaux ecr||s d'0r|gre e| de 0|dyre decouver|s Toura.'
bbl|b ( ). - . 111zz
u|spe|, 0. `0e 8r|el aar de laod|cerser, eer rarc|or|||sc|e verva|s|rg.' NTT
( s). - . 1o ||o
begu|, J. `0|e ar||rarc|or|||sc|er Fvarge||er-lro|oge.' 0|ss., 8orr, . 1o|
b|c|ardsor, w. `No )o. |arc|or, C|erer| ol A|exardr|a ard 3|.
lu|e's
0ospe|.' 3|la|r (= Tu ) ( ). - . o 811oz188o
3c|aler, K. T. `|ar|us v|c|or|rus urd d|e rarc|or|||sc|er lro|oge zu der
lau|usor|eler.' b8er ( ). - . 8o1;o;1o
3c|e|dWe||er, l. `lau||||arerproo|ere.' 8Z ( ). - , - . |1o1oo8|
. `Arroo|us urd der |arc|or|||srus.' ZNw ( ). - . |1||zo;
3c|e|||rg, l. w. J., vor. 0e |arc|ore lau||rarur ep|s|o|arur ererda|ore,
praes|de.
0. C. 3|orr, pro exar|re ||eo|og|co d|spu|urus. Tuo|rger . bepr. aras|. 1;
bodop| p|||os. lacs|r. . Ars|erdar. bodop|, . z 1o8
3c|erer, J. `ure |eor recorrue de Cor . e| sor |r|erpre|a||or z 1z1
rarc|or||e.'
JJl ( ). - . |1ozz
3c|r|d, u. |arc|or urd se|r Apos|o|os. be|ors|ru|||or urd ||s|or|sc|e
F|rordrurg
der rarc|or|||sc|er lau|usor|elausgaoe. ANTl . 8er||r. 0e 0ruy|er, . z 1
3|oo|ey, l. l. `|arc|or, |ypo|ogy, ard |ec||orary preac||rg.' wors||p ( ). oo1z
- z1oz.
`Ter|u|||er, Cor|re |arc|or l-ll.' lr 3C, vo|. , , ed||ed ard |rars|a|ed oy oo8
b. 8raur. lar|s. Cerl, s. 1o
Tsu|su|, K. `0as Fvarge||ur |arc|ors. F|r reuer versuc| der
Tex|re|ors|ru|||or.'
AJ8l ( ). - . 181zo;1z
verWe|js, l. 0. Fvarge||ur urd reues 0ese|z |r der a||es|er C|r|s|er|e|| o|s aul
|arc|or.3|ud|a b|ero-Tra|ec||ra . u|rec||. Ker|r|, . 1oo
w||||ars, 0. 3. `becors|der|rg |arc|or's 0ospe|.' J8l ( ). - . 1o818|;;o
||l|ve T| e 3ecord Cer|ury
|||. T|e va|er||r|ar Fxeges|s
a spec|a| cor|r|ou||or
oy Arre lasqu|er
T| e ro||or ol `va|er||r|ar|sr' |as oeer |r|er||ed lror |eres|o|ogy,
1
W||c|
rears ||a| We |roW a spec|l|c group |rs|de C|r|s||ar||y ou||| up oy d|sc|p|es
ard successors ol va|er||rus
z
or|y ||roug| ||e |rd|rec| sources ol ||e |es||ror|es ol c|urc| la||ers W|o
opposed 0ros||cs. T| ese |rd|rec| sources
erao|e us |o |der||ly a va|er||r|ar |ex| oecause ||e d|rec| sources |e|| us
ro|||rg aoou| ||e|r or|g|r or ||e|r au||or. Fver |l ||e va|er||r|ars a|red
a| reac||rg a corpre|ers|or ol C|r|s||ar||y deeper ||ar ||e ore |aug||
oll| c|a||y |r ||e c|urc|, a| ||e sare ||re ||ey c|a|red |o oe|org |o ||a| sare
c|urc| ard d|d ro| see ||erse|ves o||er ||ar as C|r|s||ar.

Accord|rg |o ||e |rd|rec| sources va|er||rus Was oorr |r Fgyp| rear

||e erd ol ||e l|rs| cer|ury c.e. |r a |oWr ol ||e N||e de||a. le |a|er care
|o A|exardr|a lor ||s sc|o|ar|y |ra|r|rg ard as a |eac|er |rves|ed W||| ||e
secre| W|sdor ol C|r|s| |rarsr|||ed oy lau| ard ||s d|sc|p|e T| eoras.
Arourd , va|er||rus |el|Fgyp| ard se|||ed or bore W|ere |e |oo| or 1|o
sore ecc|es|as||ca| respors|o|||||es. lr ca. |e rus| |ave separa|ed lror 1oo
||e c|urc| |r bore, prooao|y oecause ol ||s ||eore||ca| |eac||rg. T| e res|
ol ||s ||le |s ur|roWr. loss|o|y |e |rave||ed |o Cyprus W|ere |e r|g|| |ave
opered a sc|oo|. 3|or| quo|a||ors ol ||s Wor| are preserved oy C|erer| ol
A|exardr|a (3|ror., ll, , - , ll, , - , lll, , , lv, , - , lv, , - , oz| 11|o 81 8o1o
vl, , - ), lyppo|||us ol bore (bel., vl, , , vl, , - ), ard |arce||us z| |zz ;o8
ol Arcyra (0e sarc|a ecc|es|a, ).
T| e oes| |roWr d|sc|p|es ol va|er||rus are l|o|eraeus ard lerac|eor.
261
8orr |r A|exardr|a, oo|| Were prooao|y |eac||rg |r bore. l|o|eraeus's doc- . 1
T| e purpose ol |eres|o|og|s|s Was |o exc|ude 0ros||cs lror ||e c|urc|. 0re ol
||e|r po|er|ca| procedures Was |o depr|ve 0ros||cs ol ||e ||||e ol C|r|s||ar, ard |o
ca|| ||er oy ||e rare ol ore ol ||e|r |eac|ers, |r |||s case va|er||rus.
z. 0r va|er||r|ar|sr |r gerera| or ||e oas|s ol pa|r|s||c |es||ror|es, ||e ros|
e|aoora|e s|ud|es are s|||| ||ose oy l.-|.-|. 3agrard, la grose va|er||r|erre e| |e
|ero|grage de sa|r| lreree. lar|s ard A. 0roe, Fs|ud|os va|er||r|aros, 1|;
, , 1o
8, , . o1oo
. cl. lreraeus (Allll , ) a |ex| oroug|| |o ||g|| ard We|| exp|a|red oy K. 1z
Kosc|or|e, 0|e lo|er|| der 0ros|||er geger das ||rc|||c|e C|r|s|er|ur, Nl3
Xll. le|der
1;8, , , - , - . 1o1;8z|z
C|r|s||ar 0ros||c|sr |
|r|re served as a oas|s lor ||e po|er|ca| cr|||que ol 0ros||c|sr ol lreraeus ol
lyor, W|||e Fp|p|ar|us |rarsr|||ed ||e corp|e|e |ex| ol ore ol l|o|eraeus's
Wr|||rgs, ||e le||er |o l|ora. lerac|eor |s |roWr lor ||s correr|ary or ||e
0ospe| ol Jo|r, ol W||c| severa| ex|rac|s are preserved oy 0r|ger. TWo o||er
va|er||r|ar |eac|ers, T| eodo|us ard |ar|, ga|red d|sc|p|es |r Fgyp|, 3yr|a
ard As|a ||ror oelore ||e|r doc|r|res spread a|| arourd ||e |ed||errarear.
T| eodo|us |s |roWr ||roug| C|erer| ol A|exardr|a, ard |ar| ||roug|
lreraeus W|er |ar|'s docr|r|res |ad reac|ed 0au| rear ||e erd ol ||e
secord cer|ury. To ||ese va|er||r|ar Wr|||rgs, |der||l|ed as suc| oy c|urc|
la||ers, ore rus| add a vas| |||era|ure W||c| rera|red aroryrous.
T| e ra|r au||ors W|o Wro|e aga|rs| va|er||r|ar|sr, or quo|ed va|er||r|ar
lragrer|s, |l ro| corp|e|e Wor|s,
|
are lreraeus ol lyor (Trea||se Aga|rs| ||e
leres|es), C|erer| ol A|exardr|a (3|rora|e|sard Fx|rac|s lror T|eodo|us),
lyppo|||us ol bore (belu|a||o), Ter|u|||ar (Aga|rs| ||e va|er||r|arsard T|e
l|es| ol C|r|s|), 0r|ger (||s Correr|ary or Jo|r|rc|udes ||e lragrer|s ol
lerac|eor), Fp|p|ar|us (larar|or, |r par||cu|ar sec||or , , - , . , 1;1o
quo||rg |r ex|erso||e le||er |o l|oraoy l|o|eraeus). 0re cou|d s|so add ||e
lseudo-Ter|u|||ar, l|||as|r|us, T| eodore| ol Cyrus, ard a leW o||ers.

Arorg ||e sources |arded doWr ||roug| d|rec| |rad|||or ||e Cop||c
||orary ol Nag larrad| |rc|udes severa| |ra||ses |der||l| ed as va|er||r|ar oy
||e spec|a||s|s, ||oug| rary d|vergerc|es ol op|r|or arorg ||er pers|s|.
o
l| |s oov|ous ||a| suc| a c|ass|l|ca||or rera|rs proo|era||c. As ro Wr|||rg
|r|roduced ||se|l as va|er||r|ar, || |s ro| easy |o dec|de W||c| Wr|||rgs s|ou|d
oe cors|dered urder ||a| ruor|c, as ||e dec|s|or res|s exc|us|ve|y or ||e
|. 3ee ||e ||s| g|ver oy 3agrard, la grose, - . 11zo
. lor ||e ||s| ol |a|er pa|r|s||c Wor|s, see K. Kosc|or|e, `la|r|s||sc|e |a|er|a|er
sur
3pa|gesc||c||e der va|er||r|ar|sc|er 0ros|s'. |. Krause, ed., 0ros|s ard
0ros||c|sr. lapers bead a| ||e F|g||| Arrua| lr|erra||ora| Corlererce or
la|r|s||c 3|ud|es
(0xlord 3ep|. rd- ||, ). le|der . T| e ror-C|r|s||ar |es||ror|es ol 8 1; 181
l|o||rus (3ecord Frread) ard lrop|yry (l|le ol l|o||rus) d|d ro| corcerr ||e
va|er||r|ars |r ||e v|eW ol sore spec|a||s|s. 8u| aga|r ore rus| adr|| ||a| ||ere
|s ro
gerera| agreerer| or |||s |ssue.
o. lor a gerera| survey ol ||a| ||orary, ard ||e adequa|e |oo|s ol researc|.
ed|||ors,
|rars|a||ors, |rd|ces, d|c||orar|es, corcordarces ard o|o||ograp||ca| reper|or|es,
see l. la|rc|aud, `le del|docurer|a|re dars |es e|udes sur |e gros||c|sre'. J.-
C|.
lredou|||e ard b.-|. booerge, eds., la docurer|a||or pa|r|s||que. 8||ar e|
prospec||ve.ueoec - lar|s , - . 0r ||e o||er co||ec||ors ol 0ros||c 1zzz
|ex|s,
|. Tard|eu ard J.-0. 0uoo|s, lr|roduc||or |a ||||era|ure gros||que l. Co||ec||ors
|rouvees avar| .lar|s . 1| 18o
|ol|ve T| e 3ecord Cer|ury
l|rd|rg |r ||ose Wr|||rgs ol all|r|||es W||| pa|r|s||c descr|p||ors.
;
l| |s |rue
||a| lreraeus |rs|s|s or ||e d|vers||y ol va|er||r|ar|sr (All , ). 0re 11z
rus| a|so |a|e |r|o accour| ||e process oy W||c| a grea| ruroer, |l ro| ||e
rajor||y ol |rea||ses |r ||e Cop||c ||orary, s|oW |races ol reWr|||rg due |o
||e|r passage ||roug| d|llerer| doc|r|ra| c|rc|es. lerce || |s r|s|y |o c|ass|ly
||er or ||e so|e oas|s ol ||e|r doc|r|ra| or|er|a||or.
80esp||e ||ese d|ll|cu|||es
W||c| prever| us lror es|ao||s||rg a corpus ol va|er||r|ar |ex|s, ore ray
262
ro|e a cer|a|r corsersus aoou| Nag larrad| |ex|s W|ose |err|ro|ogy ard
doc|r|re s|gra| va|er||r|ar|sr. ||ey cou|d oe ol va|er||r|ar or|g|r, or
rorva|er||r|ar Wor|s reWr|||er oy va|er||r|ars, or aga|r ol va|er||r|ar or|g|r
ou| reWr|||er oy ror-va|er||r|ars, suc| as ||e lrayer ol ||e Apos||e lau|
(l, ), ||e 0ospe| ol Tru||(l, |Xll, ), ||e Trea||se or ||e besurrec||or(l, ), 1 z |
||e Tr|par |||e Trea||se(l, ), ||e 0ospe| ol l||||p(ll, ), ||e l|rs| Apoca|ypse ol
Jares(v, ), ||e lr|erpre|a||or ol 0ros|s(Xl, ), ||e `va|er||r|ar' Fxpos|||or 1
ard ||e lragrer|s or oap||sr ard ||e euc|ar|s| W||c| lo||oW (Xl, ). 3ore z
exper|s add ||e Fxeges|s ol ||e 3ou|(ll, ), ||e Au||er|||os logos(vl, ), ||e o
True Tes||rory(lX, ), ard ||e Apocryp|a| le||er ol Jares(l, ). 3|||| o||er z
Wr|||rgs seer |o s|oW rar|s ol va|er||r|ar |rl|uerce.

;. 0r va|er||r|ar|sr |r gerera| al|er ||e d|scovery ol ||e Nag larrad| l|orary,

see 8. lay|or, ed., T| e bed|scovery ol 0ros||c|sr. lroceed|rgs ol ||e
lr|erra||ora|
Corlererce or 0ros||c|sr a| a|e, |arc| - , . l T| e 3c|oo| ol z811;8
va|er||rus.
le|der . 18o
8. 3ee l. la|rc|aud, `le p|erorre des rerecr||ures,' |r les |ex|es de Nag
larrad| e| |es proo|re de |eur c|ass|l|ca||or, - . To oe ro|ed |s a|so ||e 18
pos|||or
ol l. w|sse W|o goes as lar as Worder|rg |l ore s|ou|d d|s||rgu|s| or |so|a|e ary
va|er||r|ar |ex| |r ||e Nag larrad| co||ec||or. `lro|egorera |o ||e 3|udy ol ||e
NeW Tes|arer| ard 0ros|s'. A. l. 8. logar ard A. J. |. weooerourr, ed., T|e
NeW
Tes|arer| ard 0ros|s.ls. b. |cl. w||sor. Fd|rourg| , - . lr add|||or, 1818|
ore
rus| ooserve ||a| ||e d|rec| sources are ro| or|g|ra| docurer|s ou| vers|ors
W||c|
Were ol|er res|aped oy ror-va|er||r|ars, ard lor W||c| a prec|se da||rg |s
|rposs|o|e. T| e|r usua| da|es are |oca|ed oe|Weer ||e |a|e secord cer|ury ard
||e l|rs|
|a|l ol ||e lour|| cer|ury. l| |s ro| exc|uded ||a| ||e cod|cesWere usedse|ec|ed
ard |rarslorred?oy ror|s dur|rg ||e lour|| cer|ury.
. 3ore |rc|ude a|so |r ||e va|er||r|ar group ||e le||er ol le|er |o l||||p(vlll, ). z
Aro||er add|||or. Accord|rg |o F. Jurod ard J.-0. Kaes|||, |r ||e|r ed|||or ol ||e
Ac|s ol Jo|r(Ac|a lo|arr|s, CC3A - . Tur|oo| . T| e c|ap|ers - 1z 18o |1oz
ard
1oare ol ar |rdeperder| or|g|r, ard der|ve lror va|er||r|ar c|rc|es (poss|o|y
secord cer|ury, 3yr|a. 3ee a|so J. lr|c|e| (le||er|s||sc|e Fr|osurg |r c|r|s|||c|er
0eu|urg.
0|e gros||sc|e Naasserersc|r|l| , Nl3 . le|der ), lor W|or ||e lragrer| 1 18|
quo|ed oy l|ppo|y|us (belu|a||ov , - , ) |s va|er||r|ar |r ||s l|ra| redac||or o|1oz
C|r|s||ar 0ros||c|sr |;
Corpar|rg d|rec| ard |rd|rec| sources |s |rpor|ar| lor our urders|ard|rg ol
gros||c exeges|s. As or||odoxy s|oW|y es|ao||s|ed ||se|l |r reac||rg
aga|rs| ||er, || |s poss|o|e |o reassess ||e |ssues a| s|a|e |r |eres|o|og|ca|
|rea||ses. lor ||e course ol po|er|cs W||resses ||a| ||e |r|erpre|a||or ol
scr|p|ure Was cer|ra| |o ||e deoa|e.
1o
0re oov|ous|y ree|s |rad|||ors ard
||eo|og|ca| v|s|ors |ead|rg |o d|verger| corc|us|ors. lerce, oelore exar|r|rg ||e
exege||ca| re||od ol ||e va|er||r|ars, ore rus| surrar|ze ||e
||eo|ogy or W||c| || res|s. || |s ||a| ||eo|og|ca| lrare aoou| ||e s|gr|l|carce
ol scr|p|ure W||c| jus||l|es ||e|r exege||ca| re||od ard |errereu||ca|
presuppos|||ors.
(quo|ed oy |. b. 0esjard|rs, 3|r |r va|er||r|ar|sr, 38l 0|sser|a||or 3er|es . 1o8
A||ar|a , ). lor ||e o|o||ograp|y or ||e proo|er ol c|ass|ly|rg ||e |ex|s see 1o;
l. la|rc|aud, le del|docurer|a|re, - , ro|e . A|so ||e |r|roduc||or oy |. z11o 1o
b.
0esjard|rs, 3|r |r va|er||r|ar|sr, - ard l. la|rc|aud ard A. lasqu|er, eds., 11;
les
|ex|es de Nag larrad| e| |e proo|re de |eur c|ass|l|ca||or. Ac|es du Co||oque
|eru
ueoec du au seperore . leuver ard lar|s . 1 1 1 1
1o. T| oug| ||e d|scovery ol d|rec| sources s|ou|d ro| |ead |o urderes||ra|e
cor|r|ou||ors ol |rd|rec| sources lor a oe||er |roW|edge ol va|er||r|ar exeges|s,
ore
|as |o |a|e |r|o accour| ||e po|er|c represer|a||or g|ver oy ||e |a||er ol |ere||ca|
exeges|s. As A. le 8ou||uec |as We|| s|oWr (la ro||or d'|eres|e dars |a
||||era|ure
grecque, ll
e
263
-lll
e
s|c|es, l. 0e Jus||r lreree. lar|s , - , see a|so vo|. ll. `C|erer| 18z18
d'A|exardr|e e| 0r|gre') ||e |eres|o|og|ca| represer|a||or |r|erds loreros|
|o derors|ra|e ||e ror-C|r|s||ar ra|ure va|er||r|ar exeges|s. lr par||cu|ar, lor
lreraeus, C|r|s||ar |arguage |s used aous|ve|y |r || as a ras|, W||| ||e |r|er||or
|o
seduce ||e s|rp|e oe||evers, 0ros||cs adap| scr|p|ure |o ar a||er sys|er. T| e
s|ra|egy ol ||e|r relu|a||or cors|s|s ||erelore |r separa||rg ||e|r |r|erpre|a||or ol
scr|p|ure lror ||e 0ros||c `sys|er' corce|ved as a r|x|ure ol e|erer|s oorroWed
lror
pagar|sr or lror ar a||er doc|r|re. l|s purpose. |o ra|e || |rposs|o|e lor 0ros||c
exeges|s |o suos|s|. 8u|||e |eror ol ||e po|er|cs erp|as|zes ||e lac| ||a| ||e
d|scuss|or deve|ops or ||e |eve| ol ||e |erreu||ca| re||od used oy ||e 0ros||cs.
Fver
|r lreraeus's deve|oprer|s dea||rg W||| ||e|r lorced adap|a||ors, || |s c|ear ||a|
||e
corl||c| ol |r|erpre|a||ors oecores |rev||ao|e due |o ooscur|||es ard aro|gu|||es |r
||e 8|o|e. A|so 0. va||ee, A 3|udy |r Ar||-0ros||c lo|er|cs. lreraeus, l|ppo|y|us
ard
Fp|p|ar|us. 3|ud|es |r C|r|s||ar||y ard Juda|sr, . wa|er|oo , N. 8rox, 1 181
0lleroarurg, 0ros|s urd gros||sc|er |y||os oe| lreraus vor lyor. Zur
C|ara||er|s||| des
3ys|ers(3a|zourger pa|r|s||sc|e 3|ud|er, ). 3a|zourg ard |ur|c| . 1 1oo
|8l|ve T| e 3ecord Cer|ury
1. T|e va|er||r|ar T| eo|og|ca| Corcep||or ol ||e l|r|s 8e|Weer JeW|s|
3cr|p|ures
ard ||e C|r|s||ar |essage
A| ||e oeg|rr|rg ol ||e C|r|s||ar roverer| ro NeW Tes|arer| ye| ex|s|ed
as ar au||or||a||ve co||ec||or correspord|rg |o ||e JeW|s| 8|o|e.
11T|e |a||er rera|red lor ||e c|urc| ||e ur|que scr|p|ura| rorr, ever |l suor|||ed
a| a very ear|y s|age |o ||e au||or||y ol C|r|s|. T| e ar||cu|a||or oe|Weer
||a| 8|o|e ard ||e reW C|r|s||ar ressage Was ro| |r|||a||y a ra||er ol deep
corcerr. lr ||e |org rur, || oecare |rposs|o|e |o cors|der ||e JeW|s| 8|o|e
as ||e ur|que au||or||a||ve docurer| revea||rg 0od. Cr|||c|sr deve|oped
lror |rs|de ||e c|urc|, ard || crys|a|||zed |r ||e ques||or. |oW |s JeW|s|
scr|p|ure |eg|||r|zed oy C|r|s|? W|y suc| a |eg|||racy? As We s|a|| see,
lor d|llerer| reasors, lor exarp|e ||e cor|rad|c||ors perce|vao|e |r ||, or
||s d|vers||y ard ||s aro|gu|||es, ou| ra|r|y oecause sore ol ||s doc|r|res
d|verged lror ||e C|r|s||ar ressage. T| e Fp|s||e ol 8arraoas(lv. - ), lor o;
|rs|arce, reluses ary |||era| |r|erpre|a||or ol ||a| scr|p|ure (a|| ol || reeds a
sp|r||ua| |r|erpre|a||or, ||e C|r|s||ar ore). T| us ||e 8|o|e |s sore|oW |a|er
aWay lror ||e JeWs, ard JeW|s| ||s|ory rega|ed. Fsser||a||y, ary oppos|||or
or d|llererce oe|Weer ||e JeW|s| |ex| ard ||e C|r|s||ar ressage |s ||us
|grored. lr a d|rec||or cor|rary |o suc| a rad|ca| C|r|s||ar|z|rg ol W|a|
Wou|d oecore ||e l|rs| Tes|arer|, o||ers oase ||e|r rel|ec||or prec|se|y or
||e d|s|arce oe|Weer ||e laW ard ||e 0ospe|s. |arc|or ard ||e 0ros||cs,
||oug| |r d|llerer| Ways. As l. vor Carper|auser s|a|ed, ||e 0ros||cs d|d
ro| crea|e ||e proo|er, ou| ||e|r v|s|or ol rea|||y, ||e|r cu||ure ard W|a| ||
presupposed, erao|ed ||er |o d|scover || oelore ary ore e|se, ard |o |oo|
lor ar adequa|e so|u||or.
1z
Fver a cursory read|rg ol ||e Nag larrad| |rea||ses ard ol ||e pa|r|s||c
|||era|ure dea||rg W||| 0ros||c|sr, revea|s ||e urr|s|a|ao|e |rpor|arce
ol l|rs| Tes|arer| exeges|s lor ||e 0ros||cs. w|o|e |rea||ses are ded|ca|ed
|o ||.
1
l| |s lor ||er ar |rsp|red ooo|. loWever, |||e |arc|or, ||ey d|d ro|
see |oW ||ey cou|d |grore ||e d|s|arce ex|s||rg oe|Weer ||e laW ard ||e
11. 3ee l. vor Carper|auser, la lorra||or de |a 8|o|e c|re||erre. lar|s , 1;1
c|ap|. lll la cr|se du caror de |'Arc|er Tes|arer| au deux|re s|c|e, - . o1o1
1z. la lorra||or, - . ;z;
1. 0r ||e re|a||or W||| ||e o|, see 8. A. learsor, `use, Au||or||y ard Fxeges|s
ol
|||ra |r 0ros||c l||era|ure'. |. J. |u|der ard l. 3ys||rg, eds., |||ra. Tex|, Trars
|a||or, bead|rg ard lr|erpre|a||or ol ||e leoreW 8|o|e |r Arc|er| Juda|sr ard
Far|y
C|r|s||ar||y. Asser||aas|r|c|| - l|||adep||a , - . A|so, quo|ed oy 188oz
learsor
r. a ser|es ol ar||c|es or ||e ra||er |r K.-w. Troger, ed., A||es Tes|arer|
lru|juder|ur0ros|s. Neue 3|ud|er zu `0ros|s urd 8|oe|.'8er||r , b. |cl. 18o
w||sor
264
`T| e 0ros||cs ard ||e 0|d Tes|arer|'. 0. w|dergrer, ed., lroceed|rgs ol ||e
lr|erra||ora| Co||oqu|ur or 0ros||c|sr. 3|oc||o|r, Augus| - , . zoz1;
3|oc||o|r , 1;;
C|r|s||ar 0ros||c|sr |
0ospe| (as Was ||e case lor 8arraoas). lau|'s le||ers, espec|a||y 0a|a||ars
ard borars, |ad ar |rpor|ar| |rl|uerce or ||er. T| e ||s|ory ol ||e
|r|erpre|a||or ol lau|'s le||ers dur|rg ||e secord cer|ury, || |as oeer sa|d, |s
esser||a||y ||e ||s|ory ol 0ros||c exeges|s.
1|
loWever ||a| d|s|arce d|d ro|
rear lor ||er |r ary Way ar |rsurrour|ao|e oppos|||or, T| e laW |s ro| ar
ar||||es|s ol ||e 0ospe| as || Was lor |arc|or. lr lac|, |r ||s le||er |o l|ora,
l|o|eraeus cors|ders ||e corp|e|e rejec||or ol ||e JeW|s| corpus as rore
dargerous ||ar ||s urcr|||ca| accep|arce. urder ||e |rl|uerce ol l|a|or|sr,
||e va|er||r|ars |r|egra|e ||e JeW|s| 8|o|e ard ||e C|r|s||ar ressage W|||
a re|a||ve|y |arror|ous co|erercy |r a ror|s||c sys|er W||c| Warrar|s
sa|va||or lror ||e very oeg|rr|rg. le| us see |oW.
lr ||e va|er||r|ars' v|eW, ||e ques||ors |o oe laced Were ||e lo||oW|rg. |s ||e l|rs|
Tes|arer| ||e |dea| represer|a||or ol 0od, accep|ao|e lor a
C|r|s||ar? car d|v|re ||oug|| ever oe aosurd or cor|rad|c|ory? lor |r ||e
JeW|s| 8|o|e ||e va|er||r|ars lourd rary cor|rad|c||ors as We|| as urWor||y
oe|av|or a||r|ou|ed |o 0od. lor readers |r Ar||qu||y, rary |rl|uerced
oy 0ree| p|||osop|y, ||e deep s|ruc|ure ol Wr|||er s|a|erer|s represer|ed
||e deep s|ruc|ure ol rea|||y ||se|l, Words rel|ec| ||oug||, W||c| |r ||s |urr
rel|ec|s rea|||y. w|ereas lor o||er C|r|s||ars suc| |rposs|o|||||es ard
|rperlec||ors ca|| lor a||egor|es, lor ||e va|er||r|ars ||ey are |rcorpa||o|e W|||
||e u|||ra|e C|r|s||ar reve|a||or. T| e JeW|s| 8|o|e |s seer as a prov|s|ora|
reve|a||or, |r reed ol oe|rg re|a||v|zed, ard |rperlec| |r sore ol ||s par|s
(oe || |r ||s sp|r|| or ||s |r|erpre|a||or).
T| e d|s|arce oe|Weer laW ard 0ospe| as || s|ruc|ured ||e|r v|s|or ol
||e Wor|d |s ro||ceao|e |r ||e corp|ex cosro|og|ca| sys|ers W||c| ||ey
e|aoora|ed. lor ||ey a|so as|ed. |oW cou|d ar |rperlec| laW W||c| reeded
|o oe corp|e|ed oy ||e 3av|or core lror a perlec| 0od (le||er |o l|ora , )? |
T| e|r arsWer ||er Wou|d oe. ||e 0od W|o proru|ga|ed ||, W||| ||s arge|s,
carro| oe ||e suprere 0od. l| rus| oe ar |r|erred|ary oe|rg, ||se|l a poWer
or arge|, ar arsWer W||c| saved roro||e|s||c la|||, ard ||ey |r|erpre|ed ||e
lau||re s|a|erer| ol 0a| . accord|rg|y, ||a| ||e laW Was proru|ga|ed oy 1
||e |r|erred|ary ol arge|s. lor ||e 0od ol ||e laW |s as We|| ||e der|urge
ol ||e Wor|d. T| e laW ard ||s 0od represer| ||e sp|r|| ol |||s Wor|d, ard
- 1o|o8. lor a sys|era||c preser|a||or ol ||e use ol ||e JeW|s| 8|o|e ard ol
C|r|s||ar Wr|||rgs oy 0ros||cs, see. C. A. Fvars, b. l. weoo, b. A. we|oe. le|der
- NeW
or| - Co|ogre (W|ere ore l|rds a corp|e|e o|o||ograp|y or ||e |ssue). 1
1|. 3ee l. largeroec|, Aulsa|ze zur 0ros|s. 0o|||rger , - ard ll ., 1o;88z 1o;
F. l.
lage|s, T| e 0ros||c lau|. 0ros||c Fxeges|s ol ||e lau||re le||ers. l|||ade|p||a
, 1;
w. 3c|r|||a|s, lau| ard ||e 0ros||cs. Nas|v|||e ard NeW or| . 1;z
|ool|ve T| e 3ecord Cer|ury
|||s Wor|d ||se|l |s ar |rage ol a super|or Wor|d. T| |s 0ros||c corcep||or ol
ore or severa| |rler|or poWers poss|o|y |rd|ca|es ar |r|erpre|a||or ol l|||o's
ro||or ol 0od's crea||ve ard |aW-g|v|rg poWers. 0rourded or W|a| ||ey
urders|ood |r ||e l|rs| Tes|arer|, ||e va|er||r|ars e|aoora|ed, W||| ||e |e|p
ol a ry|||ca| |arguage, a p|c|ure ol W|a| Was supposed |o oe ||e 0od ol ||e
laW ard ||e Wor|d, e|||er as |rag|red oy peop|e or as |e rea||y ex|s|ed. 3uc|
|s ||e ra|r purpose ol ||e ry|| ol w|sdor, W|ose e|erer|s Were co||ec|ed
oy lreraeus, or ol logos |r ||e Tr|par |||e Trea||seol Nag larrad|, ard |r
||e 0ospe| ol Tru||( , - ). 1;|z;
Accord|rg |o ||e ry|| descr|oed oy lreraeus (All , - ), w|sdor z1|
s|gr|l|es ||e |as| |ypos|as|s or a||r|ou|e ol ||e |ar ol ||e C|urc|, |r o||er
Words, ||e pre-ex|s|er| C|urc| |rs|de W||c| ||e la|| |appers. w|sdor |r|es
|o reac|, or corpre|erd ||e grea|ress ol ||e la||er oy |erse|l a|ore, a va|r
a||erp| as ||e la||er |s |rcorpre|ers|o|e ard |raccess|o|e, a ques| ra||rg
serse or|y |r agreerer| W||| ||e 3av|or ard ||roug| ||r, as |e a|ore revea|s ||e
la||er (Fx|rac| lror T|eodo|us , ). 8y ||a| or|g|ra| Wrorg-do|rg ;1
ary|||rg produced oy d|v|re w|sdor Wou|d oe ar |rage or a s|adoW ol
ce|es||a| s|r||||udes. ||e 0od ol ||e laW, |o W|or |s rever||e|ess g|ver a
par| ol ||e 3p|r||. T| e laW |s a r|x|ure ol 3p|r|| ard s|adoW. T| e agreerer|
ol w|sdor W||| ||e 3av|or a||oWs |o corp|e|e ||e laW, |r order |o arouse
ard ac|ua||ze |r || ||e ||dder 3p|r||. T| us, par||y ||roug| ry|||ca| repor|s,
||e va|er||r|ars lorru|a|ed ||e ||rd ol ||r| W||c| a||eged|y ex|s|ed oe|Weer
||e JeW|s| 8|o|e ard ||e 0ospe|, ||e arc|er| ard ||e reW re||g|or, lor ary
ry|| |r|erds |o rarra|e |oW ||e or|g|r |s d|rec||y re|evar| lor peop|e's ac|ua|
s||ua||or |r ||e Wor|d.
265
T| e laW |as a d|v|re or|g|r. Never||e|ess, || |s a s|adoW or a degrada|ed
|rage ol a perlec| rode|. l| s|oWs a resero|arce |o ||e d|v|re rode|, W||c|
rears ||a| || car |ead |o ||, ard ||a| || cor|a|rs pos|||ve e|erer|s, o||erW|se
|| Wou|d or|y oe a pure ar||||es|s, ou|, oe|rg |rage, || |s a s|gr ol Tru|| as
ruc| as || rar|s ||s |oss. T| ere |s ||er a d|llererce ol sp|r||ua| |eve|s. ||e l|rs|
Tes|arer| |s |rsp|red, ou| oy a sp|r||ua| pr|rc|p|e W||c| |s s|||| |rperlec|. T| e
||g|es| |roW|edge ol 0od |s or|y expressed |r C|r|s|'s Words. Accord|rg |o
l|o|eraeus, le||er |o l|ora , ll., ||e 3av|or's Words erao|e us |o de|err|re |
W|a| |s va|uao|e |r ||e laW ard W|a| |s ro|. T| e separa||or ol rode| ard
degrada|ed |rage e||r|ra|ed |r ||e va|er||r|ar's r|rd ||e cor|rad|c||or
oe|Weer ||e JeW|s| re||g|or ard ||e reW C|r|s||ar re||g|or as d|spers|rg
lror arc|er|, |||era| precep|s oe|rg requ|red lor sa|va||or. T| e l|a|or|c
represer|a||or ol a ur|verse W|ere eac| |eve| ol rea|||y |s ar |rage ol ||e
preced|rg ore, ard a rode| lor ||e lo||oW|rg |eve|, erao|ed ||e va|er||r|ars
|o g|ve ar accour| ol ||e d|llerer| degrees ol |rsp|ra||or |r scr|p|ure.
C|r|s||ar 0ros||c|sr |o1
z. va|er||r|ar Fxeges|s
|. T|e va|er||r|ar T| eory ol ||e 3cr|p|ura| lr|erpre|a||or. T| e lerrereu||ca|
lr|rc|p|e ol 0radua|ed lrsp|ra||or.
T| e va|er||r|ar v|eWs aoou| ||e or|g|r ard ra|ure ol prop|ec|es seered
|o c|arge lror ore source |o aro||er. l|ppo|y|us (belu|a||ovl, , - ) 1z
ollers a| l|rs| s|g|| a corp|e|e|y rega||ve v|eW. accord|rg |o va|er||rus, a||
prop|e|s |||e ||e au||or ol ||e laW ||rse|l spo|e urder ||e |rsp|ra||or ol
||e der|urge. 0|ver ||e |a||er's |grorarce, ro| ore ol ||er proc|a|red ||e
||g| rys|er|es revea|ed ||roug| ||e adver| ol ||e 3av|or. Fver |l sore
d|scordarce prooao|y ex|s|ed arorg ||e va|er||r|ars or ||a| |ssue, ||e pos|||or
descr|oed oy l|ppo|y|us d|verges lror ros| la|r|s||c |es||ror|es ard a|so
lror ||e Nag larrad| docurer|s. lr ||e Tr|par |||e Trea||se, prop|ec|es
or|g|ra|e lror ||e sp|r||ua| sp|ere super|or |o ||a| ol ||e der|urge, lror ||e
sp|ere ol ||e logos W||c| |r o||er Words correspords |o ||a| ol w|sdor.
`lor ||e logos used ||r (||e der|ruge) |||e a |ard, |r v|eW ol lorr|rg ard
laor|ca||rg |rler|or rea||||es ard |e used ||r |||e a rou|| |r say|rg |||rgs
W||c| |ad |o oe prop|es|ed' ( , - ). T| e der|urge |s ar |r|erred|ary, ard 1ooo
||erelore |e gerera|es ard proc|a|rs rea||||es grea|er ||ar ||s oWr
ra|ure, W|||ou| |roW|rg |r|||a||y W|ere ||ey care lror. 0re rus| a|so
po|r| ou| ||e pos|||ve a||||ude ol ||e Tr|par |||e Trea||se|r regard |o JeW|s|
prop|e|s, a |og|ca| a||||ude |r so lar as ||e|r prop|ec|es are a|so |rsp|red oy
||g|er sp|r||ua| poWers. T| e leoreW prop|e|s oe|orged |o ||ose W|o pay
a||er||or |o ||e sp|r||ua| seed |r ||erse|ves. T| ey a||es| |o W|a| |s super|or
|o ||er ard Wa|| lor || |r |ope. `lrop|e|s sa|d ro|||rg oy ||erse|ves, ou|
eac| spo|e accord|rg |o W|a| |e |ad seer or |eard aoou| ||e proc|ara||or
corcerr|rg ||e 3av|or . . . ou| sore||res prop|e|s spea| aoou| ||r as s|||| |o
core, |r o||er occurrerces as |l ||e 3av|or spo|e ||roug| ||e|r rou||, ard
||a| ||e 3av|or W||| core ard W||| oe oerevo|er| lor ||ose W|o d|d ro| |roW
||r.' 8u| |l ||e au||or ol ||e Trea||ses|resses ||e |arrory ol prop|ec|es,
||a| |arrory ||se|l |s ar |rage ol a super|or |arrory, ard ||s purpose |s |o
urder||re ||e d|vers||y ard aro|gu||y ol prop|ec|es ard ||e var|ous degrees
ro||ceao|e arorg ||er. Fac| prop|e| |as a par||a| ard a par||cu|ar v|s|or.
lr add|||or, ||e au||or d|s||rgu|s|es oe|Weer prop|ec|es as suc| ard ||e|r
|r|erpre|a||or oy prop|e|s ard JeWs W|o d|sagreed lror eac| o||er. lor
|rs|arce, ||e 3av|or arrourced oy ||er Was or|y ar aspec|, or ar |rler|or
par| ol ||e |rue 3av|or, ||e ore exposed |o o|r|| ard suller|rg, ||a| |s |o say,
||s preura||c oody, ||e C|urc|. 8u| ||e `|aW ol judgerer| W||c| rears
corderra||or ard Wra||' ( , - ) cores lror |rler|or poWers oe|oW ||e ;
|ozl|ve T| e 3ecord Cer|ury
der|urge. T| e Trea||seadr||s ||ereoy ||e corpos||e ra|ure ol ||e JeW|s|
8|o|e. 3ore prop|ec|es are u||ered oy ||e logos, spea||rg ||roug| ||e
der|urge, o||ers oy rer W|o possessed ||e sp|r||ua| seed, ||oug| or|y par||a||y
deve|oped. l|ra||y ||e laW |rc|udes |rler|or e|erer|s |o oe rejec|ed.
Aro||er exarp|e |s ||e le||er |o l|ora. l| |s a s|or| essay exp|a|r|rg |oW a
C|r|s||ar rus| judge |o laW |r order |o proper|y urders|ard ||. l|o|eraeus's
||eory ol ||e scr|p|ures ray oe surrar|zed as lo||oWs. ||e revea|ed laW
cor|a|rs |urar |r|erpo|a||ors, Words ol e|ders ard add|||ors oy |oses,
W|er ro| spea||rg urder d|v|re |rsp|ra||or ( , - ). Fver pur|l|ed lror |1z
|urar correr|s, ||e revea|ed laW |s urever. l| cour|s ||ree par|s. `0l
||ese ||ree par|s, says l|o|eraeus, Jesus' d|sc|p|es spo|e, as We|| as lau|. ol
||e syroo||c par|, a|ready rer||ored, W|er spea||rg aoou| ||e Fas|er |aro
|rro|a|ed lor us, ard aoou| ||e oread W|||ou| yeas|, ol ||e par| oourd |o
|rjus||ce, W|er s|a||rg ||a| ||e laW ol ||e corrardrer|s |as oecore
|rre|evar|, due |o a reW |eac||rg, ol ||e par| lree lror a|| |rjus||ce, |r ||e
Words. '||e laW |s |o|y ard ||e corrardrer| |s |o|y, jus| ard good'' ( , , oo
|rars|. 0. u|spe|, ). o
8y corpar|rg l|o|eraeus's pos|||or aoou| ||e laW W||| ||e ore descr|oed oy
lreraeus, |r All , - , aoou| ||e W|o|e l|rs| Tes|arer|, ard ;|
266
W||| ||e pos|||or ol ||e Tr|par |||e Trea||se, ||e lo||oW|rg surrary ol ||e
va|er||r|ar v|eWs or ||e ra||er ray seer accep|ao|e. |r add|||or |o |urar
|r|erpo|a||ors (cor|rg lror prop|e|s W|er ur|rsp|red. l|o|eraeus
ard All , ), ||a| l|rs| Tes|arer| |rc|udes (a) par|s ol |oWer |rsp|ra||or. a ;|
|y||ccorporer| (Tr|par |||e Trea||se) |o oe overcore, ou| W||c| l|o|eraeus
spec|l|ca||y a||r|ou|es |o a|We| a|ore, suc| as ||e |aW ol `|oo|| ard c|aW,'
so dec|s|ve|y cor|rad|c||rg ||e C|r|s||ar ressage, ou| W|ose |rars||ory
reed car oe adr|||ed, lor ||a| reasor l|o|eraeus opposes ||ose W|o a||r|ou|e
suc| corrardrer|s |o ||e 0ev||, (o) a psyc||cprop|e||c sp|r||,
cor|rg lror a|We| W|er spea||rg ard ac||rg urder ||e |rsp|ra||or ol
||e logos or w|sdor. prooao|y ||e |yp|ca| laW, |r |rage ard syroo|, |||e
||e cereror|a| prescr|p||ors lor 3aooa||, c|rcurc|s|or or las||rg W||c|
Were re|evar| lor a g|ver ||re, ou| oecare ooso|e|e |r ||e|r |e||er. lr ||e
va|er||r|ar ry||, d|v|re w|sdor |as d|sposed ||a| `a|| |||rgs lror oe|oW
(oe) ve||ed l|gures ol |||rgs aoove (lreraeus, All , ), as W||ressed oy ||e ;z
|e||er ol scr|p|ure, ||s ||s|or|ca| rarra||ve, (c) preura||cpassages corp|e|ed
oy ||e 3av|or's u||erarces g|v|rg ||er a lu|| rear|rg, lor |rs|arce, ||e Ter
Corrardrer|s, as preser|ed oy ||e 3av|or |r ||s d|scourse or ||e |our|,
as We|| as roro||e|s||c all| rra||ors, ard ||e ro||or ol |urars rade |r ||e
|rage ol 0od, e|c.
C|r|s||ar 0ros||c|sr |o
ll va|er||rus ard ||s d|sc|p|es e|aoora|ed ar exeges|s ol JeW|s| scr|p|ure
or ||e oas|s ol ||e 3av|or's s|aerer|s (le||er |o l|ora , ), ard |l ||ey Were 8
||e l|rs| |o use sys|era||ca||y ||e C|r|s||ar Wr|||rgs W||c| oecare ||e r|,
||e|r re|a||ors||p W||| ||ose Wr|||rgs ca||s lor sore c|ar|l|ca||or. Accord|rg
|o lreraeus (All , ), ||e very Words ol Jesus d|d ro| seer |orogereous ;
|o ||e va|er||r|ars, ou| |rc|uded e|erer|s cor|rg lror ||e 3av|or, lror
w|sdor, or aga|r lror a|We|. lr o||er Words, || rears ||a| sore||res
|| |s ||e sou| ol ||e 3av|or, or ||s psyc||c ra|ure, W||c| oecores voca| (|r
||ose cases, Jesus |der||l|es W||| ||e ress|a| expec|ed oy ||e JeWs), W|||e a|
o||er ||res ||s sp|r||ua| oody, ||e C|urc| (|der||l|ed W||| w|sdor) spea|s
ou|. Aga|r a| o||er ||res, |r ||s ros| d|v|re ard deepes| oe|rg, ||e 3av|or
spea|s as ||e |ead ol ||e C|urc|. lere aga|r ore re|s ||e |dea ol a gradua|ed
corpre|ers|or. T| us, lor a carra| or psyc||c cor|erp|a||or, ||e 3av|or Was
suor|||ed |o suller|rg, ou| lor a sp|r||ua| ore, |e |s d|llerer|. ||e v|s|or |as
|o reac| oeyord. T| e |rves||ga||or ol deeper serses |s a Way ol access |o ||e
|roW|edge ol sp|r||ua| rea||||es |r a sor| ol erd|ess read|rg. lr add|||or, ||e
va|er||r|ars cors|dered ||e reve|a||or as url|r|s|ed, ard ||a| o||er |||ur|ra||ors
oy ||e 3p|r|| car cor||rue |o err|c| ard deeper ||e |r|erpre|a||or
ol scr|p|ure, as as car oe |earred lror lreraeus's |es||rory, (Allll , ) z1
ard lror ||e|r exege||ca| re||od. lr s|or|, lreraeus's ro||or ol a 0ospe|,
seer as a c|osed up corpus or a del|r|||ve reve|a||or ||r||ed |o a co||ec||or
ol Wr|||rgs, Was lore|gr |o ||e r|rd ol ||e 0ros||cs, ror |rdeed |o a grea|
ruroer ol o||er C|r|s||ars. 0re ray ro||ce |ere ||e pror|se ol a ||eo|ogy ol
oper reve|a||or, ro| reduc|o|e |o a spec|l|c Wr|||rg. T| e va|er||r|ars
a|so |rs|s| or ||e rary aro|gu|||es ol o|o||ca| |arguage, W||c| or|y a s|ao|e
|rad|||or ray succeed |r |r|erpre||rg, ard W||c| car or|y oe urders|ood
oy ||e ores W|o possess ||e 3p|r||.
lror ||a| ||eory ol scr|p|ura| |rsp|ra||or, || |s poss|o|e |o |rler ros| ol
||e va|er||r|ar exege||ca| re||od. 8elore|ard |e| us ro|e ||a|, |||e sore
o||er C|r|s||ars, ||ey adr|| ||e |rl|uerce ol lorer (||eFxeges|s ol ||e 3ou|
cor|a|rs quo|a||ors lror lorer ca||ed `||e loe|' |r , - . 0dyssey 1oz;z8
1, - ard ), les|od, l|a|o ard o||er l|a|or|c sources. T| ey a|so used |8 |
Apocryp|a|s, ard ||ey |ad ||r|s W||| JeW|s| apoca|yp||c |||era|ure, JeW|s|
rys||c|sr ard rag|ca| |ex|s. As We||, ||ey |rarsr|| |aggad|c |rad|||ors or
r|dras||r, as car oe seer lor |rs|arce |r T|e True Tes||rory( , - , |o|oz
ard , - , ). oz;oz|
|o|l|ve T| e 3ecord Cer|ury
||. T| e Fxege||ca| |e||od
(a) Typo|ogy ard A||egory. T| e 0|llerer| 0egrees ol lrsp|ra||or
3|rce ||ey |der||ly d|llerer| degrees ol |rsp|ra||or |r ||e l|rs| Tes|arer|,
||e va|er||r|ars suor|| || |o a se|ec||ve exeges|s. T| ere |s |rdeed ||e pure
laW, lor exarp|e, ||e Ter Corrardrer|s W||c| rus| oe lo||oWed |||era||y,
ou| urders|ood sp|r||ua||y. T| ere |s ||e syroo||c par| ol ||e laW, `g|ver as
|rage ol |rarscerdar| rea||||es' (le||er |o l|ora , ), W||c| a|so ca||s |o oe o|
app||ed |r a sp|r||ua| serse. l||e o||er C|r|s||ars, ||e va|er||r|ars prac||ced
a |ypo|og|ca| read|rg ol ||e 8|o|e, as car oe seer |r ||e le||er |o l|ora, W|ere
carra| c|rcurc|s|or |s ||e |ype ol ||e c|rcurc|s|or ol ||e |ear|, ard ||e
Fas|er |aro ||e |ype ol ||e 3av|or's pass|or ( , ) e|c. T| e sare |s |rue lor ||e oo
|r|erpre|a||or ol ||e rar|yrdor ol lsa|a| |r T|e True Tes||rory. `As lsa|a|
Was saWr |r|o |Wo par|s W||| a saW, so does ||e 3or ol |ar par|a|e W|||
us ||roug| ||e logos ol ||e cross' ( , - ). A recurrer| ||ere rer||ors |oz1z
||e separa||or ard ur|or ol Adar ard Fve |ypo|og|ca||y app||ed |o C|r|s|
ard ||e C|urc|, or |o ||e sp|r||ua|s ard ||e|r arge||c par|rers (0ospe| ol
267
l||||p , - , ). Aga|r, a|Ways W||| lau||re over|ores, || |s app||ed |o 11811zz
||e ||ere ol Adar as l|gure ol C|r|s| (0ospe| ol l||||p , - ), or ||e 111oz1
||ere ol lsrae| represer||rg ||e sp|r||ua| rar (Fx|. T|eod. , ). o|
loWever || |s |rpor|ar| |o ro|e ||a| very ol|er |ypo|ogy |s coro|red
W||| a||egory, s|rce ||ere are ro| or|y ||r|s oe|Weer ||e ||s|or|ca| rea||||es,
ou| oe|Weer ||s|or|ca| rea||||es ard a ror-|erpora| Wor|d. l||e l|||o, ||e
va|er||r|ars oe|org |o A|exardr|a, rare|y |o ||s Judeo-C|r|s||ar |rad|||or.
T| e|r ra|r |dea cores lror l|a|or|c exerp|ar|sr, accord|rg |o W||c| ||e
v|s|o|e Wor|d, or ||e ||s|or|c |eve| ol rea|||y, |s ol secordary va|ue. T| e dua||sr
ro||ceao|e |r ary a||egory ac|ua||y re-dup||ca|es ||se|l, W|er || serves a
dua||s||c v|s|or ol ||e Wor|d. lr |||s regard, va|er||r|ar exeges|s resero|es
||a| ol ||e Fp|s||e |o ||e leoreWs, W|ere ||e laW ard ||s cu|| are ar |rage
ard a s|adoW ol |rarscerder| rea||||es (leo . - ). Accord|rg |o lreraeus 81o
(Alll , ) ||e va|er||r|ars se|ze upor every|||rg |r ||e laW l||||rg W||| z|
||e ruroers ol ||e|r sys|ers, ard ||ey |ry |o ou||d up prools ol ||e rea||||es
ol ||e l|erora. T| e|r |as|e lor ||e syroo||c va|ue ol rares ard ruroers |s
erp|as|zed, as car oe seer |r ||e case ol |ar|, e|yro|ogy p|ays ar |rpor|ar|
ro|e |r ||e|r exeges|s. Ac|ua||y ||e rajor par| ol ||e laW |s oper |o suc| a
syroo||sr. lor |rs|arce, C|erer| ol A|exardr|a ro|es (Fx|. T|. , ), ||a| z11
||e va|er||r|ars see |r ||e verse `lr ||e |rage ol 0od |e crea|ed ||er, ra|e
ard lera|e |e crea|ed ||er,' 0r . ) ||e s|gr|l|ca||or ol ||e syzyg|es|r ||e 1z;
l|erora. T|e Fxeges|s ol ||e 3ou|ar||cu|a|es |ex|s ol ||e JeW|s| 8|o|e ard
||e|r correr|ar|es |r ar e|aoora|e exege||ca| corpos|||or, sacred passages
C|r|s||ar 0ros||c|sr |o
|ead|rg |o syroo||ze d|ll erer| rorer|s |r ||e doc|r|re ol ||e sou|, ||s ex||e
ard ||s re|urr, |erce sore relererces |o ||e 0dyssey, W||c| Was read s|rce
Nurer|us as ar odyssey ol ||e sou|. 8u| lor ||e va|er||r|ars, as lor ||e W|o|e
C|r|s||ar |rad|||or, |||rgs ||erse|ves, ever|s ard ac|ors ol JeW|s| ||s|ory,
s|gr|ly o||er rea||||es, ard ro| or|y ||e |e||er ol ||e |ex|.
T| e l|a|or|c pos|u|a|e ol a sp|r||ua| read|rg |s a|so app||ed |r ||e|r exeges|s ol
C|r|s||ar |ex|s. As |r ||e case ol ||e l|rs| Tes|arer|, ||e |ead|rg
ro||or |s ||a| ol degrees ol rear|rg, W||| deeper or ||g|er |eve|s W|ere ore
goes lror W|a| |s |rperlec| ard |rcorp|e|e |o perlec||or ard lu||ress, || |s
ro| ||e ro||or ol |ru|| opposed |o error. T| e ao||||y |o d|s||rgu|s| |s W|a|
c|ara|er|zes ||e 0ros||cs. T| e |||era| serse g|ves a cer|a|r |roW|edge ol our
Wor|d, ard lor a sare |ex| ore passes or |o deeper rear|rgs. lr lerac|eor's
exeges|s ol Jr . (lr. ), `sa|va||or cores lror ||e JeWs,' |r ||e |||era| serse |zz zz
rears ||a| sa|va||or Was spread over ||e Wor|d lror ||e JeW|s| peop|e, as
||e 3av|or appeared |r Judea, ou| |r ||e sp|r||ua| serse, sa|va||or cores lror
||er oecause ||ey are |rages ol ||ose W|o ||ve |r ||e l|erora, |r o||er
Words |rages ol ||e C|urc| W|er ||e C|urc| |s cor|erp|a|ed |r ||e lu||ress
ol C|r|s|'s oody. lr a s|r||ar Way, ||e |erres|r|a| Jerusa|er |s ||e |rage ol ||e
ce|es||a| Jerusa|er, ||e |as| used aga|rs| ||e rerc|ar|s ol ||e Terp|e, |s ||e
|rage ol ||e poWer ol ||e 3p|r|| ard a |ype ol ||e cross, e|c. A||egor|sr ard
prec|se ooserva||ors are |ey rar|s ol lerac|eor's re||od ro|ed oy a|| ||e
cr|||cs. lr add|||or, ore s|ou|d ro|e ||e p|ay oe|Weer |e||er ard a||egory, ar
a||egory sore||res corceed|rg space |o ||e |e||er, sore||re ex|s||rg s|de oy
s|de W||| ||, ard a| o||er ||res exc|ud|rg ||. 8es|de ||e l|a|or|c oac|grourd
ol ||a| re||od ||e use ol prec|se ru|es ol grarra||ca| ara|ys|s prov|ded oy
||e 3|o|cs ard ||e a||egor|ca| |ec|r|ques ol l|||o |as oeer ro|ed. l||e o||er
va|er||r|ars, lerac|eor app||es a||egory |o ||e speec|es ol Jesus as We|| as |o
||e ever|s ol ||s ||le |r exp|a|r|rg a|ros| a|| ||e de|a||s ol ||e rarra||ve.
T| e |errs used oy ||r are. sd - >\o#vsd - voovov lor
||e |||era| ard ||e sp|r||ua| serse, ||e |a||er oe|rg a|so |rd|ca|ed oy ||e vero
idvo+9di. lr l|o|eraeus, ore l|rds ||e p|rases. - d'9pv ard - div-
vov opposed |o - dov, or - disv- vdisv. lor |ype ard
|rage, ||e Words used are ra|r|y. 's$v, o, po\ov. Aro||er
c|arac|er|s||c |s ||e pro||lera||or ol ru|||p|e lorrs ol a||egor|sr. e|||ca|,
ar||ropo|og|ca|, cosro|og|ca| ard aragog|ca|, W||| |oWever a preva|erce ol
so|er|o|ogy.
lr lac|, ore ard sare o|o||ca| |ex| occas|ors a var|e|y ol a||egor|es.
T| e |r|erpre|a||ors are ol| er d|sp|ayed |r a ||erarc||ca| order. T| e |eve|s
ol rear|rg car oe ||r|ed W||| ||e ||ree-lo|d ar||ropo|ogy ol Cor . - 1 zo
. (oody, psyc|e, |r|e||ec|), para||e|ed W||| ||ree |eve|s ol ||le, ||e |y||c, ||e
psyc||c ard ||e preura||c, ard poss|o|y oeyord || |r a process ol erd|ess
|ool|ve T| e 3ecord Cer|ury
read|rg, accord|rg |o lreraeus ol lyor's repor|. T| us ||e serses ol scr|p|ure
are corpared W||| ||e ar||ropo|og|ca| d|v|s|ors (oody, sou|, sp|r|| or |r|e||ec|). 0r,
as s|oWr oy l. 3agrard, W||| ||e ||ree d|v|s|ors ol ||e Wor|d as
p|erora(lu||ress), |erora(erp||ress), ard cosros. |r regard |o |||s ||reelo|d
lrare a sare passage car oe |r|erpre|ed |r relererce |o ore or ||e o||er
|eve|s, |||e |r lerac|eor's exeges|s ol Jr . - . Aro||er exarp|e ol suc| a 1|
gradua|ed exeges|s, ou| ol a d|llerer| ra|ure. |r ||e|r |r|erpre|a||or ol ||e
268
pro|ogue ol Jo|r's 0ospe|, l|o|eraeus ard lerac|eor e|aoora|ed ||e|r
c|r|s|o|ogy or ||e oas|s ol a Judeo-l|a|or|c ||erarc|y ol oe|rg. T| ey
d|s||rgu|s|ed
oe|Weer d|llerer| ep|ro|a|, or rares ol ||e 3or W||| regard |o ||e ||||es |r
||e pro|ogue, ||e 3or revea||rg ||rse|l as lr|rc|p|e, word, l|le, ard l|g||,
oecor|rg ru|||p|e |r order |o save (Fx|. T| . . - ard All , ). o1| 8
3ore add|||ora| rerar|s or va|er||r|ar a||egor|sr. l|rs|, sore |r|erpre||ve ru|es
seer |o oe ol a r|e|or|ca|ra|ure. Coro|red W||| ||e |errereu||ca| pr|rc|p|e ol
||e degrees ol |rsp|ra||or, ||ese ru|es app|y re|ap|or,
re|oryry, or syrecdoc|e. T| us ||e sare verse ray oe read or |Wo |eve|s ol
|r|erpre|a||or. lr ||e Words `|ere |s ||e |aro ol 0od W|o |a|es aWay ||e s|r
ol ||e Wor|d' (Jr . ), accord|rg |o lerac|eor, ||e |aro s|gr|l|es ||e oody 1z
ol C|r|s|, W|ereas ||e lo||oW|rg Words reler |o ||e d|v|re ra|ure. oy re|oryry ||e
sacred |ex| spea|s ol ||e 3av|or W|||ou| d|s||rgu|s||rg oe|Weer
||s oody ard ||s d|v|re ra|ure, ard |e crosses lror ore |o ||e o||er due |o
||e lac| ||a| ||ey are |r||ra|e|y ||r|ed, ||oug| ||ey s|ou|d oe d|s||rgu|s|ed
lror ore aro||er. T| e 0ospe| ol l||||p( , - ) a||r|ou|es ||e ques||or 11ozoz8
ol Jesus |r || . (`|y 0od, ry 0od, W|y |ave you aoardored re?'), 1|
ro| |o ||e W|o|e 3av|or, ou| |o ||e carra| Jesus al|er ||e depar|ure ol ||s
d|v|re par|. ||e syrecdoc|e cors|s|s |ere |r cors|der|rg ||e W|o|e as a par|.
Accord|rg |o lreraeus, ||e sare p|rase Was |r|erpre|ed oy ||e va|er||r|ars
as spea||rg ol d|v|re w|sdor W|er separa|ed lror |er spouse, ||e 3av|or
(All , ). A s|r||ar app||ca||or ol suc| r|e|or|ca| l|gures car oe lourd |r 8z
Fx|rac|s ol T|eodo|us , - . o1|
T| e searc| lor ||e deeper rear|rg ol scr|p|ure, urged or oy ||e reed |o
arsWer ex|s|er||a| ques||ors |||e |r ||e Fx|rac|s ol T|eodo|us( ), |s s||ru|a|ed ;8
oy ||e er|gra||c aspec|s ol scr|p|ure. T| e ooscur||y ol ||e o|o||ca| |ex|
|as a douo|e s|gr|l|carce |r 0ros||c urders|ard|rg. || |s a pr|va||or ol ||g||,
ou| a|so a s|gra| ol ||e urreac|ao|e ard ur|roWr 0od. T| e ooscure passages
s|oW ||a| ||e 3p|r|| or ||e ||g|es| w|sdor Was ||dder |r ||e per|od
preced|rg sa|va||or. lreraeus exp|a|rs ||a| ||e va|er||r|ars d|scovered a
la||er d|llerer| lror ||e ore usua||y proc|a|red as 0od, W|o Was |rd|ca|ed
or|y |r parao|es ard er|gra |r scr|p|ure, W|er ||ey a||erp|ed |o exp|a|r
aro|guous |ex|s (Alll , ll., ll , - ). T| ey |r|erpre|ed |r suc| a Way 1o1 z;z
C|r|s||ar 0ros||c|sr |o;
ls . , los . , Fx . , bor . - , e|c. (All , ). l| |s |r|eres||rg ro||rg 1 |1 zo 111z zoz
||e use ol ||e |ec|r|que ol ques||ors ard arsWers lor so|v|rg scr|p|ura|
d|ll| cu|||es.
A |as| d|s||rc||ve rar| ol ||e|r a||egor|ca| exeges|s. || |s very ol|er |arge|ed
ar||ropo|og|ca||y, ra||er ||ar oe|rg proper|y c|r|s|o|og|ca|, g|ver ||e|r
ro||or ol ||e 3av|or-saved. ||e 3or, oe|rg ur|que |r ru|||p||c||y, cores |o
co||ec| ||e sp|r||ua|s, ||s reroers.
(o) T| e lar|s ol ||e o| W||| lrler|or lrsp|ra||or. ar A||egor|sr ol
bejec ||or, or a belusa| |o A||egor|ze
lr add|||or |o ||e pure laW ard ||e syroo||c par|, ||e JeW|s| scr|p|ure
cor|a|rs par|s W||| ar |rler|or |rsp|ra||or. lr |||s case or|y ||e |||era| serse
|s poss|o|e, or o||erW|se a||egor|sr oecores po|er|ca|, ard ore der|ves lror
||e |e||er a rear|rg W||c| ac|ua||y cor|rad|c|s ||. lr o||er Words, ||e l|rs|
Tes|arer| |s |rue |r so lar as || de||vers a |rue |roW|edge aoou| ||e crea||or
ard ||e s|a|us ol ||e Wor|d. ll ore reads sore par|s ol || |||era||y, ||ey revea|
||e au||er||c cord|||ors ol ||e Wor|d's crea||or. lor ||e Wor|d ||se|l |s oorr
lror a la||, ard ||e laW rel|ec|s ||e sp|r|| ol |||s Wor|d. Ar||ropororp||srs,
crue| ac|s ol 0od, ||s Wra|| or jea|osy, ||s reper|arce, s|oW ||a| |||s 0od |s
ro|||rg ou| ar |rage, ||a| |e |s ro| 0od |r |ru||. A| ||e s|ar| ol 0r lr|rc|p|es,
8oo| lv, W||c| dea|s W||| exeges|s, 0r|ger exar|res a|| ||e proporer|s ol
|||era||sr |r order |o cr|||z|se ||er, arorg ||er ||e 0ros||cs ( , ). T| e z1
|||era| s|a|erer|s aoou| 0od, |e says, W|er |a|er W|||ou| a||egory, resu|| |r
ar urderva|ued |rage ol 0od. w||| ||e 0ros||cs, 0r|ger adr||s |rposs|o|e
rear|rgs, del|c|erc|es, cor|rad|c||ors. 8u| |e ro|es ||a| |||s |s recessary.
d|v|re w|sdor |r|erded |o p|ace s|uro||rg o|oc|s ard |r|errup||ors a|org
||e ||res ol ||e ||s|or|ca| rarra||ves (lv , ). T| us s|e (w|sdor) s|gra|s ||a| z
ore s|ou|d ro| cor|er| orese|l W||| ||e apparer| rear|rg, ou| cor||rue ||e
searc| lor a deeper s|gr|l|carce. l| |s ||e ||eory ol aosurd||y as exporer| ol
a||egory. A JeW|s| exege|e |||e l|||o |rl|uerced oy l|a|or|sr cou|d cors|der
cer|a|r s|a|erer|s aoou| 0od as |rcorver|er|. le reeded ou| |o a||egor|ze
||er |o overcore ||e d|ll| cu||y.
lor ||e 0ros||cs, || does ro| ra|e serse |o a||egor|ze ||e W|o|e ol ||e
l|rs| Tes|arer|. T| ereoy ore Wou|d |ose ||e d|llererce oe|Weer JeW|s| re||g|or
ard C|r|s||ar ressage. T| e |||era| serse car |r ro Way oe corce|ved
|r ||s er||re|yas ||e l|gure ol a proper serse s|||| |o core or |o oe urve||ed.
T| e |ac| ol rear|rg, or s|a|erer|s urWor||y ol 0od are ro| recessar||y a
s|gr ||a| a sp|r||ua| read|rg |s reeded. lerce ||ere |s ro g|ooa| a||egor|za||or
requ|red W||c| Wou|d e||r|ra|e ||e oppos|||or oe|Weer laW ard 0ospe|.
Fver ||e ry||s |r ||, |||e ||oses ol 0eres|s, rel|ec| ||e rea|||y ol ||e Wor|d,
269
|o8l|ve T| e 3ecord Cer|ury
as ore sees |r ||e 0ros||c |r|erpre|a||or ol ||e o|o||ca| s|ory aoou| larad|se
ard ||e |rarsgress|or ol |urar||rd. T| a| |r|erpre|a||or serves esser||a||y
|o c|arac|er|ze ||e psyc||c ra|ure ol ||e 0od ol ||e l|rs| Tes|arer| ard ol
||e laW |r gerera|. (T|e True Tes||rory , - , , Tr|par |||e Trea||se , |;1||8; 1oo
- z1o;, , 0ospe| ol l||||p , - , ll.). 18 ;;|1z
lr lac| oe|rg |||era||s||c, ||a| exeges|s lrequer||y oecores suovers|ve.
T| us ||e serper| |r ||e |ree ol larad|se |s ro |orger |der||l|ed as 3a|ar, as
|r o||er C|r|s||ar or JeW|s| |r|erpre|a||ors, ou| as ||e serper| |e|d up oy
|oses |r ||e deser| (Nr . ). l| syroo||zes C|r|s| or ||e cross W|o care z1
|o aoo||s| par| ol ||e laW (T|e True Tes||rory , - , ). 3ore aspec|s |81|1o
ol ||e JeW|s| 8|o|e oe|rg perce|ved as ar |rvers|or ol |rv|s|o|e rea||||es |r
||e sers|o|e Wor|d, ||e 0ros||cs adop| a| g|ver ||res W|a| cou|d oe ca||ed ar
|rver|ed ard po|er|ca| |ypo|ogy. 8y d|ver||rg ||s or|g|ra| rear|rg, JeW|s|
scr|p|ure oecores reduced |o a relererce or ||e oas|s ol W||c| ore ou||ds
up a reW scr|p|ura| ur|verse. lr ||e 0ospe| ol Tru||, lor |rs|arce, ||e |ree ol
larad|se |s ||e l|gure ol ||e |ree or W||c| Jesus Was ra||ed. lar lror g|v|rg
dea|| as d|d ||e |ree ol larad|se, Jesus oecores ||e lru|| ol ||e |roW|edge ol
||e la||er lor ||ose ea| lror || ( , - ). T| erelore, |r add|||or |o ||e lorr 18z11
ol a correr|ary or a |or||y, 0ros||c exeges|s ray sore||res resu|| |r a
reWr|||rg ol ||e sacred |ex|. 3uc| reWr|||rg sore||res ac|ua||zes ||e |ex|.
(c) Narra||ve Fxeges|s ard Ac|ua||za||or
ll ore re|r|eves ||e |dea ol a ||s|or|ca| reve|a||or |r 0ros||c Wr|||rgs (JeW|s|
prop|e|s |av|rg oerel|||ed lror a par||a| reve|a||or ol |ru||), ||e |rpor|ar|
lac|or ol |||s re|r|eva| |s ||e c|oseress || crea|es oe|Weer ||e ever|s rarra|ed
|r ||e 8|o|e W||| cor|erporary ever|s. w|a| |s ||er produced |s a sor| ol
ac|ua||z|rg ol o|o||ca| Wr|||rgs|r regard |o ||e preser| s||ua||or. ore s|ar|s
lror ||e preser| |r order |o ||g|||g|| ||e |ex|s. T| us ||e s|ory ol 0eres|s
or Ca|r, Aoe| ard 3e|| Wou|d serve as a lourda||or lor exp|a|r|rg |oW |r
||e preser| ore l|rds d|llerer| |eve|s ol corsc|ousress, W||c| ray oe psyc||c or
preura||c (Fx|. T| . , - ). lr lac|, || |s ar asce||ca| read|rg ol |1;
lau| W||c| lourds ||e prac||ca| |rp||ca||ors ol ||e s|ory. T| e locus |s rore
ar||ropororp||c ra||er ||ar ||s|or|ca| or arrourc|rg lu|ure ever|s, as |r
||e |ypo|og|ca| exeges|s ol o||er C|r|s||ars.
3uc| ar exeges|s |s c|ose |o ||e ore adop|ed |r severa| |r|er|es|arer|a| Wr|||rgs,
apocryp|a| or pseudo-ep|grap||c, || |s a|so c|ose |o Judeole||er|s||c |||era|ure, |r
par||cu|ar |o l|||o ol A|exardr|a, |r s|or|, due |o
||e|r parap|rases ol o|o||ca| rarra||ves, |o a |ype ol Wr|||rgs W|ose Way ol
|r|erpre||rg |ed al| er sore ||re |o ||e |aggad|c r|dras|. T| a| exeges|s a|r|rg
a| a rore exp||c|| cor|er| ol o|o||ca| rarra||ors |s crea||ve ard || ol| er
C|r|s||ar 0ros||c|sr |o
oears a po|er|ca| or apo|oge||ca| d|rers|or. T| e 0ros||cs re|e|| ||e s|or|es
ol ||e 8|o|e, ||ey arp||ly ||er W||| JeW|s|, 0ree|, or C|r|s||ar ro||ls, ||ey
|rser| |r|o ||er re||g|ous, or p|||osop||ca| ard specu|a||ve cors|dera||ors
oy supp|y|rg r|ss|rg ||r|s ard locus|rg or passages rore d|ll| cu|| |o exp|a|r, or
aga|r ||ey supp|y da|a W||c| reredy ||e s||erces ol scr|p|ure. lor
exarp|e, |r ||e Wa|e ol ||e 0ospe| rarra||ves ||ey s|age d|a|ogues W||| ||e
b|ser 0re. T| ereoy ro quo|a||or ol ||e sacred |ex| |s recessar||y requ|red,
ou| ||e |ex| |s `recap|ured,' ard o|o||ca| p|rases are reWor|ed |||e oas|c da|a
|r ||e rarra||ve process. 3uc| reWr|||rg, |rl| uerced oy l|a|or|sr l|rds ||s
ros| e|aoora|e express|or |r oroad |r|erpre|a||ors ol ||e Wor|d, |||e ||e
Tr|par |||e Trea||se, or |r l|o|eraeus (All - , ). T| e |a||er coro|res as 1;
rode| ard |rage, ||e Jo|arr|re lro|ogue lor descr|o|rg ||e sp|r||ua| Wor|d,
ard ||e s|ory ol 0eres|s lor ||e ra|er|a| Wor|d, ||e coup|es ol ||e l|erora
represer||rg ||e sp|r||ua| gerera||ors ol W||c| ||e carra| ores are s|adoWs
ard l|gures. 8|o||ca| ||||es ard ro||ors, |||e la|||, W|sdor, or|y-oego||er,
oeg|rr|rg, |ogos ard ||le, ergage ||er, |r ex|rere|y d|llerer| Ways lror
ore |ex| |o aro||er, |r|o a rarra||ve ard ry|||ca| process ra||er ||ar |r|o
a d|scurs|ve preser|a||or.
Corc|us|or
T| e |errereu||ca| presuppos|||ors ard ||e exege||ca| re||od ol ||e
va|er||r|ars der|ve lror ||e|r ||eo|og|ca| urders|ard|rg ol scr|p|ure. T| e l|rs|
Tes|arer| |s reeded lor ||e ||s|ory ol sa|va||or oecause || prepares lor
ard exp|a|rs ||e cor|rg ol ||e 3av|or. T| e resero|arce oe|Weer |ype ard
ar|||ype |s due |o ||e lac| ||a| laW ard 0ospe| are par|s ol ||e sare d|v|re
projec|s, ou| ||e |dea ||a| ||e suprere 0od |s ro| ||e d|rec| or|g|r ol ||e
laW exp|a|rs ||e |a||er's s|a|us as ar |rperlec| |rage. T| a| presupposes ||a|
||ere Was a per|od ol rup|ure ard par||a| |grorarce dur|rg W||c| ||e laW
Was ||d|rg ||e |rue 0od, |r ve|||rg ||e 3p|r|| r|xed W||| ||, ard sore|oW
|rpr|sored |r ||. C|r|s| cores |o save ||e ||dder 3p|r|| |r revea||rg ||e s|a|us
ol ||e l|rs| Tes|arer| as ar |rage, |r or|rg|rg |o lu||ress W|a| Was |rcorp|e|e,
ou| a|so |r rejec||rg W|a| Was cor|rary |o ||e C|r|s||ar ressage. lerce
||ere are d|llerer| degrees ol |rsp|ra||or |r ||e laW, ard exeges|s oecores
se|ec||ve. Co|erer| doc|r|re resu||s lror se|ec||or. T| e l|rs| Tes|arer| |s
270
ro| a s|rg|e p|ece, a|| par|s ol || do ro| |ave equa| rear|rg lor sa|va||or ard
s|ou|d ro| oe urders|ood as spea||rg aoou| C|r|s| ard ||e C|urc|. lerce
or ore s|de ||e relusa| |o a||egor|ze cer|a|r par|s, ard or ||e o||er ||e use
ol ar |rver|ed ard po|er|ca| |ypo|ogy. urder ||e |rl|uerce ol l|a|or|c
exerp|ar|sr, ||e o| or C|r|s||ar Wr|||rgs are |r|erpre|ed or gradua|ed |eve|s
|;ol|ve T| e 3ecord Cer|ury
ol rear|rg W|ere ore s||l|s lror s|adoW |o rea|||y, lror ||e |erpora| |o
||e e|erra|, lror |rcorp|e|e s|gr|l|carce |o ||s lu||ress. T| ese serar||c
d|llererces are sore||res ||r|ed W||| ||e ||ree-lo|d ar||ropo|og|ca| d|v|s|ors
ol Cor . - . . T| ey ray a|so oe exp|a|red |r ||e ||g|| ol a l|a|or|c Wor|d 1 zo
v|s|or. ra|er|a| Wor|dsp|r||ua| Wor|d, or l|erora, Kerora, Cosros. l|ra||y,
|r add|||or |o ||e usua| lorrs ol exeges|s corror |o o||er C|r|s||ars, ||e
va|er||r|ars adop| a lorr ol rarra||ve exeges|s c|ose |o r|dras|.
8|o||ograp|y
lor Nag larrad| |ex|s, see ||e lo||oW|rg cr|||ca| ed|||ors. |r Frg||s|, see
||e corp|e|e |rars|a||or ol T| e Nag larrad| l|orary |r Frg||s|, ed. J. |.
boo|rsor, NeW or| , lor cr|||ca| ed|||ors, ||e Cop||c 0ros||c l|orary, 1;;
d|rec|ed oy J. |. boo|rsor, |r lrerc|, ||e 8|o||o||que cop|e de Nag larrad|,
ol ||e ur|vers||y lava|, ueoec, a co||ec||or d|rec|ed oy l.-l. lo|r|er ard
|. booerge, 3ources gros||ques e| rar|c|eerres, lar|s, d|rec|ed oy |. Tard|eu,
|r 0errar, 0ros||sc|e 3c|r|l|erol ||e 8er||rer Aroe||s|re|s lur
|op||sc|gros||sc|e 3c|r|l|er, d|rec|ed oy l.-|. 3c|er|e.
lor o|o||ograp|y or 0ros||c|sr, see 0. |. 3c|o|er, Nag larrad|
8|o||ograp|y - , Nl3 , le|der , ard ||e arrua| supp|erer| 1|81o 1 1;1
ol Novur Tes|arer|ur.

lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| lX |;1
TlF bF3l0N3F T0 0N03TlCl3| lN TlF
0bFFK3lFAKlN0 ClubClF3
|. lr|roduc||or
0ur|rg ||e |||rd cer|ury c.e. ||e resporse |o 0ros||c|sr W||| reac| ||s c||rax W|||
||e |Wo rajor cor|r|ou||ors ol 0r|ger, 0r l|rs| lr|rc|p|es, ard
||e Correr|ary or Jo|rexar|red |r ||e rex| c|ap|er. lor roW, ||e s|ory
ol secord cer|ury c|urc|es reeds |o oe corp|e|ed oy ro||rg ||e ros| |rpor|ar|
c|ap|ers ol ar||-0ros||c po|er|cs.
Ar||-0ros||c parp||e|s, |a||rg or ||e propor||ors ol vo|ur|rous
represer|a||ors as |r Ter|u|||ar's Aga|rs| |arc|or, or de||vered |r ||e poe||c
lorr ol |or|||es surg lror ||e pu|p|| as oy |e|||o ol 3ard|s, occupy ||e l|rs|
Wor| arorg ||e produc||or ol C|r|s||ar au||ors dur|rg ||e secord cer|ury
ol ||e c|urc|. T| e s|udy ol ||a| proluse |||era|ure ||r||s ||se|l |r ||e preser|
Wor| |o a s|or| rer||or ol re|evar| exege||ca| aspec|s.
T| ey are. leges|ppus (c. - ), T| eop|||us ol Ar||oc| (ca. ), 1;o18o 18o
|e|||o ol 3ard|s (ca. - ), ||e au||or ol ||e le||er |o 0|ogre|us(c. - 18o1o 1|
zoo), ard |as| ou| ro| |eas|, lreraeus ol lyor (c. - ). 1ozoo
||. leges|ppus (ca. - ) 1;o18o
leges|ppus, a le||er|s||c JeW, oorr |r 3yr|a, |rave||ed |o bore W|ere |e ||ved
lror |o . l|s purpose Was |o c|ec| `|r a|| p|aces ||e cor||ru||y ol ear|y 1 18o
apos|o||c |rad|||ors.' l|ve ooo|s ol |ero|rs(:ovdd), Wr|||er |r ||e
0r|er| al|er ||s re|urr, are |os|. Aga|rs| pro||lera||rg 0ros||c |rad|||ors ||ese
ooo|s exposed `||e l|aW|ess |rad|||or ol ||e apos|o||c |erygra' as Fuseo|us
quo|es |r l.F. , , - , . T| us ||e |rs|||u||ora| lrare lor ||e lorra||or ol |;18z
||e caror ard ||e pa|r|s||c |r|erpre|a||or ol caror|ca| Wr|||rgs Was secured,
as reed|rg |o oe `apos|o||c,' ar ar||-0ros||c corcep| ||r|ed W||| ||e c|a|r
ol a ver|l|ao|e cor||ru||y |r ra||ers ol la|||.
Fd|||ors
laW|or, l. J,. Fuseo|ara. Ars|erdar = 0xlord , - . 1; 11z81o;
lreusc|er, F., Ar|||egorera. 0|esser, rd ed. , - . z 1o1o;1
Za|r, T., lorsc|urger zur 0esc||c||e des reu|es|arer|||c|er Karors . le|pz|g o
, 1oo
- zz8|.
|;zl|ve T| e 3ecord Cer|ury
Trars|a||or
0errar. lreusc|er. aoove, - . z1o1o
3|ud|es
AoraroWs||, l., `0|adoc| urd 89- \o oe| leges|ppus' ZK0 ( ). 8;1;o
- z1z;.
0urs|, |., . lACl, rd ed., . z z;8
. `leges|ppus 'lyporrera|a'T||e| oder 0a||urgsoeze|c|rurg'. b 8|
( ). 18
- zo.
ly|da||, N., `leges|ppus's lyporrera|a'. 3|T| e ( ). - . 1|1oo;o11
Tur rer, F. w., T| e la||err ol C|r|s||ar Tru||. lordor , - . 1|;8o
|||. T|eop|||us ol Ar||oc| (secord |a|l ol rd c.) z
271
T| eop|||us ol Ar||oc|, s|x|| o|s|op ol Ar||oc| |r 3yr|a, accord|rg |o Fuseo|us
(lF , ), Was oorr ol pagar parer|s ard rece|ved ar exce||er| educa||or. l|s |zo
corvers|or resu||ed lror a persora| s|udy ol `||e sacred ooo|s ol
||e |o|y prop|e|s.' lr Ad Au|o|ycur|e ollered ||e l|rs| ||eore||ca| s|a|erer|
|r ar ar||-0ros||c cor|ex| or ||e crea||or ol ||e Wor|d `ou| ol ro|||rg,'
crea||o ex r||||o(0. |ay).
T|eop|||us Wro|e Correr|ar|es or ||e 0ospe|sard 0r ||e lroveros ol
3o|ororaccord|rg |o Jerore, 0e v|r. |r|. . lr 0r l|s|or|es, corposed oelore z
Ad Au|o|ycur, |e |ad d|scussed o|o||ca| gerea|og|es, s|oW|rg ||ereoy |oW
||e 0ros||cs ergaged c|urc| |eaders |o s|udy rore carelu||y ||e o|.
Fd|||ors
8ardy, 0. ard J. 3erder. 3C ( ). zo1|8
0rar|, b. |., 0xlord . 1;o
|arcov|c|, |., lT3 . 8er||r . || 1
Trars|a||ors
Frg||s|. ANl , = . 0rar|. aoove. z188 1
lrerc|. 8ardy. aoove.
0errar. le|||ard, J. ard A. d| lau||, 8Kv rd ed. . Kerp|er . z 1| 11
T| e besporse |o 0ros||c|sr |r ||e 0ree|-3pea||rg C|urc|es |;
3|ud|es
8o|g|ar|, l. `3u||o scr|||o perdu|o d| Teol||o d'Ar||oc||a 'Cor|ro Frrogere' [. . .
|es||ror| o|o||c|, spec. de||'Apoc.|.' lr ls. 0. lazza|| = 3|l| , - , . 1o;;1181;
0rar|, b. |. `T| e 8|o|e ol T| eop|||us ol Ar||oc|.' J8l ( ). - . oo1|;1;o
. Jesus Al| er ||e 0ospe|s. T| e C|r|s| ol ||e 3ecord Cer|ury. lou|sv|||e,
Ker|uc|y
1o. c|. , `T| e JeW|s| C|r|s||ar C|r|s|o|ogy ol T| eop|||us' ( - ). o88z
larrac|, A. vor, `T| eop|||us vor Ar||oc||er urd das Neue Tes|arer|'. ZK0 11
( ). - . 18o1z1
loesc||e, 0. 0|e va|erurser-Fr||arurg des T| eop|||us vor Ar||oc||er. e|re
ue||erur|ersuc|urg zu der va|erurser-Fr||arurger des Ter|u|||ar, Cypr|ar,
C|rora||us urd l|eroryrus. Aa|er. 3c|er||a-ver|ag, . 1;
|ar||r, J. l. `la preserc|a de l||or er e| lexareror de Teol||o de Ar||oqu|a.'
3a|r
| ( ). - . z18o1|;;;
. `la ar|ropo|og|a de l||r y |a de Tel||o de Ar||oqu|a. 3us |ec|uras de
0eres|s
- z.' 3a|r ( ). - . o18z;1
. `l|||or |eoreo y Teol||o cr|s||aro. la cor||ru|dad de ura |eo|og|a ra|ura|.'
3a|r
;| ( ). - . 1oo11;
|cvey, K. F. `T| e use ol 3|o|c Cosrogory |r T| eop|||us ol Ar||oc|'s
lexaereror.'
lages - |r 8|o||ca| lerrereu||cs |r l|s|or|ca| lerspec||ve. 3|ud|es |r loror z8
ol Kar|lr|ed lroe|||c| or ||s 3|x||e|| 8|r||day. Fd||ed oy |. 3. 8urroWs ard
l. borer. 0rard bap|ds. Ferdrars, . 11
Nau||r, l. `C|e|, preura e| |ur|re c|ez T| eop|||e d'Ar||oc|e (No|es cr|||ques
sur
Ad Au|o|yc. , ) (0er . ).' v|gC|r ( ). - . z1 1z z;1;1o;1
3|rore|||, |. `la 3acra 3cr|||ura |r Teol||o d'Ar||oc||a.' lages - |r 1;zo;
Fpe||as|s. |e|arges pa|r|s||ques oller|s au Card|ra| Jear 0ar|e|ou. Fd||ed oy
J. lor|a|re ard C. Karrerg|esser. lar|s, . 1;z
Zeegers-varder vors|, N., `les c||a||ors du Nouveau Tes|arer| dars |es ||vres
Au|o|ycos de T|eop|||e d'Ar||oc|e'. 3|la|r ( ). - . 1z1;;18z
. `la Crea||or de l'|orre (0r . ) c|ez T|eop|||e.' vC ( ). - . 1zo o1;oz8o;
. `3a|ar, Fve e| |e serper| c|ez T|eop|||e'. vC ( ). - . 1811zoo
|v. |e|||o ol 3ard|s (|a|e rd c.) z
|e|||o ol 3ard|s, |r a re|r|ca| serror, 0r ||e lass|or(' - 9o) opposes
0ros||c sa|va||or ||eor|es oy g|or|ly|rg ||e sa|v|l|c d|rers|or ol 0od's
|rcarra||or. lr ||re W||| ||e le||ersol lgra||us ol Ar||oc|, |e s|resses ||e
exper|erced rea|||y ol 0od-rade-rar ard ||e ac|ua||z|rg ol ||a| rea|||y |r
||e preser| la||| exper|erce ol C|r|s||ars.
0r |e|||o's ar||-Juda|c s|arce, see c|ap|er , Xl, ||.
|;|l|ve T| e 3ecord Cer|ury
Fd|||ors
8|ar|, J., lre|ourg . 1o
Fsoroec|, |. var, `Nouveaux lragrer|s de |e|||or dars ure |ore||e
georg|erre'.
Ar8o||. ( ). - . o1;z;
pass. lr.. la|| 3. 0.. 0FCT. 0xlord . J. 8|ar|, lre|ourg . J. loarez 1; 1o
loarez,
l. |erdoza bu|z. 8Teo , larp|ora . 11 1;
ler|er, 0., F|r lyrrus zur 0s|erv|g|| vor |e|||o?lapyrus 8odrer Xlll. lr|oourg
1oo.
. 3C ( ). 1z1oo
272
b|c|ard, |., `Tero|rs grecs des lragrer|s Xlll e| Xv de |e|||or'. |useor 8
( ). 1;z
- oo.
buc|er, l., l|or||eg|ur Fdesserur Aroryrur. |ur|c| . 1
Trars|a||ors
Frg||s|. la||. aoove.
0errar. 8|ar|. aoove.
3par|s|. loarez loarez. aoove.
3|ud|es
Argers|orler, l. `|e|||o urd das Juder|ur.' 0|ss., bg, . 18o
8orrer, C. `T| e lor||y or ||e lass|or oy |e|||o, 8|s|op ol 3ard|s, ard sore
lragrer|s ol ||e Apocryp|a| Fzec||e|.' v0 ( ). r. . z;1oz| |z;
C|adW|c|, l. `A la||r Fp||ore ol |e|||o's lor||y or ||e lasc|a'. JT| 3r.s. 11
( ). - . 1oo;o8z
C|r|s|ou, l. K. `T- )ov o# \vo l ld sd 1so\od o#
lo.' K|eroror|a ( ). - . 11oo;;
0ar|e|ou, J. `l|gure e| evererer| c|ez |e|||or de 3ardes.' lr Neo|es|. e| la|r.
ls.
0. Cu||rarr, - . le|der, . z8zz 1oz
0roorer, l. `0er Aulo au der lasc|apred|g| |e|||os'. T| ( ). - . 8o1ozozo;
. ` Ja|re lorsc|urg zu |e|||o vor 3ard|s ( - ). F|re |r|||sc|e 1 1o18o
8|o||ograp||e'. vC ( ). - . o18z1
0r|||re|er, A. `'0as Froe der 3o|re Adars' |r der lor|||a de lass|ore |e|||os.
F|r
reues 8e|sp|e| gr|ec||sc|er Frosurde|e|re aus lru|c|r|s|||c|er Ze||.' 3c|o| | zo
z|( ). - . 1||81oz
la||, 3. 0. |e|||o ol 3ard|s, or lasc|a ard lragrer|s. Tex|s ard |rars|a||ors.
Far|y
C|r|s||ar Tex|s. 0xlord. C|arerdor, . 1;
luorer, b. |. `|e|||o urd Noe| vor 3ryrra'. ls. w. 3c|reere|c|er. 3|u||gar|
, 18
- z1|o.
T| e besporse |o 0ros||c|sr |r ||e 0ree|-3pea||rg C|urc|es |;
Kral|, b. A. `8arraoas' lsa|a| Tex| ard |e|||o's lasc|a| lor||y.' J8l ( ). 8o1o1
- ;1;.
learza, 3. `l'eseges| pa|r|s||ca d| o|e|e|, da |e|||ore d| 3ard| a||e corp||az|or|
ca|erar|e.' lr le||ure cr|s||are de| l|or| 3ap, vo|. , ed||ed oy l. 8o|g|ar|, - ; z;
. o
3|. Fp|. Aug. bore. Augus||r|arur, . 1z
|ar|s, A. |. `lerrereu||c ard Cor|ex|). 00Tb ( ). - . z18;8;|oz
|c0ora|d, J. l. l. `3ore Correr|s or ||e lorr ol |e|||o's lasc|a| lor||y.'
3|la|r ( ). - . 1z1;1o|1z
`|e|||o 3ard., lor|||a soore |a pascua.' lr FuN3A, ed||ed oy J. loez loez.
larp|ora, . 1;
Nau||r, l. `l'|ore||e de '|e|||or' sur |a lass|or.' blF ( ). - . ||1||z8
Norr|s, l. w. `|e|||o's |o||va||or'. AT|b ( ). - . o818o1ozo
ler|er, 0. F|r lyrrus zur 0s|erv|g|| vor |e|||or?l. 8odrer Xlll. lr|oourg.
ur|vers||a|sver|ag, . 1oo
. `bec|erc|es sur |e 'ler| lasc|a' de |e|||or'. b3b ( ). - . 11o|o;z1
bac|e, 0. `lerspec||ves c|r|s|o|og|ques de |'lore||e pasca|e de |e|||or de
3ardes.'
3|la|r | ( ). - . 1oozoo
boWe|arp, 0. lACl rd ed., , - . z 1|o;
3c|reere|c|er, w. `0er 3erro 0e ar|ra e| corpore'. ls. 0. 0e|r. Neu||rc|er
1;, - . 11|
3larer|-0asparro, 0. `lo gros||c|sro.' lr 3|or|a de||e be||g|or|, vo|. , - . |;11|8
uTFT, . 1;1
`3|ud| d| s|or|a re||g|osa de||a |arda ar||c|||puoo||ca|| da||a ca||edra d| s|or|a de||e
re||g|or| de||'ur|vers|| d| |ess|ra (ed||ed oy u. 8|arc||).' |ess|ra. Fader
ca||edra, . 1o8
Torrarce, T. l. `0rara||c lroc|ara||or ol ||e 0ospe|. lor||y or ||e lass|or oy
|e|||o ol 3ard|s.' 00Tb ( ). - . ;1z1|;o
Tr|sog||o, l. `0a||a lasqua eora|ca a que||a cr|s||ara |r |e|||o'. Aug ( ). z8188
- 118.
Tsa|oras, 8. 0. `T| e usage ol ||e 3cr|p|ures |r ||e lor||y ol |e|||o ol 3ard|s
or
||e lass|or'. T|eo|(A) ( ). - . 81o;oozo
waa|, C. var der. le| lasc|a var orze ver|oss|rg. 0e sc|r|l|ver||ar|rg |r de
paaspree| var |e|||o var 3ardes a|s Weersp|ege||rg var de corlror|a||e |usser
Ker|
er 3yragoge |r de ll de eeuW. baad v|r 0ees|esWe|ers|ap|||e Navors|rg . o|
Jo|arresourg|lrare|er. 0e Jorg|wever., . 1;
273
w|||er, b. l. `T| e Au||er||c||y ol ||e lragrer|s ol |e|||o ol 3ard|s or ||e
3acr|l|ce
ol lsaac (0eres|s ). Correr|s or ler|er's Fd|||or,' - . zz ooo8
uoer||elerurgsgesc||c||||c|e ur|ersuc|urger. 8er||r, . 181
w|||er, b. l. `|e|||o, ||e JeW|s| Corrur||y a| 3ard|s, ard ||e 3acr|l|ce ol lsaac'.
T|3 ( ). - . ;1;oo
w|rs|oW, 0. l. `T| e lo|er|ca| C|r|s|o|ogy ol |e|||o'. 3|la|r ( ). - . 1;18z;o;o
|;ol|ve T| e 3ecord Cer|ury
Zur|z, 0. `0r ||e 0per|rg 3er|erce ol |e|||o's lasc|a| lor||y.' lr Zur|z,
0puscu|a
se|ec|a, - . |arc|es|er, . zo 1;z
v. le||er |o 0|ogre|us (|a|e rd c.) z
Ar aroryrous |e||er, da||rg lror ||e erd ol ||e secord cer|ury, presurao|y |r
A|exardr|a, ard addressed |o a ||g|-rar||rg pagar |r ||e |rper|a|
adr|r|s|ra||or. `T| e Wr||er |s a ras|er ol r|e|or|c, ||s ser|erce s|ruc|ure
|s lu|| ol c|arr ard suo||y oa|arced, ||s s|y|e |s ||rp|d' (uas|er l, ). z1
T| e or|y surv|v|rg raruscr|p| Was des|royed |r 3|rasoourg |r dur|rg 18;o
||e lrarco-lruss|ar war. As car oe expec|ed, ro c||a||or lror scr|p|ure
occurs |r ar apo|ogy des||red lor a ror-C|r|s||ar readers||p, ou| ||s c|oseress |o
lau||re ||oug|| |s s|r|||rg (l. l. boaserda, `l| pers|ero pao||ro re||'
Fp|s|u|a a 0|ogre|o.' Aevur( ). - . l. l. |arrou, A 0|ogr|e, 3C 1|o8|;
o|s ( , rd ed., ), - (o||er para||e|s |o |a|||eW, - ). 1oz 1o1z;1z8 1|o1|8
K. 8rard|e ( ), A. l. ToWrs|ey, . T|e l|ra| c|ap|ers oller ar a||egor|ca| 1; 1;o
|r|erpre|a||or ol 0r . |r lorr ol a rerar|ao|e doc|r|re or ||e d|v|re z
logos, source ol a|| |roW|edge ard ||le.
Fd|||ors
l. X. lur|, K. 8|||reyer, 0|e Apos|o||sc|er va|er. Tuo|rger rd ed. . z 1o
A. l|rderarr, l. lau|ser, 0|e Apos|o||sc|er va|er. Tuo|rger . 1z
l. l. |arrou. 3C , . 1o
l. 0. |eec|ar, T| e Fp|s||e |o 0|ogre|us. |arc|es|er . 1|
K. wergs|, 3c|r|l|er des urc|r|s|er|urs . 0arrs|ad| . z 18|
Trars|a||ors
Frg||s|. J. A. K|e|s|. ACw ( ). - . K. la|e. lCl, T|e Apos|o||c o1|81z|;
la||ers ( ). - . l. 0. |eec|ar, l. 0., T| e Fp|s||e |o 0|ogre|os. 111o;
|arc|es|er . 1o
lrerc|. |arrou . A. 0e 8rouWer, Fspr|| e| v|e ( ). - . 1o 11|8|1|zo
0errar. l|rderarr - lau|ser . wergs| . 1z 18|
l|a||ar. l. leore. lecce . A. uacquare|||, l ladr| Apos|o||c|, CTl , rd 1;z z
ed. bore . 3. Z|rcore, rd ed. bore . 1;8 z 18;
3par|s|. 0. bu|z 8uero. 8AC , || ed. |adr|d . o| 1;
T| e besporse |o 0ros||c|sr |r ||e 0ree|-3pea||rg C|urc|es |;;
3|ud|es
8rard|e, b. 0|e F|||| der '3c|r|l|ar 0|ogre|'. F|re w|ederaulra|re pau||r|sc|er
urd jo|arre|sc|er T| eo|og|e ar Ausgarg des zWe||er Ja|r|urder|s. AT|NT . o|
Zur|c|, . 1;
. `|ys|er|ur'. 3|la|r ( ). - . 11;111;
8ur|r|, C. `'|a core pe||egr|r|.' A 0|ogre|o , .' l3v ( ). - . z81zo81
Carassa|, l. `l| proo|era de||' au||er||c|| de||' Ad 0|ogre|ur capp. Xl e Xll.
propos|o per ura so|uz|ore'. Arra|| de||a lac. d| le||ere e l||os. de|' ur|v. d|
|acera|a ( ) - . 1o181z
de 8rouWer, A. `Fp. ad 0|ogre|ur (|rad. lrar).' Fspr|| e| v|e ( ). - . 11|8|1|zo
F||es|er, w. `|ys|er|ur'. ZNw ( ). - . o11;oz;8
0rasso, 0. `ur sagg|o d| evarge||zzaz|ore re| secordo seco|o, |a |e||era a
0|ogre|o.'
lages - |r ls. 3. C|pr|ar|. laro|a e 3p|r||o. Fd||ed oy C. |arc|ese. ;;;88
8resc|a,
18z.
0ross|, v. `la r|cerca cr|s||ara de||a ver|| re| sec. lll, proo|er| d| re|odo.' lages
- 8|o|r ls. 3. C|pr|ar|. laro|a e sp|r||o. Fd||ed oy C. |arc|ese. 8resc|a, . 18z
Ku|rer|, w. `3|rrdeu|urg'. ls. Fv.- T|eo|. la|. w|er. |ur|c| , - . 1;z|1
l|er|ard, J. T. `C|r|s|o|ogy'. vC ( ). - . z|1;oz8o8
l|rderarr, A. `lau||r|sc|e T| eo|og|e |r 8r|el ar 0|ogre|.' lages - |r ;o
Kerygra urd logos. ls. lur Car| Ardreser. Kerygra urd logos. Fd||ed oy A. |.
b|||er. 0o|||rger, . 1;
lorerz, b. 0er 8r|el ar 0|ogre|. uoerse|zurg urd F|rlu|rurg.F|rs|ede|r, . 18z
|eec|ar, l. 0. T| e Fp|s||e |o 0|ogre|os. |arc|es|er. ur|vers||y lress, . 1o
b|zz|, |. la ques||ore de||' ur|| de||' ad 0|ogre|ur(3|la|r |ed ). |||ar . 1o 18
T| |erry, J. J. `T| e logos as Teac|er'. vC ( ) - . zo1oo1|o|
wergs|, K. `'lau||r|srus' urd '0ros|s' |r der 3c|r|l|ar 0|ogre|.' ZK0 ( ). o1;
- |1oz.
. lACl rd ed. , - . z 11;z;
v|. lreraeus ol lyor (l|. |a|e rd c.) z
lr l|ve ooo|s Aga|rs| ||e leres|esard |r a parp||e| er||||ed 0erors|ra||or ol ||e
Apos|o||c Kerygra, lreraeus oorr |r 3ryrra (Tur|ey), o|s|op ol
274
lyor lror , preser|ed ||e l|rs| corp|e|e ard sys|era||c expos|||or ol 1;8
ar ar||-0ros||c urders|ard|rg ol C|r|s||ar la|||. lor ||r scr|p|ure |s rore
||ar a prool |ex|. l| |s ||e ra|r|x ol ||s W|o|e ||eo|og|ca| d|scourse. Aga|rs|
0ros||c|sr lreraeus app||es pr|rc|p|es ol reasor ard a sourd all|rra||or
ol c|ass|ca| pa|de|a|r ||s o|o||ca| |errereu||cs. T| e sa|va||or s|ory ol ||e
|;8l|ve T| e 3ecord Cer|ury
8|o|e derors|ra|es |oW ||e cors|ar| educa||or secured oy ||e Crea|or |e|ps
|urar||rd |o groW |o ||e lu|| ra|ur||y ol C|r|s||ar la|||. Cor|ra laereses
Was soor |rars|a|ed |r|o la||r. T| e 0ree| or|g|ra| oe|rg |os|, ore corp|e|e
la||r |ex| used lor currer| ed|||ors, da|es lror ||e |a|e lour|| cer|ury. A|so
ava||ao|e |s a |||era| |rars|a||or |r|o Arrer|ar ol 8oo|s lv ard v. |ary
lragrer|s |r 0ree| or |r 3yr|ac cor||rue |o oe |der||l|ed.
Fd|||ors
l0 , - . ;|1118
3C ( ), l. ( ), l. ( ), l. ( ), l. ( ), . 1oo1o1z 1oz1o 1;|zo 1;z 18z|oo
Trars|a||ors
Frg||s|. ANl ( = ). 3r|||, J. l., ACw , NeW or| . 3par|s. 1188 1 1o 1z
J. N., 8roo|||re |A. urger, 0. J. ard J. J. 0|||or, ACw ( ). 1z
lrerc|. A|| 3Caoove.
0errar. 8Kv rd ed.. F. K|eooa, 3.weoer. laC| | - . N. 8rox, ( - z 81| 1
1;).
3par|s|. borero lose, F., |adr|d . 1z
3|ud|es
A|dara, J. A. de. `Adar, |ypus lu|ur| (3. lrereo, Advers. |aer. , , ).' 3FXlll zz
( ). - . 1ozzoo8o
. `la ra|ssarce du 3e|greur dars |'exegse pa|r|s|r|que du ls . s (= z11o
. a).' zz1o
b3b ( ). - . 11oz
Ard|a, . de. `l'|r|erpre|a||or |rereere de |a oea|||ude des doux. `8|er|eureux |es
doux, ||s recevror| |a |erre er |er||age' (|| . ).' lr 3|la|r . . T| e secord 18
cer|ury, Ter|u|||ar |o N|caea |r ||e Wes|, C|erer| ard 0r|ger, ||e Cappadoc|ar
la||ers, - . Ka|arazoo, ||c|.. C|s|erc|ar luo||ca||ors. 81oz
. `|od|es de |'ur||e des |es|arer|s se|or lreree de lyor,' 3|la|r ( ). z118
- . |
. `la oea|||ud|re de| r||| (|| . ) re||'|r|erpre|az|ore d| lrereo.' b3lb | zoz
( ). - . 18|z;8;
8acq, l. 0e |'arc|erre |a rouve||e a|||arce se|or 3. lreree. ur||e du l|vre lv de
|'Adversus laereses. lar|s. le 3ycorore. l. le|||e||eux, . 1;8
8asev|, C. `la gereraz|ore e|erra d| Cr|s|o re| ls e secordo 3. 0|us||ro e z 1o
3. lrereo.' Aug | - ( ). - . zz1z18z1|;
8eroi|, A. 3. lreree. lr|roduc||or |'e|ude de sa ||eo|og|e. lar|s. lul, . 1oo
8er||vegra, J. `lau||re F|erer|s |r ||e Ar||ropo|ogy ol 3|. lreraeus.' 3|ud|a
Fvarge||ca ( ). - . 1o8zz
T| e besporse |o 0ros||c|sr |r ||e 0ree|-3pea||rg C|urc|es |;
8errouard, |. l. `3erv||ude de |a |o| e| ||oer|e de |'Fvarg||e se|or 3a|r| lreree.'
lur
o1( ). - . 1o|1oo
8|rg|ar, 0. J. lreraeus' use ol |a|||eW's 0ospe| |r Adversus laereses. TF0 . ;
leuver. lee|ers, . 18
. `lreraeus's bead|rg ol borar .' lr 3er|rar lapers, ore |urdred 8 zoo1
|||r|ysever|| arrua| ree||rg, Noveroer - , Adars |ar| lo|e| ard 1;zozoo1
Co|orado
Corver||or Cer|er, 0erver, Co|orado - . A||ar|a. 3oc|e|y ol 8|o||ca| 11o
l||era|ure, . zoo1
8|arc|ard, .-|. `lreree de lyor. Tero|r du deve|opperer| du Caror
|es|arer|a|re.' 0|ss., lar|s. lrs|||u| ca||o||que, . 1o
. Aux sources du caror, |e |ero|grage d'lreree (Cl|, ). lar|s. Cerl, . 1; 1
8rox, N. `C|ar|sra ver||a||s cer|ur (Zu lreraus, Adv. |aer. , , ).' ZK0 |zoz ;
( ). 1o|
- z;1.
Carper|auser, l. vor, `lreraus urd das r|' TlZ ( ). - . o1o18
Carc|ore, l. `la creaz|ore e |'uoro |r lrereo.' lr 0|z|orar|o d| sp|r||ua|||
o|o||copa|r|s||ca, vo|. ll. Creaz|oreurro0orra. lar|e secorda. reg|| scr||||
de|
ladr|, - . bore. 8or|a, . 8z1o| 1
Ceoer|aud, 0. `la c||a||or '|eoraique' de |a 0erors|ra||or d'lreree (0er., ). |
ure
propos|||or.' |us ( ). - . 1o|11zz1|
C||||or, 8. 0. `lreraeus or lsaac.' lr 3|la|r | , ed||ed oy F. A. l|v|rgs|ore, 1;z
- . o||;
0xlord. lergaror lress, . 18z
C|ar|, l. lrereo e || varge|o. Aversa. |acc||ore, . | 1
C|er|c|, A. |. `lrcor|ro |ra s|or|a o|o||ca e s|or|a prolara |r lrereo.' Aev ( ). |1o
- 1o.
275
Cos|a, 0. `lr|rc|p| errereu||c| gros||c| re||a |e||ura d| lao|o (le||era a| ga|a||)
secordo |o Adv. laer.d| lrereo.' b8|ol| ( ). - . |18oo1;
0u||re, w. l. `le Caror reo|es|arer|a|re e| |es ecr||s c|re||ers approuves par
lreree.' NCvl ( ). - . 1|1zz|
laoor|, F. F. `F| oau||sro de Jess y e| reposo de| Fsp|r||u er |a |eo|og|a de 3.
lrereo.' C|le , ( ). - . 1z|81oo
. `F| oau||sro de Jess y |a ur|or de| Fsp|r||u er |a |eo|og|a de 3. lrereo.'
C|erc|a
y le , ( ). - . 1z|1o1|z
. `'Agua y Fsp|r||u.' lrves||gac|or ||s|or|ca soore e| Cr|s|o v|v|l|car|e y e|
oau||sro de| 3eor er |os pr|reros ladres prer|ceros.' 0|ss., 8ueros A|res.
lor|.
ur|v. 0reg., . 1o
lar||ro, J. `la ||eo|og|e de |a crea||or 'ex r||||o' c|ez 3. lreree.' 3|la|rXXvl
( ). 11
- 1zo.
. `la crea||or ex r||||o c|ez sa|r| lreree, e|ude ||s|or|que e| ||eo|og|que.'
b3l|T| | ( ). - . ;o1z|z1|z
. `la ||eo|og|e de sa|r| lreree, |ec|ure |r|r||a|re des Fcr||ures er reporse
|'exegse gros||que.' 0|ss., l|||e, . 1z
|8ol|ve T| e 3ecord Cer|ury
. la ||eo|og|e d'lreree. lec|ure des ecr||ures er reporse |'exegse
gros||que. ure
approc|e |r|r||a|re. Cog||a||o l|de| . lar|s. Cerl, . 18o 1|
lar|asla|vy, 0. `T| eo|ogy ol 3cr|p|ure |r 3|. lreraeus.' b8er ( ). - . o81o81
. `T| e C|r|s|o|og|ca| cor|er| ard ||s o|o||ca| oas|s |r ||e |e||er ol ||e |ar|yrs ol
0au|.' 3ecC ( ). - . 1zz
ler|ay, l. `lreree de lyor exeg|e du qua|r|re evarg||e.' NbT | ( ). 1ooz18|
- . zzz|
lrar|, l. 0er 3|rr der Karoro||durg. F|re ||s|or|sc|-||eo|og|sc|e ur|ersuc|urg
der Ze|| vor . C|erersor|el o|s lreraus vor lyor. lre|ourg. ||eo|. 3|ud. . 1 o
lre|ourg. lerder, . 1;1
0a|||rar|, A. `l'opera de| veroo sec. 3. lrereo.' 0|ss., bore. lor|. ur|v.
0regor|ara,
1s.
0orz|ez-laus, J. J. `'3a|us |r corperd|o.' Fs|ud|o soore e| s|gr|l|cado sa|v|l|co
de |a
Frcarrac|or er |a |eo|og|a de 3. lrereo.' 0|ss., lrrsoruc|, . 1o8
. Creac|or y progreso er |a |eo|og|a de 3. lrereo. lecc|or |raugura|.3ar Cuga|
de|
va||es. lacu||ad de Teo|og|a de 8arce|ora, | . 1o8o
lau|e, |. le||sver|us| |r Adar, 3|a||orer gr|ec||sc|er Frosurder|e|re, lreraus,
0r|geres, Kappadoz|er, . 1z
leard, b. `T|e lNlNFT |r lap|as, Jus||r, ard lreraeus.' 83NT3
1| ( ). - . z1|1zzz
lellrer, l. `T| eo|og|ca| |e||odo|ogy ard 3. lreraeus.' Jb ( ). - . ||1o|z|o
lerrerd|rger, 8. `berarques sur |'ecdo||que de 3. lreree.' 3|la|r (= Tu ) ;8
( ). - . 1o1o;;1
lerrardo, J. 0. `lreraeus ard ||e Apos|o||c la||ers. ar |rqu|ry |r|o ||e
deve|oprer| ol ||e NeW Tes|arer| caror.' 0|ss., 0reW ur|vers||y, . 1o
loerg|, l. `0|e goe||||c|e Frz|e|urg des |ersc|er rac| lreraeus.' N0|d 1
( ). 1o
- 1z;.
lo|s|e|r, l. `la |rad|||or des Apo|res c|ez 3. lreree.' b3b , - . ozz;o1|
louss|au, A. `l'exegse de || . o se|or 3. lreree.' FT|l ( ). - . 11z; z1z8|
lreraus vor lyor. Adversus |aereses0eger d|e lares|er, 8d. . lor|es |
C|r|s||ar|
8| . lre|ourg. lerder, . | 1;
Karrerg|esser, C., `T| e '3pea||rg 0od' ard lreraeus's lr|erpre||ve la||err. ||e
becep||or ol 0eres|s'. A3F | ( ) - . 1z18;z
Ko||er, w. 0. 0|e bezep||or des |a|||ausevarge||urs |r der Ze|| vor
lreraus.wuNT
z. be||e . Tuo|rger. J. C. 8. |o|r, . z| 18;
larre, F. `C|eruo|r e| 3erap||r. Fssa| d'|r|erpre|a||or du c|. X de |a
0erors|ra||or de 3. lreree.' b3b ( ). - . |1z|
laWsor, J. T| e 8|o||ca| T| eo|ogy ol 3. lreraeus. FpWor||, . 1|
lol, l.J. var der. `T| e 'prop|e|' Aora|ar |r ||e Wr|||rgs ol lreraeus, Ter|u|||ar,
Arorose ard Augus||re.' Augus||r|ara ( ). - . ||1|1;z
|cbay, J. `3cr|p|ure ard Trad|||or |r lreraeus.' bes| ( ). - . 1o1o;111
|||ros, J. `l|r|s e| rerova||o rurd|. 0oc|r|ra de corl|agra||ore e| rerova||ore
T| e besporse |o 0ros||c|sr |r ||e 0ree|-3pea||rg C|urc|es |81
rurd| apud s|o|cos recer||ores, apud la|res Apos|o||cos, 3. lreraeur e|
Apo|oge|as graecos.' 0|ss., bore. 0eorg|ara, s. 1|
Nau||r, l. `l'Adv. laer. d'lreree lll. No|es d'exegse.' bTA| ( ). - . zo118zoz
276
Noorrarr, b. `lau|us |r lru|c|r|s|||c|er Ze||. 3|ud|er zu bezep||or vers|ardr|s
urd w|r|urg pau||r|sc|er T| eo|og|e |r wer| des lreraus vor lyor.' 0|ss.,
8er||r, . 1z
. lreraus a|s lau|us|r|erpre|. Zur bezep||or urd w|r|urg der pau||r|sc|er urd
deu|eropau||r|sc|er 8r|ele |r wer| des lreraus vor lyor.wuNT. . b, . z oo
Tuo|rger. |o|r, . 1|
Norr|s, b. A., Jr. `lreraeus' use ol lau| |r ||s po|er|c aga|rs| ||e 0ros||cs.' lr
lau| ard ||e |egac|es ol lau|. bev|sed papers preser|ed a| ||e corlererce |e|d
a|
3ou||err |e||od|s| ur|vers||y |r |arc| , ed||ed oy w. 3. 8aoco|, - . 18; ;8
0a||as, Tex.. 3ou||err |e||od|s| ur|vers||y lress, . 1o
0c|agav|a, J. v|s|o|e la|r|s l|||us. A 3|udy ol lreraeus' Teac||rg or beve|a||or
ard
Trad|||or. 0rC|rAra| . bore. lor|. lrs|. 0r|er|a||ur 3|ud|orur, . 1;1 1o|
0|sor, |. J. `lreraeus, ||e va|er||r|ar 0ros||cs, ard ||e K|rgdor ol 0od (A.l.
8oo|
v). ||e deoa|e aoou| Cor|r|||ars . .' 0|ss., ur|vers||y ol v|rg|r|a, . 1 1o 1o
. lreraeus, ||e va|er||r|ar 0ros||cs, ard ||e K|rgdor ol 0od (A.l. 8oo| v),
||e
deoa|e aoou| Cor|r|||ars . . leW|s|or, N... |e||er, . 1 1o 1z
0roe, A. Ar|ropo|og|a de 3. lrereo. 8AC . |. Fd. Ca|o||ca, . z8o 1o
. `3ar lrereo y |a pr|rera pascua de| 3a|vador (lo . - . ).' FsTe | z1z1 ||1;o
( ). - . 1oz;||
. `la reve|ac|or de| l|jo por e| ladre segr sar lrereo (adv. |aer. lv. ). lara o
|a
exeges|s prer|cera de || . .' 0reg | ( ). - . 11z; 111;o8o
. `3. lrereo y e| d|scurso de Nazare| (lc . s = ls . s).' 3crv|c| ( ). |18 o11 1;1;o
- ,
- zoz1.
. `lpse |uur ca|cao|| capu| (3. lrereo y 0er . ).' 0reg ( ). - , 1 z1;181|
- . z1o
. `3. lrereo y |a paroo|a de |os ooreros de |a v|a.' FsTe ( ). - . |o1;1oz
. `laroo|as evarge||cas er 3ar lrereo.' 8AC | . |. Fd. Ca|o||ca, . 1z 1;z
. `C|rco exeges|s |rerearas de 0er . o adv. |aer. v. . - .' 0reg | z1; z1z oz1
( ). 181
- ;11.
. `F| 0|os reve|ado por e| l|jo. Ar||s|s de lrereo, Adv. |aer. |v, .' o
Augus||r|arur
z( ). - . 1zo
. `0|or|a 0e| v|vers |oro (ar||s|s de lrereo, adv. |aer. lv, , - ).' zo1;
0regor|arur ( ). - . ;1zzoo;
. `los |ec|os de lo|, rujer e ||jas v|s|os por s. lrereo (Adv. |aer.lv, , , | 111
, ).' 0regor|arur | ( ). - . ;1 ;11|;o|
. `F| s|gro de Jors segur sar lrereo.' 0regor|arur ( ). - . ;;1oo;;
. Teo|oga de 3ar lrereo, lv. Traducc|or y Corer|ar|o de| l|oro lv de|
'Adversus
laereses ' (8AC, |a|or, ). |adr|d. 8|o||o|eca de Au|ores cr|s||aros-Fs|ud|o
|eo|og|co d| 3ar l|delorso de To|edo, . 1o
|8zl|ve T| e 3ecord Cer|ury
0soorr, F., lreraeus ol lyors. Caror|dge. ur|vers||y lress, . zoo1
lar|, 0. `lrereo d| l|ore e |'Apoca||sse.' l r A||| de| vl 3|rpops|o d| Fleso su
3. 0|ovarr| Apos|o|o, a cua d| l. ladovese (Turc||a. |a C||esa e |a sua s|or|a,
Xl),
- 1;8. bore. ls|||u|o lrarcescaro d| 3p|r||ua|||, lor||l|c|o A|ereo Ar|or|aro,
1o.
lere||o, F. `Cr||er| d| or|odoss|a e d| eres|a re||a Fp|de|x|s d| lrereo.' Aug z
( ). 18
- o|oo.
. `l| pers|ero d| 3. lrereo su bor . .' b8|ol| ( ). - . 1zo 81ooo|z
. `3|ud|o cr|||co de||e c||az|or| d| bor - re|| d| 3. lrereo'Adversus 18
laereses.'
0|ss., bore. lor|. lrs|. 8|o||c|, . 1o;
. `le c||az|or| d| bor - re||'Adv. laer. d| 3. lrereo.' lr Arra|| de||'ur|v. d| 18
8ar|,
- ;|1zo, . 1o8
. `bor - re||'Adv. laeresesd| 3. lrereo.' lr Arra|| lac d| |ag|s|ero 18
(de||'ur|v.
d| 8ar|), vo|. , - , . ;1|;81o8
. la |e||era a| borar| cc. - re||'Adversus laereses d'lrereo. uaderr| d| 18
've|era
C|r|s||arorur,' vo|. . 8ar|. lrs|||u|o d| le||era|ura Cr|s||ara Ar||ca, ur|v. d| o
8ar|, . 1;1
277
l|e|re||a, F. `'Caro e| sargu|s regrur 0e| poss|dere ror possur|.' l. l'eseges|
gros||ca ed ecc|es|as||ca l|ro ad lrereo, ll. l'eseges| gros||ca ed ecc|es|as||ca |r
Ter|u|||aro.' Aev ( ). - , - . |1;ooooo;o
lolle|, J.-|. `lrd|ces de recep||or de |'evarg||e de Jear au ll
e
s|c|e, avar| lreree.' lr
Corrurau|e jo|arr|que e| sor ||s|o|re, - . 0erova. laoor e| l|des, . ozo 1o
lo|r|er, l.-l. `lour ure ||s|o|re de |a |ec|ure preura|o|og|que de0r . . z;
ue|ques
ja|ors jusqu' lreree de lyor.' bFAug ( ). - . |o1|1zz
booer|, b. `le |ero|grage d'lreree sur |a lorra||or des evarg||es.' bT|or | 8;z
( ). - . 18;z|
bo|darus, J. `l'|er||age d'Aora|ar d'aprs lreree.' lr Tex| ard Tes||rory.
Fssays or
NeW Tes|arer| ard Apocryp|a| l||era|ure |r lorour ol A. l. J. K||jr, ed||ed oy
T. 8aarda, - . Karper. Ko|, . z1zz| 188
bu|z, 0. `l'erlarce d'Adar se|or sa|r| lreree de lyor.' 8lF ( ). - . 8188;11
. `'|a pu|ssarce se dep|o|e dars |a la|o|esse' ( Cor . ). ure |r|erpre|a||or z 1z
d'lreree de lyor.' lr bec|erc|es e| |rad|||or. |e|arges pa|r|s||ques oller|s
lerr|
Crouze|, 3. J. sous |a d|rec||or d'A. 0up|e|x (T| eo|og|e ||s|or|que ), - . 88zo
lar|s. 8eauc|esre, . 1z
3agrard, l. `l'Fuc|ar|s||e, repas de Noces (lreree sur Jo ).' lr Corgr. Fucar. z
lr|err., 3ess|ores de Fs|ud|o l. 8arce|ora, . 1|
3c|oede|, w. b. `T| eo|og|ca| re||od |r lreraeus (Adversus |aereses . - zz
).' JT| 3 z8
| ( ). - . 118|1|
3esooue, 8. `la preuve par |es ecr||ures c|ez sa|r| lreree. propos d'ur |ex|e
d|ll| c||e du l|vre lll de |'Adversus laereses.' NbT| ( ). - . 1o1818;z8;
3|rore|||, |. `ler |yp|ca ad vera, ro|e su||'eseges| d| lrereo.' ve| C|r ( ). 18181
- . ;8z
3|r|sca|co, l. `la paraoo|a de| l|g||o prod|go (lc . - ) |r lrereo.' 3|3b | 111z 8z
( ). - . 1o;zo
T| e besporse |o 0ros||c|sr |r ||e 0ree|-3pea||rg C|urc|es |8
3|ea|, T. C. `lreraeus ard ||e lour-0ospe| Caror.' NT ( ). - . |1z1|
3|ev|rg|or wood, A. `T| e Fsc|a|o|ogy ol lreraeus.' Fv | ( ). - . |111oo|1
3r|||, C|r. b. `C||||asr ard recap||u|a||or |r ||e ||eo|ogy ol lreraeus.' vC |8
( ). - . 1|11
3r|||, J. l. `leoreW C|r|s||ar ||dras| |r lreraeus Fp|d. .' 8|o ( ). | 81;
- z||.
3ooosar, J. 0. `T| e bo|e ol ||e lresoy|er. Ar lrves||ga||or |r|o ||e Adversus
laereses ol 3a|r| lreraeus.' 3JT| | ( ). - . z;z1;|1z|o
3|a|der, K. `Apos|o||sc|e 3u|zess|or urd Fuc|ar|s||e oe| C|erers borarus,
lreraus
urd lgra||us vor Ar||oc||er.' lKZ | ( ). - . oz|1;zz1||
3|rooe|, A. `F|r Ka|ererlragrer| r|| lreraeus, Adv. laer. , , l.' ZK0 z|z o8
( ). 1;
- 1|.
Tor |s u, . 0o|| urd we||, e|re ur|ersuc|urg zur 0o||es|e|re des lreraus vor
lyor.
3|udv0, vo|. , . z1z
Torrarce, T. l. `Kerygra||c lroc|ara||or ol ||e 0ospe|. T| e 0erors|ra||or ol
Apos|o||c lreac||rg ol lrera|os ol lyors.' 00Tb ( ). - . ;1z1oz1
Tor|ore|||, K. |. `3ore re||ods ol |r|erpre|a||or |r 3| lreraeus.' ve|C|r ( ). o1
- 1zz.
Tosaus Aoada, J. l. Cr|s|o y e| ur|verso. Fs|ud|o ||rgus||co y |er||co de Fl
. | 11o
er Fles|os y er |a oora de lrereo de lyor. l|er||udo |erpor|s . 3a|ararca. z
ur|verd|dad lor||l|c|a, . 1
Ts|rpar||s, C. N. `T| e Ar||c|r|s| ard ||e Frd ol ||e wor|d |r lreraeus, Jus||r,
l|ppo|y|us ard Ter|u|||ar.' T| e la|r. & 8yz. bev. ( ). - . 1o1;
v||ores 0orz|es, A. `la |er|ac|or de Cr|s|o er 3. lrereo.' 0|ss., Jerusa|er. l|c.
3|ud|| 8|o||c| lrarc|scar|, s. 1;z
vog|, l. J. `0|e 0e||urg des ATs oe| lreraus vor lyor.' TT| ( ). - . 1oo18o1;z8
w|drarr, l. `0er 8egr|ll o||oror|a|r wer| des lreraeus urd se|re
vorgesc||c||e.' 0|ss., Tuo|rger, . 1o
w||c|er, J. `lreraeus' doc|r|re ol 'a ||v|rg rar.'' ACb ( ). - . 18z;|8z
w|rgrer, 0. |ar ard ||e lrcarra||or. A 3|udy |r ||e 8|o||ca| T| eo|ogy ol
lreraeus.
Trars|a|ed oy b. |acKerz|e. l|||ade|p||a. |u||eroerg lress, . 1
Z|eg|er, A. w. `0as 8ro| vor urserr le|derr. F|r 8e||rag zur Fuc|ar|s||e|e|re des
||.
lreraeus.' lro |urd| v||a( ). 1oo
v||. lreraeus ard ||e 8|o|e
278
a spec|a| cor|r|ou||or
oy Noroer| 8rox
lreraeus |as ro| |el|ary |ardooo| as a gu|de |o o|o||ca| |r|erpre|a||or.
l|s rajor Wor| adversus |aereses (Aga|rs| ||e lere||cs) |s a po|er|ca| ard
apo|oge||c |rea||se. lr || |e delerds ||e lurdarer|a| doc|r|res ard |ru||s
|8|l|ve T| e 3ecord Cer|ury
ol C|r|s||ar||y, s|rce |r ||s ||re, |r ||e r|dd|e ard |oWards ||e erd ol ||e
secord cer|ury c.e., |||s Was a reed ol ||e grea|es| urgercy lor ||s c|urc|.
lreraeus oa|||ed aga|rs| 0ros||c|sr, a re||g|or W||c| arose a| roug||y ||e
sare ||re as ||e |rlar| C|r|s||ar||y ard corlror|ed || sore||res W||| a
degree ol syrpa||y ard sore||res |r r|va|ry. C|r|s||ar ||eo|og|ars delerded
||erse|ves l|erce|y aga|rs| ||e `s|rarge doc|r|res.' lreraeus Wro|e a
corpre|ers|ve dogra||c ooo|, |r W||c| |e ac||eves ||e ellec| ol deve|op|rg
ard saleguard|rg ||e `W|o|e' doc|r|re ol la|||. lor |||s |e uses ||e 8|o|e as
||s au||or||a||ve s|ardard, oecause |r || a|| |ru|| |s |o oe lourd. l|s ||ere
|r ary case corpe||ed ||r |o go oac| |o ||e 8|o|e. Ard s|rce or ||e ore
|ard ||e o|o||ca| |ex|s, as |s We|| |roWr, cou|d preser| d|ll|cu|||es lor
|r|erpre|a||or, ard or ||e o||er |ard rary gros||cs c|a|red |||s sare 8|o|e lor
||e|r oWr, ard |r lreraeus's judgrer| d|s|or|ed ||, |r|erpre|ed || la|se|y, ard
r|sused ||, |e |ad |o exp|a|r W|a| ||e gros||cs d|d Wrorg. T| e oa|||e lor
||e |ru|| |ed |o a oa|||e aoou| ||e 8|o|e. T| e oa|||e aoou| ||e 8|o|e |oWever
oecare rore ard rore a corl||c| aoou| re||od. |oW |s ||e 8|o|e |o oe read
|o revea| ||e |ru|| ||a| |s cor|a|red |r ||? lreraeus s|a|es ||e re||ods ol ||s
c|urc|. w||| lu|| corv|c||or |e se|s lor|| ||e ru|es accord|rg |o W||c| ore
rus| proceed, ard s|err|y derards ol ||e gros||cs ||a| ||ey aoardor ||e|r
re||ods oecause ||ey |ead |o error. Aga|r ard aga|r |e Wr||essca||ered
over ||e ooo|very lurdarer|a| |deas aoou| dea||rg W||| ||e 8|o|e ard
||s |ru||, so ||a| ore ray l| rd |r ||r ard co||ec| a W|o|e ser|es ol ru|es,
pr|rc|p|es ard re||ods, as We|| as exper|erces ard ooserva||ors, |o W||c|
||e exege|e rus| |o|d ard W||c| |e |as |o oear |r r|rd.
1. T| e 8|o|e ol lreraeus. Cor|er| ard Au||or||y
lreraeus |roWs ||e 8|o|e |r roug||y ||e sare d|rers|ors as ||e |a|er c|urc|
lror ||e lour|| cer|ury or. T| e or|y ooo|s |r ||s Caror W||c| are r|ss|rg |r ||r
are bu||, ard C|ror|c|es, Ne|er|a|, Fs||er, Fcc|es|as|es, 1 z
3org ol 3orgs, 0oad|a|, Na|ur, lagga| ard |r ||e r| l|||eror, Jo|r,
Jude, leoreWs.
1
le read ||e o| |r ||e |xx vers|or W||c| Was currer| |r
||e c|urc|, ard rarve||ed a| ||e c|rcurs|arces ol ||s or|g|r (lll . ). T| e z1z
descr|p||or ol ||e o|o||ca| ooo|s as a W|o|e |r lreraeus |a|es var|ous lorrs.
|e ol|er uses ||e p|ura| `3cr|p|ures|dd' lor ||e o| (e.g. ll . , . ) or lor 1z8;
1. lreraeus |reW leoreWs, ou| apparer||y ou|s|de ||e c|urc|'s Caror (Fuseo.
lFv ). 0r lreraeus' r| caror, cl. 0. Na||arae| 8orWe|sc|, 0|e T|eo|og|e des zo
lreraus, 0u|ers|o|, C. 8er|e|srarr, , , l. bever||oW, Fpoc|er der 1z|o
8|oe|aus|egurg|.l, |urc|er , . 1o1|
T| e besporse |o 0ros||c|sr |r ||e 0ree|-3pea||rg C|urc|es |8
||e |Wo Tes|arer|s |oge||er (ll . . ur|versae scr|p|urae), ard ||e s|rgu|ar z;z
lor |rd|v|dua| o|o||ca| ooo|s (e.g. lll . , v . ), lor par||cu|ar passages, 1z oz
ard lor ||e W|o|e o|, |e a|so c|ooses || lor ex|ra-o|o||ca| ard ever |ere||ca|
ooo|s (l . , lll . ), lrequer||y a|so lor ||s oWr ooo| `Aga|rs| ||e lere||cs' zo1
(lll . , . , v prael.). T| e lorru|a scr|p|urae dor|r|cae(ll . , . , v o|1;| oo|
zo. ) dero|es ||e W|o|e 8|o|e. z
1o
To au||er||ca|e o|o||ca| |ex|s lreraeus adduces ||e lo||oW|rg au||or|||es, W|||
deep respec| ard |r a var|e|y ol c|o|ce
ard sequerce. || Was ||e lord, |oses, ||e rera|r|rg prop|e|s, apos||es, ||e
lo|y 3p|r||, ||e 0ospe|, lau| (l . , ll . , . , lll . , . , . , . , lv . , v 81 zooo o1811 z1
1. ) W|o |r eac| case sa|d W|a| ||er lo||oWs. l| |s ro| poss|o|e |o recogr|se 1
ary d|s||rc| ||eo|og|ca| eva|ua||or (e.g. |r a corpar|sor ol speec|es ol lau|
ard Words ol ||e lord).
lreraeus l|rds |r ||e lorr ol ||e o|o||ca| Wr|||rgs rary advar|ages,
W||c| a|| cor|r|ou|e |o ||e |rus|Wor|||ress ol ||e|r s|a|erer|s. le sees
a |appy lu||ress ard corp|e|eress |r ||e qua|err|or ol ||e 0ospe|s (lll
11. ). 8
1;T| e ruroer lour |s ro acc|der|, ard rus| oe preserved W|||ou|
ques||or, oecause ol ||e guarar|ee ol ||e |ru|| W||c| || s|gr|l|es (lll . ). 11
Fvery o|o||ca| au||or a||es|s W||| lu|| poWer ||e W|o|e |ru|| ol ||ese Wr|||rgs, a||
|ave ||e er||re 0ospe|, ||e uraor|dged |ru||, W||c| |s s|ored up |r
||e c|urc|. To ex|rac| a por||or |s |o aoardor ||e W|o|e. T| e 8|o|e cor|a|rs
||e corp|e|e s|oc| ard |r add|||or ||e re||ao|e s|ardard ol ||e |ru||. `0re
rus| ea| ol every |ree |r larad|se, ||a| |s, leed upor every scr|p|ure ol ||e
c|urc|' (v . ). Corverse|y ore does ro| oy ary rears |ave |o s|udy ard zoz
lu|l|| ||e W|o|e rarge ol gros||c |deas |r order |o |roW ||e|r r|serao|e qua|||y.
lreraeus quo|es ||e provero. `0re reed ro|, as ||e say|rg goes, dr|r|
279
up ||e W|o|e sea |o |roW ||a| ||s Wa|er |s sa||' (ll . ). l| |s d|llerer| W||| 18
||e lo|y 3cr|p|ures. 0re rus| |roW ||er a|| |r order |o do jus||ce |o ||e
c|a|r ol |ru||. lr |errs ol cor|er|, ||e pr|rary ques||or |s ||e derors|ra||or,
d|rec|ed aga|rs| ||e gros||cs, ol ||e ur||y ard ur|queress ol 0od ard
ol ||e lac|, W||| ||s a||erdar| p|erorera, ol ||e rederp||or ol |urar||y
||roug| 0od |rcarra|e.
3|rce ||e W|o|e |ru|| |s preser| |r a|| o|o||ca| ooo|s, lreraeus |a|es
pa|rs |o preser| || |r a|| ||s ac|ua| lu||ress ard oread||. le does ro| proceed
|r a se|ec||ve las||or, or g|ve or|y exarp|es, ou| `uses' lor prelererce ard
cors|s|er||y ||e `W|o|e' 8|o|e (e.g. lv . ). le rev|eWs || |r ||s lu|| oread||, |1|
1o. Cl. T| eodor Za|r, 0esc||c||e des reu|es|arer|||c|er Karorsl| , Fr|arger 1
188, . ;
1;. T| e syroo|s or a||r|ou|es ol ||e lour Fvarge||s|s||e rar, ou||, ||or ard
eag|eappear lor ||e l|rs| ||re |r C|r|s||ar |rad|||or |r lreraeus (lll . ). 118
|8ol|ve T| e 3ecord Cer|ury
|e|s ||s readers |roW ard urders|ard || lror a|| s|des, ard c|a|rs every
s|rg|e ||re lor ||e W|o|e |ru||. lreraeus see|s |o or|rg ||e W|o|e 8|o|e, a|| ||s
|ex|s, |rd|v|dua| Wr|||rgs ard au||ors, |r|o p|ay lor ||e prool ol ||e C|urc|'s
doc|r|re ard |ru||. lor |||s a passage lror 8oo| lll |s s|gr|l|car| oy Way ol
exarp|e, lor |r || lror . |o . ore ard ||e sare ||ere (||e ore 0od) o1 1z11
|s g|ver express|or ||roug| rary o|o||ca| ooo|s. ll ore reads lreraeus |org
eroug|, ore car |r lac| oe ol ||e op|r|or ||a| lor ||s quo|a||ors |e Was
ro|, |||e ros| ear|y C|r|s||ar ||eo|og|ars, deperder| upor currer| ||s|s ol
se|ec|ed o|o||ca| passages, ou| ||a| lror ar erorrous |roW|edge ard grasp
ol ||e 8|o|e |e |ad `ev|der||y |o a |arge ex|er| ras|ered || oy |ear|.'
18
lere
ore ray a|ready see a l|rs| |errereu||c ru|e. ||e 8|o|e |s a|Ways |o oe used as
a W|o|e. 3e|ec||or rears aor|dgerer| ard |oss ol |ru||. w|er ore |so|a|es
|ex|s lror ||e|r cor|ex|, ||a| |eads |o ore-s|dedress ard error. Accord|rg
|o lreraeus, a|| par|s ol ||e 8|o|e s|ard |r corp|e|e |arrory W||| ore aro||er.
1
lrd|v|dua| cor|rad|c||ors or ooscur|||es carce| ou| W||||r ||e lrare
ol ||e W|o|e 8|o|e, ard preser| ro proo|er. lreraeus derors|ra|es lror ||e
gros||cs W|a| |s ||e resu|| W|er ore reg|ec|s |||s oas|c pr|rc|p|e. T| e 8|o|e
does ro| a||oW ||se|l |o oe |rea|ed as ||e gros||cs W|s| (ll . ). lor a rorer| z|
lreraeus dea|s cyr|ca||y ard exper|rer|a||y W||| ||e |ex|s, exac||y as
||ey do, |o s|oW ||rse|l a ra|c| lor ard super|or |o ||e gros||c re||ods,
ou| ||er says ||a| ro|||rg ou| o|asp|ery ard rorserse cores ol || W|er
ore |r |||s las||or reg|ec|s ||e order ard cor|ex| ol ||e |ex|s, er|arg|es
|rd|v|dua| |ex|s |r gros||c specu|a||ors, ard does ro| pay a||er||or |o W|a|
|s ac|ua||y spo|er ol |r ||e 8|o|e |r eac| case (l . , ll . ) z z1
z. T| e lerlec||or ol 3cr|p|ure
lr lreraeus |||s pr|rc|p|e s|ards a| ||e oeg|rr|rg. ||a| ||e 8|o|e |s |r every
respec| perlec| ard sull| c|er|. l| |s `as a ru|e ol corduc| ||e |ru|| ||se|l ard
||e |es||rory ol 0od se| lor|| |r a|| c|ar||y' (ll . ). T| e 3cr|p|ures are z81
`perlec|, oecause ||ey Were spo|er oy ||e word ol 0od ard oy ||s 3p|r||'
(ll . ). T| ere |s `order ( z8z i) ard cor||ru||y (')' |r ||e scr|p|ures,
W||c| ||e |r|erpre|er rus| |roW ard ooserve (l . ), ard `ro|||rg |s ur|rpor|ar| 81
ol ||a| W||c| . . . s|ards |r ||e scr|p|ures' (lv . ). 3|rce |r cor|ras| |o ||e 11
`ur|o|d ru||||ude ol apocryp|a| ard la|s|l|ed Wr|||rgs' ||ey are
||e `scr|p|ures ol |ru||' (l . ), appea| |o ary o||er au||or||y W|a|soever zo1
18. bever||oW . lreraeus car pu| ||e lucar 3ordergu| |oge||er lror ||e 1;
8|o|e
W|||ou| ary |rouo|e (lll . - . ). 1|11
1. 3ee l. bever||oW, - . `larror|e der Tes|arer|e.' 1o;o
T| e besporse |o 0ros||c|sr |r ||e 0ree|-3pea||rg C|urc|es |8;
(||e urWr|||er spec|a| ard secre| |rad|||or ol ||e gros||cs) |s |radr|ss|o|e
(l . ). T| e perlec||or ol scr|p|ure |as ||s corsequerces lor |r|erpre|a||or. 81
0r ||e oas|s ol |||s corcep||or ol ||e 8|o|e lreraeus s|e|c|es a rad|ar| ard
|rsp|red p|c|ure ol ||e |dea| o|o||ca| expos||or. `A r|rd ||a| |s |ea|||y ard ro|
|rper|||ed, p|ous ard |ov|rg ||e |ru||, W||c| zea|ous|y |rves||ga|es a|| ||a|
0od |as g|ver |r|o ||e |ards ol rer ard rade access|o|e |o our |roW|edge,
W||| oe successlu| ||ere|r, ra||rg |earr|rg easy lor ||rse|l ||roug| da||y
prac||ce. T| ese are ||e |||rgs W||c| ||e oelore our eyes, ard ||ose W||c|
are se| lor|| oper|y ard uraro|guous|y Word lor Word |r ||e scr|p|ures' (ll
z;. ). T| a| |s |oW o|o||ca| |r|erpre|a||or appears accord|rg |o lreraeus. T| e 1
oas|c a||||ude ol ||e exege|e |s ol ||e u|ros| |rpor|arce lor r|g|| exeges|s,
||a| |s, ||s d|scre||or (see oe|oW) as a respec| lor ||e |ru|| |r ||e |ex| ard
as a rea||s||c se|l-assessrer| ol |urar||y |r gerera|, |r W||c| |e does ro|
see| |o |roW every|||rg ||a| |e r|g|| as| ol ||e 8|o|e.
l| |s par| ol ||e perlec||or ol scr|p|ure ||a| || |as oeer |arded doWr
||roug| ||re uradu||era|ed s|rce ||e Apos||es. T| e Apos||es gave || |r|o
good |ards. T| e c|urc| |s ||e p|ace W|ere || |s, so |o spea|, `a| |ore.' T| ere
280
|| Was ard |s expourded |r ||s lu|| corpass. `No|||rg Was added |o ||, ro|||rg
reroved lror ||. l| |s read W|||ou| la|s|l| ca||or, ard |r corlorr||y W|||
||e scr|p|ures || |s expourded correc||y ard carelu||y, W|||ou| darger ard
W|||ou| o|asp|ery' (lv . ). w||| ||e or|g|r ol ||e 8|o|e ard ||s p|ace |r 8
||e c|urc| We |ave rared ||e cer|ra| or|er|a||or, accord|rg |o lreraeus, ol
a|| scr|p|ura| |r|erpre|a||or ard a|| ||eo|ogy, ||e oas|c |errereu||ca| ro||ve
ol ||s urders|ard|rg ol exeges|s. `T| e W|o|e doc|r|re W||| s|ard l|rr' lor ||e
exege|e `|l |e carelu||y reads ||e scr|p|ures W||| ||e presoy|ers ol ||e c|urc|,
W||| W|or ||e apos|o||c |eac||rg res|s' (lv . ). `le| ore ||erelore read z1
||e scr|p|ures, |oW ||e lord al|er ||s resurrec||or lror ||e dead d|scoursed
W||| ||s d|sc|p|es ard s|oWed ||er lror ||e 3cr|p|ures ||a| || Was recessary lor
C|r|s| |o suller . . . ||us W||| ore oecore a corsurra|e pup||' (lv
zo. ). 0r|y |o |||s ex|er| does lreraeus res|r|c| ||e sull| c|ercy ol ||e 8|o|e, z
accord|rg |o W||c| ore reeds ro|||rg ou| ||e 8|o|e ||se|l ard ||e 8|o|e |s |o
oe |r|erpre|ed lror ||se|l a|ore.
zo
w|||ou| a oord |o ||e c|urc| scr|p|ura|
|r|erpre|a||or rus| sull er s||pWrec|. `lr v|eW ol suc| We|g||y prools, ore
oug|| ro| |o see| ||e |ru|| lror o||ers W|er || ray eas||y oe oo|a|red lror
||e c|urc|' (lll . )||a| |s ||e |ore|y o|o||ca| |errereu||c ol ||e c|urc| |1
a| ||e erd ol ||e secord cer|ury. w||| |||s ard ro|||rg e|se ore ur|oc|s ||e
zo. lv . . `ll l |rouo|e ryse|l W||| ||e scr|p|ura| prools . . . you car urders|ard zoz
||a| ||e prools W||c| are cor|a|red |r ||e scr|p|ures car or|y oe ex||o||ed lror
||e
scr|p|ures ||erse|ves.'
|88l|ve T| e 3ecord Cer|ury
8|o|e, W||c| lreraeus ca||s ||e ru|e (or caror) ol |ru|| (lv . . ros regu|ar
ver||a||s |aoer|es e|us serrores, cl. ll . ). T| ere |s ro rore er|rer| syroo| z81
ol ||s re||ao||||y ard lreedor lror aro|gu||y |r ||s |err|ro|ogy.
. A||egory, larao|es, ard Corpre|ers|or
Aryore W|o reads ||e 8|o|e cores across proo|ers W||c| ||e |r ||e |ex|, ro|
|r ||e reader. lreraeus |oo |roWs d|ll| cu|||es, W||c| accord|rg |o ||s ||eory
s|r|c||y s|ou|d ro| |ave ex|s|ed, ou| ||ey are |rcor|es|ao|e. T| e exege|e rus|
l|rd ard s|oW ||e Ways oy W||c| ||ey are overcore. T| ere are ||rds ol
|ex| W||c| do ro| a| a|| l|| ||e ||es|s ol ||e c|ar||y, lreedor lror aro|gu||y ard
ur|lorr||y ol ||e 8|o|e, ou| |ead |o ooscur|||es W||c| are ex|rere|y
dargerous. T| ese are ||e parao|es
z1
ard a||egor|es, `W||c| car oe pu||ed |r
rary d|rec||ors' (l . ) ard `|r W||c| ||e ques||or a|Ways ar|ses as |o W|a| o
|s rear| |r ||er' (ll . ). lreraeus does ro| ra|e ary dec|ded d|s||rc||or 1o1
oe|Weer ||e |Wo (l . , ll . ). Accord|rg |o ||s |errereu||ca| pr|rc|p|es o z11
|e rus| rejec| a||egory as a re||od, oecause || depar|s lror ||e |rue serse
ol ||e |ex| ard |eads |r|o ||e rea|r ol specu|a||or, oeyord ||e poss|o||||y
ol prool, ard |o presurp||or ard error. `0re ray ro| |r|erpre| ary|||rg
a||egor|ca||y, ou| a|| |s cer|a|r, |rue ard rea|' (v . ). lreraeus car adduce
speec|es ol ||e lord, |r W||c| |e spea|s ro| |r parao|es ou| c|ear|y ard
p|a|r|y (s|rp||c||er |ps|s d|c||or|ous, lv . , see oe|oW). A||egory |oWever |1|
|r|erpre|s ||e |ex| |r every poss|o|e Way a| ||e W||r ol ||e reader. l| |s ||e
oppos||e ol every|||rg ||a| |s `cer|a|r, |rue ard rea|.' T| e |ex|s ol ||e 8|o|e
are uraro|guous. lerce aryore |s suspec| W|o s|oWs a spec|a| par||a|||y lor
parao|e |ex|s ard a||egor|es. 3cr|p|ura| |r|erpre|a||or rus| s|ar| lror `W|a|
||es oelore our eyes ard W|a| |s se| lor|| oper|y ard uraro|guous|y Word
lor Word |r ||e scr|p|ures. lerce ||e parao|es oug|| |o oe adap|ed |o W|a|
|s ro| aro|guous' (ll . ). lreraeus reac|s s|rorg|y |o ||e cor|rary procedure, z;1
||a| lor ||e |r|erpre|a||or or exp|ara||or ol ||e parao|es sore|||rg
s|ou|d oe oroug|| |r `W||c| |s ro| oper|y spo|er,' ard ||erelore lor ||s par|
|s ro| c|ear. le see|s |o prever| ary aro|gu||y oe|rg exp|a|red |r o|o||ca|
|r|erpre|a||or oy aro||er aro|gu||y (l . ). lor exarp|e, ||e descr|p||ors 1o1
ol ||e lu|ure reW Wor|d |r ||e prop|e|s ray ro| |r ary c|rcurs|arces oe
|r|erpre|ed a||egor|ca||y (v . ), oecause ||a| Wou|d urderr|re ||e rea||sr 1
z1. `larao|e' |ere does ro| rear ||e o|o||ca| parao|e |r ||e rarroWer serse ol a
|||erary 0a||urg, ou| o|o||ca| |ex|s ol a l|gura||ve ard syroo||c c|arac|er W|||
severa|
corce|vao|e rear|rgs (e.g. ll . ). larao|es are |ex|s `|r W||c| ||e ques||or 1o1
a|Ways
ar|ses, as |o W|a| |s rear| |r ||er' (ll . ). 1o1
T| e besporse |o 0ros||c|sr |r ||e 0ree|-3pea||rg C|urc|es |8
ol |deas aoou| ||e o|ess|rgs ol sa|va||or, W||c| |s |rpor|ar| lor lreraeus.
8eyord douo|, lreraeus car s|oW a cors|derao|e ar||pa||y aga|rs| parao|es
ard a||egor|es W|er |e rel|ec|s or ||e r|suse W||c| ||e gros||cs prac||sed
W||| ||er (cl. ll . , . - . ). le does |rdeed g|ve appropr|a|e ard We||a|red 1ozzo1z|
oas|c pr|rc|p|es lor ||e |r|erpre|a||or ol parao|es, ou| ore serses ||e
ao|d|rg r|s|rus| ||a| sore|||rg o||er ray resu||, |||e ||e rors|ros||y ol
281
a la|se corcep||or ol 0od (ll . ). `lerce ore rus| exp|a|r ||e parao|es 1o1
accord|rg |o W|a| |s ro| aro|guous. lor ||er ||e |r|erpre|er exp|a|rs ||er
W|||ou| r|s|, ard ||e parao|es are exp|a|red oy a|| |r ||e sare serse, ard
||e oody ol ||e |ru|| rera|rs ur|arred' (ll . ). T| e ru|e ol |ru|| ard ||e z;1
cr||er|or ol parao|e |r|erpre|a||or |s ||erelore scr|p|ure ||se|l |r ||s c|ear ard
uraro|guous par|s. lor |r |ru|| `||e parao|es agree W||| W|a| |s express|y
sa|d, ard W|a| |s c|ear|y sa|d exp|a|rs ||e parao|es' (ll . ). 8u| |e W|o z8
oeg|rs W||| ||e parao|es `W||| ||erelore ever see|, ou| rever l|rd, oecause
|e |as rejec|ed ||e re||od (d|sc|p||ra) W||c| ra|es || poss|o|e lor ||r |o
l|rd ary|||rg' (ll . ). z;z
lur||er, ||e darger ol error ad|eres |o ||e parao|es, ard lreraeus car
or|y Warr aga|rs| ||e|r use. `ll aryore |||r|s ||a| W|a| Was sa|d oy ||e
apos||es aoou| 0od rus| oe urders|ood a||egor|ca||y' |e |s `suller|rg lror
roro|d orood|rgs,' ol W||c| T|r . spea|s (lll . ). l| |s a|| ||e rore 1 o| 1z11
as|or|s||rg ard s|gr|l|car|, |r v|eW ol ||e oas|c |errereu||ca| pr|rc|p|es
W||c| |e lorru|a|es ard al|er |e |as repea|ed|y d|squa||l|ed ard exposed
a||egory, ||a| lreraeus ||rse|l |o a |arge ex|er| ard |r ||e ros| var|ed Ways
ra|es use ol a||egory. T| e |ex|s ||erse|ves are ||e cause ol |||s, lor `||e
prop|e|s spo|e lor ||e ros| par| |r parao|es ard a||egor|es ard ro| accord|rg
|o p|a|r speec|' (ll . ). T| us ||ere |s a W|o|e sWarr ol a||egor|es lror ||e zz1
per ol lreraeus ||rse|l, e.g. ||a| ol ||e Treasure |r ||e l|e|d (lv . ), ||e zo1
a||egor|z|rg ol lo| (lv . - , . - ), ard rary o||ers. 8o|| Tes|arer|s 11z1;
are a||egor|zed.
zz
lr ||e process, l|de|||y |o ||e |ex| |s very var|ed.
A||egory |s |r rary cases ar |rs|rurer| lor |ypo|ogy. A s|gr|l|car| exarp|e ol |||s,
ard lor lreraeus's read|ress lor ex|rere a||egor|z|rg, occurs a|
v . . ||e o| corpar|sors ol god|ess rer W||| |rra||ora| ard oes||a| ar|ra|s 8
(v . ) provo|e lreraeus |r|o draW|rg ou| s|||| rore |r rear|rg ard |r|erpre|a||or 8z
lror ||e re|a||ors oe|Weer |ex| ard rea|||y W||c| accord|rg |o ||s
corv|c||or are corcea|ed ||ere|r. lr ||e |ex| rer are represer|ed oy oeas|s.
NoW |r ||e |aWs ol pur||y (lev . - ) a|| ||ose ar|ra|s are dec|ared c|ear 1118
ard a||oWed lor ea||rg `W||c| |ave d|v|ded |ools ard are c|el|-loo|ed ard
zz. 3ee ||e exarp|es. lll . , , , , v . , Fp|d. - , - , , lv . , , v z1|;8 1;| |||ooz| oz;
, 1o
1. , . . 11;|
|ol|ve T| e 3ecord Cer|ury
c|eW ||e cud' ( . ). Ar ar|ra| W||c| |ac|s ore ol ||ese c|arac|er|s||cs |s 11
urc|ear ( . - ). lreraeus |roWs ard exp|a|rs ||e rear|rg. `w|o ||er are 11|8
||e pure? T| ose W|o ra|e ||e|r Way s|eadlas||y |o ||e la||er ard ||e 3or
oy la|||||a| |s ||e rear|rg ol ||e d|v|ded |oolard red||a|e or ||e u||erarces
ol ||e lord day ard r|g|| (ls . ), ||a| ||ey ray adorr ||erse|ves 1z
W||| good Wor|s||a| |s ||e rear|rg ol c|eW|rg ||e cud. 8u| urc|ear are
||ose W|o re|||er |ave ||e d|v|ded |ool ror c|eW ||e cud, ||a| |s, ||ose
W|o re|||er |ave la||| |r 0od ror red||a|e or ||s u||erarces, |||s |s ||e
aoor|ra||or ol ||e |ea||er. 8u| ||ose ||a| do c|eW ||e cud ou| |ave ro
d|v|ded |ool are |||eW|se urc|ear||a| |s ||e l|gura||ve descr|p||or ol ||e
JeWs, W|o do |rdeed |ave ||e u||erarces ol 0od |r ||e|r rou|| ou| do ro|
|a|e l|rr roo| |r ||e la||er ard |r ||e 3or, ard ||erelore ||e|r race la||ers.
lor ||ose ar|ra|s W||| a s|rg|e |ool s||p eas||y ard do ro| go so sure|y as
||ose W||| douo|e |ool, oecause ||e d|v|ded |ools lo||oW ore aro||er or
||e Way, eac| |ool suppor||rg ||e o||er. urc|ear |||eW|se are ||ose W||c|
|ave a douo|e |ool, ou| do ro| c|eW ||e cud. 8y |||s are ev|der||y rear|
a|| |ere||cs, ard ||ose W|o do ro| red||a|e or ||e u||erarces ol 0od, ror
adorr ||erse|ves W||| ||e Wor|s ol r|g||eousress' (v . ). 8
z
0re ray as| W|e||er |||s |s s|||| ||e lreraeus ol ||e |errereu||ca| course| We
|ave seer so lar, ard rus| arsWer |r ||e all| rra||ve. lor lreraeus, ||
ra|es a d|llererce W|o |s a||egor|z|rg. ll ||e gros||cs do ||, ||ey are do|rg
W|a| |s loro|dder. ll lreraeus does, |e |s expourd|rg ||e 8|o|e. ll s|rp|e
C|r|s||ars (exposed |o ||e gros||cs) do so, ||ey are rurr|rg ar |rrespors|o|e
r|s| lor ||e|r la|||. w|a| de|err|res |eg|||racy |s ||e (or||odox) resu||.
w|ere ||e roderr reader ol ||e 8|o|e Worders a| ||e lree cross|rg ol o|
|ex|s W||| r| ||eres (espec|a||y |r C|r|s|o|ogy, e.g. lll . - ), lreraeus 1oz
regards ||e a||egor|z|rg |e |as jus| carr|ed ou| as ||e or|y poss|o|e ard
appropr|a|e |r|erpre|a||or ol ||e |ex|. loWever, |e rever ca||s || a||egory, ou|
|rea|s ||s resu||s as ||e |||era| rear|rg ol ||e |ex|s. we rus| exp|a|r |||s
or ||e oas|s ||a| lreraeus accep|s a||egor|z|rg W|er || |s dev|sed W||||r
||e c|urc|, or s|ers lror ||s oWr |ard, lor ||er ||e correc| rear|rg |s
assured ||roug| ||e proper surrourd|rgs, ard || ray rar| as W|||ou| r|va|
|||e ||e |||era| serse, or|y ore rus| dea| W||| || appropr|a|e|y. le ||us does
ro| d|spu|e a |Wo-lo|d serse |r o|o||ca| |ex|s (ll . ), ard |r ||e `speec|es 1o1
ol ||e lord' corcerr|rg ||e la||er |e d|s||rgu|s|es, as a|ready sa|d, ||ose
W||c| spea| per paraoo|as(|r parao|es) lror ||ose W||c| spea| s|rp||c||er
282
|ps|s d|c||or|ous(|r uraro|guous Words) (lv . ). lreraeus goes a s|age |1|
z. T| |s a||egory occurs |r ||e sare vers|or |r C|er. A|ex., 3|ror.vll . - 1o1
. , 11o1
o||erW|se 8arr . . 1o11
T| e besporse |o 0ros||c|sr |r ||e 0ree|-3pea||rg C|urc|es |1
lur||er, ard ra|es e|aoora|e a||egor|es ou| ol r| parao|es. T| e parao|e ol
||e laoourers |r ||e v|reyard, lor exarp|e, spea|s accord|rg |o lreraeus ol
||e ||s|ory ol ||e Wor|d ard ol rar||rd, ard ol ||e ur||y ol 0od (lv . ). o;
lr ||e parao|e ol ||e 0ood 3arar||ar (l| . - ) |e |r|erpre|s ||e |Wo 1oo
derar|| a||egor|ca||y (lll . ). warr|rg lror ||e |ex| lor reW ard d|llerer| 1;
s||ua||ors |s poss|o|e |r ||e r| a|so, ard |s ro| corl|red (as |ypo|ogy) |o
||e o|. T| e o|o||ca| Wr|||rgs are a|| equa||y corpe|er| ard super|or |o ||e
gros||c |eac|ers (ll . ). oo
|. lerrereu||ca| 0|scre||or
T| e 8|o|e |s ||us, as || proves, rore corp|ex ||ar Wou|d appear, or |s prov|ded
lor |r lreraeus's ||eory ol ||s sull| c|ercy |r lorr ard cor|er| ard ||e
rar|les| c|ar||y ol ||s rear|rg. Apar| lror ||e lac| ||a| ||e 8|o|e proved |o
oe ||e cause ol ||e corl||c| (W||| ||e gros||cs) ard ro| a or|dge |o agreerer|,
|| does ro| ra|c| ||e ques||ors lor W||c| ||e gros||cs requ|red ar arsWer.
As a c|ear ard rar|les| |es||rory lror 0od || loro|ds W|a| lreraeus exper|erces
|o ||s d|sp|easure. T| ere are peop|e W|o `cor||rua||y |urr as|de |o
o||er so|u||ors lor ||e|r ques||ors, ard rejec| ||e l|rr ard |rue |roW|edge
ol 0od,' W|ereas ore rus| `or|er| ||e so|u||or ol ||ese ques||ors oy prec|se|y
|||s c|arac|er|s||c |eac||rg' (ll . ). `l| |s |rdeed correc| |o exerc|se z81
orese|l |r ques||ors aoou| ||e rys|ery ard ||e order ol sa|va||or . . .' (|o|d.),
ou| ore rus| oe ready |o orea| oll||e ques||ors ard ||e exerc|se |rred|a|e|y
W|er ore |as |o recogr|se ||a| ore |as as|ed |rproper ques||ors, |s
urequa| |o ||e |roW|edge ore |as soug||, or |s urao|e |o rec|or W||| ar
arsWer. Accord|rg |o lreraeus || |s a lac| ||a| ro| every|||rg ||a| peop|e
as| ol ||e 8|o|e car oe |roWr. le |s corcerred aoou| a poss|o|e reac||or.
`ll We carro| l|rd so|u||ors lor a|| ||e ques||ors W||c| are ||roWr up oy
||e scr|p|ures . . . We rus| |eave suc| d|ll| cu|| |||rgs |o 0od . . . |roW|rg
very
We|| ||a| ||e scr|p|ures are |rdeed perlec| . . . ou| ||a| |o ||e ex|er| ||a| We are
sra||er ard very ruc| |a|er ||ar ||e word ol 0od We |ac| ||e |roW|edge
ol ||s rys|er|es.' T| e exege|e does ro| |r every case a||a|r ||s goa|, `ard
|| |s ro Worder |l We core |o d|scover |||s' (ll . ). leop|e do ro| |roW z8z
rary |||rgs ever |r ||e rea|r ol da||y ||le, |oW ruc| |ess car ||ey (see|
|o) |roW every|||rg |r ||e sp|r||ua| ard |eaver|y rea|r (ll . - )? T| ese z81z
cors|dera||ors re|a|e |o ||e |errereu||ca| corpe|erce ol peop|e. 0ver ard
over aga|r lreraeus correrds d|scre||or, |ur||||y, as ||e proper ard p|ous
a||||ude (ll . ). A par| ol |roW|edge We rus| er|rus| |o 0od, so ||a| |e `|s z8
a|Ways |eac|er, ou| rar |s a|Ways |earr|rg lror 0od' (|o|d.). berurc|a||or
ol ques||ors ard ol |roW|edge |s a pos|||ve qua|||y |r ||e o|o||ca| |r|erpre|er,
|zl|ve T| e 3ecord Cer|ury
ard so |s ||e pa||erce W||c| |s ready |o |earr, |rs|ead ol all| rr|rg a perlec|
|roW|edge (0ros|s) (ll . ). z8
lere lreraeus |as |urred a |rad|||ora| |dea |o good accour| lor o|o||ca|
|errereu||cs. l| |s ||e `prograrre' ol ||e cr|||que ol |roW|edge. lr ||e
arc|er| Wor|d ard |r |a|e ar||qu||y ||ere Was cr|||ca| deoa|e aoou| ||e |urar |||rs|
lor |roW|edge. 3usp|c|or ol ||e des|re lor |roW|edge ard douo|
as |o ||e |eg|||racy ol |urar |rves||ga||or Were W|despread. T| e cur|os||y
(id|cur|os||as) ol rer Was assessed as ar acu|e darger ol se|l-corce||,
a rora||y douo|lu| ard lurdarer|a||y la|se a||||ude. lror ||s Way ol |||r||rg,
lreraeus oe|orgs |o ||ose W|o Were lu|| ol r|s|rus| aga|rs| ||e W|de
rarge ol |urar |roW|edge. lr ||s opporer|s, ||e gros||cs, |e lourd ||e ros|
ra||grar| ard dargerous a||||ude ol ||e|r la|se Ways prec|se|y |r ||e |ra|r ol
||e|r ||oug|| ard speec|. lr every respec| ||e gros||cs es|eered ||erse|ves
qu||e urrea||s||ca||y ard ruc| |oo ||g|. T| e cr|||que ol |roW|edge Was ore
ol ||e qu||e cer|ra| ||eres |r lreraeus's po|er|c. le c|ear|y s|rerg||ered
|||s d|s|rus| aga|rs| 0ros|s (as |roW|edge ard |r|u|||or) |r ||s corrur||y,
|r order |o |rrur|se ||e rary c|urc| C|r|s||ars aga|rs| ||e seduc||ors ol
0ros|s. lr ||e |r|eres| ol a ||eo|ogy lor ||e s|rp|e (s|rp||ces) C|r|s||ars |e
urged rejec||or ard r|s|rus|. l| |s prec|se|y |r o|o||ca| |r|erpre|a||or ||a| ||e
darger |s grea|, ard requ|res ver|l|ca||or. T| |s ver|l|ca||or ||es |r ||e d|scre||or
urder d|scuss|or. ues||ors, |rqu|r|es, specu|a||ors, al|er ||e reve|a||or
(|r scr|p|ure a|so) |as a|ready |a|er p|ace ard |as g|ver ||e |roW|edge ol
a|| ||a| rar rus| |roW, are ex|rere|y dargerous lor la|||. lr par||cu|ar ||e
produc|s ol gros||c specu|a||or, as a (la|se) doc|r|re, represer|ed ar acu|e
darger. le W|o s|||| |rqu|s|||ve|y see|s |oses W|a| |e |as lourd, or loo||s||y
see|s lur||er, a|||oug| |e |as rece|ved lror 0od W|a| |s reedlu|. T| a| rears
||a| |e |s see||rg oeyord ||e reasure ol ||s capac||y, oeyord ||e reasure
ol W|a| |s g|ver, as We|| as oeyord W|a| |s poss|o|e ard adr|ss|o|eard ol
recess||y cores |o gr|el. le W|o desp||e ||e reve|a||or g|ver see|s lur||er
283
ard W|s|es |o |roW rore ard sore|||rg reW corr||s a la|a| error. T| e 8|o|e
|s dec|s|ve|y |rvo|ved. l| ra|es ary see||rg superl| uous, ard |rs|ead requ|res
urders|ard|rg ard la|||. T| e urders|ard|rg ol scr|p|ure |s a sers|||ve area.
lreraeus Warrs aga|rs| ||oug|||essress as aga|rs| arrogarce.
leop|e rus| ||erelore W|||ou| s|are (ll . ) |eave ||e arsWers |o rary z8o
|||rgs |o 0od, lor `our |roW|edge |s par||a|' ( Cor . ) (ll . ), s|rce ||e 1 1 z8;
8|o|e |s very lar lror |rpar||rg every|||rg ard ruc| |s ro| a||a|rao|e or
appropr|a|e lor |urar |roW|edge, ard |||s prec|se|y |r ||e cor|ex| ol ||e
8|o|e. lreraeus ||r|s |||s |dea ol a rere|y par||a| |urar |roW|edge sys|era||ca||y
W||| ||e urders|ard|rg ol ||e 8|o|e.
T| e besporse |o 0ros||c|sr |r ||e 0ree|-3pea||rg C|urc|es |
. T| e rod|l|ed T| eory ol 3cr|p|ure
lr lreraeus's c|urc| erv|rorrer| ||ere |s ||us a ruroer ol ||rdrarces
W||c| do ro| a||oW ary carelree, ||g|||ear|ed read|rg ol ||e 8|o|e. 0re
reeds ||e exper|s lor |errereu||cs ard prac||ce, sore||res a|so lor spec|a|
|roW|edge |r expos|||or, |o avo|d |rjury ard error. T| e op||r|s||c ||eory
ol ||e perlec| scr|p|ure, suc| as lreraeus lror ||re |o ||re ou|||red W|||
er||us|asr, cou|d ro| ou| oe allec|ed. lr prac||ce lreraeus |ad |org s|rce ro|
|rdeed aoardored |||s ||eory ol ||e perlec||or ol scr|p|ure, ou| rod|l|ed
||. Fver |r ||eore||ca| d|scuss|or, |oWever, || cou|d ro |orger pass W|||ou|
res|r|c||or. Ard |r lac| ||ere are |r lreraeus s|a|erer|s accord|rg |o W||c|
||e 8|o|e does ro| s|oW |||s ||g| degree ol c|ar||y ard corp|e|eress ol
cor|er|, ou| lor ||s par| ra|ses ques||ors lor W||c| ro arsWer car oe lourd
(ll . ). No| or|y do ||e parao|es oller d|ll| cu|||es lor urders|ard|rg, ou| z8z
||e grea| sequerces regard|rg le||sgesc||c||e ard ||e sav|rg ac||or ol
0od, as ||e 8|o|e spea|s ol ||er, a|so pose ques||ors W||c| are d|ll|cu|| |o
reso|ve. le W|o car exp|a|r a|| |||s |as a deeper urders|ard|rg ||ar ||e
res|. lreraeus |oWever |as|ers |o add a| orce ||a| |e does ro| rear |||s
|r ||e gros||c serse ol a d|v|s|or ol |urar||y |r|o preura||cs W|o |roW
(gros||cs) ard psyc||cs W|o do ro|. A|||oug| |e |ere ro douo| or|rgs
ar||ropo|og|ca| d|llererces |r|o |errereu||cs, |e does ro| oy ary rears W|s|
|o spea| ol eso|er|c |roW|edge (a reW rea|||y, aro||er 0od), ou| |o va||da|e
||e d|llererce oe|Weer rar ard 0od, W||c| Was urderva|ued or d|spu|ed
oy ||e gros||cs. T| ere are cer|a|r|y exper|s |r o|o||ca| |r|erpre|a||or |r ||e
c|urc|, W|o pere|ra|e rore corpre|ers|ve|y ard rore deep|y. T| roug|
||e s|reWd d|scerrrer| ol ||ese jud|c|ous rer ||e approac| |s opered
up lor a||. `T| e lac| ||a| accord|rg |o ||e|r poWers ol corpre|ers|or sore
|roW rore ard o||ers |ess does ro| rear ||a| ||ey a||er ||e cor|er| ol ||e
|eac||rg ard |||r| up aro||er 0od lor ||erse|ves . . . as |l |||s ore Wou|d
ro| sull|ce ||er . . . or aro||er C|r|s| . . . l| |s ra||er ||a| W|a| |s spo|er |r ||e
parao|es |s repea|ed|y rel|ec|ed or, |o accorroda|e || |o ||e oas|c argurer|
ol ||e |ru||, ard 0od's ac||v||y ard d|spersa||or lor rar||rd are exp|a|red'
(l . ). lreraeus erurera|es ||e ques||ors W||c| preser| ||erse|ves |o rer 1o
or ||ese ard o||er ||eres, W||c| ||ey are ro| ao|e |o arsWer lor ||erse|ves.
T| e c|urc| reeds ||e exper|s, W|ose pre-er|rerce over o||er C|r|s||ars
does ro| cors|s| |r ||e lac| ||a| ||ey possess a d|llerer| ard e||||s| |roW|edge,
ou| ||a| ||ey are ao|e, |r |errs ol bor . , |o searc| ou| ||e r|c|es ol ||e 11
8|o|e, W||c| ro| a|| car do (l . ). 0re rus|, as a|ready sa|d, read ||e 8|o|e 1o
`W||| ||e presoy|ers' ard `|r ||e c|urc|.'
||l|ve T| e 3ecord Cer|ury
0r ||ese cors|dera||ors, lreraeus's p|c|ure ol ||e 8|o|e ard ||s |r|erpre|a||or
|a|es or c|arged lea|ures. 3cr|p|ure ra|ses ser|ous ques||ors (ll . ). z8z
0l a|| ||a| s|ards |r scr|p|ure peop|e car oy 0od's grace, as a|ready sa|d,
`or|y exp|a|r sore |||rgs,' W|||e o||ers rera|r reserved |o 0od (ll . ). z8
T| |s does |rdeed |rouo|e |rpa||er| ard |rqu|s|||ve peop|e (||e gros||cs), ou|
|s ro| a| a|| surpr|s|rg, ra||er Wou|d ||e 8|o|e oe urderva|ued s|ou|d || oe
cors|dered access|o|e lor everyrar |r a|| ||s lu||ress. lor || Was `spo|er oy
0od's word ard oy ||s 3p|r||,' so ||a| We |r corsequerce `|ac| ||e |roW|edge ol
||s rys|er|es, |o ||e ex|er| ||a| We are sra||er ard ruc| |a|er ||ar
0od's word ard ||s 3p|r||' (ll . , cl. . ). w|a| appears proo|era||ca| z8z z|
|s accord|rg |o lreraeus |r accordarce W||| ||e lac|s. le draWs ||e
corsequerces lor |errereu||cs, ard lror ||e lac| ||a| ||e s|a|erer|s ol
scr|p|ure
car or|y oe grasped |r par| oy rer deduces a cer|a|r c|rcurspec||or, ||a|
or|y ||a| s|ou|d oe |rves||ga|ed `W||c| 0od |as g|ver |o ||e poWer ol rer
ard suojec|ed |o our |roW|edge' (ll . , cl. . , ). Ard |r |||s correc||or z;1 z8z
lreraeus a|so del|res prec|se|y ||e sull|c|ercy ol ||e 8|o|e |r |errs ol
cor|er|. T| e 3cr|p|ures do ro| cor|a|r a|| ||a| rer ray as|. lor exarp|e,
||e 8|o|e g|ves ro |rlorra||or as |o W|a| 0od d|d oelore ||e crea||or ol
||e Wor|d, ary rore ||ar aoou| o||er |||rgs W||c| lreraeus erurera|es
(ll . ). Corsequer||y ore s|ou|d ro| as| aoou| every|||rg. `T| e arsWer z8o
res|s W||| 0od' (ll . ). T| us ||e d|scre||or We |ave d|scussed |s requ|red z8
ol rer oy 3cr|p|ure. T| e cr||er|or lor ||e |eg|||racy ol ||e ques||ors |s ||e
sav|rg s|gr|l|carce ol ary par||cu|ar |roW|edge. T| e |rage ol ||e 8|o|e ||er
284
rera|rs ro |orger qu||e ||e sare. W|a| |s d|ll| cu||, ooscure ard |rexp||cao|e
cores |r a|orgs|de ||s c|ar||y, cer|a|r|y ard corp|e|eress, |o serve rer as
a Warr|rg aga|rs| urdue se|l-es|eer. 8u| ||e a||||ude ol peop|e |oWards ||,
suc| as lreraeus requ|res, |as rera|red ||e sare. ore rus| read ard pay
a||er||or |o |a|e cogr|zarce ol W|a| |s ||ere sa|d, ard W|||ou| a||er|rg, or||||rg or
add|rg ary|||rg. lreraeus s|||| |as |r r|rd ||e presoy|ers |r As|a |r
||e days ol ||s you||. T| ey are lor ||r ||e rode| ol ||e ore W|o `p|ous|y
|roWs ||s p|ace' (|d|o|a re||g|osus), ||s repu|s|ve exarp|e or ||e o||er |ard |s
`||e o|asp|erous ard s|are|ess sop||s|' (o|asp|erus e| |rpuders sop||s|a)
(v . ). 8|o||ca| |r|erpre|a||or |s ro| |o oe dr|ver oy ||e des|re or ||e cer|a|r|y ol zoz
oe|rg ao|e |o |roW every|||rg, ou| rus| oe dore `|r la||| |r C|r|s|
ard |r prayer |o 0od lor W|sdor ard de||oera||or, lor ||e urders|ard|rg ol
||e s|a|erer|s ol ||e prop|e|s' (Fp|d. ). z
w||| |||s de||r||a||or ol ||e poss|o|||||es ol |urar urders|ard|rg
lreraeus a||ac|ed ||e gros||cs |ead or, lor a|| |||s Was aoso|u|e|y repugrar|
|o ||e|r |||r||rg ard lor ||er ||ere Was ro grea|er lo||y ||ar |o dery orese|l
||e poss|o||||y ol perlec| 0ros|s. lor ||a| reasor lreraus descr|oes ||e 8|o|e
T| e besporse |o 0ros||c|sr |r ||e 0ree|-3pea||rg C|urc|es |
as a ||r||ed reve|a||or, |a||ored |o sa|va||or ard ||e reeds ol rer, ou| lor
||a| purpose corp|e|e ard perlec|. w||| |||s reve|a||or |e cu|s aWay ||e
grourd oerea|| ||e gros||c |yor|s. lreraeus a|so W|s|es |o carry or ||e
deoa|e aoou| pr|rc|p|es W||| ||s opporer|s, lror a |errereu||c po|r| ol
v|eW, or ||e grourd ol scr|p|ure. To ||a| erd |e s|oWs ||a| scr|p|ure |s ||e
ros| |rappropr|a|e oojec| lor gros||c |r|e||ec|ua| |rea|rer|. le |e|s ||e
urcor|ro||ao|e |r|erpre|a||ve re||ods ol ||e gros||cs rur agrourd or ||e c|ar||y
ol scr|p|ure, ard a| ||e sare ||re ra|es c|ear ||a| ||e a||eged|y perlec| ard
corpre|ers|ve 0ros|s (|roW|edge) ol ||e gros||cs |s ar |rposs|o|e cors|ruc|,
oecause ||e ||r||ed ||eres ol ||e 8|o|e ard ||e urcer|a|r|y or d|ll| cu||y ol
||s |r|erpre|a||or a| sore po|r|s do ro| y|e|d ||e recessary |rlorra||or lor
||. lreraeus's po|er|c ra|es p|a|r ||s corcep||or ol ||e 8|o|e. 0r ore s|de
||e c|ear uraro|guousress |s ||e corpe|||rg argurer|, ard |r aro||er
correc||or ||e very oppos||e car oe oroug|| |r|o p|ay, rare|y W|a| |s d|ll|cu||
or ever |rposs|o|e |o exp|a|r |r scr|p|ure. 0r ||e ||es|s ol ||e sull| c|ercy ol
scr|p|ure || s|ou|d express|y oe sa|d ||a| || |s |el||r a pecu||ar |oose re|a||ors||p |o
||e pr|rc|p|e ol ||e c|urc|'s regu|a ver||a||s. lreraeus deve|ops ||e |Wo
|rdeperder||y, ard lor |||s reasor ||ey do ro| |urr ou| |der||ca|.
o. T| e True 0ros|s as Cr||er|or
A|| |||s rera|rs lree lror cor|rad|c||or |r lreraeus, oecause |e |s argu|rg
W||| ar er|||y W||c| so lar |as ro| ye| oeer sys|era||ca||y |rea|ed. T||s
|s ||e `|rue 0ros|s'a corcep| oppos||e |o ||e `0ros|s la|se|y so ca||ed'
(s|rce T|r . ). l| |s ||e er|||y W||c| |r |ru|| regu|a|es scr|p|ura| |r|erpre|a||or. 1 ozo
lor oes|de ||e ru|e ||a| ||e ooscure passages ol 3cr|p|ure are
|o oe |r|erpre|ed accord|rg |o ||e uraro|guous |ex|s (ll . , ) ||ere |s z;1
a| aro||er po|r| a sugges||or W||c| does ro| |ave ||e sare rear|rg, |o
a||gr orese|l W||| |rad|||or. `3|ou|d d|scuss|or ar|se aoou| sore rodes|
ques||or, oug|| ore ro| |o resor| |o ||e ros| arc|er| c|urc|es, |r W||c|
||e Apos||es d|scoursed?' (lll . ). lere ||er |s ye| aro||er or|er|a||or, ard |1
lreraeus carro| (ard W||| ro|) pass || oy. le descr|oes || ard deve|ops || as
`(gros||c) |rad|||or' or as `||e caror ol |ru||.' T| e severa| descr|p||ors ol
|| over|ap. T| us ore ol ||er |s `||e |rue 0ros|s.' Ard |||s |roW|edge ra|es
||se|l |roWr |r o|o||ca| |ex|s, accord|rg |o W||c| 3cr|p|ure ||se|l |s `as a ru|e
(regu|a) ||e |ru||' ard `||e |es||rory ||a| ||es oper oelore us.' lreraeus ca||s
|o r|rd `a l|rr ard |rue |roW|edge,' a corv|c||or ||a| |s proc|a|red |r ||e
c|eares| Way, ard |||s er|||y |o W||c| |e relers |s c|ear|y ro| jus| ||e resu||
ol ||e preced|rg o|o||ca| |r|erpre|a||or, ou| |as cor|ro||ed ard gu|ded |||s
|r|erpre|a||or, ard oroug|| || sale|y |o ||s goa| (ll . ). 3|r|c||y spea||rg, ||e z81
|ol|ve T| e 3ecord Cer|ury
urders|ard|rg ol ||e scr|p|ura| s|a|erer| |ere s|ards ro| as a resu|| a| ||e
erd, ou| as |roW|edge a| ||e oeg|rr|rg ol ||e exeges|s. lreraeus descr|oes
|| |r ||e vers|or a|ready quo|ed, ||a| lor r|g|| |r|erpre|a||or || |s recessary
|o read scr|p|ure `carelu||y W||| ||e presoy|ers ol ||e c|urc|, W||| W|or
||e apos|o||c |eac||rg res|s,' ard ||er ||e `W|o|e doc|r|re' W||| s|ard l|rr
(lv . ), lor ||e presoy|ers `expourd ||e scr|p|ures lor us W|||ou| darger' z1
(lv . ). le W|o |o|ds s|eadlas||y |o ||e c|urc|'s la||| |r|erpre|s ||e 8|o|e zo
correc||y (l . ). u||e c|ear|y, |r ||ese ard rary o||er |ex|s, ||e |ru|| or o
||e |rue 0ros|s precedes ||e |r|erpre|a||or ol scr|p|ure. l| |s preser| |r ||e
c|urc|, ard |a|es lror exeges|s ||e r|s| W||c| || ev|der||y a|Ways rears
lor re|a||ve|y urs||||ed 8|o|e readers. lreraeus ad|eres qu||e spec|l|ca||y |o
||e sequerce ol c|urc|, la||| ard scr|p|ura| s|a|erer| W|er |e says. `0re
rus| |a|e l||g|| |o ||e c|urc|, oe oroug|| up |r ||s oosor, ard oe rour|s|ed
lror ||e scr|p|ures ol ||e lord' (v . ). zoz
0re ||us rece|ves scr|p|ura| |r|erpre|a||or lror ||e c|urc|. 8u| ||ere |s
sore|||rg ||a| precedes ||e |r|erpre|a||or. l| car ||us oe ca||ed `|rue 0ros|s,'
ard |s ro| |der||ca| W||| r|g|| |r|erpre|a||or, ou| ra||er a precord|||or lor
285
||. l| es|ao||s|es ||e au||or||y ol ||e 8|o|e |r ||s c|urc| |r|erpre|a||or |r ||e
s|rp|es| corce|vao|e las||or. `True 0ros|s |s ||e |eac||rg ol ||e Apos||es ard
||e arc|er| sys|er ol ||e c|urc| ||roug|ou| a|| ||e Wor|d ard ||e c|arac|er
ol ||e 8ody ol C|r|s| accord|rg |o ||e success|ors ol ||e o|s|ops, |o W|or
||e Apos||es |arded doWr ||a| c|urc| W||c| |s |r every p|ace. T| e |rue
0ros|s care |o us preserved W|||ou| la|se|ood as a corp|e|e |rea|rer| ol
||e scr|p|ures, |av|rg urdergore re|||er add|||or ror aor|dgrer|. lere ||e
read|rg |s uradu||era|ed, ard expos|||or accord|rg |o ||e scr|p|ures |s |eg|||ra|e
ard carelu|, W|||ou| darger ard W|||ou| o|asp|ery' (lv . ). be||ao|e 8
|r|erpre|a||or ol ||e 8|o|e |as ||s presuppos|||ors |r c|urc| ard |rad|||or.
NoW ||e 8|o|e accord|rg |o lreraeus's ||eory |s lu||y corpre|ers|o|e ol ||se|l,
ard s|ards oy ||se|l, aro||er ||re ||e c|urc| |rad|||or |s ol recess||y added
|o ||, as ||e s|ardard lor ||e corpass ard ||e |r|erpre|a||or ol ||e scr|p|ures.
lreraeus |as ro| oroug|| ||e |Wo |r|o agreerer| W||| ore aro||er. 8u| |e
car spea| |r oo|| Ways. T| e 8|o|e |s roW ||e suojec| ol d|spu|e, aoou| W||c|
ore car oeg|r |o deoa|e W||| ||e gros||cs W|||ou| lur||er presuppos|||ors, as
||e pure |ex|ua| oas|s. lere W|a| ||e opporer|s car or|y dery, W||| |aoor|ous
ra|evo|erce, oecores p|a|r. T| e |ere||ca| 0ros|s cor|rad|c|s scr|p|ure,
ou| ||e c|urc|'s doc|r|re |arror|ses W||| || W|||ou| a gap. lr |||s serse ||e
0ospe|s are `our 0ospe|s' (lll . ). 0r ||e o||er |ard ore rus| a|so say, 11;
regard|rg ||e lorr ol ||e 8|o|e, ||a|ore descr|oes || W||||r ||e lrareWor|
ol c|urc|, |rad|||or ard apos|o||c||y, oecause or|y |r |||s coro|ra||or does
|| re||ao|y y|e|d ||s rear|rg.
T| e besporse |o 0ros||c|sr |r ||e 0ree|-3pea||rg C|urc|es |;
w|a| |ays c|a|r |o |ru|| rus| |arror|se W||| ||e 8|o|e. lr |||s Way
lreraeus ra|es ||e 8|o|e a quas| reu|ra| judge oe|Weer |eresy ard c|urc|,
|rs|ead ol c|a|r|rg || lror ||e ou|se| (|||e Ter|u|||ar, praescr.)
z|
lor ||e
c|urc| a|ore ard dery|rg || |o ||s opporer|s. T| |s |as ||s grourds oo|| |r
||e a||erp|s ol ||e |ere||cs |o del|re ||e|r |eac||rg (or 0ros|s) as ||e rea|
deeper serse ol scr|p|ure, ard a|so |r lreraeus's ||eory ol scr|p|ure, lor |e
|s corv|rced ||a| |e car carry ||e day W||| ||e |ex| a|ore. 8u| ra|ura||y ||
oecores c|ear ever lor lreraeus ||e exege|e ||a| scr|p|ure |s ro| ||e ur|ly|rg
oas|s upor W||c| ore ray or oo|| s|des a||a|r |der||ca| resu||s, |o or|rg ar
erd |o ||e corl||c|. lreraeus |oWever does ro| see ||rse|l corpe||ed (|||e
Ter|u|||ar, praescr. ) |o c|arge lror scr|p|ure W||| ||s aro|gu||asard 1|
ooscur||as|o ||e regu|a l|de|as a oas|s lor argurer|a||or, ou| |o|ds l|rr|y,
W||| corv|c||or ard or apo|oge||c grourds, |o ||e sull|c|ercy ard c|ar|ly|rg
lurc||or ol ||e 8|o|e, a|||oug| ||e pr|rc|p|e |s a||ve or|y |r ||eory. lr po|r|
ol lac| ||s |errereu||ca| or|er|a||or |s ro| ||e o|o||ca| |ex| a|ore, oas|ca||y
||e ru|e ol la||| as ||e `|rue 0ros|s' |s ||e gu|d|rg ||read. 8u| lreraeus sees
|||s o||erW|se. scr|p|ure ard ||e ru|e ol la|||, ||roug| ||e|r corror or|g|r as ||e
word ol 0od ||roug| |oses, as ||e word ol C|r|s| ||roug| ||e
Apos||es, ard as ||e preac||rg ol ||e c|urc|'s presoy|ers, are |oge||er ore ard
||e sare. lr corsequerce lreraeus relers ro| s|rp|y |o ||e 8|o|e, ou| |o ||e
8|o|e |r ||e |r|erpre|a||or g|ver |o || |r ||e course ol ||e |rad|||or. `lor We
|ave ro| core |o |roW ||e order|rg ol our sa|va||or ||roug| ary o||er ||ar
||ose ||roug| W|or ||e 0ospe| care |o us. w|a| ||ey ||er rade |roWr
oy Word ol rou||, ard |a|er oy ||e W||| ol 0od |arded doWr |o us |r ||e
scr|p|ures, Was |o oe ||e lourda||or ard p|||ar (cl. T|r . ) ol our la|||' 1 1
(lll . ). T| e scr|p|ure recogr|sao|y p|ays a ||rd ol suoord|ra|e ro|e. w||| 11
||a| lreraeus er|ers |r|o ar urder|ao|e lorra| para||e||sr W||| ||e |||r||rg
ol ||e |ere||ca| 0ros|s. T| e gros||cs |oo| ||e|r s|ard or ||e pos|||or ||a|
`||e |ru|| carro| oe lourd lror ||e scr|p|ures oy ||ose W|o do ro| |roW
||e |rad|||or. 8u| ||e |rad|||or |s ro| |arded doWr |r Wr|||rg, ou| ||roug|
||e ||v|rg Word' (lll . ). lreraeus |oo |as lor ||s scr|p|ura| |r|erpre|a||or z1
ar au||or||y ou|s|de ||e 8|o|e. T| e corresporderce |s urr|s|a|ao|e. lr
eac| case ||e o|o||ca| |r|erpre|a||or draWs ||s ||le lror ||e corpre|ers|ve
|errereu||ca| v|eWpo|r| ol a 0ros|s W||c| |s ||ere oelore ||, or ||e ore
s|de |ere||ca|, or ||e o||er ||e ecc|es|as||ca|, W||c| lreraeus a|so ca||s `||e
z|. Ter|u|||ar, praescr. . , . , . , . . Cl. Noroer| 8rox, 0lleroarurg, 1z1;1||1
0ros|s urd gros||sc|er |y||os oe| lreraus vor lyor. Zur C|ara||er|s||| der
3ys|ere,
3a|zourg - |urc|er, Ar|or lus|e|, , , . 1oo;1o1
|8l|ve T| e 3ecord Cer|ury
|rue 0ros|s.' lror ||e po|r| ol v|eW ol a ||s|or|ca| ard cr|||ca| assessrer|
|oWever ore rus| say ||a| ||e prox|r||y |o scr|p|ure ol ||e 0ros|s |r eac|
case |s d|llerer| |r qua|||y. T| e d|s||rc||or |s |rpor|ar|. w|ereas ||e gros||cs
cou|d a| ary ||re erarc|pa|e ard d|s|arce ||erse|ves or ||e|r |r|erpre|a||or
lror ||e 8|o|e, ard dec|are || delec||ve (lll . ), lreraeus |r douo|lu| cases z1
appea|s |o ||e c|urc|'s preac||rg |r order |o s|oW ||e |arrory ol scr|p|ure
ard |rad|||or, ol W||c| |e |s a|Ways l|rr|y corv|rced. 0re rus| oeg|r W|||
scr|p|ure, ard |r || c|ar||y |s |o oe Wor. To |||s lreraeus |o|ds las|, ard |e
286
cou|d rever ||| upor ||e |dea W||c| Ter|u|||ar lree|y cor|erp|a|es, ||a|
scr|p|ure Was qu||e de||oera|e|y corce|ved oy 0od |r suc| a Way ||a| || gave
occas|or lor |eresy, ard ||a| W|||ou| ||e 8|o|e ||ere Wou|d oe ro |eresy, lor
accord|rg |o Cor . ||ere `rus|' oe |eres|es (praescr. . ). lreraeus 1 111 ;
cor|erds W||| ||e gros||cs lor ||e cor|er|, ro| lor ||e |eg|||ra|e possess|or
(|errereu||cs) ol ||e 8|o|e.
;. Trad|||or W|||ou| 3cr|p|ure
lreraeus or occas|or pu|s lorWard a rerar|ao|e |ypo||es|s. `le| us suppose,' |e
says, `||a| ||e Apos||es |ad |el|us ro|||rg |r Wr|||rg' ard ||a|
`a d|scuss|or |ad ar|ser aoou| sore r|ror ques||or, Wou|d || ro| ||er oe
||e or|y r|g|| |||rg |o do, |o go oac| |o ||e o|des| c|urc|es, |r W||c| ||e
Apos||es ||ved, ard |e| ||er g|ve us cer|a|r|y ard rea| e|uc|da||or lor ||e
so|u||or ol ||e preser| proo|er?' (lll . ). T| |s |s |ypo||e||ca|. |1
z
lr order |o
say |oW corpre|ers|ve|y ard aourdar||y ||e apos|o||c doc|r|re |as oeer
depos||ed |r ||e c|urc| as ora| |rad|||or, lreraeus cors|ruc|s a s||ua||or
W|||ou| ||e 8|o|e, W||c| |oWever does ro| ex|s|. lr pr|rc|p|e, scr|p|ure |s
ro| |o oe |rag|red aWay, ard |s ro| d|spersao|e. 0esp||e |||s lreraeus lor
||e rorer|, pure|y lor ||e sa|e ol argurer|, pu|s ||e case ||a| We |ave |o
cope W|||ou| ||e 8|o|e, ard ||s ||es|s |s ||a| W|||ou| ||e 8|o|e We s|ou|d
cope, oecause ||e apos|o||c |eac||rg |s d|rec||y preser| ard access|o|e |r ||e
c|urc|es lourded oy ||e Apos||es. w|a| |e War|s |o say |s ||a| ||e c|urc|'s
proc|ara||or |s douo|y assured. ll || cou|d or a ||eore||ca| |eve| ac|ua||y oe
assured ||a| ||e 8|o|e |s superl|uous, |||s lor lreraeus |s ro| a corce|vao|e
poss|o||||y. 3cr|p|ure |s lor ||r so dec|s|ve|y |rpor|ar|, oe|oved ard dear ||a|
z. A|so lars vor Carper|auser, K|rc|||c|es Ar| urd ge|s|||c|e vo||rac|| |r
der
ers|er dre| Ja|r|urder|er, Tuo|rger, J. C. 8. |o|r, rd ed. , . `l| |s a z 1o18;
ques||or
ol sore|||rg urrea|!' (FT Fcc|es|as||ca| Au||or||y ard 3p|r||ua| loWer |r ||e
C|urc|
ol ||e l|rs| T| ree Cer|ur|es,lordor ). 3|r||ar|y bever||oW . 1o 1o8
T| e besporse |o 0ros||c|sr |r ||e 0ree|-3pea||rg C|urc|es |
|e s|rp|y carro| |||r| ol a c|urc| W|||ou| ||e 8|o|e.
zo
lreraeus cor||rues
|||s |ra|r ol ||oug|| |r corcre|e |errs.
|ary ra||ors ol ||e oaroar|ars W|o oe||eve |r C|r|s| ad|ere |o |||s
ru|e. w|||ou| paper ard |r| ||ey |ave sa|va||or Wr|||er |r ||e|r |ear|s
oy ||e 3p|r||. T| ey carelu||y preserve ||e o|d |rad|||or. . . . T| ose W|o
oe||eve |||s la||| W|||ou| ||e scr|p|ures are, lror ||e po|r| ol v|eW ol
our |arguage, oaroar|ars, ou| as lor ||e|r op|r|ors, ||e|r usages, ||e|r
Way ol ||le ||ey are oecause ol ||e|r la||| ||e W|ses| rer, ard p|ease
0od. . . . ll aryore s|ou|d proc|a|r |o ||er |r ||e|r oWr |arguage W|a|
||e |ere||cs |ave |rver|ed, ||ey Wou|d a| orce s|op ||e|r ears ard l|ee
lar aWay lror ||r, s|rce ||ey carro| oear ever |o |ear o|asp|erous
speec|. T| us ||roug| ||a| arc|er| |rad|||or ol ||e Apos||es ||ey do
ro| a||oW ||e por|er|ous e|oquerce ol ||ose peop|e |r|o ||e|r r|rds
(lll . ). |z
T| e rear|rg ol |||s relererce |o ||e oaroar|ars, rade oy lreraeus, o|s|op
arorg Ce||s, |s orce aga|r ||a| ||e (urWr|||er) arc|er| |rad|||or, W||| W||c|
||e gros||cs |ave ro|||rg |o do, |s (a|ready) sull| c|er| lor or|er|a||or |oWards
||e |ru||.
A| aro||er po|r| lreraeus opers up ||e |dea ol |rad|||or, ard spea|s ol
||e W||ress ol a|| |urar||y |o ||e ore Crea|or 0od. `T| e arc|er|s, lror ||e
l|rs| rar or, preserved |||s la||| or ||e oas|s ol |rad|||or. T| e res| W|o care
al|er ||er rece|ved ||e correrora||or ol |||s ra||er lror ||e prop|e|s.
l|ra||y ||e 0er|||es |earred || d|rec||y lror ||e crea||or' (ll . ). T| |s |oo 1
|s urWr|||er |rad|||or, W||c| l|oWs |r|o ||e |rad|||or ol ||e C|urc|, ard ex|s|s
`W|||ou| paper ard |r|' (lll . ). we ray corpare a|so W|a| lreraeus |1
deve|ops |r lv . . `T| e r|g||eous la||ers |ad ||e v|r|ues ol ||e 0eca|ogue 1o
Wr|||er |r ||e|r |ear|s ard sou|s, |ov|rg 0od . . . so ||a| || Was ro| recessary
|o Warr ||er oy s|r|rger| |e||ers, oecause ||ey |ad ||e r|g||eousress ol
||e laW W||||r ||erse|ves', `ou| W|er |||s r|g||eousress ard |ove lor 0od
(|.e. arorg ||e lsrae|||es |r Fgyp|) |ad passed |r|o oo||v|or, ||er || Was
recessary lor 0od . . . |o revea| ||rse|l |o rer ||roug| ||s vo|ce', ||us aga|r
W|||ou| scr|p|ure.
zo. l| |s a ra||er ol |||s ques||or or|y (a|so |r lll . , see oe|oW), ard ro| W|e||er |z
||e |rd|v|dua| persor car oe a C|r|s||ar W|||ou| ||e 8|o|e. T| |s d|s||rc||or Was
ro|
correc||y rade oy 0o|||o|d Fp|ra|r less|rg, Ax|ora|a (0esarre||e wer|e . 8 8
8d.,
287
8er||r ard we|rar rd ed. , - ), W|o a|so appea|ed |o lreraeus (|o. z 1o818118;
) 18;
ard oy lars l|e|zrarr, 0esc||c||e der A||er K|rc|e|. , 8er||r - le|pz|g, wa||er z
de
0ruy|er, , (FT T| e lourd|rg ol ||e C|urc| ur|versa|, lordor ). 1oz11 18
ool|ve T| e 3ecord Cer|ury
8. Fxege||ca| |e||ods ard lrocedure
Aryore W|o reads lreraeus sees ||r |rvar|ao|y a| Wor| or ||e 8|o|e. le |a|es
|||s Wor| very ser|ous|y, rel|ec|s or ||e recessary re||ods, ard ad|eres |o
||er. Accord|rg |o ||s corv|c||or, |||era| rear|rg ard a||egory rera|r very
c|ose |r ||e o|o||ca| |ex|. w|a| |s |rpor|ar| |s a||er||veress |o ||e |ex| ard
||s |||era| rear|rg, ever W|er || |s a ques||or ol a parao|e. A|so |rpor|ar| |s
cau||or |r exeges|s, W||| ||e a|d ol W||c| ore |eaves urd|s|uroed ||e |r|erer|
order (i) ard ||e ac|ua| cor||ru||y (6) ol ||e s|a|erer|s. T| ese
|errereu||ca| ru|es are |r|erded oy lreraeus |r a ||oroug||y |ec|r|ca| ard
p|||o|og|ca| Way. w|a| ||ey rear |s |o oo|a|r ||e |||era| serse accord|rg |o
||e ru|es ol ||e ar|. T| ese ru|es |e repea|s ard prac||ses. T| e |r|erpre|er ol
scr|p|ure rus| ooserve ||e c|urc|'s ru|e ol la|||, ard W||| ||s exeges|s rera|r
W||||r ||e c|urc| ard |r ||e |rad|||or, |e rus| derors|ra|e ||e ur||y ol
||e 8|o|e ard ||e |arrory ol ||s par|s, |e rus| l|rd ||e |ey |o ooscure passages
||roug| ||ose ||a| are c|ear ard cer|a|r, |e rus| oe sa||sl|ed W||| ||e
sure ard uraro|guous |ru||s, ard ro| see| |o go oeyord ||er. A|| |||s |as
a|ready oeer d|scussed.
z;
w|a| |s s|||| |ac||rg |s a g|arce a| surdry exarp|es
ol lreraeus's Wor| or suc| |ex|s, W||c| |e Wou|d ro| ca|| parao|es ou| |as
|o rec|or arorg ||e uraro|guous passages.
lr a cr|||ca| |r|erpre|a||or, W||c| or ||s oWr assessrer| proceeds a|org
express|y p|||o|og|ca| ||res, lreraeus pu|s ||s earres|ress |o ||e prool ol
|rea||rg ||e |ex| W||| a|| care ard accuracy. Corcep|s are rade c|ear |r
cr|||ca| las||or, para||e| |ex|s adduced lor urders|ard|rg, parao|e |r|erpre|a||ors
are appropr|a|e|y lourdlror ||e cor|ex| ol scr|p|ure as a W|o|e (e.g.
ll . , , lv . l.). lr ||e app||ca||or ol |||s re||od lreraeus |s gu|ded zz1z o1
oy a very sure ear, as |s s|oWr lor exarp|e oy ||s ar||-gros||c exp|ara||or
ol ||e |err `l|es|, l|es||y' |r lau|, W||c| |r sp||e ol ||s use ol ror-lau||re
ar||ropo|og|ca| |err|ro|ogy |s s|||| |o oe descr|oed as a| ore W||| lau||re
||eo|ogy |r ||s d|rec||or (v , , ). Ard W|er a o|o||ca| parao|e |s exp|a|red |r 111z
suc| a Way ||a| ||e par|s ol ||e parao|e are |rarsposed po|r| oy
po|r| |r|o ||e rea||||es ol sa|va||or, |||s ro| or|y |as ||s oase |r ||e ra|ure
ol parao|e, ard ro| or|y re|a|es |o ||e l|oW ol ||e |ex|, ou| lreraeus ||rse|l
eva|ua|es ||e corresporderces ||us d|scovered oe|Weer ||e o|o||ca| |ex|
ard ||e rea|||y addressed ||ere|r |||e ary |||era| rear|rg, as ||e resu|| ol
c|ear expos|||or ol ||e exac| Word|rg. Ar exarp|e |s ||e expos|||or ol ||
1z. - par. |r lv . . 111 oz
0od p|ar|ed ||e v|reyard ol ||e |urar race l|rs| ||roug| ||e crea||or
ol Adar ard ||e e|ec||or ol ||e pa|r|arc|s, ard gave || |o ||e |erar|s
z;. 8er|rard de |arger|e, lr|roduc||or |'||s|o|re de |'exegse|. , lar|s, Cerl, 1
, 18o
- o;1, see|s |o arrarge ||ese ru|es sys|era||ca||y |r|o a ||erarc|y.
T| e besporse |o 0ros||c|sr |r ||e 0ree|-3pea||rg C|urc|es o1
||roug| ||e |eg|s|a||or ol |oses. T| er |e surrourded || W||| a lerce,
||a| |s, |e se| oourds |o ||e|r cu||ure. le ou||| a |oWer, |r ||a| |e c|ose
Jerusa|er. le dug a W|re-press, ard prepared a vesse| lor ||e prop|e||c 3p|r||.
Ard so |e ser| ||e prop|e|s . . . |o as| lor ||e lru||s, say|rg
|o ||er. T| us says ||e lord, lur|ly your Ways ard your |ao||s . . . w|er
||e prop|e|s proc|a|red |||s, ||ey soug|| ||e lru||s ol r|g||eousress.
8u| s|rce ||ey d|d ro| oe||eve ||er, a| |as| ||e lord ser| ||s 3or . . . T|e
W|c|ed |erar|s s|eW ||r, ard cas| ||r ou| ol ||e v|reyard. T|erelore
||e lord 0od |arded || over, ro |orger lerced aoou| ou| exparded
over a|| ||e Wor|d, |o o||er |erar|s, W|o Wou|d y|e|d ||e lru|| a| ||s
||re. T| e |oWer ol e|ec||or |s exa||ed everyW|ere |r sp|erdour. lor ||e
c|urc| s||res lor|| everyW|ere, ard everyW|ere ||e W|re-press |s dug
rourd aoou|, lor everyW|ere ||ere are peop|e W|o rece|ve ||e 3p|r||.
lor s|rce ||ey rejec|ed ||e 3or ol 0od, ard al|er |||||rg ||r cas| ||r
ou| ol ||e v|reyard, 0od |as jus||y rejec|ed ||er (||e JeWs) ard g|ver
|| |o ||e 0er|||es W|o ||ve ou|s|de ||e v|reyard |o |||| ||, ||a| || ray
or|rg lor|| lru||.
lr |||s parao|e lreraeus sees ||e W|o|e ecorory ol sa|va||or reasured ou|
|r oroad ou| prec|se s|eps. lr ||e 8|o|e a|| |||s |s |r|erded jus| as lreraeus
proceeds. s|ep oy s|ep ||e de|a||s ol ||e |ex| are |r ||e rarroW serse a||egor|ca||y
|r|erpre|ed ard draWr |r|o ||e s|ory as a W|o|e, |r ||a| ||ey are a||
ass|gred rear|rg as par|s ol |||s W|o|e.
T| a| |s W|y lreraeus's a||egor|ca| parap|rase ra|c|es so ed|ly|rg|y W|||
288
||e o|o||ca| |ex|.
z8T| e o|o||ca| |r|erpre|er oo|a|rs ||e rear|rg ol suc| parao|e
s|or|es oy Way ol ||e v|r|ues ol ||e p|||o|og|s|, W||c| rears oy read|rg ||e
|ex| ||se|l accord|rg |o lreraeus's oas|c |errereu||ca| ru|es (see aoove).
3ore||res lreraeus |rs|s|s W||| suc| r|gour upor ||e Word|rg ol
||e |ex| (||e `|e||er') ||a| ore rus| ca|| || exaggera|ed, s|oo||rg oeyord
||e rear|rg ol ||e |ex|. lor exarp|e, W|ere |e |s see||rg |o prove (aga|rs|
||e gros||c |eac||rg) ||a| Jesus preac|ed ard |aug|| lor rore ||ar jus| a
year, |e l|rs| |e|s ||e reader Worder a| ||e s|rp|e-r|rded v|eW (`loW s|ou|d
||e lord |ave preac|ed lor or|y a s|rg|e year?' ll . ). l| |s loo||s| oecause zz
accord|rg |o ||e c|urc|'s corcep||or ol sa|va||or, as lreraeus |roWs ard
lorru|a|es ||, Jesus `sarc||l|ed a|| s|ages ol ||le ||roug| ||e|r |||eress |o ||rse|l '
ard `||ved ||roug| every s|age ol ||le' (ll . , lll . , cl. Jus||r, 0|a|. zz| 18;
88. , l|ppo|. bel. X . ). Ard roW lreraeus ra|es ||s ooserva||ors or ||e z 1
o|o||ca| |ex|, |o prov|de ||rse|l W||| argurer|s. `A| ||e ||re ol ||s oap||sr
z8. 0l ||e exarp|e |ere c|oser (||e expos|||or ol || . - par |r |aer. lv 1z111
1o. ) || rus| oe sa|d ||a| ||e passage |s a|ready c|ear|y a||egor|ca| |r s|y|e ard z
arorg ||e syrop||c parao|es represer|s a spec|a| case, ard |s oper |o lur||er
exeges|s.
ozl|ve T| e 3ecord Cer|ury
||e lord Was |||r|y years o|d, ||er |av|rg ||e perlec| age lor a |eac|er |e
care |o Jerusa|er, so ||a| |e Was jus||y |eard oy a|| as a |eac|er. lor |e d|d
ro| appear ary o||er ||ar |e Was . . . ou| W|a| |e Was, ||a| |e appeared. 3|rce
|e Was a |eac|er, |e a|so |ad ||e age ol a |eac|er' (ll . ). T| ese asser||ors zz|
a|| re|a|e |o rarra||ve e|erer|s |r ||e 0ospe|s. T| ese are scr|p|ura| prools,
ard ||ey are lur||er added |o. `l|s advarced age, |r W||c| |e Was a |eac|er
ard |aug|| a||,' Was exac||y `||e recessary ard ros| |orourao|e s|age ol ||le'
(ard || Was prec|se|y |||s ||a| ||e gros||cs W|s|ed |o expurge).
loW d|d |e |ave d|sc|p|es, |l |e d|d ro| |eac|? loW d|d |e |eac|, |l |e
d|d ro| |ave ||e age ol a |eac|er? w|er |e care |o oap||sr, |e |ad
ro| ye| corp|e|ed |||r|y years ou| Was or|y a| ||e oeg|rr|rg ol ||e
|||r||e||lor ||us lu|e, W|o ro|ed ||e years ol ||s ||le, s|a|ed ||s age.
'Jesus Was a| ||e oeg|rr|rg ol ||s |||r||e|| year' (cl. l| . ), z
z
W|er
|e care |o oap||srard (accord|rg |o ||e gros||cs) al|er ||s oap||sr
|e preac|ed lor ore year or|y ard sullered al|er ||e corp|e||or ol ||s
|||r||e|| year, W|er |e Was s|||| a yourg rar W|o |ad ro| ye| reac|ed
ar advarced age. lor everyore W||| agree ||a| |||r|y years |s ||e l|rs|
age ol a yourg rar, W||c| ex|erds |o ||e lor||e|| year. lror ||e lor||e|| ard
l|l||e|| year ore passes |o ||e age ol a ser|or, W||c| ||e lord
|ad W|er |e |aug|| (ll . ). zz
T| e rea||y appos||e scr|p|ura| prool lor ||e dura||or ol Jesus' ||le (ard ||s
preac||rg) |s lor lreraeus lourd |r Jr . l., W||c| car a|so s|oW ar |rl|uerce 8o
arorg ||e oppos|||or. l| oov|ous|y g|ves ||r p|easure |o p|ay oll||e
|es||rory ol ||e JeWs aga|rs| ||e gros||cs. lor W|er ||e Jo|arr|re C|r|s|
all| rred |o ||e JeWs ||a| Aora|ar W|s|ed |o see ||s day, ard saW || (Jo|
8. ), `||ey arsWered ||r. ou are ro| ye| l|l|y years o|d, ard you |ave seer o
Aora|ar? (Jr . ). T| |s car rear|rglu||y oe sa|d |o ore W|o |as roW 8;
passed lor|y years ou| |as ro| ye| reac|ed ||e l|l||e||, ||oug| |e |s ro| lar
s|or| ol ||. To ore W|o |s |||r|y years o|d, ore Wou|d say. ou are ro| ye|
lor|y. T| ey War|ed |o s|oW ||r a ||ar. T| ey d|d ro| ex|erd ||e ruroer ol
||s years lar oeyord ||e age ||ey saW ||r |o |ave. 0r ||e cor|rary ||ey
expressed || as accura|e|y as poss|o|e, W|e||er ||ey rea||y |reW || lror ||e
cersus ||s|s or guessed || lror ||e age ||ey saW ||r |o |ave, as over lor|y,
ou| a| ary ra|e ro| as |||r|y. l| Wou|d oe a||oge||er |rra||ora| lor ||er |o ||e
oy |Wer|y years, W|er ||ey W|s|ed |o s|oW ||a| |e Was yourger ||ar ||e
||res ol Aora|ar. w|a| ||ey saW, ||a| ||ey a|so sa|d. 8u| |e W|o appeared
z. To re|rlorce ||s argurer|, lreraeus |as urder|a|er a s||g|| rar|pu|a||or (ol
W||c| per|aps |e Was uraWare) |r ||e lucar |ex|. |e |as oroug|| lorWard ||e
Word
`aoou|' (quas|) ard ||us oo|a|red ||e ca|c|Word `oeg|rr|rg'
(|rc|p|ers|arc|oreros)
lor ||e s|a|erer| ol ||e age (`aoou| ||e oeg|rr|rg ol ||s |||r||e|| year' |rs|ead ol
||e oeg|rr|rg ol ||s Wor|, as || |s |r lu|e).
T| e besporse |o 0ros||c|sr |r ||e 0ree|-3pea||rg C|urc|es o
|o ||er Was ro p|ar|or, ou| ||e |ru||. le Was ||erelore ro| lar s|or| ol
l|l|y, ard ||a| |s W|y ||ey sa|d |o ||r. ou are ro| ye| l|l|y, ard you |ave
seer Aora|ar? Ard so |e d|d ro| preac| lor ore year or|y. . . . lor ||e ||re
lror ||e |||r||e|| year |o ||e l|l||e|| W||| rever oe a s|rg|e year' (ll . ). zzo
lreraeus |s ro |ess |r|eres|ed |r ex|erd|rg ||e ||le ol Jesus ||ar ||e gros||cs
Were |r cu|||rg || s|or|. T| e re|a||ve|y |r|v|a| de|a|| ol ||e roc||rg correr|
ol ||e JeWs |r ||e Jo|arr|re corl||c| s|ory aoou| ||e age ol Jesus |as lor
lreraeus a cors|derao|e derors|ra||ve va|ue, ou| || |s lrar||y ro| oased or
289
||s|or|ca| |rlorra||or.
o
lreraeus |o|ds l|rr |o ||e |ex|, W||c| |r cor|er| |s
uraro|guous ard oeyord d|spu|e. T| e resu|| |s coger| |o ||e |e||er, ||a| ||e
lord d|d ro| suller as a yourg rar ou| reac|ed a r|pe ra|ur||y.
T| e scr|p|ura| prool lor ||e v|rg|r 8|r|| ol Jesus |s corduc|ed |r very
s|r||ar las||or (Fp|d. ), lror ls . , 3r . . l| |s lor lreraeus ro o 1z11z ;1z
acc|der| ou| a de||oera|e rode ol express|or ||a| `0od pror|sed 0av|d ||a|
lror ||e lru|| ol ||s oody |e Wou|d ra|se up ar e|erra| ||rg, ||a| |s, ore
oorr lror ||e v|rg|r, W|o Was ol ||e race ol 0av|d. T| a| |s W|y ||e pror|se
spea|s ol ||e lru|| ol ||e oody, W||c| rears o|r|| lror a pregrar| Worar,
ard ro| ol ||e lru|| ol ||e |o|rs or ||e lru|| ol ||e re|rs (W||c| re|a|es |o
||e rar). T| |s |s a|so a spec|a| ||rd ol o|r||, ||a| ||e spec|a| qua|||y W||c|
oe|orgs |o ||e lru|| ol ||e v|rg|r 0av|d|c oody (ol |ary) r|g|| oecore
ev|der|.' `lru|| ol ||e oody' |s rear| lor ||e Worar, `lru|| ol ||e re|rs ard
|o|rs' lor ||e rar. To l| rd |||s d|s||rc||or |r ||e Word|rg ol ||e o|o||ca| |ex|,
lreraeus |as |o suppress ||e possess|ve prorours |r ||e |ex| ol ||e psa|r
(`||s|your' oody, relerr|rg |o 0av|d).
1
3uc| scr|p|ura| prools (cl. a|so lll . ) |ave prolessed|y reac|ed ||e|r goa| 81
oy p|||o|og|ca| argurer|, ard derors|ra|e ||a| a par||cu|ar |r|erpre|a||or |s
||e or|y poss|o|e ore. lror ||e recors|ruc||or ol suc| exeges|s || |s |oWever
easy |o see ||a| ||e cogercy ol ||e |r|erpre|a||or |s ro| p|||o|og|ca||y prover,
ou| dogra||ca||y cor|ro||ed. A l||||rg exarp|e ol |||s |s ||e rarrer |r W||c|
lreraeus o|ur|s ||e lorce ol ||e o|o||ca| p|ura| ard ary |arge-sca|e use ol
||e Word `0od' (9). T| e scr|p|ura| say|rgs W||c| spea| ol `gods' rus|
a| a|| cos|s oe saved lror ||e |ere||cs, oecause ||ey soug|| oy us|rg ||er
|o suppor| grave errors. lere || |s |r|eres||rg |o see |oW lreraeus e|||er
a|ros| v|o|er||y re-|r|erpre|s ||e |err|ro|ogy ol ar arc|a|c o| po|y||e|sr
suc| as ls . , ard . |r|o lar|||ar s|a|erer|s ol C|r|s||ar ||eo|ogy, 8z1o o1
o. Cl. lerrarr 3|ra||rarr, 0as Fvarge||ur des Jo|arres, 0o|||rger,
varder|oec| urd buprec||, , . `T| e asser||or, a| ar age ol ro| ye| l|l|y 11|
a rourd
l|gure, se| de||oera|e|y ||g|, W||c| carro| oe pu| |o c|roro|og|ca| use.' Cl. C.K.
8arre||, 0as Fvarge||ur rac| Jo|arres, 0o|||rger , . `lrooao|y l| l|y |s 1o
a rourd
ruroer' (or|g|ra| Frg||s| ed|||or , , rd ed|||or ). 1zzz 1;8
1. T| e sare prool |r |aer. lll . , cl. Fp|d. . z1 o|
o|l|ve T| e 3ecord Cer|ury
ard so rerders ||er |rrocuous (e.g. lll . , . , lv . ), or reduces ||er o111 8|
|o prop|e||c ard r| |deas (e.g. ls . , 0a| . l., Cor . - ), so ||a| ||e 1;8 |8 1 8|o
rare `gods' |s g|ver |o rorer||||es W||c| are gods or|y so lar as ||e Word
goes (veroo |erus, lv . ). us|rg |||s re||od, lreraeus car ever save ||rse|l 1z
W|er |e |s |r|erpre||rg ||e par||cu|ar|y d|ll|cu|| |ex| Cor . , W||c| ||e z ||
gros||cs c|a|red lor ||e|r doc|r|re ol |Wo 0ods. lau| ||ere spea|s ol `||e
0od ol |||s Wor|d,' W|o accord|rg|y s|ards oes|de 0od |os| l|g|. lere
lreraeus Was a| a |oss. lr |||s case |e cou|d ro| res| cor|er| W||| ||e |||era|
serse, W||c| a| l|rs| g|arce g|ves ||e r|g|| |o ||s opporer|s. le repor|s ||e|r
exeges|s, ard ||er se|s aoou| correc||rg ||. `T| ey appea| |o ||e lac| ||a| lau|
|r ||e secord |e||er |o ||e Cor|r|||ars says oper|y. lr ||er (|.e. ||e |os|)
||e 0od ol |||s Wor|d |as o||rded ||e r|rds ol ||e uroe||ev|rg ( Cor . ), z ||
ard ||ey say ||a| ||ere |s |rdeed ore W|o |s 0od ol |||s Wor|d, ou| aro||er
W|o |s aoove every pr|rc|pa|||y. . . . l| |s ro| ry lau|| |l ||ose W|o say ||a|
||ey |roW ||e rys|er|es corcerr|rg 0od do ro| ever |roW |oW |o read
lau|. lor lau| |as ||e |ao|| ol us|rg |rarspos|||ors ol Words (|yperoa|a), as
l s|oW a| rary o||er p|aces.
z
ll ore accord|rg|y reads as lo||oWs. 'lr ||er
0od'ard ||er orea|s ollard ra|es a s||g|| pause, ard reads ||e res| |r
ore orea||. 'ol |||s Wor|d ||e r|rds ol ||e uroe||ev|rg,' ||er |e W||| l|rd ||e
|ru||, so ||e rear|rg ol |||s passage |s. 0od |as o||rded ||e r|rds ol ||e
uroe||ev|rg ol |||s Wor|d. Ard |||s |s s|oWr ||roug| a sra|| d|s||rc||or. lor
lau| does ro| say ||e 0od ol |||s Wor|d, as |l |e |reW aro||er aoove ||r,
ou| |e |as corlessed 0od as 0od, ou| |e spea|s ol ||e uroe||ev|rg |r |||s
Wor|d, oecause ||ey W||| ro| |r|er|| ||e cor|rg Wor|d ol |rcorrup||o||||y'
(lll . ). lere lreraeus |as lourd ||rse|l a| a |oss, ou| as a|ready sa|d |as ;1
|roWr |oW |o ex|r|ca|e ||rse|l, ever |l |r qu||e rerar|ao|e Ways. lr ||e lace
ol ||e d|ll| cu|| |ex| |e c|arges ||s re||od ard pu|s |r|o prac||ce a spec|a|
|ec|r|que lor l|rd|rg rear|rg |r ||e |ex| (|yperoa|or ard a pause |r read|rg). we
ray as| W|y |e d|d ro| |||r| or ||e spo| ol ||e lau||re rear|rg
ol ||e verse. 8y `||e 0od ol |||s Wor|d' lau| rears 3a|ar or ||e dev||. lor
lreraeus |||s corpror|se ev|der||y goes |oo lar, oecause |||s |r|erpre|a||or
ray oe r|surders|ood. lror lll . , We |earr |o |roW ||e douo|s W||c| 81z
lreraeus |as aoou| ||e p|rase `||e 0od ol |||s Wor|d,' ever W|er ||e p|rase
290
der|ves lror lau|. lerce |e correrds ||s re||od ol `Word-|rarspos|||ors'
ard pauses |r read|rg. `ll ||er ore does ro| pay a||er||or, ard ra|e rar|les|
||e |r|erva|s |r W|a| |s sa|d, ro| or|y W||| ||ere oe |rcorgru|||es, ou| |e W|||
ever o|asp|ere |r ||s read|rg. . . . As ||er |r suc| cases ore oug|| |o s|oW ||e
|yperoa|or ||roug| ||e read|rg, ard preserve ||e Apos||e's cors|s|er| rear|rg,
so a|so ||ere (|.e. |r Cor . ) We read ro| `||e 0od ol |||s Wor|d,' ou| z ||
z. TWo exarp|es lo||oW |r ||e rex| sec||or, . , W|ere lreraeus l|ra||y cores ;z
oac|
|o Cor . |o sur up ||s corc|us|ors. z ||
T| e besporse |o 0ros||c|sr |r ||e 0ree|-3pea||rg C|urc|es o
say `0od' ol ||r W|or We |ru|y ca|| 0od, ou| urders|ard ||e `uroe||ev|rg'
ard o||rded `ol |||s Wor|d' |r ||e serse ||a| ||ey W||| ro| |r|er|| ||e Wor|d ol
||le ||a| |s |o core' (lll . ). T| e c|ear ard uraro|guous |||era| serse, suc| ;z
as lreraeus ra|es ||e |as| ol exeges|s, |s |r suc| exarp|es (cl. lll . ) rore ;z
corp||ca|ed, ou| lor lreraeus ro |ess c|ear or ||a| accour|.
lor suc| re||ods ol |r|erpre|a||or lreraeus |as |o ra|e ||e oes| ol
c|arges |r ||e |ex| ard ||s rear|rg. As |r ||e exarp|e aoove, |r ||s prool ol
||e v|rg|r 8|r||, |e suppressed ||e possess|ve prorour W||c| s|ood |r ||e
Way ol ||s |r|erpre|a||or, so |ere || |s ro |orger 3a|ar, as |r lau|, ou| 0od W|o
o||rds rer (or |||s |dea cl. lv . ), ard 3a|ar d|sappears corp|e|e|y lror z1
||e |ex|. T| |s |r|erlererce, oorr ol recess||y, carro| oe regarded as ar exarp|e
ol ser|ous exege||ca| dea||rg W||| ||e lau||re |ex|, ard as `a rea| corcerr lor
||e |ex| ard ||s urders|ard|rg,' |r order |o go or ||ereal| er ard ca|| lreraeus
||e l|rs| |r ||e c|urc| `W|o corcerred ||rse|l W||| ar |r|erpre|a||or ol ||e
|e||ers ol lau|.'

Corpar|sor W||| ||e 0ree| |ex| s|oWs ||e despera|e c|arac|er ol ||ese
opera||ors, W||c| ore a|so ercour|ers |r lreraeus. le rera|rs
aoso|u|e|y sure ol ||s re||ods. l| |s a par| ol ||s re||od ||a| |r lv . |e z1
quo|es ||e `dargerous' ard proo|era||c |ex| urcorcerred|y ard W|||ou| ary
Warr|rg, |rarspos|||or or precau||orary reasures. 3uc| de|a||ed |r|erpre|a||or
ol |rd|v|dua| ||res ol ||e 8|o|e, or |rd|v|dua| |errs, |s ro corcerr ol lreraeus.
le dWe||s lor prelererce or ||e |arger cor|ex|s, W||c| are |rdeed |||eW|se
|roWr lror ||e o|o||ca| |ex|s ou| are |o oe rerdered |r oroad parap|rases
ard accord|rg |o ||e|r |r|erra| |og|c. 0re sees lreraeus a| suc| Wor| |r lv
o. - , lor exarp|e, W|ere |e se|s lor|| lor |rs|g|| ard urders|ard|rg ||a| |ex| 1o
ol suc| ||g| qua|||y (lor ||rse|l ard ||e gros||cs), || . . 11z;
8|o||ca| |r|erpre|a||or as a re||od |s ||e |rs|rurer| W||| W||c| ore
l|rds ard a||a|rs ||e |ru|| cor|a|red |r ||e Wr|||er |rad|||or. 0ver aga|rs|
||e gros||cs, lreraeus prov|des ||e c|ue W||| W||c| ore ray l|rd ||e Way.
`bead a||er||ve|y ||e 0ospe|, W||c| Was g|ver us oy ||e Apos||es, read a||er||ve|y
||e prop|e|s, ard you s|a|| l|rd proc|a|red |r ||er a|| ||a| our
lord d|d, a|| ||a| |e |aug||, a|| ||a| |e sullered. 3|ou|d || occur |o you |o
as|. w|a| reW |||rg d|d ||e lord ac|ua||y or|rg |o us oy ||s cor|rg? T| er
cors|der, ||a| |e oroug|| a|| ||a| Was reW, |r ||a| |e oroug|| ||rse|l, |e
W|o Was pror|sed. lor prec|se|y ||a| Was proc|a|red, ||a| ||e NeW Wou|d
core |o rereW rer ard qu|c|er ||er |o ||le.'
o|o||ograp|y
8a|s, 0. l.. 'T| e use ard lr|erpre|a||or ol lau| |r lreraeus's l|ve 8oo|s
Adversus
laereses,' T| e 3ecord Cer|ury ( ). - . 1zz;

3o w|||e|r 3c|reere|c|er, ZK0 ( ). . ;1o|1

ool|ve T| e 3ecord Cer|ury
8ero||, Ardre. 3a|r| lreree. lr|roduc||or |'e|ude de sa ||eo|og|e, lar|s, lresses
ur|vers||a|res, . 1oo
8|rg|ar, 0. J. lreraeus's use ol |a|||eW's 0ospe| |r Adversus laereses.
leuver.
lee|ers, . 18
. `lreraeus's bead|rg ol borars .' lr 3er|rar lapers. ore |urdred 8 zoo1
|||r|ysever|| arrua| ree||rg, Noveroer - , , Adars |ar| lo|e| ard 1;zozoo1
Co|orado
Corver||or Cer|er, 0erver, Co|orado, - . A||ar|a. 3oc|e|y ol 8|o||ca| 11o
l||era|ure, . zoo1
8orWe|sc|, 0. Na||arae|. 0|e T| eo|og|e des lreraus, 0u|ers|o|, C.
8er|e|srarr, . 1z
8rox, Noroer|. 0lleroarurg, 0ros|s urd gros||sc|er |y||os oe| lreraus vor
lyor. Zur
C|ara||er|s||| der 3ys|ere, 3a|zourg-|urc|er, Ar|or lus|e|, . 1oo
. `0|e o|o||sc|e lerrereu||| des lreraeus.' Ze||sc|r|l|lur Ar|||es C|r|s|er|ur
z( ). - . 18z1o|8
0e |arger|e, 8er|rard. lr|roduc||or |'||s|o|re de |'exegse, |. , lar|s, Cerl, 1
. 18o
291
lar||ro, Jacques. la ||eo|og|e d'lreree. lec|ure des Fcr||ures er reporse
|'exegse
gros||que. ure approc|e |r|r||a|re.Cog||a||or l|de| . lar|s. Cerl, . 18o 1|
lar|asla|vy, 8.. 'T| eo|ogy ol 3cr|p|ure |r 3|. lreraeus,' b8er ( ). - . ;81o81
ler|ay, l.. 'lreree de lyor exeg|e du qua|r|re Fvarg||e,' NbT| ( ). 1oo18|
- . zzz|
0rar|, booer| |.. A 3|or| l|s|ory ol ||e lr|erpre|a||or ol ||e 8|o|e, lordor, Adar
ard C|ar|es 8|ac|, rd ed., . z 18|
lerrera, 3a|va|or. 3a|r| lreree de lyor exeg|e, lar|s, Ar||ur 3ava|e, . 1zo
Karpp, le|rr|c|. 3c|r|l|, 0e|s| urd wor| 0o||es. 0e||urg urd w|r|urg der 8|oe| |r
der 0esc||c||e der K|rc|e, 0arrs|ad|, w|ssersc|al| ||c|e 8uc|gese||sc|al| ,
. 1z
laWsor, J.. T| e 8|o||ca| T| eo|ogy ol 3a|r| lreraeus, lordor . 1|8
N|e|ser, J. T.. Adar ard C|r|s| |r ||e T| eo|ogy ol lreraeus ol lyors, Asser, var
0orcur Corp., . 1o8
Noorrarr, bo|l. lreraus a|s lau|us|r|erpre|, Tuo|rger, J. C. 8. |o|r, . 1|
Norr|s, b.A., Jr. `lreraeus' use ol lau| |r ||s po|er|c aga|rs| ||e 0ros||cs.' lr
lau| ard ||e legac|es ol lau|. bev|sed papers preser|ed a| ||e corlererce |e|d
a| 3ou||err |e||od|s| ur|vers||y |r |arc| , ed. oy w. J. 8aococ|, - . 18; ;8
0a||as, 3ou||err |e||od|s| ur|vers||y lress, . 1o
0soorr, F. lreraeus ol lyors. Caror|dge, ur|vers||y lress, . zoo1
bever||oW, lerr|rg. Fpoc|er der 8|oe|aus|egurg|. , |urc|er, C. l. 8ec|, 1
. 1o
3|eoer, lerrarr Josel. Fxeges|s la|rur. 3agg|o o|o||ogral| co su||' eseges|
o|o||ca de|
ladr| de||a C||esa, bore, ls|||u|o la|r|s||co Augus||r|arur, . 18
3|rore|||, |ar||o. 'ler |yp|ca ad vera. No|e su||'eseges| d| lrereo,' ve|C|r 18
( ). 181
- ;8z.
vog|, lerrarr Josel. '0|e 0e||urg des A||er Tes|arer|s oe| lreraus vor lyor,'
T|
1oo( ). - . 18o1;z8

lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| X o;
ClF|FNT 0l AlFXAN0blA CA. 150-215
8orr ca. , a cor|erporary ol lreraeus, Ter|u|||ar ard l|ppo|y|us, 1o
C|erer| corver|ed |o C|r|s||ar la||| al|er a ques| lor |ru|| W||c| |ad |ed
||r |o sou||err l|a|y, 3yr|a ard la|es||re. l|ra||y, |e re| lar|aerus, `||e
3|c|||ar oee ga||er|rg ||e spo|| ol ||e l|oWers ol ||e prop|e||c ard apos|o||c
readoW' |r A|exardr|a, W|ere |e Was a |eac|er ol C|r|s||ar ||oug||.
C|erer| rep|aced lar|aerus ca. as |ead ol ||e A|exardr|ar sc|oo| ol zoo
ca|ec|urers, ou| |e Was dr|ver ou| ol Fgyp| oy ||e persecu||or ol 3ep||r|us
3everus ( - ). le d|ed |r Jeruse|er s|or||y oelore . zozzo z1
lr ||s Wr|||rgs C|erer| `a||udes |o ||e o| |r l|l|eer |urdred passages
ard |o ||e r| |r |Wo ||ousard. le |s a|so We|| versed |r ||e C|ass|cs, lror
W||c| |e quo|es ro| leWer ||ar ||ree |urdred ard s|x|y passages.' (uas|er,
ll. ). l|s |||erary |egacy |rc|udes. o
|. T|e Fx|or|a||orlois- - ?F\\pvd (Cl0 ) 111;
w||| quo|a||ors lror c|ass|ca| sources suc| as lorer, Fur|p|des, l|a|o 1z
ard ||e 0racu|a 3|oy|||ra, ||e v|orar| essay cour|s a|ros| as rary relererces
|o oo|| Tes|arer|s.
||. T|e Tu|orldid (Cl0 ) 111;o
T|e 0|v|re logos, l|rs| proc|a|red source ol |rue |roW|edge |r T|e
Fx|or|a||or, cores roW lorWard as ||e `Tu|or' W|o s|oWs corver|s |oW |o
corduc| ||e|r da||y ||le |r order |o reac| perlec||or as au||er||c C|r|s||ar
`0ros||cs.' 8o|| Tes|arer|s are ||e ra|r au||or||y relerred |o oy C|erer|
rex| |o l|a|o, l|u|arc| ard 3|o|c sources. No |ess ||ar verses ol ||e o| o
(|xx), quo|ed or a||uded |o |r lour |urdred passages ol ||e ||ree ooo|s,
s|oW |oW `oo|| laWs served ||e logos lor ||e educa||or ol |urar||rd,
ore ||roug| |oses ||e o||er ore ||roug| ||e Apos||es' (lll, , , ). lr 1z|1
||e r|, |a|||eW |a|es ||e |ead, W||| aoou| as rary quo|a||ors as ||e ||ree
o||er caror|ca| 0ospe|s |oge||er. lau||re relererces preva|| over ||ose lror
||e 0ospe|s. T| e 8oo| ol beve|a||or |s exp||c|||y |r|roduced or|y orce, |r
ll, , , ). `ard beve|a||or ( 1o1o8 1os\i) says' (bv . , ), |r e|ever o11
o||er passages || |s or|y rer|r|scer|. Arorg ||e |op|cs lor W||c| scr|p|ure
o8l|ve T| e 3ecord Cer|ury
|s ros| lrequer||y |rvo|ed, scr|p|ura| c|||d|ood cores l|rs|. As oap||sr
g|ves a reW s|ar| |r ||le, ca|ec|urers are regerera|ed, ||e|r you|| |r la|||
ard reWress ol ||le ca|||rg pr|rar||y lor lau||re quo|a||ors, as does ||e|r
|r||a||or ol C|r|s|. le oll ers aourdar| adv|ce lor doWr-|o-ear|| prac||ce
ard e|||ca| oe|av|or, lor exarp|e |r ge|||rg dressed, |a||rg a oa||, ea||rg,
ard s|eep|rg, a|| l|rd|rg appropr|a|e suppor| |r o|o||ca| |||era|ure.
|||. T|e Carpe|s, or 3|rora|es Zd+ (Cl0 ll, ) 1;;
`T| e rare 'Carpe|s' |s s|r||ar |o o||ers used a| ||e ||re, |||e 'T| e |eadoW,'
292
'T| e 8arque|s,' 'T| e loreycoro.' 3uc| ||||es |rd|ca|ed a gerre lavoured oy
p|||osop|ers ol ||e day ||roug| W||c| ||ey cou|d d|scuss ros| var|ed ques||ors
W|||ou| s|r|c| order or p|ar ard pass lror ore proo|er |o aro||er
W|||ou| sys|era||c |rea|rer|, ||e d|llerer| |op|cs oe|rg Wover |oge||er |||e
co|ours |r a carpe|.' (uas|er, ll, ) z
lr sever ooo|s (||e e|g||| |s l|c||ve, oe|rg a se| ol ro|es used lor ||e
o||er ooo|s) ||e au||or d|scusses ||e re|a||or ol C|r|s||ar re||g|or |o secu|ar
cu||ure. le erp|as|zes ||e pr|racy ol ||e o|o||ca| reve|a||or over a|| p|||osop|y,
`lor 0od |s ||e cause ol a|| good |||rgs, ou| ol sore pr|rar||y, as ol
||e 0|d ard NeW Tes|arer|s ard ol o||ers oy corsequerce, as p|||osop|y'
(l, , ). Ary rora| or re||g|ous |ru|| |r pagar|sr, ever W|er |aug|| oy l|a|o z8
der|ves lror ||e prop|e|s ol ||e o| (8oo| ll). T| e pr|rc|p|es ol 0ros||c|sr
are relu|ed |r 8oo|s lll |o vll, 8oo| lll locus|rg or e|||cs, 8oo| lv or rar|yrdor
ard C|r|s||ar perlec||or, 8oo|s v ard vl or ||e syroo||c |arguage
ol la||| ard ||e |rdeo|edress ol 0ree| p|||osop|ers |oWards 3cr|p|ure, ard
8oo| vll recap||u|a||rg ||e ra|r ||eres.
|os| lavoured o|o||ca| ooo|s are lsa|rs, lsa|a|, |a|||eW, lu|e, ard
arorg ||e le||ers ol lau|, l|rs| Cor|r|||ars. lroveros rece|ves a spec|a|
|rea|rer| |r 3|rora|esl ard ll, ou| ||roug|ou| ||e 3|rora|es||e c||a||or ol
||e r| |s c|ear|y predor|rar|. 3ore c|ap|ers, suc| as 0eres|s - , Fxodus 1
zo, ard 0eu|erorory W||| ||e Ter Corrardrer|s, |a|||eW W||| ||e
3error or ||e |our|, ||e lro|ogue ol Jo|r, Cor|r|||ars ard Fp|es|ars 1 1
|are cer|ra| |r C|erer|'s o|o||ca| ||oug||. A cors|ar| reror|z|rg ol o|o||ca|
da|a pervades ||s s|y|e ard regu|a|es ||s exuoerar| relererces |o ror-o|o||ca|
|rad|||ors, c|ass|ca|, JeW|s|, or 0ros||c (A. |e|a|, F|ude, - ). 1zo|
C|erer| ol A|exardr|a o
|v. Fxcerp|s lror T|eodo|us, Fs o# 0oo (Cl0 ll, ) 1;8
lr ||s correr|s or sore Fxcerp|slror a d|sc|p|e ol va|er||rus, ||e ros|
larous A|exardr|ar 0ros||c |eac|er, C|erer| relers or|y a dozer ||res |o
||e o| (ed. 3agrard, 3C , ), ou| |e quo|es ||e r| |r a| |eas| a |urdred zzo
occurerces. usua||y scr|p|ura| e|erer|s reed |o oe |der||l|ed |r ||e |ex|ure
ol C|erer|'s oWr ser|erces, or|y a leW quo|a||ors are |r|roduced oy `as ||e
lord says' or `as lau| ||e Apos||e sa|d.' T| e recourse |o 3cr|p|ure lurc||ors
W||| regard |o ar||-0ros||c corcerrs W|ereoy 0eres|s - , ||e lro|ogue ol 1|
Jo|r's 0ospe|, ard ||a| 0ospe| as a W|o|e, as We|| as Cor|r|||ars , p|ay 1 1
a rajor ro|e.
v. Fc|ogae prop|e||cae,Fs v opis!v s\od
A co||ec||or ol o| quo|a||ors, sore |av|rg a|ready served |r ear||er Wr|||rgs ol
C|erer|, o||ers oe|rg presurao|y s|oraged lor ||e |as| (ard rever
corposed) ooo|s ol 3|rora|es.
v|. w|o |s ||e b|c| |ar T|a| |s 3aved?
T ($vo \oio, (Cl0 ll, ) 1;
Ar essay Wr|||er as a serror, (ou| ro| de||vered) or || . - , ro| |o oe 1o1;1
|a|er |||era||y |r a|| cases, ou| W||| a |ear| lree ol des|re lor rorey.
v||.lragrer|s;o$i (Cl0 ll, ) 18o
0l C|erer|'s e|g|| ooo|s ol correr|ar|es or ||e o| ard r| |r lorr ol
s|e|c|es or ou|||res or|y a leW lragrer|s surv|ve lror 8oo| lv (or 1
ard Cor|r|||ars), v (ra|r|y or 0a|a||ars ard ), vl (or |ar|), vlll z z
(or - T|ro||y), |o ||ese rus| oe added |Wo o||er 0ree| lragrer|s or 1z
leoreWs ard o||er |op|cs, ard |r ar 0|d la||r |rars|a||or oy Cass|odorus
(ca. ), s|or| correr|s or le|er, Jude ard - Jo|r (0C3 , d. ed., |o 1 1z z
1;o, - ). T| e 0ree| lragrer|s are |rarsr|||ed |r Fuseo|us, lFl, zoz1
ll, vl, lseudo-0||orer|us ( ||- || c.?) l-ll, Jo|r |osc|us, T|e 3p|r||ua| o ;
|eadoW, ard l|o||us, 8|o|. Cod. l. 1o
A. Fc||e, T|e 8ap||sr. uas|er ll, . 1;
1ol|ve T| e 3ecord Cer|ury
v|||. 0r ||e lasc|al o# d (Cl0 ll, ) 181
T| |s |as oeer |os|, W||| ||e excep||or ol a leW ||res, ros| ol ||er |r Fuseo|us,
C|ror|cor lasc|a|e, see a|so rer||ors ol ||e Wor| |r l. F.lv, , , ard vl, zo|
1, . C|erer| ca||ed or s|r||ar essays 0r ||e lass|oroy |e|||o, lreraeus
ard o||ers.
|x. Fcc|es|as||ca| Caror, d 'odi(vv (Cl0 ll, ) 18z
A s|rg|e lragrer| l|gures arorg ||e pa|r|s||c quo|a||ors added oy N|cep|orus
ol Cors|ar||rop|e (ca. - ) |o ||e |||rd ooo| ol ||s Ar||rr|e||c|aga|rs| ;88z
Cors|ar||ros Coproryros. 0C3 , rd ed., - ). z z181
Fd|||ors ard Trars|a||ors
ANl , = . z188 1
0. 3|a|||r, l. lruc||e|, u. Treu. C03, vo|s. 8er||r, rd ed. , || ed. z 1;o|
18.
lro|., la|d, u|s d|ves, 3|ror. 0. 3|a|||r, 8Kv rd ed., , , , , . z ;81;1zo
lro|. C. |ordeser|, A. l|assar|, 3C ( || ed., ). |. |arcov|c|, 3vC , z| 1;o |
le|der . 1
lro|, u|s d|ves. 0. w. 8u||erWor||, lCl , lordor . z 11
la|d. l.-l. |arrou, |. lar|, 3C ( rd ed., ). C. |ordeser|, l.-l. ;oz 18
293
|arrou, 3C ( ). 181;o
3|ror. l. J. A. lor|, J. 8. |ayer, lordor . A. le 8ou||uec, l. vou|e|, 3C 1oz
z;8( ), ( ), ( ). l. 0escour||eux, 3|ror.vl, 3C 181z;181|z81; ||o
( ). l. 0oeroec|, 8as|e . l. C|adW|c|, lCC , lordor . 1 1o z 1|
J. lergusor, laC| , was||rg|or, 0C, . 8 11
Fxc. b. l. Casey, 3|0 , lordor . l. 3agrard, 3C . 1 1| z
Fc|. C. Nard|, 8la| , l|orerce . | 18
3|ud|es
A|exarder, l. `T| e ||v|rg vo|ce, scep||c|sr |oWards ||e Wr|||er Word |r ear|y
C|r|s||ar ard |r 0raeco-borar |ex|s.' lr 3|ell| e|d ur|v. years o|o||ca| |o
s|ud|es, ed||ed oy 0. J. A. C||res, e| a|., - . J30T.3 . 3|ell| e|d. J30T zz1|; 8;
(l||aca
N.., Corre||), . 1o
A||erdorl, l.-0. `0|e 3|ege|o||dvorsc||age des C|erers vor A|exardr|er.'
ZNw 8
( ). - . 1o;1z8
C|erer| ol A|exardr|a 11
Azza|| 8errarde|||, 0. `Fseges| e ca|ec|es| re||a r|l|ess|ore pa|r|s||ca |r|orro a
bor
1o. . l|des ex aud||u, aud||us au|er per verour C|r|s|| (lppo||||o boraro, 1;
C|erer|e A|essardr|ro, 0r|gere).' lr Corvegro d| s|ud|o e agg|orrarer|o,
laco|| d| le||ere cr|s||are e c|ass|c|e (lor|. lrs|. A|||or|s la||r||a||s), bora
- zoz8rarzo , - . Fd||ed oy 3. le||c|. 8|o||o|eca d| sc|erze re||g|ose . 1zo;8| 1oo
bore. lA3.
8aarda, T. `C|erer| ol A|exardr|a ard ||e larao|e ol ||e l|s|errar. |a|||eW . 1
- |;|8or lrdeperder| Trad|||or?' lr T| e 3yrop||c 0ospe|s. 3ource Cr|||c|sr
ard ||e NeW l||erary Cr|||c|sr, - . Fd||ed oy C. locar|. 8|o||o||eca 8z8
Fp|erer|dur T| eo|og|carur lovar|ers|ur . louva|r. lee|ers, . 11o 1
8ader, J. 8. `T \isd dvvd [Fxc. T| . , | a uo|a||or lror Jer z1
. ?' 1zz
NT3 ( - ). - . 81o11ozo8
8err|ard, J. 0|e apos|o||sc|e |e||ode oe| K|erers vor A|exardr|er. le|pz|g
, 1o8
- 81z.
8oor, b. `3c|r|l|oesc|ouW|rg er 3c|r|l|ver||ar|rg var C|erers A|exardr|rus.'
NAK0 ( ). - . |111|z
8raro|||asca, 0. `C||a||ors de |'Fcr||ure 3a|r|e e| des au|eurs c|ass|ques dars |e
ois- - @\\pvd de C|erer| d'A|exardr|e.' 3|la|r ( ). - 111;z8
. 1z
8r|g||, l. `T| e lray|rg logos ard ||e C|r|s||ar a| lrayer |r C|erer| ol
A|exardr|a.
Cr|||ca| lssues |r ||e la|r|s||c lrayer Corpus.' lr 38l 3er|rar lapers. 0re 1
lurdred TWer|y-N|r|| Arrua| |ee||rg, Noveroer - , , T|e 3|era|or zoz1oo
was||rg|or ard ||e 0rr| 3|ore|ar lo|e|s, was||rg|or, 0C, - . Fd||ed oy 8o8z
F. l. lover|rg, Jr. A||ar|a. 3c|o|ars lress, . 1
8roc|, b. var der. `N|e|-gros||sc| c|r|s|erdor |r A|exardr|e voor C|erers er
0r|geres.' NedTTs ( ). - . 1;z8;
8roo|s, J. A. `C|erer| ol A|exardr|a as a w||ress |o ||e 0eve|oprer| ol ||e NeW
Tes|arer| Caror.' 3ecord Cer| | ( ). - . 11z|1
8roude|oux, J. l. |ar|age e| lar|||e c|ez C|erer| d'A|exardr|e. lr T|l . lar|s. 11
8eauc|esre, . 1;o
Care|o|, T. `C|erer| d'A|exardr|e e| |'Fcr||ure.' b8 ( ). - . 1|oz|z8
Carper|auser, l. vor, K|rc|||c|es Ar| urd ge|s|||c|e vo||rac||. Tuo|rger rd z
ed.,
1o, - . z1
. 0|e Fr|s|e|urg der c|r|s|||c|er 8|oe|. Tuo|rger , , . 1o8;|
Carao|re, 0. `A 0ar| C|oud. le||er|s||c lrl|uerces or ||e 3cr|p|ura| Fxeges|s ol
C|erer| ol A|exardr|a ard ||e lseudo-0|orys|us.' lr 3cr|p|ura| lr|erpre|a||or
|r ||e la||ers. le||er ard 3p|r||, - . Fd||ed oy T. l|rar ard v. TWorey. o1;|
0uo||r. lour Cour|s lress, . 1
Co|urga, A. `C|erer|e de A|ejardr|a escr||urar|o.' le|rr||ca ( ). - . 11o|;1
Coppe||o|||, l. `l'|rl|uso d| l||ore su C|erer|e (A|ess.) re||'eseges| o|o||ca.' 0|ss.,
Tur|r, - . 1o1;
1zl|ve T| e 3ecord Cer|ury
Covo|o, F. 0. `l'ep|sod|o de| g|ovare r|cco |r C|erer|e e 0r|gere.' lr ler
lorarer
acus, - . ;1o8
Cr|s||ra, 3. 0|. `le||ura a||egor|co-sp|r||ua|e de||a re|alora '|| pas|ore e || suo
gregge'
|r C|erer|e e 0r|gere.' lr lo T|eo|ogos N3 , - , . 1111z18
0ar|e|ou, J. `Typo|og|e e| A||egor|e c|ez C|erer| d'A|exardr|e.' 3|la|r ( ). |1o1
- 11z11.
. |essage evarge||que e| cu||ure |e||er|s||que, Tourra| . 1o1
. `la |rad|||or se|or C|erer| d'A|exardr|e.' Augb ( ). - . 1z1;z18
294
0rac|oWs||, l. `T| e educa||ora| lurc||or ol ||e 0|d Tes|arer| laW |r C|erer| ol
A|exardr|a's corcep||or. wr|||er Kerygra |r ||eory ard prac||ce.' bTK , zo
( ). - . 1;1;z
0racz|oWs||, l. `Frror| d| oase re||'eseges| e|erodossa secordo |'|rsegrarer|o
d|
C|erer|e A|essardr|ro.' lr Corvegro d| s|ud|o e agg|orrarer|o, laco|| d|
le||ere cr|s||are e c|ass|c|e (lor|. lrs|. A|||or|s la||r||a||s), bora - rarzo zoz8
1z, - . Fd||ed oy 3. le||c|. 8|o||o|eca d| sc|erze re||g|ose . bore. lA3, ;1oo 1oo
1.
lar|asla|vy, 0. `T| e lresoy|er's w||ress or ||e 0rder ol ||e 0ospe|s as
bepor|ed oy
C|erer| ol A|exardr|a.' C8 ( ). - . |1zzoo;o
lerrrdez Ardaraz, 3. `l| proo|era |errereu||co er |a |r|erpre|ac|or de |a oora
de
C|erer|e A|ejardr|ro.' 3cr|pv ( ). - . o18z;8
. `'ba||o e| sap|er||a', e| proo|era de| re|odo er |a escue|a de A|ejardr|a
(. . . C|erer|e) y e| desarro||o de |a re|odo|og|a 'sap|erc|a|.'' Corpos|e||aruro
( ). - . 11|;
. `'T| ra|os' er C|erer|e de A|ejardr|a.' 3crv|c| ( ). - . 811z|o1
laule, 0. `0as voro||d C|r|s|| a|s |o||v |r der parare||sc|er 8e|e|rurg des
K|erers vor A|exardr|er.' 83AC ( - , ed. ). - . zo1o1;o 1;1o;
lerrar|u|, l. |. `la paraoo|e c|ez C|erer| d'A|exardr|e. 0el|r|||or e| source de
|a ||eor|e.' FT|l ( ). - . z11|oo
loe|, A. var der. `C|erer| ol A|exardr|a ard ||s use ol l|||o |r ||e 3|rora|e|s.
Ar
ear|y C|r|s||ar res|ap|rg ol a JeW|s| rode|.' 3v|gC|r . le|der. 8r|||, . 188
. `C|erer| ard 0r|ger as 3ources or 'Norcaror|ca|' 3cr|p|ura| Trad||||ors
dur|rg ||e la|e 3ecord ard Far||er T| |rd Cer|ur|es.' lr 0r|ger|ara 3ex|a.
0r|gre
e| |a 8|o|e|0r|ger ard ||e 8|o|e. Ac|es du Co||oqu|ur 0r|ger|arur 3ex|ur.
C|ar||||y, aou| - sep|erore , - . Fd||ed oy 0. 0or|va| ard o 1111
A. le 8ou||uec, |r co||aoora||or W||| |. A|exardre, |. ledou, A. lour||er,
ard J. wo||rs||. louva|r. lee|ers, . 1
. `0|verger| 0ospe| |rad|||ors |r C|erer| ol A|exardr|a ard o||er au||ors ol
||e
zrd cer|ury.' Apocryp|a ( ). - . ;1o|oz
le 8ou||uec, A., la ro||or d'|eres|e dars |a ||||era|ure grecque, ll
e
-lll
e
s|c|es. lar|s
18.
C|erer| ol A|exardr|a 1
. `C|erer|, 0r|gre. |a pererr||e de |'Fcr||ure.' lr A|exardr|e lll
e
s|c|e av. J.-C.
Tous |es savo|rs du rorde ou |e rve d'ur|versa|||e des l|o|erees, - . zz|o
Fd||ed
oy C. Jacoo ard l. de lo||grac. lar|s. Fd|||ors Au|rerer|, . 1z
. `0e |'usage de |||res 'reo|es|arer|a|res' c|ez C|erer| d'A|exardr|e.' lr la
lorra||or des carors scr|p|ura|res, - . Fd||ed oy |. Tard|eu. lar|s. Cerl, 11zoz
1.
lopez 0reja, J. `A|ejardr|a, su Fscue|a. ur raes|ro (C|erer|e).' le|rr||ca 1
( ). - . 1o|ozz
|asce||ar|, F. lruders d|spersa|or vero|. borar| . - re||'eseges| d| 1zz1
C|erer|e
A|essardr|ro e 0r|gere. luoo||caz|or| de||a laco|| d| le||ere e l||osol|a
de||'ur|vers|| d| |||aro . l|orerce. la Nuova l|a||a, . 1| 1o
. lruders d|spersa|or vero|. borar| . - re||'eseges| d| C|erer|e 1zz1
A|essardr|ro
e 0r|gere.3ez|ore a cura de||'ls|||u|o d| 3|or|a |ed|oeva|e e |oderra . 1o
l|orerce. la Nuova l|a||a, . 1o
|ees, |. `0er ge|s||ge Terpe|. F|r|ge uoer|egurger zu K|. v. A|.' ve|C|r 1
( ). 1o|
- 88.
. `0|e Z||a|e aus der r| oe| K|erers vor A|exardr|er.' 0|ss., lor|. lrs|. 8|o||c|,
1oo.
. `0as |a|||aus-Fvarge||ur |r der wer|er des C|erers vor A|exardr|er.'
0|v
1z| ( ). - . 1o8o;8
. 0|e Z||a|e aus der r| oe| C|erers vor A|exardr|er. uaderr| d| 've|C|r,' . z
8ar|. ls|||u|o d| le||era Cr|s||ara Ar||ca, . 1;o
. `lsaa|s 0plerurg |r lru|c|r|s|||c|er 3|c||, vor C|erers borarus o|s
C|erers
295
A|exardr|rus.' Augb ( ). - . z8188z;z
|e|a|, A. `C|erer| d'A|exardr|e e| |es sers de |'Fcr||ure. ler 3|rora|e, , e| 1;o1
1;, .' lr Fpe||as|s. |e|arges pa|r|s||ques oller|s au Card|ra| Jear 0ar|e|ou,
- o. lar|s, . 1;z
|er|e|, l. `C|erers A|exardr|rus uoer d|e be||erlo|ge der Fvarge||er.'
FT|l | oo|
( ). - . 18|8z8
|e|a|, A. `0. p ure |ypo||se sur |'ooje| de |a grose or||odoxe.'
3|la|r
lX| ( ). - . 1oo8z8o
|ordeser|, C., C|erer| d'A|exardr|e, `A propos du s|gre du Terp|e. ur |ex|e
de C|erer| d'A|exardr|e?'. b3b ( ). - , |rars|a||or ard o1|8o8|
correr|ary.
|or||ey, b. Corra|ssarce re||g|euse e| |errereu||que c|ez C|erer|
d'A|exardr|e.
le|der. 8r|||, . 1;
. `T| e ||rror ard Cor . |r ||e Fp|s|ero|ogy ol C|erer| ol A|exardr|a.' 1 11z
v|gC|r ( ). - . o1;o1ozo
|urc|, F. `ldoi urd d oe| C|erers vor A|exardr|a.' 0|ss., 8orr,
. 1o8
Nard|, C. `0|o |r C|erer|e d| A|essardr|a,' - . 11o
1|l|ve T| e 3ecord Cer|ury
. l| oa||es|ro |r C|erer|e A|essardr|ro, |r|erpre|az|ore d| Fc|ogae prop|e||cae
- 1zo. 3|. Fp|. Aug. . bore. s|. pa|r|s|. Augus||r|arur, . 1 1 18|
. `C|erer|e d| A|essardr|a.' lr la 8|oo|a re||'ar||ar||c||| cr|s||ara. l. 0a 0es
a
0r|gere, - . Fd||ed oy F. Nore|||. 8o|ogra. Fd|z|ore 0e|or|are 8o|ogra, o1;o
1.
. `No|e d| C|erer|e A|essardr|ro a| 3a|ro . Fc|. lrop|. (= Fc|ogae 18
prop|e||cae)
- 1o.' v|vers |oro | ( ). - . o11|z
0eyer, C. `6 sioi. acerca de |a preura|o|og|a de C|er. A|ej.' C|le 18
( ). - . 1ozz;o
. `las po|erc|as de 0|os er |os pr|reros s|g|os cr|s||aros. l (lreura|o|og|a de
C|er. A|.).' 8ueros A|res. 0regor|ara, . 1o
. `F|re lru|c|r|s|||c|e Frge|preura|o|og|e oe| K|. v. A|.' lKZ ( ). - , 1o1ozzo
o( ). - . 1oz;|;
0soorr, F. `log|que e| exegse c|ez C|erer| d'A|exardr|e.' lec|ures arc|erres
de |a
8|o|e.Fd||ed oy l. |arava|. Ca|. 8|o. la|r. . 3|rasoourg. ur|v., 1 18;
la|uc||, J. `lr|rc|p| lordarer|a|| d| ura corre||a eseges| re| pers|ero d| C|erer|e
A|essardr|ro.' lr Corvegro d| s|ud|o e agg|orrarer|o, laco|| d| le||ere
cr|s||are e c|ass|c|e (lor|. lrs|. A|||or|s la||r||a||s), bora - rarzo , zoz8 1z
- 1o;
zo. Fd||ed oy 3. le||c|. 8|o||o|eca d| sc|erze re||g|ose . bore. lA3, . 1oo 1
lroc|er, F. C|r|s||ar Cor|roversy |r A|exardr|a. C|erer|'s lo|er|c aga|rs| ||e
8as|||dears ard ||e va|er||r|ars. Aru3|.Tb . NeW or|. le|er larg, . 1;z 1
lrure|, 0. la rora|e de C|erer| d'A|exardr|e e| |e r|. F|. d'l|s|. e| de l|||os.
be||g
o1. lar|s. lul, . 1oo
b|ed|rger, b. `Zur ar||rar||or|||sc|er lo|er|| des K|erers vor A|exardre|a.'
v|gC|r | ( ). - . z11;1z
b|zzer|o, l. `Creaz|ore e ar|ropo|og|a |r C|erer|e d| A|essardr|a.' lr 0|z|orar|o
d|
sp|r||ua|||8 o|o||co-pa|r|s||ca, vo|. ll. Creaz|oreurro0orra. lar|e secorda.
reg|| scr|||| de| ladr|, - . bore. 8or|a, . 1oz 1
borde|, l. `le pec|e or|g|re| dars |a |rad|||or.' 8lF ( ). - . o81o;zo|
buWe|, J. `C|erer| d' A|exardr|e. caror des Fcr||ures e| apocryp|es.' 8|o z
( ). 1|8
- ;;, - , - . z|oo81|o8
. `les 'agrap|a' dars |es oeuvres de C|erers A|exardr|rus.' 8|o ( ). o1|
- . 1oo
3c|Warz, l. lrago 0e| a|s c|r|s|o|og|sc|-ar||ropo|og|sc|es lroo|er |r der
0esc||c||e
der a||er K|rc|e vor lau|us o|s C|erers vor A|exardr|er. Aro. z. K|0 u.
be||g|orsW|ss. la||e. N|ereyer vF8, . 1oo
3r|||, |., C|erer| ol A|exardr|a ard ||e 3ecre| 0ospe| ol |ar|. Caror|dge,
|ass.,
1;.
3|ere|er, l. `l'a||||ude de C|erer| (d'A|exardr|e) |'egard de |a ||||era|ure
sacree
de |a C|re||er|e (c||a||ors e| |r||a||or s|y||s||que de |a 8|o|e).' lr 0raec||as
C|r|s|. lr|raev., vo|. , - . N|jr. 0e||er & var de veg|, . 118 1o;
C|erer| ol A|exardr|a 1
296
Tor r arce, T. l. ` T| e lerrereu||cs ol C|erer| ol A|exardr|a.' lr Tex|s ard
3|ud|es
( lor) le||er|sr ard 0|aspora, vo|. , - . A||ers, . ;o11o 188
Torr|s, J. `C|erer| d'A|exardr|e e| 3. |arc.' 8berar ( ). - . 1|11o81o
Treu, u. `F|yro|og|e urd A||egor|e oe| K|erers vor A|exardr|er.' 3|la|r ( ). |1o1
- 11z11.
var der loe|, A. `Tec|r|ques ol uo|a||or |r C|erer| ol A|exardr|a. A v|eW ol
Arc|er| l||erary wor||rg |e||ods.' v|gC|r ( ). - . o1ozz|
varge||s|a, l. `la cr|s|o|og|a pao||ra |r C|erer|e A|essardr|ro.' 0|ss., uroe.
lor|.
ur|v. 3. T|oras Aqu., | . 1o;o
w|rder, J. C. |. var. `uo|a||ors lror l|||o |r C|erer| ol A|exardr|a's
lro|rep||cus.' v|gC|r | ( ). - . z|1;8zo81
Zap||r|s, 0. `le |ex|e du 0|scours sur |a ror|agre er || . - . dars |es ecr||s 1;z
de C|erer| d'A|exardr|e.' TA|| | | | ( | | | ). - , - | |1||||o1;o;;|;|z|o;oo
;18| - , - , - | - . 1o;1;o8;;;o8z1oz;
1ol|ve T| e 3ecord Cer|ury
Xl
ANTlbA88lNlC l0lF|lC3
3pec|l|c reeds ol ||e C|r|s||ar oe||ev|rg corrur||y |rsp|red adequa|e uses
ol scr|p|ure. T| e rup|ure W||| ||e raoo|r|c au||or|||es ol ||e 0|aspora, a|ready
W||ressed |r ||e caror|ca| 0ospe|s er|a||ed deep |r|o ||e |||rd cer|ury a
proper gerre ol po|er|ca| Wr|||rgs `Aga|rs| ||e JeWs,' Adversus ludaeos. No|
||e |eas| agress|ve |r |||s regard Were corver|s lror Juda|sr |o C|r|s||ar||y,
|urr|rg aga|rs| ||e|r lorrer le||oW-oe||evers. 0re d|s||rc||ve |||erary crea||or
|r ar||-raoo|r|c parp||e|s |s ||e sys|era||c quo||rg ol o|o||ca| relererces
|roWr as Tes||ror|a.
|. Tes||ror|a
3pec|l|c psa|rs or passages lror ||e lrop|e|s served |o e|aoora|e ||e ear||es|
C|r|s||ar se|l-del|r|||or |r ||e r|, suc| as lsa|r ard lsa|a| - |r z1 z
regard |o ||e pass|or ol Jesus, lsa|r lor proc|a|r|rg ||s |rcarra||or, 11;
lsa|r ard aoou| ||s ascers|or or lsa|r lor ||s oe|rg sea|ed a| z o; 1o
||e r|g|| |ard ol ||e la||er. lor a s|r||ar purpose, o||er o| c||a||ors Were
s||g|||y rod|l|ed, Words oe|rg added or suos|rac|ed, |Wo or rore scr|p|ura|
verses oe|rg corl|a|ed (cl. le||er ol 8arraoas), a re||od lar|||ar |o ||e
|argur|r. 3ore e|erer|s |a|er over lror r|dras||r|||e ||e 8oo| ol Juo||eesor
||e Apocryp|or ol 0eres|s, Were jo|red |o o| da|a. 3uc| are ||e `Tes||ror|a,
W||| a|| ||e lea|ures ol arc|a|c quo|a||ors. reduc||ors, add|||ors, lus|ors,
rod|l|ca||ors' (0ar|e|ou, F|udes, - ). 8
0ur|rg ||e l|rs| |Wo cer|ur|es ||e Tes | |ror|ac|rcu|a|ed lror ore C|r|s||ar au||or
|o aro||er. T| ey s||l|ed lror ||ere |o ||ere, |org oelore ||ey
Were co||ec|ed oy |e|||o ol 3ard|s, Cypr|ar ol Car||age, A||aras|us ol
A|exardr|a or lseudo-0regory ol Nyssa. T| ey |rsp|red ear|y C|r|s||ar ar|
ard err|c|ed rary C|r|s||ar |||urg|es. T| ey a|so erded |r co||ec||ors ol
o|o||ca| c||a||ors orgar|zed accord|rg |o ||e |rrer order ol ||e 8|o|e, l|rs| ||e
prop|ec|es ol |oses |a|er lror ||e ler|a|euc|, ||er ||ose ol 0av|d |a|er
lror ||e 8oo| ol lrop|e|s. ||e Fc|ogae lrop|e||caeol C|erer| ol A|exardr|a
ard Fuseo|us ol Caesarea.
0| . , `our ||le W||| |arg cor||rua||y |r susperse' l|rs| used |r ||s z8oo
rod|l|ed lorr (add. `ou W||| see') oy |e|||o (0r ||e lass|or) a|so appears, ou| |r
aro||er lorr c|oser |o |xx, |r lreraeus, lrool ol ||e Apos|o||c
Teac||rg W|ere || er|ers |r|o a se| ol o| quo|a||ors aoou| ||e pass|or ol ;
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| C|r|s|. C|erer| ol A|exardr|a 1;
a||udes |o || (3|rora|esv, ||, , ). C|erer| 1zz
ard 0r|ger (Correr|ary or |a|||eWXll, ) |r ||re W||| l|||o, quo|e ||
W|er rer||or|rg ||e `|Wo Ways' ol ||le ard dea||. Ter|u|||ar quo|es || arorg
o||er prop|ec|es ol ||e pass|or |r Adversus ludaeos(X, ), |r add|rg `or ||e 1
Wood' (|r ||gro), |e quo|es || e|seW|ere (Adv. lud. Xlll, ). lr Corrod|ar's 11
vers|l|ed lrs|ruc||ors, ||e p|rase occurs sever ||res, |r |eep|rg occas|ora||y
Ter|u|||ar's add|||ora| |r ||gro. |e|||o |ad jo|red 0| . W||| Jer . , z8oo 111
ls . , ard ls . , W|ereas Jus||r coro|red 0| . W||| Jer . ard ls z1 ; z8oo 111
. . 3uc| cors|e||a||ors ol o|o||ca| quo|a||ors cor||rued |o oe carr|ed or 1o
||roug| separa|e c|arre|s |r a|| es|ao||s|ed |rad|||ors ol Fas| ard wes|.
3|ud|es
lorres, N. J., le| Tes||ror|a|ooe|. Ars|erdar 1
l|rdars, 8., `3ecord T| oug||s. lv. 8oo|s ol Tes||ror|es'. FT ( - ). - ;1o|1;
. ;
N|spe|, |. 0., `C|r|s||ar 0e|l|ca||or ard ||e Far|y Tes | |ror|a'. vC ( ). 1
- z8o|.
||. Ar||-Juda|c Au||ors
1. Ar|s|or ol le||a
Ar|s|or ol le||a (ca. ), A|exardr|ar au||or ol a |os| 0|scuss|or oe|Weer 1|o
Jasor ard lap|scus aoou| C|r|s|(|ax|rus Corlessor, relerr|rg |o Fuseo|us,
lFlv , ) preser|ed ||e very l|rs| er||re|y a||egor|ca| JeW|s|-C|r|s||ar o
297
|errereu||cs or ||e o|. l|s essay Was a||ac|ed oy Ce|sus, ard lor ||a|
reasor delerded oy 0r|ger. uo||rg Ce|sus. `l |roW a Wor| ol |||s sor|,
a Cor|roversy oe|Weer ore lap|scus ard Jasor, W||c| does ro| deserve
r|d|cu|e ou| ra||er p||y ard |a|red. l| |s ro|, ||erelore, ry du|y |o relu|e |||s
rorserse, lor || |s oov|ous |o everyore |o g|ve ||s a||er||or |o ||e ac|ua| Wr|||rg.
8u| l Wou|d preler |o |eac| aoou| ||e order ol ra|ure ard say ||a| 0od
rade ro|||rg ror|a|,' 0r|ger adds ||e lo||oW|rg correr|. `Never||e|ess,
l cou|d W|s| ||a| everyore W|o |ears Ce|sus' c|ever r|e|or|c asser||rg ||a|
||e ooo| er||||ed 'A Cor|roversy oe|Weer Jasor ard lap|scus aoou| C|r|s|'
deserves ro| |aug||er ou| |a|red, W|ere |o |a|e ||e |||||e ooo| |r|o ||s |ards
ard |ave '||e pa||erce ard erdurarce |o g|ve ||s a||er||or' |o ||s cor|er|s.
le Wou|d ||er a| orce corderr Ce|sus, lor |e Wou|d l|rd ro|||rg |r ||e
ooo| deserv|rg ol |a|red. ll aryore reads || |rpar||a||y |e W||| l|rd ||a| ||e
ooo| does ro| ever rove ||r |o |aug||er. lr || a C|r|s||ar |s descr|oed as
Ar||-baoo|r|c lo|er|cs 1;
18l|ve T| e 3ecord Cer|ury
d|spu||rg W||| a JeW lror ||e JeW|s| 3cr|p|ures ard as s|oW|rg ||a| ||e
prop|ec|es aoou| ||e |ess|a| lo| Jesus, ard ||e rep|y W||| W||c| ||e o||er
rar opposes ||e argurer| |s a| |eas| vu|gar ror ursu||ao|e |o ||e c|arac|er
ol a JeW' (C.C. , , C|adW|c| , l.). |z 1zoo
lr o||er Words ||e a||egor|ca| re||od, proper |o A|exardr|ar cu||ure,
Was |r|||a||y app||ed |r ar||-Juda|ca oy a JeW|s| C|r|s||ar apo|og|s|, eager
|o |eg|||ra|e ||s C|r|s|ocer|r|c read|rg ol arc|er| prop|e|s. A||egor|sr Was
ro| a lourd|rg dec|s|or ol C|r|s||ar |errereu||cs. l| Was a suosequer| ard
secordary ellec| ol uravo|dao|e po|er|cs. lr ||s very or|g|r, ||e |errereu||ca|
|r|||a||ve proper |o C|r|s||ar la||| Was ruc| rore oourd |o ||e |rrer
dyrar|c ol la||| ||se|l.
Fd|||ors
0||o, J. K. T. vor. 0|spu|a||o lasor|s e| lap|sc|. Jera = v|erra , . 18;z 1o;
3|ud|es
8rurs, J. F., `A||erca||o'. 3|T ( ). - . |1;z8;z|
larrac|, A. vor, 0esc||c||e der a||c|r|s|||c|er l||era|ur. l, . le|pz|g , - 1 18z
(Tex|s).
lros|re|er, l. b.. lACl rd ed. , l. z 11
w||||ars, A. l., Adversus Judaeos. , - . 1z8o
z. Jus||r ol bore. see c|ap|er , vl, |
. |e|||o ol 3ard|s. see c|ap|er , lX, |v
|e|||o ol 3ard|s, |r ||s |or||y 0r ||e lass|orra|es a s|rorg ar||-Juda|c
s|a|erer|, s|r||ar |o W|a| ore reads |r pseudo-Cypr|ar's Aga|rs| ||e JeWs.
|. lseudo-Cypr|ar
Adversus Judaeos, |rarsr|||ed urder ||e rare ol Cypr|ar, |s a serror da||rg
lror ca. . 0. var 0arre a||r|ou|es || |o a r|r|s|er |r ||e JeW|s| C|r|s||ar 1;
corrur||y ol bore, W||c| |ad a|ready produced ||ele||er ol C|erer|
|o ||e Cor|r|||ars. T| |s `o|des| serror |r la||r' |s ro| d|rec||y address|rg
JeWs, ou| sec|ar|ar JeW|s|-C|r|s||ars |rs|de a 0er|||e-C|r|s||ar corrur||y.
Al|er ca|||rg or ||e arc|er| coverar|s ol 0od, lror Adar |o |oses, ||e
preac|er correr|s or ||e |Wo parao|es ol ||e ev|| |erar|s (|| . - , || z1|o
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| . - , l| . - ) ard ||e 11z11z zo1
Wedd|rg leas| (|| . - , l| . - ), W||| zz11| 1|1oz
spec|a| relerrece |o ||e |Wo sors (|| . - ). T| e descr|p||or ol C|r|s|'s z1z8z
lass|or serves as a r|e|or|ca| c||rax o|rd|rg |oge||er ||e correr|s or ||e
d|llerer| parao|es. Cor|erp|a||rg ||e rejec||or ol ||e uroe||ev|rg JeWs ard
||e e|ec||or ol ||e ra||ors |eads |o a |yrr|c proless|or ol la|||. T| e |or|||s|
erds oy ce|eora||rg ||e lac| ||a| sore JeWs reac|ed sa|va||or ||ar|s
|o C|r|s|'s corpass|or ard |o oap||sr. lseudo-Cypr|ar Was a r|e|or ard
a g|l|ed Wr||er lar|||ar W||| ||e c|ass|cs. le Was a|so |ra|red as a jur|s|, ||e
ro||ors ve|usard rovur |es|arer|ur|eep a s|r|c||y jur|d|ca| serse W|er |e
c|a|rs. ||c es| qu| rup|| ve|ro suur |es|arer|ur e| scr|ps|| rovur, quo ger|es
ad possess|orer oororur suorur vocav||(par. ). T| e |or||y s|oWs severa| o1
cor|ac|s W||| a very ear|y |ex| ol ||e 0|a|essaror. l| cores c|ose |o lreraeus
ard |o |e|||o's |or||y 0r ||e lasc|. o| quo|a||ors are. 0r . (par. ), 1|
1;. o ard (par. ), ls . (par. ), o- a (par. ), . , (par. ), 8 1 1z z1 1| |111o18 ;1
z. o- (par. ), . - (par. ), . - (par. ). T| e serror or|y a||udes |o o ;1 ;8o;
Jer . , , , . - (par. ), ard ls . - (par. ). zzz;o1;18 o o o
Fd|||ors
0arre, 0. var. lr|oourg . 1o
0|erc|s, 0. l.. CCl ( ). - (lr|roduc||or, - ). |1;zzo;8 z|o
Trars|a||ors
0arre. aoove.
3|ud|es
larrac|. A., `Zur 3c|r|l|lseudo-Cypr|ars Adversus ludaeos,' Tu , Nl ( ). zo 1oo
- 1zo.
ladgral, 0., `uoer der lseudo-cypr|ar|sc|er Tra||a| Adversus ludaeos'. All 11
( ). - . 1oo8;;
298
Ar||-baoo|r|c lo|er|cs 1
v| A|p|aoe||ca| l|s| ol lr|rc|pa| Au||ors & Aroryrous wor|s 0|scussed
T||s page |r|er||ora||y|el|o|ar|
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| z1
ClAlTFb 3lX
Tllb0-CFNTub 0bFFK
Clbl3TlAN llTFbATubF
cor|er|s
lr|roduc||or. T| e 8|o|e |r T| |rd-Cer|ury C|r|s||ar||y 523
l. 3|x|us Ju||us Alr|carus 527
ll. l|ppo|y|us ol bore 528
lll. 0r|ger ol A|exardr|a 53o
oy lerrarr J. vog|
lv. 0|orys|us ol A|exardr|a 575
v. 0regory T|aura|urgus 578
vl. Arror|os ol A|exardr|a 580
vll. T|eogros|os 581
vlll. T|eoras ol A|exardr|a 582
lX. le|er l ol A|exardr|a 583
X. |e||od|us ol 0|yrpus 584
z1
v| A|p|aoe||ca| l|s| ol lr|rc|pa| Au||ors & Aroryrous wor|s 0|scussed
T||s page |r|er||ora||y|el|o|ar|
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| lNTb00uCTl0N. z
TlF 8l8lF lN Tllb0CFNTub Clbl3TlANlT
T| e |||rd cer|ury W||ressed a suos|ar||a| groW|| ol ||e C|r|s||ar r|ror||y
|r ||e uroar cer|res ol ||e borar Frp|re, as We|| as ||e |rp|ar|a||or ol
C|r|s||ar corrur|||es oeyord ||e oorders ol ||e Frp|re, |r 3yr|a, lers|a ard
Arrer|a. T|e 0ree| |o|reserved as a ||rgua lrarcalor rary |rarsac||ors |r
||e sp|ere ol re||g|ous ard cu||ura| ac||v|||es. Fver |r bore ||e C|r|s||ar
|||urgy cor||rued |o oe ce|eora|ed |r 0ree|, W|ereas la||r Was ||e oll| c|a|
|arguage ol ||e |rper|a| adr|r|s|ra||or, |rc|ud|rg ||a| ol A|exardr|a ard ol
||e eas|err prov|rces. C|r|s||ar au||ors ol ||e wes| |r|er||ed a |xx, d|ll| cu||
ol access |r poor ard d|verse la||r |rars|a||ors, ard so, |||e Ter|u|||ar, sore
o||er Wr||ers d|d ro| |es||a|e |o |rars|a|e ||e 0ree| exerp|ars ol ||e 8|o|e a|
||e|r d|sposa| or ||e|r oWr |r|||a||ve. A|||e sare ||re, ||ese au||ors |erded
|o cor|er| ||erse|ves W||| |a||r|z|rg rary |ec|r|ca| |errs |r exeges|s ard
|||urg|ca| prac||ce. Ac|ua||y, ||e er||re v|eW ol a o|o||ca| |r|erpre|a||or |r ||e
wes|, W||c| |ad groWr ou| ol ||e Judeo-C|r|s||ar ca|ec|es|s |r bore, Alr|ca,
or 3pa|r, ard |ad oeer lourded or oas|c pr|rc|p|es |r proper|y la||r |errs,
s|oW|y ou| sure|y ass|r||a|ed ||e rore e|aoora|e |errereu||cs l|our|s||rg
|r 0ree|-spea||rg c|urc|es. Al| er ||e occas|ora| (|os|) 0ree| parp||e|s ol
Ter|u|||ar Wr|||er dur|rg ||e l|rs| |Wo decades ol ||e cer|ury, l|ppo|y|us ol
bore, over a decade |a|er, Was ||e |as| wes|errer |r ||e c|urc| corpos|rg
||s Wor|s |r 0ree|.
T| e s|orr ol 0ros||c|sr, severe |r ||s |rpac| lor sore C|r|s||ar corrur|||es,
r||der lor o||ers, |ad urged ||e reed lor a caror|ca| ||s| ol o| ard
r| Wr|||rgs lor a|| ||e c|urc|es. 8elore ||e erd ol ||e secord cer|ury, ||e o|d
co||ec||ors ol Tes||ror|a|ad oeer rep|aced oy rore e|aoora|e expos|||ors
ol C|r|s||ar doc|r|res, ||e ros| corpre|ers|ve oe|rg au||ored oy lreraeus
ol lyor. 8|o||ca| exeges|s Was or ||e verge ol oecor|rg a ra|r corporer| ol
C|r|s||ar |||era|ure as ||e |rcreas|rg reed lor educa||rg ||e la|||lu| |r scr|p|ure
c|a||erged corrur||y |eaders. lerce ||e Wr|||rg ol apo|og|es, a|red a|
preser||rg C|r|s||ar||y |r ar accep|ao|e Way |o a ror-C|r|s||ar readers||p,
receded lror ||e crea||ve |or|zors ol c|urc| Wr||ers, W|||e exp|ara||ors ol
||e sacred scr|p|ures used |r ||e |||urgy ard lor ||e |ra|r|rg ol ca|ec|urers
ga|red |r popu|ar||y. T| e ra|r c|urc|es ol Ar||oc| ard A|exardr|a, Fp|esus
|r As|a ard Caesarea |r lor|us, Car||age |r Alr|ca, ard ol bore ard ||e res|
ol ||e la||r wes|, corso||da|ed ||e|r |||urg|ca| corrur||y ||le W||| a s|rorg
erp|as|s pu| or ||e o|o||ca| educa||or ol ||e|r corver|s.
lersecu||ors oy 3|a|e au||or|||es oro|e ou| sporad|ca||y, due |o po||||ca|
z|3|x T| |rd-Cer|ury 0ree| C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
oppor|ur|sr ard soc|a| urres|. T| |s Was ||e case a| ||e s|ar| ol ||e |||rd
cer|ury, W|er ar ed|c| oy 3ep||r|us 3everus |r s|r|c||y loroade corvers|or |o zoz
Juda|sr or C|r|s||ar||y. ur||| ||e s|or| re|gr ol Frperor 0ec|us
( - ), or|y |ax|r|rus ( - ) occas|ored ar ar||-C|r|s||ar ou|ours|, W||| z|z1 zz8
||e borar o|s|op lor||arus ard ||e pr|es| l|ppo|y|us arorg
||s v|c||rs. lr , a gerera| ed|c| ol 0ec|us |rposed or a|| |r|ao||ar|s ol zo
||e Frp|re |o oller a sacr|l|ce, a supp||ca||o, |o ||e gods lor ||e We||-oe|rg
ol ||e 3|a|e. lr a|| c|||es, Corr|ss|ors de||vered cer||l|ca|es (||oe|||) |o ||ose
W|o sacr|l|ed. T| e relusa| ol ||e puo||c ac| ol |oya||y |oWard ||e erperor,
W||c| ||e sacr|l|ces |rp||ed, Was pur|s|ed oy pr|sor, |or|ure, ard ol|er oy
dea||. Ar F|||op|ar docurer|, W|ose au||er||c||y |as oeer Warrar|ed oy
299
||e 8o||ard|s|s (Ac|a sarc|orur , Jure , ), rer||ors s|x|eer ||ousard 1o 1z
C|r|s||ar casua|||es |r Fgyp| a|ore. T| e delec||or ol a grea| ruroer ol
ca|ec|urers ard oap||zed W|o, ||roug| or|oery or o||er rears, acqu|red
||oe|||W|||ou| sacr|l|c|rg, provo|ed a deep scarda| |rs|de C|r|s||ar corrur|||es.
urlorg|v|rg r|gor|s|s |r ||e sp|r|| ol Nova||ar, dreared aoou| a
c|urc| ol ||e lure ard c|a|red |o |a|e s|des W||| ||e corlessores, W|o |ad
rea||y sullered dur|rg ||e persecu||or, a rore accorroda||rg rajor||y ol
pr|es|s ard |ay peop|e cors|dered ||e s||ua||or W||| rea||s||c |rdu|gerce.
lerce, |r ||e C|r|s||ar Wr|||rgs ol ||e ||re, o|o||ca| agrurer|s ol a reW
||rd p|eaded |r lavour ol recorc|||a||or ard lorg|veress. T| e o| |eac||rg
aoou| perarce ard ||e r| ressage ol |ove rece|ved |r ||a| cor|ex| ruc|
a||er||or oy |r|e||ec|ua| c|urc| |eaders ol oppos||e carps, suc| as Nova||ar
ard Cypr|ar. lr ard , gerera| reasures oy Frperor va|er|ar s|ruc| z; z8
||e c|ergy ard |ead|rg |a||y |r par||cu|ar, |r bore, Fgyp| ard borar Alr|ca,
||e persecu||or Was s|opped oy 0a|||ar |r . zoz
0ur|rg ||e |org per|od ol re|a||ve peace oe|Weer ard , ||e |||rd zoz o|
cer|ury C|r|s||ar||y prospered or ||e sca|e ol ||e Frp|re, ra|r|y |r uroar
areas. lr A|exardr|a, ou| a|so |r o||er p|aces, a spec|acu|ar |rcu||ura||or ol ||e
C|r|s||ar se|l-all|rra||or er|a||ed a re-|||r||rg ol o|o||ca| exeges|s. 0r|ger
ol A|exardr|a |raugura|ed a reW s|y|e ol |r|erpre||ve |ec|r|ques ard |||erary
gerres app||ed |o scr|p|ure, W||c| |r|egra|ed ||e JeW|s| sc|o|ars||p ol l|||o
ard cor|erporary raoo|s W||| ||e pas|ora| reeds ol c|urc| corgrega||ors,
ard ||e rys||c v|s|or ol ||s oWr ger|us. l||e A||g||er| 0ar|e, a ||ousard years
|a|er |r l|orerce or w||||ar 3|a|espeare |r F||zaoe||ar Frg|ard, 0r|ger crea|ed
a |||erary |egacy, prec|se|y |r ||e area ol scr|p|ura| |r|erpre|a||or, W||c|
Was |o c|arge lorever ||e |arguage ol lu|ure gerera||ors.
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| 0erera| 8|o||ograp|y z
T|e A|exardr|ar 3c|oo|
`A|exardr|e.' lages - |r F|Trav. ;1
A|||e|r-3||e||, b. `wurde A|exardre|a lr Jur| r. C|r. 0urc| d|e lerser o1
Frooer|? 8erer|urger Zur Ze||||c|er 8es||rrurg der 3asar|d|sc|er
8ese|zurg Agyp|ers ur|er C|osrau ll. larWez.' Tyc|e ( ). - . o111o
Car|e|or lage|, J. N. 8. `T| e C|r|s||ar Fxeges|s ol ||e 0|d Tes|arer| |r ||e
A|exardr|ar Trad|||or.' lages - |r leoreW 8|o|e|0|d Tes|arer|. T|e |;8|z
l|s|ory ol l|s lr|erpre|a||or. vo|. . lror ||e 8eg|rr|rgs |o ||e ||dd|e Ages (ur||| 1
1oo), |r Co-0pera||or W||| C. 8re|e|rars ard |. larar, Fd. oy |. 3lor, lar| . 1
Ar||qu||y. 0o|||rger. varder|oec| & buprec||, . 1o
Ceresa-0as|a|d|, A. `l'eseges| 8|o||ca Ne| 'Correr|o a| Car||co 0e| Car||c|' 0|
l||ore 0| Carpas|a.' lages - |r 3|ud| Card. |. le||egr|r|. . ;8; 1;
Cesara, l. `bassegra 0e||a le||era|ura A|essardr|ra Fd Fg|z|ara de| lv e v
3eco|o.'
lages - |r ler lorarer Acus. 1o
0aWsor, 0. A||egor|ca| beaders ard Cu||ura| bev|s|or |r Arc|er| A|exardr|a.
8er|e|ey. ur|vers||y ol Ca||lorr|a lress, . 1z
0aWsor, J. 0. `Arc|er| A|exardr|ar lr|erpre|a||or ol 3cr|p|ure.' 0|ss., a|e.
0uva|, .-|. `les 3ources 0recques de |'Fxegse de Joras C|ez Zeror de
verore.'
v|gC|r ( ). - . zo1oo811
Fscr|oaro-A|oerca, l. `0|e Typer des 0lleroarurgserplarges |r der
A|exardr|r|sc|er T|eo|og|e.' 3|la|r ( ). - . 1ooz1oz
. `Zur Zy|||sc|er Ze||oegr|llder A|exardr|r|sc|er urd Kappado||sc|er
T|eo|og|e.' 3|la|r ( ). - . 111;z|z1
0u|||e|, J. `les Fxegses d'A|exardr|e e| d'Ar||oc|e. Corl||| 0u |a|er|erdu?'
b3b
|( ). - . 1|;z;oz
loe|, A. var der. `T| e Corcep| ol d v dv |r A|exardr|ar T|
eo|ogy.'
3|la|r ( ). - . 118zo|
ls|avr|d|s, v. T. T| eo|og|ca| Fduca||or |r ||e A|exardr|ar 3c|oo|. ls|arou|.
la|r|arc|a|
lress, . 1o
|arr, l. J. `A|exardr|a er Ar||oc||.' NTT ( ). - . 111zo8
||gue| 0a|e, J. las Fscue|as de| Ar||guo Fg|p|o a Traves de |os lap|ros 0r|egos.
luo||c.
de |a lurdac|or ur|vers||ar|a Fspao|a . |adr|d, . | 1o1
|o||ard, F. T| e Corcep||or ol ||e 0ospe| |r ||e A|exardr|ar T| eo|ogy. 0s|o,
. 18
ler|co|| b|do|l|r|, l. `le 0r|g|r| 0e||a 3cuo|a 0| A|essardr|a.' b30 ( ). - ;1ozz11
. o
bar||r, 0. 3. `0|d Tes|arer| lr|erpre|a||or. l|s l|s|ory ard 0eve|oprer|.'
l|oJ |
( ). - . 111|o
barsor, 0. l. `T| e Ar||ropo|ogy ol ||e Ca|ec|e||ca| 3c|oo| ol A|exardr|a.'
0|ss.,
300
3ou||err 8ap||s| T| eo|og|ca| 3er|rary, . 1||
lr|roduc||or z
zo3|x T| |rd-Cer|ury 0ree| C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
beuss, J. `0er lresoy|er Arror|us A|ex. vor A|exardr|er urd 3e|r Korrer|ar
Zur Jo-Fv.' 8|o ( ). - . ||1o1;o
boscag||a, |.l. `lar|re e| |e 0|dasca|ee d'A|exardr|e. 0u Judeo-C|r|s||ar|sre
Au C|r|s||ar|sre le||er|s||que.' lages - |r A Tr|ou|e |o Ar||ur vooous. z11
Fd||ed oy b.l. l|sc|er. C||cago, . 1;;
byar, l. J. `T| e 0ree| Trad|||or ol A||egor|za||or ard l|s lrl|uerce or ||e Far|y
C|r|s||ar wr||ers.' lruder||a ( ). - . z118z|o
3c||osser, l. `ue||ergesc||c||||c|e 3|ud|e zur lr|erpre|a||or des leoer-
|osesZy||us oe| der va|err des . Ja|r|urder|s.' 0|ss., lre|ourg, |.8., - | 1;1
. 1;z
3e||ers, b.v. TWo Arc|er| C|r|s|o|og|es. A 3|udy ol ||e C|r|s|o|og|ca| T| oug|| ol
||e
3c|oo| ol A|exardr|a ard Ar||oc|. lordor. 3lCK, . 1|o
3|ep|ersor, A. A. ` 3|. Cyr|| ol Jerusa|er ard ||e A|exardr|ar C|r|s||ar 0ros|s.'
3|la|r ( ). - . 11;1|z|o
vog|, l.-J. `ur|ersc||ed||c|e Fxegese der A|exardr|rer urd der Ar||oc|erer.
Cyr||||sc|e urdeu|urg C|r|s|o|og|sc|er Tex|e des T| eodor vor |opsues||a.'
lages - |r 3||ru||, ls.F.0assrarr. Fd||ed oy 0. 3c|o||ger ard ;o
C. 3c|o||er. |urs|er. Asc|erdorllsc|e v., . 1o
vo||er, w. `0|e verWer|urg der we|s|e||s-l||era|ur oe| der c|r|s|||c|er
A|exardr|rers.' a ( - ). - . 8o|1z11
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| l z;
3lXTu3 Jullu3 AlblCANu3 0. CA. 240
Alr|carus Was oorr |r Ae||a Cap||o||ra. le oecare a c|v|| servar| urder
3ep||rus 3everus ard |e s|ud|ed C|r|s||ar ||oug|| as a pup|| ol lerac|as
|r A|exardr|a. le d|ed a| N|copo||s |r la|es||re, ca. . z|o
T|e C|ror|c|es, a r|||erar|ar corp||a||or ol ||res lror ||e crea||or ol
||e Wor|d |o c.e., o|o||ca| da|a ard lac|s oe|rg syrc|ror|zed W||| ever|s zz1
ol 0ree| ard borar ||s|ory Was ||e l|rs| a||erp| |o |arror|ze o|o||ca|
|rad|||ors W||| ||e secu|ar ||s|ory ol ||e Wor|d. l|ppo|y|us ol bore ard
Fuseo|us ol Caesarea, arorg rary o||ers, Wou|d oecore Ju||us's successors
|r |||s respec|.
Ju||us Alr|carus a|so Wro|e a le||er |o Ar|s||desor C|r|s|'s gerea|ogy |r
||e 0ospe|s (Fuseo|us, lF, l, , Jerore, Correr|ary or |a|||eWl, ) |r ; zo
order |o e||r|ra|e ary d|screparcy oe|Weer |a|||eW ard lu|e. `T| us re|||er
ol ||e evarge||s|s |s |r error, as ||e ore rec|ors oy ra|ure ard ||e o||er oy
|aW' (ll), `T| e gospe|, |oWever, |r ary case s|a|es ||e |ru||' (v), ard a le||er
|o 0r|ger or ||e ooo| ol 3usarra|, er||re|y preserved W||| 0r|ger's arsWer.
3|ud|es
uas|er, l, - (o|o||ograp|y). l0 , - . Frg||s| ed.. ANl( . ) |oo 1ooo| 188o1|
- 1z1z;(Fp|s||e |o Ar|s||des).
0r ||s o|ograp|y ard Wor|. |. 3|rore|||, 0lACll ( ) l. . FFCl( ) 181o1z 1z
. |oo
z83|x T| |rd-Cer|ury 0ree| C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
ll
llll0lTu3 0l b0|F 0. CA. 235
0l 0ree| descer|, l|ppo|y|us Was a borar presoy|er a| ||e ||re ol
8|s|op Zep||r|rus ( - ), poss|o|y ol v|c|or ( - ). le Wro|e a 1z1; 1818
Correr|ary or Car||c|eard a |rac|a|e 0r C|r|s| ard Ar||c|r|s|oelore ||e
ed|c|s ol 3ep||r|us 3everus (ca. ), a Correr|ary or 0ar|e|soor al|er zoo
||er. urder ||e re|gr ol 3ever|us A|exarder ( - ), W|o Was oare|y |r zzzz
||s |eers ard s|||| urder ||e guard|ars||p ol ||s ro||er, Ju||a |arraea,
l|ppo|y|us seers |o |ave erjoyed ||e suppor| ol 8|s|op uroarus ( - ) zzzzo
ard 8|s|op lor||arus ( - ). l|s persora| quarre| W||| 8|s|op Ca|||s|us zoz
d|d ro| resu|| |r ary rea| sc||sr (|. b|c|ard, 0 3p , , relerr|rg approv|rg|y |o ;
J. |. larser's, la |||urg|e d'l|ppo|y|e, - ). Al|er ||e rurder ol oz18
3ever|us A|exarder ard Ju||a |arraea |r , |ax|r|rus |urred aga|rs| z
||e C|r|s||ars. lor||arus ard l|ppo|y|us Were depor|ed |o 3ard|r|a ard
d|ed ||ere.
lor a c|ear ard corpre|ers|ve survey ol l|ppo|y|us's Wor|s, W||| |rd|ca||or ol
||e|r raruscr|p| |rarsr|ss|or, ||e|r arc|er| ard cor|erporary
ed|||ors ard |rars|a||ors, see |. b|c|ard, 03p.Arorg ||ese Wor|s, exege||ca|
Wr|||rgs preva||. lr o|o||ca| order ||ey are.
1. Correr|ary or 0eres|s
z. 0r 8|ess|rgs ol lsaac, Jacoo ard |oses
. 0r lexaereror
|. 0r w|a| lo||oWs lexaereror
. 0r Fxodus
o. 8ered|c||or ol 8a|aar(Nuroers - ) zzz
;. T| e 0rea| 0de
8. 0r F||ara| ard Arra
301
. 0r ler|a|euc|
1o. 0r Judges
11. 0r bu||
1z. 0r F||ara| ard 3arue|( 3arue|) 1
1. 0r T| e 3|ory ol 0av|d ard 0o||a||( 3arue| ) 1 1;
1|. 0r ||e w||c| ol Frdor( 3arue| ) 1 z8
1. 0r lsa|rs
1o. 0r lroveros
1;. 0r Fcc|es|as|es(o|e|e||), rer||ored oy Jerore
18. 0r 3org ol 3orgs
1. 0r lsa|a|
l|ppo|y|us ol bore z
zo. 0r Fze||e|
z1. 0r 0ar|e|
zz. 0r Zec|ar|a|
z. Correr|ary or ||e Apoca|ypse(ur|que correr|ary or a ooo| ol r|)
z|. lor||y or |a|||eW . - (esc|a|o|og|ca| d|scourse). lragrer|s z|1| 1|
|r Cop||c, Arao|c, ard F|||op|ar ca|erae or |a|||eW
z. lor||y or |a|||eW . - , ||e |a|er|s, (quo|ed oy T| eodore|) z1|1
zo. lor||y or lu|e . - , ||e |Wo cr|r|ra|s (quo|ed oy T| eodore|) z|
z;. 0r C|r|s| ard Ar||c|r|s|
z8. C|ror|c|es
z. 0r ||e 0a|e ol Fas|er
o. 0r ||e lasc|,cl. l. Nau||r, lore||es pasc|a|es, l ure |ore||e |rsp|ree
du |ra||e sur |a lque d'l|ppo|y|e. 3C ( ). z;1o
lr currer| sc|o|ars||p, l|ppo|y|us |s prooao|y ||e ros| cor|rovers|a| Wr||er
ol ||e ear|y c|urc|. As a |ru|y crea||ve p|oreer |r ||e l|e|d ol C|r|s||ar exeges|s,
|e puo||s|ed a| |eas| |We|ve scr|p|ura| correr|ar|es.
1. Correr|ary or 0eres|slragrer|s, ros| ol ||er |r ||e Ca|era or
0eres|soy lrocop|us ol 0aza ( || cer|ury), ed||ed oy l. Ac|e||s ( ) |r o 18;
0C3 l, , - . Ar add|||ora| lragrer| |s ed||ed oy |. b|c|ard, |r 3er|a z1;1
Tur yr|ara, ls. A. Tur|r, uroara , - . 1;|||oo
z. Correr|ary or ||e 8|ess|rgs ol lsaac ard Jacoo, |r |Wo ooo|s or
0eres|s ard , |r 0ree|. Tu , ( ), a|so |r Arrer|ar ard 0eorg|ar. z; | 81111
A 0errar |rars|a||or ol ||e 0eorg|ar |ex| (||roug| a buss|ar vers|or)
a|ready secured oy 0. w. 8orWe|sc|. Tu , ( ), |ed |o ||e d|scovery ol ||e zo11o|
0ree| or|g|ra| (Tu , ) . 0r ||e 8|ess|rgs ol |oses. 0r 81111
0eu|erorory , ex|ar| |r Arrer|ar ard 0eorg|ar, |Wo sra|| lragrer|s
|r 0ree|. A|| ||ree 8|ess|rgsare ed||ed, W||| a lrerc| |rars|a||or, ard W|||
ex|aus||ve o|o||ca| ard or||ograp||c |rdexes, oy |. 8r|re, l. |ar|s ard
8.-C|. |erc|er, |r l0 ( ), - . z;1|1z;|
. 0r ||e lexaereror. Fuseo|us ard Jerore |rarsr|| s|x au||er||c lragrer|s,
0C3 , , - . 1z1
0r w|a| lo||oWs ||e lexaereror. a lragrer| or 0er . - , Fuseo|us |zz|
0r Fxodus. rer||ored oy Jerore
0r ||e 8ered|c||ors ol 8a|aar( - ). s|x lragrer|s, Tu , , p. zzz zo1 |
0r ||e 0rea| 0de (0eu|erorory ). quo|ed oy T| eodore| z
0r Judges. e|ever lragrer|s
0r bu||. ore lragrer|
0r F||ara ard Arra. quo|ed oy T| eodore|
|. T| e 3|ory ol 0av|d ard 0o||a||. a |or||y or 3arue| , |r Arrer|ar 1 1;
o3|x T| |rd-Cer|ury 0ree| C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
ard 0eorg|ar, 0errar |rars|a||or. 0. N. 8orWe|sc| lror ||e buss|ar (|rars|a|ed
oy Karoe|ov lror ||e 0eorg|ar) |r Tu . Add. 0r ||e 3orceress 1o|
(dov) ol Frdor( 3r . - ), s|a|ue, Jerore. 1 z8;1|
. 0r lsa|rs. 3|a|ue, Jerore, quo|ed oy T| eodore| ol Cyrus, or lsa|r
z;, . , . . 0C3 , ( ). - . 3yr|ac vers|or ol ||e lr|roduc||or. zz1z; 1z18;1z;1
l. de lagarde, Ar. 3yr. - . Frg||s| |rars|a||or. ANl , ANl , - . 88; 1;o1;z
0errar. 0C3 , ( ). - . 0ree|. lro|ogue W||| lrerc| |rars|a||or 1z18;1z;
puo||s|ed oy l. Nau||r, le doss|er - . l|s correr|ary Was used oy 1ooo
0r|ger.
o. 0ree| lragrer|s co||ec|ed oy l. Ac|e||s. 03C ( ). - , z18;1;8
|. lr||c|ard, |vs ( ). - , ( ). - , ( ). - . ;81oz;o;1ooo18|8o1o;z;o|
;. 0r 3org ol 3orgs. Corp|e|e |ex| ex|ar| |r 0eorg|ar (up |o Car|.
. ), lragrer| |r 0ree|, 3|avor|c, Arrer|ar, 3yr|ac. Fd. 0. N. 8orWe|sc|, ;
s|or| lragrer| ol ||e 0ree| or|g|ra|, o||er lragrer|s ol ||e 3|avor|c vers|or
(lror Arrer|ar ard 3yr|ac vers|ors), ard cor||ruous Arrer|ar |ex|
ol Cor. Car|. . - . , |r 0errar |rars|a||or. 0C3 . ( ). - . 11 1118;|;|
0eorg|ar ard Arrer|ar |ex|s W||| la||r |rars|a||or. 0. 0ar|||e, |r C3C0
zo| ( ). A surrar|z|rg 0ree| parap|rase, ed. |. b|c|ard. |us zo|1o ;;
( ). - . A se| ol |or|||es W||| a||egor|ca| |r|erpre|a||or. ||e ||rg 1o|1;1|
|s C|r|s|, ||s or|de |s ||e C|urc|, s|e a|so s|ards lor ||e 0od-|ov|rg sou|.
Arorose used l|ppo|y|us' a||egory |r ||s exp|ara||or or lsa|r . 118
8. 0r lsa|a|. T| eodore|, Jerore.
302
. 0r Fze||e|. Fuseo|us.
1o. Correr|ary or 0ar|e|. er||re |ex| |r 0|d 3|avor|c, ros| ol || |r
0ree| lragrer|s. Corposed arourd , ||e very l|rs| exege||ca| Wor| oy a zo|
C|r|s||ar, Wr|||er urder ||e pressure ol persecu||or oy 3ep||r|us 3everus.
lr lour ooo|s, oased or ||e 0ree| vers|or ol T| eodo||or. A||egory ol 0ar|e|
1. - ard ||e s|ory ol 3usarra (l), 0ar|e| l., aoou| ||e ||ree yourg rer 11 z
|r ||e l|re ard ||e sp|r||ua| poWer ol rar|yrdor (ll), 0ar|e| - , d|scuss|rg |o
||e re|a||ors||p oe|Weer C|urc| ard 3|a|e (lll), ard 0ar|e| - , W||| ||e ;1z
s|ory ol ||e lour ||rgdors. 8aoy|or|ar, lers|ar, 0ree| ard borar (lv).
T|e Correr|ary or 0ar|e|Was Wr|||er, ro| preac|ed. Aga|r ard aga|r
||e au||or recorrerds ||s readers |o a||erd |o ||e scr|p|ures carelu||y,
lor ro|||rg |s use|ess |r ||e scr|p|ures. lr l, , l|ppo|y|us exp|a|rs ||a| ||e ;
purpose ol scr|p|ure |s |o ex|or| us |o g|or|ly ||e prop|e|s, lor ||e word
gerera|es sa|r|s ard |s regerera|ed oy ||er (corpare Jer . ). 3cr|p|ure 11
|e||s ||e W|o|e s|oryoo|| adr|rao|e deeds ard ||e scarda|s (3usarra)|r
ca|||rg or a||egor|ca| |r|erpre|a||ors (l, ). T| us ||e recep||or ol ||e s|ory 1|
|s secured |r ||e ||g|| ol ecc|es|a| ac|ua|||y s|oW|rg W|y ard |oW scr|p|ure
|s rear|rglu| |r a|| ||s de|a||s. T| e preser| c|urc| exper|erce gerera|es
l|ppo|y|us ol bore 1
rear|rg lor scr|p|ure ( ). urders|ood as prel|gura||or, ||e s|ory |s ass|s|s 1
||e c|urc| |o assure a d|scorcer||rg preser| exper|erce ( ). lror ||e 1o
l|guraWe ||l|up our eyes |o sp|r||ua| rea||||es |r leaver ( ), ||e exerp|a 1;
are g|ver lor our |r||a||or ( ). lr s|or|, scr|p|ure does ro| dece|ve us ( ). zz z
T| erelore |r a|| |||rgs We rus| |eep ||e rajes|y ol scr|p|ure ( ). lr 8oo| o
ll, l|ppo|y|us adds lur||er |errereu||ca| rerar|s. Nooody car exp|a|r
|eaver|y rys|er|es W|||ou| par||c|pa||or |r ||e lo|y 3p|r|| ( ). w|er a||egor|sr z
serves lor ar appropr|a|e |r|erpre|a||or, a|| de|a||s car oecore
s|gr|l|car| ( ). lor scr|p|ure uses a|| poss|o||||es ava||ao|e |o ergage us |r|o z;
a lu||y C|r|s||ar ded|ca||or ( ). lr 8oo| lv, l|ppo|y|us adds a l|ra| reques|. z8
Aryore read|rg scr|p|ure rus| |r||a|e ||e prop|e| ( ard ). 1 zo
11. 0r Zec|ar|a|. ||roug| Jerore, used oy 0|dyrus ard lroc|us ol
Cors|ar||rop|e
1z. 0r lroveros.lragrer|, |r l0 , - , or 0C3 , - 1oo1z8 11;;
(l. Ac|e||s), |o oe avo|ded! C|ec| |. b|c|ard, 0pera ||roral ( ) . `les 1;o1;
lragrer|s du Correr|a|re de 3. l|ppo|y|e sur |es lroveroes de 3a|oror,
l-vlll'. le |useor ( ). - , ( ). - . `les lragrer|s ;1ooo1|8o1o;z1o|
du Correr|a|re de 3. l|ppo|y|e sur |es lroveroes de 3a|oror, ll. Fd|||or
prov|so|re'. le |useor ( ). - ). ;81oz;o
lr add|||or, l|ppo|y|us Wro|e.
0r C|r|s| ard Ar||c|r|s|, ca. , ||e |orges| la|r|s||c expos|||or or Ar||c|r|s|, zoo
oased or ||e lrop|e|s, 0ar|e| ard ||e Apoca|ypse. l|ppo|y|us relers
|o || |r ||s Correr|ary or 0ar|e|(lv. . , . ). 0ree| or|g|ra|. Ac|e||s, ;111
0C3 l, , - . 0eorg|ar vers|or W||| roderr la||r |rars|a||or. 0. 0ar|||e, z1|;
C3C0 - ( ). - . 0|d 3|avor|c, W||| 0errar |rars|a||or, zozo|1o1oz1|
A0w0 ( ). |o18
T|e C|ror|c|e,W|ose ra|r source |s ||e 8|o|e, Was Wr|||er |r , ard z|
Was |r ||re W||| ||e C|ror|c|eol Ju||us Alr|carus ( ), ard W||| C|erer| ol zz1
A|exardr|a, 3|rora|e|sl, - . l| rarra|es a Wor|d ||s|ory lror Crea||or 1o1o
or, aga|rs| Wrorg expec|a||ors ol ||e 0ay ol Judgerer|. l|ppo|y|us cour|ed
or|y years ol ||e presured lor g|ooa| ||s|ory. ;8 oooo
T| e 0e|err|ra||or ol ||e 0a|e ol Fas|er(see Fuseo|us ol Caesarea, lF
o, . ), da|es lror . l|ppo|y|us cour|s lror ||a| da|e or (Wrorg|y) a zz1 zzz
s|x|eer-year cyc|e lor Fas|er |r order |o lree ||e c|urc| lror ||e JeW|s|
ca|erdar. l| Was correc|ed |r oy ar aroryrous 0e pasc|a corpu|us, z|
|rarsr|||ed urder ||e rare ol Cypr|ar.
|. b|c|ard, Corpu| e| c|rorograp||e c|ez sa|r| l|ppo|y|e, l|||e, , No|es sur 1o
|e
corpu| de cer|-douze ars, bF8 ( ). - (0pera ||roral, r. ). z|1oozo1zoo zo
A. 3|rooe|, ursprurg urd 0esc||c||e des lru|c|r|s|||c|er 0s|er|a|erders(Tu
), 1z1
8er||r, . 1;;
z3|x T| |rd-Cer|ury 0ree| C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
l|ppo|y|us exce|s |r ||e rarra||ve s|y|e ol a ||s|or|ca| ard |ypo|og|ca|
exeges|s. le |s er||re|y corr|||ed |o ||e o|o||ca| ||s|or|a, W||c| |e usua||y
parap|rases |r add|rg de|a||s ol ||s oWr |rag|ra||or, ao|e |o drara||ze or
|o c|ar|ly c|rcurs|arces. le ro| so ruc| ac|ua||zes ||e o|o||ca| rarra||ves, as
|e reads |r|o ||er C|r|s||ar ac|ua|||y, rare|y ||e gospe| ever| as rarra|ed
|r ||e gospe|s ard ||e apos|o||c lourda||ors ol ||e c|urc| |roWr ||roug|
||e r|. T| e core ol sa|va||or ||s|ory, ||e`rys|ery' lor l|ppo|y|us, cors|s|s
|r ||e |rarsler ol d|v|re ecorory lror ||e o|o||ca| lsrae| |o ||e `c|urc| ol
||e 0er|||es.' l|ppo|y|us W||resses ||e `rys|ery' oojec||ve|y, |r ||re W|||
||e |erygra ol c|urc| |rad|||or, ro| suojec||ve|y ||roug| |r|er|or|z|rg || |r
relererce |o ||e exper|erce ol la||| (as 0r|ger W||| do). T| us ||s |ypo|ogy
||se|l rera|rs rarra||ve, as a par| ol ||e parap|rase ol ||e o|, |r a corcre|e,
303
ca|ec|e||ca| ard |or||e||c s|y|e. l|s avers|or |o p|||osop|y ard ||g|er |earr|rg
seers aoso|u|e. le cou|d |ave oeer |rsp|red oy ||e exege||ca| |r|||a||ves
ol |e|||o, Jus||r ard lreraeus. 8ecause ol ||s |ac| ol r|e|or|ca| cu||ure, |e
rera|rs a||er |o ||e a||egor|sr ard ||e 0ros||c d|spos|||or ol cor|erporary
A|exardr|ar exege|es.
Fd|||ors
Cl0l, - . 18;o1oz
3|ud|es
Azza|| 8errarde|||, 0. `Fseges| e ca|ec|es| re||a r|l|ess|ore pa|r|s||ca |r|orro a
bor
1o. . l|des ex aud||u, aud||us au|er per verour C|r|s|| (lppo|||o boraro, 1;
C|erer|e A|essardr|ro, 0r|gere).' lr Corvegro d| s|ud|o e agg|orrarer|o,
laco|| d| le||ere cr|s||are e c|ass|c|e (lor|. lrs|. A|||or|s la||r||a||s), bora
- zoz8rarzo , a cura d| 3. le||c| (8|o||o|eca d| sc|erze re||g|ose, ), - 1z 1ooo;
. 8|
bore. lA3.
8arre|, C. l. `T| e s|a|e ol p|ay W||| regard |o l|ppo|y|us ard ||e Cor|ra
Noe|ur.'
leyJ ( ). - . 11o1
8aurgar|er, A. l. `Josep|us ard l|ppo|y|us or ||e l|ar|sees.' luCA ( ). 18|
- 1z.
8e||e|, l. `lragrer|os descoroc|dos de l|po|||o de bora er |a |rad|c|or cop|a
(soore |a|eo . - ).' 3el ( ). - . z|1| o1|oo1
8er|sc|, l. `0|e 8o|sc|al|vor C|r|s|us urd urserer Fr|osurg oe| l|ppo|y| vor
bor. F|re ra|er|a||erygra||sc|e ur|ersuc|urg.' T3| ( ). Xv| - . 1;1oo 11|
8ey|o|, b. `l|ppo|y|e de bore. Tra||e de |'Ar|ec|r|s|,|radu|| de |'F|||op|er.'
3er |o
( ). - . 111o;
l|ppo|y|us ol bore
8r|re, |, l. |ar|s, ard 8. C. |erc|er. l|ppo|y|e de bore, 3ur |es oered|c||ors
d'lsaac, de Jacoo e| de |oise. l|rr|r 0|do|, . 1|
8uc||e||, v. `l|ppo|y|, 0r|geres urd Aroros|us uoer der Cersus Augus||.'
v|var|ur( ). 18|
Car|a|aressa, b. `l'0re||a `lr 3. lasc|a' de||o lseudo-lppo|||o d| bora.' Cl.
lrer.
|o( ). . 1;zz8o
C|appuzeau, 0. `0|e Fxegese vor lo|e||ed , a.o urd oe| der K|rc|erva|err 1z ;
vor l|ppo|y| o|s 8err|ard. F|r 8e||rag zur vers|ardr|s vor A||egor|e urd
Ara|og|e.' JACXvlll ( ). - . 1;o1|
`la Cro|x, Arore de v|e.' Trars|a|ed oy l. Nau||r. 8|v|C|r ( ). - . 1oo11
0uroar, 0. `T| e de|ay ol ||e parous|a |r l|ppo|y|us.' v|gC|r ( ). - . ;181z;
. `l|ppo|y|us ol bore ard ||e Fsc|a|o|og|ca| Fxeges|s ol ||e Far|y C|urc|.'
wTJ ( ). - . |18z
Fdsrar, C. |. `A Typo|ogy ol 8ap||sr |r l|ppo|y|us borarus.' 3|la|r. ( ). z1;
- |o.
lr|c|e|, J. `Zu l|ppo|y|s Korrer|ar zu der lrovero|a,' le||ur3ap ( ). - z111;
. 8
. `F|r arrer|sc| er|a||erer Tra||a| l|ppo|y|s uoer d|e Tr|r||a|?' lr Arlarge der
T| eo|og|e ls. J. 8. 8auer, ed||ed oy N. 8rox, - . 0raz, . 18z1o 18;
. `0er Ar||roe|-8er|c|| des Fp|p|ar|us a|s Korre|||v lur der Tex| vor l|ppo|y|s
Cor|ra Noe|ur.' Corpos|e||arur ( ). - . 1o
0ar|||e, 0. `lragrer|s arrer|ers du |ra||e d'l|ppo|y|e sur 0av|d e| 0o||a||.'
|useor ( ). - . ;o1oz;;18
la||eux, A. de. `ure vers|or syr|aque rev|see du correr|a|re d'l|ppo|y|e sur
3uzarre.' |us ( ). - . 1o1188z;|1
. `lyppo|||e er vers|or syr|aque.' |us ( ). - . 1oz181|z
lare|, A. K|rc|e oe| l|ppo|y|us borarus. 8er|e|srarr, . 1o
l|da|, 3. `Apoca|ypse, lersecu||or ard Fxeges|s. l|ppo|y|us ard T|eodore| ol
C|rr|us or ||e 8oo| ol 0ar|e|.' lr lr ||e las| 0ays. 0r JeW|s| ard C|r|s||ar
Apoca|yp||c ard ||s ler|od (l3 8. 0|zer), ed||ed oy K. Jeppeser, K. N|e|ser, ard
8. boeserda|, - . Aar|us. Aar|us ur|vers||y lress, . | 1|
J||e|, A. `8|sc|ol urd lresoy|er|ur zur 8ez|e|urg zW|sc|er Fp|s|opa| urd
lresoy|era| |r l|c||e der Trad|||o Apos|o||ca l|ppo|y|s.' Z|T| ( ). 1oo18|
- ;o|o1.
Jorge, |. de. `l|ppo|y|us' '8ered|c||ors ol lsaac, Jacoo ard |oses' ard ||e
Tes|arer|s ol ||e TWe|ve la|r|arc|s.' 8|jdrager | ( ). - . |o18z|oo
laoa|e, A. `3u| due lrarrer|| d| lppo|||o a||' Fcc|es|as|e.' ve|C|r ( ). - z18o1;;
. 81
la|||, 0. `l| 'sargue' |r 3. lrereo.' 3argue|pa|r|s||ca( ). 81
|arsl|e|d, J. `besurrec||or added. ||e |r|erpre|a||o c|r|s||ara ol a 3|o|c doc|r|re.'
v|gC|r ( ). - . ;18z18
|arcov|c|, |. TbF ( ). - . 118o818;
|3|x T| |rd-Cer|ury 0ree| C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
304
|ar|s, l. `la |ess|e |ssu de lev| c|ez l|ppo|y|e de bore.' b3b ( ). 11
- . 81o
|e|s, A. w. `F| ||erpo de |a |g|es|a segr 3ar l|po|||o.' Fs|.pa|r|s||cos( ). 1;;
|e|or|, l. `3p|r||o 3ar|o e resurrez|ore re| ||rguagg|o s|roo||co d| lppo|||o.'
33be| o
( ). - . 18zz1
|erca||, 0. 0sservaz|or| a| lroer| de| 3a||er|o d| 0r|gere, lppo|||o, Fuseo|o,
C|r|||o
A|essardr|ro e a||r| cor lrarrer|| |red|||. 3|ud| e Tes|| , . 1|z18
|u||er, 0. `0|e russ|sc|-||rc|ers|av|sc|e lardsc|r|l|vor l|ppo|y|s 3c|r|l|
uoer der Ar||c|r|s| |r Kodex 3|av. der 0s|erre|c|.' 0|ss., v|erra.
Na||ora|o|o||o||e|, . 1
Nau||r, l. l|ppo|y|e e| Jos|ppe. Cor|r|ou||or |'||s|o|re de |a ||||era|ure c|re||erre
du
lll
e
s|c|e. Cerl, . 1|;
. `l'|ore||e d'l|ppo|y|e sur |e psau||er e| |es oeuvres de Jos|pe.' blb 1;
( ). 1;1
- 1;;o.
. 0lACll ( ) - . 18|1;18
0gg, 0. `l|ppo|y|us ard ||e lr|roduc||or ol ||e C|r|s||ar Fra.' v|gC|r ( ). 1o1oz
- z18.
0roe, A. `A propos||o de 0er . (l|a| |ux) er |a exeges|s de Tac|aro.' 0reg 1 |z
( ). - . 1o1|o1|
. `F| pecado de Fva, s|gro de d|v|s|or.' 0Cl ( ). - . z1ooo
0sourr, C. 0. `T| e |ex| ol ||e lau||re Fp|s||es |r l|ppo|y|us ol bore.' 3ecCer z
( ). - . 18z;1z|
led|c|r| C. `l| s|gr|l|ca|o po||||co de||a esc|a|o|og|a d| lppo|||o d| bora.' AllN |
( ). - . 1|;1zz
lere||o, F. `l| |og|or g|ovarreo 'agre||o d| 0|o, c|e |og||e | pecca|| de| rordo'.'
laro|a e 3p|r||o( ). 18z
le||| Caro, A. J. `'lr sarc|ur lasc|a', |a |or|||a de| lseudo l|po|||o de bora, su
cr|s|o|og|a y so|er|o|og|a.' 8urgerse ( ). - . z818;z8|
lr|ger|, l. `les lragrer|s du 0e Apoca|yps| d'l|ppo|y|e.' TZ ( ). - . z1;1
lr|rz|va|||, F. `l'eseges| d| lppo|||o.' lr la 8|oo|a re||'ar||ar||c||| cr|s||ara. l. 0a
0es a 0r|gere, a cura d| F. Nore|||, - . 8o|ogra. Fd|z|ore 0e|or|are 1z;
8o|ogra, . 1
`lseudo-l|ppo|y|e. la Cro|x, Arore de v|e.' Trars|a|ed oy l. Nau||r. 8vC
( ). 1oo
- 11.
uas|er, J. la|ro|ogyll ( ) - . 11ozo;
beroux, C. `l|ppo|y|e de 8os|ra? le doss|er du 0a|a|a .' |useor ( ). | z1;
- . 18
b|c|ard, |. `Corpu| e| C|rorograp||e c|ez 3a|r| l|ppo|y|e (v. la duree de |a
v|e
du C|r|s|).' |Avlll| ( ). - . zo 1111o
. `Frcore |e proo|re d'l|ppo|y|e.' |3b ( ). - . 1o11|8o
. `ure parap|rase grecque resuree du correr|a|re d'l|ppo|y|e sur |e
Car||que
des Car||ques.' |useor ( ). - . ;;1o|1;|
l|ppo|y|us ol bore
. `les lragrer|s du correr|a|re de 3. l|ppo|y|e sur |es lroveroes de
3a|oror.'
|us | - ( ). - . o1z1ooo1|
. 03p | ( ). - . ;11o81;1
. `lour ure rouve||e ed|||or du correr|a|re de 3. l|ppo|y|e sur 0ar|e|.' ls.
J. uaes|er( ). 1;o
. `les d|ll|cu||es d'ure ed|||or du Correr|a|re de 3. l|ppo|y|e sur 0ar|e|.'
blT
z( ). - . 1;z11o
bordeau, |.-J. `les po|er|ques d'l|ppo|y|e de bore e| de l||as|re de 8resc|a
corcerrar| |e psau||er.' blb | ( ). - . 1;1|;1o;11
3avara|os, C. `T| e |r|r||ar|ar |err|ro|ogy ol l|ppo|y|us ol bore.' T|A||er o1
( ). - . 1oo8;1z
3axer, v. `|ar|e |ade|e|re dars |a correr|a|re d'l|ppo|y|e sur |e Car||que des
Car||ques.' b8er ( ). - . 1o111z1
3c|o||er, C. bAC ( ) - . 1 |z1
3erg, l. `Ap|. Xl, - |r Zusarrer|arg der Jo|arresapo|a|ypse. Aulsc||u 11|
aus
lac|ar||us urd l|ppo|y|os.' ve|C|r ( ). - . z;1o111z1
3|r|e, l. `C|. , l. |r a||c|r|s||. Aus|egurg [|xx, l|ppo|y|, 0r|geres, Aroros|us, 1;
l|eroryrus, Augus||r|.' T|Z ( ). - . 181ozzoo;
3|rore|||, |. `8ered|c||ores la|r|arc|.' Arra|| de||a lac. d| le||ere( ). 1oo
305
. `No|e su ar||c|| correr||a||e 8ered|z|ore de| a|r|arc||.' Arra|| de||a lac. d|
le||ere, l||osol|a e |ag|s|ero de||'ur|vers|| d| Cag||ar| ( ). - . z81oo|o;
3uc||a, 8. b. lACl, rd ed. , - . z 1zo
Ts|rpar||s, C. N. `T| e Ar||c|r|s| ard ||e Frd ol ||e wor|d |r lreraeus, Jus||r,
l|ppo|y|us ard Ter|u|||ar.' l8b ( ). - . 1o1;
v|sor, 0. `lseudo-lppo|||o, lr 3. lasc|a, ro|e d| s|or|a e d| cr|||ca de| |es|o.'
Aevur
( ). - . 181o;z
. lseudo lppo|||o, lr sarc|ur lasc|a. 3|ud|o ed|z|ore correr|o (3|ud|a
la|r|s||ca
|ed|o|arers|a, ). |||ar. v||a e lers|ero, . 1 188
w|ea|y, A. `lro|ogues or ||e lsa|rs. 0r|ger, l|ppo|y|us, Fuseo|us.' b8er 1oo
( ). - . 1oz||
ourgo|ood, b. l. `o|e|e||'s 'dar| |ouse' (Fcc| . ).' JFT3 ( ). - 1z z18o;
. |1o
Zar|, A. `Tracce d| ur'|r|eressar|e, ra scorosc|u|a eseges| r|dras|ca
g|udeocr|s||ara d| lev |r ur lrarrer|o d| lppo|||o.' 8|oo0r ( ). - . 1o z|18z1;oo
. `la cr|s|o|og|a d| lppo|||o.' JT| 3 ( ). - . 818;z1z
ZW| wero|oWs|y, b. J. `0r ||e 8ap||sra| b||e accord|rg |o 3|. l|ppo|y|us.' Tu o|
( ). - . 1;1o
o3|x T| |rd-Cer|ury 0ree| C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
lll
0bl0FN 0l AlFXAN0blA 185-253
a spec|a| cor|r|ou||or
oy lerrarr J. vog|
|. 8|ograp||ca|
0r|ger (oorr aoou| c.e. |r A|exardr|a) |s sa|d |o |ave |earred ||e scr|p|ures 18
oy |ear| a|ready as a c|||d, urder ||e gu|darce ol ||s la||er leor|das,
|a|er, as r|ror errors s|oW, |e appears ol| er |o |ave quo|ed lror rerory.
lrsp|red oy ||e o|o||ca| ca|| |o |r||a||or ol Jesus, |e W|s|ed |o lo||oW ||s
la||er |o a rar|yr's dea||, ard Was or|y prever|ed oy a ruse dev|sed oy ||s
ro||er. le gave up ||e |rcore |e earred as a |eac|er ol grarrar |r order
|o corp|y W||| ||e W|s|es ol a groW|rg ruroer ol |ea||er, W|o War|ed ||r
|o |eac| ||er aoou| C|r|s||ar||y,
1
ou| |||s roW requ|red ol ||r a sc|o|ar|y
preoccupa||or W||| ||e 8|o|e W||c| |ad oeer lar|||ar |o ||r lror ||s you||.
0r|ger |oWever a|Ways regarded ||s |r|epre|a||or as a |as| |o oe urder|a|er
or|y oy exper|erced C|r|s||ar |eac|ers, W|o a|so d|rec|ed ||e|r da||y ||ves
|r accordarce W||| ||e 3cr|p|ures. le appears |o |ave approac|ed ||e
sys|era||c preser|a||or ol ||e |ru||s ol ||e C|r|s||ar la||| ard ||e|r ||eo|og|ca|
expos|||or ruc| rore rorc|a|ar||y ||ar |e d|d exeges|s, a| ary ra|e ||s grea|
Wor| or ||e l|rs| pr|rc|p|es (ler| Arc|or - 0e pr|rc|p||s), preserved corp|e|e
or|y |r bul|rus's la||r |rars|a||or,
z
oe|rays ro |es||a||or or douo| over |a||rg |r |ard suc| a |as|. ba||er, sure ol ||s
|roW|edge, |e oeg|rs || ||us. `A||
W|o oe||eve . . . rece|ve ||e |roW|edge W||c| surrors rer |o ||ve good ard
|o|y ||ves, exc|us|ve|y lror C|r|s|'s Word ard ||s |eac||rg.' lr cor|ras|, |r
||e prelace |o ||s correr|ary or ||e lsa|rs, corposed W|||e |e Was s||||
|r A|exardr|a ard prooao|y ||e l|rs| ol a|| ||s exege||ca| Wor|s, |e exp|a|rs
ro| or|y `|oW ||g|||y s|u| ard sea|ed ||e d|v|re scr|p|ures are,'

ou| a|so
1. 3o Fuseo|us |r ||s C|urc| l|s|ory (lFvl - ). 1
z. bul|rus (d. ), ar erud||e la||r ror|, |earred 0ree| |r ||e Fas| ard oecare |1o
er||us|as||c lor 0r|ger's Wor|s, W||c| |e soug|| |o |r|roduce |o ||e wes|. lr ||e
l|rs| grea| corl||c| over 0r|ger's or||odoxy a| ||e |urr lror ||e || |o ||e || |
cer|ury, |e le|| ou| W||| ||s lorrer lr|erd Jerore, W|o ur||| ||s dea|| |r ||ved |zo
as
aooo| |r 8e|||e|er ard |rdela||gao|y |rars|a|ed ||e 8|o|e ard, re|y|rg |r ||e ra|r
or 0r|ger, correr|ed or ||.
. la|ro|og|a 0raeca (l0) , C. 1z1o;o
0r|ger ol A|exardr|a ;
||a| |||s ver|ure |s proper|y oeyord ||s poWers ard or|y urder|a|er a| ||e
reques| ol ||s lr|erd Aroros|us.
T| e sare |o|ds lor ||s grea| correr|ary or Jo|r, W||c| |e |||eW|se oegar a|
||e reques| ol Aroros|us, W|or |e |ad corver|ed lror 0ros||c|sr |o
C|r|s||ar||y, ard |o relu|e ||e correr|ary or Jo|r oy ||e gros||c lerac|eor
(ard per|aps rever corp|e|ed). le says |r ||e very l|rs| ooo| (cap. . ) |z
||a| ore cou|d or|y urders|ard Jo|r |l |||e ||r |e |ad |a|r |r ||e oosor ol
Jesus (cl. Jr . ) ard |||e ||r |ad rece|ved lror Jesus |ary as ||s ro||er 1z
(cl. Jr . l.), 0r|ger W||| scarce|y |ave all| rred suc| a |||rg ol ||rse|l. 1zo
Cer|a|r|y We car see |ere ro| or|y a d|llererce |r a||||ude |oWards dogra||c
306
preser|a||or ard scr|p|ura| |r|erpre|a||or, ou| prooao|y a|so ar advarce |r
d|scerrrer|. lr ||e lour|| ooo| ol ||e 0e lr|rc|p||s, ||e l| rs| ||ree c|ap|ers
ol W||c| are devo|ed |o lo|y 3cr|p|ure,
|
0r|ger Was corv|rced ||a| `||e
cause ol ||e la|se op|r|ors' W||c| |e |ad ercour|ered arorg JeWs, |ere||cs
ard s|rp|e C|r|s||ars, |ay or|y |r ||e lac| ||a| `scr|p|ure |s ro| sp|r||ua||y
urders|ood, ou| corce|ved accord|rg |o ||e oare |e||er' (lr|rclv . ). lr ||s zz
correr|ary or Jo|r, ard ||us |r ||s deoa|e W||| 0ros||c|sr, || occurred
|o ||r ||a| ||ere |s a|so la|se doc|r|re W||c| urders|ards ||se|l as sp|r||ua|
|r|erpre|a||or, ard ||a| ||erelore sp|r||ua| |r|erpre|a||or, a||egor|z|rg, |s ro
guarar|ee ol or||odoxy (Corr. |r Jo| . . , . . ). 1111o8
To preac| or o|o||ca| |ex|s, ard ||us |o spea| aoou| ||er |r d|v|re serv|ce
oelore a corgrega||or corposed ol very d|verse e|erer|s, Was lor 0r|ger
prooao|y aga|r a reW exper|erce, W||c| |e l|rs| |ad al|er ||s rove lror
A|exardr|a |o Caesarea.
le |ad |rdeed oeer |rv||ed |o preac| ever ear||er,
or a jourrey ||roug| la|es||rera|ura||y oecause ol ||s We|| |roWr |roW|edge
ol ||e 8|o|eou| |||s Was a| ros| occas|ora| preac||rg. lr Caesarea
|. T| ey occupy pages |r vo|ure v ol ||e ed|||or ol 0r|ger |r ||e o
`0r|ec||sc|c|r|s|||c|e 3c|r|l|s|e||er' ser|es (0C3).
. Fuseo|us (lFvl ) spea|s |r reu|ra| |errs, ou| ear||er (vl . ) |e |ad zo 11o
relerred |o a lres| corl||c| W||c| l|ared up |r A|exardr|a ard caused 0r|ger |o
|eave
||e c||y. 0r|ger ||rse|l ray |ave oeer ||e cause ol |||s corl||c|, lor Fuseo|us
repor|s a|so ||a| ||e A|exardr|ar o|s|op 0ere|r|us oroug|| c|arges aga|rs|
0r|ger
ou| ol ervy (vl . ), ard ||a| oecause ol ||s ord|ra||or as presoy|er |r la|es||re 8|
accusa||ors Were oroug|| aga|rs| ||r, W||| W||c| o||er c|urc| |eaders a|so |ad
|o corcerr ||erse|ves. Fuseo|us, or ||s |eac|er larp|||us, |ad expressed
||rse|l
rore c|ear|y |r a Wor| Wr|||er |r delerce ol 0r|ger, || Was s|||| |roWr |o ||e grea|
8yzar||re sc|o|ar l|o||us |r ||e r|r|| cer|ury, ard |e |as |el|us ex|rac|s lror
||, lror |||s || ererges ||a| ac|ua||y |Wo syrods |r A|exardr|a |ad prorourced
aga|rs| 0r|ger. J. A. l|sc|er (`0|e a|exardr|r|sc|er 3yroder geger 0r|geres'.
0s|||rc|||c|e 3|ud|er(03) , , - ) ollers a carelu| accour|. z81;11o
83|x T| |rd-Cer|ury 0ree| C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
|oWever, W|ere |e sper| ||e |as| |Wo decades ol ||s ||le |r url|agg|rg ac||v||y, |e
Was er|rus|ed W||| ||e regu|ar |||urg|ca| expos|||or ol scr|p|ure, |e
Was |o expourd ||e W|o|e ol lo|y 3cr|p|ure, prooao|y |r accordarce W|||
||e Ar||oc|ere ||ree-year cyc|e ol ||e |ec||ors lor d|v|re serv|ce, ard ||us
preac| ro| or|y or 3urdays ou| or Wor||rg days a|so. le apears |oWever
ro| |o |ave carr|ed |||s |as| |o ||e very erd, ||e c|urc| ||s|or|ar Fuseo|us,
||rse|l o|s|op |r Caesarea lror aoou| , lourd |r ||e ||orary ||ere ro oo
corp|e|e preac||rg cyc|e lor a|| ||e o|o||ca| ooo|s. l| |as oeer corjec|ured
||a| ||e o|s|op re|eased 0r|ger lror ||s |as| oelore ||e l|rs| ||ree years |ad
e|apsed, oecause |r ||s serrors |e d|d |rdeed spea| o||erW|se ||ar |r ||e
grea| correr|ar|es, ou| rore ||e |ess de||vered ever oelore ||e corgrega||or
||s prolourd ||eo|og|ca| |deas, ||ereoy prooao|y as||rg |oo ruc| ol rary
||s|erers. A| ary ra|e |e ||rse|l sore||res corp|a|rs ol |ac| ol a||er||or.
T| a| Was cer|a|r|y ro| War||rg a| ||e syrods, |o W||c| 0r|ger Was occas|ora||y
|rv||ed, ||ere a|so |e expourded lo|y 3cr|p|ure, ard a| |eas| orce
|r ||ve|y d|scuss|or oroug|| oac| |o ||e Ca||o||c creed a o|s|op suspec|ed
ol |eresy.
o
le |ad oeer as|ed oy ||s lr|erd Aroros|us |o corpose ||s correr|ary or Jo|r,
||s l|rs| expos|||or ol ||e 0ospe|s, ou| oeyord douo| ||e
deoa|e W||| 0ros||c|sr a|so a||rac|ed ||r. T| |s |s |rdeed a ||ere W||c|
cor||rues r|g|| ||roug| |r|o ||s |a|e Wor|s.
;
0r|ger appears a|so |o |ave
correr|ed or ||e 0ospe| ol lu|e, ou| a|| ||a| rera|rs |s or|y serrors or
lu|e, W||c| |eave grea| gaps ard cer|a|r|y preceded ||e correr|ary. T| a|
0r|ger occas|ora||y relers |o lu|e |r ||s correr|ary or |a|||eW, ou| or
||e o||er |ard lrequer||y ollers ar |r|erpre|a||or ol ||e de|a||s ol lu|e ard
|ar| |r correc||or W||| ||s exeges|s ol |a|||eW, prooao|y s|oWs ||a| ||e
correr|ary or lu|e Was corposed al|er ||a| or |a|||eWa correr|ary
or |ar| |s rever ascr|oed |o ||r. lr arc|er| |||era|ure ||e reader |s lrequer||y
o. T| e W|o|e d|scuss|or Was ro|ed doWr, ard |s ava||ao|e |o us |r ||e `0|a|ogue
W||| lera||e|des ard ||s ep|scopa| co||eagues.' Tex| ard lrerc| |rars|a||or oy
J. 3c|erer, Fr|re||er(cl. o|o||ograp|y). 0r ||ese syrods see J. A. l|sc|er,
`3yroder
r|| 0r|geres,' 03 , , - . z18o;11;
307
;. F.g. |r ||e Correr|ary or |a|||eW(8oo| Xl, cap. ). 0r|ger coroa|s ro| 1|
or|y
||e la|se doc|r|re ol 0od |r 0ros||c|sr, ou| a|so ||s ar||ropo|ogy, accord|rg |o
W||c| oe|rg good or ev|| Was supposed |o der|ve lror ||e d|llerer| ra|ures.
Aga|rs|
|||s 0r|ger, e.g. Corr. |r |a||. X, , |r ||s |r|erpre|a||or ol ||e re| cas| |r|o ||e 11
sea, delerds ||e ||oer|y ard respors|o||||y ol rar, W|||ou| |oWever la|||rg v|c||r
|o
le|ag|ar exaggera||or, ra||er |e cou|d ever oe rared as a W||ress lor ||e
pos|||or
ol Augus||re. `T| ey are lree lror r|g||eousress or|y ||roug| ||e dec|s|or ol ||e
W|||, ||ey oecore lree lror s|r or|y ||roug| ||e grace ol ||e 3av|our' (Aga|rs|
|Wo
le|ag|ar le||ersl . ). z|
0r|ger ol A|exardr|a
addressed, ou| ||e addresses |o ||e reader |r ||e correr|ary or |a|||eW
cou|d a|so oe urders|ood |||e ||ose |r ||e correr|ary or Jo|r, ard Wou|d
||er a|so oe d|rec|ed |o Aroros|us ard |rd|ca|e ||a| orce aga|r |e s||ru|a|ed
0r|ger |o |||s exege||ca| Wor|, |l |e d|d ro| ac|ua||y corpe| ||r, jus|
as 0r|ger corverse|y ercouraged ||r |r ||s oWr s|udy ol ||e 8|o|e.
0ccas|ora||y 0r|ger |arer|s ||a| ||e W|o|e scr|p|or|ur W||c| ||e r|c|
Aroros|us |ad p|aced a| ||s d|sposa|, corpr|s|rg sore |Wer|y persors,
War|ed |o oe |ep| ousy W|||ou| |r|errup||or, ard ||us lorced ||r |r|o |rcessar|
||eo|og|ca| ard |||erary ac||v||y. w|||e ||e correr|ary or Jo|r Was,
so |o spea|, ar acader|c Wor|, sore ol 0r|ger's preac||rg exper|erces a|so
appear |o |ave lourd a p|ace |r ||e correr|ary or |a|||eW. le prooao|y
d|d ro| or|rg ||e correr|ary or Jo|r |o corp|e||or, ou| per|aps |e d|d
||a| or |a|||eW. lr || ard |r ||e grea| Wor| aga|rs| ||e |ea||er p|||osop|er
Ce|sus, W||c| prooao|y care |r|o oe|rg aoou| ||e sare ||re ard Was a|so
|rsp|red or ever derarded oy Aroros|us, We ray see |r eac| case 0r|ger's
l|ra| Word or a ques||or ol la|||. le d|ed al|er , prooao|y lror ||e z1
corsequerces ol ||e |orrer|s sullered |r ||e 0ec|ar persecu||or.
||. 0ocurer|ary
Arorg exege||ca| Wor|s, 0r|ger |as |el|us ro| or|y |arge sc|er||l|c correr|ar|es
(|oro|), e.g. or 0eres|s, ||e 3org ol 3o|oror, ||e lsa|rs, ||e 0ospe|s
ol |a|||eW ard Jo|r, ard borars, as We|| as rurerous serrors (|or|||a|),
rare|y or ||e ler|a|euc|, |.e. ||e l|ve ooo|s ol |oses, as We|| as or Jos|ua
ard Judges, or 3arue|, Jerer|a| ard Fze||e|, or ||e 3org ol 3o|oror ard
or ||e 0ospe| ol lu|e, ou| a|so Wor|s ol a |||rd ||rd, W||c| Were per|aps
corce|ved ol as pre||r|rary Wor| lor rajor correr|ar|es, ||ey are s|or|
expos|||ors or |rd|v|dua| verses, ||e so-ca||ed sc|o||a. l|rs| ard loreros|
|oWever ore Wor| rus| oe rer||ored, W||c| |s ro| s|r|c||y exege||ca| ou|
represer|s ||e lourda||or lor a|| |r|erpre|a||or ol lo|y 3cr|p|ure, rare|y ||e
es|ao||s||rg ol a re||ao|e |ex|. 0r|ger |reW ro leoreW, ard ||us cou|d ro|
read ||e or|g|ra| |ex| ol ||e o|, ever |l |e oo|a|red |rlorra||or lror raoo|s
a| |eas| aoou| ||e s|gr|l|carce ol leoreW rares. le d|d |rdeed sys|er a||ca||y
delerd ||e |xx, ||e |rars|a||or ol ||e o| |r|o 0ree| prepared |r A|exardr|a
|r ||e |||rd cer|ury o.c.e., oecause ol ||s |org use as ||e 8|o|e ol ||e c|urc|,
ard lor ||a| reasor dec|s|ve|y rejec|ed ||e derard lor a reW |rars|a||or lror
||e leoreW,
8
ou| |e Was perlec||y aWare ol ||e ro| |rcors|derao|e d|llererces
8. 3o |r ||e |e||er |o Ju||us Alr|carus (cap. , l0 , A- A). | 11; oo
|o3|x T| |rd-Cer|ury 0ree| C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
a| rary po|r|s oe|Weer ||e 0ree| |rars|a||or ard ||e leoreW |ex| used a|
||e ||re oy ||e syragogue.
0ecades oelore 0r|ger oegar |o s|udy ||e 8|o|e, educa|ed JeWs |ad a|ready
produced reW 0ree| |rars|a||ors ol ||e|r 8|o|e, ||a| Was |oW ||e usua|
C|r|s||ar prools lor ||e |ess|a|s||p ol Jesus Were |o oe relu|ed, lor ||ey Were
oased or ||e 3ep|uag|r| |ex|. T| e ros| larous passage |s prooao|y ls . , ;1|
W|ere ||e |xx says. `T| e v|rg|r W||| . . . or|rg lor|| a c|||d,' ou| ||e leoreW
|ex| does ro| express|y spea| ol a v|rg|r, ou| or|y ol a yourg Worar, ||us
over aga|rs| ||e Word par||eros|r |xx ||e reW JeW|s| |rars|a||ors oll ered
rear|s. T| e d|llererces oe|Weer |xx ard ||e or|g|ra| |r ||e cor|er| ol ||e
|ex| Were ra|ura||y ||roWr |r|o c|ear re||el |r ||ese Wor|s oy Aqu||a, W|o
|rars|a|ed W||| ex|rere |||era||sr ard ever a||erp|ed |o preserve ||e e|yro|ogy
ol ||e leoreW Words, oy 3yrrac|us, W|o a|red a| a good 0ree|,
ard oy T| eodo||or, W|o preser|ed ra||er a rev|s|or ol |xx. 0r|ger ||rse|l
d|scovered |Wo lur||er |rars|a||ors, W||c| |oWever prooao|y d|d ro| reproduce
||e er||re o|. As a oas|s lor ||e exege||ca| Wor|s ol ||e secord |a|l ol ||s
||le, ||s ac||v||y |r Caesarea, 0r|ger |ad ||e var|ous |rars|a||ors Wr|||er s|de
oy s|de |r s|x co|urrs, ||e l|rs| prooao|y cor|a|r|rg rere|y a |rarscr|p||or
ol ||e leoreW |ex| |r 0ree| |e||ers, |||s g|gar||c Wor| |s ca||ed ||e lexap|a
(||e s|x-lo|d). lr || a|| ||ose passages Were rar|ed W||c| occur e|||er or|y
308
|r ||e leoreW |ex| (ard ||s exac| |rars|a||ors) or or|y |r |xx.
0r|ger |ad suc| a revererce lor oo|| lorrs ol ||e |ex| ||a| |e d|d ro|
W|s| ever ||e surp|us ra|er|a| |r |xx |o oe |os|. lrdeed, |e occas|ora||y
ever expourds |Wo d|llerer| read|rgs ol ||e sare o|o||ca| verse W||| ||e
sare degree ol syrpa||y. lor exarp|e, Jerer|a| says. `l ar a deo|or |o ro
rar, ard a cred||or |o rore' ( . ), |r 0ree|. `ou| op|e||esa, oude op|e||ese 11o
ro| oude|s.' lr sore raruscr|p|s 0r|ger a|so lourd ||e read|rg. 0u|e op|e|esa,
ou|e op|e|ese re oude |e|s, |erce. `l Was uselu| |o ro-ore, ard ro-ore
Was uselu| |o re,' ard l|rds |r ||er ro| or|y |rlorra||or aoou| ||e ||le ol
||e prop|e| ou| a|so |rpor|ar| s|a|erer|s aoou| ||e sav|rg ac||v||y ol ||e
bedeerer (Jer. lor. Xlv l.). T| e lexap|a Was |rdeed rever cop|ed |r lu||, |
ard ||erelore |s ro| preserved corp|e|e, ou| || |as rar|les||y |rl|uerced
||e o|o||ca| |ex| ol ro| a leW raruscr|p|s, ||e lragrer|s ol ||e lexap|a,
preserved |r var|ous Ways, Were ga||ered |oge||er oy l. l|e|d ard repr|r|ed
|r vo|ures ard . - ol ||gre's la|ro|og|a 0raeca. 1 1o1
0r ||e l|rs| ooo| ol ||e o|, 0eres|s, 0r|ger cer|a|r|y corposed a de|a||ed
correr|ary, lor ||ere are quo|a||ors lror ||e l|rs| ard |||rd ooo|s, ard
sore lur||er lragrer|s, ou| ||e c||el ex|ar| rera|rs are s|x|eer |or|||es
|rars|a|ed oy bul|rus. 0r Fxodus ||ere are, |r add|||or |o very reagre
lragrer|s, |||r|eer serrors |rars|a|ed oy bul|rus, ard |||eW|se s|x|eer
0r|ger ol A|exardr|a |1
serrors or lev|||cus ard |Wer|y-e|g|| or Nuroers, or 0eu|erorory
or|y reagre lragrer|s |ave surv|ved, ou| lor Jos|ua |Wer|y-s|x serrors
ard lor Judges r|re|eer |rars|a|ed oy bul|rus. 0r ||e ooo|s ol K|rgs or|y
ore serror |as surv|ved ||roug| bul|rus's |rars|a||or, ou| ||e serror or
1K|rgs . - (3au| ard ||e W||c| ol Frdor) |s s|||| ex|ar| |r ||e or|g|ra| z8z
0ree|. ler|aps 0r|ger d|d ro| correr| |r de|a|| or ||e ooo|s ol K|rgs,
a|||oug| |e ev|der||y |r|erded |o, lor |r No. ol ||e Correr|ar|orur 18
ser|es,

or || . , |e says ||a| |e carro| |ere exp|a|r W|a| |ad oecore z;o

v|s|o|e ||roug| ||e rerd|rg ol ||e ve|| a| ||e dea|| ol Jesus, |||s Wou|d oe
rore appropr|a|e |r ||e correr| or ||e |||rd ooo| ol K|rgs (|.e. ||e l|rs|
|r our ruroer|rg) ard ||e secord ooo| ol C|ror|c|es. 0r bu|| ard Joo
||ere are reagre lragrer|s.
To ||e lsa||er 0r|ger devo|ed a|| ||ree ||rds ol expos|||or, Jerore (ep.
;|) oears W||ress ||a| |e corposed rary vo|ures ol correr|ar|es or a||
||e lsa|rs, Fuseo|us, a|ready rer||ored, repor|s (lF . . ) ||a| |e |ad a|ready oz|z
puo||s|ed a correr|ary or ||e l|rs| |Wer|y-l|ve lsa|rs |r A|exardr|a.
0r|ger ||rse|l a|so relers |r ||s 0e lr|rc|p||s( . . ), cer|a|r|y corposed z||
W|||e |e Was s|||| |r A|exardr|a, |o ||s expos|||or ol lsa|r . (`T| er W||| |e z
spea| |o ||er |r ||s arger'), W||c| |e |as |r|erpre|ed `|r accordarce W|||
||s sra|| |rs|g||.' lere |e does ro| seer |o |ave rear| ary correr|ary
or a|| ||e lsa|rs, lor |r ||s correr|ary or borars, W||c| Was corposed
|a|er ( . , ex|ar| or|y |r la||r), |e says ||a| |e spo|e ol |oW 0av|d ||rse|l |1
ca||s us |o a deeper urders|ard|rg ol ||e lsa|rs W|er |e `correr|ed or ||e
lsa|rs |r sequerce', ||ere |e rar|les||y rears ||s corp|e|e correr|ary
or ||e lsa|rs. lr o||er Wor|s a|so 0r|ger rer||ors ||s expos|||ors ol ||e
lsa|rs (cl. l0 , - ). Fv|der||y |e oegar a reW correr|ary or 1z1o|1oz
||e lsa||er |r ||s secord per|od ol crea||v||y |r Caesarea. l. Nau||r oe||eves
||a| ||e |r|roduc|ory rerar|s or ||e lsa||er as a W|o|e, W||c| |r ||e |rad|||or are
ascr|oed |o ||e ooo| or ||e l|rs| lsa|r (l0 , - ), ray 1z1o;1o8|
oe ass|gred |o ||e oeg|rr|rg ol ||e A|exardr|ar correr|ary, W|||e |e sees
|r ||e |ex| ol co|urrs - , W||c| |||eW|se d|scuss oas|c ques||ors, 1o1o;o
||e oeg|rr|rg ol ||e Caesarear correr|ary.
1o
0r ||e |rd|v|dua| verses ol
lsa|rs |o soreW|a| |orger expos|||ors |ave core doWr |o us, W||c| 1 |
|oWever ray oe recogr|sed as ex|rac|s lror ||e rore de|a||ed correr|ary,
lror lsa|r or We possess or|y occas|ora| s|or|er exp|ara||ors ol s|rg|e
. 0r |||s, see oe|oW.
1o. l. Nau||r, 0r|gre. 3a v|e e| sor oeuvre, C|r|s||ar|sre ar||que l, lar|s , 1;;
z;ol., Wou|d |oWever arrarge ||e lragrer|s |r a d|llerer| sequerce, rare|y
1ooo
C0 |o 8, ||er A |o A, ||er A |o C. 1o;o 1o 1oo 1oo 1o;
|z3|x T| |rd-Cer|ury 0ree| C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
verses, ol W||c| rary |rdeed oe|org |o Fvagr|us lor||cus, ||e |a|er adr|rer
ol 0r|ger, ou| rary prooao|y reproduce ||e corc|se exege||ca| correr|s
ol 0r|ger ||rse|l, ol W||c| ||e |rad|||or repor|s.
T| a| 0r|ger d|d ro| Wor| or ore o|o||ca| ooo| al| er aro||er, ard |r eac|
case corcerr ||rse|l or|y W||| |||s ooo|, car oe seer lror a relererce |o
lsa|r ( ) |r ||e |as| par|, ex|ar| or|y |r la||r, ol ||s correr|ary or 1o11o
|a|||eW. w|ere 0r|ger |s expourd|rg || . - , ||e deoa|e W||| ||e zz|1|o
l|ar|sees |r W||c| Jesus as|s |oW ||e |ess|a| cou|d oe 0av|d's sor W|er |e
309
ca||s ||r `ry lord,' |e says
11
||a| aryore Wou|d oe oe||er ao|e |o |r|erpre|
|||s lsa|r verse `|l |e |as urder|a|er |o |r|erpre| ||e lsa|r ||se|l.' 0r|ger
|ad ||us ro| ye| ||rse|l Wor|ed or lsa|r W|er |e reac|ed c|ap|er 1o
zz|r ||s correr|ary or |a|||eW. 8u| || car scarce|y oe ||oug|| ||a| ||e
corp|e|e lsa|r correr|ary ol ||s crea||ve per|od |r Caesarea care |r|o
oe|rg as a W|o|e or|y al|er ||e correr|ary or |a|||eW, s|rce We are cer|a|r
||a| a| |eas| ||e correr|ary or lu|e oe|orgs |r |||s |a|e per|od.
T| e expos|||or or ||e ||ree lsa|rs, Nos. , , ard , occup|es a spec|a| o; 8
p|ace. 8ecause || |s `W|o||y rora|' ard dea|s W||| `corvers|or, reper|arce,
pur|l|ca||or ard |rproverer| ol ||le,' bul|rus |rars|a|ed || |r|o la||r |r ||e
lorr ol r|re |or|||es ard ded|ca|ed |||s `Corpus' |o ||s d|sc|p|e Apror|ar.
1z
we rus| ||erelore (as W||| ||e |rars|a||or ol ||e 0e lr|rc|p||s) rec|or W|||
|r|erlererce oy bul|rus.
0r|ger Was espec|a||y lord ol ||e 3org ol 3o|oror, a|ready |r ||s you||
|e expourded || |r a s|or| correr|ary, ol W||c| |oWever or|y a sra||
lragrer| |s preserved |r ||e l|||oca||a,
1
ard ||er devo|ed |o || a |arge correr|ary |r |er ooo|s, ol W||c| lour are ex|ar|
|r bul|rus's |rars|a||or, |r
add|||or ||ere are a|so |Wo de|a||ed serrors or ||e 3org ol 3o|oror, W||c|
Jerore |rars|a|ed. le says ol 0r|ger ||a| W||| ||s scr|p|ura| |r|erpre|a||or |e
surpassed a|| o||er exege|es, ou| W||| ||s expos|||or ol ||e 3org ol 3o|oror
|e surpassed ever ||rse|l. lr ||e or|degroor ol ||e 3org 0r|ger sees C|r|s|
ard |r ||e or|de ||e C|urc| or ||e oe||ev|rg sou|, ||us |e prepared ||e Way
lor a p|ous C|urc|-corsc|ousress, ard so lor ||e Fcc|es|o|ogy ol Augus||re
ard ||s successors, ou| a| ||e sare ||re |a|d ||e lourda||or lor rup||a|
rys||c|sr ard so lor C|r|s||ar rys||c|sr gerera||y.
11. lr No. ol ||e Correr|ar|orur ser|es, or |||s see lur||er oe|oW. ;
1z. l0 , - A, 8- C, A- 8. 1z11o8 1o 188 11 1|1o
1. T| e l|||oca||a, |||era||y `de||g|| |r W|a| |s oeau||lu| ard |rue,' |s a co||ec||or ol
la|r|y |org ex|rac|s lror Wor|s ol 0r|ger W||c| ||e |Wo lr|erds 8as|| ||e 0rea| ard
0regory ol Naz|arzus pu| |oge||er |r ||e|r ||re as ror|s, a la|r|y |arge par| ol ||,
c|ap|ers - , |s corcerred W||| lreedor ol ||e W|||. NeW ed|||or. l|||oca||e(see z1z;
8|o||ograp|y).
0r|ger ol A|exardr|a |
0r|ger |ad corposed ||e l|rs| l|ve ooo|s ol ||s grea| correr|ary or
Jo|r |r A|exardr|a, ard |ad oegur ||e s|x||. loWever, W|er |e Was expe||ed
lror ||e A|exardr|ar C|urc| ard reroved |o Caesarea |r la|es||re ||e
oeg|rr|rg ol 8oo| vl Was |os| ard |e |ad |o oeg|r alres| (vl . l.). le z11
ev|der||y rever corp|e|e|y l|r|s|ed ||e correr|ary, Fuseo|us a|ready |arer|s
(lF . . ) ||a| or|y |||r|y-|Wo ooo|s `|ave core doWr |o us', oz|1 1|
|r
||e 0ree| ||ere s|||| ex|s| |oday 8oo|s l, ll, vl, X, Xlll, XlX ard XX, XXvlll
ard l|ra||y XXXll, |||s |as| |oWever exp|a|rs ||e 0ospe| or|y as lar as . , 11
ol ||e ore |urdred ard lor|y-ore lragrer|s W||c| lreusc|er co||ec|ed |r
0C3 (sore ol W||c| |oWever oe|org |o T| eodore ol |opsues||a), or|y |Wo
dea| W||| a |ex| oeyord Jr . , rare|y Jr . ard . . l| |s a|so a|ready 11 1;| zoz|
s|r|||rg |r ||e |as| ex|ar| ooo|s ||a| 0r|ger |s ro |orger do|rg ||s exeges|s
a| |erg||, as W|er |e oegar ||e Wor|, lor ||e l|rs| |Wo ooo|s dea| W||| ||e
0ospe| or|y as lar as Jr . . ler|aps |oWever |e a|so |ac|ed ||e |rcer||ve lor 1;
lur||er |r|erpre|a||or, |r ||e l|rs| ooo|s |e |s relu||rg ||e correr|ary or
Jo|r oy ||e gros||c lerac|eor, W|o lor ||s par| seers or|y |o |ave reac|ed
as lar as Jr . , oeyord 8oo| XX , 0r|ger quo|es ||r ro rore. 8o 88
T| e correr|ary or |a|||eW a|so |as ro| core doWr |o us corp|e|e.
lr 0ree| ||ere ex|s| |oday or|y 8oo|s X |o Xvll, W||c| dea| W||| ||e |ex| ol
|a|||eW lror . |o . . T| ere |s |oWever a la||r |rars|a||or, der|v|rg 1o zz
prooao|y lror ||e || cer|ury, W||c| lror 8oo| Xll. (|.e. lror || . ) o 1o1
rurs para||e| W||| ||e 0ree| |ex|, |||s |oo does ro| ex|erd |o ||e erd ol ||e
0ospe|, ou| or|y |o || . . lr ||e ||dd|e Ages ||e |as| par| ol ||, lor W||c| z;oo
||e 0ree| |as ro| surv|ved, Was cur|ous|y |rea|ed as ar |rdeperder| Wor|,
ard d|v|ded |r|o ore |urdred ard lor|y-l|ve sec||ors ol vary|rg |erg||,
|| Was g|ver ||e rare Correr|ar|orur 3er|es. T| |s la||r vers|or oe|rays
|r|eres|s ol ||s oWr, asce||c ard roras||c, || car ||erelore oe adduced or|y
W||| cau||or lor ||e correc||or ol ||e 0ree| |ex|.1
0l 8oo|s l |o lX ol ||e
correr|ary |r|eres||rg lragrer|s |ave surv|ved aoove a|| |r ||e Ca|erae.
1|. A|| ||e raruscr|p|s do preser| ||e ruroer `|Wer|y-|Wo,' ou| Jerore |r ||e
|r|roduc||or |o ||s |rars|a||or ol 0r|ger's |or|||es or lu|e spea|s ol |||r|y-|Wo
ooo|s, ||e |ex| ol Fuseo|us |s ||us |o oe correc|ed. lor s|or||y al|erWards (cap.
) z8
310
|e spea|s aoou| ||e cor|er| ol 8oo| , W||c| |s ro |orger ava||ao|e |o us, |e zz
||us
very prooao|y s|||| |ad |r ||s ||orary every|||rg ||a| 0r|ger Wro|e or ||e 0ospe|
ol Jo|r.
1. A| ary ra|e ro| |o ||e ex|er| ||a| F. K|os|errarr d|d |r ||e l|rs| cr|||ca| ed|||or,
vo|ure X ol ||e Wor|s ol 0r|ger |r ||e 0C3 ser|es. F. lruc||e| a|ready W|||dreW
ros| ol ||ese |r|erlererces W||| ||e 0ree| |ex|, |r vo|ure Xll. ol ||e 0C3 z
ed|||or
ol 0r|ger, 8er||r . |ore recer||y |re 8as|||, W|o |as |a|er over ||e ed|||rg 1
ol 8oo|s Xll orWards lor ||e 3ources C|re||erres ser|es, |s a||erp||rg |o
|rprove
||3|x T| |rd-Cer|ury 0ree| C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
T| e arc|er| W||resses a|so ascr|oe |o 0r|ger a correr|ary or lu|e,
as a ra||er ol lac|, |r vo|ure lX ol 0C3 bauer ollers, |r add|||or |o ||e
|||r|y-r|re |or|||es or ||e 0ospe| ol lu|e |arded doWr |r Jerore's la||r
|rars|a||or, lragrer|s sore ol W||c| carro| der|ve lror ||e |or|||es. z;
lrc|der|a||y || ray oe sa|d ||a| Jerore prooao|y War|ed |r ||e ra|r |o s|oW
oy ||s |rars|a||or |oW ruc| ||s o|der cor|erporary Arorose, o|s|op ol
|||ar, |ad |a|er over lror 0r|ger |r ||s serrors or lu|e, W||c| Were
coro|red |r|o a cor||ruous correr|ary.
1o
Arorose |r lac| rade s|r||ar
use ol 8as||'s serrors or ||e s|x-day Wor| ol Crea||or (lexaereror) lor
||s oWr |r|erpre|a||or. loWever, Jerore's oWr serrors or ||e lsa|rs are
esser||a||y or|y |rars|a||ors ol ||e |or|||es ol 0r|ger, ever |l ||ey |ave oeer
s||g|||y adap|ed |o ||e reeds ol ||e sra|| roras|ery |r 8e|||e|er.
1;
0r|ger devo|ed |o borars a correr|ary corpr|s|rg l|l|eer ooo|s, ou|
bul|rus cordersed ||e |ex| |o |er ooo|s |r a|| (l0 , - ). lr add|||or 1|81zz
sore ro| ur|rpor|ar| 0ree| lragrer|s |ave surv|ved, aoou| |o pages |o o
a||oge||er.
18
J. 3c|erer |as puo||s|ed separa|e|y ||e expos|||or ol bor . |o
. , preserved or papyrus. ;
1
lere 0r|ger sees |r lau| ||e aro||ra|or oe|Weer
JeWs ard 0er|||es, W|o occas|ora||y rejec|s urjus| c|a|rs ard corl|rrs ||ose
||a| are jus||l|ed, ou| or ||e W|o|e represer|s ||e `Trars|a||o be||g|or|s,'
lror ||e JeWs |o ||e C|r|s||ars.
zo
No|eWor||y p|eces |ave oeer preserved |r
0ree| lror ||e correr|ary or Cor|r|||ars, W||c| Was a|ready l|r|s|ed 1
W|er 0r|ger Was Wor||rg or ||e |Wer|y-secord c|ap|er ol |a|||eW,z1
ard
||e |ex| W||| ||e a|d ol a |||rd raruscr|p|, ||e |rdeperderce ol W||c|
K|os|errarr |ad ro| recogr|sed. b. 0|rod |as oroug|| ou| 8oo|s X ard Xl as
No. 1oz
|r ||e sare ser|es, cl. o|o||ograp|y.
1o. Cl. l.J. 3|eoer's |r|roduc||or |r ||s ed|||or 0r|geres. lr lucar lor|||ae.
lor|||er zur lu|asevarge||ur|r ||e ser|es lor|es C|r|s||arae, lre|ourg , 11
l.
1;. Cl. ler|, v., 0re||e 0r|ger|are su| 3a|r|. Cor|r|ou|o a||' |der||l| caz|ore de|
|es|o
|a||ro = 3|ud| e Tes|| , C||| de| va||caro . z8 18o
18. Nare|y pages - ard - |r ||e Jourra| ol T| eo|og|ca| 3|ud|es(JT| zoz| ;o8
3)
11zard pages - |r JT| 3 , ed||ed oy A. barsoo||ar, ard pages - 1ozz 11 ;|
|r 8
||e 8|o||sc|e Ze||sc|r|l| , ed||ed oy K. 3|aao. 1z
1. 3c|erer, J., le correr|a|re d'0r|gre sur bor. lll, -v, , d'aprs |es ;
ex|ra||s du
lapyrus ro. du |usee du Ca|re e| |es lragrer|s de |a l|||oca||a e| du 88;|8
va||carus
0r. . Fssay de recors|||u||or du |ex|e e| de |a persee des |ores v e| vl du ;oz
`Correr|a|re sur |'Fpi|re aux bora|rs,' Ca|ro . 1;
zo. 3o T| eres|a le|||er, Trars|a||o be||g|or|s. 0|e lau|usdeu|urg des 0r|geres,
8orrer 8e||rage zur K|rc|ergesc||c||e , 8u||au, Co|ogre | v|erra . 1o 1o
z1. lr No. ol ||e Cor3er, 0r|ger quo|es Cor . - ard says. `lor a|| |||s 8 1 1zoz8
We
|ave g|ver ar exp|ara||or |r ||s oWr p|ace.' T| |s par||cu|ar sec||or |oWever |as
ro|
surv|ved.
0r|ger ol A|exardr|a |
or Fp|es|ars.
311
zz
0||er lragrer|s rea||y or|y prov|de ev|derce ||a| 0r|ger
a|so |r|erpre|ed Co|oss|ars, ||e |Wo |e||ers |o ||e T| essa|or|ars ard ||e |e||ers
|o T||us ard l|||eror, ard devo|ed |o leoreWs ro| or|y a correr|ary
ou| a|so |or|||es, or ||e Apoca|ypse, or ||e o||er |ard, |e appears |o |ave
|el| or|y or|el sc|o||a.
z
T| ere |s |oWever ro| or|y ruc| geru|re ra|er|a| lror 0r|ger urder ||e
rares ol |a|er exege|es, ou| sore ||a| Was Wr|||er oy |a|er adr|rers ol 0r|ger
|as oeer |arded doWr urder ||s rare. lor exarp|e, || Was rade c|ear
or|y a leW decades ago, ||roug| ||e |rves||ga||ors ol l. u. vor 8a|||asar
z|
ard |. J. bordeau,
z
||a| rary ol ||e or|el expos|||ors or ||e lsa|rs (|r
vo|. Xll ol l0) |r rea|||y oe|org ro| |o 0r|ger ou| |o Fvagr|us lor||cus, ar
0r|ger|s| lror ||e per|od aoou| . l| |s s|r||ar W||| 0ree| c||a||ors W||c| |oo
os|ers|o|y der|ve lror Wor|s ol 0r|ger, ard W||c| ||e erperor Jus||r|ar
|ad corderred a| a syrod |r , ||ey Were |e|d |o oe geru|re, so ||a| |
||e ed||or ol ||e ler| Arc|or|r ||e 0C3 ser|es ever |rser|ed ||er |r|o ||e
la||r |ex| |arded doWr |o us. T| a| |oWever aroused a la|se |rpress|or,
rore recer| researc|es |ave s|oWr ||a| ||ese reagre ser|erces are ro
exac| quo|a||ors, ou| |ave a |rad|||or ol ||e|r oWr, W||c| |o sore ex|er|
goes oac| |o ||e par|y |os|||e |o 0r|ger |r ||e years arourd , |erce |o |oo
||e grea| corl||c| over 0r|ger's or||odoxy ard ||s W|o|e |egacy. T| e reW
ed|||or ol ||e ler| Arc|oroy l. Crouze| ard |. 3|rore|||
zo
|as ||erelore
r|g|||y reroved ||ese a||eged lragrer|s oo|| lror ||e |ex| ard a|so lror
||e lrerc| |rars|a||or.
z;
|||. Ara|y||ca|
0r|ger ro| or|y expourded a|ros| a|| ||e ooo|s ol ||e lo|y 3cr|p|ure,
ou| a|ready |r ||e 0e lr|rc|p||s|e ou|||red a ||eory (lv cap. - ), |rdeed 1
a ||eo|ogy ol exeges|s, oased or ||e gerera| corsersus ||a| ||e scr|p|ures
|r||ra|e rys|er|ous d|v|re ac||ors ol sa|va||or (lv . ), ||a| |r ||er ||e zz
lo|y 3p|r|| see|s |o corvey |roW|edge aoou| 0od ard ||s 3or, aoou| ||e
zz. Nare|y pages - , - , - |r JT| 3 ard pages - |r z1|;;zoo1| 1o8 z1
JT| 3
1o, ed||ed oy C. Jer||rs, or pages - , - ard - |r JT| z||8|zo |;o
3 , 1oz
ed||ed oy J. A. l. 0regg.
z. T| e prec|se de|a||s are |o oe lourd |r ||e C|av|s la|rur 0raecorur, ed.
|. 0eerard, vo|. l (Corpus C|r|s||arorur), , Nos. - . 18 1|1o1|o8
z|. `0|e l|era des Fvagr|us'. ZKT| , , - ard - . o18o1oo 181zoo
z. `le correr|a|re sur |es psaures d'Fvagre |e lor||que,' 0Cl , , zo1oo
- . o;|8
zo. Cl. oe|oW |r ||e o|o||ograp|y. Tra||e des pr|rc|pes.
z;. lr ||e ed|||or oy l. Karpp ard l. 0orgerarrs, 0r|geres. v|er 8uc|er vor
der
lr|rz|p|er(0arrs|ad| ) ||ey are s|||| reproduced |r ||e 0errar |rars|a||or. 1;o
|o3|x T| |rd-Cer|ury 0ree| C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
sou|, aoou| ||e Wor|d ard ||e or|g|r ol ev|| (lv . ard ). 8u| ro| a|| are z; 8
capao|e ol |||s |roW|edge, |erce ||e lo|y 3p|r|| |as ||dder ||e deeper
rys|er|es |r W|a| are `ou|Ward|y |a|es,' W||c| a|ready prorp| |o ||e 0ood,
||a| oeg|rrers |r ||e la||| ray res| cor|er|, ||e rore advarced pere|ra|e
|r|o ||e deeper rear|rg.
lrdeed, 0r|ger a| l|rs| ever d|s||rgu|s|es oe|Weer ||ree ||rds ol reader
ard ||ree |eve|s ol scr|p|ura| rear|rg, as oe|Weer oody, sou| ard sp|r|| |r
rar||rd. T| |s d|s||rc||or, W||c| |e ou|||res or|y or|el|y, |s gerera||y s|rg|ed z8
ou| |r ar exaggera|ed lorr, a|ready |r ||e |a|er c|ap|ers ol ||e 0e lr|rc|p||s
ard a|| ||e rore |r ||e |a|er Wor|s, espec|a||y |r ||e correr|ary or |a|||eW,
|e d|s||rgu|s|ed or|y oe|Weer ||e |||era| ard ||e deeper (|||era||y `||g|er')
serse, lor |e l|rds a|ready |r ||e |||era| Word|rg gu|darce lor good corduc|,
ard ||us ||e rora| serse. Adr|||ed|y ||ere are, |r ||s op|r|or (|o., par. ), ro|
a leW passages |r lo|y 3cr|p|ure W||c| or a |||era| urders|ard|rg y|e|d ro
rear|rg, ard |rv||e us |o see| a deeper serse ro| or|y |ere ou| ||roug|ou|
||e W|o|e ol scr|p|ure. 0r|ger |oWever regards a|| l|gura||ve |arguage, a||
s|r||||udes, ard ol course espec|a||y a|| ar||ropororp||c s|a|erer|s aoou|
0od, W||c| We |oday |rea| as |rred|a|e|y corpre|ers|o|e, as rear|rg|ess
|r ||e|r |||era| serse, |e car ||us or|rg lorWard rary prools lor ||e recess||y
ol re|ap|or|ca| |r|erpre|a||or.
T| e resu|| lor ||e C|r|s||ar exege|e |s ro| or|y ||e jus||l|ca||or ou| ||e
recess||y ol ra||rg use ol ||ose re||ods W||c| ||e o|d |r|erpre|ers ol
312
lorer |ad a|ready app||ed, lor exarp|e |o ra|e |o|erao|e ||e s|or|es aoou|
||e gods, W||c| lor ||e p|||osop||ca||y educa|ed Were ollers|ve. lr ||e sare
Way ||e JeW l|||o, W|o Wor|ed |r A|exardr|a |r ||e l|rs| cer|ury, |ad rade
||e JeW|s| 8|o|e, our o|, |o|erao|e lor educa|ed 0er|||es. Never||e|ess ||ere
|s a lurdarer|a| d|ll ererce oe|Weer 0r|ger's a||egor|z|rg ard ||a| ol ||s
predecessors. w|ereas l|||o ard ||e |r|erpre|ers ol lorer are a| ore |r
oe||ev|rg ||a| |r ||e|r |ex|s ||ey car ard s|ou|d l|rd gerera| |ru||s ard rora|
corrards W||c| car oas|ca||y oe a||a|red ||roug| |urar reasor, 0r|ger
see|s ard l|rds |r a|| ||e |ex|s ol ||e o| ||e |ru||s W||c| roW a|| |oge||er
lorr ||e cor|er| ol ||e C|r|s||ar la|||. 0od's sav|rg ac||v||y |r Jesus C|r|s| |s
||e ||dder cor|er| ol a|| scr|p|ures, W||c| car oe |a|d |o|d ol oy a||egor|z|rg.
0re r|g|| ||us |||r| ||a| ||e r|, W||c| spea|s |r ||e |||era| serse ol C|r|s|,
does ro| requ|re |o oe a||egor|zed. 8u| ||ere 0r|ger a||erp|s |o l|rd sore|||rg
gerera||y va||d |r ||e rarra||ve ol ar |rd|v|dua| ever|, ||e ||s|or|c||y
ol W||c| |e does ro| ca|| |r ques||or, ro| |oWever gerera| p|||osop||ca|
|ru||s, ou| s|a|erer|s ol |oW 0od |o ||e erd ol ||re |ea|s ard sarc||l|es a||
rar||rd ||roug| Jesus C|r|s| |r ||e lo|y 3p|r||. lor exarp|e, ||e s|ory ol
z8. lr|rc. lv . . z|
0r|ger ol A|exardr|a |;
|oW Jesus |ea|ed ||e o||rd (|| . ll.) |s |o oe urders|ood as a pror|se ol zoz
||g|| ard |roW|edge lor a|| W|o oe||eve ard corcerr ||erse|ves W||| ||e
urders|ard|rg ol lo|y 3cr|p|ure (||CorXvl. ). A||egor|z|rg |s ||us ro| 11
a procedure oroug|| lror W|||ou| |o ||e scr|p|ure |ex|, ou| ||e scr|p|ura|
|ex| ||se|l derards a||egor|z|rg, ||a| |s |oW || |s expourded.
T| e lo|y 3p|r|| |as ro| or|y Wover |r|o ||e o|o||ca| rarra||ves suc|
|||rgs as d|d ro| |apper, or ever carro| |apper, |e |as Wover |r|o ||e
|aWs derards W||c| s|rp|y carro| oe lu|l| ||ed (lr|rc. lv . ), eac| ol ||ese z
po|r|s |o|ds oo|| lor ||e o| ard lor ||e NeW. w|er 0eres|s ( . - ) spea|s 11
ol days ever oelore ||e crea||or ol sur ard roor, |||s carro| oe urders|ood
|r ||e cus|orary serse. T| a| lror a ||g| rour|a|r ore s|ou|d see `a|| ||e
||rgdors ol ||e Wor|d' (|| . ) |s |rposs|o|e. T| e |rjurc||or `|e| ro rar |8
|eave ||s p|ace or ||e sever|| day' (Fx . ) |s lor 0r|ger (lr|rc.lv . ) 1oz z
jus| as |rcapao|e ol lu|l| |rer| as ||e corrard |r ||e 3error or ||e |our|
(|| . ), |o p|uc| ou| ||e r|g|| eye |l || g|ve ollerce (lr|rc. lv . ). T| roug| z
||ese rar|les||y `ur|rue' or `|rposs|o|e' |r|erpo|a||ors ||e lo|y 3p|r|| see|s
|o prever| ||e reader lror read|rg ||e lo|y 3cr|p|ure |||e o||er Wor|s ol
Wor|d |||era|ure, pure|y lor p|easure ard ||us rere|y superl|c|a||y (lr|rc. lv
z. ). Jesus, ||e logos oecore rar0r|ger car |rea| ||r |oo, |||e ||e lo|y
3p|r||, as ||e au||or ol a|| 3cr|p|ureever Warrs. `3earc| ||e 3cr|p|ures!'
(Jr . ). 0re rus| ||us pere|ra|e ||roug| ||e surlace ol ||e |o|y |ex| |r|o
||s dep||s. T| e rear|rg ol ||e ooscure passages rus| oe opered up W|||
||e a|d ol s|r||ar Words ard corcep|s W||c| occur a| o||er p|aces |r ||e
8|o|e, or ||e oas|s ol ||e resu||s || W||| ||er oe poss|o|e |o d|scover a deeper
sp|r||ua| rear|rg |r ||ose passages a|so W||c| are rear|rglu| read |||era||y, ard
l|ra||y |o grasp ||e rea| rear|rg ol ||e 8|o|e as a W|o|e (lr|rc. lv
z. ard . ).
lr ||e correr|ary or Jo|r ( . . ) 0r|ger sees || as ||e goa| ol 1|oo
||e gradua| deve|oprer| ol ||eo|ogy, W||c| |s |o oe a||a|red oy Way ol ever
rore carelu| ard ex|erded exeges|s, `|o se| lor|| ||e ore corpus ol ||e W|o|e
|ru||.' T| |s |as| |oWever |s rever |o oe corp|e|e|y lu|l|||ed, lor W|er `a crea|ed
sp|r|| . . . |as lourd a |||||e ol W|a| Was soug||, |e sees aga|r sore|||rg
e|se ||a| |s s|||| |o oe soug||' ard so lur||er (lr|rc. lv . ). la|er |r ||e 1|
Correr|ary or |a|||eW0r|ger spo|e |r de|a|| aoou| ||e prov|s|ora| ard
||r||ed c|arac|er ol ||s expos|||ors (Xl , Xv , Xvll ). lr |||s correr|ary |e z ; ;
a|so expresses aro||er corcerr, W||c| goes oeyord ||e ques||or
a|ready posed |r 0e lr|rc|p||sas |o W|e||er W|a| |as oecore |roWr car
a|so oe spo|er, rare|y W|e||er || |s poss|o|e ard perr|ss|o|e |o se| doWr
W|a| |as oecore |roWr |r Wr|||rg, ard ||us as || Were |o de||ver || up |o
readers W|or ore carro| s||e|d lror error ard r|suse oy add|||ora|
exp|ara||ors, as ore car W||| |earers W||| W|or ore |s |r corversa||or. T| |s
prooao|y l|rs| daWred upor 0r|ger |r ||e course ol ||s ||le as a resu|| ol
|83|x T| |rd-Cer|ury 0ree| C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
r|s|r|erpre|a||or ard urjus||l|ed res|s|arce, ou| ||e corcerr Was ro| reW,
l|a|o |oo Was a|ready perp|exed oy ||. l| |s ro| or|y |r |||s respec| ||a| 0r|ger
s|ards |r ||e success|or ol |||s grea| p|||osop|er.
z
Fver |l 0r|ger |r esser||a|s rera|red |rue |o ||s ear|y |rs|g||s |r regard
|o cor|er| ard re||od, |e s|||| occas|ora||y d|scovered ard se| lor|| reW
aspec|s. T| e |dea ol ||ree |eve|s ol rear|rg W||c| are a|| a| ||e sare ||re
cor|a|red |r scr|p|ure|||s |s ra||er a l|a|or|c |dea|s recas| |r ||e l|l||
|or||y or lev|||cus |r a C|r|s||ar ard |e||sgesc||c||||c| Way. ||e oody ol
scr|p|ure Was |r|erded lor ||ose W|o Were oelore us, ||s sou| lor us, ou| ||s
sp|r|| lor ||ose W|o |r ||e lu|ure |r|er|| e|erra| ||le. w||| a |appy |rcors|s|ercy,
0r|ger ||er s|||| |aoours |o ascerd ever |o ||e sp|r|| ol ||e scr|p|ure,
313
a|||oug| adr|||ed|y ro| ||roug| ||s oWr exer||ors a|ore, ou| W||| prayer
lor |rs|g||.
0r|ger's d|scuss|ors ol ||e ooo| ol ||e p|||osop|er Ce|sus, aga|r, ||roW
aro||er ||g|| or ||e poss|o|||||es ol scr|p|ura| |r|erpre|a||or, lor Ce|sus |ad
ro| or|y a||ac|ed ||e cor|er| ol ||e la||| ol JeWs ard C|r|s||ars ou| |ad
express|y der|ed ary re||g|ous va|ue |o ||e|r |o|y 3cr|p|ures, oecause ||ey
d|d ro| cor|a|r |Wo |eve|s ol rear|rg, |.e. ||ey Were re|||er Wor||y ror
capao|e ol a||egor|ca| |r|erpre|a||or. 0r|ger |oWever derors|ra|es ||a|
|oses a|ready Was a |rue educa|ed au||or, `W|o everyW|ere or|rgs lor||
carelu||y ||e douo||rg ol ||e express|or (d|p|oe |es |exeos)' (CC . ). lere 118
||er 0r|ger erp|as|ses or|y |Wo |eve|s ol rear|rg, ou| ||a| reed ro| rear
ary rejec||or ol ||e poss|o||||y ol ||e ||reelo|d rear|rg ol scr|p|ure. le does
ro| |oWever cor|er| ||rse|l W||| ||e prool ||a| ||e o|o||ca| Wr|||rgs are ol
equa| rar| W||| |ea||er |||era|ure, ou| derors|ra|es ||e|r super|or||y. l|a|o
oecause ol ||s ||g||y |||erary s|y|e Was d|rec||y uselu| or|y |o a leW, rare|y
||e educa|ed, ou| |o ||e grea| rass a| ros| |rd|rec||y, Fp|c|e|us or ||e o||er
|ard Was read oy s|rp|e peop|e |oo, a| ary ra|e oy ||ose W|o soug|| sore
oerel|| (CC . ). `0ur |||era|ure |s a|red a|so a| ||e rass ol ||e s|rp|er oz
sor|, aoou| W|or ||e 0ree| poe|s d|d ro| |rouo|e ||erse|ves' (CC . ). |o
0r|ger ||us |ere urders|ards ||e 8|o|e as a s|rg|e Wor|, ou| |e does ro|
s|rp|y presuppose |||s ur||y ou| derors|ra|es ||, |rdeed erp|as|ses ||e
agreerer| ol 0|d ard NeW Tes|arer|s prec|se|y W|ere ore r|g|| per|aps
assure cor|rad|c||or oe|Weer ||er. `T| e 0ospe| does ro| cor|rad|c| ||e
laW ol 0od, ever |r Word|rg . . . ||e la||er W|er |e ser| Jesus |ad ro| lor- . z
lor lur||er de|a|| or W|a| precedes |r lar| , see l. J. vog|, 0r|geres. 0er
Korrer|ar zur Fvarge||ur rac| |a|||aus. F|rge|e||e|, uoerse|z| urd r||
Arrer|urger verse|er. vo|. l = 8|o||o||e| der gr|ec||sc|er l||era|ur (80l) , 18
3|u||gar|
18, - . 1o||
0r|ger ol A|exardr|a |
go||er W|a| |e prescr|oed |o |oses, a|so |e d|d ro| perc|arce c|arge ||s
r|rd' (CC . ). ;z
T| e ques||or ol ||e re|a||or ol ||e NeW Tes|arer| |o ||e 0|d |eads
0r|ger |o a reW |rs|g||. T| e C|r|s||ars appea| |o ||e r| (a| a|| ever|s a|ready
|r ||e ||re ol 0r|ger) ard oear W||ress lor C|r|s|, as ||e JeWs appea| |o
||e o| ard a| ||e sare ||re oear W||ress lor |oses. 8u| W|ereas ||e JeWs
`|ave ro prool |o oller lor |oses,' ||e C|r|s||ars car produce `lror ||e
laW ard ||e prop|e|s ||e ev|derces lor C|r|s|.' 8u| ||er ||ere lo||oWs ||e
|o|a||y urexpec|ed corc|us|or, ||a| ||e prools W||c| car oe draWr `lor Jesus
lror ||e laW ard ||e prop|e|s' derors|ra|e |r ||e|r |urr `||a| |oses a|so
ard ||e prop|e|s Were ac|ua||y prop|e|s ol 0od' (CC . ). 1|
T| e lo|y 3p|r|| W|s|es ro| or|y |o g|ve urders|ard|rg lor 0od's ac||v||y,
lor ||e ever|s ol sa|va||or ard d|sas|er |r |urar ||s|ory, ou| a|so |o grar|
|rs|g|| |r|o 0od's ra|ure ard ||e ra|ure ol a|| ||s crea||or, ||e |||rgs W||c|
are pure|y sp|r||ua|, ||ose ||a| are oo|| sp|r||ua| ard corporea|, ard ||ose
||a| are rere|y corporea|. w|ere ||e la||| |arded doWr |s c|ear|y expressed,
a||egor|ca| expos|||or |s or a sale |rac|, ou| W|ere ||e preva|||rg |rad|||or
ol la||| |as |el|rary ques||ors oper, ||e r|rd ||a| |s exp|or|rg ||e 8|o|e
rus| ra|e use ol ||e corcep|s ard re||ods ol ||oug|| ||us lar ava||ao|e |o
||r. Fver W|er 0r|ger W|s|es |o draW a|| ||s arsWers lror lo|y 3cr|p|ure
||se|l, |e |s a|ready pre-cord|||ored oy ||e W|o|e p|||osop||ca| ard ||eo|og|ca|
|rad|||or ol ||e 0ree|s, W||c| a|so |el| ||s rar| upor ||e C|r|s||ars.
0esp||e ||s s|udy ol p|||osop|y, 0r|ger |s |rdeed very cau||ous over aga|rs|
||e asser||ors ol ||e p|||osop|ers, ou| a| ||e sare ||re, |||e ||e Apo|og|s|s
oelore ||r, |e |s corv|rced ||a| a|| ||e |ru|| ||a| |s |o oe lourd |r p|||osop|y
der|ves u|||ra|e|y lror lo|y 3cr|p|ure, oecause ||e 0ree|s oWed ||e|r
|rue |rs|g||s |o ||e ruc| o|der |oses ard |o ||e prop|e|s ol lsrae|. 0r|ger
||rse|l does |rdeed |||r| ||a| |e |as draWr lror scr|p|ure, or a| |eas| |es|ed
aga|rs| scr|p|ure, a|| ||e arsWers |o ||e grea| ques||ors W||c| |e ||rse|l
rares, ou| lor exarp|e ||e |eac||rg or ||e pre-ex|s|erce ol a|| sou|s, W||c|
|e s|||| reso|u|e|y delerds |r ||s |a|e correr|ary or |a|||eW,
o
s|||| prooao|y der|ves lror l|a|o. T| e |rs|g|| W||c| |e Was ||e l|rs| |o express,
||a|
||e oege|||rg ol ||e 3or oy ||e la||er W||||r ||e 0od|ead s|ou|d ro| oe
o. lr ||e parao|e ol ||e |aoourers W|or ||e oWrer ser| |o ||s v|reyard a|
d|llerer| ||res ol ||e day (|| . - ), 0r|ger sees ||dder `||e rys|er|ous zo11o
|eac||rg
aoou| ||e sou|' (||Cor . ). le W|o all| rrs ||a| `||e sou| |s soWr W||| ||e 1|
oody' carro| exp|a|r ||e parao|e. u||e |rd|grar||y |e c|a||erges ||e opporer|s
ol
||s v|eW ||a| 0od crea|ed a|| |urar sou|s a| ||e oeg|rr|rg. `le| ||er |e|| us W|a|
||e W|o|e day rears, ard . . . ||e ca|||rg ol ||e Wor|ers a| d|llerer| |ours!' (cap.
).
314
o3|x T| |rd-Cer|ury 0ree| C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
ass|gred |o ary po|r| ol ||re W|a|ever, ever a po|r| oelore ||re ||se|l, ou|
rus| oe urders|ood as e|erra|, |as a|so oeer descr|oed as `a l|a|or|c lorr
ol ||oug||,' s|rce l|o||rus a|so (v . ) W|o||y exc|udes `or|g|r W||||r ||re' 1o
lor ||e rascerce ol ||e 3ecord lror ||e 0re.
1
0r|ger does deve|op ||e |dea
p|||osop||ca||y |r ||e 0e lr|rc|p||s(l . ), ou| a|so g|ves || ar exege||ca| oas|s, zz
prooao|y aoou| ||e sare ||re, |r ||e l|rs| ooo| ol ||s correr|ary or Jo|r
(cap. , ), ||ere |e says ||a| ||e `|oday' ol ||e lsa|r verse ( . . `Today zo| z;
|ave l oego||er you') rears ||e e|err||y ol 0od, W||c| |roWs re|||er s|ars
ro| rorr|rg. Ard |r ||s r|r|| |or||y or Jerer|a| |e appea|s |o lrv . o. 8z
`oelore ||e ||||s |e oego| re,' W||c| |r |xx |as ||e preser| gerra re, ever
W|a| |s descr|oed oy us as pas| |s |r 0od e|erra| preser|.
A|ros| everyW|ere, W|er 0r|ger relers |o aro||er ol ||s Wor|s, |e |e|s
|| oe |roWr ||a| |e |s |o|d|rg |o |r|erpre|a||ors advarced ear||er. 8u| |r a|
|eas| ore passage |r ||s |a|e Wor|, |r ||e s|x|| ooo| aga|rs| Ce|sus (cap. ), 1
|e |rd|ca|es ||a| |e |as ga|red reW |rs|g||s. severa| years oelore |e |ad
expourded ||e s|x days ol Crea||or as |e Was a| ||a| ||re ao|e |o corpre|erd ||.
A| ||a| ||re |e |ad d|scussed ||e ques||ors W|a| |eaver ard ear||
are, W|a| ||e aoyss ard ||e dar|ress, W|a| ||e Wa|er ard ||e 3p|r|| ol 0od
||a| roved over ||, W|a| Was ||e ||g|| ||a| care |r|o oe|rg, ard W|a| ||e
l|rrarer| ||a| Was d|llerer| lror |eaver. NoW 0r|ger relers |o ||e lac| ||a|
||e logos ||roug| lsa|a| pror|ses |o ||e r|g||eous days |r a s||ua||or (|a|as|as|s)
`|r W||c| ro| ||e sur, ou| ||e lord ||rse|l W||| oe lor ||er e|erra|
||g||, ard 0od W||| oe ||e|r g|ory' (cl. ls . ). urlor|ura|e|y 0r|ger says oo1
ro|||rg lur||er or ||e suojec|, ou| rere|y correr|s ||a| `||e crea||or ol
||e Wor|d ard ||e 3aooa|| res| ||ereal|er, reserved lor ||e peop|e ol 0od,
Wou|d reed a |eac||rg ex|ers|ve, rys|er|ous, deep ard d|ll|cu|| |o exp|a|r'
(CC . ). T| |s |eac||rg |e |as ro| g|ver us, ror car ore d|scerr W|ere |e
Wou|d |ave soug|| |o preser| ||, ou| |||s ruc| |s c|ear. ||e aged 0r|ger Was
ro |orger sa||sl|ed W||| ||e ques||ors aoou| ||e (s|a||c) ra|ure ol |||rgs,
aoou| W|a|ever ||es oe||rd ||e v|s|o|e, ard ||e poss|o|e arsWers |o ||er.
NoW ||e le||sgesc||c||e, ||e |ers|or oe|Weer roW ard ||e days |o core,
oe|Weer ||e a|ready ard ||e ro|-ye|, are espec|a||y |rpor|ar| |o ||r. T| |s
ra|es ore |||r| ol Augus||re, W|o or|y |oWards ||e erd ol ||s ||le grasped
||e |rue rear|rg ol ||e le||sgesc||c||e ard ||erelore |r ||s be|rac|a||ores
(l . ) Wro|e ol ||s ear|y Wor| 0e ord|re. `NoW || d|sp|eases re a|so, ||a| l z
so spo|e ol |Wo Wor|ds, ||a| ol ||e serses ard ||e sp|r||ua| . . . as |l ||e lord
1. 3o l. 0orgerarrs (0r|geres. v|er 8uc|er vor der lr|rz|p|er. uoerse|z|
urd
er|eu|er| vor l. 0orgerarrs urd b. Karpp. 0arrs|ad| ) ro|e . 1;o1z
0r|ger ol A|exardr|a 1
|ad W|s|ed |o express |||s W|er |e sa|d '|y ||rgdor |s ro| ol |||s Wor|d'
(Jr . ), W|ere ore Wou|d oe oe||er |o urders|ard oy ||e o||er . . . Wor|d 18o
||a| |r W||c| ||ere W||| oe ||e reW |eaver ard ||e reW ear||.'
z
|v. Cr|||ca|
Fver |r ||s ||le||re 0r|ger a|ready re| W||| oppos|||or||s exc|us|or lror
||e A|exardr|ar corrur||y prooao|y a|so |ad ||s reasors |r ||e cor|er| ol
||s |eac||rg ard ||eo|ogy

ou| |e exper|erced a|so ruc| asser| ard adr|ra||or. le ever |ad |rl|uerce
oeyord ||e oourds ol C|r|s||ar||y, |e ro|
or|y oo|a|red lror raoo|s |rlorra||or aoou| leoreW rares, ou| ||rse|l
|ad ar |rl|uerce or raoo|r|c exeges|s. baoo| o|arar ol T|oer|as, W|o |r
0r|ger's ||re lrequer||y v|s||ed ||s |eac|er los|aya baooa |r Caesarea, |ed
`||e exege||ca| oa|||e aga|rs| ||e C|r|s|o|og|z|rg ol ||e 3org ol 3orgs' oy
0r|ger, a|||oug| |ere ard ||ere |e lo||oWed ||r. As lor 0r|ger W|a| C|r|s|
||e 8r|degroor or|rgs |o ||e or|de surpasses a|| ||a| s|e |ad prev|ous|y rece|ved
lror ||e laW ard ||e prop|e|s, so baoo| o|arar exa||s ||e |eac||rgs
ol ||e scr|oes aoove ||e Wr|||er Tora|, |r order |o relu|e ||e asser||or ||a|
or|y C|r|s||ar||y cou|d oe rear| oy W|a| exce||ed ||e Tora|. lrdeed, baoo|
o|arar appears |o |ave oeer s||ru|a|ed oy 0r|ger ever lor ||s erp|as|s
upor Aora|ar, ||roug| W|or ||e s|rs ol Adar Were rade good, lor 0r|ger
a|so lourd |||s ro|e ol C|r|s| expressed |r ||e 3org ol 3orgs.
|
A leW decades |a|er Fuseo|us |e|ped ||s |eac|er larp|||us, |rpr|sored
dur|rg ||e 0|oc|e||ar|c persecu||or, |o Wr||e ||e delerce ol 0r|ger a|ready
rer||ored, |r l|ve ooo|s, |o W||c| |e ||rse|l al|er larp|||us's dea|| added
a s|x||, or|y ore |oWever |as surv|ved. Aro||er |a|l-cer|ury |a|er ||e |Wo
ror|s 8as|| ard 0regory pu| |oge||er ||a| ar||o|ogy ol ||e Wor|s ol 0r|ger
W||c| |as oeer preserved lor us as ||e l|||oca||aard red|a|ed ||e ros|
|rpor|ar| ||oug||s ol 0r|ger ro| or|y |o W|de c|rc|es ol roras||c|sr. Aoou|
315
||e sare per|od 0r|ger's exege||ca| re||ods Were rade |roWr |o ||e wes|
oy 8|s|op l||ary ol lo|||ers, W|o |r |ad oeer oar|s|ed |o ||e Fas| oy
||e ar|ar|z|rg erperor Cors|ar||us, ard ||ere Was ao|e |o ra|e ||rse|l
lar|||ar W||| ||e r|c|es ol 0ree| ||eo|ogy. l|s correr|ary or ||e lsa|rs,
z. lor lur||er de|a||s or W|a| precedes cl. l. J. vog|, 0r|geres. 0er Korrer|ar
zur Fvarge||ur rac| |a|||aus, vo|. ll = 80l , 3|u||gar| , - . o 1o1z
. Cl. aoove, ro|e .
|. Cl. K|re|rar, b., `baoo| o|arar ard 0r|ger or ||e 3org ol 3orgs. A |||rd
cer|ury JeW|s|-C|r|s||ar 0|spu|a||or,' lT|b , , - , esp. l. ard ;18oo; 8o
. o
z3|x T| |rd-Cer|ury 0ree| C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
W||c| |e corposed al|er ||s re|urr |o ||e wes|, |s so s|rorg|y |rl|uerced oy
0r|ger ||a| Jerore, prooao|y exaggera||rg, descr|oes || s|rp|y as a |rars|a||or.
0re recogr|ses |oW ruc| l||ary |earred lror 0r|ger W|er ore
corpares W||| ||s correr|ary or ||e lsa|rs ||e expos|||or ol ||e 0ospe|
ol |a|||eW W||c| |e corposed oelore ||s ex||e, ||e exeges|s |ere |s ra|r|y
|ypo|og|ca|.
l| |as a|ready oeer rer||ored ||a| ||e |or|||es or lu|e oy Arorose,
o|s|op ol |||ar, Were |rl|uerced oy 0r|ger, ou| Arorose a|so expourded
||e o| a||egor|ca||y |r ||s serrors. T| |s Was ol qu||e v||a| s|gr|l|carce lor
||s ros| larous |earer. Augus||re, a| ||a| ||re a prolessor ol b|e|or|c
|r |||ar, Was s|||| Waver|rg oe|Weer |rc||ra||or |o ||e Ca||o||c C|urc|
ard ||e ra||ora||s||c cr|||c|sr ol ||e |ar|c|aears, par||cu|ar|y W||| regard
|o ||e o|. Arorose s|oWed ||r ||a| ||e Ca||o||c C|urc| d|d ro| urders|ard
||e ar||ropo|og|ca| s|a|erer|s aoou| 0od |||era||y, ou| lourd suppor| lor
||s sp|r||ua| urders|ard|rg ol 0od |r ||e o| a|so. T| ere Augus||re |earred
lror exper|erce ||a| `||e |e||er ||||e||, ou| ||e 3p|r|| g|ve|| ||le' ( Cor . o), z o
Arorose ||rse|l lrequer||y quo|ed |||s verse ard `||er . . . W|ere ||e |e||er
seered |o |eac| perver|ed |||rgs . . . opered up ||e sp|r||ua| urders|ard|rg.'

Augus||re ||rse|l, |||e 0r|ger,

o
rade |||s Word ol lau| |r|o a ru|e
ol exeges|s. Cer|a|r|y |r ||s deoa|e W||| ||e le|ag|ars |a|er |e urders|ood
||a| lau| Was ro| |r ||e l|rs| p|ace ra||rg a |errereu||ca| s|a|erer|, ou|
ore ol a ||eo|ogy ol grace, ou| s|||| |e a||oWed ||e exege||ca| app||ca||or
ol ||e say|rg |o |ave a cor||rued va||d||y
;
ard so ||roug| ||s oWr Wor|,
W||c| |as s|arped wes|err ||eo|ogy |o |||s day, |e |arded or ||e re||ods
ol 0r|ger.
0r|ger |oWever a|so |ad a d|rec| |rl|uerce upor |a|er gerera||ors. T| |s
|s s|oWr ro| or|y oy ||e la||r |rars|a||or ol ||s correr|ary or |a|||eW,
W||c| prooao|y oe|orgs |o ||e per|od ard c|rc|e ol Cass|odorus,8
ard oy
||s par||a| adap|a||or |r ||e red|aeva| Correr|ar|orur 3er|es, W||c| |as
. 3o Augus||re repor|s |r ||s Corless|orsvl . . |o
o. F.g. |r ||e ooo| aga|rs| Ce|sus vl ard vll , Correr|ary or |a|||eW ;o zo
Xv ard Xvl . 1 1
;. lr 0e sp|r||u e| ||||era Augus||re says ||a| W|a| ||||s |s ||e pro||o|||ve |e||er ol o
||e laW, ard W|a| g|ves ||le ||e 3p|r||'s g|l|ol grace, ou| a|so lur||er or W|s|es
`ro|
|o corce|ve |||era||y ar express|or used l|gura||ve|y, ||e |||era| rear|rg ol W||c| |s
cor|rary |o serse, ou| |o cors|der aro||er rear|rg.'
8. Cass|odorus, r|r|s|er |o ||ree Fas| 0o|||c ||rgs, lourded a roras|ery |r
l|a|y
aoou| ard W|s|ed |o or|rg |oge||er a corp|e|e correr|ary |r la||r or ||e o
W|o|e 8|o|e.
0r|ger ol A|exardr|a
a|ready oeer rer||ored, ou| a|so oy ||e lac| ||a| lasc|as|us badoer|us, aooo| ol
Coro|e W|o d|ed oelore , |r ||s grea| correr|ary or |a|||eW, 8oo
arrarged |r |We|ve ooo|s (la|ro|og|a la||ra , - ), deperds so ruc| 1zo1|
upor 0r|ger ||a| We car |rprove rary corrup||ors |r ||e |ex| ol ||e
Correr|ar|orur 3er|esW||| ||e |e|p ol ||s |ex|. loWever, |e a|so seers a|
severa| po|r|s |o er|er |r|o deoa|e W||| 0r|ger.

le does ro| orce rer||or

||r, ou| appea|s |o l||ary, Jerore, Arorose, Augus||re, 0regory ||e 0rea|
ard Jo|r C|rysos|or. w|e||er |e |reW ro|||rg aoou| 0r|ger, or d|d ro|
W|s| |o rer||or ||e rare ol ore W|o |ad oeer repea|ed|y corderred |r
||e course ol ||e cer|ur|es, espec|a||y |r ||e Fas|, rera|rs urc|ear. lr |a|er
cer|ur|es a|so, ro| or|y |r ||e ||dd|e Ages ou| doWr |o ||e oeg|rr|rg ol
roderr cr|||ca| exeges|s, peop|e |ave draWr sus|erarce lror 0r|ger, ou|
W|||ou| g|v|rg ||r ||e |orour ||a| |s ||s due. 0r|y |||s cer|ury roW draW|rg
316
|o ||s c|ose |as |ru|y dore ||r jus||ce, |e Was |rdeed a| l|rs| s|||| |rea|ed as a
p|||osop|er W|o rade use ol o|o||ca| express|ors ard ecc|es|as||ca| resources
|o corvey ||s oWr |deas |o |r|||a|ed pup||s, ou| ||er |e Was apprec|a|ed as
W|a| |e rea||y War|ed |o oe, a |oro ecc|es|as||cus. T| |s |s c||el|y due |o ||e
Wor|s ol l. u. vor 8a|||asar,|o
J. 0ar|e|ou, l. de luoac,
|1
l. C|adW|c|,|z
|arguer||e lar|, l. Crouze|,|
b. 0og|er, 0. w. 8u||erWor||,
||
F. Cors|r| ard
. lor a| |eas| a or|el accour|, see l. J. vog|. 0r|geres. 0er Korrer|ar zur
Fvarge||ur rac| |a|||aus, vo|. lll = 80l , 3|u||gar| , l. 8 11
|o. 0r|geres. 0e|s| urd leuer. F|re Aulo au aus se|rer 3c|r|l| er oy l. u.
8a|||asar
(3a|zourg , F|rs|ede|r|lre|ourg ) opers up ||e W|o|e Wor| 18 11
sys|era||ca||y.
|1. T| e prograrre ol J. 0ar|e|ou (0r|gre, lar|s , pp.) |s g|ver oy ||e 1|81o
||||e ol ||e ser|es `le 0er|e du C|r|s||ar|sre.' l. de luoac (l|s|o|re e| Fspr||.
l'lr|e|||gerce de |'Fcr||ure d'aprs 0r|gre, lar|s , pp.) descr|oes ||e 1o||8
pos|||or ol 0r|ger |r ||e ||s|ory ol exeges|s.
|z. 0r|ger. Cor|ra Ce|sur. Trars|a|ed W||| ar lr|roduc||or ard No|es oy lerry
C|adW|c|, Caror|dge , pp. 3o |||s Wor| ol 0r|ger, W||c| |s very 11
|rpor|ar| ever lor exeges|s, Was reW|y preser|ed ard rade access|o|e.
|. |. lar| |as apperded a de|a||ed ||s| ol |||era|ure (pp. - ) |o |er 0r|gre o8
e|
|a lorc||or reve|a|r|ce du veroe |rcarre(lar|s ), so a|so l. Crouze|, 0r|gre 18
e| |a
corra|ssarce rys||que, lar|s (pp. - ), |r add|||or |e puo||s|ed |r 1o1 8;8
||e 1;1
8|o||ograp||e cr|||que d'0r|gre (lrs|rurer|a la|r|s||ca vlll, pp.) ard o8
cor||rued
|| |r W||| `3upp|erer| l' ( pp.), |e regu|ar|y rev|eWs ||e lur||er |||era|ure 18z ;
|r ||e `C|ror|que 0r|ger|erre' |r 8u||e||r de l|||era|ure Fcc|es|as||que, Tou|ouse.
||. b. 0og|er (Zur T| eo|og|e des o|o||sc|es wor|es oe| 0r|geres, 0usse|dorl
, 1o|oo
pp.) c||es J. 0ar|e|ou, l.-l. |arrou, l.-C|. luec|, ||e Wor| Was corp|e|ed |r
, 1
ou| or|y appeared |r . 0. w. 8u||erWor|| (0r|ger or l|rs| lr|rc|p|es, NeW 1o
or|
1oo) c||es de luoac ard ollers a de|a||ed |r|roduc||or.
|3|x T| |rd-Cer|ury 0ree| C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
|. 3|rore|||.|
8u| rary o||ers cou|d a|so oe rer||ored, W|o aga|r ard
aga|r |ave ra|sed ||e|r vo|ces |r ||e lr|erra||ora| Corlererces or la|r|s||c
3|ud|es |e|d every lour years |r 0xlord
|o
ard ||e `Co||oqu|a 0r|ger|ara'
ard W|ose cor|r|ou||ors |ave appeared |r 0r|ger|ara l-vl. T| e lardouc|
der K|rc|ergesc||c||e( ) appra|ses 0r|ger as `||e lourder ol ar a|ready 1oz
r|c||y deve|oped C|r|s| ard 8r|de rys||c|sr.' Ard l|ra||y ||e reW Ca|ec||sr
ol ||e Ca||o||c C|urc||r |as ro| or|y |a|er up ||e red|aeva| ru|e ol 1
||e lour serses ol scr|p|ure,
|;
W||c| u|||ra|e|y goes oac| |o ||r, ou| quo|es
||r oy rare |r |er p|aces, W||c| are a|so |rd|ca|ed |r ||e |rdex.
v.8|o||ograp|y
lor rary Wor|s, ||e `0r|ec||sc|e C|r|s|||c|e 3c|r|l|s|e||er' ed|||or rus|
s|||| oe used.
0r|ger l ard ll, . |ar|yr|ur, Cor|ra Ce|sur, 0e 0ra||ore, 18
lll,
z
18. lor|||es or Jerer|a|, larer|a||ors, 3arue| ard K|rgs
lv, . Correr|ary or Jo|r 1o
v, . 0e lr|rc|p||s 11
vl, . lor|||es or 0eres|s, Fxodus ard lev|||cus 1zo
vll, . lor|||es or Nuroers, Jos|ua ard Judges 1z1
vlll, . lor|||es ard correr|ary or Car||c|es 1z
lX,
z
1. lor|||es or lu|e ard lragrer|s
X, . Correr|ary or |a|||eW X-Xvll 1
Xl, . Correr|ar|orur 3er|es 1
317
|. F. Cors|r|, Correr|o a| varge|o d| 0|ovarr| d| 0r|gere, Tur|r ( 1o88z
pp.),
||e l|rs| corp|e|e |rars|a||or |r|o a roderr |arguage appeared, surpr|s|rg|y, |r
||e
ser|es `C|ass|c| de||a l||osol|a.' |. 3|rore||| (lr pr|rc|p| d| 0r|gere, Tur|r , 1o8
o1z
pp., |r ||e ser|es `C|ass|c| de||e be||g|or|') |as prepared ||e Way lor a reW
eva|ua||or ol bul|rus' perlorrarce |r |rars|a||or.
|o. A|| ||e papers ol ||e l|rs| |er corlererces Were puo||s|ed |r ||e ser|es `Tex|e
urd ur|ersuc|urger' ol ||e A|ader|ever|ag, ||e lo||oW|rg ores |r o||er
puo||s||rg |ouses.
|;. No. ol ||e Ca|ec||sr quo|es ||e lo||oW|rg red|aeva| d|s||c|. 118
l|||era ges|a doce|, qu|d credas a||egor|a,
|ora||s qu|d agas, quo |erdas aragog|a.
l|s or|g|r lror ||e 0ree| |s a|ready oe|rayed oy ||e |Wo express|ors A||egory ard
Aragoge.
0r|ger ol A|exardr|a
Xll. , . lragrer|s or |a|||eW 11|1
Xll. , . lrd|ces z1
lr ||e 3ources C|re||erres ser|es ||e lo||oW|rg |ave so lar appeared, |r ||e
0ree| or la||r |ex| W||| a lrerc| |rars|a||or, correr|ary, de|a||ed |r|roduc||or
ard o|o||ograp|y.
Correr|a|re sur |e Car||que. l-ll ard lll-lv (Nos. ard ) l. 8resard ard ; ;o
l. Crouze| ( , ) 111z
Correr|a|re sur sa|r| Jear(C. 8|arc). vo|. l, 8oo|s l-v (No. , ) 1zo1oo
vo|. ll, 8oo|s vl ard X C (No. , ) 1;1;o
vo|. lll, 8oo| Xlll (No. , ) zzz1;
vo|. lv, 8oo|s XlX-XX (No. , ) zo18z
vo|. v, 8oo|s XXvlll ard XXXll (No. , ) 81z
Correr|a|re sur |'Fvarg||e se|or |a||||eu(b. 0|rod).
vo|. l, 8oo|s X ard Xl (No. , ) 1oz1;o
Cor|re Ce|se(|. 8orre|). vo|. l, 8oo|s l ard ll (No. , ) 1z1o;
vo|. ll, 8oo|s lll ard lv (No. , ) 1o1o8
vo|. lll, 8oo|s v ard vl (No. , ) 1|;1o
vo|. lv, 8oo|s vll ard vlll (No. , ) 1o1o
vo|. v, lr|roduc||or ard |rdex (No. , ) zz;1;o
Fr|re||er avec lerac||de. J. 3c|erer (No. , ) o;1oo
lore||es sur |a 0erse. l. de luoac, l. 0ou|re|eau (No. o|s, ) ; 1;o
lore||es sur |'Fxode. |. 8orre| (No. , ) z118
lore||es sur |e lev|||que. |. 8orre|
vo|. l, lr|roduc||or ard lor. l-vll (No. , ) z8o181
vo|. ll, lor. vlll-Xvl, lrdex (No. , ) z8;181
lore||es sur Josue. A. Jauoer| (No. , ) ;11oo
lore||es sur |es Juges. l. |ess|e, l. Neyrard, |. 8orre| (No. , ) 81
lore||es sur 3arue|. l. ard |.-T| . Nau||r (No. , ) z818o
lore||es sur |e Car||que. 0. bousseau (No. o|s, ) ; 1oo
lore||es sur Jerer|e. l. Nau||r ard l. lussor
vo|. l, lr|roduc||or ard lor|||es l-Xl (No. , ) zz1;o
vo|. ll, lor|||es Xll-XX ard la||r |or|||es, |rdex (No. , ) z81;;
lore||es sur Fzec||e|. |. 8orre| (No. , ) z18
lore||es sur sa|r| luc. l. Crouze|, l. lourr|er, l. ler|c|or (No. , 8;
1oz)
l|||oca||e - (3ur |e ||ore aro||re). F. Jurod (No. , ) z1z; zzo1;o
l|||oca||e - ard le||er |o Alr|carus. |. lar| ard N. de large (No. 1zo
oz, ) 18
bererc|erer| 0r|gre(0regor|os T| aura|ourgos)la le||re d'0r|gre
0rego|re. l. Crouze| (No. , ) 1|81o
o3|x T| |rd-Cer|ury 0ree| C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
Tra||e des lr|rc|pes. l. Crouze| ard |. 3|rore|||
vo|. l, 8oo|s l ard ll, lr|roduc||or, |ex| ard |rars|a||or (No. , zz
1;8)
vo|. ll, Correr|ary ard lragrer|s (No. , ) z1;8
vo|. lll, 8oo|s lll ard lv, |ex| ard |rars|a||or (No. , ) zo818
vo|. lv, 8oo|s lll ard lv, correr|ary ard lragrer|s (No. , zo
18o)
vo|. v, Corp|erer|s e| |rdex (No. , ) 1z18|
0uoo|s, J.-0., `le Tra||e des lr|rc|pesd'0r|gre e| |e Tra||e |r|par|||eva|er||r|ar.
ure |ec|ure corparee de |eurs pro|ogues'. J.-0. 0uoo|s ard
8. bousse|, eds., Fr|rer er ra||re, |es pro|ogues. lar|s , - . 18o
3upp|erer|a| 8|o||ograp|y
0r|ger
A|e|||, J.-N. `0'ure ecr||ure |'au|re. Ara|yse s|ruc|ura|e d'ur passage d'0r|gre.
Correr|a|re sur Jear, ||vre ll, - .' b3b | ( ). - . 1z1 o111;z;|;
318
Arasear, . 3. `ure |eor syrrac||erre dars |es raruscr||s arrer|ers de |a
8|o|e.
lour ure ||s|o|re du |ex|e des lexap|es d'0r|gre.' bFArr Xvll ( ). 18
Ara|o||os, K. `C|r|s|, 3cr|p|ure, ard ||e C|r|s||ar 3|ory ol |ear|rg |r 0r|ger.'
0regor|arur | ( ). - . ;811;;;
Ardr|opou|os, l. `T| e lrcarra|e logos |r ||e lerrereu||cs ol 0r|ger.' lr
F|sgse|s
lro|ou 0r||odoxou lerrreu|||ou 3yredr|ou, - . A||ers, . 1z1; 1;
Araud, b. `u|dqu|d ror es| ex l|de pecca|ur es| (bor . ). ue|ques 1|z
|r|erpre|a||ors pa|r|s||ques (0r|g., JC|rys., Aroros|as|er, le|ag.).' lr T| eo|. . o
|e|.
l. de luoac, - , . 1z|1o
As|ruc-|or|ze, 0., ard A. le 8ou||uec. `le sers cac|e des Fcr||ures se|or Jear
C|rysos|or e| 0r|gre.' 3|la|r ( ). - . z11zo
Azza|| 8errarde|||, 0. `Fseges| e ca|ec|es| re||a r|l|ess|ore pa|r|s||ca |r|orro a
bor
1o. . l|des ex aud||u, aud||us au|er per verour C|r|s|| (lppo|||o boraro, 1;
C|erer|e A|essardr|ro, 0r|gere).' lr Corvegro d| s|ud|o e agg|orrarer|o,
laco|| d| le||ere cr|s||are e c|ass|c|e (lor|. lrs|. A|||or|s la||r||a||s), bora - zo
z8rarzo , Fd||ed oy 3. le||c| (8|o||o|eca d| sc|erze re||g|ose ), - . 1z 1ooo;8|
bore. lA3.
8a|||asar, l. u. vor. laro|e e| |ys|re c|ez 0r|gre. Fd. du Cerl. , . 1o18
8arre|, C. l. `0|e lexap|a des 0r|geres. 0|e leora|ca ver||as |r 3|re|| der
|e|rurger.' Aug ( ). - . z81881z|
. `0r|ger's del|r|||ors ol prop|ecy ard gros|s.' ( ). - . |o18|8
. `0|e Juder |r boreror|el| orrer|ar des 0r|geres.' lr C|r|s|||c|er
Ar||juda|s-
0r|ger ol A|exardr|a ;
rus urd jud|sc|er Ar||pagar|srus, l|re |o||ve urd l|r|ergrurde |r der ers|er
dre| Ja|r|urder|er, |g. vor l. lro|oler, - . larourg, . 1|1 1o
. `laW ard Terp|e |r 0r|ger.' lr Terp|ur Ar|c|||ae. Fssays or ||e 3ecord
Terp|e
lreser|ed |o Frrs| 8arre|, ed||ed oy w. loroury, - . J3NT.3 . 3|ell| e|d. |o|;o |8
J30T, . 11
8arre|, F. `0|e Z||a|e aus der Apo|ryp|er oe| 0r|geres.' lr 0r|ger|ara u|r|a.
l|s|or|caTex| ard |e||od8|o||cal|||osop||caT|eo|og|ca0r|ger|sr
ard la|er 0eve|oprer|s. lapers ol ||e || lr|erra||ora| 0r|ger Corgress,
8os|or Co||ege, - Augus| , ed||ed oy b. J. 0a|y, - . 8|o||o||eca 1|18 18 11o
Fp|erer|dur T| eo|og|carur lovar|ers|ur . louva|r. lee|ers, . 1o 1z
8arora, |. A. `lroge||o d| ed|z|ore cr|||ca de| lrarrer|| d| 0r|gere su| Car||co.
3pog||o de||e ca|ere e s|a|o de||e r|cerc|e.' Arra|| d| s|or|a de||'eseges| | 1oz
( ). - . 1|o
8ar||e|ery, 0. `0r|gre e| |e |ex|e de |'Arc|er Tes|arer|.' lr Fpe||as|s.
|e|arges
pa|r|s||ques oller|s au Card|ra| Jear 0ar|e|ou, - . lar|s, . z|;o1 1;z
8as|||-Ka||roWs|a. `l'|r|erpre|a||or de |'evarg||e corre rec|| dars |e
Correr|a|re
sur |a||||eud'0r|gre.' lr la rarra||va cr|s||ara ar||ca. Cod|c| rarra||v|, s|ru||ure
lorra||, sc|er| re|or|c|. XXlll lrcor|ro d| s|ud|os| de||'Ar||c||| cr|s||ara,
bora, - ragg|o , - . 3|ud|a Fp|erer|d|s Augus||r|arur . bore. ; 1|zo;8z o
lrs|||u|ur la|r|s||cur Augus||r|arur, . 1
8aud, b.C. `les 'bg|es' de |a ||eo|og|e d'0r|gre.' b3b ( ). - . 1o;1o1zo8
8ec|, 0. `0as wer| C|r|s|| oe| 0r|geres. Zur 0eu|urg pau||r|sc|er T|eo|og|e |r
Tura-lapyrus des boreror|el-Korrer|ars.' 0|ss., 8orr, . 1oo
8e|||r|, F. `l'|r|erpre|az|ore or|ger|ara de||e paraoo|e re| 'Correr|o a |a||eo.''
3cC | ( ). - . 1oo1;8|1
8erd|re|||, 0. `ur corlror|o. l correr|ar| a |a||eo d| 0r|gere e l|ar|o d|
lo|||ers.'
0|vus T|oras ( ). - . o1z1|;
8erz, F. `'lc| o|r sc|Warz urd sc|or' (ll , ). F|r 8e||rag des 0r|geres zur 1
T|eo|og|e regr||udo.' lr ls. F. 0arrar, wor| urd be||g|or, - . 3|u||gar|, zz|z
. 1o
8|ll|, l. `Fseges| sc|er||l| ca ed eseges| a||egor|ca, ur d|var|o |rper||rer|e.'
Tl|3e|| 1;
( ). - . 1z1
8oor, b. `0r|geres' Te|s|r|||e| var de l. 3c|r|l|(|o||).' le8 | ( ). - . zz81o1;;8
8os|oc|, 0. `A||egory ard ||e lr|erpre|a||or ol ||e 8|o|e |r 0r|ger.' l||era|ure &
T|eo|ogy | ( ). - . 1118;
8ovor, l. `ure rouve||e c||a||or des Ac|es de lau|c|ez 0r|gre.' Apocryp|av
( ). - . 1|111;
8oyd, w. J. l. `0r|ger or l|arao|'s lardered lear|. A 3|udy ol Jus||l|ca||or ard
F|ec||or |r 3|. lau| ard 0r|ger.' 3|la|r ( ). - . ;1oo|||z
8roc|, 3. l. `0r|ger's A|rs as a Tex|ua| Cr|||c ol ||e 0|d Tes|arer|.' 3|la|r 1o
( ). - . 1;oz118
319
83|x T| |rd-Cer|ury 0ree| C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
8rox, N. `0o||||| urd o|re Ar|||e|. 0r|geres uoer Jo| . .' 8N ( ). - 11 oo1z
.
8ruce, 8. J. `0r|ger's |or|||es or Jos|ua. Ar arro|a|ed |rars|a||or.' 0|ss.,
3ou||err
8ap||s| T| eo|og|ca| 3er|rary, . 188
8urge, 0. `'Cree pour F|re.' A propos d'ure c||a||or scr|p|ura|re |raperue dars |e
ler| Arc|ord'0r|gre (lll, ).' 8lF ( ). - . o 81;z1z
8ur|e, 0. T. `Ce|sus ard ||e 0|d Tes|arer|.' vT ( ). - . o18oz|1|
8uzescu, N. `Corcep|u| de 'Fvarg|e||e' |a 0r|ger.' 3|ud|| Teo|og|ce ( ). o1;8
- z1oo.
8ur|e, 0. `0es 0r|geres le|re vor urs|ard des |ersc|er.' ZKT| ( ). ;z1o
- . 1
Caoa||ero Cues|a, J. |. 0r|geres |r|erpre|e de |a 3agrada Fscr||ura. 8urgos.
3er|rar|o |e|ropo|||aro, . 1o
Ca||eja, J. `0r . s |r l||ore, re||e 0r|||e d| 0r|g|re e re| Correr|ar|o |r 1zo
0eres|r d| 0|d|ro || C|eco.' |T | ( ). - . z18811oz
Careve|, |. `ure lausse syre|r|e. |a verue du C|r|s| c|ez |es parla||s dars
|'Arc|er
e| |e Nouveau Tes|arer| se|or 0r|gre, lr Jo|., l, vll.' 0reg ( ). - . ;1|;|o
Carp|ro, l. `0r|gere, Fuseo|o e l|ar|o su| 3a|ro .' A3F ( | ). - . 118 188o;o|
Caspary, 0. F. lo||||cs ard Fxeges|s. 8er|e|ey. ur|vers||y ol Ca||lorr|a lress,
. 1;
Cas|e||aro, A. `la exeges|s de 0r|geres y de lerac|eor er e| l|oro Cl de|
'Corer|ar|o a Juar'.' Tyv ( ). - . 11ooo
. `l'eseges| d| 0r|gere e d| Frac|eore a||e |es||ror|arze de| oa|||s|a.' 0|ss.,
bore.
lor|. ur|v. 3a|es|ara, . 11
Cecc||r|, l. l| lao|o d| 0r|gere, cor|r|ou|o a||a s|or|a de||a recez|ore de||e
ep|s|o|e
pao||re re| lll seco|o. veroa 3er|orur N3 . bore. 3|ud|ur, . 11 1z
C|erever|, J. `l'Fg||se e| |a paro|e de 0|eu. F|ude du correr|a|re e| des
|ore||es
d'0r|gre sur |e Car||que des car||ques.' 0|ss., bore. lor|. ur|v. 0regor|arae,
1o|.
. `l'Fg||se e| |es parla||s c|ez 0r|gre.' 3cFs ( ). - . 181ooz8z
. l'Fg||se dars |e correr|a|re d'0r|gre sur |e Car||que des car||ques.
|or|rea|.
3|ud|a 3.J., . 1o
C|ccarese, |. l. `ura eseges| 'douo|e lace', |r|roduz|ore a||a Fxpos||o |r loo de|
preso||ero l|||ppo.' A3Fs , ( ). - . z1z|8z
Cocc||r|, l. `lr|erpre|az|ore 0r|ger|ara de||a paraoo|a de| lar|sco e de|
puoo||caro
re| correr|e a||e |e||era a| borar|.' 33b | ( ). - . |z18oo1z
. `lao|o r|ss|orar|o de||e ger|| re| correr|o d| 0r|gere a||a |e||era a| borar|
(lau|us vo||erapos|e| |r Korrer|ar des 0r|geres zur 8r|el ar d|e borer).'
l3v ( ). - . 1o18;z||
. `l'esges| or|ger|ara d| bor . . Aspe||| d| ura s||uaz|ore ecc|es|a|e.' 11|
3|3b 1z
( ). - . 188;1
. `l| ||rguagg|o d| lao|o 'servo lede|e e pruder|e' re| Correr|o d| 0r|gere a||a
|e||era a| borar|.' lr 3|ud|a pa|r|s||ca . . T| e secord cer|ury, Ter|u|||ar |o 18
0r|ger ol A|exardr|a
N|caea |r ||e Wes|, C|erer| ard 0r|ger, ||e Cappadoc|ar la||ers, vo|. , - 1o
. o|
Ka|arazoo, ||c|.. C|s|erc|ar luo||ca||ors, . 18
. `Aspe||| de| lao||r|sro 0r|ger|aro.' Augus||r|arur ( ). - . 111z|;
. `lao|o |r 0r|gere re| per|odo a|essardr|ro.' lr 0r|ger|ara u|r|a. l|s|or|ca

Tex| ard |e||od8|o||cal|||osop||caT| eo|og|ca0r|ger|sr ard la|er

0eve|oprer|s. lapers ol ||e || lr|erra||ora| 0r|ger Corgress, 8os|or Co||ege,
- 1|18Augus| , ed||ed oy b. J. 0a|y, - . louva|r. lee|ers, . 18 1;|1 1z
. `l| lao|o d| 0r|gere. eserp|ar|| d| ura propos|a ar|ropo|og|ca.' lr A||| de|
l 3|rpos|o d| Tarso su 3. lao|o Apos|o|o(Turc||a. la C||esa e |a sua s|or|a
), - . bore. ls|||u|o lrarcescaro d| 3p|r||ua|||, lor||l|c|o A|ereo 11;z;
'Ar|or|arur,' . 1
. `0r|gere e | r|ler|rer|o ve|ero|es|arer|ar| |r lao|o.' 3|la|r ( ). - zo1zzo
.
. `la p| ar||ca ore||a su 3. 0|ovarr|.' lr A||| de| l 3|rpos|o d| Tarso su
3. lao|o Apos|o|o (Turc||a. la C||esa e |a sua s|or|a ), - . bore. ls|||u|o 1o1;1
lrarcescaro d| 3p|r||ua|||, lor||l|c|o A|ereo 'Ar|or|arur,' . 1
. `l correr|ar| d| 0r|gere e d| Teodore|o d| C|rro a||a le||era a| borar|.
Cor||ru|| e rov|| re||a s|or|a de||a recez|ore d| lao|o.' Aug ( ). o1o
320
- 1o.
. `lreserza e lurz|ore de| lv varge|o re| ler| Fuc|es d| 0r|gere.' lr A||| de|
vl
3|rpos|o d| Fleso su 3. 0|ovarr| Apos|o|o, ed||ed oy l. ladovese, - . z1z1
bore.
ls|||u|o lrarcescara d| 3p|r||ua|||, lor||l|c|o A|ereo Ar|or|aro, . 1o
. `la '|e||era,' || 've|o' e |''orora.' lresuppos|| scr|||ur|s||c| de||a po|er|ca
ar||gu|da|ca d| 0r|gere.' A3F ( ). - . 1|1;1o11
Corso||ro, l. F. `le prelaz|or| d| 0|ro|aro e bul|ro a||e |oro |raduz|or| d|
0r|gere.'
lr 0r|ger|ara u|r|a, ed||ed oy b. J. 0a|y, - . louva|r, . z8 1z
Covo|o, F. 0. `l'ep|sod|o de| g|ovare r|cco |r C|erer|e e 0r|gere.' lr ler
lorarer
acus, - . ;1o8
Cox, l. `0r|ger ard ||e W||c| ol Frdor, |oWard ar |coroc|as||c |ypo|ogy.' AT|b oo
( ). - . 18|1;|;
Cre|ar, J. `T| e 0|a|e||os ol 0r|ger.' T3 ( ). 111o
Cr|sc|, F. `ur lrarrer|o pa||rses|o de| Correr|o a| varge|o d| 3. |a||eo d|
0r|gere re| Cod|ce Cr|p|erse 0.o. vl.' J08 ( ). - . 818811z
Crouze|, l. AAw ( ). - . 1o1;z888
. `l'|rage de 0|eu dars |a ||eo|og|e d'0r|gre.' 3|la|r ( ). 11;
. `la paraoo|e des |rv||es aux roces correr|ee par 0r|gre.' As3e|gr ;|
( ). 1o
- o;8.
. `l'exegse 0r|ger|erre de l Cor . - e| |a pur|l|ca||or esc|a|o|og|que.' lr 111
Fpe||as|s. |e|arges pa|r|s||ques oller|s au Card|ra| Jear 0ar|e|ou, - . z;8
lar|s,
1;z.
. `l'lads e| |a 0e|erre se|or 0r|gre.' 0regor|arur | ( ). - . z1;8z11
oo3|x T| |rd-Cer|ury 0ree| C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
. `le coeur se|or 0r|gre.' 8lF ( ). - , - . 818|11o11o
. `ldees p|a|or|c|erres e| ra|sors s|oic|erres dars |a ||eo|og|e d'0r|gre.'
3|la|r , ( ). - . 1818o8
. les l|rs derr|res se|or 0r|gre, pp. A|ders|o||larps||re. var|orur, |1
. 1o
. `0|ao|es e| derors dars |es |ore||es d'0r|gre.' 8lF ( ). - . 1|o1
. `ur lragrer| du Correr|a|re sur |a 0ersed'0r|gre e| |a crea||or de |a
ra||re par||r du rear|.' lr 3|ud| s|or|co-re||g|os| d| ugo 8|arc||, ed||ed oy
0. 3larer| 0asparro, - . bore. l' 'Frra ' d| 8re|sc|re|der, . |1;zo 1|
. `le cor|ex|e sp|r||ue| de |'exegse d||e sp|r||ue||e.' lr 0r|ger|ara 3ex|a.
0r|gre
e| |a 8|o|e|0r|ger ard ||e 8|o|e. Ac|es du Co||oqu|ur 0r|ger|arur 3ex|ur.
C|ar||||y, aou|- sep|erore , ed||ed oy 0. 0or|va| ard A. le 8ou||uec, o 1
W||| ||e co||aoora||or ol |. A|exardre, |. ledou, A. lour||er, ard J. wo||rs||,
- |z. louva|r. lee|ers, . 1
0a| Covo|o, F. `'vo| s|e|e s||rpe e|e||a, sacerdoz|o rega|e, popo|o sar|o.' Fseges|
e ca|ec|es| re||'|r|erpre|az|ore or|ger|ara d| l| . .' lr Corvegro d| s|ud|o e 1 z
agg|orrarer|o, laco|| d| le||ere cr|s||are e c|ass|c|e (lor|. lrs|. A|||or|s
la||r||a||s), bora - rarzo , ed||ed oy 3. le||c| (8|o||o|eca d| sc|erze zoz8 1z
re||g|ose ), - . bore. lA3, . 1oo8o 1
0a|y, b. J. `T| e lerrereu||cs ol 0r|ger. Fx|s|er||a| lr|erpre|a||or |r ||e T| |rd
Cer|ury.' lr T| e word |r ||e wor|d. Fssays |r loror ol l. l. |or|ar|y, - . 1|
Caror|dge, . 1;
0ar|e|ou, J., 3J. `0r|gre corre exeg|e de |a 8|o|e.' 3|la|rl ( ). - . 1;z8oo
0auoe, 0. `0r|ger ard ||e lur|s|rer| ol Adu||ery |r JeW|s| laW.' Tu ( ). o|1;
- 1o1.
0erooWs||, l. 0as Jo|arresvers|ardr|s des 0r|geres, 0|ss. 0o|||rger, . 1z
0erura, |. `T| e resurrec||or ol ||e oody ard sou| |r 0r|ger's Cor|ra Ce|sur.'
3|la|r , ( ). - . 18188z
0|az 3arc|ez-C|d, J. b. `Jus||c|a, lecado y l|||ac|or. 3oore e| Correr|ar|o de
0rgeres a |os boraros.' 0|ss., d| |aurea |r |eo|og|a e sc|erze pa|r|s||c|e,
lrs|||u|ur
la|r|s||cur 'Augus||r|arur,' re|. v. 0ross| e |. 3|rore|||. bore, . 11
0|||or, J. `'Jesus Wer| |r|o ||s |ouse'. 0r|ger's Fxeges|s ol |a|||eW . - .' 18z
lroceed|rgs ol ||e lr|s| 8|o||ca| Assoc|a||or ( ). - . ;18z||
0o|gror, J. `0r|gre e| essor d'ure var|ar|e de T| . dars des c||a||ors de 1 z1
Jerore, Augus||r e| bul|r.' lr l|||o|og|a 3acra. 8|o||sc|e urd pa|r|s||sc|e 3|ud|er
lur lerrarr J. lrede urd wa||er T| |e|e zu ||rer s|eoz|gs|er 0eour|s|ag. 8ard
l. A||es urd Neues Tes|arer|. 8ard ll. Apo|ryp|er, K|rc|erva|er, versc||ederes
(ve|us la||ra. Aus der 0esc||c||e des |a|e|r|sc|er 8|oe|, | - ), vo|. l, ed||ed z|1z
oy
b. 0rysor, - . lre|ourg. lerder, . oo1 1
0urz|, l. `0|e Car||cur-Fxegese des 0regor vor Nyssa urd des 0r|geres |r
verg|e|c|.' JAC ( ). - . o1|1o
321
0r|ger ol A|exardr|a o1
Fc|ar|, |. `0as vers|ardr|s des o|o||sc|er wor|es oe| 0r|geres.' 0|ss., bore.
lor|.
ur|v. 0regor|ara, s. 1oz
. `0as vers|ardr|s vor Kor . - oe| 0r|geres. Fxc. e 0|ss. lor|. ur|v. 1 1zz8
0regor|arae.' 0|ss., Augsourg, . 1oo
F|rrar, 8. 0. `lerac|eor, 0r|ger ard ||e Tex| ol ||e lour|| 0ospe|.' v|gC|r |;
( ). - . 11o18
F|rrarr, 8. 0., 0. 0. lee, ard |. w. lo|res. T| e Tex| ol ||e lour|| 0ospe| |r
||e
wr|||rgs ol 0r|ger. vo|. . T| e NeW Tes|arer| |r ||e 0ree| la||ers . A||ar|a. 1
3c|o|ars lress, . 1z
F|c||rger, |. `0|e ver||arurg C|r|s|| oe| 0r|geres. 0|e 8edeu|urg des
|ersc|er Jesus |r se|rer C|r|s|o|og|e.' w|erer 8e||rage zur T|eo|og|e z
( ). - . 1ozo
ladar|r|, 3. `0r|gere e |a recess|| de||'a||egor|a re||a |e||ura de||'Ar||co
Tes | arer| o.' ls|. loroardo, berd|cor|| |e||. s|or. ( ). - . 11o18o1;1
lau|, 0. `Fcc|es|a, 3porsa C|r|s||. 0r|geres y Agus||r ar|e |a exeges|s de Fp|
. .' z;
Augus||rus ( ). - . 11;ozoz8o
lee, 0. 0. `T| e lerra ol 0r|ger's Correr|ary or Jo|r, 8oo| XAr
|rdeperder| W||ress |o ||e Fgyp||ar |ex|ua| |rad|||or?' NT3 ( ). - . zo1;;881
lerrrdez lago, J. `F| ror|e er |as |or|||as de 0r|geres.' 0|ss., bore. lor|.
ur|v.
0regor|ara, . 1z
. la ror|aa, er |as lor|||as de 0r|geres. Co||3cCorpos|e||ara . ;
Corpos|e|a.
lrs|. Teo|., . 1
lerraro, 0. `la |err|ro|og|a |erpora|e (|' 'ora ' e || 'g|orro ' d| Cr|s|o) re|
correr|o
d| 0r|gere a| quar|o varge|o.' 0Cl ( ). - . oo1|o8
l||zgera|d, l. `C|r|s| ard ||e lrop|e|s, a s|udy |r 0r|ger's |eac||rg or ||e
ecorory ol ||e o|' 0|ss., bore. 0regor|ara, s. 1o
lruc||e|, F. `Zur lr|erpre|a||or der lre||e||sproo|era||| |r Jo|arres|orrer|ar
des 0r|geres.' Zb00 ( ). - . zo1;|1o1;
. `Zur Todesgedar|er oe| 0r|geres F|re |arg|ra||e.' lr lorra lu|ur|, ls.
Card.
|. le||egr|ro, - . Tur|r, . z1ooz 1;
lruc||e|, l. `0r|ger|ara. l. 0|e 8uc|er geger Ce|sus, ll. Zur
boreror|el| orrer|ar.3|ud|er zur r| urd zur la|r|s|||.' Tu ( ). ;;1o1
- z|zz.
0ae|a, 0. `l| l|g||o |rrag|re de||a vo|or| de| ladre, |'|r|erpre|az|ore or|ger|ara
de||a cr|s|o|og|a g|ovarrea.' A3Fs , ( ). - . z1z|o
0argaro, l. `l'eseges| or|ger|ara d| 0v . - .' l3v ( ). - . |1z 1o18;z1|z
. `l'a p a | | e | acore ||oer| |r 0r|gere.' l3v ( ). - . z11zoo
. `'lo| s| r|lug|o re||a gro||a cor |e sue due l|g||e' (0r|gere).' l3v ( ). zo1z
- z11.
0asparro, 0. 3. `0opp|a creaz|ore e pecca|o d| Adaro re| ler| Arc|or d|
0r|gere.
oz3|x T| |rd-Cer|ury 0ree| C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
lordarer|| o|o||c| e presuppos|| p|a|or|c| de||'eseges| or|ger|ara.' lr la `dopp|a
creaz|ore' de||'uoro reg|| A|essardr|r|, re| Cappadoc| e re||a gros|, ed||ed oy
u. 8|arc||, - . bore, . |8z 1;8
. `0opp|a creaz|ore e pecca|o d| Adaro. lordarer|| o|o||c| e presuppos||
p|a|or|c| de||'eseges| or|ger|ara.' lr 0r|ger|ara 3ecurda, ed||ed oy l. Crouze|
ard
A. uacquare|||, - . bore, . ;o; 18o
. `bes|auraz|ore de||'|rrag|re de| ce|es|e e aooardoro de||'|rrag|re de|
|erres|re re||a prospe|||va or|ger|ara de||a dopp|a creaz|ore.' lr Arc| e Te|os.
l'ar|ropo|og|a d| 0r|gere e d| 0regor|o d| N|ssa. Ara||s| s|or|co-re||g|osa, ed||ed
oy u. 8|arc||, - . |||ar, . z1oo 181
. `la dopp|a creaz|ore d| Adaro e || |era pao||ro de| due uor|r| re||'eseges|
d|
0r|gere.' 3l ( ). - . 1818z8;o
. `var|az|or| esege||sc|e su||a paraoo|a de| 8uor 3arar||aro. da| 'preso||ero'
d|
0r|gere a| dua||s|| red|eva||.' 3|la|r ( ). - . 118|1;;8|
. `lsp|raz|ore de||a scr|||ura e d|v|raz|ore pagara. aspe||| de||a po|er|ca lra
Ce|so e 0r|gere.' lr 0r|ger|ara 3ex|a, ed||ed oy 0. 0or|va| ard A. le 8ou||uec,
- z8;oz. louva|r, . 1
0|aro||o, C. `l| correr|o d| Frac|eore a| varge|o d| 0|ovarr|.' b|cerc|e
s|or|coo|o||c|e ( ). - . 111|;
0oll|re|, F. `bec|erc|es sur que|ques lragrer|s du correr|a|re d'0r|gre sur
|e
322
prer|er lsaure.' |useor ( ). - . ;o1o1|o
. l'u||||sa||or d'0r|gre dars |e correr|a|re des lsaures de 3. l||a|re de
lo|||ers.
3|ud|a le||er|s||ca , . 1|1o
0orday, l. `T| e p|ace ol c|ap|ers - |r ||e argurer| ol ||e Fp|s||e |o ||e 11
borars. A s|udy ol ||e borars exeges|s ol 0r|ger, Jo|r C|rysos|or, ard
Augus||re.' 0|ss., vardero||| ur|vers||y, . 18o
. lr|rc|p|es ol pa|r|s||c exeges|s. borars - |r 0r|ger, Jo|r C|rysos|or, 11
ard
Augus||re.3|ud|es |r ||e 8|o|e ard ear|y C|r|s||ar||y . NeW or|. |e||er, |
18.
. `T| e ecoror|c |r|erpre|a||or ol lau| |r 0r|ger ard 0regory ol Nyssa.' lr
lau| ard ||e |egac|es ol lau|. bev|sed papers preser|ed a| ||e corlererce |e|d
a|
3ou||err |e||od|s| ur|vers||y |r |arc| , vo|. , ed||ed oy w. 3. 8aococ|, 18; z
- 1|1o. 0a||as. 3ou||err |e||od|s| ur|vers||y lress, . 1o
0og|er, b. `0|e c|r|s|o|og|sc|e urd |e||s||eo|og|sc|e 0rurd|age der
8|oe|exegese
des 0r|geres.' T ( ). - . 1o1oz
. Zur T| eo|og|e des o|o||sc|er wor|es oe| 0r|geres. la|ros, . 1o
0orgerarrs, l. `0|e '3c|oplurg' der 'we|s|e||' oe| 0r|geres.' 3|la|r ( ). ;1oo
- 1|zo.
0rar|, b. |. `NeW lragrer|s ol ||e lor|||es ol 0r|ger.' v|gC|r ( ). - z1|81oo
, 1o1
- z||;.
0r|ger ol A|exardr|a o
0ruoer, 0. `Zoe.weser, 3|uler, ||||e||urg des Wa|rer leoers oe| 0r|geres.'
bore.
0regor|ara, s. 1o
0rysor, b., ard 0. 3zra|u|a. `les correr|a|res pa|r|s||ques sur lsaie, d'0r|gre

Jerore.' bFAug ( ). - . o1o|1
0ueraud, 0. `ure page d'0r|gre c|ez lrocope de 0aza.' JFA ( ). - . |o1|oo;
0ueraud, 0., ard l. Nau||r. `0r|gre e| |e r||e de |a ded|cace de |'agreau
pasca|.'
8llA0 ( ). - . oo1oo18
0ueraud, 0., ard l. Nau||r. 0r|gre. 3ur |a lque. Tra||e |red|| puo||e d'aprs ur
papyrus de Toura. C|r|s||ar|sre Ar||que . lar|s. 8eauc|esre, . z 1;
0u|ro|, J.-N. `l'|er||age or|ger|er des correr|a|eurs grecs du prop||e lsaie.'
lr
0r|ger|ara uar|a, - . ;8
laooe|, w. `0|e 0egerWar| 0o||es durc| das wor| |r der 3c|r|l|des 0r|geres
geger Ce|sus.' 0|ss., bore. lor|. ur|v. 0regor|ara, . 1;1
la||s|ror, 0. C|ar|sra||c success|or, a s|udy or 0r|ger's corcep| ol prop|ecy.
luo|.
|z. le|s|r||. l|rr|s| Fxeg. 3oc., . 18o
. `lroo|ere der 8|oe|aus|egurg oe| 0r|geres.' 8|oe|aus|egurg urd 0rupper
-|der |||a|( ). 1z
larrord 8arre|, C. l. `l|||oca||a lX, Jerore, Fp|s||e , ard 0r|ger's 1z1
Fxpos|||or ol borars vll.' JT| 3 ( ). - . z181o81
. 0r|ger|ara e| bul|r|ara. vl. A0l8 . lre|ourg. lerder, . z 1o
larrord, C. l. `No|es or ||e |aruscr|p|s ard Fd|||ors ol 0r|ger's Correr|ary
or ||e Fp|s||e |o ||e borars |r ||e la||r Trars|a||or oy bul|rus.' JT| 3 1o
( ). - . 1o8;
. `3ore Tex|ua| lo|r|s |r 0r|ger's Correr|ary or |a|||eW.' JT| 3 ( ). z|1;
- 8o|o|.
lar|e, |. `le||sver|us| |r Adar, 3|a||orer gr|ec||sc|er Frosurder|e|re.'
KKT3 8
( ). 11
larsor, b. l. C. `lr|erpre|a||ors ol leoreW Nares |r 0r|ger.' v|gC|r ( ). 1o1o
- 1oz.
. A||egory ard Fver|. A 3|udy ol ||e 3ources ard 3|gr|l|carce ol 0r|ger's
lr|erpre|a||or ol ||e 8|o|e, . 18
lar|, |. `les |ro|s ||vres de 3a|oror e| |es |ro|s par||es de |a p|||osop||e dars |es
lro|ogues des Correr|a|res sur |e Car||que des Car||ques (d'0r|gre aux
C|aires exege||ques grecques).' lr Tex|e urd Tex||r||||, - . z|o
. 0r|gre e| |a lorc||or reve|a|r|ce du veroe |rcarre. vo|s. la|r. 3oro. . lar|s. z z
3ev||, . 18
. `la ror| sa|u|a|re du l|araor se|or 0r|gre.' 3|3b ( ). - . 81o;zooo8
. ` a-|-|| ure |rl|uerce du grec o|o||que sur |a |argue sp|r||ue||e des c|re||ers?
Fxerp|es ||res du psaure e| de ses correr|a|eurs d'0r|gre 118
T|eodore|.' lr la 8|o|e e| |es lres, - . lar|s. l.v.l., . z|oz 1;1
o|3|x T| |rd-Cer|ury 0ree| C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
. `0r|gre e| |a serar||que du |argage o|o||que.' v|gC|r | ( ). - . zo1;z1o18;
323
. `0r|gre e| |'|r|erpre|a||or de |'epi|re aux bora|rs. F|ude du c|ap||re lX de
|a
l|||oca||e.' lr Fpe||as|s. |e|arges pa|r|s||ques oller|s au Card|ra| Jear
0ar|e|ou,
- o1o. lar|s, . 1;z
. `la 'oouc|e' e| |e 'coeur' de |'Apo|re. deux |rages o|o||ques du <sers
d|v|r>de
|'|orre (lrov . ) c|ez 0r|gre.' lr lerra lu|ur| 3|ud| Card. |. le||egr|ro, z
- 1;|z. Tur|r. 8o||ega d'Frasro, . 1;
. `lo|r|es ar||gros||ques d'0r|gre, |e ques||orrerer| |rp|e des Fcr||ures.' lr
3|ud|es |r 0ros||c|sr ard le||er|s||c be||g|ors, ed||ed oy 0|||es u|spe|, - , zo1;
181.
. `0r|gre e| |es |r|erpre|a||ors pa|r|s||ques grecques de |'ooscur||e o|o||que.'
v|gC|r ( ). - . o18z|;1
lay||r, |. A. 0. `'T| e 3p|r|| ol 0od'. T| e Fxeges|s ol Cor . - oy 0r|ger 1 z1o1z
ard
A||aras|us.' 3JT | ( ). - . o18z1z8
la||s|rar, 0. A. C|ar|sra||c success|or, a s|udy or 0r|ger's corcep| ol
prop|ecy.
luo||ca||ors ol ||e l|rr|s| Fxege||ca| 3oc|e|y . le|s|r||. 3uorer |z
F|segee|||ser 3eurar, . 18
le|re, b.F. `Car ||e Ca|era lragrer|s ol 0r|ger's Correr|ary or Jo|r oe
Tr us|ed.' v|gC|r ( ). - . |o18o118|
. `3|o|c log|c as lardra|d |o Fxeges|s ard T| eo|ogy |r 0r|ger's
Correr|ary
or ||e 0ospe| ol Jo|r.' JT| 3 ( ). - . ||1o11;
le|||er, T. `0r|geres, e|r roderrer Fxege|?' FA ( ). - . o18;
. Trars|a||o re||g|or|s, d|e lau|usdeu|urg des 0r|geres |r se|rer Korrer|ar
zur
boreror|el. 8orrer 8e||rage zur K|rc|ergesc||c||e . Co|ogre. 8o||au, . 1o 1o
. `0|e 8egegrurg ar 8rurrer. F|r 8e|sp|e| lur d|e Fxegese des 0r|geres.'
FA
o| ( ). - . 1118
. 0r|geres, Correr|ar|| |r ep|s|u|ar ad boraros. vo|. . l|oer qu|r|us, ||oer
sex|us. uoerse|z| urd e|rge|e||e|.lor|es C|r|s||ar| . lre|ourg. lerder, . z 1
. `0r|ger's Fxeges|s ard 0r .' T0|g | ( ). - . z| |oz11|1|o
. `0r|geres a|s Fxege|. F|r lorsc|urgsuoero||c|.' lr 3||ru||, ls. 0a|rerr,
ed||ed
oy 0. 3c|o||ger ard C. 3c|o||er, - . |urs|er. Asc|erdorll, . 1|1 1o
lerressey, l. b. `T| e 3cr|p|ura| ard C|ass|ca| boo|s ol 0r|ger's T| eo|ogy ol
0ea||.'
lr 3|ud|a pa|r|s||ca . . T| e secord cer|ury, Ter|u|||ar |o N|caea |r ||e Wes|, 18
C|erer| ard 0r|ger, ||e Cappadoc|ar la||ers, vo|. , - . Ka|arazoo, 1o|o1z
||c|.. C|s|erc|ar luo||ca||ors, . 18
l|||ors|, A. `Fx . . ura var|ar|e |ex|ua| |grorada er 0r|geres?' Fs|8 ( ). |1o |18;
- |o.
lo|dcrol|, l.T. `T| e larao|e ol ||e lourds ard 0r|ger's 0oc|r|re ol 0race.' JT|
3
z|| ( ). - . z1;oo|
lo||er|c|, |. J. `0r|ger's Fxege||ca| ler||age |r ||e Far|y lour|| Cer|ury. T|e
0r|ger ol A|exardr|a o
Fv|derce ol Fuseo|us.' lr 0r|ger|ara u|r|a. l|s|or|caTex| ard |e||od
8|o||cal|||osop||caT| eo|og|ca0r|ger|sr ard la|er 0eve|oprer|s.
lapers
ol ||e || lr|erra||ora| 0r|ger Corgress, 8os|or Co||ege, - Augus| , 1|18 18
ed||ed oy b. J. 0a|y, - . louva|r. lee|ers, . |z|8 1z
lo|res, |. w. `0r|ger ard ||e lrerrarcy ol 3cr|p|ure.' JFT3 | ( ). z|181
- zz11.
Jourjor, |. `0e |ro|s oara|||es or|geerres.' lr bec|erc|es e| |rad|||or. |e|arges
pa|r|s||ques oller|s lerr| Crouze|, 3.J., ed||ed oy A. 0up|e|x (T| eo|og|e
||s|or|que ), - . lar|s. 8eauc|esre, . 881o 1z
Juro, F. `l'au|eur de |'Apo|og|e pour 0r|gre|radu||e par bul|r.' lr bec|erc|es e|
|rad|||or. |e|arges pa|r|s||ques oller|s lerr| Crouze|, 3.J., ed||ed oy A. 0up|e|x
(T| eo|og|e ||s|or|que ), - . lar|s. 8eauc|esre, . 881o; 1z
. `Apropos des so|-d|sar| 3co||es sur |'Apoca|ypse d'0r|gre.' b3lb ( ). zo18|
- 11zz1.
. `8as||e de Cesaree e| 0rego|re de Naz|arze sor|-||s |es corp||a|eurs de |a
l|||oca||e d'0r|gre?' 3FAug ( ). - . z;188|oo
. `wodurc| ur|ersc|e|der s|c| d|e lor|||er des 0r|geres vor se|rer
Korrer|arer?' lr lred|g| |r der A||er K|rc|e, ed||ed oy F.|u||eroerg ard
J. var 0os|, - . Karper. Ko| l|aros, . o81 1|
Ker|voorde, A. `l'ell|cac||e de |a laro|e de 0|eu c|ez 0r|gre.' As3e|gr z
( ). 1o;
324
- ;z8o.
Ke|||er, l.-l. `lur|||or urd TragWe||e der ||s|or|sc|er Kr|||| des 0r|geres ar der
Fvarge||er'. Ka|ros | - ( ). - . 11z1;o|
K||pa|r|c|, 0. 0. `0r|geres, lor. l |r lucar rac| Codex (0regory).' TZ8as o
zo
( ). 1;o
K|r, K. w. `Correr|ary or |a|||eW. T| e |a|||ear Tex| ol 0r|ger.' J8l o8
( ) 1|
( ). C||cago. 1|o
. `0r|ger's Tex| ol Jo|r |r ||s 0r lrayer, Correr|ary or |a|||eW, ard
Aga|rs|
Ce|sus.' l r JT| 3 N3 , ( ). - . 11o;|8|
K|rc|reyer, J. `0r|gre, Correr|a|re sur |e Car||que, pro|. (0C3, 0r|geres , 8
8ac|rers, p. ||gre ).' 3|la|r ( ). - . ; 8 1o1;ozo
K|os|errar, F. `0|e uoer||elerurg der Jerer|a|or|||er des 0r|geres.' Tu | 1o
( ). 18;
. `Nac||ese zur uoer||elerurg der |a|||aus-Fr||arurg des 0r|geres.' Tu | |;z
( ). 1z
. `lorrer der exege||sc|er Aroe||er des 0r|geres.' TlZ ( ). - . ;z1|;zo8
. Fp||og zu 0r|geres' Korrer|ar zu ||.3o8er||r, 3prac|er, . 1o|
Koousc|, T. `Karr 0o|| |e|der? Zu der p|||osop||sc|er 0rurd|ager der le|re
var der lass|o||||a| 0o||es oe| 0r|geres.' v|gC|r ( ). - . |o1zz8
Krarer, 8. `F|re lsa|rer-lor|||e aus der Tura-lurd.' ZlF ( ). - . 1o1;1o|z1
oo3|x T| |rd-Cer|ury 0ree| C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
laeuc|||, 3. `0r|ger's lr|erpre|a||or ol Judas lscar|o|.' C|l ( ). - . zz1zo8
lara|a, 0. `l| 0|scorso verod| Ce|so. ur adderdur o|o||ogral|co.' lr la|de|a
(= r
o
|), - . 1z1
large, N. b. |. de. `0r|ger ard JeW|s| 8|o|e Fxeges|s.' JJ3 ( ). - . zz1;11z
. `0r|ger ard ||e baoo|s or ||e leoreW 8|o|e.' 3|la|r ( ). - . 1|1;o11;z1
lapor|e, J. `|ode|s lror l|||o |r 0r|ger's Teac||rg or 0r|g|ra| 3|r.' lTl | ||z
( ). - . 18811zo
lauc|||, 3. `0as lroo|er des 0esc||c||||c|er oe| 0r|geres, e|re 3|ud|e zur
ver|a||r|s des 0esc||c||||c|er zur lr|erpre|a||or.' 0|ss., ur|or T|eo|og|ca|
3er|rary (NeW or|), . 1o
. `0|e lrage rac| der 0oje|||v||a| der Fxegese des 0r|geres.' TZ ( ). 1o1|
- 1;;.
le 8ou||uec, A. `les represer|a||ors du |ex|e c|ez |es p|||osop|es grecs e|
|'exegse
scr|p|ura|re d'0r|gre. lrl|uerces e| ru|a||ors.' lr 0r|ger|ara u|r|a, ed||ed
oy b. J. 0a|y, - . louva|r, . 1o118 1z
learza, 3. `la c|ass|l|caz|ore de| ||or| sa|oror|c| e | suo| r|l|ess| su||a ques||ore
de|
rappor|| |ra 8|oo|a e sc|erze prolare, da 0r|gere ag|| scr|||or| red|eva||.' Aug
1|( ). - . 1;|o1oo
. l'eseges| d| 0r|gere a| l|oro de||'Fcc|es|as|e. Fd|z|or| lara||e|o , . 81;
leoeau, l. `l'|r|erpre|a||or or|ger|erre de bor . - .' Kryr|a|or ls. J. 81zz
uas|er
( ). 1;o
le|e|||er, J. `le ||re du vo||e de |oise c|ez 0r|gre (Fxode . - e| | z
Cor|r|||ers . - ).' be3b ( ). - . 1z18 oz1881|zo
. `le logos c|ez 0r|gre.' b3l|T| ( ). - . ;118;o1z
le|||er|, 0. `lr sp|r||o e|o var||. 0a 0r|gere a Torraso d'Aqu|ro.' A3F ( ). 1z1
- |8.
l|er|ard, J. T. `0r|ger as |or|||s|.' lr lreac||rg |r ||e pa|r|s||c age, 3|ud|es |r
|oror
ol wa||er J. 8urg|ard|, ed||ed oy 0av|d lur|er, - . NeW or|. lau||s|, . oz 18
. `0r|ger's 3pecu|a||or or Jo|r ||e 8ap||s|, or was Jo|r ||e 8ap||s| ||e lo|y
3p|r||?' lr 0r|ger|ara u|r|a. l|s|or|caTex| ard |e||od8|o||ca
l|||osop||caT| eo|og|ca0r|ger|sr ard la|er 0eve|oprer|s. lapers ol ||e
||
lr|erra||ora| 0r|ger Corgress, 8os|or Co||ege, - Augus| , ed||ed oy b. 1|18 18
J.
0a|y, - . louva|r. lee|ers, . || 1z
. `C|r|s|o|ogy |r 0r|ger's lor|||es or ||e lrlarcy Narra||ve |r lu|e.' 3|la|r zo
( ). - . 1z8;1
l|es, l. wor| urd Fuc|ar|s||e oe| 0r|geres. Zur 3p|r||ua||s|erurgs|erderz des
Fuc|ar|s||evers|ardr|sses. lrrsoruc|er T| eo|og|sc|e 3|ud|er . lrrsoruc|. 1
Tyro||a, . 1;8
. 0r|geres' ler| Arc|or. F|re urdogra||sc|e 0ogra|||. F|rlu|rurg urd
Fr|au|erurg. 0arrs|ad|. w|ssersc|al| ||c|e 8uc|gese||sc|al| , . 1z
. `Zur Fxegese des 0r|geres.' Tb ( ). - . 881z8o
0r|ger ol A|exardr|a o;
325
looo, b. 3ar||ya-oga urd spa|ar|||er 0e|s|. e|re ur|ersuc|urg der A||egorese
des
0r|geres |r l|c||e der |rd|sc|er l|||osop||e. |ur|c|, . 1;z
lor|er|o, 0. l'eseges| or|ger|ara de| varge|o d| luca (s|ud|o l||o|og|co). 8ar|.
uaderr| d| 've|era C|r|s||arorur' , . 11oo
. `l'eseges| or|ger|ara de| varge|o d| lucca.' blb ( ). s. 1811;1z1o
. `No|e su||a |raduz|ore geror|r|ara de||e ore||e su 0erer|a d| 0r|gere.'
ve|C|r ( ). - . 1o1;z|oz
lor|r|o, 0. `lragra e |ex|s re||e 0re||e su 0erer|a d| 0r|gere.' ve|C|r zz
( ). 18
- 1|1o|.
. `'lragra ' urd '|ex|s ' |r der Jerer|a-|or|||er des 0r|geres.' T| 1o
( ). 18
- 1181.
lorerz|, l. de. `'0ode|e ed esu||a|e' (|| . - ). la g|o|a re||e |r|oo|az|or| per || 111z
regro secordo 0r|gere.' lr Tes||ror|ur C|r|s||, - . 11;o
. `'0ode|e ed exu||a|e' (|| . - ). la g|o|a re||e |r|oo|az|or| per || regro 11z
secordo 0r|gere.' lr Tes||ror|ur C|r|s||. 3cr|||| |r orore d| Jacques 0upor|,
- 11;o. 8resc|a. la|de|a, . 18
losada, J. `F| sacr|l|c|o de Cr|s|o er |os c|e|os segr 0r|geres.' |Cor ( ). o1o
- . 1
. `la lg|es|a |osros er 0r|geres.' |Cor ( ). - . 11;o11z
lou||, A. `Fros ard |ys||c|sr. Far|y C|r|s||ar lr|erpre|a||or ol ||e 3org ol
3orgs.'
lr Jurg ard ||e |oro||e|srs, - , ed. J. byce-|err||r, lordor. bou||edge z|1|
1. 0r|g|ra||y puo||s|ed |r 0u||d ol las|ora| lsyc|o|ogy larp||e|ro. . z|1
lordor, . 1z
luoac, l. de. 0e|s| aus der 0esc||c||e. 0as 3c|r|l|vers|ardr|s des 0r|geres.
uoer|r.
urd e|rge|e||e| vor l. u. vor 8a||asar. F|rs|ede|r. Jo|arres-ver|ag, . 1o8
. `'0u |as| r|c| oe|roger, lerr!' 0es 0r|geres-Korrer|ar uoer Jerer|a
. .' zo;
lr be||e Kr||er|er, vo|. , - . F|rs|ede|r. Jo|arres ver|ag, . o1zo 18|
|acau|ay, w. |. `T| e Na|ure ol C|r|s| |r 0r|ger's 'Correr|ary or Jo|r.'' 3JT|
1| ( ). - . z1oo1;o8;
|ac|eod, C. w. `A||egory ard |ys||c|sr |r 0r|ger ard 0regory ol Nyssa.' JT|
3 zz
( ). - . 1;1oz;
|a||, l. 0as `0pus |rperlec|ur |r ||' urd se|r ver|a||r|s zu der ||-
Korrer|arer
vor 0r|geres urd l|eroryrus. lrrT3| . lrrsoruc|. Tyro||a, . | 11
|arrs, l. `ure |rad|||or ju|ve dars |es correr|a|res du Car||que d'0r|gre.'
Ar|or ( ). - . o1ozz
|ar|sc||es, C. `was oedeu|e| od? ZWe| Ar|Wor|er oe| 0r|geres urd Aroro
s|us
urd derer 8edeu|urg lur ||re 8|oe|er||arurg urd T| eo|og|e.' lr 0r|geres v|r
ecc|es|as||cus. 3yrpos|or l. J. vog|, ed||ed oy w. 0ur||rgs ard l. Kor|g, - . 8z
8orr. 8orergasser, . 1
|ar|us, b. `A No|e or 0r|ger, |r Fv. Joarr|s XlX, (l0 Xlv, o-c).' lT|b o8 |;
( ). - . 1|1;18
o83|x T| |rd-Cer|ury 0ree| C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
|asce||ar|, F. lruders d|spersa|or vero|. borar| . - re||'eseges| d| 1zz1
C|erer|e
A|essardr|ro e 0r|gere.3ez|ore a cura de||'ls|||u|o d| 3|or|a |ed|oeva|e e
|oderra . l|orerce. la Nuova l|a||a Fd||r|ce, . 1o 1o
|cCar|rey, 0. 0. `l||era| ard a||egor|ca| |r|erpre|a||or |r 0r|ger's Cor|ra
Ce|sur.'
wTJ | ( ). - . |8z18oz81o1
|ees, |. `Kap||e| des Jo|arresevarge||urs |r der wer|er des 0r|geres |r o
verg|e|c| r|| der uor|ger lru|c|r|s|||c|er va|erzeugr|sser.' laurer||arur z
( ). - . 18|;81o
. ` Cor . - urd d|e Aulers|e|urg der To|er rac| 0r|geres urd z o11o
|e||od|us.'
la|erarur ( ). - . 1181o
|e|s w. A. `la preer|rerc|a de Jess, |r|erre|ac|or l||osol| ca-|eo|og|ca er |a
oora
de 0r|geres.' Tyv ( ). - . 1zo;
|erca||, 0. 0sservaz|or| a lroer|| de| 3a||er|o d| 0r|gere, lppo|||o,Fuseo|o,
C|r|||o
A|essardr|ro e a||r|. 3|T , . 1|z1|8
|eyerdorll, J. `Crea||or |r ||e l|s|ory ol 0r||odox T| eo|ogy.' vT ( ). z;18
- . z;;
|erard, J. F. `Trarsl|gura||or e| po|yrorp||e c|ez 0r|gre.' lr Fpe||as|s.
|e|arges
326
pa|r|s||ques oller|s au Card|ra| Jear 0ar|e|ou, - . lar|s, . o;;z 1;z
||||au, |. `'Ta |o| es| ra red||a||or ' (ls , , , , ), d'0r|gre l||a|re 118;;z;1;|
de lo|||ers.' lr Cr|s||ares|ro la||ro e cu||ura 0reca s|ro a| sec. lv. XXl lrcor|ro
d| s|ud|os| de||'ar||c||| cr|s||ara, bora, - ragg|o (3|ud|a ep|erer|d|s ; 1z
'Augus||r|arur,' ), - . bore. lrs|||u|ur la|r|s||cur 'Augus||r|arur.' |z1o|
||rrera||, b. `la |rad|||or c|re||erre de lau| 0r|gre.' AlC ( ). - zo18818z
. z1
|orac| Cas|agro, A. `0r|gere pred|ca|ore e || suo puoo||co.' 8lF ( ). s. o18;1o
|ose|||, l. `l r|raco|| evarge||c| re| d|oa||||o |ra Ce|so e 0r|gere,' - . bore. 11;z
lA3 Fd||r|ce, . 18o
|osse||o, l. `Cr|s|o |er| e ogg| re||e lor|||ae |r lucar d| 0r|gere.'
3a|es|arur |
( ). - . 1zz8o;
|urr|c|, 0. `0r|gre, ed||eur de |a 3ep|ar|e de 0ar|e|.' lr 3|ud|er zur
3ep|uag|r|a.
booer| lar|ar| zu F|rer. aus Ar|ass se|res . 0eour|s|ages. Fd||ed oy 0e||el o
lraer|e|, e| a|., - . 0o|||rger. varder|oec| & buprec||, . 18;z18 1o
Nardor|, F. `0r|ger's corcep| ol o|o||ca| |rsp|ra||or.' 3ecCer ( ). - . |18|z
Nau||r, l. 0r|gre. 3a v|e e| sor oeuvre. C|r|s||ar|sre ar||que . lar|s. 1
8eauc|esre,
1;8.
. `'Je su|s ce|u| qu| es|' (Fxode . ) dars |e ||eo|og|e d'0r|gre.' 0|eu e| 1|
|'F|re.
F|udes Augus||r|erres( ). 1;8
Neaga, N. `lr|rc|p|| err|reu|r|ce |r or|||||e o|o||ce a|e |u| 0r|ger cu reler|re
spec|a|a |a v.T.' |||ropo||a Ardea|u|u| ( ). - . o181;;o
Neres|egy, l. `le 0|eu d'0r|gre e| |e 0|eu de |'Arc|er Tes|arer|.' NbT| o
( ). - . 18|o
. `ur passage du Trac|. |r ev. lo|. . .' bFA ( ). - . 11o |188;8;
0r|ger ol A|exardr|a o
Ner|, u. 0r|gere, Tes|| errereu||c|. Fp|lar|a de||a laro|a. N3 . 8o|ogre. Fd|z. ;
0e|or|are, . 1o
Neusc|aler, 8. 0r|geres a|s l|||o|oge. 3c|We|ze.8e||.A||w . be|r|ard|, . 18 18;
0da|a, T. `'Arorg you s|ards ore you do ro| |roW' (Jo|r . ). T|e lrseparao|e 1zo
be|a||or 8e|Weer |ar ard 0od Accord|rg |o 0r|ger.' Ka|or|||u Ker|yu
`Ca||o||c 3|ud|es' | | ( ). - . 8zz1o1zz
. `0r|ger's urders|ard|rg ol 3|. lau|T| e ldea ol lredes||ra||or ard
F|ec||or
|r ||s Correr|ary or ||e le||er |o ||e borars.' Ka|or|||u Ker|yu `Ca||o||c
3|ud|es' | | ( ). o111
0|ada, T. `T|e T| oug|| ol 0r|ger Aoou| ||e Caror ol lo|y 3cr|p|urew|||
3pec|a| begard |o ||e 0eu|erocaror|ca| 8oo|s.' Ka|or|||u Ker|yu | zz|
( ). - . 1811o
0roe, A. `Cr|s|o Car|ro, segr 0r|geres.' |arresa ( ). - . z;11z
. `la exe|erc|a de |os prole|as segr 0r|geres.' Fs|8 ( ). - . 1|111zz1
`0r|geres.' T | ( ). - , ed||ed oy l. J. vog|. 1oz18811|z
0soorr, F. `0r|ger ard Jus||l|ca||or. T| e 0ood |s 0re. T| ere |s rore 0ood ou|
0od
(|a|| . e| par.).' A8b ( ). - . 11; z|1;o18z
0ssardor, l, ard l. bodr|guez. `F| re|odo de 0r|geres.' Tyv ( ). - . 1z181
0'leary, J. 3. `le des||r du logos jo|arr|que dars |a persee d'0r|gre.'
b3b | 8z
( ). - . 1z8z
lace, N. b|cerc|e su||a |raduz|ore d| bul|ro de| 0e pr|rc|p||s d| 0r|gere.
luoo||caz|or| de||a laco|| d| |e||ere e l||osol| a de||'ur|vers|| d| |||aro . 1
l|orerce. la Nuova l|a||a, . 1o
lac|, l. `T| e |e||odo|ogy ol 0r|ger as a Tex|ua| Cr|||c |r Arr|v|rg a| ||e Tex| ol
||e NeW Tes|arer|.' 3ou||err Ca||lorr|a, . 1|8
lage|s, F. l. `0r|ger ard ||e lrop|e|s ol lsrae|. A Cr|||que ol C|r|s||ar Typo|ogy.'
JANF3 ( ). - . 1;||
lapar||o|aou, A. 0. `T| e A||egor|ca| Fxege||ca| |e||od ol 0r|ger.' T|A||er |
( ). - . 1;||;
lazz|r|, 0. `lr pr|rc|p|o era || logos. 0r|gere e || pro|ogo de| varge|o d|
0|ovarr|.'
38 ( ). - . o|18;1|z
. `l'|r|erpre|az|ore de| lro|ogo d| 0|ovarr| |r 0r|gere e re||a pa|r|s||ca
greca.' lr Arra|| d| s|or|a de||'eseges| | , logos d| 0|o e sol|a roderro. 3|or|a 111
de||'|r|erpre|az|ore de| lro|ogo d| 0|ovarr|, Fd|z|or| 0e|or|are 8o|ogra, - |
o. 8o|ogra, . 1|
. `0r|gere correr|a 0|oooe.' laro|a, 3p|r||o e v||a. uaderr| d| |e||ura
o|o||ca |
( ). - . 1;z88
le||ard, 0. `A propos d'ure page d'0r|gre, lr Jr . - .' lr ls. l. Crouze|, z1o18
327
bec|erc|es e| Trad|||ors(T| l ), ed||ed oy A. 0up|e|x, - . lar|s. 88 188
8eauc|esre, . 1z
;o3|x T| |rd-Cer|ury 0ree| C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
ler|, v. `l'ord|re de||e ore||e Xlv re||a |rad|z|ore raroscr|||a de||e ore||e su
0erer|a d| 0r|gere.' Aev ( ). - . o1o11
. `lr|orro a||a |rad|z|ore raroscr|||a de||e 0re||e0r|ger|are su lsa|a re||a
|raduz|ore |a||ra d| 3. 0ero|aro.' Aev ( ). - . 11;zo1
. `3o|oror oppure 3o|or? 3u ura |ez|ore de||e 0r. Fx. . d| 0r|gere |r
|a||ro.'
Aev ( ). - . 1zoz8
. `0erer|a secordo 0r|gere. Fseges| e ps|co|og|a de||a |es||ror|arza
prole||ca.'
Aev ( ). - . |81;|1;
lerrore, l. `l'argorer|az|ore d| 0r|gere re| |ra||a|o d| errereu||ca o|o||ca. No|e
d| |e||ura s| l v lv - .' 3|ud| C|ass|c| e 0r|er|a|| ( ). - . 1 |o1o1o1zo
. `3u||a pre|s|or|a de||e 'quaes||ores' re||a |e||era|ura pa|r|s||ca, presuppos||| e
sv||upp| de| gerere |e||erar|o l|ro a| lv seco|o.' A3Fs , ( | ). - . 8z1o1|8o
. l| cuore |rdur||o de| laraore, 0r|gere e || proo|era de| ||oero aro||r|o. 0eroa.
|ar|e||a, . 11
. le||sver|us| |r Adar, 3|a||orer gr|ec||sc|er Frosurder|e|re. 0eroa, . 1z
. `la |egge sp|r||ua|e. l'|r|erpre|az|ore de||a 3cr|||ura seordo 0r|gere
('l lr|rc|p|,' lv - ).' bA|| ( ). - . 1 1;1z8o
. `l parad|gr| o|o||c| de||a preg||era re| ler| euc|ls d| 0r|gere. Aspe||| lorra||
e proo|era||c|e errereu||c|e.' lr b|cerc|e pa|r|s||c|e |r orore d| 0or 8as||
3|uder 038 = Aug. , - , . o81
. `'uaes||ores e| respors|ores ' |r 0r|gere. lrospe|||ve d| ur'ara||s| lorra|e
de||'argorer|az|ore esege||co-|eo|og|ca.' C3 ( ). - . 11|1o
lers|c, A. `Fseges| o|o||ca cr|s||ara e desacra||zzaz|ore de| cosro. 0r|gere e
0|ovarr| l||oporo presursor| de||a corcez|ore ga|||e|ara de| rappor|o lra
sc|erza e r|ve|az|ore.' 3|la|r ( ). - . z1881oo
les|y, |. `la 3ep|ar|e e| sa |ec|ure pa|r|s||que. ur exerp|e (Jerer|e . - . ).' zz|1
lr bas|| - . lorrage Fp|ra|r F. uroac|, - . Fd. 0. 3ed-bajra. 1o|o1o 1;8z
lar|s. Cerl., . 1
le|re. l. `0rd|ra|a Car||as. ur Frse|grerer| d'0r|gre sur |a C|ar||e.' b3b | |z1
( ). - . 1||o;
l|c||er, K. `3|re|| ur das C|r|s|er|ur, der Argr|lldes Ke|sos urd d|e Ar|Wor| des
0r|geres.' b3T| ( ). z18o
lolle|, J. |. la re||ode exege||que d'lerac|eor e| d'0r|gre correr|a|eurs de
Jr . |
Jesus, |a 3arar||a|re e| |es 3arar||a|rs. larados|s . lr|oourg. Fd. ur|v., . z8 18
lor|a, l. C. `l'0re||a su| lev|||co . , 0r|gere e bul|ro a corlror|o.' 1
0rp|eus , 11
( ). - . 1zz;o
lr|rz|va|||, F. `ler ur'|rdag|re su||'eseges| de| pers|ero or|ger|aro re| lv seco|o.'
A3Fs . - . 11|oo
. `la |rad|z|ore raroscr|||a e |e ed|z|or| de||e 0r|||e su| 3a|r|d| 0r|gere
|rado||e da bul|ro.' ve|C|r ( ). - . 11|1o
. `Aspe||| esege||co-do||r|ra|| de| d|oa||||o re| lv sec. su||e |es| or|ger|are |r
ra|er|a esca|o|og|ca.' A3F ( ). - . 1z1z;z
0r|ger ol A|exardr|a ;1
luec|, l.-C. `0r|gre e| |'exegse |r|r||a|re du lsaure . - .' lr ls. o1z1|
0ogue|,
- 18o|, . 1o
. `les rouveaux ecr||s d'0r|gre e| de 0|dyre decouver|s Tours.' bllr | 1
( ). - . 11z;o
baros-l|ssor, 0. `A|egor|sro pagaro y a|egor|sro cr|s||aro er 0r|geres. la
po|er|ca Cor|ra Ce|so.' lr Cr|s||ar|sro y acu||urac|or er ||erpos de| lrper|o
boraro, ed||ed oy A. 0orza|ez 8|arco ard J. |. 8|asquez |ar||rez, - . 1zo
|urc|a. 3ecre|ar|ado de luo||cac|ores de |a ur|v., . 1o
bauer, |. `lorr u. uoer||elerurg der lu|as-lor|||er des 0r|geres.' Tu | |;
( ). 1z
. `0r|geres, 0|e lor|||er zu lu|as |r der uoers. des l|eroryrus u. d|e
gr|ec|.
bes|e der lor|||er u. des lu|as-Korr.' 0C3 ( ). |1
beroux, C. `l'Assorp||or de |oise. 0'0r|gre |a c|aire arrer|erre sur |es
Fpi|res Ca||o||ques.' lr bec|erc|es e| |rad|||or. |e|arges pa|r|s||ques oller|s
lerr| Crouze|, 3.J., ed||ed oy A. 0up|e|x (T| eo|og|e ||s|or|que ), - . 88z|
lar|s. 8eauc|esre, . 1z
b|c|ard, |. `les lragrer|s d'0r|gre sur lrov . - .' lr Fpe||as|s. o11
|e|arges
pa|r|s||ques oller|s au Card|ra| Jear 0ar|e|ou, - . lar|s, . 8| 1;z
borde|, l. `le pec|e or|g|re| dars |a |rad|||or.' 8lF ( ). - . o81o;zo|
bou|era, b. `'0r|geres' v|s|e op de rec||vaard|g|rg vo|gers z|jr Correr|aar op
bore|rer.' 0T|T ( ). - . 818|1o
328
bousseau, 0. `l'ec|e||e des Car||ques d'aprs 0r|gre.' v3 ( ). - . 8o1|o;z
boWe, J. N. `0r|ger's Corcep||or ol C|r|s| as ||e lasc|a| laro.' 3|ud|a
Fvarge||ca o
( ). - . 1o8111o
. `0r|ger's 3uoord|ra||or as l||us|ra|ed |r l|s Correr|ary or 3|. Jo|r's
0ospe|.'
3|la|r ( ). - . 111;zzzzz8
buWe|, J. `0r|gre e| |'Apoca|ypse d'F||e.' 8|o ( ). - . o1|1;1
3ca||se, C. J. `A||egor|ca| l||g||s ol larcy, ||e proo|er ol 0r|ger's exeges|s.'
00Tb z
( ). - . 18;o88
3c|aler, T. 0as lr|es|er-8||d |r leoer urd wer| des 0r|geres. b3T| .
lrar|lur|.
larg, . 1;;
3c|erer, J. le Correr|a|re d'0r|gre sur bor , . , d'aprs |es ex|ra||s du ;
papyrus
ro , du |usee du Ca|re e| |es lragrer|s de |a l|||oca||e e| du va||carus 88;|8
grec . llA0, 8|o||o||que d'F|udes, . ;oz 1o1
3c||aro, b. `w|r s|rd r|| C|r|s|us oegraoer. d|e Aus|egurg vor borer . - o111
|r lru|c|r|s|er|ur o|s 0r|geres.' 808F . Tuo|rger. J. C. 8. |o|r, . 1 1o
3c|u||ze, 8. `0r|geres uoer 8e|err|r|s urd la|| des le|rus.' 0Cl ( ). |o1;|
- z8o1.
3c|u|z, w. `0er c|r|s|||c|e 0o||esd|ers| oe| 0r|geres.' lr Ca|Wer T|eo|og|sc|e
|oro grap||er, be||e 8| , - . 3|u||gar|. Ca|Wer ver|ag, . 81;o 18|
3cograr|g||o, b. `0raz|a e prol|||o? la paraoo|a de| |a|er|| (|| xxv, - ) 1|o
re||'eseges| d| 0r|gere.' N|co|aus ( ). - . z11|zo1
;z3|x T| |rd-Cer|ury 0ree| C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
3g|err|, 0. `A propos||o d| 0r|gere e |a ||rgua eora|ca.' Aug ( ). - . 1|1;|zz;
. `C||esa e s|ragoga re||'opera d| 0r|gere.' 0|ss., Tb ( ). |ur|c|. ;|1;8
. C||esa e s|ragoga re||e opere d| 0r|gere. 3|ud|a la|r|s||ca |ed|o|arers|a . 1
|||ar. v||a e lers|ero, . 18z
3|rore|||, |. `A|cure osservaz|or| su||'|r|erpre|az|ore 0r|ger|ara d| 0er . e z;
. .' Aev ( ). - . z1 o1oz;o81
. `Arcora su a||egor|a e |err|r| all|r| |r a|cur| scr|||or| grec|.' A3Fs , ( | ). 8z1o1
- o8|.
. `0r|gere e |a povera vedova, correr|o a 0|ovarr| XlX, - ( - ).' ;1|o8
b3lb
z;( ). - . 11|;81
. `(|| . s, 0v . s) 0r|gere e | rercar|| re| Terp|o.' lr ls. l. Crouze|, z11z z1|
bec|erc|es, - , . z;18|1z
. `0r|gere e | rercar|| re| |erp|o.' lr bec|erc|es e| |rad|||or. |e|arges
pa|r|s||ques oller|s lerr| Crouze|, 3.J., ed||ed oy A. 0up|e|x (T| eo|og|e
||s|or|que
88), - . lar|s. 8eauc|esre, . z;18| 1z
3|e|rer, |. la |er|a||or de Jesus dars |'|r|erpre|a||or pa|r|s||que de sa|r| Jus||r
0r|gre.F|udes o|o||ques. lar|s. 0aoa|da, . 1oz
3|erze|, |. `0as ers|e 3arre|ouc| |r der |a|e|r|sc| er|a||erer
0r|gereslor|||er.' ZAw ( - ). - . o11||8o|
3|uder, 8. `A propos des |raduc||ors d'0r|gre par Jerore e| bul|r.' ve|C|r
( ). - . 1o81;
. `la besurrec||or de Jesus d'aprs |e `ler| Arc|or' d'0r|gre.' Aug ( ). 181;;
- z;o.
. `l'eseges| dopp|a |r 0r|gere.' A3Fs ( ). - . 1o1|z;;
Terp|e, l. J. `0r|ger ard ||e F|||ps|s |r lc . .' lT| ( ). - . z| zz11|oz;
Torjeser, K. J. `lerrereu||ca| procedure ard ||eo|og|ca| s|ruc|ure |r 0r|ger's
exeges|s.' 0|ss., C|areror|, . 18z
. `lerrereu||ca| procedure ard ||eo|og|ca| re||od |r 0r|ger's exeges|s.'
3|la|r
z8( ). 18o
. `'8ody,' '3ou|,' ard '3p|r||' |r 0r|ger's T| eory ol Fxeges|s.' AT|b ( ). o;18
- . 1;o
Tor||, 0. `borar| . - re||'eseges| d| 0r|gere.' ber | ( ). - . 11; z|z18zz;
Trev|jaro F|c|everr|a, b. |. Fr |uc|a cor|ra |as po|es|a|es. Fxeges|s pr|r|||va de
Fl . o
- 111;|as|a 0r|geres. v||or|a. v|c|or|ers|a, luo|. de| 3er|rar|o de v||or|a, , z8
1o8.
Tr|gg, J. w. 0r|ger. T| e 8|o|e ard p|||osop|y |r ||e |||rd-cer|ury c|urc|.
A||ar|a.
Jo|r Krox, . 18
TrurooWer, J. A. `0r|ger's exeges|s ol Jo|r . - . T| e s|rugg|e W||| 81
lerac|eor
over ||e |dea ol l|xed ra|ures.' v|gC|r ( ). - . |1818|
u||rarr, w. `0|e 3op||a-le|re des 0r|geres |r . 8uc| se|res 1
Jo|arres|orrer|ars.' 3|la|r ( ). - . 1o18z;1;8
329
0r|ger ol A|exardr|a ;
uroac|, F. F. `baoo|r|c Fxeges|s ard 0r|ger's Correr|ar|es or ||e 3org ol
3orgs
ard JeW|s|-C|r|s||ar lo|er|cs.' Taro|z ( ). - . o1oo1|8;o
. `T| e lor||e||ca| l||era|ure ol ||e 3ages ard ||e Fxpos|||ors ol 0r|geres
or Car||c|es ard ||e JeW|s|-C|r|s||ar 0|scuss|or.' 3crl|e ( ). zz1;1
- z|;;.
va|ar|as|s, b. `Adar's oody, urcover|rg eso|er|c |rad|||ors |r ||e Apocryp|or ol
Jo|r ard 0r|ger's 0|a|ogue W||| lerac||des.' 3ecCer ( | ). - . ;18o1ooz
va|||or|, l. `lev|||co . |r 0r|gere.' Aug ( ). - . 1o |1|zzz|
vog|, l. J. `la|sc|e Frgarzurger oder Korre||urer |r |a|||aus-Korrer|ar des
0r|geres.' T | ( ). - . 1oo18ozo;1z
. `T| e |a|er exeges|s ol 0r|ger.' lr |eror|a| 0or Jear 0r|ooror| ( - 1zo
), 18o
- 81. bore. lrs|. la|r|s|. Augus||r|arur, . 188
. `8eooac||urger zur Jo|arres-Korrer|ar des 0r|geres.' T | ( ). 1;o1o
- 11zo8.
. `0|e Juder oe|r spa|er 0r|geres. Ar||juda|srus urd Ar||pagar|srus.'
lages - |r C|r|s|||c|er Ar||juda|srus urd Ar||pagar|srus. ||re |o||ve 1zo
urd l|r|ergrurde |r der ers|er dre| Ja|r|urder|er. Fd||ed oy l. lro|r|oler.
larourger ||eo|. 3|ud. . larourg. 3|e|rrarr & 3|e|rrarr, . 1o
. `0|e le|re des 0r|geres vor der lrsp|ra||or der le|||ger 3c|r|l|. e|r
verg|e|c|
zW|sc|er der 0rurd|agersc|r|l|urd der Ar|Wor| aul Ke|sos.' T|, ro. 1;o
( ), . 1o1;o
. `l| Correr|o a 0|ovarr| d| 0r|gere.' lr l|rgua e s|||e de| varge|o d|
0|ovarr|
(luoo|. de| 0.Ab.llCl.FT. N3 ), - . 0eroa. ur|v. d| 0erova lac. d| 1|o1z1
le||ere, . 11
. `8erer|urger zur |a|e|r|sc|er uoerse|zurg des |a||aus-Korrer|ares vor
0r|geres.' lages - |r vo|. ol l|||o|og|a 3acra. 8|o||sc|e urd pa|r|s||c|e ;8o z
3|ud|er lur lerrarr J. lrede urd wa||er T| |e|e zu ||rer s|eoz|gs|er
0eour|s|ag,
l. A||es urd Neues Tes|arer|, ll. Apocryp|er, K|rc|erva|er, versc||ederes.
Fd||ed
oy b. 0rysor, - . ve|us |a||ra . lre|ourg. lerder, . ;8o z| 1
. 0r|geres, 0er Korrer|ar zur Fvarge||ur rac| |a|||aus. F|rge|e||e|,
uoerse|z| urd r|| Arrer|urger verse|er. vo|. . 0|e Correr|ar|orur ser|es.
8|o||o||e| d. gr|ec||sc|er l||era|ur. 3er.. la|r|s||| . 3|u||gar|. A. l|erserarr, 8
1.
vogue, A. de. `les p|us arc|ers exeg|es du lrer|er ||vre des bo|s. 0r|gre,
Augus||r e| |eurs ep|gores.' 3F ( ). - . z18o1z
vos, J. 3. `0as Agrap|or '3e|d |urd|ge 0e|dWec|s|er!' oe| 0r|geres.' lr 3ay|rgs
ol
Jesus. Caror|ca| ard NorCaror|ca|. Fssays |r lorour ol T. 8aarda (NT.3 ), 8
ed||ed oy w. T. le|erser, e| a|., - . le|der. 8r|||, . z;;oz 1;
wassers|e|r, A. `A baoo|r|c ||dras| as a 3ource ol 0r|ger's lor||y or Fze||e|
Turo,' - , xxv|, . 1;18 1;;
;|3|x T| |rd-Cer|ury 0ree| C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
we|ze|, b. `0as v|erurdzWarz|gs|e Kap||e| des Fvarge||s|er |a|||aus |r der
Aus|egurg durc| d|e gr|ec||sc|er va|er 0r|geres urd C|rysos|orus.' 0|ss.,
Tr|er, | . 1;z;
. `0as v|erurdzWarz|gs|e Kap||e| des Fvarge||s|er |a|||aus |r der Aus|egurg
durc| d|e gr|ec||sc|er va|er 0r|geres urd C|rysos|orus.' 0|ss., Tuo|rger,
1;8.
w|ea|y, A. `lro|ogues or ||e lsa|rs. 0r|ger, l|ppo|y|us, Fuseo|us.' b8er 1oo
( ). - . 1oz||
w||es, |. l. `0r|ger as 8|o||ca| 3c|o|ar.' lr Caror|dge l|s|ory ol ||e 8|o|e, ed||ed
oy
l. b. Ac|royd, - , s, . ||1o 1;o
w|||e, 8. 0|e 3c|r|l|des 0r|geres 'uoer das lassa.' Tex|ausgaoe urd Korrer|ar.
A||eroerge. 0ros ver|ag, . 1
wurder|a|er, 0. der. 0ra||o prosp|ore||ca ac paregyr|ca |r 0r|gerer0ar|rede
ar
0r|geres. lor|es C|r|s||ar| . lre|ourg. lerder, . z| 1o
Zedda, C. `3u||a pa|err|| 0r|ger|ara d| a|cur| lrarrer|| esege||c|.'
la|erarur o
( ). - . 1o|z|

lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| lv ;
0l0N3lu3 0l AlFXAN0blA 0. CA. 2o4|5
8orr |r A|exardr|a rear ||e erd ol ||e secord cer|ury |o a We||-|o-do
rorC|r|s||ar lar||y, 0|orys|us rece|ved ar exce||er| educa||or. le exp|ored
330
d|llerer| 0ros||c |rad|||ors (le||er |o l|||eror) ard l|ra||y corver|ed |o
apos|o||c la||| al|er a ||oroug| s|udy ol lau|'s |e||ers. (C|ror|cor or|er|a|e)
0r|ger ray |ave prepared ||r lor oap||sr. 3oor a presoy|er, accord|rg |o
Jerore, de v|r. |r|. , |e rep|aced lerac|as as ||e |ead ol ||e |oca| sc|oo| o
lor ||e ca|ec|urera|e |r - (Fuseo|us ol Caesarea lFvl, , , z1zz z|;
cor|raNau||r, 0lAC). le rus| |ave oe|orged |o 0r|ger's |oca| opporer|s,
|r par||cu|ar |r derourc|rg 0r|ger's doc|r|res ol pre-ex|s|er| sou|s ard
ol ||e e|err||y ol ||e Wor|d.lr | |e aga|r rep|aced ||s lr|erd lerac|as, |||s z|;z|8
||re as o|s|op ol A|exardr|a, or|y |o suller persecu||or urder
0ec|us ( - ) ard va|er|ar ( - ), ard |o l|rd ||rse|l |rvo|ved |r z|z1 z;z8
||e suosequer| cor|rovers|es aoou| ||e |aps|. l|s rodera||or a||oWed lor
a oa|arced dec|s|or aoou| ||e oap||sr ol |ere||cs. 8as|rg ||s oppos|||or |o
Fgyp||ar r|||erar|sr or a cr|||ca| s|udy ol ||e Jo|arr|re Apoca|yse (W||c|
|e a||r|ou|ed |o a Jo|r d|llerer| lror ||e Apos||e) paradox|ca||y 0|orys|us
corl|rred ||e |rc|us|or ol ||e Apoca|ypse |r ||e r| caror. lr |e||ers exc|arged
W||| 0|orys|us ol bore |e d|scussed scr|p|ura| syroo|s used |r
||s |r|r||ar|ar s|a|erer|s ard |r|roduced ||e gerer|c use ol |orous|osW||c|
Wou|d preva|| |r lour|| cer|ury |rad|||ors |r ||re W||| 0r|ger's doc|r|re ol
||ree d|v|re |ypos|ase|s.
lor a s|udy ol 0|orys|us' a||||ude |o scr|p|ure, ||s |Wo preserved les|a|
le||erss|oW |r par||cu|ar |oW |e coro|red o|o||ca| ||oug|| ard c|ass|ca|
cu||ure. l|s |e||ers or perarce ard oap||sr sugges| |oW |e ||r|ed scr|p|ura|
relererces W||| ecc|es|as||ca| d|sc|p||re. l|s Correr|ary or
Fcc|es|as|essurv|ves |r a leW lragrer|s. l|s le||er |o 8as|||des, a le||oW o|s|op
lror lyo|ar
ler|apo||s W|or |e |ad oelr|erded, locuses or ||e |r|erva| oe|Weer ||e
dea|| ard ||e resurrec||or ol Jesus, ard or ||e da|e ol ||a| resurrec||or.
0r ||e lror|ses(Fuseo|us ol Caesarea, lFvll, - ) exar|res ||e z|z
ra|ure ard au||ors||p ol ||e Apoca|ypse. T| |s Wor| docurer|s ||s exege||ca|
re||od. 8oo| r|d|cu|es popu|ar oe||els aoou| ||e ||ousard years ol 1
C|r|s|'s l|ra| re|gr or ear||, ard cersures lreraeus, Adversus |aeresesv, 8oo|
zd|scusses ||e Apoca|ypse, ||s currer| s|a|us |r ||e c|urc|, ||e d|ll| cu||y ol
||s |r|erpre|a||or (`||e Way ol |r|erpre||rg eac| passage |s er||re|y ||dder
ard ex|raord|rary'). l|rs|, |e s|resses ||e d|llererce ol `s|y|e' oe|Weer ||e
0ospe| ard ||e (l|rs|) le||er ol Jo|r or ore s|de, ard ||e Apoca|ypse or ||e
;o3|x T| |rd-Cer|ury 0ree| C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
o||er. T| e |a||er |s due |o ar au||or `|rsp|red oy 0od' a|so ca||ed `Jo|r' ard
W|o rever r|ssed ar oppor|ur||y |o g|ve ||s rare, W|ereas ||e Jo|arr|re
0ospe| Wr||er rera|rs aroryrous. T| eres, vocaou|ary ard 0ree| syr|ax
are s|ared oy ||e 0ospe| ard Fp|s||es, ou| ro| oy ||e Apoca|ypse. 0|orys|us'
exerc|se |r |||erary cr|||c|sr or ||e 8oo| ol beve|a||or Was |o rera|r
urpara||e|ed ur||| roderr ||res.
T| e d|scuss|or ol ||e prec|se |our ol C|r|s|'s resurrec||or |r ||e le||er
|o 8as|||dess|oWs ||e sare c|ar||y ol judgerer| ard oper-r|rdedress. |r
corpar|rg ||e Word|rgs or ||a| |ssue ol a|| lour 0ospe| Wr||ers, 0|orys|us
corc|udes ||a| ||e resurrec||or |appered or|y al|er r|dr|g||, ||erelore
las||rg seered rore corver|er| ur||| Fas|er 3urday rorr|rg. lr arsWer|rg
o||er ques||ors ol 8as|||des, 0|orys|us quo|es |a|||eW . ard lu|e . , zo 8||
W|er recorrerd|rg ||a| Worer s|ou|d aos|a|r lror corrur|or dur|rg
rers|rua| per|ods. le |rvo|es lau| lor |e|||rg |usoard ard W|le dec|de
||erse|ves W|e||er |o avo|d |r|ercourse dur|rg ||res ol prayerlu| re|rea|.
0r |ar|yrdor |o 0r|geropposes ||e |a||er's essay or ||e sare |op|c, |r
par||cu|ar c|ap|er . 0|orys|us ded|ca|ed a rore p|||osop||ca| essay 0r z
Na|ure|o ||s `sor' T|ro||y. le ar||c|pa|ed ||e ||eo|og|ca| deoa|e arourd
Ar|ar|sr |r ||s lour ooo|s, Apo|ogy ard 0elerce. As 0|orys|us ol bore |ad
correr|ed or lrv . as a so||d oas|s lor ||s rorarc||ar suoord|ra||or|sr, 8zz
0|orys|us expressed ||s oWr op|r|or or ||e vexed verse, ou| |r ||e
surv|v|rg lragrer|s (A||aras|us, 0e ser|er||a 0|orys||, ) |e or|y quo|es 1
|rp||c|||y w|s . W|er c|a|r|rg ||a| ||e logos |s `||e rad|arce ol e|erra| ;zo
||g||' (l0 , c), ard |e c||es lrv . ( d) ard w|s . ( a). l|s zo1 8oo1 ;zo|
reserva||or aoou| |oroous|oscorlorrs |o ||s usua| |errereu||c. `T| oug|
l d|d ro| l|rd ||a| Word |r ||e scr|p|ures l |reW, oy co||ec||rg ||e serse
(-v vo#v) ol ||ose very scr|p|ures ||a| as 3or ard logos |e cou|d ro| oe
a||er |o ||e la||er's suos|arce ( od)' ( o). T| e carelu| c|ec||rg ol o
|||era| da|a |r scr|p|ure |s a|Ways a pr|or||y, ou| || |s a|Ways rore |rpor|ar|
|o |eep ||e serse (-v vo#v).
Fd|||ors
8|erer|, w. A.,`0|orys|us vor A|exardr|er, 0as er|a||ere wer|.' 80l ( ). z1;z
Coryoeare, l. C., `NeW|y 0|scovered le||ers ol 0|orys|us ol A|exardr|a |o ||e
lopes 3|ep|er ard Xys|us'. Frg||s| l|s|or|ca| bev|eW ( ). - . z11o1111|
le||oe, C. l., 0|orys|ou le|psara T| e le||ers ard 0||er bera|rs ol 0|orys|us ol
A|exardr|a, Caror|dge . 1o|
. 3|. 0|orys|us ol A|exardr|a. le||ers ard Trea||ses. lordor . 118
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| 3|ud|es ;;
331
8|erer|, w. A., 0|orys|us der 0rosse urd 0r|geres. 3|la|r ( ). - . 1o18z1zz
. `0|orys|us vor A|exardr|er. 0er lrage des 0r|ger|srus |r dr|||er
Ja|r|urder|,' lT3, ( ) (spec|a||y pp. - `0er Fxege|'). z11;8 1|1o
. `0|orys|us vor A|exardr|er'. TbF ( ). - . 8181;o;;1
`Ca|era laur|ers|s |r Fcc|es|as|er |r qua saepe exeges|s serva|ur 0|orys||
A|exardr|r|, rurc pr|rur ed||a ao A. laoa|e.' CC0, . Turr|ou|. 8repo|s, z|
1z.
Co|sor, l. l., `TWo Fxarp|es ol l||era| ard b|e|or|ca| Cr|||c|sr |r ||e la||ers'.
JT| 3 ( ). - . z1z|o|;;
0erys |'Areopag||e e| sa pos|er||e er 0r|er| e| er 0cc|der|. Ac|es du Co||oque
|r|erra||ora|, lar|s, - sep|erore .Fd||ed oy . de Ard|a. Co||. des z1z| 1|
F|udes
Augus||r|erres, 3er. Ar||qu||e. . lar|s. lrs|||u| d'F|udes Augus||r|erres, 11
1;.
larr, u.. lACl, rd ed. , l. z 11;
learza, 3., l| correr|ar|o su||' Fcc|es|as|o d| 0|or|g|o A|essardr|ro, luoo|. |rs|.
sc|erz. g|ur. ecor. po|||. e soc. ur|v. |ess|ra lll, ls. 3. lug||a|||, |||ar, v
( ). - . 1;8;|z
lorerz, b.,Ar|us juda|zars?, ur|ersuc|urg zur dogrergesc||c||||c|er
F|rordrurg des
Ar|us, l0K0 . 0o|||rger. varder|oec| ard buprec||, . 1 18o
||||er, l. 3., 3|ud|es |r 0|ory|us ||e 0rea| ol A|exardr|a0|ss. Fr|arger, . 1
Nau||r, l., le||res e| ecr|va|rs c|re||ers des ll
e
e| lll
e
s|c|es, lar|s . 1o1
. `0|or|g| d| A|essardr|a,' 0lACl ( ). - . 188o8z
lapadopou|os, 3. 0., `0|orys|os ol A|exardr|aTrad|||or ard Cr|||c|sr'.
08| . 1o
( ). - (|r 0ree|). 1;1o8
3|rore|||, |., `le or|g|r| de||' Ar|ares|ro'. b3lb ( ). - . ;1;11;o
0|orys|us ol A|exardr|a ;;
;83|x T| |rd-Cer|ury 0ree| C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
v
0bF00b TlAu|ATub0u3 (210|13-270|75)
0regory, surrared ||e `worder-Wor|er' soor al|er ||s dea||, Was oorr
|r|o a ror-C|r|s||ar lar||y, ou| |e oecare |r|eres|ed |r C|r|s||ar||y oelore
|e Wer| |o 8e|ru| W||| ||s oro||er, A||erodorus, |r order |o corp|e|e ||s
|aW s|ud|es. 0r ||s Way, |e re| 0r|ger |r Caesarea, ard ||s ||le Was |urred
ups|de doWr. le s|ud|ed W||| 0r|ger lor l|ve years. As a lareWe|| speec|,
|e de||vered |r ar Frcor|ur(or T|ar|sg|v|rg Address) ol ||s oe|oved z8
ras|er, W||| quo|a||ors lror o| ard r| |rc|ud|rg ||s 8oo| ol beve|a||or
(F. |aro||a). l| Was ||e ros| so|err r|e|or|ca| perlorrarce ol ||a| sor|, as
lar as We |roW, addressed |o ary c|urc| la||er. 3oor al| er ||s re|urr |o ||s
|ore|oWr |r lor|us, 0regory oecare ||s o|s|op. lr , |e escaped W||| ||s zo
corrur||y |r|o re|g|oour|rg rour|a|rs dur|rg ||e persecu||or ol 0ec|us,
ou| |e cou|d ro| avo|d ||e ravages caused oy ||e 0o||s ard o||er 8aroar|ar
|rvaders |r . l|s Caror|ca| Fp|s||elaces W||| a l|rr ard sourd judgerer| z8
||e drara||c s||ua||ors |rposed or rer ard Worer dur|rg ||e |rvas|or.
3cr|p|ure, W||| ex|ers|ve quo|a||ors lror 0eres|s, Fxodus, 0eu|errory
ard Jos|ua, ard a|so lror |a|||eW, Cor|r|||ars ard Fp|es|ars, |s ||e so|e 1
au||or||y d|c|a||rg ||e o|s|op's a||||ude |r ||e |er au||er||c carors.
A |e|ap|rase ol ||e 8oo| ol Fcc|es|as|es|r |We|ve c|ap|ers Was |rars|a|ed
|r|o Frg||s| oy 3. 0. l. 3a|rord |r r|d-r|re|eer|| cer|ury, ou| rece|ved
lror A. C|eve|ard Coxe, ||s Arer|car ed||or ol (ANl ), a| |eas| lor 188o o
||s |as| c|ap|er, a |ess ||ar l| a||er|rg ro||ce. `T| e |rcorparao|e oeau|y ol
our Frg||s| vers|or ol |||s |We|l|| c|ap|er ol Ko|e|e|| |s |e|g||ered ro|
a |||||e oy corpar|sor W||| |||s |urg|d re|ap|rase. l| la||s, |r a|ros| every
|rs|arce, |o ex|rac| ||e |erre| ol ||e success|ve s||vco| ol |||s super|a||ve|y
poe||c ard d|dac||c ||rerode. l| rus| |ave oeer a you||lu| Wor| (ANl , o
1;). |ore recer| cr|||cs (Noa|es, Jar|c|) oller d|llerer| ard corp|erer|ary
|rs|g||s or 0regory's |e|ap|rase.
To T| eoporpos|s ar apo|oge||c essay |rarsr|||ed or|y |r 3yr|ac. lr ||e
lorr ol a d|a|ogue, || d|scusses W||| a pagar |r|er|ocu|or ||e ques||or ol
0od's |rpass|o||||y. ll C|r|s| |s sa|d |o |ave sullered, || rears ||a| |e vo|ur|eered
|o do so |r order |o overcore suller|rg ard dea||, W||c| sale-guards
||e pr|rc|p|e ol 0od's |rpass|o||||y. A Corless|o l|de|, or 3yroo|ur, |rarsr|||ed
urder ||e rare ol 0regory T| aura|urgus, |s a Wor| ol 0regory ol Nyssa
(l. AoraroWs||). A leW o||er duo|ous or apocryp|a| Wr|||rgs are |roWr,
suc| as ||e le||er |o l|||agr|usard a s|or| essay 0e ar|ra.
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| Fd|||ors ;
Frcor|ur ol 0r|ger.
l0 , - . 1o1o|11o|
332
3. 0. l. 3a|rord. ANl , - (Frg||s|). oz1
l. Crouze|. 3C (Tex| ard lrerc| |rars|a||or). 1|8
l. 0uyo|, b. K|e|r. laC| (0errar, W||| le||er ol 0r|ger |o 0regory, z| z
ex|or||rg ||r |o perservere |r ||e s|udy ol scr|p|ure al|er ||s re|urr
lror Caesarea |o Neocaesarea).
F. |aro||a. Tela (l|a||ar). |o
|. 3|usser. laC| (Frg||s| ). 8 18
Caror|ca| Fp|s||e.
l0 , - . 1o1ozo|8
3. 0. l. 3a|rord. ANl , - (Frg||s|). o18zo
l. l. Joarru, bore (Tex| ard lrerc| |rars|a||or). 1o
K. |. l|ous|as, A||ers (Tex|). 1;8
|. 3|usser. laC| (Frg||s| ). 8 18
To T| eoporpos.
l. l a g a r d e , Ara|ec|a 3yr|aca, 0sraoruc| = 8er||r . 1o; 188
v. bysse|, le|pz|g (0errar). 188o
|. 3|usser. laC| (Frg||s| ). 8 18
3|ud|es
AoraroWs||, l., `0as 8e|err|r|s des 0regor T| aura|urgus oe| 0regor vor
Nyssa
urd das lroo|er se|rer Fc|||e||'. ZK0 ( ). - . 8;1;o1|oo
. `0|e 3c|r|l|0regors des le|rers ad T| eoporpur urd l|||oxerus vor
|aooug'. ZK0 ( ). - . 81;8z8zo
Crouze|, l.. 03p , - , bAC , - . o1o1|zo 1z;;
0rage, A., `0er |aror|sc|e 8r|el des 0regors T|aura|urgus'. JpT| ( ). ;181
- 1oz1zo.
Jar|c|, J., 0regory T| aura|urgos' larap|rase ol Fcc|es|as|es.3ep|uag|r| ard
Cogra|e
3|ud|es . A||ar|a . z 1o
lo Cas|ro, 0. `0sservaz|or| su ur'ore||a greca su| oa||es|ro cor ore||e d|
Teodo|o
d'Arc|ra.' 0rp|eus ( ). - . 11zz1|
Noa|es, K. w., `T| e |e|ap|rase or Fcc|es|as|es ol 0regory T| aura|urgus'.
3|la|r
( ). - . 18|1o
3|usser. |. TbF . - . 1|1881
. 3|. 0regory T| aura|urgus. l|le ard wor|s(laC| ) was||rg|or, 0.C. 8
. 18
0regory T|aura|urgus ;
8o3|x T| |rd-Cer|ury 0ree| C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
vl
A||0Nl03 0l AlFXAN0blA |l03b0 C.
Arror|us, W|o `seers |o |ave oeer a cor|erporary ol 0r|ger, Wro|e a
larrory oe|Weer |oses ard Jesus, prooao|y |r order |o prove aga|rs| 0ros||cs
(|arc|or?) ||e ur||y ol oo|| Tes|arer|s' (uas|er ll, ). 1o1
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| vll 81
TlF00N03T03 3FC0N0 lAll 3b0 C.
3uccessor |o 0|orys|us as |ead ol ||e sc|oo| ol A|exardr|a, ca. - , T| zoz8z
eogros|os |s |roWr ||ar|s |o a |org ex|rac| lror l|o||us, cod. quo||rg 1oo
||e lypo|ypose|s, a sys|era||c surrary ol C|r|s||ar oe||els |r sever ooo|s,
ol W||c| lour lragrer|s are preserved (l0 , l.). 1oz|o
3|ud|es
larrac|, A., Tu | ( ) - . z|1o;z
badlord, l. 8., T| ree Teac|ers ol A|exardr|a. T| eogros|os, l|er|us ard le|er.
Caror|dge
1o8, - . 1|
8z3|x T| |rd-Cer|ury 0ree| C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
vlll
TlF0NA3 0l AlFXAN0blA lATF 3b0 C.
l||||e |s recorded ol T| eoras, W|o succeeded T| eogros|os as o|s|op ol
A|exardr|a |r ||e l|ra| decades ol ||e |||rd cer|ury ( - ). z81oo
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| lX 8
lFTFb l 0l AlFXAN0blA 0. 311
8|s|op ol A|exardr|a ( - ) dur|rg ||e persecu||or ol 0|oc|e||ar, le|er oo11
Was ra|yred |r . l|s corl||c| W||| ||e r|gor|s| |e||||us corcerr|rg ||e 11
|asp|gerera|ed a ruroer ol |e||ers ard |or|||es. Ar essay 0r ||e 0|v|r||y
ard lurar||y ol C|r|s|, a 0e ar|ra, a |rea||se 0r ||e besurrec||oraga|rs|
0r|ger, are re|evar| lor le|er's |errereu||cs.
Fd|||ors
l0 , - . l0 , 8. 18ozz 8oo1
Crur, w. F., `Tex|s a||r|ou|ed |o le|er ol A|exardr|a'. JT| 3 ( | ) |1ozo
- 8;;.
3|ud|es
333
8|erer|, w. A., 0|orys|us vor A|exardr|er, 8er||r . 1;8
0r|ggs, C. w., Far|y Fgyp||ar C|r|s||ar||y, le|der . 1o
learsor, 8., ard T. v|v|ar., TWo Cop||c lor|||es a||r|ou|ed |o 3a|r| le|er ol
A|exardr|a or b|c|es, or ||e Fp|p|ary. bore. C.l.|.
learsor, 8. A., `TWo lor|||es a||r|ou|ed |o 3|. le|er ol A|exardr|a.' lr d Cop||c,
- o1, | . 18|o
badlord, l. 8., T| ree Teac|ers ol A|exardr|a. T| eogros|os, l|er|us ard le|er.
Caror|dge . 1o8
v|v|ar, T., 3|. le|er ol A|exardr|a. 8|s|op ard |ar|yr. l|||ade|p||a . 188
8|3|x T| |rd-Cer|ury 0ree| C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
X
|FTl00lu3 0l 0l|lu3 0. CA. 311
T| e Wr|||rgs ol |e||od|us ol 0|yrpus spar ||e c|os|rg years ol ||e |||rd
cer|ury ard ||e oeg|rr|rg ol ||e lour|| cer|ury. T| ere |s cors|derao|e
urcer|a|r|y aoou| |||s C|r|s||ar Wr||er. Ar |||rerar| |eac|er ra||er ||ar a
o|s|op W||| l|xed |oca||or (b. w||||ars), || |s poss|o|e ||a| |e||od|us Was
rar|yred |r dur|rg |ax|r|rus's v|s|| |o Car|a. 1z
l|s ra|r Wor|, a|so ore ol ||s ear||es|, T|e 8arque|or 0r v|rg|r||y,
(Cl0 l, ) |s er||re|y preserved |r ||e or|g|ra| 0ree|. Aro||er essay, 0r 181o
lree w|||(Cl0 l, ) |s par||y |rarsr|||ed |r |arge ex|rac|s oy Fuseo|us 181o
ol Caesarea lFvll, , l|o||us, Cod. , ard |r ||e 3acra para||e|aoy Jo|r zz zo
ol 0arascus. l| a|so reads |r Arrer|ar (Fzr|| ol Ko|o) ard |r a corp|e|e
0|d 3|avor|c vers|or ol ||e || cer|ury, urder ||e rore adequa|e ||||e, 0r 11
0od, |a|er|a ard lree w|||. A |||rd essay , 0r ||e besurrec||or, or Ag|ap|or,
a|so surv|ves |r 0|d 3|avor|c. lar|s ol || are quo|ed oy Fp|p|ar|us, l|o||us,
Jo|r ol 0arascus, Jus||r|ar, ard |r severa| ca|erae. 0||er exege||ca| lragrer|s
are |roWr ||roug| ||e ca|erae. T| ey dea| W||| ||e ooo| ol Joo, ||e
`red |e|ler' ol Nuroers (0e c|o|s), ||e |eprosy rer||ored |r lev|||cus 1
1(3|s|e||us. 0e |epra), ||e |eec| ol lrv . (0e sargu|suga) ard W||| ls o1
18. , `T| e |eavers s|oW lor|| ||e g|ory ol 0od.' Arorg ||e |as| Wor|s ol z
|e||od|us l|gure correr|ar|es 0r 0eres|sard 0r ||e Car||c|esW||c|
Jerore s|||| records arorg ||e |roWr Wor|s.
|e||od|us oe|orgs |o ||e |errereu||ca| |rad|||or ol 0r|ger, W|or
|e cr|||c|zes aoou| ||e pre-ex|s|erce ol sou|s ard ||e resurrec|ed oody. le
derources |||era||sr as `JeW|s|' (3yrp. l., - ) ard lavours a||egor|ca| z z8z|o
|r|erpre|a||ors ol ||e o|, |r par||cu|ar ||e passages ol ||e ler|a|euc|
|rc|ud|rg |ega| or r||ua| regu|a||ors. le s|resses lree W|||, W||| a v|s|or ol
sa|va||or cer|red or ||e ||ere ol d|v|re |rage-|||eress |r |urar oe|rgs.
Adar's |urar||y |s s|||| |r ar ear|y s|age. peop|e Were ca||ed |o groW |r
grace oy cor|r|ou||rg ||e|r oWr gereros||y. lreraeus ol lyor Was a s|rorg
|rsp|ra||or lor |e||od|us.
T|e 8arque|ce|eora|es ||e |eg|||racy ard oeau|y ol |urar sexua|||y. |e||od|us,
ur|||e ||e Apos||e lau|, l| rds |r || ||e oes| corpar|sor lor
cor|erp|a||rg ||e ur|or ol C|r|s| ard C|urc|. T| e ce|eora||or ol v|rg|r||y
|s oourd W||| |e||od|us' r|||erar|s||c cer|||udes. v|rg|r||y secures a reW
|arrory oe|Weer ear|||y ard |eaver|y cord|||or, ard prel|gures ||e l|ra|
re|gr ol C|r|s| or ear|| (b. w||||ars).
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| T|e l|rs| ol ||e e|ever `3peec|es' 8
(|ogo|) ol T|e 8arque||s ar||c|pa|ed, |r
||e lr|roduc||or oy a rer||or ol ||e `8r|degroor' ( Cor . ), arrourc|rg z 11z
||e oas|c or|er|a||or ol ||e W|o|e Wor|.
logos |s a sp|r||ua| red||a||or or scr|p|ure, l|||ed W||| rurerous o|o||ca| 1
quo|a||ors ard relererces. |arce||a, W|o de||vers ||e logos, s|resses o|o||ca|
||s|ory |r a sWeep|rg survey ol |urar sexua|||y.
logos , de||vered oy T| eop|||a |r|erds `|o g|ve scr|p|ure ||s proper p|ace' z
( ), |r s|oW|rg ||a| a C|r|s||ar locus or ||e |urar cord|||or ca||s lor a 1
o|o||ca| recourse |r W||c| scr|p|ure Wou|d |rsp|re ||e W|o|e argurer|. logos
z|rs|s|s ||a| ||e |ru|| aoou| v|rg|r||y car or|y oe reac|ed oy a||egor|z|rg
scr|p|ure.
logos |s er||re|y ded|ca|ed |o a cr|||ca| correr| or lau||re |ex|s. l| s|ar|s
oy d|rec||y ques||or|rg Cor . or ||e re|evarce ol a||egory, ard W||| z 11z
quo|a||or ol Fp| . - c|a|rs ||a| ore |as |o lo||oW `||e Apos||e, |eac||rg z8z
us |o |a|e ||e |ex| |r a rore sp|r||ua| serse as relerr|rg |o C|r|s|' ( ). T| e 1
|||era| serse s|ou|d rever oe reg|ec|ed. `lor || |s a precar|ous procedure |o
d|sregard u||er|y ||e ac|ua| rear|rg ol ||e |ex| as Wr|||er, par||cu|ar|y |r
||e ooo| ol 0eres|s' ( ), ou| |r sore cases `|e| us |rqu|re rore deep|y |r|o z
||e |ex| ard exp|a|r ||s correspord|rg sp|r||ua| serse' ( ). 3uc| rerar|s do z
ro| dev|a|e lror 0r|ger's oWr |errereu||cs.
logos , |r|eres|ed |r `||e serses ol ||e sou|' (a|so ar 0r|ger|ar |opos) ard |
|r W|a| `||e lo|y 3p|r|| |e||s us' accord|rg |o lsa|r ( ard ), relers 1oz
|rs|s|er||y |o C|r|s||ar sc|o|ars||p .'as ||e sc|o|ars |e|| us' ( ) prooao|y a|so |
W||| 0r|ger |r r|rd.
logos , de||vered oy T| a||usa see|s `|o exp|a|r |o you oy |rue reasor|rg
||e sp|r||ua| rear|rg ol scr|p|ure' ( ). ler argurer| |s s|rp|e, repea||rg z
334
0r|ger aga|r. `ll, accord|rg |o ||e Apos||e, '||e |aW |s sp|r||ua|' ard cor|a|rs
W||||r ||se|l ||e |rages 'ol ||e good |||rgs |o core', ||er |e| us rerove '||e
ve||' ol ||e |e||er W||c| |s spread over || ard cor|erp|a|e ||s |rue rear|rg
s|r|pped oare' ( ). w|a| |s proper |o |e||od|us |s ||e Way |r W||c| T| a||usa ;
coro|res sp|r||ua| exeges|s W||| c||||as||c la|||, aga|r ||e g|ooa| ||s|ory ol
sa|va||or serv|rg as a oac|grourd.
logos oecores u||er|y a||egor|ca|. `lor ||e o|| represer|s W|sdor ard o
r|g||eousress ( ), `||dr|g|| s|ards lor ||e re|gr ol ||e Ar||c|r|s|' ( ), `T| ese, |
ry la|r ra|ders, are ||e secre| r||es ol our rys|er|es, ||e rys||ca| r||es ol
|r|||a||or |r|o v|rg|r||y' ( ).
lr logos , lroc|||a ra|r|a|rs ||e g|ooa| v|s|or, dear |o |e||od|us, |r ce|eora||rg ;
`a|| ||ose W|o |ave oeer ou|s|ard|rg |r r|g||eousress lror ||e
oeg|rr|rg ||roug|ou| ||e course ol ||s|ory' ( ). |
|e||od|us ol 0|yrpus 8
8o3|x T| |rd-Cer|ury 0ree| C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
logos |urrs T| ec|a's a||er||or |oWards ||e Apoca|ypse, `re|y|rg or l|r W|o 8
|as o|dder us |o searc| ||e scr|p|ures' (Jr . ) ( ) ard `W|||ou| l||rc||rg |
oelore ||e |rererdous ooscur|||es ol scr|p|ure. ( ).
logos scorrs ||e JeWs lor r|ss|rg ||e sp|r||ua| rear|rg ol ||e|r oWr
scr|p|ure. `lor ||e laW |s a s|adoW ard |ype ol ||e |rage, ||a| |s |o say, ol
||e 0ospe|, ard ||e |rage, ||e 0ospe|, represer|s ||e |ru|| W||c| W||| oe
lu|l|||ed a| ||e secord cor|rg ol C|r|s|' ( ). Aga|r, |r ||ese s|ages ard |r z
a v|s|or c|ose |o ||e r|rd ol 0r|ger, ||e s|a|us ol exeges|s ard ||e 0ospe|
ever| are cor|erp|a|ed |r ||e ||g|| ol g|ooa| ||s|ory.
T| e sare |appers |r logos , W|er 0orr|ra exp|a|rs W|y ||ere are lour 1o
0ospe|s, ard |r logos , rore exac||y, |r T| ec|a's l|ra| |yrr. 11
T| e e|aoora|e |rea|rer| |r 8arque|, logos , ol ||e leas| ol Taoerrac|es
(lv . - ) `|s corror|y recogr|zed as ||e l|rs| ev|derce ol ||e C|r|s||ar z|
use ol JeW|s| r|||erar|ar |r|erpre|a||ors ol ||e leas|,' ou| `||e corror ro||or
||a| |e||od|us |s ar ad|erer| ol a r|||erar|ar |rad|||or |s qu||e r|s|ead|rg'
(la||ersor, ). 0ar|e|ou (0ospe| |essage, - ) |ad c|arac|er|zed 1oo z8oo
|e||od|us's exeges|s as cors|s|er| W||| ||e |ypo|og|ca| approac| ol As|a
||ror. la||ersor oojec|s corv|rc|rg|y `||a| |s lar as |e||od|us se|s lor||
a ra||ora|e lor ||e |rea|rer| ol ||e scr|p|ures, ||a| ra||ora|e |s |rdeo|ed |o
0r|ger ra||er ||ar |o aryore e|se. l|s approac| |s a| orce oo|| |ypo|og|ca|
ard a||egor|ca|, as ||s use ol leoreWs . s|oWs. 8u| so |s 0r|ger's' (la||ersor, 1o1
). la||ersor a|so d|scusses `||e |r|roduc||or ol ||e excerp| lror 1z8
0r|ger or ls . ' ( - ), ||e exeges|s ol lau||re quo|a||ors ( - ). 1111z 1oo1oo
A ||oroug| exar|ra||or ol 0r|ger's ||oug||, as cr|||c|zed oy |e||od|us, or
||e `days ol Crea||or' (ls . - ) corp|e|es ||s s|udy ( - ). oz| zo1z1|
3|ud|es
lerrarese, 0. `va|ore de||a |egge ed au|or|| deg|| Apos|o||, Ac| . - |r 111
|e|od|o
d| 0||rpo.' Ko|ror|a ( ). - . 818|1;81
|ac|eod, C. w. `8a||os|r 'lorg|rus' ard |e||od|us.' JT| 3 ( ). s. z;1;o|1
|ar|r, |. `0r|gere e |e|od|o su lev . - .' ve|C|r ( ). - . z|z| 18181|;o;
|azzucco, C. `Tra |'orora e |a rea||, |''Apoca||sse' re| '3|rpos|o' d| |e|od|o d|
0||rpo.' C|vC|Cr ( ). - . o18|z
. `l| r|||erar|sro d| |e|od|o d| 0||rpo d| lror|e a 0r|gere, po|er|ca o
cor||ru||.' Aug ( ). - . zo18o;8;
|ees, |. ` Cor . - urd d|e Aulers|e|urg der To|er rac| 0r|geres urd z o11o
|e||od|us.' la|erarur ( ). - . 1181o
. `lau|us, 0r|geres urd |e||od|us uoer d|e Aulers|e|urg der To|er.' Aug zo
( ). - . 181o1
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| |or|serra| Torrer|s, J. `los |||u|os 8;
cr|s|o|og|cos er |a oora de |e|od|o de 0||rp|o.'
3crv|c| ( ). - . 1o1o1o1z1z
0roe, A. `3. |e|od|o y |a exeges|s de bor , a 'Fgo au|er v|veoar s|re |ege ;
a||quardo'.' 0reg ( ). - . o1o1;
la||ersor, l. 0. `T| e Crea||or ol ||e word |r |e||od|us' 3yrpos|ur.' 3|la|r |
( ). - . 1ooz|oo
. `|e||od|us or 0r|ger |r 0e Crea||s.' l r 0r|ger|ara u|r|a, ed||ed oy b. J.
0a|y,
- |;o8. louva|r, . 1z
. `|e||od|us' ||||erar|ar|sr.' 3|la|r ( ). - . z|1oo1
. |e||od|us ol 0|yrpus. 0|v|re 3overe|gr|y, lurar lreedor, ard l|le |r
C|r|s|,
was||rg|or 0.C., . 1;
lr|rz|va|||, F. `l'uso de| lrovero|re||a cu||ura cr|s||ara as|a||ca da 0|us||ro a
|e|od|o d| 0||rpo,' le||ure3ap( ) . - . 11z1o;;
. `0r|gere e |e|od|o d| 0||rpo a corlror|o su ur oraro esca|o|og|co d| lao|o.'
lr 3|or|a de||'eseges| g|uda|ca e cr|s||ara ar||ca, ed||ed oy l. C. 8or|, - , 1zo
18| . 8|
335
. l'eseges| o|o||ca d| |e|od|o d| 0||rpo. bore. lrs|. la|r|s|. Augus||r|arur,
. 18
be|r|r|, 0. l. `0er verlasserra|re '||d|os' der syr|sc|er 3c|a|z|o||e urd d|e
Apo|a|ypse des lseudo-|e||od|os.' 0rC|r ( ). - . o;18|oo|
be|r|r|, 0. J. `lsrae|, der w||dese| |r der wus|e, zur Typo|og|e der Apo|a|ypse
des
lseudo-|e||od|os.' 8yZ ( ). - . ;18zo||
. `0er edesser|sc|e 'lseudo-|e||od|us.'' 8yZ ( ). - . 81o1|
b|gg|, C. `Teo|og|a de||a s|or|a re| '3|rpos|o' d| |e|od|o d| 0||rpo.' lr Fp|s|rop|e,
ed||ed oy 8. Ara|a, - . bore, . |81o| 18
3|rore|||, |. `l| r|||erar|sro (Apc , ) |r 0r|er|e da 0r|gere a |e|od|o.' lr zoz
Corora 0ra||arur ls. F. 0e||ers, - . 8rugge. 0raver|age, . ;8 1;
v||ores, A. `lder|||ad er|re e| cuerpo ruer|o y resuc||ado er 0r|geres segr e|
'0e
besurrec||ore' de |e|od|o de 0||rpo.' Jerusa|er. 38lA , . 18181
|e||od|us ol 0|yrpus 8;
v| A|p|aoe||ca| l|s| ol lr|rc|pa| Au||ors & Aroryrous wor|s 0|scussed
T||s page |r|er||ora||y|el|o|ar|
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| 8
ClAlTFb 3FvFN
Tllb0-CFNTub lATlN
Clbl3TlAN llTFbATubF
cor|er|s
l. ||ruc|us le||x 591
ll. Ter|u|||ar 593
lll. Corrod|ar o23
lv. Cypr|ar ol Car||age o25
v. Nova||ar o34
vl. v|c|or|rus ol loe|ov|o o37
8
v| A|p|aoe||ca| l|s| ol lr|rc|pa| Au||ors & Aroryrous wor|s 0|scussed
T||s page |r|er||ora||y|el|o|ar|
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| l 1
|lNuClu3 lFllX FAbl 3b0 C.
T|e 0c|av|us, corposed oe|Weer ard c.e., |a|es ||s rare lror 1; zo
||e ||||e g|ver oy a copy|s| W|o cour|ed || as `e|g|||' ooo| ol Arroo|us,
Adversus ra||ores. T| |s r|s|a|er a||r|ou||or prooao|y preserved a Wor|
W||c| |rarsr||s a corversa||or oe|Weer ||ree lr|erds or C|r|s||ar apo|oge||cs
corcerr|rg d|v|re prov|derce ard roro||e|sr, ard or e|||cs. T| ere
are ro o|o||ca| quo|a||ors, ou| all| r|||es W||| scr|p|ure, W||c| |e|p |o s|ape
||s C|r|s||ar s|y|e. `a scr|p|ura| |rpregra||or W||c|, ||oug| very d|scree|,
|s ||e rore ro|eWor||y ard cer|a|r|y ||e rore ell| c|er| W||| regard |o ary
po|er||a| reader.' (J. lor|a|re, Aspec|s, , all| r|||es W||| scr|p|ure, - ). 11 11|11;
T| e re|a||ors||p oe|Weer ||ruc|us ard Ter|u|||ar rera|rs a ra||er ol sc|o|ar|y
d|scuss|or.
Fd|||ors
8eaujeu, J., rd ed. . z 1;|
la|r, K.. C3Fl . z
Ky|z|er, 8., rd ed., . z 1z
Na|a de 3||va, |. A., l|soor . 1o
3o||ras, l., . 1z
Trars|a||ors
lrerc|. 8eaujeu (see aoove).
Frg||s|. C|ar|e, C. w.. ACw , . 1;|
0errar. lec|, F., Tuo|rger , Ky|z|er, 0., 0arrs|ad| = |ur|c| 181 1
1o.
l|a||ar. 3o||ras (see aoove).
lor|uguese. Na|a de 3||va (see aoove).
Corcordarce
8. Ky|z|er, 0. Najoc|. l||des|e|r . 11
z3ever T| |rd-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
3|ud|es
8ec|er, C., 0er 0c|av|us des |ur|c|us le||x. |ur|c| . 1o;
8uc||e||, v., `0|e wa|r|e|| |r le||sp|ar 0o||es oe| |ur|c|us le||x'. vC ( ). 18
- 1o.
b|zz|, |., `Ar|c|||a e ver||as. || pro|ogo de||' 0c|av|us'. Aevur ar||quur ( ). 1o
- z|o8.
3|r|sca|co, l., `||ruc|o le||ce,' 0lACll - . zzoz
w|eser, 0. 3., `v|rg||, ||ruc|us le||x ard ||e 8|o|e'. lerres ( ). - . 1;1;o1
w|rdau, 8.. lACl, rd ed. , - . z 1||1|z
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| ll
TFbTulllAN 0. CA. 220
Ter|u|||ar, |rad|||ora||y seer as a jur|s| ard advoca|e ol sore reroWr (ar
op|r|or oroad|y der|ed oy roderr exper|s, see bar||r), corver|ed |r bore
336
ca. . A pro||l|c Wr||er, Ter|u|||ar Wer| oac| |o ||s ra||ve Car||age, W|ere 1
|e oecare a pr|es| accord|rg |o Jerore (0e v|r. |||. ). `w||| a prolourd
|roW|edge ol p|||osop|y, |aW, 0ree| ard la||r |e||ers, Ter|u|||ar coro|res
|rex|aus||o|e v|gor, ourr|rg r|e|or|c, ard o|||rg sa||re. l|s a||||ude |s
urcorpror|s|rg. lorever a l|g||er, |e |reW ro re|er||rg |oWards ||s erer|es,
W|e||er pagars, JeWs, |ere||cs, or, |a|er or, Ca||o||cs' (uas|er, ll, ). z|;
we |roW ol lor|y-|Wo |rea||ses, corposed oy Ter|u|||ar oe|Weer 1
ard c.e., e|ever ol ||er oe|rg |os|. `Fxcep| lor 3|. Augus||re, Ter|u|||ar zzo
|s ||e ros| |rpor|ar| ard or|g|ra| ecc|es|as||ca| au||or |r la||r' (uas|er
ll, ). 0r occas|or, |e a|so Wro|e d|rec||y |r 0ree|. lr a|| ||s |rac|a|es z|;
ard parp||e|s, |||s pass|ora|e advoca|e ol persora| re||g|ous oe||els carr|ed
scr|p|ure |r ||s or|el as ||e dec|s|ve p|ece ol ev|derce. T| e 8|o|e ro| or|y
served as prool-|ex|, ou| Ter|u|||ar lourd |r || ||e very |arguage appropr|a|e lor
||s p|eas. 8ased or 0|d la||r |rars|a||ors ol leoreW scr|p|ure ard
or ||s oWr read|rg ol 0ree| vers|ors ol ||e scr|p|ures, Ter|u|||ar's s|y|e
ard vocaou|ary |raugura|ed `C|r|s||ar la||r' (C. |o|rrar). le quo|es a||
caror|ca| Wr|||rgs, excep| ard Jo|r. z
3urveyed |r ||e|r ros| prooao|e c|roro|og|ca| order, Ter|u|||ar's |rac|a|es
oller a r|c| var|e|y ol |rs|g||s |r|o ||s use ol ||e 8|o|e.
1c.e., 0e pa|||o
3cr|p|ure |s ro| quo|ed |r |||s |rea||se.
1o(?) c.e., Apo|oge||cur
Aga|r, ro scr|p|ure |s quo|ed |r |||s Apo|ogy addressed |o ||e goverrors ol
borar prov|rces (borar| |rper|| ar||s|||es).
1oc.e., 0e |do|o|a|r|a
T| |s |rea||se argues aga|rs| C|r|s||ars W|o Were, |r ore Way or aro||er,
|rvo|ved |r ac||v|||es ||r|ed W||| ||e cu|| ol ||e |do|s. Al| er a relererce |o
1Jr . , s|cu| lo|arres doce|( , , ), derourc|rg |do|a|ry as ev||, ||e 1 zz
o| pro||o|||or ol |do|s |s asser|ed oy quo||rg Fx . , 0| . , ls . - , zo 8 ||8
|3ever T| |rd-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
zo, ls . ( - ). A|| soc|a| or proless|ora| ac||v|||es d|rec||y or |rd|rec||y 118|8
re|a|ed |o ||e cu|| ol |do|s are dec|ared |rappropr|a|e lor C|r|s||ars ( - ). 1z
T| e ex|or|a||or, purc|ua|ed oy r| quo|a||ors, d|squa||l|es a|| lorrs ol ||e
es|ao||s|ed cu|| ol |do|s, Ter|u|||ar's l|ra| argurer| ca|||rg or o|o||ca| |ypo|ogy.
ser|e |do|o|a|res |r arcae |ypo ror |aoe|ur. Nu||ur ar|ra| |r |do|o|a|rer
l|gura|ur es|. uod |r arca |r lu||, |r ecc|es|a, ror s||`lor sure ro prac||c|orer
ol |do|a|ry car oe lourd |r ||e |ype ol ||e ar|. No ar|ra| (|r ||) prel|gures
ar |do|a|or. w|a| Was r|ss|rg |r ||e ar| s|ou|d ro| oe accep|ed |r ||e
c|urc|' ( , , - ). z|88
Fd|||ors
Na|, l. 0. var der, .3.l. Ter|u|||ar| 0e |do|a|r|a, lars l (c|ap. - ), W||| 1
|r|roduc||or, |rars|a||or ard correr|ary. le|der . 1oo
be|llersc|e|d, A. ard 0. w|ssoWa, C3Fl ( ). - . zo18oo8
wasz|r|, J. l., 3v|gC|r . 1
Trars|a||ors
Frg||s|. Na| (see aoove), wasz|r| (see aoove).
0errar. Fsser, 0., 8Kv rd ed. , - . z ;1;;|
3|ud|es
Na| (see aoove).
1;c.e., Ad ra||ores
T| e |||urg|ca| use ol scr|p|ure |s d|scree||y rer||ored |ere. co|rus ad ||||erarur
d|v|rarur correrora||orercer|e l|der sarc||s voc|ous pasc|rus,
sper er|g|rus, l|duc|ur l|g|rus, d|sc|p||rar praecep|orur r||||or|rus
|rcu|ca||or|ous dersarus,`w||| ||ose |o|y Words We leed our la|||, We ||l|up
our |opes, We corl|rr our corl|derce, ard ro |ess We re|rlorce our |eac||rg
oy |rcu|ca||or ol 0od's precep|s . . .' ( , ). Fxcep| lor ll. ll. , d|v|ra a||as
erurc|a|a 3o|oror|s, `sacred prorourcerer|s oy 3o|oror rade e|sW|ere,' a
poss|o|e a||us|or |o Fcc| . , or lrv . , . , or ls . , ard ll. lv. , ar 11o 1;1o 11o |
a||us|or |o Ac|s . , |gro||s de|s, ||ere are ro o|o||ca| relererces |r ||e |ex|. 1;z
Fd|||or
be|llersc|e|d, A. ard 0. w|ssoWa, C3Fl ( ). - . zo18o1
Ter|u|||ar
Trars|a||or
lrerc|. 3c|re|der, A., 8lbor. 0|esser . 1o8
1;c.e., 0e spec|acu||s
T| |s |s a pas|ora| adror|||or W|||ou| a s|rg|e relererce |o scr|p|ure(!).
1;c.e., 0e |es||ror|o ar|rae
A |rac|a|e ||a| or|el|y expards ||e argurer| ol Apo|oge||curaoou| ||e
|es||ror|ur ar|rae ra|ura|||er c|r|s||arae, `||e |es||rory ol ||e sou| C|r|s||ar
oy ra|ure.' 0esp||e a poss|o|e a||us|or |o scr|p|ure (ro|r|s ||||er|s , , ), 11
||e parp||e| addresses educa|ed ror-C|r|s||ars |r d|spers|rg lror o|o||ca|
quo|a||ors or relererces.
Fd|||ors
Kroyrarr, A. ard 0. w|ssoWa, C3Fl ( ). - . zo18o1||
337
T|o||e|||, C., l|orerce . 18|
Trars|a||ors
0errar. Fsser, 0., 8Kv rd ed. , - , wasz|r|, J. l., |ur|c| . z ;zo1| 18o
l|a||ar. T|o||e||| (see aoove).
1;c.e., Ad rar|yras
Ter|u|||ar ex|or|s |rpr|sored C|r|s||ar ca|ec|urers |o exerc|se
perseverar||aard |o prepare lor ||e suprere sacr|l|ce. 0re ro|es |r || or|y a
c|ose
parap|rase ol || . |r c|ap. , a par||a| quo|a||or ol Cor . |r c|ap. oz1 z 1 z
, ard a relererce |o || . , sc|rus ex dor|r|co praecep|o(0e||ers , ), zo|1 o1o
`lror ||e say|rg ol 0ur lord We |roW' (T|e|We||, ). o|
Fd|||ors
0e||ers, F., CCl ( ). - . 11|18
o3ever T| |rd-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
Trars|a||ors
0u|c|. |eyooor, l. u., le|der . 1o
|o|rrarr, C., |orurer|a c|r|s||ara , . u|rec|| - 8russe|s, , - . 1 1|118
Frg||s|. T| e|Wa||, 3., ANl ( , ). - . 1881oo
0errar. Ke||rer, l., 8Kv rd ed. ( ). z ;11z
3|ud|es
Carper|auser, l. vor, 0|e ldee des |ar|yr|urs |r der a||er K|rc|e. 0o|||rger
, 1o
- 1;z8.
1;c.e., Adversus Judaeos
8ased or Jus||r's 0|a|ogue(o||er op|r|or, J. 0ar|e|ou, les or|g|res, - ), z1;z|
|| Was corposed oelore Adversus |arc|orerlll. 0r|y c|ap|ers |o are 1 8
au||er||c. 8|o||ca| quo|a||ors Were prooao|y added a| a |a|er da|e.
Fd|||ors
Kroyrarr, A., C3Fl ( ). ;o1|z
Trar||e, l., v|erra . 1o|
Trars|a||ors
0errar. Fsser, 0., 8Kv rd ed. , - . z ;ooz
ca. - c.e. 0e cu||u ler|rarur 1;zo1
Cosre||cs ard o||er oeau|y ar||l|ces are d|aoo||c |rver||ors. lr |||s |rea||se
||ere are relererces |o 0eres|s, |a|||eW ard lau|. lor add|rg ||e au||or||y
ol ||e 8oo| ol Froc|, Ter|u|||ar argues ||a| Noa| cou|d |ave saved ||e Wor|
dur|rg ||e 0e|uge, or re-Wr|||er || oy rerory soor al|er (c|ap. - ). |
Fd|||ors
lse||a, 3., l|orerce . 18o
Kroyrarr, A., C3Fl ( ). - . ;o1|z
Turcar, |., 3C . 1;
Ter|u|||ar ;
Trars|a||ors
Frg||s|. T| e|Wa||, 3., 0r ||e Appare| ol worer, ANl ( , ). - . |18811|z
lrerc|. Turcar (see aoove).
0errar. Fsser, 0., 8Kv rd ed. , - . z ;1;zoz
l|a||ar. lse||a (see aoove).
ca. - c.e., 0e ora||ore 18zoo
lr oo|| par|s ol |||s Fx|or|a||or, ||e l|rs| or ||e 0ur la||er, ||e secord,
correrc|rg |||e a poer W||| prac||ca| adv|ce lor prayer ||le, Ter|u|||ar
addresses ||e C|r|s||ar corrur||y |r |eep|rg ||s a||er||or cors|ar||y
d|rec|ed |o scr|p|ure.
Fd|||ors
0e||ers, F., CCl ( ). - = 0|erc|s, 0. l., 3|l| . 8ussur . 11|z;| | 1|;
Fvars, F., lordor . 1
0rarag||a, l. A., bore . 1|
be|llersc|e|d, A. ard 0. w|ssoWa, C3Fl ( ). - . zo18o18ozoo
Trars|a||ors
0u|c|. |eyooor, l. u., le|der . 11
Frg||s|. Fvars (see aoove), 3u||er, A., lordor - NeW or| , T| e|Wa||, 3., 11
ANl ( - ). - . 1881o811
lrerc|. larrar, A., le la|er exp||que par |es lres, lar|s (ex|rac|s). 1
0errar. Fsser, 0., 8Kv rd ed. ( ). - . z ;11zz|;z;
l|a||ar. 0rarag||a (see aoove).
3|ud|es
|olla|, J., `Ter|u|||ar or ||e lord's lrayer'. FT ( ). - . 1811z||1
le|re, l., `les |eors du parer ros|rur quo||d|arur'. b3b ( ), ls. J. 811
leore|or, - . o;
3c|aler, 0., `0as va|erurser, das 0eoe| des C|r|s|er. F|rer as|e||sc|e 3|ud|e
rac|
Ter|u|||ar 0e ora||ore'. T|0| ( ). - . 1|1o
83ever T| |rd-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
ca. - c.e., 0e oap||sro 18zo
T| e ar||-0ros||c exp|ara||or ol C|r|s||ar oap||sr s|ar|s oy ce|eora||rg
338
Wa|er |r ||e or|g|ra| crea||or ol ||e Wor|d. l| descr|oes ||e oap||sra| syroo||sr ol
Wa|er as prel|gured |r ||e cross|rg ol ||e bed 3ea (Fx ), |r ||e 8
Wa|er lror ||e roc| (Fx ) ard |r Jo|r's oap||sr. NeW Tes|arer| da|a are 1;
scru||r|zed |r order |o derors|ra|e ||e va||d||y ol ||e r||e. |r c|aps. - , o
||e |ea||rg poWer ol oap||sra| Wa|er Was s|gr|l|ed |r advarce oy ||e arge|
ol 8e||esda (Jr . - ). 1
Fd|||ors
8or|ells, J. w. l., CCl ( ). - . 11|z;z
Fvars, F., lordor . 1o|
be|llersc|e|d, A. ard 0. w|ssoWa, C3Fl ( ). - . zo18ozo118
belou|e, b. l. ard |. 0rouzy, 3C ( ). 1z
Trars|a||ors
0u|c|. |eyooor, l. u., le|der , |o|rrarr. C., |orurer|a c|r|s||ara 1o
1, . u|rec||, , - . 11z|1;1
Frg||s|. Fvars (see aoove), 3ou|er, A., lordor , T| e|Wa||, 3., ANl 11
( - ). - . 1881oo;
lrerc|. belou|e (see aoove).
0errar. Fsser, 0., 8Kv rd. ed. ( ). - . z ;11zz;|z
3|ud|es
Ararr, F., `l'arge du oap|ere dars Ter|u|||er'. bev3b ( ). - . 11z1zo8z1
8or|ells, J. w. l., `Zu Ter|u|||ar de oap||sro'. l|||o|og|sc|e woc|ersc|r|l| 1
( ). 11
- z1z.
0o|ger, l. J., `0|e F|rg||ederurg des Taulsyroo|s |r der Taulvo||zug rac| der
3c|r|l|er Ter|u|||ars. Zu Ter|u|||ar 0e oap||sro , '. AC ( ). - . z1 |1|18|o
- 18zoc.e. Ad uxorer
T| e ed||or ol Ad uxorur|r 3C, C. |ur|er, ded|ca|es a sec||or ol ||s |r|roduc||or
|o `l'|r|erpre|a||or scr|p|ura|re' ( - ). ll o| relererces ard quo|a||ors are |;
spread over oo|| par|s ol ||e |e||er|parp||e|, ||e correr|ary ol
1Cor |s ||e |e||er's cer|erp|ece. Ter|u|||ar reac|es ar |rpor|ar| corc|u- ;
Ter|u|||ar
s|or. 3|ou|d ||e c|oser par|rer oe a C|r|s||ar, a secord rarr|age car oe
accep|ed.
Fd|||ors
Kroyrarr, A., C3Fl ( ). - = CCl ( ). - . ;o1|zo1z| 11|;1|
|ur|er, C., 3C ( ). zz;18o
3|ep|ar, A., T| e lague . 1|
Trars|a||ors
0u|c|. |o|rrarr, C., |orurer|a c|r|s||ara , . u|rec||-8russe|s , 1 11
- zo.
Frg||s|. le 3a|r|, w. l., ACw . 1
lrerc|. |ur|er (see aoove), uere-Jeau|res, l., |r le rar|age dars |'Fg||se
arc|erre, lar|s . 1o
0errar. Ke||rer, l., 8Kv rd ed. ( ). - . z ;11zoo8|
3|ud|es
8raur, b., `Ter|u|||er e| |'exegse de l Cor. v||'. J. lor|a|re ard C.
Karrerg|esser,
eds., ls. J. 0ar|e|ou, Fpe||as|s, lar|s , - . 1;zz1z8
0|aue, l., `0|e vor|esurg |e|||ger 3c|r|l|er oe| Ter|u|||ar'. ZNw - ( - ). zz|1z|z
- 1|1z.
baroaux, C., `la corpos|||or e| |'exegse dars |es deux |e||res Ad uxorer, |e
0e ex|or|a||ore cas|||a||se| |e 0e rorogar|aou |a cors|ruc||or de |a persee
dars
|es |ra||es de Ter|u|||er sur |e rerar|age'. bFAug ( ). - , , , zz1;oz8zo1z1;z
( ). - . 1;;1o
3|or||y al|er c.e., Adversus lerrogerer zoo
lr |||s ar||-0ros||c all| rra||or ol Crea||or, lerrogeres |s relu|ed or ||e
oas|s ol a cr|||ca| exar|ra||or ol ||s |r|erpre|a||or ol scr|p|ure ( - ). 1|
0eres|s serves as ||e |or|c c|ord W||| ca||s or lsa|rs, lsa|a|, |a|||eW ard
||e Apoca|ypse. `Adversus lerrogererderos|ra|es ||e prolourd co|erercy
ol Ter|u|||ar's use ol scr|p|ure, |e cors|ar||y app||es pr|rc|p|es ol |r|erpre|a||or as
prescr|oed oy ||rse|l ' (C|apo|, ). |o
ooo3ever T| |rd-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
Fd|||ors
C|apo|, l., 3C ( ). |1
Kroyrarr, A., C3Fl ( ). - = CCl ( ). - . |;1oo1zo1;o 11||
Trars|a||ors
Frg||s|. wasz|r|, J. l., ACw . z|
lrerc|. C|apo| (see aoove).
3|ud|es
A o|o||ograp|y or lerrogeres ard Ter|u|||ar's Adversus lerrogerer|s
ollered oy C|apo|, - . ooo;
ca. - c.e., 0e carre e| ar|ra zozzo
Aga|r, ||ere are ro o|o||ca| quo|a||ors.
339
zoc.e., 0e praescr|p||ore
`T|e ros| l|r|s|ed, ||e ros| c|arac|er|s||c, ard ||e ros| va|uao|e ol
Ter|u|||ar's Wr|||rgs' (uas|er, ll, ), |r W||c| |a|||eW ard lau| are z;z
dor|rar|. lere||cs are ro| ao|e |o |r|erpre| scr|p|ure correc||y, accord|rg
|o Tr . - ard T| - . T| e 8|o|e oe|orgs |o ||ose W|o corp|y |o ||e 1 o| 1o
`ru|e ol la|||.'
Fd|||ors
8a||u|zer var der 8r|r|, J. N., T| e lague, . 1|o
Kroyrarr, A., C3Fl ( ). - . ;o1|z18
|ar||r, J., l|or||eg|ur la|r|s||cur . 8orr . | 1o
belou|e, b. l. ard l. de laor|o||e, 3C ( ). |o1|
Trars|a||ors
Frg||s|. lo|res, l., ANl ( , ). - , le 3a|r|, w. l., ACw 1881z|o 8
( ). 1
lrerc|. belou|e (see aoove).
0errar. Fsser, 0., 8Kv rd ed. , - . z z|o|
Ter|u|||ar oo1
- zozo|c.e., 0e paer||er||a
0r|g|ra||y ar ora| preser|a||or |o ||e W|o|e assero|y, ||e |rea||se preser|s
a rel|red r|e|or|ca| argurer|, a|r|rg a| e|egar| persuas|or. ber|r|scerces
ol scr|p|ure are pervas|ve ou| ||ere are leW ac|ua| quo|a||ors. Arorg ||e
|a||er, or|y a sra|| ruroer are lorra||y |r|roduced as scr|p|ura|, e.g. lv, , zo
vlll. - , Xl, . 1z ;
Fd|||ors
8or|ells, l., |rerosyre ( ), T| e lague ( ) CCl ( ). - , oo1z 1|8 11|1|o
C3Fl ( ). - . ;o1;1|o1;o
|ur|er, C., 3C ( ). 1o18|
Trars|a||ors
Frg||s|. le 3a|r|, w. l., ACw , T| e|Wa||, 3., ANl ( , ). - . 8 |1881o;oo
lrerc|. laor|o||e, l. de., lar|s , |ur|er, C. (see aoove). 1oo
0errar. Ke||rer, l. - Fsser, 0., 8Kv rd ed. ( ). - . z 11zz||o
l|a||ar. 3c|u|o, l., Ca|ar|a , - . 1o1;111
3|ud|es
3ee ||e gerera| o|o||ograp|y |r 3C . 1o
Aa|ders, 0. J. 0., Ter|u|||arus' c||a|er u|| de Fvarge||er er de oud|a||jrsc|e
o|joe|ver|a||rger. 0|ss. Ars|erdar . 1z
0ees|, J. F. l., var der, le C|r|s| e| |'Arc|er Tes|arer| c|ez Ter|u|||er . 1;z
larsor, b. l. C., `No|es or Ter|u|||ar's lr|erpre|a||or ol 3cr|p|ure'. JT| 3 1z
( ) 1o1
- z;;.
0'|a||ey, T. l., Ter|u|||ar ard ||e 8|o|e. N|jreger - u|rec|| . 1o;
borsc|, l., l|a|a urd vu|ga|a. |arourg rd ed., = |ur|c| . z 18; 1o
zo|c.e., 0e pa||er||a( cl. 3ereca)
T| ere are rore r| ||ar o| quo|a||ors, W||| |a|||eW quo|ed |||r|y-e|g||
||res, rore ||ar ||ree ||res as ruc| as ||e o||er 0ospe|s. Fqua| |r lrequercy
are ||e lau||re quo|a||ors. lero|c exarp|es ol pa||erce car oe lourd
|r o| ard r|, suc| as ||ose ol lsa|a| ard 3|ep|er |r ||e|r v|o|er| dea||s, ou|
||e `pa||erce' ol C|r|s| surpasses a||. la||erce |s a g|l|ol ||e lo|y 3p|r||.
ooz3ever T| |rd-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
Fd|||ors
8or|ells, J. w. l., T| e lague ( ). 1|8
lredou|||e, J.-C., 3C ( ). 1o18|
Kroyrarr, A., C3Fl ( ). - . |;1oo1z|
Trars|a||ors
0u|c|. |o|rrarr, C., u|rec|| - 8russe|s , - . 11oz8
Frg||s|. T| e|Wa||, 3., ANl ( , ). - . 18;o1o;o;1;
lrerc|. lredou|||e (see aoove).
0errar. Ke||rer, K. A. l., 8Kv rd. ed. ( ). - . z ;11z|
l|a||ar. 3c|u|o, l., Ca|ar|a . 1o1
3|ud|es
Car|sor, |. l., `lagar Fxarp|es ol lor|||ude |r ||e la||r C|r|s||ar Apo|og|s|s'.
Cl| ( ). - . |18|81o|
zo;c.e. Adversus |arc|orerl
Ter|u|||ar relu|es ||e |arc|or||e oppos|||or oe|Weer o| ard r|.
Fd|||ors
8raur, b., 3C ( ). o1o
Fvars, F., 0FCT, 0xlord . 1;z
Kroyrarr, A., C3Fl ( ). - = CCl ( ). - . |;1oozooo 11|||1;|
|oresc||r|, C., Tes|| e docurer|| per |o s|ud|o de||' ar||c|||a, |||ar , 1;1
1;|(rev|eW 0roror , - ). |o1;|1oo;|
Trars|a||ors
0u|c|. |eyooor, l. v., le|der . 1z;
Frg||s|. Fvars (see aoove), lo|res, l., ANl ( , ). - , AN 1881z;1
C|r|s||ar l|orary , Fd|rourg| . ; 1888
340
lrerc|. 8raur (see aoove).
Ter|u|||ar oo
3|ud|es
Aa|ders, 0. J. 0. (see aoove 0e paer||er||a).
8|||, A., Zur Fr||arurg urd Tex||r|||| des . 8uc|es Ter|u|||ars adversus 1
|arc|orer.
Tu , . le|pz|g . 8z 111
Co|sor, l. l., `Ter|u|||ar or lu|e vl. TWo Fxarp|es ol l||erary ard b|e|or|ca|
Cr|||c|sr |r ||e la||ers'. JT| 3 ( ). - . z1z|o|;;
l|gg|rs, A. J. 8., `T| e la||r Tex| ol lu|e |r |arc|or ard Ter|u|||ar'. vC ( ). 11
- 1|z.
Naurarr, J., `0as lroo|er des 8oser |r Ter|u|||ars zWe||er 8uc| geger
|arc|or'.
ZKT ( ). - , - . 81|11o1
3oder, l. vor, `0er |a|e|r|sc|e lau|us|ex| oe| |arc|or urd Ter|u|||ar'. ls.
A. Ju||c|er. Tuo|rger , - . 1z;zz81
3|erge|, |., `Zur wor|sc|a|z der reu|es|arer|||c|er vu|ga|a'. vC ( ). - o1zzo
. z;
Terrey, |. C., `T| e uo|a||ors lror lu|e |r Ter|u|||ar as be|a|ed |o ||e Tex|s ol
||e 3ecord ard T| |rd Cer|ur|es'. l3 - ( ). - . o;1|;z8oo
- zo;zoc.e., Adversus va|er||r|aros
Ter|u|||ar preser|s a po|er|ca| er|er|a|rrer|, oased or ||e prer|se ||a|
corgrue| e| ver||a|e r|dere, qu|a |ae|are, de aeru||s su|s judere, qu|a secura
es|,`|ru|| car |aug|, s|e |s |appy, s|e car |aug| a| |er corpe|||ors, s|e
|as ro|||rg |o lear' ( , ). T| e sa||r|ca| rejec||or ol 0ros||c gerea|og|es o
|rc|udes a d|scuss|or ol ||e ro||ors ol lorraard persora. T| ere are ro
o|o||ca| relererces, excep| |r ||e |r|roduc|ory sec||or W|ere ||e s|rp||c||as
ol C|r|s||ars |s eu|og|zed. Ter|u|||ar |a|es over |arge sec||ors ol lreraeus's
relu|a||or ol ||e va|er||r|ars, ou| drops ||e o|o||ca| e|erer|s oecause ol ||e
sa||r|ca| gerre ol ||e essay.
Fd|||ors
lredou|||e, J.-C., 3C - ( - ). z8o8118o81
Kroyrarr, A., C3Fl ( ). - = CCl ( ). - . |;1oo1;;z1z z1|;1;8
Trars|a||ors
0u|c|. |eyooor, l. u., le|der , - . 1|z;8111
Frg||s|
b||ey, |. T., 0|ss. 3|arlord ur|vers||y (ur|v. r|crol||rs, Arr Aroor). 1;1
booer|s, A., ANl ( , ). - . 18;o1oozo
oo|3ever T| |rd-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
lrerc|. lredou|||e (see aoove, vo|. . cor||ruous correr|ary ard |rd|ces). z81
0errar. Ke||rer, K. A. l., 8Kv ( ). 188z
l|a||ar. |aras|or|, A., ladua , |oresc||r|, C., Tur|r . 1;1 1;|
zo8c.e. 0e corora
3cr|p|ura| rer|r|scerces are pervas|ve ou| W||| or|y a leW exp||c|| quo|a||ors.
Arorg rurerous argurer|s aga|rs| ||e accep|arce ol |aure| croWrs
oy C|r|s||ar so|d|ers, Ter|u|||ar |rvo|es ar exarp|e ol o|o||ca| prel|gura||or.
|r ||e o|, ro `croWr' |s ever rer||ored |r relererce |o ||e Terp|e, ||e Ar|.
A| qu|r s| l|gurae ros|rae luerur|ros er|r surus e| |erp|a de| e| a||ar|a e|
|ur|rar|a e| vasa, |oc quoque l| gura|e por|erdeoar|, |or|r|s de| cororar|
ror opor|ere, `ou| |rdeed, as a prel| gura||or ol uslor Weare 0od's |erp|e,
a||ar, |arps|ard ard vase||ey a|so pred|c|ed |r a syroo||c Way ||a| 0od's
peop|e oug|| ro| |o oe croWred' (lX, , Kroyrarr, CCl , ). z z1oz
Fd|||ors
lor|a|re, J., lar|s . 1o|
Kroyrarr, A., C3Fl ( ). - = CCl ( ). - . ;o1|z188 z1|1o;o
|arra, l., rd ed., Tur|r . z 1||
bugg|ero, l., |||ar . 1z
Trars|a||ors
0u|c|. |eyooor, l. u., le|der . 11
Frg||s|. T| e|Wa||, 3., ANl ( , ). - . 18811o
lrerc|. lor|a|re (see aoove).
0errar. Ke||rer, l. - Fsser, 0., 8Kv rd ed. ( ). - . z z|11zoo
l|a||ar. bugg|ero (see aoove).
3|ud|es
l||rva|, 0. de, `Ter|u|||er e| |e scarda|e de |a Courorre'. ls. 0e 0|e|||rc|, , 11
- 1888.
byar, F. A., `T| e bejec||or ol |||||ary 3erv|ce oy ||e Far|y C|r|s||ars'. T3 1
( ). - . 1z1z
Ter|u|||ar oo
z1oc.e., 0e Ar|ra
T| |s |rea||se, Ter|u|||ar's |orges|, preser|s |rd|rec| relererces |o scr|p|ure |r
||e au||or's oWr expos|||or. 0r|y |r s|x|eer passages, does Ter|u|||ar l|rd
||rse|l corpe||ed |o quo|e scr|p|ure exp||c|||y, ||s |ead|rg relererce oe|rg
||e 8oo| ol 0eres|s (lll, , Xl, - , XXl, , XXvl, , XXvll, , XXXvll, | | z o
341
, Xlv, ). Ter|u|||ar lee|s lree |o |r|roduce ||s quo|a||ors |r var|ous ard
|rag|ra||ve Ways. lll, , rur||| e| ||||c d|v|rae de|err|ra||or|s |r ooscurao||| |
regu|a, `We re||ed ever ||ere or ||e c|ear d|rec||or ol ||e |rsp|red s|a|erer|
W||c| |rlorrs us |oW', Xl, - |r sequer||ous |rs|rurer||s, `|r suc| passages as |
||e lo||oW|rg' (Xl, , , lo|res, ) rare|y 0r . ard o||er zz 11 z;
verses ca||ed oy ||, Xv, . a cors|e||a||or ol e|erer|s lror lsa|rs, w|sdor, |
lroveros, |a|||eW, Jo|r, borars, Xvl, . a po|er|ca| cors|e||a||or ol o|o||ca| o
relererces ard a||us|ors, Xvll, . rec||a Jo|arr|s |es|a||orer, `bead (|oud|y!) 1|
Jo|r's |es||rory,' Jr . , Xvlll, . u|a e| apos|o|us roo|s scr|o||, `lor ||e 1 11 1z
apos||e Wr||es lor us,' bor . , XXl, . s| qu|a prop|e|av||(Adar) ragrur 1zo z
|||ud sacrarer|ur |r C|r|s|ur e| ecc|es|ar, `l| |s oecause |e prop|e||ca||y
dec|ared '||e grea| rys|ery ol C|r|s| ard ||e c|urc|' (Fp| . ),' |r 0r z
z. l., . apos|o|us scr|oers, `||e apos||e Wr|||rg,' Fp| . , . ard Cor z | z8 1
o. oy assoc|a||or ol ||oug||, XXvl, . 3|c e| ad l|erer|ar |eg|s de| vocer, 11
`Accord|rg|y |e| re ca|| or Jerer|a| |o accour| lor 0od's |aW,' |r Jer . , 1
lo||oWed oy 0r . , || . , XXvll, . 0r . - . z; zoz o 1zoz8
Fd|||ors
be|llersc|e|d, A. ard 0. w|ssoWa, C3Fl ( ). - . zo18oz8o
wasz|r|, J. l. Ars|erdar = |ur|c| = CCl ( ). - . 1|; 18o z1|;;8o
Trars|a||ors
0u|c|. |eyooor, l. u., le|der . 1o
Frg||s|
lo|res, l., ANl ( , ). - . 1881181z
ua|r, F. l., laC| ( ). - . 1o1o1;o
lrerc|. 0eroude, |. de, lar|s . 18z
0errar
Ke||rer, |., 8Kv, Kerp|er . 18;1
wasz|r|, J. l., Ter|u|||arus. 0e ar|ra. ||| uoerse|zurg urd Korrer|ar.
Ars|erdar. J.|. |er|er|oll, . 1|;
ooo3ever T| |rd-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
- zo8zoc.e., 0e luga
T| e ||ere ol l||g|| |as a|ready oeer |ouc|ed or |r 0e corora. || . relers 1oz
or|y |o ||e apos||es. T| |s |rea||se Was Wr|||er |o a lr|erd. NoW a |or|ar|s|,
Ter|u|||ar loro|ds l||g|| |r ||res ol persecu||or.
Fd|||ors
8u||ar|, v., C3Fl ( ). - . ;o1;1;|
|arra, J., Tur|r . 1
T| |erry, J. J., l||versur = CCl ( ). - . 1|1 z1|11
Trars|a||ors
0u|c|. |eyooor, l. u., le|der , T| |erry (see aoove). 1z
Frg||s|. T| e|Wa||, 3., ANl ( , ). - . |188111oz
3|ud|es
Cas||g||or|, l., Ad Ter|u|||arur adro|a||ores. 3|ud| uoa|d|. |||ar , ll . 1;zoo
wasz|r|, J. l., |useur ( ). - . 11|1o8;8
- zo8zoc.e., Adversus |arc|orerll, lll
Adversus |arc|orerll preser|s a sys|era||c jus||l|ca||or ol ||e 0od ol
||e o|. 0od |s |ru|y Crea|or, |rrocer| ol Adar's s|r, ol W||c| ||e |a||er |s
so|e|y respors|o|e oecause ol lree W|||. T| oug| severe, ||e 0od ol ||e o| |s
oerevo|er|. Ter|u|||ar rer||ors ||e lac|, ou| aos|a|rs lror a deeper |rqu|ry.
u| r|||| de ae|err|s arcar|s ad||rgar s|gr|l|car|||s |eg|s, sp|r||a||s sc|||ce| e|
prop|e||cae e| |r orr|ous paere argurer||s l|gura|ae, `ro| |o rer||or ||e
rys|er|ous rear|rgs ol ||e laW, sp|r||ua| as || |s, ard prop|e||c, ard |r
a|ros| a|| |op|cs l|gura||ve' (XlX, , , - ). le |||r|s ||a| |o urders|ard 11188
||e lac|, s|rp||c||er, `|r ||s |||era| serse,' |s eroug| lor roW (XlX, , 0'|a||ey, z
1ol.). Aga|rs| o||er |arc|or||e oojec||ors, Ter|u|||ar exp|a|rs d|v|re |eg|s|a||ors
corcerr|rg 3aooa|| ard sacr|l|ces, ard dea||rg W||| a|| v|c|ss||udes ol
sacred ||s|ory, W||| oo|| ||e reper|ar| ard ||e W|c|ed |rvo|ved |r ||. 3ore
quo|a||ors ol scr|p|ure lurr|s| ||s|or|ca| corl|rra||or. |os| ol ||e ||re
||ey are or|y rer|r|scerces.
Al|er u|spe|, lr|ger|, ard Trar||e, 8raur erp|as|zes ||e |rl|uerce ol
Jus||r ard lreraeus or Ter|u|||ar's use ol scr|p|ure |r Adversus |arc|orerl
ard ll. lr 8oo| lll, `||e o|o||ca| relererces ou|ruroer oy lar ||ose ol 8oo|
Ter|u|||ar oo;
l ard ll. , ol W||c| are exp||c|| c||a||ors' (3C , ). A ros| |e|plu| zo| o
ara|ys|s oy ||eres ol ||e o|o||ca| relererces |r 8oo| lll l|||s up a se| ol
`No|es corp|erer|a|res' |r 3C , - . z;ooo
Adversus |arc|orerlll, |||e l ard ll, oe|rays ||e |rl|uerce ol Jus||r ard
lreraeus |r Ter|u|||ar's use ol scr|p|ure.
Fd|||ors
8raur, b., Adversus |arc|orerll, 3C ( ), lll, 3C ( ). o811 1|
lor o||er ed|||ors ard |rars|a||ors, ard lor ||e res| ol ||e o|o||ograp|y, see
aoove, Adv. |arc.l-ll. No|e, |r par||cu|ar, 0. ll||gersdorll er, 0e Ter|u|||ar|
adversus |arc|orer ||or| |er||| argurer|o ser|er||arurque correxu. 0|ss.
v|erra . 1
342
zoc.e., 0e v|rg|r|ous ve|ard|s
lera|e asce||cs s|ou|d ro| as| lor spec|a| pr|v||eges |r ||e corrur||y. T| ere
are |We|ve o|o||ca| quo|a||ors ard a |||r |ayer ol scr|p|ura| rer|r|scerces,
ra|r|y lror 0eres|s ard ||e lau||re |e||ers, |r |||s s|or| parp||e|.
Fd|||ors
8u||ar|, v., C3Fl ( ). - . ;o1;;1o
0e||ers, F., CCl ( ). - . z1|1zo;zo
0|erc|s, l., 3|l| , u|rec|| , - . | 1o8oo
3c|u|z-l|uge|, F., 0|ss. 0o|||rger , lor|es C|r. 1;;
|a||e|, l. ard F. 3c|u|z-l|uge|, 3C ( ). |z|1;
3|uc|||r, C., 0|ss. 8as|e. 8err - lrar|lur| . 1;|
Trars|a||ors
Frg||s|. T| e|Wa||, 3., ANl ( , ). - . 1881z;;
lrerc|. |a||e| (see aoove).
0errar. Ke||ger, K. A. l., rd ed., Co|ogre, 3c|u|z-l|uge| (see aoove). z 188z
l|a||ar. 0rara||a, Tur|r . 18|
3|ud|es
8|o||ograp|y |r 3C . lr par||cu|ar ro|e. v. |ore|, `0educ|or orr|s ver||a||s. le| |z|
vers Jo|. , o|j Ter|u|||arus'. 3|ud. Ca||. ( ) - , 1oz 1o1|o1|zoo
J. F. l. var der 0ees|, le C|r|s| e| |'Arc|er Tes|arer| c|ez Ter|u|||er.
oo83ever T| |rd-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
bec|erc|e |err|ro|og|que(la||r||as C|r|s||arorur lr|raeva, ) N|jreger . zz 1;z
- zo8z1zc.e., 0e ex|or|a||ore cas|||a||s
T| |s |s a po|er|c aga|rs| secord rarr|age. Ter|u|||ar reWor|s Ad uxorer|r
lavour ol |or|ar|s| ercra||sr. Cor . |||era||y rears `|o ourr' |r le||! 0rce 1 ;
rore, Ter|u|||ar pr|v||eg|es ||e coro|red quo|a||ors ol 0eres|s ard lau|.
Fd|||ors
lr|edr|c|, l. v., 3|u||gar| . 1o
Kroyrarr, A., C3Fl ( ). - = CCl ( ). - . ;o1|z1zz z1|1o1
|oresc||r|, C. ard J.-C., lredou|||e, 3C ( ). 118
Trars|a||ors
0u|c|. |eyooor, l. u., le|der . 11
Frg||s|. T| e|Wa||, 3., ANl ( , ). - , le 3a|r|, w. l., ACw |1881o8 1
( ). - . 11|zo|
lrerc|. |oresc||r|. aoove.
0errar. Fsser, 0., 8Kv rd ed. , - , lr|edr|c|, (see aoove). z ;z||o
3|ud|es
8raur, b., `Ter|u|||er e| |'exegse de Cor '. J. lor|a|re ard C. Karrerg|esser, 1 ;
eds.
Fpe||as|s, ls. J. 0ar|e|ou. lar|s , - . 1;zz1z8
lord, J. |., `3|. lau| ||e l|||ogar|s|'. NT3 ( ). - . 111ozo|8
Koc|, l., v|rg|res C|r|s||. 0|e 0e|uode der go||geWe|||er Jurglrauer |r der
ers|er
dr|e Ja|r|urder|er. Tu, . l|epz|g . 1z 1o;
0'|a||ey, T. l., Ter|u|||ar ard ||e 8|o|e. N|jreger - u|rec|| . 1o;
baroaux, C., `la corpos|||or e| |'exegse dars |es deux |e||res Ad uxorer, |e
0e
ex|or|a||ore cas|||a||se| |e 0e rorogar|a'. bFAug( ). - , - , 1;oz8zo1z1;
( ). - . 1;;18
borsc|, l., 0as Neue Tes|arer| Ter|u|||ars. le|pz|g . 18;1
- z1oz11c.e., 0e |e|ur|o adversus psyc||cos
A rarra||ve |||us|ra||or ard rejec||or ol Ca||o||c |rdu|gerce, seer lror a
|or|ar|s| v|eWpo|r|. T| e o| ard r| are ca||ed |o |es||ly |r lavour ol a rore
r|gor|s| d|e| ard rore lrequer| las||rg.
Ter|u|||ar oo
Fd|||ors
be|llersc|e|d, A. ard 0. w|ssoWa, C3Fl ( ). - = CCl ( ). zo18oz;|; z1|
- 1z;;.
Trars|a||ors
0u|c|. |eyooor, l. u. le|der . 11
Frg||s|. T| e|Wa||, 3. ANl ( , ). - . |18811oz1
0errar. Ke||rer, l. - Fsser, 0., 8Kv rd ed. ( ). - . z z|111
3|ud|es
Aroesrarr, b., `las||rg ard lrop|ecy |r lagar ard C|r|s||ar Ar||qu||y'. Trad ;
( ). - . 1|z;1
3c|urrer, J., 0|e a||c|r|s|||c|e las|erprax|s, r|| oesorderer 8eruc|s|c|||gurg
der
3c|r|l|er Ter|u|||ars. ll . |urs|er|w . z; 1
- z1oz1c.e., Adversus |arc|orerlv
T| e |rea||se |s a|ros| as |org as ||e ||ree lorrer ooo|s |oge||er. lr ll, , ||e 1
evarge||cur |rs|rurer|ur|s dec|ared o|der ||ar |arc|or s|rce || Was |arded
over oy apos|o||c |rad|||or. Ter|u|||ar ollers ar argurer|a||ve parap|rase ol
0ospe| rarra||ves W||| aourdar| quo|a||ors s|oW|rg |oW Jesus v|rd|ca|es
ard lu|l|||s arc|er| prop|ecy.
343
Fd|||ors, Trars|a||ors
see Adv. |arc.l. A|so.
A|s, A. d', `Ter|u|||er, lv Adv. |arc|orer '. b3b ( ). - , - , z1 zo1o1oo88o
z;( ). - . 1;zz8o
Corsser, l., `Ter|u|||ar| Adversus |arc|orer |r ||orur quar|ur
ar|radvers|ores'. |rer ( ). - , - , ( ). - . 11zz|zo1o|11z1z|zz|
z11c.e., 0e resurrec||ore carr|s(ror|uorurCCl)
Ter|u|||ar's |r|er||or |s ad rur|erdos sersus orr|ur scr|p|urarur, quae
carr|s rec|d|va|ur po|||cer|ur, `|o |ay a lourda||or lor ||e delerce ol a|| ||e
scr|p|ures ||a| pror|se resurrec||or ol ||e l|es|' (Xvlll, , lo|res, ), 1 ;
|r par||cu|ar, 0eres|s , Fze||e|, W||| s|rorg quo|a||or ol ||e r|, spec|a||y 1 1
ard Cor|r|||ars, T| essa|or|ars ard ||e Apoca|ypse. Ter|u|||ar g|ves a z 1
o1o3ever T| |rd-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
pre||r|rary Warr|rg. Nac|| er|r qu|dar so||err|ss|rar e|oqu|| prop|e||c|
lorrar, a||egor|c| e| l| gura||, p|erurque, ror |arer serper, resurrec||orer
quoque ror|uorur rar|les|e adrur||a|ar |r |rag|rar|ar s|gr|l|ca||orer
d|s|orquer|, adserer|es |psar e||ar ror|er sp|r||a|||er |r|e||egerdar,`lor
sore, W|er ||ey |ave a||g||ed or a very usua| lorr ol prop|e||c s|a|erer|,
gerera||y expressed |r l|gure ard a||egory, ||oug| ro| a|Ways, d|s|or|
|r|o sore |rag|rary serse ever ||e ros| c|ear|y d|scr|oed doc|r|re ol ||e
resurrec||or ol ||e dead' (XlX , lo|res, ). l|s ro||or ol a sp|r||ua| z 8
exeges|s Was d|llerer| lror gros||c specu|a||or, as |e |ep| a rea||s||c v|eW
ol prop|e||c u||erarces, ever |l sore ol ||er reeded a||egory. C|ap. Xvlll
|o XX expose a lorcelu| surrary ol ar||-0ros||c |errereu||cs.
T| ere |s ar exeges|s ol || . `w|o |s ry ro||er? w|o are ry oro||ers?,' 1z|
vll, - , ol bor . , Xvl, - , ol Jr . , XlX, - , ard scr|p|ura| 11 oo 1 11 1
prools or ||e `ro||er ol 0od' v|rg|ra| ard ror-v|rg|ra|, XXl-XXlll.
Fd|||ors
Fvars, F., lordor . 1oo
Kroyrarr, A., C3Fl ( ). - . |;1ooz1z
Trars|a||ors
Frg||s|
Fvars (see aoove).
lo|res, l., ANl ( , ). - . 1881||
3ou|er, A., lordor . 1zz
3|ud|es
0av|es, J. 0., `0e besurrec||ore Carr|s lXlll. No|e sur |'or|g|re du |or|ar|sre'.
JT| 3, r. s. ( ). - . o1o|
3evers|er, 0., `0e 'ops|ard|rg des v|eses' o|j Ter|u|||arus er |e| N|euWe
Tes|arer|'.
NT|T ( ). - . 1o|;z
- z11z1zc.e., To 3capu|a
lr a rar|les|o addressed |o 3capu|a, procorsu| ol Alr|ca ( - ), ||e au||or z11z1
p|eads lor re||g|ous lreedor, |e ||r||s ||s v|eWs ol scr|p|ure |o ||ree a||us|ors
|r ||e |r|roduc||or, ard aro||er ore |r , . l|s recourse |o ||e 8|o|e |s d|scree| |8
eroug| lor oe|rg or|y de|ec|ao|e |o ||e eye ol ||e roderr cr|||c.
Ter|u|||ar o11
Fd|||ors
8|rd|ey, T., 0xlord . 18
8u||ar|, v., C3Fl ( ). - . ;o1;1;|
0e||ers, F., CCl ( ). - . z1|11zz
Trars|a||ors
0u|c|. |eyooor, l. u., le|der . 1o
Frg||s|. Aroesrarr, b., laC| ( ). - , T| e|Wa||, 3., ANl ( , 1o1o11o1 188
1). - . 1o8
0errar. Ke||rer, l. - Fsser, 0. 8Kv rd ed. ( ). - . z z|1zo|z;|
3par|s|. le|||cer, de 0ssau, J., 8arce|ora . 1o
- z11z1zc.e., 0e scorp|ace
T|e |a||r|zed s|orp|a|our, `reredy aga|rs| ||e s||rg ol a scorp|or,' served
as ar appropr|a|e ||||e |r Ter|u|||ar's r|rd lor ar ar||-0ros||c parp|e|, |r
W||c| |e delerds ||e rer||s ol rar|yrdor.
Fd|||ors
Azza|| 8errade|||, 0., l|orerce . 1o
be|llersc|e|d, A. ard 0. w|ssoWa, C3Fl ( ). - = CCl ( ). zo18o1||; z1|
- 1oo;;.
Trars|a||ors
0u|c|. |eyooor, l. u., le|der . 1o
Frg||s|. T| e|Wa||, 3., ANl ( , ). - . 1881o|8
0errar. Ke||rer, l. - Fsser, 0., 8Kv rd ed. ( ). - . z z|1118zz
l|a||ar. Azza|| 8errade||| (see aoove).
3|ud|es
8uora|u||, F., `l'Ar||scorp|or|co de Ter|u|||aro'. bb ( ). - . 1z;1|oz
Cass|g||or|, l., `Ad Ter|u|||arur adro|a||ores,' 3|. uoa|d|. |||ar , - . 1;zooo
wasz|r|, J. l., `Ter|u|||area'. |rer ( - ). - . 1o1o;|
344
o1z3ever T| |rd-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
z1zc.e., Adversus |arc|orerv
3ee aoove Adv. |arc.l-lv
z1c.e., Adversus lraexear
J. |o|rg|, T|eo|og|e, l, - , `Ara|yse de |'argurer|a||or scr|p|ura|re,' z|zzo|
ra|es ||e lo||oW|rg po|r|s.
1) 3erro|s |der||ca| W||| 3op||a|r lrv . . T| e word's gerera||or |s 8zz
a|so rer||ored |r 0r . , ls . ard . . 1 z; ||z
z) l|ura|||y |r ||e 0od|ead |s revea|ed oy 0r . ard . , W||| prosopograp||c 1zo zz
verses suc| as ls . , . - , . , ls . , ard . . T| ese sare o18||;81o1 |z1 |o
verses Were a|ready ro|ed oy Jus||r, Ter|u|||ar oe|rg rore sys|era||c ard
|||era||s||c |r ||s |rea|rer| ol ||e |op|c.
) T|e ||eop|ar|es rear ||a| ||e 3or |s v|s|o|e ard ||e la||er |s
|rv|s|o|e.
|) Cor . - |s quo|ed |r suppor| ol ||e c|a|r ||a| d|v|re rorarc|y 1 1z|z8
rera|rs preserved |r ||e ecorory ol sa|va||or. T| e 0ospe| ol Jo|r s|resses
a| |erg|| ||e d|s||rc||or oe|Weer la||er ard 3or.
Fd|||ors
Fvars, F., lordor . 1|8
Kroyrarr, A., C3Fl ( ). - . |;1oozz;8
Kroyrarr, A. ard F. Fvars, CCl ( ). - . z1|11;1zo
3carpa|, 0., Corla| , rd ed. . 1zz 18
Trars|a||ors
0u|c|. |eyooor, l. u., le|der . 1o
Frg||s|. Fvars (see aoove).
lo|res, l., ANl ( , ). - . 1881;oz;
3ou|er, A., lordor . 1zo
l|a||ar. 3carpa| (see aoove).
3|ud|es
Care|o|, T|., `3p|r||us a 0eo e| l|||o'. b3l|T| ( ). - . 1|1
|o|rg|, J., T| eo|og|e |r|r||a|re de Ter|u|||er, l-lv. lar|s - . 1oo1;1
Ter|u|||ar o1
Turrer, C. l., `Ter|u|||areal. No|es or ||e Adversus lraxear'. JT| 3 ( ). 1|11
- oo|.
ver|oever, T|., l., `|orarc||adars Ter|u|||er, Adversus lraxear'. vC ( ). 11
- ||8.
- z1|z1c.e., 0e rorogar|a
we|| Wr|||er ard corposed (3|der, lredou|||e, baroaux), ||e essay preser|s
ar exeges|s ol ||e `|Wo Adars' Cor . , |r a g|ooa| ||eo|ogy ol ||s|ory 1 1|
W||| a c|r|s|ocer|r|c |r|erpre|a||or ol rurerous exarp|es lror o| ard r|.
0eres|s, |a|||eW ard lau||re |||era|ure are predor|rar|.
Fd|||ors
8u||ar|, v., C3Fl ( ). - . ;o1;||;8
0e||ers, F., CCl ( ). z1|
|a||e|, l., 3C ( ). |188
ug||ore, b., Corla| , Tur|r . 1 1
Trars|a||ors
Frg||s|. le 3a|r|, w. l., ACw ( ). 111
lrerc|. |a||e| (see aoove).
l|a||ar. |oresc||r|, C., Tur|r , ug||ore (see aoove). 1;|
3|ud|es
3ee o|o||ograp|y |r 3C , - . |1z|1z
z1oc.e., 0e pud|c|||a
T| |s po|er|ca| |rea||se a||ac|s c|er|ca| ||erarc|y |r ||e rare ol a sp|r||ua|
||erarc|y urders|ood |r |or|ar|s| |errs. Ter|u|||ar |ad ar |rd|v|dua|
o|s|op |r r|rd, W|ose |der|||y rera|rs ur|roWr. le der|es ||e lac| ||a|
||e poWer ol lorg|v|rg s|rs |ad or|y oeer g|ver |o ||e ||erarc|y |rs|||u|ed
oy le|er. T| e |rea||se |rc|udes a carelu| d|scuss|or ol r| relererces
(apos|o||cur |rs|rurer|ur) W||| a spec|a| s|ress or ||e|r |||erary serse. b. 0.
3|der
urder||res ||e r|gorous ard ra||ora| s|ruc|ure ol ||e |rea||se.
o1|3ever T| |rd-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
Fd|||ors
0e||ers., F., CCl ( ). - . z1|1z;1o
laor|o||e, l. de, lar|s . 1oo
||cae|||, C. ard C. |ur|er, 3C - ( ). |1
be|llersc|e|d, A. ard 0. w|ssoWa, C3Fl ( ). - . zo18oz1;
Trars|a||ors
0u|c|. |eyooor, l. u., le|der . 11
Frg||s|. le 3a|r|, w. l., ACw ( ), T| e|Wa||, 3., ANl ( , ). z81 |1881
- ;|1o1.
lrerc|. laor|o||e (see aoove), ||cae||| (see aoove).
0errar. Ke||rer, l. - Fsser, 0., 8Kv rd ed. ( ). - . z z|11;|;z
3|ud|es
345
3ee o|o||ograp|y |r 3C , - . |1z1|o
To recap||u|a|e, cr|||ca| ed|||ors ol Ter|u|||ar's Wor|s car oe lourd esser||a||y
|r C3Fl , , , ard |r CCl l-ll. T| e ser|es 3ources C|re||erres zo|;o;o
|rc|udes |||r|eer ||||es puo||s|ed |r e|g||eer vo|ures ard a|rs a| a corp|e|e
ed|||or W||| correr|ar|es. 3C (0e oap||sro), (0e praescr|p||ore |o
|ere||corur), (0e cu||u ler|rarur), , (0e resurrec||ore carr|s), 1; z1oz1;
z;(Ad uxorer), - (Adversus va|er||r|aros), (0e pa||er||a), z8oz81 1o 1o
(0e paer||er||a), (0e ex|or|a||ore cas|||a||s), (0e spec|acu||s), 0e 1 z |
rorogar|a), , , (Adversus |arc|orer), - (0e pud|c|||a). oo8 |
0||er |rars|a||ors are ava||ao|e |r Frg||s|, 0errar, l|a||ar, 3par|s|, e|c.
gerera| o|o||ograp|y
or Ter|u|||ar ard 3cr|p|ure
Ad|ro|l|, |. `l cr|s||ar| 'sacerdo||' secordo Apc. , , , e , re||a 1o1o zoo
|r|erpre|az|ore
d| Ter|u|||aro.' F|leso ( | ). - . 11o11o
A|ard, 8. `0ros|s urd d|e K|rc|erva|er, ||re Ause|rarderse|zurg ur d|e
lr|erpre|a||or der Fvarge||er.' lr ls. l. Joras, 0ros|s, - , . 18z11;8
Arrs|rorg, 0. T. `0er 0eorauc| urd d|e Aus|egurg des 8uc|es 0eres|s oe|
Jus||r,
lreraus urd Ter|u|||ar.' 0|ss., le|de|oerg, . 1o1
. `0|e 0eres|s |r der A||er K|rc|e. 0|e dre| K|rc|erva|er (Jus||r, lreraeus,
Ter|u|||ar).' 0|ss., le|de|oerg, . 1o1
Ter|u|||ar o1
AuWers, J.-|. `Ter|u|||er e| |es lroveroes. ure approc|e p|||o|og|que par||r
de lrov . - .' lr |eror|a| 0or Jear 0r|ooror| ( - ) (3|ud|a 8zz1 1zo18o
Fp|e rer|d|s 'Augus||r|arur' ), - . bore. lrs|||u|ur la|r|s||cur z;;8
'Augus||r|arur,' . 188
Ayers, b. l. larguage, |og|c ard reasor |r ||e C|urc| la||ers, a s|udy ol
Ter|u|||ar,
Augus||re ard Aqu|ras. A||er|ursW|ssersc|al| ||c|e Tex|e urd 3|ud|er . o
l||des|e|r. 0|rs, . 1;
Az|za, C. Ter|u|||er e| |e Judaisre. N|ce. lac. 3c. lur., . 1;;
Azza|| 8errarde|||, 0. `Corcez|or| ar|ropo|og|c|e re||'eseges| Ter|u|||area de|
pass|
ve|ero-|es|arer|ar| cor |a paro|a der.' lr 3argue, - , | . 8z1181
. `uorodo e| scr|p|ur es|(3corp. , ). No|a su errereu||ca e |rad|z|ore 11
apos|o||ca |r Ter|u|||aro ror|ar|s|a.' Aug ( ). - . o1ozz1;
8a|lour, l. l. 3. `T| e la|e ol ||e sou| |r |rduced aoor||or |r ||e Wr|||rgs ol
Ter|u|||ar.' lr la|r|s||ca, - , | . 1z;11;8
8ar|oW, b. |. `8|o||ca| lrsp|ra||or |r Ter|u|||ar.' T|e T| eo|og|ar , ( ). 1z1;
- |o||.
8auer, J. 8. `was |as Ter|u|||ar Kor . ?' ZNw | - ( ). - . 1 ; ;;|18oz8|8;
8erder, w. `0|e le|re uoer der |e|||ger 0e|s| oe| Ter|u|||ar.' 0|ss., bore. lor|.
ur|v. 0reg., . 1
. 0|e le|re uoer der l|. 0e|s| oe| Ter|u|||ar, - . |ur|c|, . ;o1 1o1
8errardo, 8. 3|roo||sro e ||po|og|a do oap||sro er Ter|u||aro e 3ar|o
Aroros|o.
es|ud|o |||rg|co-|eo|og|co = 0|das|a||a, vo|. , . 18188
8raur, b. `Ter|u|||er e| |'exegse de Cor .' lr Fpe||as|s. |e|arges pa|r|s||ques 1 ;
oller|s au Card|ra| Jear 0ar|e|ou, - . lar|s, . z1z8 1;z
. 0eus C|r|s||arorur. bec|erc|es sur |e vocaou|a|re doc|r|ra| de Ter|u|||er
(rev.
augr.). lar|s. F|. augus||r|erre, . 1;;
. `le |ero|grage des lsaures dars |a po|er|que ar||rarc|or||e de
Ter|u|||er.'
Augb | - ( ). - . zz1z18z1|o
8ray, 0. l. lo||ress ard ||e w||| ol 0odlerspec||ves or ||e T| eo|ogy ol
Ter|u|||ar.
lordor. |ars|a||, |orgar ard 3co||, . 1;
8rox, N. `'Nor |u|us aev| deus' Zu Ter|u|||ar, adv. |arc. v , .' ZNw ( ). 111o 1o8
- zo1.
8u||ar|, v. Ter|u|||ar-3|ud|er. 3ow|er, . 1;
8ur|e|g|, J. l. 3. `T| e 0oc|r|re ol ||e lo|y 3p|r|| |r ||e la||r la||ers.' 3JT| ;
( ). - . 1|11z
Cagre||a, |. `Ter|u||o cor|ro lao|o. |'accusa d| i.' lr la|de|a cr|s||ara. ls.
|. va|d|r|, ed||ed oy 0. A. lr|v||era, - . bore, . ;1 1|
Car|a|aressa, b. `Ter|u|||er e| |a lorru|e c|r|s|o|og|que de C|a|cedo|re.' 3|la|r
| ( ). - . 1oo1o
. `Cr|s|o `|rrag|re d| 0|o', |e |rad|z|or| pa|r|s||c|e su Co|osses| . .' b3lb 11 1o
( ). - , - . 18o181z1z|8o
o1o3ever T| |rd-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
C|o| eorg-C|eu|, A. la `besurrec||o carr|s' secordo .3. l|. Ter|u|||aro.
Co||ec||o
uroar|ara . bore, . z|z 18
346
C|aoeaux, J. J. A los| Fd|||or ol ||e le||ers ol lau|. was||rg|or, . 18
C|ercq, v. C. 0e. `T| e Fxpec|a||or ol ||e 3ecord Cor|rg ol C|r|s| |r Ter|u|||ar.'
3|la|r , ( ). - . 11z1;z1|o1
Cors|r|, F. `ler ura ruova |e||ura de||'Apoca||sse.' Fleso ( | ). - . 11o1;;
0a l|o, 0. `l| va|ore prooa|||vo de| r|raco|| d| Cr|s|o |r Ter|u|||aro (e |e re|az|or|
cor |arc|ore).' 3|ud|a la|av|ra ( ). - , ( ). - . z181o18z1z
0o|gror, J. `la |ec|ure de T| essa|or|c|ers . er 0cc|der| de Ter|u|||er 1 |1;
Augus||r.' lr Jerse||svors|e||urger |r Ar|||e urd C|r|s|er|ur. 0eder|sc|r|l|lur
A|lred 3|u|oer, - . |urs|er. Asc|erdorll , . 81oo 18z
0u|aey, |. `les sarda|es de |o|se.' lr |e|arges oller|s Jacques lor|a|re,
|'occas|or de sor e arr|versa|re, par ses e|ves, ar|s, co||gues. vo||., ;o z
ed||ed oy
l. lo||z ard J.-C. lredou|||e, - . lar|s. F|udes Augus||r|erres, . 1o1oo 1z
Fro, b. 8. `3cr|p|ure ard Trad|||or |r Ter|u|||ar.' lr T| e uadr||og. Trad|||or ard
||e lu|ure ol Fcurer|sr. ls. 0. l. Tavard, ed||ed oy K. lager, - . T| e 11
uadr||og. Co||egev|||e (||rr.), . 1|
Fvars, F. `Ter|u|||ar's Correr|ary or ||e |arc|or||e 0ospe|.' 3|ud|a Fv.( ). 1
. `3ecord T| oug||s or Ter|u|||ar aga|rs| lraxeas.' 3|la|r (= Tu ) ( ). ;81o1
- 1o.
Fvars, b. l. `0re ard lo|y. T| e C|urc| |r la||r la|r|s||c T| oug|| (Ter|., Cypr.,
0ora||s|s & Aug., leo ard 0regory).' lr luo||s|ed lor ||e C|urc| l|s|or|ca|
3oc|e|y. lordor. 3lCK, . 1;z
laor|aro, 0. da. `la c||usura de||a r|ve|az|ore |r Ter|u|||aro.' 3la| ( ). o18
- 1;1.
lar|r, l. `le paraoo|e evarge||c|e |r Ter|u|||aro.' laur ( ). - . 11;||oz
laror|, 0. `Ter|u|||aro |r|erpre|e de||e prolez|e ress|ar|c|e.' 0|ss., bore.
0regor|ara, s. 1o
lasc|er, F. `Zu Ter|u|||ars Aus|egurg vor Kor . - (de pud|c|||a c. - ).' 1 1 11o
TlZ
( ). - . 1;|1z
le|oer, A., . `3c|oplurg urd 3urderla|| oe| Ter|u|||ar, 8erer|urger zur 18;
wer|urg der lrau.' ls. J. 8auer, Arlarge, - . z11zo
l|re, l. 0|e Terr|ro|og|e der Jerse||svors|e||urger oe| Ter|u|||ar. 8orr.
lars|e|r,
18.
lor|a|re, J. `3ur ur |||re de 3a|ar c|ez Ter|u|||er. 0|aoo|us |r|erpo|a|or.'
3|3b 8
( ). - . 1o;1;z1o
lord, J. |. `3|. lau|, T| e l|||ogar|s| ( C |r Far|y la|r|s||c Fxeges|s).' 1 ;
NT3 11
( s). - . 1o| zo|8
. `T| e bay, ||e boo| ard ||e b|ver. A No|e or ||e JeW|s| 0r|g|r ol Tr|r||ar|ar
lrages (Ter | .Adv. lraxear , Cypr|ar, 0e ur||a|e ) ard l|||oor ||e rerora|.' 8
3|la|r ( ). - . 111;z18o
Ter|u|||ar o1;
lrarco lerrrdez, b. `F| l|ra| de| re|ro de Cr|s|o er |a |eo|og|a ar||r|cera.'
0|ss.,
lor|. ur|v. 0regor|ara, s. 1
lredou|||e, J. C. Ter|u|||er e| |a corvers|or de |a cu||ure ar||que. F|udes
Augus||r|erres. lar|s, . 1;1
lrerd, w. l. C. `No|es or Ter|u|||ar's lr|erpre|a||or ol 3cr|p|ure.' JT| 3 ( ). 1z1o1
z;zs.
0ees|, J. F. l. var der. le C|r|s| e| |'AT c|ez Ter|u|||er. bec|erc|e
|err|ro|og|que.
la||r||as C|r|s||arorur lr|raeva. N|jreger. 0e||er & var de veg|, . 1;z
0orz|ez, J. l. C|r|s||ar ||oug|| rev|s||ed, ||ree |ypes ol ||eo|ogy (Ter|u|||ar. |aW,
0r|ger. |ru||, lreraeus. ||s|ory). Nas|v|||e. Ao|rgdor, . 18
0rarag||a, l. A. `l| ||rguagg|o eucar|s||co |r Ter|u|||aro.' lr 3argue||||urg|a, ed||ed
oy l. va|||or|, - . bore. l|a ur|ore, | . 11o1o 188|
0re|oW|a|, l. `Cr|s|o core au|ore de||a Nuova legge reg|| scr|||| d|
Ter|u|||aro.'
bTK , ( ). - . s. z1;8z1z1
0ro|, 0. F. `u||erarce ard exeges|s, o|o||ca| |r|erpre|a||or |r ||e |or|ar|s|
cr|s|s.'
lr ls. F. 3aurders, l|v|rg |ex|, - , . ;18
laerd|er, 0. `0|e dre| grosser rordalr||ar|sc|er K|rc|erva|er uoer || , s.' 1o18
TlZ ( ). - . 811oo1|
. `0|e a||es|er |a|e|r|sc|er 8|oe|z||a|e |r Ter|u|||ars lru|sc|r|l|er aus der
Ja|re
1;.' lr T| eo|. |r 0esc||c||e u. Kurs|., w. F|||ger zur . 0eour|s|ag, - . o ooo
w|||er. lu||er - ver|ag, . 1o8
la||, 8. `T| e 3arar||ars |r ||e wr|||rgs ol Jus||r |ar|yr ard Ter|u|||ar,' - . 11zz
la||ors|er, 0. 3a||slac|o oe| Ter|u|||ar, uoerprulurg e|rer lorsc|urgs|rad|||or.
3|T| , |a|ro. 0|eerup, . 18|
347
. |er||ur oe| Ter|u|||ar, uoerprulurg e|rer lorsc|urgs|rad|||or ll. 3|T| . |o
|a|ro. 0|eerup, . 18
larrar, A.-0. `la |ypo|og|e o|o||que e| sa lorra||or c|ez Ter|u|||er.' lr Fu|og|a.
|e|arges oller|s Ar|oor A. b. 8as||aerser |'occas|or de sor
so|xar|ec|rqu|re arr|versa|re, ed||ed oy 0. J. |. 8ar|e||r|, A. l|||ors|, ard C.
l.
Kreep||rs, 3|. l|e|ersaod|j-N|j|olllr|erra||ora|, - . 3|eerorugge - T| e 1;|o
lague, . 11
larrar, A. 0. `la |ypo|og|e o|o||que e| sa lorru|a||or c|ez Ter|u|||er.' lr ls.
A. 8as||aerser, Fu|og|a, - , . 1;|o11
larsor, b. l. `No|es or Ter|u|||ar's lr|erpre|a||or ol 3cr|p|ure'. JT| 3r.s. 1z
( ). 1o1
- z;;.
l|gg|rs, J. 8. `T| e la||r Tex| ol lu|e |r |arc|or ard Ter|u|||ar.' v|gC|r ( ). 11
- 1|z.
l||oera||, 8. J. 0er lersoroegr|llder Tr|r||a|s||eo|og|e |r buc|lrage vor Kar|
ba|rer zu Ter|u|||ars `Adversus lraxear.'lrrsoT3| . lrrsoruc|. Tyro||a, 1;
18o.
lopperorouWers, l. A. |. bec|erc|es sur |a |err|ro|og|e du rar|yre de
Ter|u|||ar
o183ever T| |rd-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
lac|arce. la||r||as C|r|s||arorur lr|raeva . N|jreger. 0e||er & var de 1
veg|, . 1o1
luorer, b. |. `0|e ar||gros||sc|e 0|auoersrege| des Noe| vor 3ryrra (l|ppo|y|,
belu|a||o lX, . - urd X, . - ) oe| lgra||us, lreraeus urd Ter|u|||ar.' 1o1z z;1z
|u|z ( ). - . |o18z;11
Jarser, J. l. `Ter|u|||ar ard ||e NT.' 3ecCer ( ). - . z18z11zo;
Karpp, l. `3c|r|l|urd 0e|s| oe| Ter|u|||ar.' 8lCT ( ). - . |;1;|
K||pa|r|c|, 0. 0. `Ac|s . ard Ter|u|||ar. Adv. |arc , , .' JT| 3 ( ). 1 |zz8 1o1oo
.
. ` T|r . ard Ter|u|||ar 0e oap|. . .' JT| 3 ( ). s. 1 zz 181 1o1o1z;
K|r|pa|r|c|, l. 3., `8ap||sr, 3cr|p|ure ard ||e lroo|er ard ||e C|r|s||ar 3|rrer'.
l83| ( ). - . 1;1;8
Ko|p|rg, A. 3acrarer|ur oe| Ter|u|||ar, begersourg . 1|z
Kuss, 0. `Zur lerrereu||| Ter|u|||ars.' lr N|| Aulsa|ze. ls. J. 3c|r|d, - , 18oo
1.
. `Ter|u||aro y |a |errereu||ca o|o||ca.' C0|os ( ). - . 1;o1o|o|
. `Zur lerrereu||| Ter|u|||ars.' lr J. Frrs| (lrsg.), 3c|r|l|aus|egurg,
laderoorr,
- 8;, . 1;1
laor|o||e, l. de. `Ter|u|||er a-|-|| corru ure vers|or |a||re de |a 8|o|e?'. 8AlAC |
( ). - . 11|z1o1
lecuyer, J. `l'oas|s d'F||r e| |es r|r|s|eres dars |'Fg||se.' lr ls. C. vagagg|r|,
lex
orard|, - , . zz18o
loesc||e, 0. 0|e va|erurser-Fr||arurg des T| eop|||us vor Ar||oc||er. e|re
ue||erur|ersuc|urg zu der va|erurser-Fr|arurger des Ter|u|||ar, Cypr|ar,
C|rora||us
urd l|eroryrus. Aa|er. 3c|er||a - ver|ag, . 1;
lol, l. J. var der. `T| e 'prop|e|' Aora|ar |r ||e Wr|||rgs ol lreraeus, Ter|u|||ar,
Arorose ard Augus||re.' Augus||r|ara ( ). - . ||1|1;z
loro|ro, v. `l| 0|o ur|co reg|| scr|||| d| Ter|u|||aro,' - . 181
loul, A. `Caper er|ssar|us (lev ) u| |ypus bederp|or|s apud la|res (ls 8arr., 1o
Jus|., Ter|., 0r|g., Cyr. A|.).' v0 ( ). - . 81oozoz;;
|aclerrar, b. `lour C|r|s||ar Wr||ers or JeWs ard Juda|sr |r ||e secord
cer|ury (8arraoas, |e|||o, Jus||r, Ter|u|||ar).' lr ls. |. lox, , - , 118;zoz
11.
|arcus, w. `Ara|og|a 0||oror|aeoder 0||oror|a a|s ||s|or|o|og|sc|er
Zer|ra|oegr|llder a||c|r|s|||c|er l|||osop||a. F|r 8e||rag zur
Ter|u|||ar|r|erpre|a||or.' 0|ss., |ur|c|, . 11
|a||e|, l. `Adar posseda-|-|| |'Fspr||? berarques sur |'e|a| pr|r|||l de |'|orre
e| |e progrs de |'||s|o|re se|or Ter|u|||er.' bFAug ( ). - . z18z;8
. `'laoere e|s sacerdo||s', sacerdoce e| |aica| au |ero|grage de Ter|u|||er, '0e
ex|or|a||ore cas|||a||s e| de rorogar|a.'' bev3b ( ). - . 18zooz1
. `le d|vorce c|ez Ter|u|||er, exarer de |a ques||or |a |ur|re des deve|op-
Ter|u|||ar o1
perer|s que |e 0e rorogar|a corsacre ce suje|.' bev3b ( ). oo18o
- zo;|.
|c0orre||, K. `Corrur|or ecc|es|o|ogy ard oap||sr |r ||e 3p|r||, Ter|u|||ar ard
||e ear|y C|urc|.' T3 ( ). - . |188o;1|
|e||rarr, J. `0ar|e||s cap. (= 8e| e| draco) apud Ter|u|||arur.' v0 ( ). 1| ||1oo
- zo;1.
. `0e Ter|u|||ar| qu|ousdar oper|ous ao |gro|o auc|ore correr|ar|| |r
3yroo|ur N|caerur c||a||s.' 3F ( | ). - . 181o;o8||o
348
. `0s l|vros e de Fsdras e o l|vro do Fc|es|s||co er Ter|u||aro.' |
A|ua||dades
8|o||cas, aos cu|dados de 3. vo|g| e o( ). 1;1
|e|jer|rg, F. Ter|u|||ar cor|ra |arc|or. le|der . 1;;
|ero||, A. l. `lrl|uss| de||a scuo|a as|ara e de||a |rad|z|ore o|o||ca su||a 'par|sos|s'
re||e prose d| Ter|u|||aro.' Aev ( ). - . |o1oo1|
||cae||, C. `l'|rl|usso d| Ter|u|||aro su 0|ro|aro. le opere su| ra|r|ror|o e |e
secorde rozze.' Augbor ( ). - . 11;|1z
. `No|e cr|||c|e ed esge||c|e a| |es|o de| 0e resurrec||ore d| Ter|u|||aro.'
ve|C|r
zo( ). - . 18z;8o
||c|ae||ds, 0. lo|, Fcr||ures e| Trad|||or ou les `lraescr|p||ores' c|ez
Ter|u|||er.
T| eo|og|e, sous |a d|r. de |a lac. de ||eo|. 3. J. de lyor - lourv|re, vo|. . ;o
lar|s.
Auo|er-|or|a|gre, . 1o
. lo|, Fcr||ure e| Trad|||or. les 'lraescr|p||ores' c|ez Ter|u|||er. Co||. 'T|
eo|og|e' , o
1;o.
||rrera||, b. `l'exegse de || . - c|ez Ter|u|||er.' bllr ( ). - 1o1;1 ;z1zo1
. ;z
|ore|, v. `le deve|opperer| de |a 'd|sc|p||ra' sous |'ac||or du 3a|r|-Fspr|| c|ez
Ter|u|||er.' blF ( ). - . 1z|o
. `0|sc|p||ra. le ro| e| |'|dee represer|ee par |u| dars |es oeuvres de
Ter|u|||er.'
blF ( | ). - . |o1||||o
|oresc||r|, C. `lro|egorera ad ura lu|ura ed|z|ore de||'Adv. |arc|orer d|
Ter|u|||aro.' A3N3l ( ). - . 1oozo8
. `0sservaz|or| su| |es|o de||'Adversus |arc|orerd| Ter|u|||aro.' A3N3l
( ). - . 1;o|81
|ur|er, C. `l'au|or||e de |'Fg||se e| |'au|or||e de |'Fspr|| d'aprs Ter|u|||er.'
bev3b 8
( ). - . 18|;;o
Norr|s, b. A. 0od ard wor|d |r Far|y C|r|s||ar T| oug||. A 3|udy |r Jus||r |ar|yr,
lreraeus, Ter|u|||ar, ard 0r|ger. 3|ud|es |r la|r|s||c T| oug|| . NeW or|. 1
3eaoury, | . 1ooo
0roe, A. `F|erer|os de |eo|og|a |r|r||ar|a er e| Adv. lerrerogerer cc. , - , 1;118
|
(de Ter|u||aro. ag|| de exeges| lrov . ss e| bor . ).' 0reg ( ). - 8z; 1zo 18;oo
. |o
. `A propos||o de 0er . (l|a| |ux) er |a exeges|s de Tac|aro.' 0reg ( ). 1 |z1o1
- |o1|.
ozo3ever T| |rd-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
0'|a||ey, T. l. Ter|u|||ar ard ||e 8|o|e. larguage-lragery-Fxeges|s. la||r||as
C|r|s||arorur lr|raeva . N|jreger. 0e||er & var de veg|, . z1 1o;
le|||ar, J. `T| e Fsc|a|o|ogy ol Ter|u|||ar.' C|urc| l|s|. ( ). - . z11z1o8z;
le|||rerg|r, l. `bec|erc|es sur |es c||a||ors d'lsaie c|ez Ter|u|||er.' lr ls. l.
lrede,
bec|erc|es, - , . z1|118;
le|zer, J. l. `Ter|u|||ar's Tex| ol Ac|s.' 3ecCer | ( ). - . 8|11zo11
le|re, l. l'exerp|ur c|ez Ter|u|||er. T| se corp|erer|a|re. 0|jor. 0arer||re,
. 1|
l|e|re||a, F. `l'eseges| gros||ca ed ecc|es|as||ca |r Ter|u|||aro.' Aev ( ). - |1;oo
. ;o
. `Caro e| sargu|s regrur 0e| poss|dere ror possur|.' l'eseges| gros||ca ed
ecc|es|as||ca l|ro ad lrereo.' Aev ( ). - . |1;ooo
louderor, 8. `A||eragore e| Ter|u|||er sur |a resurrec||or.' bFAug ( ). 18
- . zoo
luer|e 3ar||dr|ar, l. `F| carpo serr||co de |a resurrecc|or er Ter|u||aro.'
le|rr||ca ( ). - . 118o8|o|
luer|e 3ar||dr|r, l. `3oore |a |err|ro|og|a de |a resurrecc|or er Ter|u||aro.'
8urgerse ( ). - . 11;8o1;|
. la |err|ro|og|a de |a reurrecc|or er Ter|u|||aro, cor ur erxcursus
corpara||vo
(cor) ||ruc|us le||x. luo|. lac. T. N. Fspaa . 8urgos. A|decoa, . | 18;
uacquare|||, A. `l'eseges| d| Ter|u|||aro a || . .' lr Kyr|a|or. ls. J. uas|er, 1o
- 11zo, . 1;o
u|rr, J. 0. `Ter|u|||ar ard T|ro||y . or |rpos|rg |ards, lau| 0a|||er 1 zz
rev|s||ed.' 3|la|r ( ). - . z118zo8;o
baroaux, C. Ter|u|||er lace aux rora|es des |ro|s prer|ers s|c|es. lar|s.
8le||res,
1;.
bar||r, 0. `Ter|u|||ar's use ol ||e pas|ora| ep|s||es |r ||s doc|r|re ol r|r|s|ry.'
349
Aus|ra|8b ( ). - . z18|18;
. `Ter|u|||ar's cors|s|ercy ol ||oug|| or r|r|s|ry.' 3|la|r ( ). - . z118z;1;o
b|rg, T. 0. Auc|or||as oe| Ter|u|||ar, Cypr|ar urd Aroros|us. Cass|c|acur . wu. z
Augus||rus, . 1;
b|zz|, |. `'Jus||||a' e| 'ver||as', |'exord|ur deg|| scr|||| apo|oge||c| d| 0|us||ro,
A||eragora, Ter|u|||aro.' Aevur ( ). - . o111z|
borde|, l. `le pec|e or|g|re| dars |a |rad|||or.' 8lF ( ). - . o81o;zo|
boss|, 3. `la c||az|ore de| |es|| sacr| re||'Adversus lraxear d| Ter|u|||aro.'
0|orra|e
l|a||aro d| l||o|og|a ( ). - . 11ooz|oo
3are| lodov|c|, F. `3u||'|r|erpre|az|ore d| a|cur| |es|| de||a le||era a| 0a|a|| |r
|arc|ore e |r Ter|u|||aro.' Aev | - ( ). - . |o;1;z;1|o1
3a|rar, 0. `l|rgerra||s ard la|r, Ara|ory ard Fxeges|s |r Ter|u|||ar.' JT| 3 |o
( ). - . 1811ozo
3cag||or|, C. `'3ap|er||a rurd|' e '3ap|er||a 0e|.' l'esegese d| Cor . - . |r 1 118z
Ter|u|||aro.' Aev ( ). - . |o1;z18z1
3c|r|d, u. |arc|or urd se|r Apos|o|os. 8er||r . 1
Ter|u|||ar oz1
3c|u|z-l|uge|, F. lACl, rd ed., , - . z 18z8;
3c|u|o, l. `ura |sp|raz|ore pao||ra |r Ter|u|||aro.' 0rp|eus ( ). - . 1o1o8
. la grada||o |r Ter|u|||aro. Cer|ro d| 3|. su||'Ar|. Cr|s||ares|ro. Ca|ar|a, . 1o
3erra Zare|||, l. `Avu|s| surus |r e|s (Fzec| , ap. Ter|., res. , ).' lr ;11 z1z
Trad|z|ore de||'ar||co re||e |e||era|ure e re||e ar|| d'0cc|der|e. 3|ud| |r reror|a d|
|. 8e|||rc|or| 3carpa|, - . bore. 8u|zor|, . o| 1o
3evers|er, 0. `0e 'ops|ard|rg des v|eses' o|j Ter|u|||arus er |r |e| r|.' NTT
( ). 1|
- o|;z.
3|der, b. 0. Arc|er| b|e|or|c ard ||e Ar| ol Ter|u|||ar. 0xlord T| eo|. |orograp|s.
lordor. 0xlord ur|vers||y lress, . 1;1
. `Credo qu|a aosurdur? (Ter|u|||ar ard 8|o|e).' Cw ( s). - . ;1; |1;1
. `l||erary ar||l|ce ard ||e l|gure ol lau| |r ||e Wr|||rgs ol Ter|u|||ar.' lr lau|
ard ||e |egac|es ol lau|. bev|sed papers preser|ed a| ||e corlererce |e|d a|
3ou||err |e||od|s| ur|vers||y |r |arc| ., vo|. , ed||ed oy w. 3. 8aococ|, 18; z
- 1zo. 3ou||err |e||od|s| ur|vers||y lress, . 1o
3|W|eraWs||, K. `larao|e ol ||e prod|ga| sor |r Ter|u|||ar's |r|erpre|a||or.' b8l ;
( ). - . 18|118
3pe|g|, J. `'lr praeser||a 0or|r|', zu Ter|u|||ar, uoer d|e Aulers|e|urg urd |;
uoer
das las|er .' lr ls. J. 8es|, - , . 1 |||18|
. `Ter|u|||ar a|s Fxege|.' lr 3||ru||, ls. F. 0assrarr, ed||ed oy 0. 3c|o||ger
ard
C. 3c|o||er, - . |urs|er. Asc|erdorll, . 1o1;o 1o
3|e|rrarr, J. Ter|u|||er (8|o|e e| Trad|||or). lyor. Fd. du C|a|e|, . 1o;
Terrey, |. C. `T| e uo|a||ors lror lu|e |r Ter|u|||ar as re|a|ed |o ||e |ex|s ol
||e
secord ard |||rd cer|ur|es.' 0|ss., larvard, . 1||
Terres, l. `la lorrac|or de Fva er |os padres la||ros |as|a 3. Agus||r
|rc|us|ve.'
FsTe ( ). - . |1oo|z1
T|o||e|||, C. `l| cr|s||aro e |a 3. 3cr|||ura |r ur passo d| Ter|u|||aro.' 0|orra|e
l|a||aro
d| l||o|og|a ( ). - . 11ozz|o
T|||ey, |. `T| e use ol 3cr|p|ure |r C|r|s||ar Nor|| Alr|ca, ar exar|ra||or ol
0ora||s| |errereu||cs (Ter|u|||ar |o Augus||re).' 0|ss., 0u|e, s. 18
Ts|rpar||s, C. N. `T| e Ar||c|r|s| ard ||e Frd ol ||e wor|d |r lreraeus, Jus||r,
l|ppo|y|us ard Ter|u|||ar.' l8b ( ). - . 1o1;
Ture|, w. `la pr|ra |e||era d| 0|ovarr| reg|| scr|||| d| Ter|u|||aro.' lr A||| de| vl
3|rpops|o d| Fleso su 3. 0|ovarr| Apos|o|o, ed||ed oy l. ladovese (Turc||a. |a
C||esa e |a sua s|or|a ), - . bore. ls|||u|o lrarcescaro d| 3p|r||ua|||, 111z1
lor||l|c|o A|ereo Ar|or|aro, . 1o
ug||or|, b. `l'Ar||co Tes|arer|o reg|| scr|||| Ter|u|||are| su||e secorde rozze.' Aug
zz( ). - . 18z1o;8
var der lol, l. J. `Ter|u|||ar ard Augus||re or T||us . - .' Augus||rus 1o11 8
( ). 1
- 11z.
ozz3ever T| |rd-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
va|||or|, l. `ls . |r Ter|u|||aro = 3p|go|a|ure pa|r|s||c|e .' lr ||sc. pa|r|s|. A. zoo z
C.
vera, - , . z81z1o8
ve||r|, 0. `0a||a |es| g|udeo-e||er|s||ca de| 'p|ag|o' de| grec| a| corce||o raoo|r|co
de|
verus lsrae|, d|spu|a su||'appar|ererza de||a sol|a.' bCa|T ( ). - . 1;1z81o|
verW||g|er, A. `l|. . - dars |'oeuvre de Ter|u|||er.' 3a|es|arur ( ). z11 |;18
350
- |o.
v|c|aro, A. `lr|rc|p|os de |errereu||ca o|o||ca er e| |ra|ado 'Adv. ludaeos' de
Ter | u||aro.' lr 8|o||a y lerrereu||ca. vll 3|rpos|o lr|errac|ora| de Teo|og|a
(larp|ora, - aor|| de ), - . larp|ora. Fursa, . 1o1z 18o;|| 18
. Cr|s|o sa|vador y ||oerador de| |orore, es|ud|o soore |a so|er|o|og|a de
Ter|u||aro.
0|ss. larp|ora. ur|vers|dad de Navarra, . 18o
wasz|r|, J. l. `Ter|u|||ars esc|a|o|og|sc|e 0eu|urg der 3|eoerza||.' lr 0puscu|a
3e|ec|a, - . le|der. 8r|||, . |1 1;
. `Ter|u|||ar's lr|rc|p|es ard |e||ods ol Fxeges|s'. w. b. 3c|oede| ard b. l.
w|||er, eds. Far|y C|r|s||ar l||era|ure ard ||e C|ass|ca| lr|e||ec|ua| Trad|||or. ls.
b. |. 0rar|. lar|s , - . 1;1;1
w||||ars, 0. 3. `0r Ter|u|||ar's |ex| ol lu|e.' 3ecCer | ( ). - . 8|111
Ze||, b. l. `T| e lr|es||ood ol C|r|s| |r Ter|u|||ar ard 3|. Cypr|ar.' 3|la|r , 11z
( ). - . 1;zz8z88
Z|eg|er, J. `Zu.' 8Z ( ). - . 81o|z;;8o
. `ZWe| 8e||rage zu 3|rac|.' lr Z|eg|er, 3y||oge, - . 0o|||rger. oo1o8
varder|oec| &
buprec||, . 1;1
Z|rrerrarr, C. F. `Trarp||rg ||e serper|'s |ead, d|sc|p||re ard ||eod|cy |r
Ter|u|||ar's use ol|rdu|ger||a 0e|.' 0|ss., Frory ur|vers||y, . 18|
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| lll oz
C0||00lAN FAbl 3b0 C.
loss|o|y lror 3yr|a, ou| se|||ed |r ||e wes|, ros| prooao|y |r Alr|ca, Corrod|ar
oe|orgs |o a JeW|s|-C|r|s||ar group |r corl||c| W||| raoo|r|c au||or|||es. lr ||s
poe||c Wor|s, |e ce|eora|es ||e order ol Crea||or ard sa|va||or
|r C|r|s|, ard a|so ol ||e r|||erar|ar erd|rg ol ||res. l|s Wr|||rgs oe|ray
rorarc||ar over|ores (0ar|e|ou, ) ard ||e JeW|s| oac|grourd ol ||e 1o|
3|oy|||re 0rac|esard ol ||e Apoca|ypse ol 8aruc|. l|s lrs|ruc||ores, e|g||y
poers |r acros||c lorr, address oo|| pagars (8oo| ) ard JeWs (8oo| ). z
l|s Carrer apo|oge||curaddresses ||e sare douo|e aud|erce |r r|y||r|c
prose, W||| a rore poe||c |rsp|ra||or |r ||e descr|p||or ol ||e erd ol ||res.
Corrod|ar |s ||e l|rs| correr|a|or ol ||e Apoca|yse ol Jo|r, W||c| |e
|r|erpre|s |r a r|||erar|s||c ard ra|er|a||s||c (JeW|s|) Way. l|s rerar|ao|e
deve|oprer| or Ar||c|r|s| arrources Tycor|us's l|oer regu|arurard ||s
Correr|ary or ||e Apoca|pyse. A| ||e erd ol ||e |||rd cer|ury, Corrod|ar's
esc|a|o|ogy Wou|d oe |a|er over oy v|c|or|rus ol le||au.
T|e lrs|ruc||ores, |r lor|y-||ree verses |r 8oo| l ard s|x|y-e|g|| |r 8oo|
ll, prov|de |rp||c|| relererces |o scr|p|ure (see C3Fl). A lree adap|a||or ol
o|o||ca| p|rases urderscores Corrod|arus' poe||c d|c||or. le |roWs l|ar
|ypur syragogae lu|sse, rys|er|ur verur e| |ypur ecc|es|ae ros|rae, `l|a| Was
a |ype ol ||e syragogue, a |rue rys|ery ard |ype ol our c|urc|' (l, , - ), 81|
|r |o| prola|orur vo|ur|ra vox 0or|r| proc|ara|. `|r ||e rary ooo|s ol ||e
prop|e|s 0od's vo|ce proc|a|rs' (ll, ), ||||s e| |r |||o(C|r|s|) |||ar|s, rar 1
saecu|o |r|s||s, `ger||e ard joyous |r ||r (C|r|s|), oecause s|err lor ||e Wor|d'
(ll, ). le preser|s Tao|||a c|ar|ss|ra quordar, `a cer|a|r very larous 1;
Tao||a|,' as a rode| lor ra|rors (ll, . ), a sugges||or repea|ed oy Cypr|ar, 1818
0e opere e| e|eerose, . lr quo||rg lsa|a| . , |e acc|a|rs cae|||oquax Fsa|as o 1o
doc|or e| auc|or, `||e |eaver|y e|oquer| |eac|er ard Wr||er lsa|a|' (ll, . , 18
see Cypr|ar 0e |ao||u v|rg. ) ard |e relers |o 3|rac| . , |r 3a|oror|aco 1 zz1
||oro(ll, . ). (0ar|e|ou, , - , - ). z| 1;8111zz|z|
l|s Carrer apo|oge||cur|s a |yrr |o 0od A|r|g||y, W||| a cordersed
accour| ol ||e o|o||ca| s|ory ol sa|va||or, |rc|ud|rg Crea||or, ||e l|rs| parer|s,
||e l|ood, ||e |oWer ol 8aoe|, Aora|ar, |oses, ||e prop|e|s (a||oW|rg adversus
Judaeos-ro||ls), 0ar|e|, 0av|d, 3o|oror, d|v|re |rcarra||or, sa|va||or lor
||e ra||ors, v|c|ory over 3a|ar, ||e cross (||roug| a ser|es ol Tes||ror|a),
||e resurrec||or, appar|||ors |o T| oras ard o||ers, ard ||e ascers|or.
Corrod|ar erds |r ooserv|rg ||a| ||s presured pagar readers||p Wou|d
prooao|y preler ||e c|ass|cs. verg|||us |eg||ur, C|cero e| Terer||us ||er(verse
oz|3ever T| |rd-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
8). l|s urs|a|eao|e expec|a||or ol ar Frd (soor |o core?) |rc|udes a
||ve|y |error ol Ar||c|r|s| ard urusua| expec|a||ors ol sore rerrar| JeW|s|
|r|oes oe|rg ca||ed lror ||e 0r|er| |o lu|l||| d|v|re pror|ses oelore ||e l| ra|
co||apse ol ||e Wor|d.
Fd|||ors
0oroar|, 8., C3Fl ( ). 1188;
|ar||r, J., CCl ( ). 1z81oo
lrs|ruc||ores
0ure|, J., lar|s . 11z
wa|||s, b. F.. ANl ( ) - . |188;zo11
Carrer apo|oge||cur
l||ra, J. l., 3p|c||eg|ur 3o|esrerse . lar|s , - . 1 18zz8|
3a|va|ore, A.. Tur|r . 1;;
Trars|a||ors
351
Frg||s|. wa|||s, b. F., ANl , , - . |188;zo11
lrerc|. 0ure|. aoove.
l|a||ar. 3a|va|ore. aoove.
3|ud|es
0ar|e|ou, J. `les 'Tes||ror|a' de Corrod|er.' lr 3|ud| Card. |. le||egr|ro, -
. o
Tur|r. 8o||ega d'Frasro, . 1;
. les or|g|res du c|r|s||ar|sre |a||r. l|s|o|re des doc|r|res c|re||erres avar|
N|cee, vo|. lll, lar|s, . 1;8
lor|a|re, J. Na|ssarce de |a poes|e dars |'0cc|der| c|re||er. Fsqu|sse d'ure
||s|o|re de
|a poes|e |a||re c|re||erre du lll
e
au vl
e
s|c|e. lar|s , - . 181z
lopperoroWers, l. A. |. Corrod|er po|ec|re||er. (0raec||as e| la||r||as
C|r|s||arorur lr|raeva. 3upp|. , - . N|jreger . z|;88 1o|
3a|va|ore, A. `lex 3ecurdae |r|erpre|az|ore o|o||ca d| Corrod|arus.' ve|C|r
( ). - . 1o111o
. `l| 3a|ro ( ) |r ur passo d| Corrod|aro.' ve|C|r ( ). - . 11o1o 1o1;|o
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| lv oz
ClblAN 0l CAbTlA0F 0. 258
8|s|op ol Car||age lor |er years, Cypr|ar Was a ||g||y educa|ed r|e|or oelore
corver||rg |o C|r|s||ar||y. le eroar|ed or ar asce||c ||les|y|e, d|s|r|ou|ed
ruc| ol ||s Wea||| |o ||e poor ard ergaged |r|o ||e s|udy ol scr|p|ure oy
corp|||rg a vas| co||ec||or ol quo|a||ors, Ad u|r|rur, pu| urder a se| ol
ruor|cs ard prov|ded W||| s|or| correr|. T| |s ear||es| lorr ol sc|o|ar|y
exeges|s |r ||e la||r wes| Was corce|ved as a resource lor preac|ers. 8oo|
l, ar Apo|ogy aga|rs| ||e JeWs, cour|ed |Wer|y-lour |ead|rgs, 8oo| ll, a
corperd|ur ol c|r|s|o|ogy, cour|s |||r|y |ead|rgs. 8oo| lll, W||| ||s oWr
prelace, Was added a| a |a|er ||re or ||e reques| ol u|r|r|us, || seers |o
da|e lror oelore , ard cour|s a |urdred ard |Wer|y |ead|rgs, dea||rg z|
W||| ||e C|r|s||ar Way ol ||le.
lr , Cypr|ar's correr|s or ||e lord's prayer 0e dor|r|ca ora||ore, zz
rore oa|arced ||ar ||ose ol Ter|u|||ar, Were carelu||y pas|ora| |r |ore,
eroedded |r ||e |||urg|ca| use ol scr|p|ure, cer|red or ||e euc|ar|s|, ard
lurr|s|ed W||| ar esc|a|o|og|ca| ep||ogue. A| ||e oeg|rr|rg ol ||e persecu||or ol
va|er|ar |r (s|or||y oelore ||e persecu||or ol 0a||us |r (Koc|, z8 z
- 1;z18z) ||s ex|or|a||or, Ad lor|ura|ur, preser|s a co||ec||or ol o|o||ca|
ex|rac|s, gererous|y correr|ed or ard |rsp|red |r par||cu|ar oy ||e 8oo|
ol |accaoees, |r W||c| ||s a||er||or |s locused or rar|yrdor. l|s Apo|ogy,
Ad 0ere|r|arur, respords |o pagar c|a|rs derourc|rg ||e C|r|s||ars as
respors|o|e lor puo||c ca|ar|||es, ou| || |s addressed |o ||e C|r|s||ar corrur||y
||se|l, as ev|derced oy rurerous relererces |o scr|p|ure. A parp||e|,
0e ze|o e| ||vore, d|sr|sses ervy as |av|rg ||s or|g|r |r 3a|ar, W|o oroug||
Adar |o la|| oy ||.
|. A. la|ey ( ), prov|des a de|a||ed ara|ys|s ol `Cypr|ar's |err|ro|ogy lor 1;1
3cr|p|ure, caror, |rsp|ra||or, ur||y ol ||e Tes|arer|s' ( - ), zo
`Cypr|ar's o| ard r| quo|a||ors ard a||us|ors' |r ||e order ol o|o||ca|
ooo|s ( - ), `Cypr|ar's o|o||ca| l|gures, ard passages or sa|va||or ||s|ory ;|
( - ), ard |e adds ar `Fxcursus. Cypr|ar's vocaou|ary lor Typo|ogy' o11
( - ). Cypr|ar's ros| c||ed ooo|s are. |a|||eW, lsa|rs, Jo|r, lsa|a|, o1zozz
ard Apoca|ypse. leoreWs ard Jares are aoser| lror ||s caror. l||e |r
Ter|u|||ar, ||s |r|erpre|a||or |s ra|r|y c|r|s|o|og|ca| aga|rs| |arc|or. lror
r|, Cyp|ar quo|es a|ros| exc|us|ve|y `say|rgs,' praecep|aol Jesus. Typo|ogy
|s usua||y oased or persors. |os| ol ||e ||re Cypr|ar rera|rs |rdeperder|
ol Ter|u|||ar |r ||e c|o|ce ard |r|erpre|a||or ol o|o||ca| |ex|s.
l. Koc| ( ) exar|res ||e da||rg ol Ad lor|ura|ur( - ), ard 1z1 1|18
ozo3ever T| |rd-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
`Ad u|r|rur(Tes||ror|a)' ( - ). 8oo| lll |s au||er||c (sare op|r|or 18z1o
|r l. vor 3oder, 0as |a|e|r|sc|e r| |r Alr||a zur Ze|| Cypr|ars, , ), 1o18
- zo;zo, ||s| ol o|o||ca| quo|a||ors |r Ad u|r|rurlll, corpared W||| Ad
lor|ura|ur, |e||ers ard o||er Wr|||rgs ol Cypr|ar.
|. beve|||aud ( ) lorru|a|es ||e |ypo||es|s ||a| a co||ec||or ol urpuo||s|ed 1o|
`Tes||ror|a' Was used oy Cypr|ar lor Ad u|r|rur. le Was eas||y
relu|ed oy |. |. 3age, Cypr|ar(la|r|s||c |orograp| 3er|es ), l|||ade|p||a, 1
1;. Apperd|x v. `0|d Cypr|ar Corp||e l|s 0Wr l|or||eg|ur?,' - . ;
`le '0e 0or|r|ca 0ra||ore' e| |'Fcr||ure sa|r|e'. a |||rd ol ||e |ex| quo|es
scr|p|ure W||| s|x|y-e|g|| exp||c|| quo|a||ors ard rore ||ar l|l|y a||us|ors.
T| e Wr|||er 0ospe| |s ||e lourda||or ol ||e c|urc|. lr scr|p|ure ||e lo|y
3p|r|| spea|s |o ||e c|urc|. T| e prayer lor `oread' |r ||e dor|r|ca ora||o,
|||e a|| ||e scr|p|ures po|es| e| sp|r||a|||er e| s|rp||c||er |r|e||eg|, `car oe
urders|ood |r a sp|r|||ua| serse ard accord|rg |o ||e |e||er' (0e dor. ora|. ). 18
352
8o|| serses, ||e |||era| ard ||e sp|r||ua|, are equa||y recessary. Typo|ogy
|s |rpor|ar|. || erao|es ||e correr|a|or |o l|gurar expr|rere, |ypur os|erdere,
|rag|rer expressere, Arra, ecc|es|ae |ypur por|ers, `represer| ||e
l|gure, |o s|oW ||e |ype, |o express ||e |rage, Arra carry|rg or ||e |ype
ol ||e c|urc|.'
3|||| r|ss|rg |s a de|a||ed s|udy ol ||e use ol scr|p|ure |r Cypr|ar's
le||ers.
ls.-Cypr|ar. 0e duoous ror||ous 3|ra e| 3|or
T| e lseudo-Cypr|ar|c serror, 0e duoous ror||ous 3|ra e| 3|or, Alr|car,
rd cer|ury (ll , - , C3Fl , ) oe|orgs |o ||e gerre ol Adversus |o1ooo
ludaeos. l| `ex||o||s ||e sare lea|ures ||a| c|arac|er|zed o||er ear|y C|r|s||ar
|rea||ses. a c|r|s|o|og|ca| |r|erpre|a||or ol scr|p|ure, o|o||ca||y oased
argurer|a||or, ||e use ol |ypo|ogy, a||egory, ard e|yro|og|es, ard ||e |yp|ca||y
dua||s||c cor|ras| oe|Weer C|r|s||ars ard JeWs' (J. A. Kraus, JFC3 , , ;1
oz1, rev|eW|rg A. |. laa|o, JeWs ard C|r|s||ars |r ||e 0e duoous ror||ous
3|ra e| 3|or. Ar Approac| |o Far|y la||r Adversus ludaeos l||era|ure. 0|ss.
Aoo A|ader| ur|v. lress ). 18
T| e preac|er correr|s or ||e |Wo parao|es ol ||e ev|| |erar|s (|| . z1
- |o, || . - , l| . - ) ard ||e Wedd|rg leas| (|| . - , l| 1z11z zo1 zz11|
1|. - ), W||| a spec|a| relererce |o ||e |Wo sors (|| . - ). T| e 1oz z1z8z
descr|p||or ol C|r|s|'s lass|or serves as a r|e|or|ca| c||rax o|rd|rg |oge||er
||e correr|s or ||e d|llerer| parao|es. Cor|erp|a||rg ||e rejec||or ol ||e
`uroe||ev|rg JeWs' ard ||e e|ec||or ol ||e ra||ors |eds |o a |yrr|c proless|or
ol la|||. T| e |or|||s| erds oy ce|eora||rg ||e lac| ||a| sore JeWs reac|ed
sa|va||or ||ar|s |o C|r|s|'s corpass|or ard |o oap||sr. lseudo-Cypr|ar Was
Cypr|ar ol Car||age oz;
a r|e|or ard a g|l|ed Wr||er, lar|||ar W||| ||e c|ass|cs. le Was a|so |ra|red as
a jur|s|, ||e ro||ors ve|usard rovur |es|arer|ur|eep a s|r|c||y jur|d|ca|
serse W|er |e c|a|rs. ||c es| qu| rup|| ve|ro suur |es|arer|ur e| scr|ps||
rovur, quo ger|es ad possess|orer oororur suorur vocav||, `le |s ||e ore
W|o arru||ed ||s lorrer coverar| ard Wro|e a reW ore, oy W||c| |e ca||ed
||e ra||ors |o |a|e possess|or ol ||s goods' (par. ). T| e |or||y W||resses o1
severa| |||erary cor|ac|s W||| a very ear|y |ex| lorr ol ||e 0|a|esseror. l|
cores c|ose |o lreraeus ard |o |e|||o's |or||y 0r ||e lass|or. uo|ed are
0r . (par. ), . o ard (par. ), ls . (par ), o- a (par. ), 1|1; 8 1 1z z1 1| |1
1. , (par. , . o- (par. ), . - (par. ), ard . - (par. ). T| e 1o18 ;1z o ;1 ; 8o;
serror a||udes |o Jer . , , . - (par. ), ard ls . - (par. ). zz;o1;18 o o o
C|ror|ca Ter|u|||area e| Cypr|area( - ) 18o1
T| ar|s |o ||e |r|||a||ve ol l. le|||rerg|r ard J.-C. lredou|||e, a sra|| group
ol spec|a||s|s ergaged |r|o a ||oroug| cr|||ca| rev|eW ol puo||ca||ors corcerr|rg
Cypr|ar. ||e C|ror|ca Ter|u|||area, W||c| |ad s|ar|ed |r bFAug|r
1;o, exparded |r|o a C|ror|ca Ter|u|||area e| Cypr|area , rev|eW|rg 18
puo||ca||ors up |o ||a| year. lor |rs|arce, r. d|scusses a ||es|s ol J. Z|eg|er zz
( ), ard r. , l. |ora|, 8TTl, W|o |rs|s|s ||a| ||e ooo|s Ad u|r|rur 18 z8
do ro| represer| a proper co||ec||or ol `Tes||ror|a.' C|ror|ca , r. , 18o 1|
||g|||g||s K. 8. 3c|rurr, `lorer urd |arde|r,' s|ress|rg ||e jur|d|ca| c|arac|er ol
||e very ro||or ol la|er, |r 0e ora||ore dor|r|ca, || a|so exar|res
||e ar||cu|a||or ol ||e |||era| ard sp|r||ua| serse oased or ||e |errereu||ca|
regu|a l|de|. C|ror|ca , r. dea|s W||| . lros|. C|ror|ca - . 18; 1; 181z
0re l|rds reW cr|||ca| prec|s|ors aoou| lseudo-Cypr|ara |r C|ror|ca
18(bFAug ), r. . accord|rg |o J. 3c|W|rd, ||e pseudocypr|ar|c 1o z
Carrer de pasc|a seu de ||gro cruc|s, a poer ol |exare|ers (Cll ), o8 18
Was prooao|y corposed |r ror||err l|a|y ca. , || |s c|ose |o C|rora||us |oo
ol Aqu||e|a. A. borcoror|, , |s a|so rer||ored. C|ror|ca (bFAug 1;o 1z
1), r. . Cera Cypr|ar|(Cll ), verses |r s|rop|es ol lour, W||| 1|oo|o
r|yres ard assorarce, p|c|ures a our|esque d|rrer par|y W||| o| ard r|
l|gures, us|rg a la||r |rars|a||or ol ||e 8|o|e lror oelore Jerore. T| e er|gra||c
poer ergaged red|eva| cu||ure |r|o a||egor|sr. l| da|es lror ||e |as|
|||rd ol ||e lour|| cer|ury. C|ror|ca (bFAug ), r. , preser|s 0. 1z 1
w. C|ar|e, `Cypr|ar,' ||e Arc|or 8|o|e, 3. 0e|ear| ooserves. `Cypr|ar does
ro| ||r|| ||rse|l |o quo||rg s|r|c||y scr|p|ure, |e parap|rases || oy arrourc|rg ||s
quo|a||ors ard add|rg |o ||er ||s oWr correr|s. l|s s|y|e seers
rar|ed oy ||e |ec||o d|v|ra.'
C|ror|ca (bFAug ), r. , s|rg|es ou| 0e exc|d|o 3odorae e| 1 1|
N|r|ve, a l| l|| cer|ury d|p|yc| ol |exare|ers, ard rer||ors b. Cac||||. 1oo
oz83ever T| |rd-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
C|ror|ca , r. , quo|es lr. Tr|sag||o, `C|pr|aro uoro . . . ,' ro||rg ||a| ||e 1
proper or|g|ra|||y ol Cypr|ar's le||ersdeperds pr|rc|pa||y or ||e|r use ol
scr|p|ure. lr r. , A. le|oer, Fcc|es|a ex. . . ( ) spec|l| es ||e rear|rg ol zo 1z
ex|ra ecc|es|ar ru||a sa|us, || corcerrs or|y peop|e W|o |eave||e c|urc|,
||e `sc||sra||cs.'
C|ror|ca (bFAug ), r. , preser|s |o ||e readers lseudoCypr|ar|, l due 1| 1
ror|| 3|ra| e 3|or, W||c| ||e ed||or, C|ara 8ur|r| ( ), 1|
da|es, vs. J. 0ar|e|ou, lror ||e secord |a|l or ||e l|rs| |a|l ol ||e lour||
353
cer|ury. C|ror|ca , r. , rer||ors |. lo|r|er, `0ars |'a|e||er . . .' ( ). 1| 1o 1
lr r. , T| . b|c|||r ooserves ||a| Cera Cypr|ar||s ro| recessar||y 1z
cor|erporareous W||| Zero ol verora (vs. C|r. |odes|o). C|ror|ca (bFAug 1
1o) |rc|udes arorg o||er |ssues a d|scuss|or oy b. 8raur ol 0. 3c|r|d,
|arc|or urd se|r Apos|o|os, ard a rev|eW ol l. |a||e|, `bec|erc|es sur |a 8|o|e
bore vers |e r|||eu du lll
e
s|c|e. Nova||er e| |a ve|us la||ra,' b8er 1o
( ), oy l. le|||rerg|r. lr C|ror|ca (bFAug ), l. le|||rerg|r 1 1o 1;
rev|eWs 3. 0e|ear|, `la syr|axe des |||res dars |es recue||s scr|p|ura|res de
sa|r| Cypr|er'. bFAug ( ). - , ard b. 8raur, `les ava|ars de z1o111z
bor . c|ez Ter|u|||er,' ls. we|ss, N|ce . l. C|apo| exar|res |Wo 11 1o
cor|r|ou||ors oy w. Turc|, `l'|rl|usso d| lao|o re||'evo|uz|ore de| corce||o d|
sperarza'. A||| de| lv 3|rpos|o su 3. lao|o apos|o|o, bore, - , ard `la 1o18o
pr|ra |e||era d| 0|ovarr| reg|| scr|||| d| Ter|u|||aro'. A||| de| vl 3|rpos|o d|
Fleso su 3. 0|ovarro apos|o|o, bore , - . l|ra||y, |r C|ror|ca 1o1z1 1;
(bFAug ), |rc|udes a de|a||ed rev|eW ol K. 3a||rarr's `ouvrage lordarer|a|' 18
( ), 0|e l||era|ur des uroruc|s. vor der ror|sc|er zur c|r|s|||c|er l||era|ur, 11
- r. C|r. (lo. d. |a|. l||. der Ar|||e, ). |ur|c| . 11;z8| | 1;
T| ree recer| s|ud|es or lerpe|ua's lass|or, oy A. wypus|e|, J. F. 3a||soury
ard K. 8. 3|e|r|auser, a|| ||ree erp|as|z|rg ||e |or|ar|s| c|arac|er ol ||e
docurer|, are cr|||ca||y rev|eWed oy l. 0o|oeau.
A separa|e puo||ca||or ol ||e W|o|e se| ol C|ror|cacroWrs |||s co||ec||ve Wor| oy
l. le|||rerg|r, J.-C. lredou|||e ard ||e|r co||eagues. C|ror|ca
Ter|u|||area e| Cypr|area - . 8|o||ograp||e cr|||que de |a prer|re 1;1|
||||era|ure c|re||erre. lar|s . 1
Fd|||ors
8ayard, l., lar|s rd ed. . z 1oz
8evero|, |., CCl ( ). |aps., ur||. ecc|. 1;z
CorWay, 0. F., was||rg|or . pa||er|. 1;
0|erc|s, 0. l., CCl 8 ( ). Fp|s|o|ar|ur. 1|
0a|||ce|, F., Tur|r . 0ere|r. 1;o
Cypr|ar ol Car||age oz
larrar, |. l., was||rg|or . ror|. 1
lar|e|, w., C3Fl | , (ou|da|ed). 118o8
Keerar, A. F., was||rg|or . |ao. v|rg. 1z
|o|ager, J., 3C . ad 0ora|., pa||er|. z1
|oresc||r|, C., CCl A ( ). Trea||ses. 1;z
beoerac|, F. v., was||rg|or . e|eer. 1oz
beve|||aud, |., lar|s . dor. ora|. 1o|
3|rore|||, |., CCl A ( ). ad 0ora|., ror|., 0ere|r., e|eer., ze|. 1;z
weoer, b., CCl ( ). |es||r., lor|. 1;z
Trars|a||ors
Frg||s|
8evero|, |., (see aoove), 0xlord . 1;1
. ACw ( ). T|e lapsed, T| e ur||y ol ||e Ca||o||c C|urc|. z1;
C|ar|e, 0., ed., T| e le||ers ol 3|. Cypr|ar ol Car||agel-ll, , lll, , lv, 18| 18o
18(ACw , , , ). ||||o|;
CorWay, larrar, Keerar, beoerac| (see aoove).
0elerrar|, b. J., Trea||ses, laC| ( ). o18
0orra, b. 8., le||ers, laC| ( ). 11|
wa|||s, b. F.. ANl ( ). 188o
lrerc|. 8ayard. aoove, |o|ager. aoove, beve|||aud. aoove.
0errar. 8aer, J., 8Kv, rd ed. , |ur|c| , , |ur|c| . z | 118oo 1z8
l|a||ar. 0a|||ce|. aoove, Toso, 0., Tur|r . 18o
Corcordarce
8oue|, l., Cypr|er, Tra||es. Corcordarce, vo|s. l||des|e|r . z 18o
lseudo-Cypr|ar|c wr|||rgs
lor ed|||ors ard |rars|a||ors see lollrarr.
3|ud|es
A|lors|, l. `l| '0e dor|r|ca ora||ore ' d| C|pr|aro.' lr lorra lu|ur|, ls. Card. |.
le||egr|ro, - . Tur|r, . 8 1;
Aruss|r, J. 0. `|ag|s|er ur||a||s |r lseudo-Cypr|ar ard ||e urrar rore
|aya|ad,' - . Xlv corlererce F|rereor Ar||qu||y |r ||e soc|a||s| cour|r|es. z1
Frevar, . 1;
oo3ever T| |rd-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
Ar||r, l. `3a|r| Cypr|er e| Joras.' b8 ( ). - . o81o1|1z1|
Aude|, J.-l. `l'|ypo||se des Tes||ror|a.' b8 ( ). - . ;o1o81|o
8e|rer|, w. `w|o car oe saved?' T0|g ( ). - , ed||ed ard |rars|a|ed 811zzz8
oy
8. Aser.
8evero|, |. `Ar '0|d la||r' uo|a||or ( T|r . ) ard l|s Adver|ures |r ||e |ss ol z z
3|. Cypr|arus, 0e ur||a|e Fcc|es|ae,cp. .' 3|la|r ( ). - . 1o 11;z|z
. `'3acerdos' as urders|ood oy Cypr|ar.' JT| 3 ( ). - . o1;|1z
354
. `'3a|us ex|ra ecc|es|ar ror es|' (3|. Cypr|ar).' lr l|des sacrarer||, - . ;1o
Fd||ed oy l. 3ru|ders. Asser, . 181
. TbF ( ). - . 8181z|o|
8ooer|z, C. A. `'lor ||e v|reyard ol ||e lord ol los|s Was ||e |ouse ol lsrae|',
Cypr|ar ol Car||age ard ||e JeWs.' Jb ( - ). - . 8z111z11
8org|oarr|, F. `lrl|usso |e||erar|o de||a 8|oo|a |r 3. C|pr|aro.' 0|ss., Tur|r, - 1|o
1|;.
8or|r, F. T| e lord's lrayer, a correr|ary oy 3|. Cypr|ar ol Car||age.
wes|r|rs|er
|d.. C|r|s||ar C|ass|cs, . 18
8o|||ro, A. `3argue e ar|ropo|og|a o|o||ca |r 3. C|pr|aro.' lr 3argue e
ar|ropo|og|a,
- 1o|o8. Fd||ed oy l. va|||or|. - . 1818|
8oue|, l., e| a|. `Cypr|er, |ra||es, corcordarce, docurer|a||or |ex|ca|e e|
grarra||ca|e.' lr A|p|a-0rega A- , vo|.l||des|e|r|N... 0|rs|w|drarr, o;z
. 18o
8ryar, T. J. `3p|r||ua|||y ard Au||or||y |r Cypr|ar ol Car||age.' 0|ss., l||ll3c|oo| ol
T|eo|ogy, . 18
8ur|r|, C. `la 'corrur|ore d| cuor| e d| sp|r||o' (A||| , ) re||a |es||ror|arza d| z|
C|pr|aro.' lr Tes||ror|ur C|r|s||. 3cr|||| |r orore d| Jacques 0upor|, - . 11o
8resc|a. la|de|a, . 18
Cac||||, b. `'Ad cae|es|es ||esauros.' l'eseges| de||a ler|cope de| '0|ovare b|cco'
re||a
pareres| d| C|pr|aro d| Car|ag|re.' Aevur ( - ). - , - . o;11111o1z;1
0arre, 0. var. lseudo-Cypr|ar., Adv. Judaeos. 0eger d|e Juderc|r|s|er. 0|e
a||es|e
|a|e|r|sc|e lred|g|. larados|s . lre|ourg. ur|vers||a|sver|ag, . zz 1o
0ar|e|ou, J. `C|r|s|os Kyr|os ls J. leore|or.' b3b ( ). - . 11z
0e|ardsc|u||er, 8. `lseudo-Cypr|ar, Jude ard Froc|, sore ro|es or Froc| 1
. .' 1
lr Trad|||or ard re-|r|erpre|a||or |r JeW|s| ard ear|y C|r|s||ar |||era|ure, essays
|r |orour ol J. C. leorar, - . le|der. 8r|||, . 11|zo 18o
0e|ear|, 3. C|r|s|vr seqv|. F|udes d'ur ||re dars |'oeuvre de sa|r| Cypr|er.
lar|s.
F|udes Augus||r|erres, . 1;
. `ure |ypo|og|e du rar|yre c|re||er. |a pass|or des lrres |acaoees e| de
|eur rre se|or sa|r| Cypr|er.' lr l|gures de |'Arc|er Tes|arer| c|ez |es lres,
- 18z1. Ca||ers de 8|o||a la|r|s||ca . 3|rasoourg. Cer|re d'Ara|yse e| de z
0ocurer|a||or la|r|s||que, . 18
0o|gror, J. `lo|r|s de vue corpares de Cypr|er e| l|rr|||er de Cesaree sur
Cypr|ar ol Car||age o1
|''ur|que epouse' des verse|s , , , du Car||que des Car||ques, |op|que |1zo8
d'or|g|re po||||que e| ||res d'|rsp|ra||or or|ger|erre.' Aug ( ). - . zz18z1;8
. `'8|essure d'all||c||or' e| 'o|essure d'arour' (|ora||a , , ), ure lorc||or oz|z
de ||re de |a sp|r||ua|||e pa|r|s||que de Cypr|er Augus||r,' ed||ed oy
J. lor|a|re, - . lar|s. 0rego|re, | . z;o 18zo
0uror|, C. `lec||o d|v|ra. la |ec|ure de |a laro|e de 0|eu d'aprs 3. Cypr|er.'
8vC
zz( ). - . 18z
0uva|, .-|. `3ur ure page de Cypr|er c|ez 3. Aroro|se. lexareror, , , e| o8|;
0e
|ao||u u|rg|rur - .' bFAug ( ). - . 11; 1o1;oz|
. `3. Cypr|er e| |e ro| de N|r|ve dars |'lr Jorar de Jerore. la corvers|or des
|e||res |a l| r du lve s|c|e.' lr |e|. J. 0ar|e|ou, - . lar|s. 8eauc|esre, 1;o
1;.
la|ey, |. A. Cyr|ar ard ||e 8|o|e.808l . Tuo|rger, . 1;1
las|o|e-lu|e, F. `w|o |s ||e 8r|degroor? Ar Fxcurs|or |r|o 3|. Cypr|ar's use ol
3cr|p|ure.' 3|la|r ( ). - . 1z1;z|8
lerrrdez, A. `la esca|o|og|a er sar C|pr|aro.' 8urgerse ( ). - . zz1811o;
lo|gado l|orez, 3. `Fs|ruc|ura sacrarer|a| de |a lg|es|a segr sar C|pr|aro.'
C0|os
1( ). - . 18z18zzz
0a|||ce|, F. `C|pr|aro e |a 8|oo|a. 'lor||s e| suo||r|s vox'.' lr 3|ud|. Card. |.
le||egr|ro, - . Tur|r. 8o||ega d'Frasro, . 8 1;
. `l'Ar||co Tes|arer|o re||'Ad 0ere|r|arard| C|pr|aro.' Aug | - ( ). zz1z18z
- 1zoz.
0argaro, l. `l| ladre ros|ro e |a preg||era re||'eseges| d| 3ar C|pr|aro.' l3v
( ). - . 1811z11
0|s|e||rc|, l. `0oopoad er gees|esgave o|j Ter|u|||arus er Cypr|arus.' FT|l |
( ). - . 1o;
0r|gos, b. l. `C|r|s|'s 3ear|ess booe. A 3|udy ol Cypr|ar's Corcep| ol ||e ur||y
ol
||e C|urc|.' |3 | ( ). - . 1o|1;;|11
laerd|er, 0. `0|e dre| grosser rordalr||ar|sc|er K|rc|erva|er uoer || . s.' 1o18
355
TlZ ( ). - . 811oo1o|
. `Cypr|ars Aus|egurg zu 0a| , ll.' TlZ | ( ). - . z11 ;81;zo1o8
lex|er, b. `T| e re|arorp|os|s ol 3odor. T| e ls.-Cypr|ar 0e 3odora as ar
0v|d|ar ep|sode.' Tr ( ). - . ||1881
lollrarr, A. lACl rd ed., , - , o|o||ograp|y. z 11|z1|;
Kaczrare|, T. `T|po|og|a eucar|s|a d| Noe re||a le||era d| 3. C|pr|aro,' o
- zooo.
K|e|r, 0. `0|e |errereu||sc|e 3|ru||ur des K|rc|ergedar|ers oe| Cypr|ar.'
ZK0 ( ). - . o81;|8o8
Koc|, l. Cypr|ar|sc|e ur|ersuc|urger, 8orr . 1z1
l|ara, J. `la ar|ropo|og|a de sar C|pr|aro.' 0|ss., larp|ora, . 18
oz3ever T| |rd-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
loesc||e, 0. 0|e va|er-urser-Fr||arurg des T| eop|||us vor Ar||oc||er. e|re
ue||erur|ersuc|urg zu der va|erurser-Fr||arurger des Ter|u|||ar, Cypr|ar,
C|rora||us
urd l|eroryrus. Aa|er. 3c|er||a-ver|ag, . 1;
lor|er|o, 0. `la 8|oo|a re||a corpos||ode||a v||a Cypr|ar|d| lorz|o.' ve|C|r
( ). - . 1o8zoo
|ar|r, |. `C||az|or| o|o||c|e e parao|o||c|e re| 0e a|ea|or|ouspseudoc|pr|areo.'
A3F ( ). - . 1881o8|
0'0orre||, C. |. `3|. Cypr|ar or ||e lord's lrayer. Ar Aos|rac| ol a 0|sser|a||or.'
0|ss., Ca||o||c ur|vers||y ol was||rg|or lress, . 1oo
larv|s, l. `T| e |eac||rg ol ||e la||ers, Cypr|ar |r ||e r|rror ol 3cr|p|ure.'
C|eb o
( ). - ( - ). 18|18o8zzoo
lere||o, l. `l| |og|or g|ovarreo 'agre||o d| 0|o, c|e |og||e | pecca|| de| rordo' (0v
1, ).' laro|a e 3p|r||o( ). z 18z
lo|r|er, |. `0ars |'a|e||er d'ur eveque ecr|va|r'. bFl ( ). - . ;11zo
uacquare|||, A. `No|e re|or|c|e su| Tes||ror|a d| C|pr|aro.' ve|C|r ( ). 81;1
- 181zo.
uas|er, J. (la|ro|ogy) ll, T| e Ar|e-N|cere l||era|ure Al| er lreraeus, - . |o8
wes|r|rs|er, |0. C|r|s||ar C|ass|cs, . 18o
baros-l|ssor, 0. `Cor|r|ou|o per ur'ara||s| de||e c||az|ore ve|ero-|es|arer|ar|e
re|
0e Tr|r||a|ed| Novaz|aro.' Aug | - ( ). - . zz1z18zz11z;
. `T|po|og|as sacr|l|c|a|es-eucar|s||cas de| Ar||guo Tes|arer|o er |a ep|s|o|a o
de sar C|pr|aro.' Aug ( ). - . zz18z18z;
. `Fxeges|s de Cor . - er e| '0e |ao||u v|rg|rur' de 3ar C|pr|aro.' lr 1 ;z|
8|o||a y lerrereu||ca. vll 3|rpos|o lr|errac|ora| de Teo|og|a (larp|ora, - 1o1z
aor|| de ), - . larp|ora. Fursa, . 18o|| 18o
beve|||aud, |. 3. Cypr|er. l' 0ra|sor dor|r|ca|e(Fll|b ). lar|s . o 1o|
b|rg, T. Auc|or||as oe| Ter|u|||ar, Cypr|ar urd Aroros|us. Cass|c|acur . wu, z
. 1;
boreo la||s, J. |. `la 8|o||a Cypr|area. ura rues|ra de su recors|rucc|or.'
lr Ac|es des lXe s|rpos| de |a secc|o ca|a|ara de |a 3FFC (aor|| ). Treoa|s 188
er |oror de v. 8ejararo (Aurea 3aecu|a, ) ll, ed||ed oy l. lerreres, - . z ;8;88
8arce|ora. luo||cac|ors de |a ur|vers||a| de 8arce|ora, . 11
bordorl, w., e| a|. T| e Fuc|ar|s| ol ||e Far|y C|r|s||ars. lo|rT, . 1;o
3ac|o|, |. `3a|r| Cypr|er, de |a |rad|||or de |'Fcr||ure |'ecr||ure de |a Trad|||or,
de || . - au 0e ecc|es|ae ca||o||cae ur||a|e, 3. Cypr|er.' lr 0u |ex|e 1o181
|a laro|e CFblT 3|rasoourg ll. lo|rT , ed||ed oy b. leyer, - . lar|s. |o 11|o
8eauc|esre, . 18z
3axer, v. v|e |||urg|que e| quo||d|erre Car||age vers |e r|||eu du lll
e
s|c|e(3AC ). z
bore . 1o
3ax|, K. `C|r|s|o|og|sc| |r|erpre||er|e lsa|rWor|e oe| Cypr|ar vor Car||ago.'
0|ss.,
lr|er, . 1o;
Cypr|ar ol Car||age o
3c|W|rd, J. `0as pseudocypr|ar|sc|e Carrer de lasc|a seu de l|gro Cruc|s.'
lr
Ars e| Fcc|es|a. ls. lur lrarz J. bor|g, - . Tr|er. lau||rus ver|ag, . ;|oz 18
3e||eW, l. `l|ve days ol crea||or? T| e or|g|r ol ar urusua| exeges|s (ls-
Cypr|ar, 0e
cer|es|ra ).' ZNw ( ). - . zo 811ozz;8
3erra Zare|||, l. `l| sargue v|v|l|car|e d| Cr|s|o |r C|pr|aro.' lr A||| de||a 3e|||rara
3argue e ar|ropo|og|a 8|o||ca re||a pa|r|s||ca, - . Fd||ed oy l. va|||or|. 1oo;
bore. Cer|ro 3|ud| 3argu|s C|r|s|., - . 1818|
3|der, b. 0. FCC rd ed. l ( ). - . z 1;oo8
3|erze|, A. `Cypr|ar urd 'd|e Taule |r Narer Jesu'.' 3c|o| ( ). - . o1z;z8;
3|raW, C. F. `Cypr|ar ard |a|||eW . . T| e Fvo|u||or ol C|r|s||ar la|rorage.' |
lr 3|ud|a pa|r|s||ca . . T| e secord cer|ury, Ter|u|||ar |o N|caea |r ||e Wes|, 18
C|erer| ard 0r|ger, ||e Cappadoc|ar la||ers, vo|. , - . Ka|arazoo, ||c|.. ;z|z
356
C|s|erc|ar luo||ca||ors, . 18
3|u|oer, A. `Cypr|arus l.' bAC ( ). - . 11|ooo
Ta|sre, A.-|. `3a|r| Cypr|er e| sa|r| Jerore, c|ar|res du larad|s.' lr 8A08, - |;
, o1
1z.
Tra|ra, A. `la l|g||a de| ver|o (Carrer de lora, ).' bllC ( ). - . z 1181ozoooz
verW||g|er, A. `l| , - dars |'oeuvre de Cypr|er e| dars |es ecr||s d'au|eurs z11
aroryres alr|ca|rs du lllre s|c|e.' 3a|es|arur ( ). - . |;18;o;|
Z|eg|er, J. loo , - a a|s W|c|||gs|er 3c|r|l|oeWe|s lur d|e T| ese 'rer|rer s|re 1||
sorde e| s|re pecca|o esse' (Cypr|ar, |es|. , ) oe| der |a|e|r|sc|er c|r|s|||c|er |
3c|r|l|s|e||err. |ur|c|. 8ec|, . 18
o|3ever T| |rd-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
v
N0vATlAN ll. |l03b0 C.
T| e |r|e||ec|ua| |eader ol ||e borar presoy|er|ur ca. c.e., Nova||ar zo
la||ed |o oecore o|s|op ol bore |r , W|er Corre||us Was e|ec|ed. le z1
crea|ed a sc||sra||c c|urc| ol ||e `lure,' W||c| ex|erded lror 3pa|r |o
3yr|a ard s|||| rer||ed relu|a||or oy Fu|og|os ol A|exardr|a |r ||e sever||
cer|ury. 0r|y |r ||e |a|e |Wer||e|| cer|ury d|d Nova||ar, lor ||e very l|rs|
||re, l|gure as a quo|ed au||or||y |r a papa| docurer| (Jo|r lau| ll, ver || a| |s
sp|erdor( ), par. . Nova||ar, 0e |r|r||a|e , - , CCl , ). 1 1o8 z1o |;o
lr bore, Nova||ar |raugura|ed a dogra||c lorr ol exeges|s. le Wro|e
|r a `carelu|, e|aoora|e ard or||||ar| s|y|e,' uas|er ll, . lr 0e |r|r||a|e, zo
||s ra|r Wor| lror oelore c.e., |e |r|erded |o corrur|ca|e ||e r|c|es zo
ol ||e `ru|e ol la|||' |r ||e Wa|e ol lreraeus's ||eo|og|ca| syr||es|s, ard |r
eru|a||rg Ter|u|||ar's r|e|or|ca| |a|er|s. le |ac|||y opposed |arc|or|sr,
prooao|y |roWr ||roug| Ter|u|||ar, ou| |e |grored a|| lorrs ol va|er||r|ar
gros|s. l|s `|ere||cs' Were 0oce||s|s, Fo|or||es, Adop||or|s|s, |oda||s|s ard
la|r|pass|or|s|s, a|| arc|a|c lorrs ol c|r|s|o|ogy. loWever |e exp|a|rs W|||
||e c|ear ard v|gor ol ||e oes| c|ass|ca| prose ||a| |e |s ro| so ruc| |r|eres|ed
|r po|er|cs as |e |s |r s|oW|rg ||e |ru|| ol scr|p|ure. F| pu|erar qu|dar
orr|ur scr|p|urarur cae|es||ur ever|||are |rac|a|us e| |rger|er c|rca |s|ar
spec|er C|r|s|| d|v|r||a||s, u| ||a d|cer|r, s||var corrovere, r|s| quor|ar
ror |ar r||| cor|ra |arc |aeres|r propos||ur es| d|cere, quar orev||er c|rca
persorar C|r|s|| regu|ar ver||a||s aper|re, `Ard l cou|d d|scuss ||e ooo|s
ol a|| |eaver|y scr|p|ures, ard d|sp|ace, |l l car say so, ||e|r |rrerse lores|
aoou| ||e lorr ol C|r|s|'s d|v|r||y, |ad l ro| |ess ||e |r|er||or |o spea| ou|
aga|rs| ||a| |eresy ||ar |o expose or|el|y ||e ru|e ol |ru|| corcerr|rg ||e
persor ol C|r|s|' (0e |r|r||a|eXX, . , ). 11z1
T| e cer|ra| sec||or ol 0e |r|r||a|e, Xll-Xvll, cors|s|s ol ar arp|e argurer|a||or
or C|r|s|'s d|v|r||y, exc|us|ve|y oased or scr|p|ure. T|e |Wer|ysever ||res
repea|ed ques||or `3| |oro |arrodo C|r|s|us' rece|ves |r ||
a rega||ve arsWer, eac| ||re |r lorr ol a o|o||ca| quo|a||or or a o|o||ca|
parap|rase. T| ese prools, sourd|rg |||e dogra||c s|a|erer|s, |r|erd |o
corv|rce ||e reader oy ||e|r |||era| cor|er| ard d|v|re au||or||y. T| ey are
supposed |o do so oecause ol ||e|r ra||ora| cors|s|ercy. 0r|y a `|ere||c'
(a||qu|s |aere||cus per||rac||er oo|uc|ars adversus ver||a|er, `sore |ere||c
s|uoorr|y l|g|||rg aga|rs| ||e |ru||' (XX, , p. ) Wou|d dery ||er, `|eresy' 1 11;
cors|s||rg prec|se|y |r relus|rg |o adr|| ||e oas|c pr|rc|p|es ol scr|p|ura|
ra||ora|||y. ||e pr|rc|p|e ol ror-cor|rad|c||or, ||e pr|rc|p|es ol deduc||ve
|og|c, e|c., |r s|or| ||e ver||asas urders|ood |r Nova||ar's |errereu||cs.
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| l| |s ||e `|ru||' W||c| `la|||' o
cor|erp|a|es |r scr|p|ure as |r a r|rror, ||e
source ol ||e oe||ever's urs|a|eao|e s|rerg|| W||c| Nova||ar |rvo|es a| ||e
s|ar| ol ||s argurer|. Cur ergo duo||erus d|cere quod scr|p|ura ror duo||a|
expr|rere? Cur |aes||ao|| l|de| ver||as |r quo scr|p|urae rurquar |aes||a|
auc|or||as?`w|y Wou|d We |es||a|e |o say W|a| scr|p|ure expresses W|||ou|
a douo|? w|y Wou|d ||e |ru|| ol la||| oe |es||ar| |r W|a| ||e au||or||y ol
scr|p|ure rever |es||a|es? (Xll, , p. ). Nova||ar re||era|es ||e sare all| rra||or 1 oz
a| ||e corp|e||or ol ||s c|r|s|o|og|ca| argurer|. 3ed er|r scr|p|ura
d|v|ra |aere||corur e| lraudes e| lur|a lac||e corv|rx|| e| de|eg||, `ou| d|v|re
scr|p|ure |as eas||y derors|ra|ed ard d|sc|osed ||e decep||ors ard |r|c|s
ol ||e |ere||cs' (XXlv, , p. ). cur ra||o e| |erperarer|ur scr|p|urarur o 1;
cae|es||ur C|r|s|ur os|erdur| deur, sed qua l|||ur de|, `As ||e |og|c ard
||e d|spos|||or ol |eaver|y scr|p|ures s|oW C|r|s| as 0od, |rdeed as 3or ol
0od' (XXlll, , p. ), prec|se|y oecause ol ||e ra||ora| cors|s|ercy W||c| o 1
`r|g|| la|||' (accord|rg |o ||e `ru|e ol |ru||') reads |r|o ||.
Fd|||ors
ll , - , ll , - . 111ooo |;;81
8ou|arger, A., lar|s , - . spec|. 111z
0|erc|s, 0. l., ed. Nova||arus. 0pera quae supersur|, CC3l , |1;z
(o|o||ograp|y).
lar|e|, w., C3Fl | , - , - . ep. Cypr|ar, ep. , , , | a, z|o|;z; o1o
- 1z. spec|., pud.
357
lardgral. 0. ard C. weyrarr, Arc||v lur |a|e|r|sc|e lex||ograp||e . lordor 11
188, - . c|o. lud. zz1|
lo|, v., Cl3 . |r|r. z
we yer, l., Nova||arus. 0e Tr|r||a|e. uoer der dre|e|r|ger 0o||. Tex|,
uoerse|zurg, F|r|e||urg Korrer|ar. 0arrs|ad| . 1oz
Trars|a||ors
Frg||s|. 0e3|rore, b. J., T| e Tr|r||y. T| e 3pec|ac|es, JeW|s| loods, lr lra|se
ol
lur||y. le||ers, laC| , . o;1;|
0errar. weyer. aoove.
l|a||ar. lo|. aoove.
3|ud|es
A|s, A. d', Nova||er. F|ude sur |a ||eo|og|e rora|re au r|||eu du llle
s|c|e. lar|s . 1z
A|exarder, J. 3., `Nova||ar| Nova||arer'. TbF ( ). - . z|1|o;88z
Nova||ar o
oo3ever T| |rd-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
0e3|rore, b. J., T| e Trea||se ol Nova||ar, ||e borar lresoy|er, 0r ||e Tr|r||y
(3FAug ), bore . | 1;o
. `Nova||er'. 03p ( ). - . 11181|;1|8
. `Nova||ar|s|s'. Frcyc|oped|a ol ||e Far|y C|urc|(0lAC) ll, Caror|dge, , 1z
oo|.
. `Aga|r ||e Keros|s ol l||| . - . Nova||ar, 0e Tr|r||a|e '. Aug ( ). zo11 zz z1z
- 11o|.
|o|rrarr, C|r., `les or|g|res de |a |a||r||e c|re||erre bore'. vC ( ). 1|1o
8.
le||ard, 0., `ur passage d|ll|c||e de Nova||er sur l Cor. , - '. 0reg 11;z8 oo
( ). 18
- zz.
lre|e, 3., `l'Ar||co Tes|arer|o |r Novaz|are. 0e spec|acu||s, .' Aug ( ). 1o zz18z
zz- . ;
3c|r|d|, C.. lACl rd ed., , - . z 1|o
vog|, l. J., Coe|us 3arc|orur. 0er K|rc|eroegr|lldes Nova||ar urd d|e
0esc||c||e
se|rer 3order||rc|e(T| eop|are|a ), , o|o||ograp|y, zo1o8
. `Nova||ar'. Frcyc|oped|a ol ||e Far|y C|urc|(0lAC) ll, Caror|dge, , 1z
. oo
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| vl o;
vlCT0blNu3 0l l0FT0vl0 0. CA. 304
v|c|or|rus, W|o d|ed a rar|yr prooao|y |r c.e., Was o|s|op ol loe|ov|o o|
(roderr l|uj, 3|over|a), |r larror|a 3uper|or, a l|our|s||rg borar c||y
W|ere ||e aroer |rall|c lror ||e 8a|||c reac|ed ||e 0aruoe va||ey. T| oug|
|e poss|o|y rece|ved a 0ree| educa||or, |e Wro|e ||e very l|rs| exege||ca|
correr|ar|es |roWr |r la||r. le ray |ave `r|ssed ||e cyc|e ol c|ass|ca|
s|ud|es, as Jerore sugges|s (||ce| des|| erud|||o). le ra||er erjoyed ar educa||or
ol a 3er|||c |ype, poss|o|y ||roug| a c|urc| |rad|||or ||r|ed W|||
a Judaeo-C|r|s||ar r|||eu, ||e |exarera| |rad|||or ol ||e pas| |o W||c| |e
a||udes W|er descr|o|rg ||e |||erary gerre ol ||s Wor|' (|. 0u|aey, ). z
0l a|| ||s correr|ar|es, or|y ore surv|ves, ||e Correr|ary or ||e
Apoca|ypseW||c| s|resses v|c|or|rus's s|rorg oe||el |r ||e ||ousard-year
re|gr ol C|r|s| a| ||e erd ol ||re. T| e sare corv|c||or oecores voca| |r
a s|or| lragrer| ol ||s Trac|a|us de laor|ca rurd|(C3Fl , - ), W|ose |
cor|er| |s We|| arrourced oy ||e au||or's oper|rg s|a|erer|. `As a|| ce|es||a| ard
|erpora| rea||||es are regu|a|ed oy ||e ruroer sever ol ||e days,
l s|a|| s|ar| oy cor|erp|a||rg ||a| Wee| W||c| |s ||e ro||er (||e 'queer')
ol a|| Wee|s, al|er ||a|, |r ||e reasure ol ry ao||||y, l s|a|| |ry |o correr|
or ||e '0ay ol wra||' accord|rg |o ||s lu|l|||rer|' (0e laor|ca rurd| ). T| e 1
|r|||a| red||a||or covers c|ap|er |o , ||e cors|dera||or ol ||e ruroer z o
sever occup|es c|ap|er - , a recap||u|a||or ol ||e sever days cer|ered or ;8
d|v|re |rcarra||or lo||oWs |r c|ap|er , ard c|ap|er preser|s a gerera| 1o
corc|us|or.
Jerore, 0e v|r. |r|. , erurera|es ||s Wor|s. 0r 0eres|s, 0r Fxodus, 0r ;|
lev|||cus, 0r lsa|a|, 0r Fze||e|, 0r laoa||u|, 0r Fcc|es|as|es, 0r Car||c|e,
0r ||e Apoca|ypse ol Jo|r, Aga|rs| A|| leres|es, ard rary o||ers. 0l a|| ||e
correr|ar|es or|y ore surv|ves, ||e Correr|ary or ||e Apoca|ypse, W||c|
s|resses v|c|or|rus's s|rorg oe||el |r ||e ||ousard-year re|gr ol C|r|s| a|
||e erd ol ||res. T| e sare corv|c||or |s s|ressed |r a s|or| lragrer| ol ||s
Trac|a|us de laor|ca rurd|(C3Fl , - ). |
belererces |o v|c|or|rus's Wr|||rgs are sca||ered ||roug|ou| ||e red|eva| per|od.
Correr|ary or 0eres|s. spec|a||y or ||e oered|c||ors ol ||e la|r|arc|s |r
0eres|s , ard , |ypo|ogy preva||s. T| |s correr|ary Was s|||| used z;z |
oy ls|dore ol 3ev|||e.
Correr|ary or lev|||cus. l| |s s|||| rer||ored |r ||e ca|a|ogues ol red|eva|
||orar|es.
358
o83ever T| |rd-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
Correr|ary or lsa|a|. a Wor| or|y |roWr ||roug| Jerore's a||us|ors.
Correr|ary or Fze||e|. relerred |o oy Jerore.
Correr|ary or Fcc|es|as|es. a||es|ed lor Fcc||as|es ard oy a||us|ors ol | 1z
0r|ger ard l|ppo|y|us. l| s|||| |rl|uerced Jerore.
Correr|ary or |a|||eW. Jerore ser| a copy ol || |o lau|a ard Fus|oc||ur
|r . 8
Adversus orres |aereses|s rer||ored oy 0p|a|us ol |||ev|s ca. . o|
v|c|or|rus's exeges|s |s poss|o|y oased or lap|as, lreraeus, l|ppo|y|us,
ard rore prooao|y or Cypr|ar, W|ose Ad u|r|rurda|es lror - . z|8zo
lr 0e laor|ca, |e p|ays W||| ||e ruroers ol 0eres|s . ||e s|x days ol 1
Crea||or, eac| ol ||er, (|r par||cu|ar `0ay lour'), or|rg|rg oac| |o rerory
o||er uses ol ||e sare ruroer |r scr|p|ure, ard ruroer `sever' ergag|rg
|r|o a cor|erp|a||or ol C|r|s|, oecause ol ||e `sever' sp|r||s ol ls . - . 11z
T| |s sor| ol o|o||ca| rurero|ogy |rc|udes re|||er |ypo|ogy, ror a||oWs lor
a||egory, || spea|s lor ||se|l as a lea|ure ol scr|p|ure, due |o ||e |rrer ur||y
ol scr|p|ure.
T| e sare a||er||or |o ruroers |s a| Wor| ||roug|ou| ||e Correr|ary
or ||e Apoca|ypse, |r W||c| || a|so g|ves space lor |rad|||ora| a||egor|sr as
used |r oap||sra| |r|||a||ors. aquae ru||ae (cl. bv . ) `rears rary peop|e,' 11
ard pedes e|us`relers |o ||e apos||es' (l, ). Nuroer `sever' rece|ves aga|r a
pr|v||eged |rea|rer| (|r c|ap|er sever!). ||e s|x|| ca|egory ol peop|e |r bv
. , s|gr|l|es ||ose |ur||es |r saecu|o e| rus||car| |r scr|p|ur|s( , - ), 8 |111|
`||e s|rp|e ol ||e Wor|d, ureduca|ed |r ||e scr|p|ures,' ou| ||e sever||
ca|egory opers ||e cosr|c v|s|or ard ||e cor|erp|a||or ol o|o||ca| sa|va||or-
||s|ory |r W||c| ||e 0ospe| ever| |s cer|ra|, oe|rg ||e reasor lor ||e
orea||rg oper ol ||e o| lor ||e oerel|| ol ||e r|. T| e `oper|rg ol ||e sea|s'
rears ||e |r|erpre|a||or ol ||e o| |r ||e ||g|| ol ||e r|. res|gra||o s|g|||orur, u|
d|x|rus, aper||o es| ve|er|s |es|arer|| praed|ca|orur e| praerur||a||o
|r rov|ss|ro |erpore lu|urorur, `||e oper|rg ol ||e sea|s, as s|a|ed, rears
ar access g|ver |o ||e spo|esrer ol ||e 0|d Tes|arer|, ard ar ar||c|pa|ed
arrourcerer| ol |as| ||res' ( , - ). lr |||s cor|ex|, a l|rs| rer||or |s o;181
rade ol Ar||c|r|s| ( , , p. , ). T| e Worar ol bv . - |s ||e c|urc|, o ;o8 1z1z
ecc|es|a es| ar||qua pa|rur e| prop|e|arur e| sarc|orur apos|o|orur, `3|e |s
||e arc|er| c|urc| ol ||e la||ers, ||e prop|e|s, ard ||e |o|y apos||es' ( , 1oo
- 1z), ard ||e `dragor' rears d|aoo|us. `T| e |a|| ol ||e dragor, sWeep|rg
aWay a |||rd ol a|| ||e s|ars . . . |s |r|erpre|ed |r |Wo Ways' o|lar|e |oc acc|p||ur
( , ). 11oz
TWo add|||ora| lragrer|s are. ||e C|roro|og|ca| lragrer|, ll , , 1z1o
C3Fl , laus|e||er, 0u|aey, , - , ard 0e decer v|rg|r|ous(|| | 1;
z. - ), ed. A. w||rar|. 8AlAC ( ). - = ll3 , - , 0u|eay, 11 11118 11;z1;|
v|c|or|rus ol loe|ov|o , - . lor ||e o|, v|c|or|rus used a 0ree| o1|z
|rars|a||or c|oser |o ||e
or|g|ra| leoreW ||ar ||e |xx, suc| as ||e |rars|a||or oy T| eodo||or. lor
||e r|, ||s la||r |ex| |s s|r|c||y |oca|, c|arac|er|zed oy a cer|a|r a||erp| a| a
|arror|za||or ol ||e 0ospe|s, ou| W|||ou| ary para||e|s |r ||e ve|us la||ra.
lor oo||, o| ard r|, |e occas|ora||y correc|ed ||e la||r |rars|a||or a| ||s
d|sposa| oy c|ec||rg ||e 0ree| |ex|.
l|s |errereu||ca| a||||ude res|ed or a l|rr serse lor ||e |rrer co|ererce ol a||
scr|p|ure, a co|ererce W||c| ra|r|y rear| lor ||r ||e |arrory
oe|Weer oo|| Tes|arer|s, ||e|r c|r|s|o-cer|r|c locus, ||e|r `sp|r||ua|' rear|rg
oe|rg d|rec||y oourd |o ||e |r|||a||ves ol ||e lo|y 3p|r|| as ||e au||or
ol ||e 8|o|e. v|c|or|rus's spec|a| apprec|a||or ol ||e Apoca|ypse Was due |o
||e lac| ||a| |e saW |r || a ||eo|og|ca| ard |||erary recap||u|a||or ol ||e res|
ol scr|p|ure (|. 0u|aey, , - ). 11o1o
Fd|||ors
0u|aey, |., 3ur |'Apoca|ypse e| au|res ecr||s, 3C ( ). |r apoc. |z1;
lauss|e||er, J., C3Fl ( ). - . laor. rurd., - . |r apoc. |11o 111|
Kroyrarr, A., C3Fl , - = CCl , - . |aer. |;z1zzo z1|o11o
wa|||s, b. F., ANl ( = ), - . |r apoc. ;188o 1|||oo
w||rar|, A., ll3 , - . de decer v|rg. 11;z1;|
Trars|a||ors
Frg||s|. wa|||s. aoove.
lrerc|. 0u|aey. aoove.
3|ud|es
Ad|ro|l|, |., `le s|r||||ud|r| de||'Apoca||sse e |'|r|erpre|az|ore d| v|||or|o d|
le|ov|o,' - . |1
8|e|er, l. `T| e 'Creeds' ol 3|. v|c|or|rus ard 3|. la|r|c|'. T3 ( ). - . 1|81z1z|
8ruce, l. l., `T| e Far||es| la||r Correr|ary or ||e Apoca|ypse'. Fv ( ). 1o18
- zoo= A ||rd lor w|a| |a||ers. Co||ec|ed Fssays. 0rard bap|ds , 1o
- 18zoz.
Cur||, C., `l| regro r|||erar|o |r v|||or|ro'. Aug ( ). - . 181;8|1
0u|aey, |., `v|c|or|r de loe|ov|o es|-|| |'au|eur de |'opuscu|e sur |'Ar|ec|r|s|
puo||e
359
par A. C. vega?'. b3lb ( ). - . z118z8o1
. `Jerore 'ed||eur' du Correr|a|re sur |'Apoca|ypsede v|c|or|r de loe|ov|o'.
bFAug ( ). - . ;111zo
o|o3ever T| |rd-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
. `le lragrer| C|roro|og|que de v|c|or|r de loe|ov|o e| |a cu||ure grecque
aux corl|rs de |'Furope dars |a secorde ro|||e du lll
e
s|c|e'. C|ar|s|er|a
Augus||ara, ls. J. 0roz be|a. |adr|d , - . 1zo1
.. `0rego|re d'F|v|re e| |e Correr|a|re sur |a 0ersede v|c|or|r de loe|ov|o.'
Augus||rus ( ). - . 81zo1
. v|c|or|r de loe|ov|o, prer|er exeg|e |a||r, vo|s., Turr|ou| (W||| z 1|
o|o||ograp|y).
l|sc|er, J., `0|e F|r|e|| der oe|der Tes|arer|e oe| la||arz, v|c|or|rus urd derer
ue||er'. |T|Z ( ). - . 11oo1o1
lauss|e||er, J., `0er c||||as||sc|e 3c||ussaosc|r||| |r ec||er
Apo|a|ypser|orrer|ar des 8|sc|ols v|c|or|rus'. Tl8 ( ). - . 1o1811
. 8e||rage zur wurd|gurg der 0lleroarurg des Jo|arres urd ||res a||es|er
|a|e|r|sc|er Aus|egers v|c|or|rus. 0re|lsWa|d . 1o1
Kre|sc|rar, 0., 0|e 0lleroarurg des Jo|arres, 3|u||gar| . 18o
uas|er, J., la|ro|ogy, ll, - . |111
3c|War|e, K. l.. lACl rd ed., - . z oz;z8
0erera| 8|o||ograp|y
la||r l||era|ure
Ad||r, N. `Ar ur|der||l|ed la||r quo|a||or ol 3cr|p|ure re|a|ed |o ls . .' b8er 1
( ). - . 181zz
. `A corror pa|r|s||c paradox oased or lsa|a| . .' FT|l ( ). |o1z oo18|
- 8o88.
As|Wor||, l. `T| e lsa||er Co||ec|s ol lseudo-Jerore ard Cass|odorus.' 8Jbl
|( - ). - . 1oz1oz8;o|
8er||vegra, 0. `l'ellus|or de |'Fspr|| 3a|r| c|ez |es lres |a||rs.' NbT ( ). 11
- 1.
8oer, 3. de. `bore, ||e 'Trars|a||o lrper||' ard ||e Far|y C|r|s||ar lr|erpre|a||or
ol
0ar|e|.' b3lb ( ). - . z118181z18
8ogaer|, l.-|. `l'arc|erre rurero|a||or alr|ca|re des lsaures e| |a s|gra|ure
dav|d|que du lsau|||er (ls ).' b8er ( ). - . 11 ;18;1oz
8reso||r, A. `l'eseges| d| 0|ov. . re| ladr| |a||r|.' bFAug ( ). - . z| 81ozz|;
Carpos, J. `la Fp|s|o|a ad boraros er |as escr||ores ||sparos.' le|rar||ca 1
( ). - . 1o|1z;
Cara|s v|da|, l. `lr|erpre|ac|ores pa|r|s||cas soore lucas . er e| or|ger de| z
|err|ro 'padre pu|a||vo'.' FJos ( ). - . |18zoo
C|gre|||, l. `l'eseges| d| 0|ov. , re||a 0a|||a de| sec. lv.' 3|8|ol ( ). 1|z8 z|1;|
- z8.
v|c|or|rus ol loe|ov|o C|av|er, l. `8rves rerarques sur |es Correr|a|res o|1
pa|r|s||ques de |a|||. . a.' 1o18
3|la|r( ). 1;
Cource||e, l. `lragrer|s ror |der||l|es de l|eury-sur-lo|re (ll). [vg || , - - 8z8;
e|
cod. Aure||arers|s ( ), correr|ar|us ex saec. - ?|.' bFl ( ). - 18|1o1 o; z1|z
. ;
Cur||, C. 0e Fvarge||o Jo|arr|s, 0e Fvarge||o |a|||ae|, ed|d||. T. 8o||ega
d'Frasro,
1o8.
0o|gror, J. `J'acqu|esce |a |o| (bor . ) dars |'exegse |a||re arc|erre.' ;1o
lZl|T|
z( ). - . 18z11
. `la |ec|ure de T| essa|or|c|ers . er 0cc|der| de Ter|u|||er Augus||r.' 1 |1;
lages - |r Jerse||svors|e||urger |r Ar|||e urd C|r|s|er|ur. 0eder|sc|r|l| 81oo
lur A|lred 3|u|oer. |urs|er. Asc|erdorll , . 18z
. `l'aro|gu||e de |a ro||or c|ass|que de progrs app||quee au bgre du C|r|s|
dars |a ||eo|og|e |a||re du lv
e
s.' b3l|T| ( ). - . ;;181
0o|oeau, l. `Nouve||es rec|erc|es sur |e 0e or|u e| oo||u prop|e|arur e|
apos|o|orur.' Augus||r|arur ( ). - . |1|11o;
Fg||, 8. 0er v|erze|r|e lsa|r |r lro|og der bege| des ||. 8ered|||. F|re
pa|ro|og|sc|
roras||sc|e 3|ud|e. 8e||age zur Ja|resoer|c|| des Ko||eg|urs 3arrer. 3arrer,
- 1o11oz.
F||ers, w. `8|oe|szerer |r ep|sc|er 0es|a||, e|r 8e||rag zu A|c|rus Av||us.' v|gC|r
( ). - . 18o
Fspos||o, 3. C. `la 8|oo|a e |a Cu||ura 0cc|der|a|e.' 0T ( ). - . o1181zo|
360
le||ers, J. `l'exegse de |a per|cope des porcs de 0erase dars |a pa|r|s||que
|a||re.'
3|la|r ( ). - . 1o1;ozzz
l|sc|er, 8. `0as Taulro||v ar der 3c|We||e des lsa||ers, 0|e lru|c|r|s|||c|e
0eu|urg
vor ls . a urd ||r 3c||c|sa| oe| der |a|e|r|sc|er K|rc|erva|err.' lu| - 1 |
( - ). - . 1o1o|zo
lredou|||e, J.-C. `les ecr||s pa|r|s||ques |a||rs corre corpus ||||era|re.' lages
- 18
zo1|r les lres de |'Fg||se au e s. l|s|o|re, ||||era|ure, ||eo|og|e. 'l'aver|ure zo
des
3ources c|re||erres.' la|r|ro|res. C|r|s||ar|sre. lar|s. Cerl, . 1;
0arc|a de |a luer|e, 0. `3ar ls|doro de 3ev|||a |r|erpre|e de |a 8|o||a.' C0|os 1;
( ). - . 1ooo
0rego|re, b. `l| 'corra loarreur' |r|erpre|a|o da a|cur| ladr| |a||r|.' lages - 8|;

|r A||| de||a 3e|||rara 3argue e ar|ropo|og|a re||a |e||era|ura cr|s||ara lll
(bora, roverore- d|cerore ). bore. Fd. l|a ur|ore de| z | 18z
lrez|os|ss|ro
3argue lll, . 18
0ross|, v. `Apoca||sse . re||a |rad|z|ore |a||ra ar||ca.' lages - |r zz1| 818
3argue e
ar|ropo|og|a re||a |eo|og|a. a||| de||a vl se|||rara, bora - roverore . zz8 18;
Fd||ed oy lrarcesco va|||or|. bore. Fd. l|a ur|ore lrez|os|ss|ro 3argue.
. `l| prole|a 'ecc|es|as||co' re||a ar||c|e racco||e eres|o|og|c|e.' Aug ( ). z18
- ;18o.
o|z3ever T| |rd-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
0rysor, b. `les correr|a|res pa|r|s||ques |a||rs de |'Apoca|ypse.' bTl ( ). z81;
- o;.
laerd|er, 0. ` Kor|r||er . - |r der Ze|| der vo||erWarderurg.' lages - z 1z1o 88

|r K|rc|eT| eo|og|elrorr|g|e||. ls. lur 0o||lr|ed lo||z zur . 0eour|s|ag. o
8er||r, . 1o
. `A||||rc|||c|e Aus|egurger zu Fz . - .' TlZ ( ). - . 1;1 o1o1o;;|
Karrerg|esser, C. `la 8|o|e dars |es cor|roverses ar|erres er 0cc|der|.' lages
- |o||r le rorde |a||r ar||que e| |a 8|o|e.
K|a|er, A. `lore||e de 3|. Aras|ase, evque du roras|re de |or| 3|ra|, pour |a
le|e de |a Trarsl|gura||or.' 83AC ( - ). - . zo1o1;o;o8|
Kor|g, l. `'0eus era| |r C|r|s|o'. Zur lr|erpre|a||or vor Cor . oe| der z 1
|a|e|r|sc|er K|rc|erva|err.' lages - |r 3|ud|a la|r|s||ca. vo|. XXlv. lapers z8|o
preser|ed a| ||e F|ever|| lr|erra||ora| Corlererce or la|r|s||c 3|ud|es |e|d |r
0xlord . l|s|or|ca, T| eo|og|ca e| l|||osop||ca, 0ros||ca. Fd||ed oy F. A. 11
l|v|rgs|ore. louva|r. lee|ers, . 1
la 8orrard|re, A.-|. `le jus|e del|e par |es |rp|es (3ap. . - ) dars |a z1zz1
|rad|||or
pa|r|s||que alr|ca|re.' lages - |r la 8|o|e e| |es lres. lar|s. l.v.l., . 1o18o 1;1
lardes, b. `les| ||e r|||er|ur oe lu|l|||ed. apoca|yp||c expec|a||ors ard ||e
pa||err ol Wes|err c|rorograp|y - c.e.' lages - |r vo|. ol T|e 1oo8oo 1;z11
use
ard Aouse ol Fsc|a|o|ogy |r ||e ||dd|e Ages. Fd||ed oy w. veroe|e, 0.ver|e|s|,
ard A. we||er|uyser. |ed|ava||a lovar|ers|a, 3er|es , 3|ud|a . louva|r. 1 1
Ka||o||e|e ur|vers||e|| leuver, lrs|||uu| voor ||dde|eeuWse 3|ud|es, . 188
lauras, A. `le correr|a|re pa|r|s||que de lc . - .' 3|la|r ( ). - . z1z ;1ooo1
lava|e||e, l. de. `l'|r|erpre|a||or du lsaure . c|ez |es lres `r|ser|cord|eux' 1
|a||rs.' b3b ( ). - . |81oo||o
legasse, 3. `l|rr|cus |a|errus, |es rys|res e| |a so|er|o|og|e pau||r|erre.'
lages
- 18188|r bec|erc|es e| |rad|||or. |e|arges pa|r|s||ques oller|s 8 lerr| Crouze|,
3.J. Fd||ed oy A. 0up|e|x. T| eo|og|e ||s|or|que . lar|s. 8eauc|esre, . 88 1z
loWe, F. A. `Ar ured||ed lragrer| ol lr|s| Fxeges|s |r v|s|go|||c 3cr|p|.'
Ce|||ca
( ). - . 1oo|o
loWe, la|eograp||ca| lapers, vo|. . 0uo||r.
|adec, 0. `Fgo sur qu| sur de Ter|u|||er Jerore.' lr 0|eu e| |'e|re. Fxegses
d'Fxode , e| de Corar , - , - . lar|s. F|udes Augus||r|erres, 1| zo11z|1z1
. 1;8
|agee, J. `No|e or 8oe|||us, Corso|a||o , , , , , a reW o|o||ca| para||e|.' 11;
v|gC|r
|z( ). - . 188;8z
|a|ourg, u. `C|r|s|us der Fc|s|e|r. ls . urd Jes . |r Neuer 118zz z81o
Tes|arer|
urd oe| der |a|e|r|sc|er va|err.' lages - |r v|var|ur. ls. T|eodor z|;o
K|auser zur . 0eour|s|ag. Fd||ed oy F. 0assrarr. ard K. T|raede. |urs|er. o
Asc|erdorll, . 18|
361
|arr|rg, F. `le 3yroo||sre de |a Nuoes(v\p) c|ez 0r|gre e| |es lres
|a||rs.'
b3b ( ). - . 11oo111
v|c|or|rus ol loe|ov|o |ara, |. 0. `l| s|gr|l|ca|o s|or|co-esege||co de| o|
correr|ar| a| corpus pao||ro da|
|v a| v seco|o.' lages - |r Ara||s| d| s|or|a de||'eseges|. A||| de| 3er|rar|o ;| 1
d| r|cerca su 3|or|a de||'eseges| g|uda|ca e cr|s||ara ar||ca, ld|ce d| 3ar lazzaro
(8o|ogra).
. `Arrurz|o evarge||co e |s|arze soc|a|| re| |v seco|o.' Augus||r|arur 1;
( ). 1;;
- ;z|.
. `Accos|arer|| lra corpus pao||ro e paraoo|e evarge||c|e re||'|r|erpre|az|ore
pa|r|s||ca.' 33b ( ). - . o18z81o
|arc'ladour, 0. `lrl|uerce de |a vu|ga|e sur |a cu||ure |'0cc|der|.' lages - |o81
|r Jerore er|re |'0cc|der| e| |'0r|er|. Xvl|re cer|era|re du depar| de sa|r|
Jerore de bore e| de sor |rs|a||a||or 8e|||eer. Ac|es du co||oque de
C|ar||||y (sep|erore ). Fd||ed oy .-| 0uva|. lar|s. F|udes Augus||r|erres, 18o
. 188
|arger|e, 8. de. lr|roduc||or |'||s|o|re de |'exegse. . l'0cc|der| |a||r de leor |
|e
0rard 8errard de C|a|rvaux. lar|s. Cerl, . 1o
. `lr|roduc||or |'||s|o|re de |'exegse, lv. l'0cc|der| |a||r.' bFAug ( ). ;11
- 1;;;.
|ar||rez las|or, |. `Traslordo exege||co de |a ||rro|og|a |a||ra cr|s||ara.'
le|rar||ca ( ). - . |1||;
|cNa||y, b. F. `T| e 'Tres l|rguae 3acrae' |r Far|y lr|s| Fxeges|s.' T3 ( ). 118
- |o.
|e|or|, l. l| proluro de||'|rror|a|||. l'|r|erpre|az|ore pa|r|s||ca d| Car||co , . 1
veroa 3er|orur N3 . bore. Fd. 3|ud|ur, . ; 1;
||e|go, C. `lr|erpre|ac|or agus||r|ara de a|guros sa|ros d|l|c||es.' Fs|Ag zz
( ). 18;
- zoz81.
|odes|o, C. 3|ud|er zu Cera Cypr|ar| urd zu derer bezep||or. C|ass|ca
|oracers|a
. Tuo|rger. 0. Narr ver|ag, . 1z
|o|rrarr, C. `lasc|a, pass|o, |rars||us.' Fp|erer|des l||urg|cae ( ). - oo1z;
. z
. `locus relr|ger|| |uc|s e| pac|s.' les ques||ors |||urg|ques e| paro|ss|a|es
( ). 18
- 1oz1|.
|urde, A. `8|o||o||eca. 8|o|e e| |ec|ure de carere d'aprs 3. Augus||rus.'
b8er oo
( ). 1o
Nau||r, l. `0|vorce e| rerar|age dars |a |rad|||or de |'eg||se |a||re.' b3b oz
( ). 1;|
- ;|.
Nodes, 0. J. 0oc|r|re ard Fxeges|s |r 8|o||ca| la||r loe|ry. leeds. ur|vers||y
lress,
1.
Nore|||, F. `la |rad|z|ore ecc|es|as||ca reg|| ar||c|| pro|og|| |a||r| a||e Fp|s|o|e
pao||re,' - . o1z|
Nor||, J. l. `'u| cur percu|ere|ur ror repercuss||' ( l| . ). T|e C|r|s||ar 1 zz
Tra jec|ory ol a Nor-C|r|s||ar |o||l.' lages - |r l|||o|og|a 3acra. 1o;
8|o||sc|e urd pa|r|s||sc|e 3|ud|er lur lerrarr J. lrede urd wa||er T||e|e zu
o||3ever T| |rd-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
||rer s|eoz|gs|er 0eour|s|ag. l. A||es urd Neues Tes|arer|, ll. Apocryp|er,
K|rc|erva|er, versc||ederes. lre|ourg. lerder, . 1
. `T| e use ol ||e la||r la||ers lor NeW Tes|arer| Tex|ua| Cr|||c|sr.' lages
- zo8z|r T| e Tex| ol ||e NeW Tes|arer| |r Cor|erporary besearc|. Fssays or
||e 3|a|us uaes||or|s. A vo|ure |r loror ol 8. |. |e|zger. Fd||ed oy 8. 0.
F|rrar ard |. w. lo|res. 3|0 . 0rard bap|ds. Ferdrars, . |o 1
le|r|rga, |. b. `verg. 'Aer.' , e Cypr. 0a||. '0er.' .' 0rp|eus ( ). ozo | 1;1o
- . 1o8z
l|zzo|a|o, l. l. `ura soc|e| cr|s||ara a||e prese cor ur |es|o rad|ca|e. |'eseges|
de||a
per|cope re||a C||esa |a||ra pos|-cors|ar||r|ara.' lges - |r ler lorarer zo|z8
acus.
lo||rarr, K. `la geres| de||'errereu||ca re||'Alr|ca de| sec. |v.' lages - |r 1;|
Cr|s||ares|ro e spec|l|c||8 reg|ora|| re| |ed||errareo |a||ro (secc. lv-vl). bore.
lrs|. la|r. Augus||r|arur, . 1|
uacquare|||, A. Fseges| o|o||ca e la|r|s||ca lra |ardo ar||co ed a||ored|oevo.
uaderr| d| `ve|era C|r|s||arorur' . 8ar|. Fd|pug||a, . z 11
baros-l|ssor, 0. `la u||||zac|or de |a 8|o||a er |as Ac|as de| lll Corc|||o de
To|edo
362
(a. ).' AlC - ( - ). - . 8 z;z811oo1
baros-beg|dor, J. `3|gro y poder. A propos||o de |a exeges|s pa|r|s||ca de Jr
. - , z111
l.' 3a|es|arur ( ). - . z;1o|oz
bap|sarda |o |erzo, 0. `l qua||ro cava||er| (Apoc. . - ) re||'|r|erpre|az|ore d| o18
a|cur| correr|a|or| |a||r| (v-vlll sec.).' 0rp|eus ( ). - . o18oz8
bap|sarda, 0. `l| s|roo||sro de||e p|ar|ere||a pa|r|s||ca |a||ra e re||'e| caro||rg|a.
eseges| o|o||ca e cura de| corpo e de||'ar|ra.' A3F ( ). - . ;1ooz
b|||rue||er, J. `|3 va|. beg. la|. bev|eWed. A NeW 0escr|p||or ard a Tao|e ol |
Tex|ua| lara||e|s W||| ||e l|oer quaes||orur |r euarge|||s.' 3acr|s Frud|r|
( - ). - . 1z1zo
borero lose, F. `lr|erpre|ac|or pa|r|s||ca de |os rge|es de| Apoca||ps|s.' lages
- 11z;|r ||sce|rea Aur|erse er |oror de |orseor 0. Arge| Terr|o 3a|z,
0o|pso de 0rerse. 0rerse. 0|spu|ac|or lrov|rc|a| de 0rerse, . 18
borde|, l. le pec|e or|g|re| dars |a |rad|||or pa|r|s||que e| ||eo|og|que.Co||. le
s|gre. lar|s. layWard, . 1o;
3axer, v. `la 8|o|e c|ez |es lres |a||rs du lll
e
s|c|e.' lr le rorde |a||r & |a 8|o|e.
NTA vo|. , - , . z8o18|
3c|Wed|, l. l. `3c|r|l|georauc| |r der |ar|o|og|e ga|||sc|er urd ||a||sc|er va|er
des . J|.' lages - |r l|. 3c|r|l|u. |ar|a. Fsser, . z;z 1o
3ro|a|, K. `la|e|r|sc|e urd|c||urger des o|o||sc|er 3c|oplurgsoer|c||es.'
3|la|r
1z( ). - . 1;ooo
3o||re|, C. b|e|or|que de |a lau|e e| pas|ora|e de |a recorc|||a||or dars |a le||re
apo|oge||que cor|re Jear de baverre. ur |ex|e |red|| de |a l|r du vl
e
s.Co||. de |'Fco|e
lrara|se de bore . bore. Fco|e lrara|se de bore, la|a|s larrse, . 18 1|
v|c|or|rus ol loe|ov|o Tovar laz, l. J. Trac|a|us, 3errores a|que lor|||ae. o|
e| cu|||vo de| gerero |||erar|o de|
d|scurso |or||e||co er |a l|spar|a |ardoar||gua y v|s|go|a.Arjeos de| Arruar|o
de es|ud|os l||o|og|cos . ur|vers|dad de Fx|raradura, . 1 1|
la |rad|z|ore pa|r|s||ca. A||e lor|| de||a cu||ura europea.Fd||ed oy |. Na|d|r|.
le||ure la|r|s||sc|e . l|orerce. Nard|r|, . z 1
uy|larg|e, |. var. `la 8|o|e dars |a 'v|e de 3. 3ever|r' d'Fug|pp|us.' la|or
( ). - . 1;|z|z
vaccar|, A. `la 8|oo|a re||'aro|er|e d| 3. Augus||rus.' 8|o ( ). - . z1|8z1||
verora|er, l. `les Fvarg||es correr|es par |es lres la||rs.' 8vC ( ). ;|1o;
- . o8
wasz|r|, J. l. `No|es or ||e lr|erpre|a||or ol Ara|or.' v|gC|r ( ). - . 81|8;z
w|||er, b. l. `T| e lr|erpre|a||or ol ||e 8ap||sr ol Jesus |r ||e la|er la||ers.'
3|la|r ( ). - . 111;zzo8;;
v| A|p|aoe||ca| l|s| ol lr|rc|pa| Au||ors & Aroryrous wor|s 0|scussed
T||s page |r|er||ora||y|el|o|ar|
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| o|;
ClAlTFb Fl0lT
|ANl (21o-27o) AN0 |ANlClAFl3|
cor|er|s
l. T| e l|le ard wor|s ol |ar|
ard ||e Fxpars|or ol |ar|c|ae|sr o49
A 3pec|a| Cor|r|ou||or oy A|oer| v|c|aro
| 8|ograp||ca| da|a o49
|| |ar|, C|r|s||ar |ere||c ard lourder ol a ur|versa| re||g|or o49
||| Caror|ca| Wor|s ol |ar| ard o||er |ar|c|aear scr|p|ures o52
|v T| e expars|or ol |ar|c|ae|sr o54
ll. A 8r|el lreser|a||or ol ||e |ar|c|aear 0oc|r|re o5o
lll. No||ors ard |e||ods ol Fxeges|s o58
| 0ojec| ard s|a|u|es ol ||e |ar|c|aear exeges|s o59
|| T| e exege||ca| au||or|||es. Jesus, lau|, ard |ar| o59
||| lrac||ca| ru|es ol exeges|s oo0
|v T| e cor|er| ol ||e NeW Tes|arer| oo0
lv. Ar Fva|ua||or |r ||e l|g|| ol ||e l|s|ory ol Fxeges|s oo2
| l|||osop||ca| |rp||ca||ors oo2
|| T| eo|og|ca| |rp||ca||ors oo3
||| Fxege||ca| |rp||ca||ors oo5
8|o||ograp|y ooo
o|;
v| A|p|aoe||ca| l|s| ol lr|rc|pa| Au||ors & Aroryrous wor|s 0|scussed
T||s page |r|er||ora||y|el|o|ar|
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| l o|
TlF lllF AN0 w0bK3 0l |ANl AN0
TlF FXlAN3l0N 0l |ANlClAFl3| 21o-27o
363
a spec|a| cor|r|ou||or
oy A|oer| v|c|aro
|. 8|ograp||ca| da|a
|ar| or |ares (|ar|||a|os, |ar|c|aeus), ||e lourder ol |ar|c|ae|sr,
Was oorr or ||e || ol Apr||, c.e., ||e sor ol la|||g (la|e||os, la|ec|us), 1| z1o
lror laradar |r |ed|a. |ar| Was oorr |r |ad|ru, a c||y |r ||e reg|or
ol Na|r Ku||a |r ror||err 8aoy|or|a s||ua|ed or ||e cara| W||c| jo|rs ||e
T|gr|s ard Fup|ra|es r|vers |o ||e sou|| ol 3e|euc|a-C|es|p|or. |ar| oegar
||s preac||rg |r lers|s, |esere, Assur|s|ar, |ed|a ard |r ||e |ard ol ||e
lar|||ars a| ||e oeg|rr|rg ol ||e re|gr ol 3|apur l, W|o |ad oeer proc|a|red
||rg or ||e dea|| ol Ardas||r, lourder ol ||e 3assar|ar dyras|y. urder ||e
pro|ec||or ol 3|apur lor |||r|y years, |ar| Was lree |o prepare ||s d|sc|p|es,
Wr||e ||s scr|p|ures, orgar|ze ||s c|urc| ard serd r|ss|orar|es |o ||e eas|
ard Wes|. 0r ||e dea|| ol 3|apur |r - , ||s sor va|rar l Was croWred z;1z;z
||rg. 0ur|rg ||s re|gr, ||e K|rd|r C||el, |ooed, ||e s|aurc| erery ol a||
lore|gr cu||s, rade repea|ed a||erp|s |o es|ao||s| |azde|sr, a|so |roWr
as Zoroas|r|sr, as ||e s|a|e re||g|or. |ooed's |rl|uerce |ed va|rar |o order
||e de|er||or ol |ar| W|o, or oe|rg |r|ed, Was |rpr|sored a| 0ordes|apur
(8e| lap|a|) |r 3us|ara. |ar| d|ed or a |orday, ros| prooao|y ||e || ol zo
leoruary, , p|ys|ca||y oro|er al|er |Wer|y s|x days ol |or|ure. z;;
1
||. |ar|, C|r|s||ar |ere||c ard lourder
ol a ur|versa| re||g|or
ur||| ||e d|scover|es ol ||e |Wer||e|| cer|ury ||e or|y o|ograp||ca| da|a
ava||ao|e Were lror ||e Wor|s ol C|r|s||ar Wr||ers W|o urar|rous|y preser|ed
|ar| as a |ere||c ard |rpos|er. T| e ar||-|ar|c|aear |rea||ses, suc|
as ||e Ac|a Arc|e|a|
z
oy legeror|us Wr|||er arourd ||e year c.e., Were z
ra|r|y respors|o|e lor |||s |rage.
1. b|es, Ju||er. Ar|. |ar|, rar|c|e|sre. loupard, lau| (ed.). 0|c||orra|re des
be||g|ors, lar|s , - . 18|1oz8
z. legeror|us. Ac|a Arc|e|a|, ed. oy C|ar|es lerry 8eesor (C03 ), 8er||r 1o
. 1oo
ooF|g|| |ar| ( - ) ard |ar|c|ae|sr z1oz;o
w||| ||e Age ol Fr||g||errer| ard ||e d|scovery ol ||e |ex|s ol cer|a|r
ou|s|ard|rg Arao|ar ||s|or|ars (3a|ras|ar| ard a|-Nad|r), ||e rega||ve |rage
crea|ed oy pa|r|s||c sources ol |ar| as a C|r|s||ar |ere||c Was cr|||ca||y
rev|sed |o ||e ex|er| ||a| |e care |o oe cors|dered ||e lourder ol a ur|versa|
re||g|or. lr |||s reW cor|ex| || Was deoa|ed W|e||er |ar| Was a re||g|ous
ger|us or a rere corp||er ol a syr||es|s ol Zoroas|r|ar doc|r|res, 8udd||s|
rora|||y, ard ||e cu|| ol ||||ras, a|org W||| cer|a|r e|erer|s |a|er lror
C|r|s||ar||y.
T| e Cop||c |ar|c|aear |ex|s d|scovered a| |ed|re| |ad| |r cas| 1o
reW ||g|| or ||e ||le ol |ar|.

lr ||e Kep|a|a|or , ||e |r|roduc||or |o ||s 1

doc|r|ra| |rea||se, ||e prop|e| descr|oed ||rse|l as ||e sea| ol ||e ressergers
ol sa|va||or. le evo|es ||e rajor s|ages |r ||e ||s|or|ca| deve|oprer| ol
sa|va||or oy c|||rg ||e rares ol sore ol ||s predecessors. 3e||, sor ol Adar,
Fros|, Froc|, 3|er, sor ol Noa|, 8udd|a, ard Jesus. le goes or |o reler
|o ||e |ey ro|e ol ||e apos||es, ol ||e r|ss|or ol lau|, ol ||e cr|s|s oroug||
aoou| |r ||e C|urc| |rred|a|e|y lo||oW|rg lau|'s preac||rg ard, l|ra||y,
rer||or |s rade ol ||e |Wo jus|s ores, prooao|y |arc|or ard 8arda|sar, W|o
a||erp|ed |o redeer ||e Wor|d. |ar| ra|es exp||c|| relererce |o ||rse|l as
||e larac|e|e lore|o|d oy Jesus (Kep|a|a|or . . - ). |od|ly|rg Jr . - 11|1o 1o811
oy rears ol ||e |r|roduc||or ol a gros||c perspec||ve, |ar| a||udes |o ||s
pre-ex|s|erce, c|a|r|rg ||a| ||e ||v|rg larac|e|e descerded upor ||r lor ||e
Aeors ard 0erera||ors (Kep|a|a|or . . - a). T| |s au|oo|ograp||c ro|e, 111
|rser|ed |r|o a lorru|ary ol gros||c doc|r|re, s|oWs ||a| ||e oas|c rys|ery
ol |ar|c|ae|sr cors|s|s |r a rad|ca| ard ur|versa| dua||sr, revea|ed oy ||e
pror|sed larac|e|e ard rade |roWr oy ||s |W|r sp|r||, |ar|.
lr ||e successlu| dec|p|errer| ol a ||ry 0ree| parc|rer| codex 1;o
|r ||e raruscr|p| co||ec||or ol ||e ur|vers||y ol Co|ogre (l. co|r. |rv. rr.
|;8o) s|gra||ed a reW era |r ||e s|udy ol ||e or|g|rs ol |ar|c|ae|sr. T| e
Codex |ar|c|a|cus Co|or|ers|s(C|C), as ||e docurer| |s roW ca||ed oy
sc|o|ars, |s ||e sra||es| parc|rer| codex ye| d|scovered. l|s pages reasure
or|y . cr. x . cr. ard ||e Wr|||rg or ||er |s . cr. x . cr. 0esp||e | z
||s r|ru|e lorra|, ||e |ar|c|aear scr|oes, a| |eas| lour |r ruroer, raraged |o
copy ar average ol |Wer|y-||ree ||res ol 0ree| |rracu|a|e|y or|o
eac| page. T| |s codex ol ||e l|l|| cer|ury oears ||e ||||e `per| |es gerres |ou
sora|os au|ou,' `0r ||e 0eres|s ol ||s(sc. |ar|'s) 8ody.'
|T| e ||||e ||se|l
364
. b|es, Ju||er. les e|udes rar|c|eerres. 0es cor|roverses de |a belorre aux
decouver|es du XX s|c|e, louva|r-|a-Neuve , - . 188z1z8
|. le|rr|c|s, A|oer| - Koerer, ludW|g (ed.). F|r gr|ec||sc|er |ar|-Codex. ZlF
( ) - , lder. 0er Ko|rer |ar|-Codex. ZlF ( ). - , ( ). 1;o;z1o 11;18z1;8
T| e l|le ard wor|s ol |ar| ard ||e Fxpars|or ol |ar|c|ae|sr o1
p|aces us square|y |r a 0ros||c lrare ol relererce. ||e la|| ol |ar| |r|o
ra||er. T| e C|C |rc|udes a o|ograp|y ol |ar| W||c| |s ra|r|y ||r||ed |o
||s lorra||ve years, ||a| |s, lror age lour |o |Wer|y-lour, dur|rg W||c| ||re
|e |s |rl|uerced oo|| oy ||e F|c|asa||es, a Judaeo-C|r|s||ar sec| relerred |o
oy Arao ||s|or|ars as ||e a|rug||as||a(||ose W|o Was| ||erse|ves), ard
oy ||e 3yr|ar |rad|||or reraqqede(||e pur|l|ed ores) or |a||e |eWare(||e
W|||e |ur|cs). 0ree| ard Cop||c |ex|s reler |o |||s group as oap||s|a|, ce||oa|es
W|o aos|a|r lror rea| ard W|re. T| e C|C quo|es |ar| as say|rg ||a| a|
||e age ol lour |e Was adr|||ed |r|o ||e F|c|asa||es ard greW up urder ||e
pro|ec||or ol ||e `ra|ders ol ||g||' ard ||e spec|a| poWers es|ao||s|ed oy
`Jesus ||e |ur|rous.'
T| e C|C c||es F|c|as|, ||e lourder ol ||e F|c|asa||es or oap||s|a|, as
c|a|r|rg ||a| |ar|'s you|| Was rar|ed oy a ser|es ol ce|es||a| |r|erver||ors.
lr ||e ear|y pages ol ||e C|C car oe lourd relererces |o ||e |ar|c|aear
|rad|||or W||c| re|a|es cer|a|r ep|sodes ol ||e araz|rg c|||d|ood ol ||e
prop|e|. ||roug| a ser|es ol v|s|ors |a||rg p|ace lror ||e age ol lour |o
|We|ve, |ar| rece|ved e|erer|ary 0ros||c |rs|ruc||or re|a|ed |o ||e s|gracu|ur
raruuror sea| ol ||e |ards. ||e revererce g|ver oy ||e `||v|rg sou|'
|o ||e `cross ol ||g||.' 3uc| revererce ard respec| |rvo|ved ||e pro||o|||or
ol cu|||rg doWr |rees, uproo||rg p|ar|s, po||u||rg ||e Wa|er ore oa||ed |r,
s|rce ||ese par||cu|ar ac||ors Were ||oug|| |o des|roy ||e ||g|| par||c|es
|rpr|sored |r ra||er.
A| ||e age ol |We|ve |ar| rece|ved a |eaver|y v|s|or. l| Was ||e rorer|
ol ||e l|rs| reve|a||or oy W||c| ||e prop|e| Was |rs|ruc|ed ard prepared lor
||s r|ss|or oy ||e larac|e|e. T| a| reve|a||or |oo| p|ace or ||e || day ol 1|
N|sar |r ||e year ( || Apr||, ). |ar|, ||oug| lor a ||re cor||ru|rg ; zz8
|o ex|erra||y ooserve ||e |aW ol ||e F|c|asa||es, |ep| ||s secre| |o ||rse|l,
||s|ered |o ||e larac|e|e ard ||us gradua||y severed ||s lorrer a||eg|arce.
Accord|rg |o ||e |dea||zed o|ograp|y ol ||e C|C W||c|, accord|rg |o
Tard|eu,

ra|es use ol rares ard |egerds |a|er lror 3yr|ar C|r|s||ar accour|s ol ||e ||le
ol 3| T| oras ||e Apos||e, ||e secord appar|||or ol ||e arge|
Was |o rar| ||e orea| W||| F|c|asa|sr ard ||e lourd|rg ol ||e `c|urc| ol
||g||' or ||e || ol Apr||, . T| e ce|es||a| larac|e|e, a |ur|rous oe|rg ol z| z|o
W|or ||e |Wer|y-lour-year-o|d |ar| Was ||e rep||ca, descerded |o corl|rr
||r |r ||s prop|e||c r|ss|or. ||e rorer| ol ||e del|r||ve reve|a||or |ad
arr|ved.
- 8;1, ( ). - , ( ). - , Koerer, ludW|g - borer Korre||a ||181zo118|818z1
(ed.). 0er Ko|rer |ar|-Kodex. uoer das werder se|res le|oes, 0p|ader . 188
. Tard|eu, ||c|e|. le rar|c|e|sre, lar|s , . 1811|
ozF|g|| |ar| ( - ) ard |ar|c|ae|sr z1oz;o
|ar| Was ro| or|y a ||eo|og|ar ou| ar accorp||s|ed ar||s| as We||. le
rade use ol ||e |||erary lorr ol ||e ry|| |o express ||s reve|a||or W||c|
Was |ao||ua| arorg ||e 0ros||cs as || |ad oeer lor ||e p|||osop|ers, e.g.,
l|a|o |r ||e 0|a|ogues. A|org W||| ||s poe||c ger|ous, |ar| Was a|so ||g||y
g|l|ed as a pa|r|er, so ||a| ||e |ar|c|aear r|ss|or Was ever|ua||y |o deve|op
c|arac|er|s||c ar| lorrs.
o
|||. Caror|ca| Wor|s ol |ar| ard
o||er |ar|c|aear scr|p|ures
|ar|c|ae|sr Was a re||g|or ol ||e ooo|. To |ar|'s r|rd, ||e la||ure ol
Zoroas|er, 8udd|a, ard Jesus cer|ered or ||e lac| ||a| ||ey ||erse|ves |ad
ro| persora||y Wr|||er doWr ||e|r reve|a||or. T| |s exp|a|rs ||e cors|derao|e
ellor| rade oy |ar| as ||e au||or ol ||s oWr scr|p|ures, W||c| resu||ed |r
||e crea||or ol a caror ol ooo|s cor|a|r|rg ||e reve|a||or des||red |o oe
|rarsr|||ed oy ||s c|urc|.
|ar| Wro|e a caror ol sever Wor|s |r ||e Arara|c d|a|ec| ol sou||err
|esopo|ar|a. T| ey are. ( ) ||e l|v|rg 0ospe|, ( ) ||e Treasure ol l|le, ( ) 1 z
||e lragra|e|a, ( ) ||e 8oo| ol |ys|er|es, ( ) ||e 8oo| ol 0|ar|s, ( ) ||e | o
le||ers, ( ) lsa|rs ard lrayers. lr add|||or, |e rade a surrary ol ||e ra|r ;
po|r|s ol ||s |eac||rg |r ||dd|e lers|ar, W||c| |e preser|ed |o 3|apur l.
T| |s Wor|, ||e 3aou|ragar, Was so |rpor|ar| ||a| ore sore||res l| rds ||
||s|ed |r ||e caror |r p|ace ol lsa|rs ard lrayers. No| ore ol ||ese Wor|s
|as surv|ved |r ||s corp|e|e lorr, ou| a cors|derao|e ruroer ol c||a||ors
lror ||er car oe lourd |r ||e Wr|||rgs ol ||e C|urc| la||ers ard |r 3yr|ac
ard Arao|c Wr||ers W|o used ||er |o derors|ra|e ||e aosurd||y ol |ar|'s
365
|eac||rg. lor|ura|e|y, We are roW ro |orger er||re|y re||ar| or ||ese po|er|ca|
Wr||ers lor |rlorra||or or |ar|'s |eac||rg ard ||e |ex| ol ||s Wor|s.
T| e ex|ar| corpus ol geru|re |ar|c|aear |ex|s |as groWr cors|derao|y
s|rce ||e erd ol ||e |as| cer|ury. lror |o , |r lour exped|||ors 1o| 11|
|o Cer|ra| As|a, 0errar arc|aeo|og|s|s oroug|| oac| |o 8er||r lror s||es
ol ru|red |ar|c|aear roras|er|es a| Turlar |r 3|r||arg (C||ra) severa|
||ousard lragrer|s ol |ar|c|aear |ex|s. T| ese orce cors|||u|ed |ardsore|y
oourd ard oeau||lu||y |||ur|ra|ed raruscr|p| cod|ces ou| ||ey |ad oeer
ru|||a|ed oy zea|ous ls|ar|c corquerors |r ||e lour|eer|| cer|ury. T|e |ex|s
are Wr|||er |r a ruroer ol Cer|ra| As|ar |arguages, ou| ||dd|e lers|ar,
o. K||r|e||, lars-Joac||r. vor weser rar|c|a|sc|er Kurs|. Zb00 ( ). |18z
- 1z1.
T| e l|le ard wor|s ol |ar| ard ||e Fxpars|or ol |ar|c|ae|sr o
lar|||ar, 3ogd|ar, ard u|g|ur predor|ra|e. lr care ||e reWs ol ||e 1o
d|scovery ol a |arge |oard ol raruscr|p|s, ros||y C||rese 8udd||s| |ex|s,
|r ||e Terp|e ol ||e T| ousard 8udd|as a| Tur|uarg. Arorg ||er Were
||ree |ar|c|aear |ex|s |r C||rese as We|| as a |org corless|ora| lor ||e
|ar|c|aear learers |r u|g|ur.
T| e wes| |oo rade ||s cor|r|ou||ors |o |||s groW|rg oody ol |ar|c|aear
|ex|s. l |ave a|ready rer||ored ||e Codex |ar|c|a|cus Co|or|ers|s.
;
A la||r
|ar|c|aear raruscr|p| Was lourd |r a cave rear Teoessa (T|eves|e) |r
A|ger|a |r . 1188
|ore s|gr|l|car||y, a s|zeao|e co||ec||or ol |ar|c|aear
cod|ces |r Cop||c Was s|oWr |o lrolessor Car| 3c|r|d| |r oy ar 1o
Fgyp||ar dea|er |r Ca|ro, ard ||e|r p|ace ol or|g|r Was ever|ua||y |raced |o
|ed|re| |ad| |r ||e layour rear ||e lorrer le||er|s||c r||||ary se|||erer|
ol Narrou|||s. T| e l|rd, |o|a|||rg sore |Wo ||ousard |eaves, cor|a|red. ( ) 1
||e le||ersol |ar|, ( ) ||e lsa|r-8oo|, z

( ) ||e Kep|a|a|a ol ||e Teac|er

(|.e. |ar|),
1o( ) T| e Kep|a|a|a ol ||e w|sdor ol ry lord |ar|, ( ) 3yraxes |
(correr|ary) or ||e l|v|rg 0ospe|, ( ) a ||s|or|ca| Wor| W||c| gave a ||le ol o
|ar| ard ||e ear|y ||s|ory ol ||e sec|, ( ) ||e lor|||es, ;
11
( ) sore ur|der||l|ao|e |eaves. lar| ol |||s l|rd Was acqu|red oy ||e C|es|er 8
8ea||y co||ec||or
|r lordor (roW 0uo||r),
1z
ou| ||e grea|er par| ol || Wer| |o ||e lruss|ar
Acadery |r 8er||r. T|e le||ersard ||e ||s|or|ca| Wor| W||c| Were |oused |r
8er||r Were urlor|ura|e|y |os| |r ||e c|ao||c al|erra|| ol ||e 3ecord wor|d
war oelore ||eycou|d oe proper|y exar|red ard s|ud|ed.
T| ese reW|y d|scovered |ex|s |ave grea||y err|c|ed our |roW|edge ol
|ar|c|ae|sr, a|||oug| ||ey |ave ro| y|e|ded a caror ol |ar|'s Wr|||rgs.
;. v|de loo|ro|e . |
8. |er|e|oac|, be|r|o|d (ed.). 0er rar|c|a|sc|e Codex vor Teoessa. 8ryder,
le|er (d|r.). |ar|c|aear 3|ud|es. lroceed|rgs ol ||e l|rs| lr|erra||ora|
Corlererce or
|ar|c|ae|sr, lurd , - . 188zzo|
. A||oerry, C|ar|es b. C. (ed.). |ar|c|aear |aruscr|p|s |r ||e C|es|er 8ea||y
Co||ec||or, vo|. . A |ar|c|aear lsa|r-8oo|, 3|u||gar| . z 18
1o. lo|o|s|y, lars Ja|oo - 8o|||g, A|exarder (ed.). |ar|c|a|sc|e lardsc|r|l|er
der
3|aa|||c|er |useer 8er||r. Kep|a|a|a, vo|. , 3|u||gar| , 8o|||g, A|exarder 1 1|o
(ed.).
|ar|c|a|sc|e lardsc|r|l|er der s|aa|||c|er |useer 8er||r. Kep|a|a|a, vo|. , z
3|u||gar| . 1oo
11. lo|o|s|y, lars Ja|oo (ed.). |ar|c|a|sc|e lardsc|r|l|er der 3arr|urg A.
C|es|er 8ea||y, 8d. . |ar|c|a|sc|e lor|||er, 3|u||gar| . 1 1|
1z. 0|verser, 3rer (ed.). T| e |ar|c|aear Cop|| lapyr| |r ||e C|es|er 8ea||y
l|orary. lacs|r||e Fd., 0ereva - , lder. T| e |ar|c|aear Tex|s lror 18o188
||e
C|es|er 8ea||y Co||ec||or. 8ryder, le|er (d|r.). |ar|c|aear 3|ud|es. lroceed|rgs
ol
||e l|rs| lr|erra||ora| Corlererce or |ar|c|ae|sr, lurd , - . 188zo;z
o|F|g|| |ar| ( - ) ard |ar|c|ae|sr z1oz;o
T| e |oss ol ||e le||erslror 8er||r |as depr|ved us ol possess|rg a caror|ca|
Wor| |r ||s er||re|y. loWever, ||e |ex|s lror Turlar |ave so lar y|e|ded
a ruroer ol lragrer|s lror ||e caror|ca| Wor|s, espec|a||y lror ||e 8oo|
ol ||e 0|ar|sard ||e quas|-caror|ca| 3aou|ragar. No douo|, W|er || |s lu||y
puo||s|ed, ||e 3yraxes or ||e l|v|rg 0ospe||r Cop||c W||| s|ed sore ||g||
366
or ||e |ex| ol ||e l|v|rg 0ospe|||se|l.
0r ||e o||er |ard, ||e reW |ex|s, ever |l ros| ol ||er are ro| ol caror|ca|
s|a|us, are geru|re Wr|||rgs ol ||e sec| ard |ouc| upor rary lurdarer|a|
aspec|s ol ||s doc|r|res ard ||s|ory. T| e Kep|a|a|a ol ||e Teac|er,
lor |rs|arce, purpor|s |o oe a record ol |ar|'s d|scourses de||vered |o ||s
|rrer c|rc|e ol d|sc|p|es, ard a |ar|c|aear Wor| ||||ed Kep|a|a|a|s ||s|ed
oy Fp|p|ar|us (larar|or ) oo
1
as ore ol ||e ros| |rpor|ar| Wor|s ol ||e
sec|. T| e lsa|r-8oo||as lurr|s|ed us W||| ore ol ||e l|res| ar||o|og|es ol
|ar|c|aear poe|ry, ard ||e lor|||escor|a|r a grea| dea| ol reW |rlorra||or
or ||e ear|y ||s|ory ol ||e sec|. T| ese geru|re |ar|c|aear Wr|||rgs a||oW
us |o recors|ruc| rary |rpor|ar| aspec|s ol ||e or|g|ra| |eac||rg ol |ar|
W|||ou| lear ol r|srepreser|a||or oy ||e sec|'s erer|es. 3urpr|s|rg|y, ||ese
|ex|s |ave s|oWr ||a| sore ol ||e po|er|c|s|s, espec|a||y Augus||re, |ave
oeer rerar|ao|y accura|e |r ||e|r preser|a||or ol |ar|'s |eac||rg.
1|
|v. T|e expars|or ol |ar|c|ae|sr
|ar| oe||eved ||a| oy ra||rg a syr||es|s ol ||e ||ree grea| re||g|ors ol
C|r|s||ar||y, Zoroas|r|sr, ard 8udd||sr |e cou|d crea|e a corror re||g|or
lor ||e 3assar|ar Frp|re. T| |s erp|re Was |r a per|od ol expars|or |o ||e
eas| ard Wes|. ToWards ||e Wes| Was |o oe lourd C|r|s||ar||y W|ereas |o
||e eas|, 8udd||sr dor|ra|ed |r Cer|ra| As|a ard Zoroas|r|ar|sr |r lrar,
ard everyW|ere Were erc|aves ol pagar|sr. A|||oug| |ar| Was ro| ao|e |o
corver| ||s doc|r|re |r|o a s|a|e re||g|or, |e ard ||s d|sc|p|es carr|ed ou| a
r|ss|orary ellor| W||c| |oo| |r prac||ca||y a|| ol ||e borar Frp|re, as We||
as Cer|ra| As|a ard C||ra.
lr ||e cer|ury W||c| lo||oWed ||s dea|| ||e re||g|or ac||eved araz|rg
r|ss|orary success |r ||e borar Frp|re ard care |o oe a||ac|ed a| l|rs| as
a suovers|ve lore|gr re||g|or ard |a|er as ore ol ||e ros| perr|c|ous lorrs
1. Fp|p|ar|us. larar|or, ed. oy Kar| lo|| (C03 , , ), le|pz|g - , z1; 111
b|gg|, Ca|ogero. Fp|lar|o cor|ro |ar|, bora . 1o;
1|. l|eu, 3arue| N. C. |ar|c|ae|sr |r ||e la|er borar Frp|re ard |ed|eva|
C||ra,
z. ed., Tuo|rger , - . 1z81o
T| e l|le ard wor|s ol |ar| ard ||e Fxpars|or ol |ar|c|ae|sr o
ol C|r|s||ar |eresy. A|||oug| || Was |arge|y W|ped ou| oy severe persecu||or |r ||e
l|l|| ard s|x|| cer|ur|es, || |el|a |egacy ol lear ard |a|red arorg
red|aeva| c|urc|rer oo|| |r ||e la||r wes| ard ||e 0ree| Fas|. T|e |err
`|ar|c|aear' Was used oy c|urc| |eaders |o s||gra||ze ||e |eac||rgs ol a
ruroer ol C|r|s||ar |ere||cs suc| as ||e |essa||ars, ||e lau||c|ars ard ||e
|ogor||s |r 8yzar||ur, ard ||e la|ereres ard ||e Ca||ars or A|o|gers|ars
|r ||e wes|, W|o |ad |r corror ||e v|eW ||a| ||e |urar oody Was |r|r|rs|ca||y
ev|| ard ||erelore cou|d ro| oe ||e crea||or ol a good 0od. lr ||e eas|,
|ar|c|ae|sr |ad es|ao||s|ed a l|rr oase |r eas|err lrar oy ||e erd ol ||e
lour|| cer|ury ard lror ||ere || Wou|d ever|ua||y oe corveyed ever lur||er
eas|Ward a|org ||e 3||| boad |o 8ac|r|a, Toc|ara, ard ||e Tar|r 8as|r. lr ||e
e|g||| cer|ury || oecare ||e s|a|e re||g|or ol ||e u|g|ur Tur|s, ore ol ||e
ra|r r||||ary poWers or ||e ror||err lror||ers ol C||ra. Al|er ||e ec||pse ol
||e l|rs| u|g|ur Frp|re |r ||e r|r|| cer|ury, ||e re||g|or cor||rued |o ||r|ve
|r ||e Tar|r 8as|r ur||| ||e r|se ol 0erg||s K|ar. lr C||ra || a|so surv|ved
as a secre| re||g|or |r ||e sou||err coas|a| reg|ors ard |races ol || car oe
lourd |r ||e prov|rce ol lu||er as |a|e as ||e s|x|eer|| cer|ury.
1
1. lo|d., - . ;8
ooF|g|| |ar| ( - ) ard |ar|c|ae|sr z1oz;o
ll
A 8blFl lbF3FNTATl0N 0l TlF
|ANlClAFAN 00CTblNF
|ar|c|ae|sr |s a dua||s||c 0ros||c sys|er W||| a oas|c doc|r|re ol |Wo
co-e|erra| pr|rc|p|es rad|ca||y opposed |o ore aro||er. ||g|| ard dar|ress.
|ar|'s ||eo|og|ca| po|r| ol depar|ure |s rar's p||g|| |r ||e Wor|d, ||s reeds
ard suller|rg W||c| or|g|ra|e lror ar ex|s|erce deve|oped ou| ol good
ard ev||. |ar| preser|s ||rse|l as ||e u|||ra|e reve|a||or ard sea| ol ||e
prop|e|s, c|arged W||| lourd|rg ||e C|urc| ol ||e las| 0ays, ||e C|urc|
ol ||e K|rgdor ol l|g||. |ar| cors|ders ||rse|l ||e larac|e|e ser| |o recors|ruc|
||e |rue c|urc| ol Jesus C|r|s|. T| |s dua||s||c gros|s |s ar aoso|u|e
0ros||c|sr ||a| |r ||se|l eroraces a|| |roW|edge ard a|| ex|s|erce ard W||c|
|ar| raraged |o es|ao||s| as ar orgar|zed c|urc| W||| ||s oWr scr|p|ures,
||erarc|y, ard |rs|||u||ors.
T|e Kep|a|a|or cor|a|rs oo|| a c|ear|y de||rea|ed 0ros||c creed W||c| 1
se|s ou| a syr||es|s ol ||e |ar|c|aear la||| |r |We|ve ar||c|es as We|| as a
secord creed re|a||ve |o ||e 0ros||c r|ss|or. |We|ve ar||c|es W||c| del|re
367
|ar| as ||e revea|er ol ||e ce|es||a| rys|er|es. we roW |roW lror ||e C|C
||a|, |r ||e |||r||rg ol |ar|, ||e C|r|s||ar e|erer| |s re|||er secordary or
|a|e-cor|rg ou| ra||er rus| oe cors|dered a pr|rc|p|e e|erer| lror ||e very
oeg|rr|rg ard ||e oas|s ol ||s re||g|ous rel|ec||or.
|ar|'s ca|| |o sa|va||or|oc|reWas rade so ||a| rar Wou|d ad|ere
|o ||e rys|er|es revea|ed oy ||r. T| e 0ros||c, |rrersed |r a Wor|d ol ||g||
ard dar|ress, |as |o c|oose a| every rorer| oe|Weer ||e |Wo |r order |o
cor||rue or ||e road |o ||e `||rgdor ol |eaver.' T| e |ar|c|aear |rad|||or
d|s||rgu|s|es oe|Weer |Wo |ypes ol oe||evers. ||e F|ec| or C|oser 0res, ||a|
|s |o say ||ose W|o |ave reac|ed perlec||or or sarc|||y, ard ||e Ca|ec|urers
or learers, ||ose |r|||a|ed |r|o ||e s|age ol ca||ars|s W||c| |eads |o ||e ||oera||or
lror ra||er. T| e F|ec| ard ||e perlec| Ca|ec|urers are assured ol
er|er|rg ||e ||rgdor W|||ou| |av|rg |o urdergo re|rcarra||or |r|o aro||er
oody. 0||er Ca|ec|urers are des||red |o ||e re|arg|srosor rod|l|ca||or ol
||e recep|ac|e, |.e., re|erps|c|os|s. T| e s|rrer W|o oos||ra|e|y c|ooses |o ||ve
|r dar|ress |s corderred |o Warder ||roug| ||e Wor|d ur||| |e |s ||roWr
|r|o |e|| a| ||e rorer| ol ||e separa||or ol ||g|| lror dar|ress.
T|e Kep|a|a|a , , , , , , are a corperd|ur ol corrardrer|s ;8o818|88;
grouped urder ore deror|ra||or, d||a|osyreor r|g||eousress. Jus||ce
corcerrs aoove a|| ||e F|ec| or C|oser 0res W|o ||ve accord|rg |o ||e ||ree
s|gracu|aor sea|s. T| e sea| ol ||e aodorer orda|rs |o|a| cor||rerce ard
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| pro||o||s procrea||or. T| e sea| ol o;
||e rou|| loro|ds urc|ar||ao|e Words ard
es|ao||s|es a ser|es ol d|e|ary prescr|p||ors. |ao||ua| las||rg |s oro|er or|y
oy |Wo da||y vege|ar|ar rea|s prepared oy ||e learers. T| e sea| ol ||e |ards
|rposes respec| lor ||e `cross ol ||g||' as rarua| |aoor rega||ve|y all ec|s ||e
par||c|es ol ||g|| r|xed |r W||| ra||er. 8y ||ese rears ||e C|oser 0res
groW |r ||e W|sdorsop||areeded lor ellec||ve preac||rg. T| e jus||ce ol
||e learers par||c|pa|es |r ||a| ol ||e C|oser 0res. T| e learers a|so ||ve
accord|rg |o ||e rorrs ol ||e ||ree s|gracu|a||roug| las||rg, prayer, ard
a|rs-g|v|rg, ou| ur|||e ||e C|oser 0res ||ey are des||red |o procrea|e ard
|o perlorr rarua| |aoor.
A 8r|el lreser|a||or ol ||e |ar|c|aear 0oc|r|re o;
o8F|g|| |ar| ( - ) ard |ar|c|ae|sr z1oz;o
lll
N0Tl0N3 AN0 |FTl003 0l FXF0F3l3
|ar|c|ae|sr |ad ar urusua| capac||y lor syrcre||sr W||| o||er re||g|ors. As
|| spread ||roug|ou| ||e borar Frp|re || adap|ed ||se|l |o cer|a|r aspec|s
ol C|r|s||ar||y, par||cu|ar|y |o ||e ||eo|ogy ol ||e |ere||c |arc|or, W|ose
cosro|ogy Was dua||s||c W|ereas ||s C|r|s|o|ogy Was perrea|ed oy 0ros||c
e|erer|s. 3uc| co|rc|derce W||| |ar|c|aear doc|r|re, a|org W||| ||e lac|
||a| |arc|or|sr, |||e |ar|c|ae|sr, Was orgar|zed as a c|urc|, lac||||a|ed
suc| syrcre||sr. |oreover, |ar| ||rse|l adr|red |arc|or |r so lar as ||e|r
respec||ve |r|erpre|a||ors ol ||e ep|s||es ol lau| |ad rary po|r|s |r corror.
Corsequer||y, ||ose |ar|c|aears ||v|rg W||||r ||e corl|res ol ||e borar
Frp|re Were ro| adverse |o s|udy|rg ard correr||rg or ||e r| cors|dered
as a ser|es ol ooo|s ol excep||ora| sp|r||ua| va|ue.
No| surpr|s|rg|y, suc| a s||ua||or |ed |o ar exege||ca|-doc|r|ra| po|er|c
oe|Weer Ca||o||cs ard |ar|c|aears W||| regard |o ||e |r|erpre|a||or ol ||e
r|. T| |s cor|roversy Was, lor ||e ros| par|, a pro|orga||or |r|o ||e lour||
ard l|l|| cer|ur|es ol ||a| ear||er corlror|a||or W||c| ||e Ca||o||c C|urc|
|ad ra|r|a|red W||| 0ros||cs ard |arc|or||es |r ||e secord ard |||rd
cer|ur|es. lr oo|| c|rcurs|arces ||e Ca||o||c C|urc| lourd ||se|l urder ||e
oo||ga||or |o rejec| cosro|og|ca| dua||sr, |o delerd ||e ur||y oe|Weer ||e
0|d ard NeW Tes|arer|s ard |o up|o|d ||e ||s|or|ca| rea|||y ol ||e |rcarra||or,
dea|| ard resurrec||or ol Jesus C|r|s|.
T| e ||s|or|ca| |r|eres| ard rove||y ol ||e |ar|c|aear r| exeges|s ||es
|r ||s |av|rg g|ver erp|as|s |o cer|a|r pr|rc|p|es W||c| |oday Wou|d oe
deror|ra|ed as `|||erary cr|||c|sr.' Tard|eu
1o
sys|era||sed ||ese pr|rc|p|es
ra|r|y or ||e oas|s ol ra|er|a| |a|er lror ||e cor|roversy ra|r|a|red
oe|Weer ||e |ar|c|aears ard Augus||re.
1;
1o. Tard|eu, |. lr|rc|pes de |'exegse rar|c|eerre du Nouveau Tes|arer|.
Tard|eu, |. (d|r.). les rg|es de |'|r|erpre|a||or, lar|s , - . Clr. 8o|||rg, 18;1z|o
A. T| e
NeW Tes|arer| ard ||e Corcep| ol ||e |ar|c|aear |y||. T| e NeW Tes|arer|
ard
0ros|s. Fssays |r lorour ol b. |cl. w||sor, Fd|rourg| , - . 18o1o|
1;. T| e ar||-|ar|c|aear Wr|||rgs ol Augus||re |rc|ude. Augus||rus. 0e u|||||a|e
crederd|, de duaous ar|raous, cor|ra lor|ura|ur, cor|ra Ad|rar|ur, cor|ra
368
ep|s|u|ar lurdarer||, cor|ra laus|ur, cor|ra le||cer, de ra|ura oor|, ep|s|u|a
3ecurd|r|, cor|ra 3ecurd|rur(C3Fl , v|erra ), lder. 0e z 181
|aeres|ous(CC|r. 3l
|o, Turr|ou| ), lder. 0e ror|ous Fcc|es|ae Ca||o||cae e| de ror|ous 1o
|ar|c|aeorur(ll , - ), lder. 0e ||oero aro||r|o(C3Fl , v|erra z1o1;8 ;|
), lder. 1o
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| |. 0ojec| ard s|a|u|es ol ||e o
|ar|c|aear exeges|s
0r|y ||e r| cors|||u|es ar exege||ca| proo|er s|rce Jesus aoo||s|ed ||e o|
oecause ||e 0od ol ||e o| ard ||a| ol ||e r| are ro| ore ard ||e sare. Nor
do ||e Wr|||rgs ol |ar| preser| ar exege||ca| proo|er s|rce |ar|, ur|||e
Zoroas|er, 8udd|a, ard Jesus, Was ||e persora| au||or ol ||s Wor|s ard
corsequer||y ||ese are corpre|ers|o|e |r ||erse|ves, g|ver ||e |rla|||o||||y ol
||e prop|e|. As a resu||, a|||oug| lor |ar|c|ae|sr ||e r| |as ro| ||e s|a|us
ol caror|ca| scr|p|ure, ||e |ar|c|aear la|||lu| |oo| upor ||e r| |r ruc|
||e sare Way as ||e C|r|s||ar cors|ders ||e JeW|s| scr|p|ures. jus| as ||e o|
lor C|r|s||ars lores|adoWs ||e lu||ress ol reve|a||or g|ver |r ||e persor ol
Jesus, so |ar|c|ae|sr |o|ds ||a| ||e r| |s or|y par||a| |r ||s re|evarce. T| e
r|, accord|rg |o |ar|c|ae|sr, |rd|ca|es W|a| |s recessary lor sa|va||or ard
||us s|gr|l|es sa|va||or, a|||oug| || does ro| revea| ||e causes.
Ary g|ver r| |ex| cor|a|rs arora||es ard |rco|ererces due |o ||e |r|erlererce ol
||e au||or. laus|us, ore ol ||e r|va|s ol 3| Augus||re, deror|ra|ed
|||s corcep| as rarra||o oo||qua(Aug. Cor|ra laus|ur . ) |r relererces 1;1
|o passages Wr|||er |r ||e |||rd persor. 0r |||s oas|s ary r| |ex| Was |o oe
suor|||ed |o a cr|||ca| ara|ys|s |o dec|de or ||s exac| or|g|r. lror Jesus or
lau|, au||er||c |ex|, lror ary o||er au||or, ro| au||er||c.
||. T|e exege||ca| au||or|||es. Jesus, lau|, ard |ar|
lror ||e |ar|c|aear po|r| ol v|eW, ||e ||s|or|ca| ro|e ol Jesus Was |o
derors|ra|e ||roug| ||s Words ard Wor|s, W||||r ||e lrareWor| ol Juda|sr,
||e ror-d|v|re c|arac|er ol ||e laW ard ||e lrop|e|s. lau|, or aoardor|rg
||e laW ard lourd|rg ||e C|urc| ol ||e ger|||es, |raugura|ed ||e C|r|s||ar
re||g|or. T| e reve|a||ors ||a| lau| rece|ved |r v|s|ors, a|org W||| ||s ep|s||es,
|es||ly |o ||e cor|rg ol ||e larac|e|e, W|or Jesus |ad pror|sed |o serd.
|ar| |oo| ||e Apos||e lau| as ||s rode| or ||e prer|se ||a| oo|| lau| ard
||rse|l |ad oro|er olllror Judaeo-C|r|s||ar||y |r order |o es|ao||s| ||e|r
oWr c|urc|es. |ar| ||us corp|e|ed W|a| lau| |ad oegur. ||e larac|e|e
|||eW|se descerded upor |ar| |r order |o relorr ||e C|urc|, W||c| |ad
oecore corrup| lo||oW|rg ||e dea|| ol lau|.
0e geres| cor|ra |ar|c|aeos(ll , - ), lder. 0e vera re||g|ore(C3Fl |1;zzo
, ;;
v|erra ), lder. Frarra||o |r psa|rur (ll , - ). 1o1 1|o ;181
No||ors ard |e||ods ol Fxeges|s o
oooF|g|| |ar| ( - ) ard |ar|c|ae|sr z1oz;o
|||. lrac||ca| ru|es ol exeges|s
T| e exege|e rus| |a|e |r|o accour| ||a| eac| apos|o||c au||or |as oo|| a
par||cu|ar Way ol |||r||rgrersard ar |r|er||orpropos||ur(Aug.
Cor|ra laus|ur . ), so ||a| ||e co|ererce ol ||oug|| accord|rg |o ||s zz
express|or |r ||e order ol ||e |ex| oe a|Ways respec|ed. T| e pr|rc|pa| proo|er
ar|ses |r ||e aro|guous ard ooscure verses. |r eac| case, || s|ou|d oe
de|err|red W|e||er ||ere occurred ar |r|erpo|a||or pos|-da||rg Jesus or
||e Apos||es. T| e sare pr|rc|p|e |s |o oe app||ed W|er ar au||or |s lourd
|o cor|rad|c| ||rse|l. To reso|ve ||ese d|ll| cu|||es, ore rus| go oac| e|||er
|o ||e ||s|or|ca| cor|ex| |r W||c| ||e passage Was Wr|||er or, as We||, |o ||e
d|llerer| rarra||ve cor|ex|s. l||eW|se |rpor|ar| are ||e ||rgu|s||c cr||er|a.
W|er ar evarge||s| preser|s ar ever| |r ||e |||rd persor, || |s ||g||y prooao|e ||a|
suc| a passage correspords |o ||e au||or ol ||e 0ospe| des|gra|ed
urder ||s rarerarra||o oo||qua.
|v. T|e cor|er| ol ||e NeW Tes|arer|
Accord|rg |o ||e |ar|c|aears, ||e r| |s o|par|||e, cors|s||rg ol ||e 0ospe|
ard ||e Apos||e. T| e 0ospe| |as a |ead|rg W|||ou| ||e rare ol ||e au||or
pr|rc|p|urard ol ||e 0ospe| as suc|evarge||urard ol ||e
cruc|l|x|orpass|o, s|auros|s. T| e pr|rc|p|ur|rc|udes ||e |r|||a| p|rase ol
|| . , lo||oWed oy ||e pro|ogue ol Jo|r. T|e evarge||ur, oased or |a|||eW, 11
corpr|ses ||e preac||rg ol Jesus, oeg|rs W||| ||e |rpr|sorrer| ol Jo|r ||e
8ap||s| (|| . ), ard corc|udes W||| ||e parao|e ol ||e s|eep ard goa|s |1z
W||| W||c| ||e esca|o|og|ca| d|scourse |s corc|uded (|| . ). T|e pass|o z|o
accour|, oased or lu|e, oeg|rs W||| ||e dec|s|or ol ||e 3ar|edr|r |o pu|
Jesus |o dea|| (l| . - ) ard erds W||| ||e ascers|or ol Jesus |r|o |eaver zz1z
(l| . - ). T| us, a|| ||a| |s exc|uded W||c| relers |o ||e |rlarcy ard z|||
prepara||or rarra||or ard, secord|y, ||a| W||c| |r ||e |r|er|or ol ||e 0ospe|
|s Wr|||er |r ||e |||rd persorrarra||o oo||qua. T| e ser|es pr|rc|p|ur-
evarge||ur-pass|odescr|oes c|roro|og|ca||y ||e s|ory ol a ||le. |oreover, |r sp||e
ol cer|a|r ex|erra| s|r||ar|||es, ||e |ar|c|aear 0ospe| |s |o|a||y |rdeperder|
ol ||e 0|a|essarorol Ta||ar. As regards ||e Apos||e lau|, ||e |ar|c|aears
369
cors|der ||s r|re ep|s||es Wr|||er |o ||e c|urc|es ard ||s lour persora| |e||ers as
oe|rg au||er||c.
T| e |ar|c|aear r| s|oWs ev|der| s|r||ar|||es |o ||a| ol |arc|or. a)
o|par||||or 0ospe||Apos||e suos|||u||rg o|par||||or laW|lrop|e|s, o) ||e
relusa| |o a||r|ou|e au||ors||p ol ||e 0ospe| |o ary spec|l|c evarge||s|, c)
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| e||r|ra||or ol ||e |rlarcy ard oo1
prepara||or accour|s. Never||e|ess, ||e d|llererces are |||eW|se ro|or|ous. ||e
0ospe| ol |arc|or |s ||r||ed |o 3| lu|e
W||| ||e exc|us|or ol ||e |r|roduc||or a|org W||| o||er or|ss|ors ard correc||ors,
W|ereas ||e |ar|c|aear 0ospe| |s a 0ospe| |arrory |r ||e s|r|c|
serse. T| e d|llererces oe|Weer ||e |ar|c|aear vers|ors ol 3| lau|'s Wr|||rgs
ard ||e |arc|or||e Apos|o||corare equa||y d|spara|e. corpared |o ||e
|||r|eer |e||ers recogr|zed as au||er||c oy ||e |ar|c|aears, ||e |arc|or||es
recogr|ze or|y |er. T| e sur ol ||ese d|llererces exc|udes ||e poss|o||||y ol
rere|y |||erary deperderce ol ||e |ar|c|aear r| or ||a| ol |arc|or, g|ver
||a| ||e |a||er |s recogr|zao|e as ar exege||ca| ard ||eo|og|ca| ||r| oe|Weer
lau| ard |ar|.
No||ors ard |e||ods ol Fxeges|s oo1
oozF|g|| |ar| ( - ) ard |ar|c|ae|sr z1oz;o
lv
AN FvAluATl0N lN TlF ll0lT 0l
TlF ll3T0b 0l FXF0F3l3
T| e po|er|c W||c| |oo| p|ace oe|Weer Ca||o||cs ard |ar|c|aears |s ol
cap||a| |rpor|arce, ro| or|y lor ||e ||s|ory ol ||eo|ogy ard ol exeges|s, ou|
a|so lor ||e corl|gura||or ol Wes|err p|||osop||ca| ||oug||.
|. l|||osop||ca| |rp||ca||ors
As 0soorr |as s|oWr so We|| |r ||s recer| ooo| or ||e ||eo|ogy ol ||e
secord cer|ury, ||e C|r|s||ar apo|og|s|s, ra||rg use ol ||e 8|o|e ard ol
0reco-borar p|||osop|y, rade ol Tr|r||ar|ar roro||e|sr a sure resporse
|o ||e |os|||e erv|rorrer| W||c| surrourded ||er. T| e |r|e||ec|ua| erer|es
W|or ||ey corlror|ed Were ro| or|y p|||osop|ers ol ||dd|e l|a|or|sr or
JeWs, ou| a|so |ere||cs. 0ros||cs ard |arc|or||es.
18
T| us, C|r|s||ar ||eo|ogy or|g|ra|ed |r a po|er|ca| erv|rorrer| W||c|
d|d ro| prever| || lror a||a|r|rg a sa||slac|ory sys|era||sa||or oo|| |r ||s
approac| as We|| as |r ||s so|u||ors. T| e pr|rc|pa| ||eo|og|ca| |ssues ol ||e
Apo|og|s|s, lo||oW|rg ||e |r|e||ec|ua| s|ruc|ure ol ||dd|e l|a|or|c p|||osop|y,
car oe surred up urder ||ree |ead|rgs. ) ||e l|rs| pr|rc|p|e or cause |s ||e 1
ore 0od, ) |||s 0od |s la||er, 3or, ard lo|y 3p|r||, ) |||s 0od |s ||e l|rs| z
pr|rc|p|e ol (re|a)p|ys|cs, ol e|||cs, ard ol |og|c, ||a| |s |o say, ol oe|rg, ol
goodress, ard ol |ru||. 0soorr s|oWs ||a| ||e l|rs| proo|er (||e ore 0od)
as We|| as ||e |||rd (0od as ||e l|rs| pr|rc|p|e ol re|ap|ys|cs, e|||cs, ard
|og|c) l| rd ||e|r c|ar|l|ca||or |r ||e so|u||or ol ||e secord proo|er (0od |r
C|r|s|). Jus||r, a|ready a l|a|or|s|, l|rds sale ard uselu| p|||osop|y |r ||e
Words ol C|r|s| ard ac|roW|edges ||e cross ol C|r|s| as ||e grea|es| syroo|
ol d|v|re poWer. lreraeus oe||eves |r a 0od W|o oecare W|a| We are |r order
|o ra|se us up |o W|a| le |s ard cer|ers ||s ar||-0ros||c argurer|a||or or
||e lau||re doc|r|re (Fp| . ) ol ||e ara|ep|a|a|os|s,or ||e surr|rg up, 11o
ol a|| |||rgs |r C|r|s|. lor C|erer|,||e ur|roWr 0od |s dec|ared |r C|r|s|
ard |s approac|ed lror aos|rac| ur||y ||roug| ||e d|rers|or ol C|r|s|.
Ter|u|||ar, so s|rorg|y roro||e|s|, erp|as|ses ||e |o|a| |ur||||y ol ||s 0od,
W||c| |s ||e sacrarer| ol rar's sa|va||or.1
T| e apo|og|s|s, or ||e oas|s ol ex|ers|ve rod|l|ca||ors, ||er proceeded |o
|rcorpora|e var|ous e|erer|s lror ||e p|||osop||ca| currer|s ol le||er|sr
18. 0soorr, F. T| e Frergerce ol C|r|s||ar T| eo|ogy, Caror|dge . 1
1. lo|d., . z8o
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| W||c| ||ey rade use ol lor oo
respord|rg |o ||e rajor p|||osop||ca| ard ||eo|og|ca| ques||ors W||c| corcerred
||er, W|||e a| ||e sare ||re adap||rg ||e
C|r|s|o|og|ca| perspec||ve |o ||a| erd. T| ey ||us d|s|arced ||erse|ves lror
oo|| ||e dua||s||c so|u||or ol |arc|or|sr ard ||e ||eo|og|ca| re||odo|ogy
ol ||e 0ros||cs W|o lror ||e very oeg|rr|rg, ur|||e ||e C|r|s||ars, |ad
aoardored ||e ra||ora| process, ||e d|a|ogue oe|Weer la||| ard reasor, |r
||e|r approac| |o ||e revea|ed rys|er|es.
As prev|ous|y rer||ored, ||e po|er|c oe|Weer Ca||o||cs ard |ar|c|aears,
occurr|rg |r ||e lour|| ard l|l|| cer|ur|es, Was ||e cor||rua||or
ol ||e cor|roversy oe|Weer Ca||o||cs ard 0ros||cs |r ||e secord cer|ury. ll
||e |ar|c|aear or 0ros||c s|de |ad |e|d sWay over ||e Ca||o||cs, Wes|err
||oug|| Wou|d ro| |ave as ||s oas|s ||e doc|r|re ol ||e lrcarra||or ol ||e
3or ol 0od ou| ra||er a dua||sr W||c| der|es ||e |r|erer| goodress ol
ra||er ard, corsequer||y, ||e rea|||y ol ||e lrcarra||or.
||. T|eo|og|ca| |rp||ca||ors
lror ||e ||eo|og|ca| po|r| ol v|eW, |||s cor|roversy |as |rpor|ar| corsequerces
or ||e |r|erpre|a||or ol lau||re doc|r|re. T| e 0ros||c |r|erpre|a||or
370
ol ||e apos||e lau| se| lor|| oy ||e |ar|c|aears Was rad|ca||y corlror|ed ard
opposed oy ||e Ca||o||c C|urc|. Accord|rg |o ||e |ar|c|aears, lau| |s a
dua||s| W|o se| ||e sp|r|| aga|rs| ||e l|es|. A|ready |r ||e C|C, a 0ros||c ard
|arc|or||e corcep| ol lau| car oe ooserved. 8e|zzo
ard 0ecre|
z1
s|oWed ||a|
||e Fp|s||es |o ||e 0a|a||ars ard ||e Cor|r|||ars Were prelerred oy |ar| ard
||s d|sc|p|es ard ||a| |ar| a|ros| cer|a|r|y |r|er||ed ||s lau||re corcep|s
lror ||e |arc|or||es. l||eW|se, ||e Fp|s||e |o ||e Fp|es|ars, W||c| lourd
grea| lavour arorg ||e 0ros||cs, |s c||ed |r ||e C|C as oe|rg |ar|'s lorru|a
ol ||e dua||s||c doc|r|re. T| |s 0ros||c |r|erpre|a||or ol lau| reappears W|||
equa| lorce |r ||e Cop||c sources
zz
ard |r Nor|| Alr|car |ar|c|ae|sr.
z
zo. 8e|z, l. 0. lau| |r ||e |ar| 8|ograp|y (C|C). C|r||o, l. (d|r.). Codex
|ar|c|a|cus Co|or|ers|s. A||| de| 3|rpos|o lr|erraz|ora|e, Coserza , - 18oz1
. |
z1. 0ecre|, l. la l|gure de sa|r| lau| e| |'|r|erpre|a||or de sa doc|r|re dars |e
rar|c|e|sre. ladovese, l. (d|r.). A||| de| l 3|rpos|o d| Tarso su 3. lao|o
Apos|o|o, bore
1, - . 1o1
zz. b|es, J. 3a|r| lau| dars |a lorra||or de |ar|. b|es, J. - 0ecre|, l. - lrerd,
w. l. C. - |ara, |. 0. le ep|s|o|e pao||re re| rar|c|e|, | dora||s|| e || pr|ro
Agos||ro, bore , - . 18;z;
z. 0ecre|, l. l'u||||sa||or des epi|res de lau| c|ez |es rar|c|eers d'Alr|que.
|o|d.,
- z8.
Ar Fva|ua||or |r ||e l|g|| ol ||e l|s|ory ol Fxeges|s oo
oo|F|g|| |ar| ( - ) ard |ar|c|ae|sr z1oz;o
lrdeed, ||e la||ers ol ||e C|urc| Were We|| aWare ol |||s dua||sr |r ||e
|ar|c|aear |r|erpre|a||or ol lau|'s Wr|||rgs. T| e |ar|c|aears der|ed ||e
lrcarra||or ol ||e 3or ol 0od ard c|a|red ||a| ra||er ard ||e oody Were
ev||, ||a| ||e |osa|c laW Was |||eW|se ev||, ||us corc|ud|rg ||a| rar Was
oo||ged |o corr|| s|r. Fver al|er ||e cor|rg ol Jesus, rar carro|, ever W|||
||e a|d ol grace, successlu||y overcore s|r s|rce suc| a s|rugg|e presupposes
|urar lreedor ard ||e goodress ol ||e pass|ors. T| e rejec||or ol |||s se|
ol |deas Was ar |rpor|ar| de|err|r|rg lac|or |r ||e la||ers' percep||or
ol lau||re ||oug||. T| ey spared ro ellor| |o reac| a deeper urders|ard|rg ol
3| lau|'s C|r|s|o|og|ca| |ex|s W||| ||e|r erp|as|s or ||e ur||y ol ||e p|ar ol
sa|va||or, as |s ||e case ol ||e Fp|s||es |o ||e Co|oss|ars ard ||e Fp|es|ars,
p|ac|rg C|r|s|, W|o |s 0od ard rar, as ||e |ead ol ||e C|urc| ard ol ||e
cosros.
z|
8u| ||e ar||-|ar|c|aear cor|roversy a|so |ad ||s draWoac|s lor Ca||o||c
||eo|ogy, espec|a||y |r regard |o reac||rg ar urders|ard|rg ol ||e Fp|s||e |o
||e borars.
z
|ary 0ree| la||ers d|d ro| recogr|ze ||e suos|ar||a| |r|er||arce ol or|g|ra| s|r
as |aug|| oy lau|, ou| ra||er or|y ||s ellec|s (dea|| ard
corcup|scerce). Never||e|ess, ||e |ar|c|aears erroreous|y argued ||e|r case
lor c|a|r|rg ||a| s|r Was rar's des||ry or ||e oas|s ol bor . - . lor |||s 1zz1
reasor, ro| a leW ol ||e 0ree| la||ers delerded ||e corcep| ||a| rar Was lree
|o c|oose oe|Weer good ard ev|| ard ||a| lau| rade ro der|a| ol |||s |ru||.
Never||e|ess, ||ey do ro| seer |o corpre|erd a|| ol ||e |rp||ca||ors ol ||e
l|l|| c|ap|er ol ||e Fp|s||e |o ||e borars.
zo
lr ruc| ||e sare Way, |o rar|
predes||ra||or W||| d|v|re lore|roW|edgea|oe|| lor ||e purpose ol up|o|d|rg
|urar lreedor ol c|o|ce as opposed |o |ar|c|aear la|a||srprever|s
||e 0ree| la||ers lror reac||rg a lu|| urders|ard|rg ol bor . 8z8
z;
ard .
- o.
z8
lr ||e la||r C|urc| ||e s|rugg|e aga|rs| |ar|c|ae|sr gave r|se |o
le|ag|ar|sr, W||c| carr|ed ||ese |deas ol 0ree| ||eo|ogy |o ||e|r ex|rere.
T| e le|ag|ars |e|d ||a| |urar ra|ure a|ore, W|||ou| ||e a|d ol d|v|re grace,
cou|d ellec||ve|y overcore s|r. T| e po|er|c oe|Weer 3| Augus||re ard ||e
le|ag|ar ||eo|og|ars Was a |ey lac|or |r rev|v|rg ||e cor|roversy over ||e
|r|erpre|a||or ol ||e Fp|s||e |o ||e borars |o suc| ar ex|er| ||a| ||e ||eres
corcerr|rg ||e ra|ure ol s|r ard ||e re|a||ors||ps cor|ras||rg lreedor-grace
371
z|. Casc|aro, J. |. Fs|ud|os soore |a Cr|s|o|oga de| Nuevo Tes|arer|o,
larp|ora
18z, - . 1;1|
z. 3c|e|||e, K. l. lau|us, le|rer der va|er. 0|e a||c|r|s|||c|e Aus|egurg vor
borer
- 111, 0usse|dorl . 1
zo. lo|d., - . 1ozo
z;. lo|d., - . oo1z
z8. lo|d., - . oo
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| ard lreedor-predes||ra||or Wou|d oo
deep|y |rl|uerce ||e course ol Wes|err
||eo|ogy lror ||e ||dd|e Ages |o roderr ||res.
|||. Fxege||ca| |rp||ca||ors
T| |s po|er|c |ed Ca||o||cs |o ra|e use ol ||e pr|rc|p|es ol |||erary cr|||c|sr
|r ||e |r|erpre|a||or ol ||e 8|o|e. lrdeperder||y ard pr|or |o ||e s|rugg|e
aga|rs| |ar|c|ae|sr, ||e Ca||o||cs |ad a|ready oegur |o ra|e use ol a o|o||ca|
exeges|s pa||erred or ||e |errereu||c re||odo|ogy proper |o le||er|s||c
p|||o|ogy, ||us g|v|rg due recogr|||or |o ||e |rpor|arce ol |ex|ua| ard |||erary
cr|||c|sr. As a corsequerce ol ||e cor|roversy, 3| Augus||re, as We|| as
o||er Ca||o||c exege|es rade use ol |ec|r|ques ol |ex|ua| cr|||c|sr |r order
|o derors|ra|e ||a| ||e |r|erpo|a||ors a||eged oy ||e |ar|c|aears d|d ro|,
|r lac|, ex|s| |r ||e r|.
z
|oreover, lror ||e Ca||o||c po|r| ol v|eW, ||e |ar|c|aear exeges|s
|r|erpre|ed ||e r| lror presuppos|||ors oased or cosro|og|ca| dua||sr ard
c|r|s|o|og|ca| doce||sr. T| e resu|| ol suc| a ||eo|og|ca| perspec||ve, ro| ||e
s|r|rgercy ol ||e |errereu||c re||odo|ogy, |ed |o ||e d|s||rc||ors rade
oe|Weer ||e au||er||c |ex|s ol Jesus ard lau| ard ||e a||eged |r|erpo|a||ors
ol ||e au||ors. Corsequer||y, ||e la||ers ol ||e C|urc| s|rove |o derors|ra|e
||a| ||e |errereu||c pr|rc|p|es, sys|era||sed oy le||er|s||c p|||osop|y,
Were perlec||y corpa||o|e ard adap|ao|e |o ||e C|r|s||ar doc|r|re ol ||e
lrcarra||or ol ||e word.
o
u||e ear|y or, Ter|u|||ar |ad Wr|||er |r ar ar||0ros||c cor|ex| ||a| ||e lrcarra||or
ol ||e 3or ol 0od Was ||e `redu||a
3cr|p|urarur'(Ter|. 3corp|ace . ), ard suc| a s|arce |as a|Ways oeer ||e 1z1
esser||a| c|arac|er|s||c ol C|r|s||ar exeges|s doWr ||roug| ||e cer|ur|es.
z. 8asev|, C. 3ar Agus|r. la |r|erpre|ac|or de| Nuevo Tes|arer|o, larp|ora
. 1;;
0ecre|, l. Aspec|s du rar|c|e|sre dars |'alr|que rora|re. les cor|roverses de
lor|ura|us, laus|us e| le||x avec sa|r| Augus||r, lar|s . 1;o
lder. l'Alr|que rar|c|eerre (lv-v s|c|es). F|ude ||s|or|que e| doc|r|ra|e, vo|., z
lar|s , lder. le rar|c|e|sre preser|a||-|| er Alr|que e| bore des 1;8
par||cu|ar|sres reg|oraux d|s||rc||ls?, Augus||r|arur ( ). - , Tard|eu, |1||o
|. vues
rouve||es sur |e rar|c|e|sre alr|ca|r?, bFAug ( ). - , v|c|aro, A. z1;z|
Aspec|s c|r|s|o|og|ques du `Corpus lau||rur' dars |a cor|roverse ar|| -ra
r|c|eerre de 3a|r| Augus||r. var Torger|oo, A. - 0|verser, 3. (d|r.). |ar|c|a|ca
se|ec|a. 3|ud|es preser|ed |o lrolessor Ju||er b|es, louva|r-|a-Neuve , 11
- . ;8
o. v|c|aro, A. be|or|ca, grar||ca y dogra er |a |ecr|ca |errereu||ca de |a
ar||guedad c|s|ca. Ararda, 0. (d|r.). 8|o||a, Fxeges|s y Cu||ura. Fs|ud|os er
|oror de|
lrol. 0. Jose |ara Casc|aro, larp|ora , - . 1|1o118
Ar Fva|ua||or |r ||e l|g|| ol ||e l|s|ory ol Fxeges|s oo
oooF|g|| |ar| ( - ) ard |ar|c|ae|sr z1oz;o
8l8ll00bAll
1. 8|o||ograp|y
Asrusser, Jes le|er. 8|o||ograp||a |ar|c|a|ca ( - ). Xuas|var|l|. 1o|1o
3|ud|es |r
|ar|c|ae|sr, Coper|ager , - . 1ozo8o
8o|||rg, A|exarder. Ar|. |ar|c|a|srus. TbF ( ). - . zz1zz|
K||r|e||, lars-Joac||r. lyrrer urd 0eoe|e der be||g|or des l|c||s, 0p|ader
, 18
- z|oo.
K||r|e||, lars-Joac||r - 3c|r|d|-0||r|zer, le|W|g (ed.). Japar|sc|e 3|ud|er
zur
os|||c|er |ar|c|a|srus, w|esoader . 11
var Torger|oo, A|o|s. |ar|c|ae|sr |r becer| 3|ud|es. FT| l ( ). - . o;11zo|1z
z. 0r|g|ra| |ar|c|aear |ex|s
T| e ed|||ors ol ||e ra|r |ar|c|aear sources |r 0ree|, la||r, ard Cop||c
are c||ed |r loo|ro|es , , , , , ard ol ||e preser| c|ap|er. |81o11 1z
. Ar||-|ar|c|aear C|r|s||ar |ex|s
T| e ed|||ors ol ||e |rea||ses ol Augus||re aga|rs| |ar|c|ae|sr are c||ed |r
372
loo|ro|e , aoove. T| e ed|||ors ol |Wo 0ree| |rea||ses aga|rs| |ar|c|ae|sr 1;
are c||ed |r loo|ro|es ard , aoove. A ||s| ol ||e ra|r ar||-|ar|c|aear z 1
Wor|s |r 0ree| ard la||r ( rd- || cer|ury) |s lourd |r. o
l|eu, 3arue| N. C. 3ore T| eres |r la|er borar Ar||-|ar|c|aear lo|er|cs,
lar|
1. l|s|ory ard Cosrogory. 8u||e||r ol ||e Jo|r by|ards ur|vers||y l|orary ol
|arc|es|er ( ). - . o818o|o|o
K|e|r, wo|lgarg wass|||os. 0|e Argurer|a||or |r der gr|ec||sc|-c|r|s|||c|er
Ar||rar|c|a|ca, w|esoader , - . 11z|
|. becer| sc|o|ars||p
Asrusser, Jes le|er. 0er |ar|c|a|srus. lardouc| der be||g|orsgesc||c||e, |g.
vor
Jes le|er Asrusser urd Jrger laesse |r vero|rdurg r|| Cars|er Co|pe,
0o|||rger, lll , - . 1;;o
8o|||g, A|exarder (d|r.). 0|e 0ros|s, lll, 0er |ar|c|a|srus, Zur|c| . 18o
. |ys|er|or urd wa|r|e||. 0esarre||e 8e||rage zur spa|ar|||er
be||g|orsgesc||c||e,
le|der . 1o8
8ryder, le|er (d|r.). |ar|c|aear 3|ud|es. lroceed|rgs ol ||e l|rs| lr|erra||ora|
Corlererce or |ar|c|ae|sr, lurd . 188
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| C|r|||o, lu|g| (d|r.). Codex oo;
|ar|c|a|cus Co|or|ers|s. A||| de| 3|rpos|o lr|erraz|ora|e,
Coserza . 18o
0ecre|, lraro|s. |ar| e| |a |rad|||or rar|c|eerre, lar|s . 1;|
K|e|r, wo|lgarg wass|||os. 0|e Argurer|a||or |r der gr|ec||sc|-c|r|s|||c|er
Ar||rar|c|a|ca, w|esoader . 11
l|eu, 3arue| N. C. |ar|c|ae|sr |r ||e la|er borar Frp|re ard |ed|eva| C||ra,
. z
ed., Tuo|rger . 1z
0r|, ludeW|j| Josep|us budo|l. A be||g|o-||s|or|ca| 0escr|p||or ol ||s lersora|||y,
le|der . 1o;
luec|, lerr|-C|ar|es. le rar|c|e|sre. 3or lorda|eur. 3a doc|r|re, lar|s . 1|
. 0|e be||g|or des |ar|. Kor|g, lrarz (d|r.), C|r|s|us urd d|e be||g|orer der
Frde.
lardouc| der be||g|orsgesc||c||e, lre|ourg, ll , - . 1o|o
. 3ur |e rar|c|e|sre, lar|s . 1;
b|es, Ju||er, les e|udes rar|c|eerres. 0es cor|roverses de |a belorre aux
decouver|es
du XX s|c|e, louva|r-|a-Neuve . 188
. Ar|. |ar|, rar|c|e|sre. loupard, lau| (d|r.). 0|c||orra|re des be||g|ors,
lar|s
18|, - . 1oz8
budo|p|, Kur|. 0er |ar|c|a|srus. 0|e 0ros|s. weser urd 0esc||c||e e|rer
spa|ar|||er be||g|or, . ed., 0o|||rger , - . 1oz;
Tard|eu, ||c|e|. le rar|c|e|sre, lar|s . 181
var Torger|oo, A|o|s - 0|verser, 3rer (d|r.). |ar|c|a|ca 3e|ec|a. 3|ud|es
preser|ed
|o lrolessor Ju||er b|es, louva|r-|a-Neuve . 11
w|dergrer, 0eo. |ar| urd der |ar|c|a|srus, 3|u||gar| .lder. |ar| ard 1o1
|ar|c|ae|sr, lordor . 1o
. 0er |ar|c|a|srus, 0arrs|ad| . 1;;
w|erer, 0erro| - K||r|e||, lars-Joac||r (ed.), 3|ud|a |ar|c|a|ca. . z
lr|erra||ora|er Korgre zur |ar|c|a|srus, w|esoader . 11
. Add|||ora| ||||es or
rar|c|aear exeges|s ol scr|p|ure
A||ge|er, A., `0er F|rl|uss des |ar|c|a|srus aul d|e exege||sc|e lrages|e||urg
oe|
Augus||r. F|r 8e||rag zur 0esc||c||e vor Augus||rs ||eo|og|sc|er Fr|W|c||urg'.
|. 0raorarr ard J. |ausoac|, eds., Aure||us Augus||rus. 0|e les|sc|r|l|der
0orresgese||sc|al|zur . Todes|age des |e|||ger Augus||rus. Co|ogre , 1oo 1o
- . 11
8o|||g, A., 0|e 8|oe| oe| der |ar|c|aerr. 0|ss., |urs|er|w. (|yped). 1|;
C|ac|sor, 3., e| a|., eds. 0|c||orary ol |ar|c|aear Tex|s. vo|. . Tex|s lror ||e 1
borar Frp|re, Turr|ou| . 1
0ecre|, l., `l'u||||sa||or des epi|res de lau| c|ez |es rar|c|eers d'Alr|que'. J.
b|es,
e| a|., le Fp|s|o|e lao||re re| |ar|c|ee, | 0ora||s|| e || pr|ro Agos||ro(3uss|d|
la|r|s||c|, ). bore , pages - repr|r|ed |r l. 0ecre|, Fssa|s sur |'Fg||se 18 z8
8|o||ograp|y oo;
oo8F|g|| |ar| ( - ) ard |ar|c|ae|sr z1oz;o
rar|c|eere er Alr|que du Nord er bore au |erps de sa|r| Augus||r. becue||
d'e|udes(3FAug, ). bore , - . |; 11oo
K||r|e||, l.-J., `0er 0eorauc| |e|||ger 3c|r|l|er |r |ar|c|a|srus'. 0. 3c|o||ger
373
ard C. 3c|o||er, eds. 3||ru||. Fxegese urd ||re lerrereu||| |r Ar|||e urd
C|r|s|er|ur. ls. F. 0assrarr = JoAC, 3upp|. . |urs|er|w. , - . z 1o11
||||e|ser, 0., 8|o||ograp||a |ar|c|a|ca, A Corpre|ers|ve 8|o||ograp|y ol
|ar|c|ae|sr ||roug| . Turr|ou| . 1o 1;
b|es, J., `la 8|o|e c|ez sa|r| Augus||r e| c|ez |es rar|c|eers'. bFAug ( ). ;1o1
- z1|, ( ). - , ( ). - . 1ozo111o1o|oz
b|gg|, C., `les rar|c|eers e| |eur u||||sa||or de |a 8|o|e, se|or Fp|p|are (lar.
lXvl). 8. Ara|o, ed., Fp|s|rop|e. Ters|ore verso |a 0|v|ra Arror|a. 3cr||||
d| l||o|og|a pa|r|s||ca racco||| |r occas|ore de| |xx 0ere|||aco (8|o||o|eca d|
3c|erze be||g|ose, . bore , - . ;o 18;8|8o
3urderrarr, w., `C|r|s| |r |ar|c|ae|sr'. Frcyc|oped|a lrar|cav, ( ). - 11
.
. `C|r|s|||c|e Fvarge||er|ex|e |r der |rar|sc|-rar|c|a|sc|er l||era|ur'. |l0 1|
( ). - . 1o88o|o
Trec|se|, l., uoer der Karor, d|e Kr|||| urd Fxegese der |ar|c|aer. F|r
||s|or|sc||r|||sc|er versuc|. 8err . 18z
wa||er, C., 0er Fr|rag der Ause|rarderse|zurg r|| der |ar|c|aerr lur das
|errereu||sc|e lroo|er oe| Augus||r. 0|ss. |ur|c| (|yped). 1;z
werr|rg, 0., `0er F|rl|uss des |ar|c|a|srus urd des Aroros|us aul d|e
lerrereu||| Augus||rs'. bFAug ( ). - . o1o8oo
3upp|erer|ary 8|o||ograp|y
|ar|c|ae|sr
8roWr|rg, b. `le correr|a|re de 3. N|| d'Arcyre sur |e Car||que des car||ques.'
be8yz ( ). - . z|1oo1o;1|
Coy|e, J. K. `|ary |agde|ere |r |ar|c|ae|sr.' |us ( ). - . 1o|11
0ecre|, l. `l'u||||sa||or des Fpi|res de lau| c|ez |es rar|c|eers d'Alr|que.'
lages
- z8|r le ep|s|o|e pao||re re| rar|c|e|, | dor a||s|| e || pr|ro Agos||ro.Fd||ed
oy J. b|es, l. 0ecre|, e| a|. 3uss|d| pa|r|s||c| . bore. lrs|||u|ur la|r|s||cur
'Augus||r|arur,' . 18
. `la l|gure de 3a|r| lau| e| |'|r|erpre|a||or de sa doc|r|re dars |e |ar|c|e|sre,
lrs|||u|o lrarcescaro d| 3p|r||ua|||.' lages - |r A||| de| l 3|rpos|o d| 1o1
Tarso su 3. lao|o Apos|o|o. Turc||a. la C||esa e |a sua s|or|a . bore. lor||l|c|o
A|ereo 'Ar|or|arur,' . 1
0o|ega, J. `Zur Tex| der Jo|arresre|aoo|e des Norus laropo|||arus (saec.
).'
8yZ ( ). - . 1ooo
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| 0uerard, |.-0. `F|erer|s de oo
roraresque dars |e Correr|a|re sur |e Car||quede
N|| d'Arcyre.' bec|Aug ( ). - . z1o1z;
lo|ze, l. `3c|r|l|erla|rurg urd C|r|s|usoe|err|r|s |r pac|or|ar|sc|er
|orc||ur.' T|Z ( ). - . |1|o
K | e | r , w. w. 0|e Argurer|a||or |r der gr|ec||sc|-c|r|s|||c|er Ar||rar|c|a|ca.
3|ud|es |r 0r|er|a| be||g|ors . w|esoader. larrassoW||z, . 1 11
b|es, J. `3a|r| lau| dars |a lorra||or de |ar|.' lages - |r le ep|s|o|e pao||re ;z;
re|
rar|c|e|, | dora||s|| e || pr|ro Agos||ro. Fd||ed oy J. b|es, l. 0ecre|, e| a|. 3uss|d|
pa|r|s||c| . bore. lrs|||u|ur la|r|s||cur 'Augus||r|arur,' . 18
3|rec|er, 0. `0er Ko|rer |ar| Kodex, F||esa| urd das Neue Tes|arer|.' lages
- 1z
||r 0ecurer|ca e| pa|r|s||ca. ls. w. 3c|reere||er. Fd||ed oy 0. lapardreou.
3|u||gar|. Ko|||arrer, , - . 181z1|

8|o||ograp|y oo
A|p|aoe||ca| l|s| ol lr|rc|pa| Au||ors & Aroryrous wor|s 0|scussed |
lAN0800K 0l lATbl3TlC FXF0F3l3
|
|| A|p|aoe||ca| l|s| ol lr|rc|pa| Au||ors & Aroryrous wor|s 0|scussed
TlF 8l8lF lN ANClFNT Clbl3TlANlT
0erera| Fd||or
0. Jellrey 8|rg|ar
Fd||or|a| 8oard
booer| l. w|||er 8r|ar F. 0a|ey |aureer A. T|||ey
boo|r |. Jerser lrarces |. ourg C|r|s|op| |ar|sc||es
vo|ure 1
A|p|aoe||ca| l|s| ol lr|rc|pa| Au||ors & Aroryrous wor|s 0|scussed |||
lardooo|
ol la|r|s||c Fxeges|s
T|e 8|o|e |r Arc|er|
C|r|s||ar||y
oy C|ar|es Karrerg|esser
W||| spec|a| cor|r|ou||ors oy var|ous sc|o|ars
vo|ure ll
8blll
374
lFl0FN 803T0N
zoo|
|v A|p|aoe||ca| l|s| ol lr|rc|pa| Au||ors & Aroryrous wor|s 0|scussed
T| |s ooo| |s pr|r|ed or ac|d-lree paper.
l|orary ol Corgress Ca|a|og|rg-|r-luo||ca||or 0a|a
Karrerg|esser, C|ar|es.
lardooo| ol pa|r|s||c exeges|s. ||e 8|o|e |r arc|er| C|r|s||ar||y | oy C|ar|es
Karrerg|esser, W||| spec|a| cor|r|ou||ors oy var|ous sc|o|ars.
p. cr. (T| e 8|o|e |r arc|er| C|r|s||ar||y, v. - ) 1z
lrc|udes o|o||ograp||ca| relererces ard |rdex.
l38N - - - (se|. a||. paper) l38N - - - (v. . a||. oo|o811 oo|1; 1
paper) l38N - - - (v. . a||. paper) oo|1;| z
1. 8|o|eCr|||c|sr, |r|erpre|a||or, e|c.l|s|oryFar|y c|urc|,
ca. - . . la||ers ol ||e c|urc|. l. T|||e. ll. 3er|es. ooooz
83 .K oo|zoo
zzo. dc ooo1 zzzoooo1o
|sor - - - (3e|) oo|o811
|sor - - - (vo|. ) oo|1;| z
|ssr - 1|z1z
O Copyr|g|| oy Kor|r|||j|e 8r||| Nv, le|der, T|e Ne||er|ards zoo|
A|| r|g||s reserved. No par| ol |||s puo||ca||or ray oe reproduced, |rars|a|ed,
s|ored |r a re|r|eva| sys|er, or |rarsr|||ed |r ary lorr or oy ary rears,
e|ec|ror|c,
rec|ar|ca|, p|o|ocopy|rg, record|rg or o||erW|se, W|||ou| pr|or Wr|||er
perr|ss|or lror ||e puo||s|er.
Au||or|za||or |o p|o|ocopy ||ers lor |r|erra| or persora| use |s grar|ed oy 8r|||
prov|ded ||a| ||e appropr|a|e lees are pa|d d|rec||y |o T| e Copyr|g|| C|eararce
Cer|er, 222 boseWood 0r|ve, 3u||e 910, 0arvers |A 01923, u3A. lees are
suojec|
|o c|arge.
lr|r|ed |r ||e Ne||er|ards
A|p|aoe||ca| l|s| ol lr|rc|pa| Au||ors & Aroryrous wor|s 0|scussed v
C0NTFNT3
vo|ure |Wo
l|s| ol 3pec|a| Cor|r|ou||ors v||
A|p|aoe||ca| l|s| ol lr|rc|pa| Au||ors
& Aroryrous wor|s 0|scussed |x
lX. T| e lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury 0ree| C|r|s||ar l||era|ure o71
X. 3|x||- |o F|g|||-Cer|ury 0ree| C|r|s||ar l||era|ure 921
Xl. lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure 989
Xll. 3|x||- ard 3ever||-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure 1299
Xlll. 3yr|ac C|r|s||ar l||era|ure 1377
Xlv. la|r|s||c Fxeges|s |r Arrer|ar, 0eorg|ar, Cop||c, ard F|||op|ar
C|r|s||ar l||era|ure 1447
Fp||ogue. A vo|ce lror ||e `Frds ol ||e Far||'T|e vererao|e
8ede's use ol 3cr|p|ure 1475
lrdex ol Nares lor ||e lr|roduc||or ard lar| A 149o
v| A|p|aoe||ca| l|s| ol lr|rc|pa| Au||ors & Aroryrous wor|s 0|scussed
T||s page |r|er||ora||y|el|o|ar|
A|p|aoe||ca| l|s| ol lr|rc|pa| Au||ors & Aroryrous wor|s 0|scussed v||
3lFClAl C0NTbl8uTl0N3
0av|d l. 8a|s ard la|r|s||c Fxeges|s ol ||e 8oo|s ol ||e 8|o|e
0. Jellrey 8|rg|ar (C|ap|er lv)
0eorge C. 8er||o|d |ax|rus Corlessor. T| eo|og|ar ol ||e word
(C|ap|er X, 3ec||or vlll)
T| oras 8o|r A||egory ard l|s|ory (C|ap|er lll, 3ec||or ll, |r
3uosec||or ll)
T| e Fxeges|s ol Ar|us. 8|o||ca| A||||ude ard
3ys|era||c lorra||or (C|ap|er lX, 3ec||or lll,
3uosec||or ll)
lare|a 8r|g|| Augus||re. T| e lerrereu||cs ol Corvers|or
(C|ap|er Xl, lo||oW|rg 3ec||or Xvll)
Noroer| 8rox lreraeus ard ||e 8|o|e (C|ap|er v, 3ec||or lX,
lo||oW|rg 3uosec||or vl)
3ydrey l. 0r|ll| || Fp|raer ||e Fxege|e. 8|o||ca| Correr|ary |r
||e wor|s ol Fp|raer ||e 3yr|ar (C|ap|er Xlll,
lo||oW|rg 3ec||or lll)
Jear-Noe| 0u|ro| T| eodore| ol Cyrus (C|ap|er lX, 3ec||or XlX)
l|erre Jay Jerore (C|ap|er Xl, 3ec||or Xlll)
3|ep|ar C. Kess|er 0regory ||e 0rea| (C|ap|er Xll, 3ec||or Xv)
Arre lasqu|er T| e va|er||r|ar Fxeges|s (C|ap|er v, 3ec||or
vlll, 3uosec||or lll)
C|r|s|op| 3c|auo||r T| e Cor|r|ou||or ol b|e|or|cs |o C|r|s||ar
lerrereu||cs (C|ap|er ll, 3ec||or lv)
375
||c|ae| A. 3|grer ard baoo|r|c l||era|ure (C|ap|er ll, 3ec||or ll)
3usar l. 0ra|ar
|ar||o 3|rore||| T| eodore ol |opsues||a (C|ap|er lX, 3ec||or Xl,
3uosec||or Xl)
A|oer| v|c|aro |ar| (C|ap|er vlll, 3ec||or l)
lerrarr J. vog| 0r|ger ol A|exardr|a (C|ap|er vl, 3ec||or lll)
booer| l. w|||er Cyr|| ol A|exardr|a (C|ap|er lX, 3ec||or Xll)
v| A|p|aoe||ca| l|s| ol lr|rc|pa| Au||ors & Aroryrous wor|s 0|scussed
T||s page |r|er||ora||y|el|o|ar|
A|p|aoe||ca| l|s| ol lr|rc|pa| Au||ors & Aroryrous wor|s 0|scussed |x
AlllA8FTlCAl ll3T
0l lblNCllAl AuTl0b3 & AN0N|0u3
w0bK3 0l3Cu33F0
l|a||crelererces are |o vo|ure 2
Acac|us ol Caesarea 774
Ac|s ol |ar|yrs431
Ae||a Fudoc|a 883
Alr|carus
, lur|||us 132o
, 3ex|us Ju||us 527
Arorose ol |||ar 1045
Aroros|as|er 1081
Arror|os ol A|exardr|a
(s.lll) 580
Arror|us ol A|exardr|a
(s.vl) 931
Arp|||oc||us ol lcor|ur
7o7
ArdreW ol Caesarea 938
Ar|ory ||e lerr|| 14o0
Ap|raa|es 1392
Apo|||rar|s ol l|erapo||s 442
Apo|||rar|us ol laod|cea 721
Appor|us 1278
Ara|or 1307
Ar|s|or ol le||a 517
Ar|us ard Ar|ar|sr o84
Arroo|us ||e ourger 128o
As|er|us
ol Arasea 828
ol Ar||oc| 838
A||aras|us ol A|exardr|a
708
A||eragoras ol A||ers 442
Augus||re
ol l|ppo 1149
`lr|s|' 1294
Av||us 1301
`8arraoas' 423
8as||
ol Caesarea 740
ol 3e|euc|a 919
8ered|c| ol Nurs|a 1320
8erjar|r ol A|exardr|a 14o7
8oe|||us 1318
Caesar|us ol Ar|es 1310
Cass|ar, Jo|r 1272
Cass|odorus 1327
Ca|erae 978
C|rora||us ol Aqu||e|a 1088
C|ryso|ogus (le|er ol
baverra) 12o1
C|rysos|or, Jo|r 783
C|aud|us |ar|us v|c|or|us
1029
C|erer|
ol A|exardr|a 507
ol bore 409
Corrod|ar o23
Cypr|ar
ol Car||age o25
||e loe| 1025
lseudo- 518
Cyr||
376
ol A|exardr|a 840
ol Jerusa|er 77o
0ar|e| ol 3a|a| 1438
0|dac|e413
0|dyrus ol A|exardr|a 725
0|odore ol Tarsus 780
x A|p|aoe||ca| l|s| ol lr|rc|pa| Au||ors & Aroryrous wor|s 0|scussed
0|orys|us
ol A|exardr|a 575
Fx|guus 1317
lseudo- 928
0racor||us 1030
Fp|raer ||e Fxege|e (||e
3yr|ar) 1395
Fp|p|ar|us ol 3a|ar|s 735
Fuc|er|us ol lyor 1283
Fudox|us ol Cors|ar||rop|e 772
Fug|pp|us 1303
Furor|us ol Cyz|cus 774
Fuseo|us
ol Caesarea o75
ol Fresa 734
0a|||carus 1314
Fus|a|||us ol Ar||oc| 771
Fu|rop|us 1245
Fvagr|us lor||cus 730
Fvod|us ol uza||s 1247
laus|us ol b|ez 1290
lor|ura||arus ol Aqu||e|a 1035
lu|ger||us ol buspe 1305
0auder||us ol 8resc|a 1039
0eorge l|s|des 940
0errarus ol Cors|ar||rop|e 972
0regory
ol Agr|ger|ur 13o9
ol F|v|ra 1017
||e 0rea| 133o
ol Naz|arzus 748
ol Nyssa 753
T|aura|urgus 578
ladr|ar 875
leges|ppus 471
lerras424
lesyc||us ol Jerusa|er 878
l||ary ol lo|||ers 997
l|ppo|y|us ol bore 528
lgra||us ol Ar||oc| 415
l|delorsus ol To|edo 1375
lreraeus ol lyor 477
`lr|s| Augus||re' 1294
lsaac
ol Ar||oc| 1431
ol N|reve| 1441
ls|o'oar Nur 1444
ls|o'dad ol |erW 1445
ls|dore
ol le|us|ur 870
ol 3ev|||e 1370
lur|||us Alr|carus 132o
Jacoo
ol Fdessa 1442
ol 3arug 1435
Jerore 1094
Jo|arres oar Ap||oraja 1437
Jo|r
Cass|ar 1272
C|rysos|or 783
ol 0arascus 974
Ju||ar ol Fc|arur 1253
Jus||r ol bore 434
Juvercus 1019
lac|ar||us 993
la||cer 1293
leo l, ||e 0rea| 1287
377
le||er |o 0|ogre|us47o
luc|ler ol Cag||ar| 1012
|ar| ard |ar|c|ae|sr o49
|ar Aoa 1429
|arce||us ol Arcyra 70o
A|p|aoe||ca| l|s| ol lr|rc|pa| Au||ors & Aroryrous wor|s 0|scussed x|
|arc|or ol 3|rope 450
|ar|us v|c|or|rus 1014
|ar|us v|c|or|us, C|aud|us
1029
|ar|yr|os-3a|dora 1440
|ax|rus
Corlessor 942
ol Tur|r 1248
|e|e||us ol Ar||oc| 773
|e|||o ol 3ard|s 473
|e||od|us ol 0|yrpus 584
|||||ades 441
||ruc|us le||x 591
|oses oar Kep|a 144o
Narsa| ol Fdessa 1432
N||us ol Arcyra 832
Norros ol laropo||s 881
Nova||ar o34
0des ol 3o|oror429
0ecurer|us 937
0p|a|us ol |||ev|s 1137
0pus |rperlec|ur |r
|a|||aeur 1258
0r|ger ol A|exardr|a 53o
lac|or|us 14o5
lac|ar ol 8arce|ora 1041
lap|as ol l|erapo||s 421
la|r|c|us (la|r|c|) 1292
lau||rus ol No|a 1241
le|ag|us 1234
le|er
l ol A|exardr|a 583
ol baverra,
C|ryso|ogus 12o1
l|||as|er ol 8resc|a 1037
l|||oxerus ol |aooug 1433
l|ys|o|ogos42o
lo|ycarp ol 3ryrra 419
lo|yc|ror|us ol Aparea 831
lo|ar|us ol l|soor 101o
lr|ras|us ol ladrure|ur
1325
lr|sc||||ar ol Av||a 1043
lrooa 1021
lroc|us ol Cors|ar||rop|e 873
lrosper ol Aqu||a|re 1281
lruder||us 1023
lseudo8arraoas 423
Cypr|ar 518
0|orys|us 928
uodvu||deus 1251
baoou|a 1430
boraros ||e |e|od|s| 932
bul|rus ol Aqu||e|a 1134
bulus ol 3|o|ep 14oo
3a|dora (|ar|yr|os) 1440
3a|or|us ol 0ereva 1285
3edu||us 1027
3erap|or ol T| ru|s 729
3ever|ar ol 0aoa|a 833
3everus ol Ar||oc| 924
3ex|us Ju||us Alr|carus 527
3|reor ol Fdessa 1439
3o|oror, 0des ol429
3yreor ol |esopo|ar|a
143o
Ta||ar ||e 3yr|ar 439
Ter|u|||ar 593
378
T|eodore
ol lerac|ea 780
ol |opsues||a 798
T| eodore| ol Cyrus 885
x|| A|p|aoe||ca| l|s| ol lr|rc|pa| Au||ors & Aroryrous wor|s 0|scussed
T|eogros|os 581
T|eoras ol A|exardr|a 582
T|eop|||us
ol A|exardr|a 733
ol Ar||oc| 472
T||us ol 8os|ra 775
Tycor|us 1139
u|l||a 1011
va|er||rus ard va|er||r|ars 454
va|er|ar ol C|re||ur 1282
verecurdus ol Jurca 131o
v|c|or ol Capua 1324
v|c|or|rus ol loe|ov|o o37
wu|l||a 1011
Zero ol verora 1013
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| o;1
ClAlTFb NlNF
TlF l0ubTl-AN0 lllTl-CFNTub
0bFFK Clbl3TlAN llTFbATubF
cor|er|s
l. lr|roduc||or. T| e lour|| Cer|ury o73
ll. T| e Ac||everer| ol Fuseo|us ol Caesarea o75
lll. T| e Ar|ar Cr|s|s o84
| Ar|us ard Ar|ar|sr o84
|| T| e Fxeges|s ol Ar|us. 8|o||ca| A||||ude ard 3ys|era||c lorra||or (oy
T|oras 8o|r) o87
||| Corp|erer|ary 8|o||ograp|y or Ar|ar Fxeges|s 704
lv. lrcarra||ora| lerrereu||cs 70o
| |arce||us ol Arcyra 70o
(|| Ar|ory ||e lerr||. seevo|. 2, p. 14o0)
(||| lac|or|us. seevo|. 2, p. 14o5)
|v A||aras|us ol A|exardr|a 708
v Apo|||rar|us ol laod|cea 721
v. T| e 0r|ger|ar legacy 725
| 0|dyrus ol A|exardr|a 725
|| 3erap|or ol T| ru|s 729
||| Fvagr|us lor||cus 730
vl. T|eop|||us ol A|exardr|a 733
vll. Fuseo|us ol Fresa 734
vlll. Fp|p|ar|us ol 3a|ar|s 735
lX. Cappadoc|ar Fxeges|s 740
| 8as|| ol Caesarea 740
o;1
o;zN|re T| e lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury 0ree| C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
|| 0regory ol Naz|arzus 748
||| 0regory ol Nyssa 753
X. Arp|||oc||us ol lcor|ur 7o7
Xl. 8|o||ca| Fxeges|s ard lerrereu||cs |r 3yr|a 7o9
| Fus|a|||us ol Ar||oc| 771
|| Fudox|us ol Cors|ar||rop|e 772
||| |e|e||us ol Ar||oc| 773
|v Furor|us ol Cyz|cus 774
v Acac|us ol Caesarea 774
v| T||us ol 8os|ra 775
v|| Cyr|| ol Jerusa|er 77o
v||| T| eodore ol lerac|ea 780
|x 0|odore ol Tarsus 780
x Jo|r C|rysos|or 783
x| T| eodore ol |opsues||a (oy |ar||o 3|rore|||) 799
x|| As|er|us ol Arasea 828
x||| lo|yc|ror|us ol Aparea 831
x|v N||us ol Arcyra 832
xv 3ever|ar ol 0aoa|a 833
xv| As|er|us ol Ar||oc| 838
Xll. Cyr|| ol A|exardr|a 840
oy booer| l. w|||er
Xlll. ls|dore ol le|us|ur 870
Xlv. lroc|us ol Cors|ar||rop|e 873
Xv. ladr|ar 875
379
Xvl. lesyc||us ol Jerusa|er 878
Xvll. Norros ol laropo||s 881
Xvlll. Ae||a Fudoc|a 883
XlX. T| eodore| ol Cyrus 885
oy Jear-Noe| 0u|ro| XX. 8as|| ol 3e|euc|a 919
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| l o;
lNTb00uCTl0N. TlF l0ubTl CFNTub
T| e `go|der age' ol pa|r|s||c |||era|ure ex|erds lror ||e erd ol ||e 0|oc|e||ar
persecu||or ( ) ur||| ||e Courc|| ol C|a|cedor ( ). 0ur|rg a|ros| 11 |1
a cer|ury ard a |a|l, ore gerera||or al|er aro||er ol educa|ed rer ard
Worer |urred |o ||e c|urc| |r a|| ||e prov|rces ol ||e Frp|re, We|cor|rg
|er ressage ol sa|va||or ard secur|rg ||e|r soc|a| s|a|us |rs|de |er |rs|||u ||ora|
lrare. lr ||e era ol |rper|a| pa|rorage, g|ver |o ||e c|urc| l|rs|
oy Cors|ar||re ard ||s ||ree sors ( - ), ||er oy a|| ||e|r successors 1o1
W||| ||e excep||or ol Ju||ar ( - ), ||e recep||or ol scr|p|ure |r arc|er| o1o
C|r|s||ar||y |oo| a reW course.
T| e exeges|s ol scr|p|ure oecare a rajor preroga||ve ol ||e o|s|ops,
prov|d|rg ||e|r puo||c d|scourse W||| ||e resources ol a sacra||zed |arguage.
T| us exeges|s oecare pr|rar||y a pas|ora| du|y. As ||e o|s|ops ergaged
ererge||ca||y |r|o ||e|r |as| ol |r|erpre||rg scr|p|ure W||| ||e|r oWr la|||see||rg-
reasor |r o|o||ca| |errs, || oecare a source ol er||g||errer| lor ||e
la|||lu|, a| ||e sare ||re, || a|so a||oWed ||e o|s|ops |o ur|ly ||e croWds ol
reW corver|s |r|o a corrur||y ol ||oug|| ard oe|av|or ru|ed oy ||e 0|d
ard NeW Tes|arer|s. T| us ||e |r|erpre|a||or ol ||e sacred Word s||l| ed lror
oe|rg ||e preroga||ve ol c|ar|sra||c |rd|v|dua|s ol ||e |||rd cer|ury |o ||e
||erarc||ca| |rs|||u||or ol ||e |rper|a| C|urc| ol ||e lour|| cer|ury.
T||s s||l| ol au||or||y |o rore or |ess g|l|ed c|er|ca| d|gr||ar|es |ad a|
|eas| |Wo drara||c corsequerces. l|rs|, || crea|ed ||e cord|||ors lor a g|ooa|
recep||or ard |r|erpre|a||or ol scr|p|ure oy ror-spec|a||s|s.ver y ol|er |ra|red
|r ||e r|e|or|ca| cu||ure ol ||e|r ||re, lour|| cer|ury c|urc| |eaders laced
rary c|a||erg|rg s||ua||ors. Caug|| oe|Weer ||e pruder| respec| due |o
pas| |rad|||ors ol |oca| c|urc|es ard ||e|r |rrova||ve We|cor|rg ol reW
gerera||ors ol ca|ec|urers, ||ey |ad |o deve|op a persuas|ve d|scourse
ol ||e|r oWr |r order |o corrur|ca|e W||| ||e|r corgrega||ors ard |o oe
recogr|zed oy ||e|r peers as Wor||y pas|ors. T| e 8|o|e Was ||e|r deepes|
c|a||erge. T| ey |ad |o reac| ou| oeyord ||e |or|zors ol ||e|r oWr cu||ure,
ca|c||rg 0od's Word ard reve|a||or |r a lar d|s|ar| leora|c pas|. Fver ||e
gospe| rarra||ves ard o||er apos|o||c Wr|||rgs, a |||||e rearer |o ||e|r oWr
||res requ|red ||oroug| exp|ara||ors oecause ol ||e|r a|ready a||er cor|ex|.
Never||e|ess, as lorrer r|e|ors ard rer ol |aW, rary ol ||e o|s|ops Were
ao|e |o l|rd ||e |arguage |o los|er sp|r||ua|||y ard |o ercourage va|ues ||ar|s
|o ||e ||g|er educa||or ||ey |ad rece|ved |r ||e|r you||.
T| ey |r|erpre|ed ||e `lore|grress' ol scr|p|ure as a very rar| ol ||s
o;|N|re T| e lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury 0ree| C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
d|v|re reve|a||or. ||roug| s|rarge s|or|es ard urusua| syroo|s, 0od's sp|r||
de||vered |essors lor ||e preser| ||re. A code d|c|a|ed oy ||e e||r|c ard
soc|a| reeds ol arc|er| leoreWs seered |r ||e|r eye |o s|ress ||e or|g|ra|||y
ol ||e C|r|s||ar Way ol ||le. ll read |r ||e r|g|| d|spos|||or, ever ||e o|zarre
0ree| ol ||e |xx |rars|a|ors, opered ar access |o |reasures ol W|sdor ard
poe|ry. T| ese sore|oW |rprov|sed c|urc| |eaders, sore a|ready educa|ed
s|rce c|||d|ood |r C|r|s||ar lar|||es, lourd |r ||e 8|o|e a |arguage W|||
|rex|aus||o|e resources lor ||e|r re||g|ous |rag|ra||or, ard a |eg|||ra||rg
au||or||y lor ||e da||y exerc|se ol ||e|r c|er|ca| au||or||y. lr s|or|, scr|p|ure
Was a|| pervas|ve |r ||e r|r|s|ry ol pas|ors lor ||e|r corgrega||ors lac|rg ||e
rea||||es ol ||le. T| roug| a correc| |r|erpre|a||or, |r corlorr||y W||| ||e la|||
rorrs ol ||e oe||ev|rg corrur||y, ||e o|o||ca| Word oroug|| corso|a||or,
sourd judgrer| ard reasored rel|ec||or |o ||e c|urc| a| |arge.
3ecord|y, ||e p|ac|rg ol ||e |errereu||ca| |as| urder ||e aeg|s ol ||e
o|s|ops, ro| or|y ||r|ed exeges|s |o ||e ep|scopa| pas|ora| c|arge, ou| || a|so
orce lor a|| es|ao||s|ed ||e scr|p|ura| lourda||or ol ||e|r doc|r|ra| s|a|erer|s.
3cr|p|ure, |r|erpre|ed |r |rper|a| C|r|s||ar||y, d|d ro| ||r|| ||se|l |o Warrar||rg soc|a|
regu|a||ors. l| oecare |r|r|rs|ca||y ||eo|og|ca|. T| e c|urc|
|eaders' cu||ura| oac|grourd, espec|a||y W|er ||ey au||or||a||ve|y |r|erpre|ed
scr|p|ure, represer|ed a r|||err|ur ol p|||osop||ca| ard r|e|or|ca|
c|v|||za||or. 8y address|rg aud|erces ol reW|y corver|ed rer ard Worer,
||e o|s|ops, rary ol W|or Were ||erse|ves adu|| corver|s, proceeded |o
re|r|eve esser||a| va|ues ol ||e|r oWr ||ousard-year-o|d cu||ure. T| ey Wou|d
|||era||y corver| ||e pas| r|||err|ur |r rar||rg ou|, |r |errs prec|se|y ol
||e|rcu||ure, a cors|s|er| del|r|||or ol C|r|s||ar oe||els. lr s|rorg cor|ras|
W||| ||e recep||or ol ||e arc|er| scr|p|ures arorg ||e|r JeW|s| cor|erporar|es,
C|r|s||ar |eaders ard |r|erpre|ers ou||| up a poWerlu| ||eore||ca|
cors|ruc| |r delerse ol ||e|r la||| W||c| |rp||ed a rad|ca| re|arorp|os|s
ol 0ree| ||oug|| a| ||e sare ||re as || ac|ua||zed ||e ressage ol JeW|s|
scr|p|ures |r ||e cor|ex| ol ||e 0ree|-spea||rg c|urc|es.
380
T| e ra|r re|ropo|||ar c|urc| cer|ers ol ||e Cors|ar||r|ar Frp|re
par||c|pa|ed ac||ve|y ard W||| spec|acu|ar resu||s |r |||s |rrova||ve recep||or
ol scr|p|ure, a recep||or ||a| Was a| ||e sare ||re ||erarc||ca| ard pas|ora|.
T| e |r|e||ec|ua| a|rosp|ere proper |o eac| o|g c||y, Wou|d oe corduc|ve |o
a lorr ol o|o||ca| exeges|s, ro|ded oy ear||er |oca| |rad|||or, ou| a|so ca|||rg
lor re||odo|og|ca| crea||v||y ard ||eo|og|ca| c|ar|l|ca||or. lr A|exardr|a
ard Ar||oc|, Car||age ard bore, |r Jerusa|er ard Fdessa, |r |||ar ard
Cappadoc|ar ep|scopa| sees, ard |r 3yr|ar Caesarea, o|o||ca| exeges|s Wou|d
l|our|s| dur|rg ||e go|der age ol pa|r|s||c |||era|ure |r a var|e|y ol o|d ard
reW |||erary gerres.
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| ll o;
TlF ACllFvF|FNT 0l Fu3F8lu3 0l CAF3AbFA
0. 339|340
Fuseo|us Was oorr |r Caesarea ca. , ard |r|||a|ed |r|o 0r|ger's |errereu||cs zo
ard exeges|s oy larp|||us, W||| W|or |e Wro|e a |os| Apo|ogy lor
0r|gerdur|rg larp|||us's |rpr|sorrer| dur|rg ||e 0|oc|e||ar persecu||or.
Fuseo|us ||rse|l Was se|zed |r ||e T| eoa|s ard |rpr|sored dur|rg ||e sare
persecu||or, |oWever soor al|er Cors|ar||re ard l|c|r|us |ad puo||s|ed
||e|r ed|c| ol |o|erarce, Fuseo|us Was e|ec|ed |o ||e see ol ||s |ore |oWr |r
1. A rodera|e|y corserva||ve 0r|ger|s|, W|||ou| a grea| dea| ol ||eo|og|ca|
crea||v||y, |e Was ellec||ve|y corpror|sed |r ||e Ar|ar cor|roversy. l|s
excep||ora| |earr|rg ard |rdela||gao|e |aoors as ar au||or rade ||r ||e
`la||er' ol ecc|es|as||ca| ||s|or|ograp|y, ar ercyc|oped|c exper| |r C|r|s||ar
apo|oge||cs, a pror|rer| ||eo|og|ca| adv|ser ol Frperor Cors|ar||re, ard
ar |rpor|ar| ||r| |r ||e cor||ru||y ol 0r|ger's o|o||ca| sc|o|ars||p |r|o ||e
lour|| cer|ury. 0r|y ||e |as| ol ||ese ac||v|||es ca||s lor ar ara|ys|s |r ||e
preser| cor|ex|.
lr T|e C|ror|c|eoviso svov (c|ror., Cl0 ll, ), Fuseo|us ||
dreW upor ||e |r|||a||ve ol Ju||us Alr|carus, ou| or a ruc| grarder sca|e,
ard e||r|ra|ed lror |||s sc|er||l|c erdeavor ary c||||as||c over|ores. Arorg
||s apo|oge||c Wor|s a 0erera| F|erer|ary lr|roduc||or(|r|rod., l0 , Cl0 zz
ll, ) |o ||e gospe|, Wr|||er oelore |r |er ooo|s, surv|ves or|y |r |; 1
par| (ooo|s - ), urder ||e spec|a| ||||e Fc|ogae lrop|e||cae(ec. prop|., o
l0 ), preser||rg s|or| ro||ces or |ess|ar|c prop|ec|es. T|e lraepara||o zz
Fvarge||ca(p.e., 0C3 Fus. , Cl0 ll, ), Wr|||er |r l| l|eer ooo|s al|er , 8 |8o 1|
relu|es po|y||e|sr ard derors|ra|es ||e super|or||y ol JeW|s| re||g|or. T| e
0erors|ra||o Fvarge||ca(d.e., 0C3 Fus. , Cl0 ll, ), |r |Wer|y ooo|s o |8;
(ol W||c| |er 8oo|s ard par| ol 8oo| are ex|ar|) s|oWs ||e ur|versa| 1
s|gr|l|carce ol ||e 0|d Tes|arer|, lu|l|||ed |r ||e NeW. C|r|s||ar||y re||es
or ||e re||g|or ol ||e la|r|arc|s oelore ||e d|spersa||or ol |osa|c |aW. T| e
lraepara||oard ||e 0erors|ra||o|r ||e ra|r relu|e lorp|yry's |rea||se
Aga|rs| ||e C|r|s||ars. 8o|| Wor|s are rer|r|scer| ol 0r|ger's Cor|ra Ce|sur. T|
e T|eop|ar|a(||eop|. lr., 0C3 Fus. , , Cl0 ll, ), |r l| ve ooo|s z |88
surv|v|rg or|y |r a 3yr|ac vers|or da|ed lror c.e., |s Fuseo|us's |as| |11
apo|oge||c Wor|, prooao|y lror arourd , ||s lour|| ooo| |rea|s ol ||e z
lu|l|||rer| ol o| prop|ec|es. 0r|y a leW poor lragrer|s are |arded doWr
ol Aga|rs| lorp|yry|r |Wer|y-l| ve ooo|s. lr |||s Wor|, Fuseo|us d|scussed
o;oN|re T| e lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury 0ree| C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
||e d|screparc|es oe|Weer ||e gospe|s derourced oy ||e reo-l|a|or|c
p|||osop|er, ||e gerea|og|es ol Jesus ard ||e besurrec||or s|or|es.
Ass|s|ed oy larp|||us, Fuseo|us reproduced ||e l|l|| co|urr ol 0r|ger's
lexap|a, W||c| |ad oeer preserved a| Caesarea |r a ur|que exerp|ar. le
added |o ||e 0r|ger|ar co|urr ol ||e |xx, a||erra||ve read|rgs lror o||er
vers|ors |r ||e rarg|r. Cors|ar||re ordered ||r |o serd |o Cors|ar||rop|e
l|l|y cop|es ol ||s cop|ed l|l|| co|urr. Aro||er |oo| lor o|o||ca| sc|o|ars||p
produced oy Fuseo|us, |s ||s Fvarge||ca| Carors(Cl0 ll, ), s|oW|rg |o
W||c| passages ol eac| 0ospe| are para||e|ed |r ary ol ||e o||ers. lr lour
co|urrs, d|v|ded |r|o ruroered sra|| sec||ors, ||e |ex| ol ||e gospe|s car
oe read cor||ruous|y. A| ||e sare ||re, ||e reader car reler ||e |ex| |o |er
`carors,' ore lor passages corror |o a|| lour gospe|s, a secord ore lor
a|| ||ose corror |o ||e 3yrop||cs, e|c. (uas|er lll, ). T| ese Fuseo|ar
Carorsor Fuseo|ar 3ec||ors, |r ||e|r 3yr|ac ard la||r vers|or, p|ayed a oas|c
ro|e |r o|o||ca| s|ud|es lor cer|ur|es |o core. T| e 0roras||cor(ororas|.,
0C3 , , Cl0 ll, ), or ||e p|ace-rares |r ||e 8|o|e, |rarsr||s a good 1 |oo
dea| ol geograp||ca| ard ||s|or|ca| |rlorra||or. `8o|| ||e 0ree| or|g|ra|
ard ||e la||r vers|or are ex|ar| ard preser| ever |oday ||e ros| |rpor|ar|
source lor ||e |opograp|y ol ||e lo|y lard' (uas|er lll, ). wr|||er oelore o
, ||e 0roras||cor,Was ||e lour|| par| ol a |arger s|udy or o|o||ca| 1
geograp|y, W||c| dea|| W||| ( ) ar |r|erpre|a||or ol e||ro|og|ca| |errs ol 1
leoreW scr|p|ure |r 0ree|, ( ) a |opograp|y ol Judaea W||| ||e |r|er||arces z
ol ||e |We|ve |r|oes, ( ) a p|ar ol Jerusa|er ard ol ||e Terp|e.
Arorg surv|v|rg lragrer|s ol ||e |os| Wor| 0ospe| ues||ors ard
3o|u||ors(Cl0 ll, ), ore d|s||rgu|s|es ||e 0ospe| ues||ors ard 3o|u||ors |;o
381
addressed |o 3|ep|arus(l0 , - ), |r |Wo ooo|s d|scuss|rg ||e c|||d|ood zz88oo
rarra||ves, ard ||e 0ospe| ues||ors ard 3o|u||ors addressed |o |ar|rus
(l0 , - ), |r ore ooo|, dea||rg W||| ||e besurrec||or rarra||ves (a zz;;
|org lragrer| 0r lassa| (Cl0 ll, ) ray oe|org |o ||). 0ree| (l0 , |; zz
- ;1o1o) ard 3yr|ac lragrer|s, ard a prec|ous Fp||ore ol ||e W|o|e Wor|
surv|ve. l0 , - , 3yr|ac, 0C N.3. | ( - ) - , |||rd zz8;1ooo 1z1|1zz1z|o;o
ser|es ( ) - , |||rd ser|es ( ) - . 11z;8o; z1z;;o
T|e Correr|ary or ||e lsa|rs(ls., Cl0 lll, ), ore ol Fuseo|us's |as| |o;
Wor|s, Was ol g|gar||c propor||ors. l| Was |rars|a|ed |r|o la||r oy Fuseo|us
ol verce|||, W|o or|||ed `|ere||ca|' passages (Jerore, v|r. |r|. , Fp , , 81 o1z
11z, ), ||e la||r vers|or |s |os|. zo
lr ls - = l0 , 0- C, ol W||c| or|y 8- C are re||ao|e. 1o z;z ||1 1oo |z|
lr ls = l0 , - ; o811o|
lr ls - , = l0 , C- C o z||1 1zz1
lr ls = C - ( ) 11818o1;z
T| e Ac||everer| ol Fuseo|us ol Caesarea o;;
lor Cor. ls., |r par||cu|ar, see |. b|c|ard ( ) ard |. J. bordeau ard 1;
J. K|rc|reyer ( ). 1oo
T|e Correr|ary or lsa|a|(ls, Cl0ll, ), arrourc|rg a d|v|s|or |r|o |o8
|er ooo|s, ard |a|er or |r|o l|l|eer, preser|s ro suc| d|v|s|or |r ||e raruscr|p|
|rad|||or. l| |s |roWr |r ||s er||re|y s|rce , ard Was puo||s|ed oy 1z
J. Z|eg|er |r (0C3, Fuseo|us wer|e, lX). l| deperds or 0r|ger's s|r||ar 1;
Wor|, ard prooao|y da|es lror ||e years lo||oW|rg ||e Courc|| ol N|caea,
z. Fuseo|us quo|es ard parap|rases 0r|ger a| |erg||, ||s lsa|a| |ex| oe|rg
||erelore ||e ore ol 0r|ger's lexap|a. le a|so quo|es o||er o|o||ca| ooo|s,
|||era||y or oy parap|ras|rg ||er, |r suc| a rass|ve lrequercy ||a| ||s oWr
Wr|||rg seers er||re|y perrea|ed oy scr|p|ure. T| e o|o||ca| |rdex |r 0C3
covers l|l|eer pages.
Fuseo|us' exege||ca| re||od |ac|s 0r|ger's d|s||rc||or ol a ||reelo|d serse
ol scr|p|ure. lr ||e Fc|ogae|e s|resses ||e |||era| rear|rg ol prop|ec|es. lr
||e 0erors|ra||o|e a||oWs sore a||egor|sr, ou| or|y W|er lorced oy ||e
syroo||c |arguage ol scr|p|ure ||se|l. lr ||s |a|er Wr|||rgs aga|rs| |arce||us
ol Arcyra, Cor|ra |arce||urard de ecc|es|as||ca ||eo|og|a, |e s|rorg|y
d|sapproves ol |arce||us's a||egor|es. Fuseo|us's oWr locus |s or ||e o|o||ca|
se|||rg
ard re|evarce ol o|o||ca| da|a. lr ||s v|eW, eac| o|o||ca| passage corveys a
d|v|re reve|a||or |o ||s |rred|a|e readers||p, as We|| as lor lu|ure gerera||ors.
T| e |ru|| ol ||e |ex|, as de|err|red oy ||s ||eor|a, a|Ways oe|orgs |o rea|
||s|ory ard d|sperses lror aro||rary a||egor|z|rg. T| us Fuseo|us exerc|ses a
cr|||ca| v|g||arce |r regard |o 0r|ger's sp|r||ua| |r|erpre|a||ors. le ar||c|pa|es
||e corcerrs ol Ar||oc|ere exege|es (0. 3. wa||ace-ladr|||, ). |1
le relers |o ||e |||era| serse oy p|rases |||e - \iv, `accord|rg |o
||e |e||er', sd9 6odv, `as ||e s|ory goes', sd "v iov ivoidv,
`|r ||s oov|ous rear|rg', ard |e ca||s ||e sp|r||ua| rear|rg ivoid, `rear|rg,'
or 9d, `expos|||or, v|s|or.' los|||ored |a|lWay oe|Weer A|exardr|ar
ard Ar||oc|ere |errereu||cs, |e rera|rs rore |rc||red |oWard ||e lorrer
(C. Cur||), ||s oWr a||||udero surpr|se|s corlorred |o ||e dea||rgs ol
||e 3p|r|| |r scr|p|ure.
lor 3c|o||a, or l| l|eer d|llerer| o|o||ca| ooo|s, a||r|ou|ed |o Fuseo|us |r
||e ca|erae, see Cl0 ll, . |o
Fd|||ors
l0 - . 1z|
0C3, Fuseo|us wer|e , , , , , , , ( - ). ;111|zoz||;1oz18
ls . b. 0evresse, b8 ( ). - . | 1z|;881
ls . |. lar|, 3C - ( ). 118 18o1;z
o;8N|re T| e lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury 0ree| C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
l.F.. 0. 8ardy, 3C ( ), ( ), ( ), ( ). 11z|1118;1oo
|ers. e| pord.. l. lu||sc|, |e|ro|og|cur scr|p|orur re||qu|ae . le|pz|g , 1 18o|
z;oll.
0roras|.. l. ba|rar|, a|.. b0C ( - ). - . z1zz1zzz;o
lrep. ev.. F. des l|aces, a|.. 3C ( ), ( ), ( ), ( ), zoo1;zz81;ozoz1;zoo18o
z1( ), ( ), ( ), ( ), ( ). 1;o11zz18zo;18818;
0e s|e||a rag.. w. wr|g||, Fuseo|us or ||e 3|ar. J3l, || ser. ( ). - , | 18oo11;o
1o( ). - . 18o;1oo|
Trars|a||ors
Frg||s|
|c0|ller|, A. C. ard F. C. b|c|ardsor. NlNl, rd ser|es , , . z 118o1|
0er. ev.. w. J. lerrar, lordor , . 1zo181
l.F.. b. J. 0elerrar|, was||rg|or , K. la|e ard J. F. l. 0u||or, vo|s. , 1 z 1zo
1z, l. J. laW|or ard J. F. l. 0u||or, lordor (+ rar|. la|.). 1z8
laus C.. l. A. 0ra|e, 8er|e|ey, CA ard lordor . 1;o
lrep. ev.. F. 0|ll ord, 0xlord , . 1o181
ues|. ev.. 0. 8eyer. 0C - ( ). - , ( ). - , ( ). 1z1|1zo;oz1zo8o;z|1z;
- ;o.
382
T|eop|.. 3. F. lee, Caror|dge . 18|
lrerc|
A|| vo|ures ol 3C, aoove.
0errar
l.F.. l. laeuser. 0arrs|ad|, rd ed. . z 181
rar|. la|.. A. 8|ge|ra|r, 8Kv rd ed. , , - . 8. v|o|e|. Tu , . z 11z;1 1||
le|pz|g , lror 3yr|ac. 18o
||eop|. lr.. l. 0ressrarr, 0|e T|eop|ar|e, 0C3 , ( ), 3yr|ac. 11z1o|
l|a||ar
l.F.ard rar|. la|.. 0. de| Tor. bore . 1o|
||eop|. lr.. l. Tar|ag||a, Nap|es
3|ud|es
A||r|dge, l. w. ard 0. la|a, eds. C|r|s||ar||y ard Juda|sr. le|der ( ). 1z
Azza|| 8errarde|||, 0. ` l| , - e 0v , re||'eseges| d| Fuseo|o d| 1 1181 1 1;
Cesarea, d|
C|r|||o d| 0erusa|erre, d| Fp|lar|o.' lr 3argue e| ar|ropo|og|a re||a |eo|og|a,
a||| de||a vl se|||raror, bora - roverore , ed||ed oy l. va|||or|, - zz8 18; 8
. bore. Fd. l|a ur|ore, . 18
. ` 0v . e l| . - re||'eseges| d| Fuseo|o d| Cesarea, d| C|r|||o d| 1 1; 1 1181
T| e Ac||everer| ol Fuseo|us ol Caesarea o;
0erusa|erre, d| Fp|lar|o d| 3a|ar|ra.' lr A||| de||a vll. 3e|||rara d| 3|ud|
'3argue e ar|ropo|og|a re||a |eo|og|a red|eva|e,' a cura d| l. va|||or|, - . 8
bore. l|a ur|ore lrez|os|ss|ro 3argue, . 11
8ar||e|ery, 0. `Fusoe, |a 3ep|ar|e e| '|es au|res.'' lrla 8|o|e e| |es lres,
ed||ed oy
A. 8eroi| e| a|., - . lar|s, . 1o 1;1
8ar||ra, 3. `0rors||cor.' Frc8|o ( ). - . 1oo
8ovor, l. `l'l|s|o|re Fcc|es|as||que d'Fusoe de Cesaree e| |'||s|o|re du sa|u|.' lr
0||oror|a. ls. 0. Cu||rarr, - , . 1z1oo
8rurs, J. F. `T| e 'Agreerer| ol |oses ard Jesus' |r ||e 0erors|ra||o
Fvarge||caol
Fuseo|us.' v|gC|r ( ). - . 11;;11;z
Carp|ro, l. `0r|gere, Fuseo|o e l|ar|o su| 3a|ro .' A3Fs ( | ). - . 118 18o;o|
Cur||, C. Fuseo|ara l. Correr|ar|| |r lsa|ros, a ed. (3agg| e Tes|| C|ass|c|, z
Cr|s||ara e |ed|eva||, ), pp. Ca|ar|a. ur|vers||, Cer|ro d| 3|ud| su||'Ar||co 11|
Cr|s||ares|ro.
. 0ue ar||co|| Fuseo|ar| ('Correr|ar|| |r lsa|ros'). No|o (3|c|||a). Jor|ca, . 1;1
. l| cod|ce la|ros |oras|ero 3. 0|ovarr| e | `Correr|ar|| |r lsa|ros' d| z1
Fuseo|o d| Caesarea. 3|ud| c|ass|c| . Ca|aude||a, vo|. . Ca|ar|a. ur|v. d| z
Ca|ar|a, lac. d| le||ere e l||os., . 1;z
. `l| ||rguagg|o re|a||vo a| ladre e a| l|g||o |r a|cur| pass| de| 'Correr|ar|| |r
lsa|ros' d| Fuseo|o d| Caesarea.' Aug ( ). - . 11;|8oo
. `l'|r|erpre|az|ore d| ls . |r Fuseo|o d| Cesarea. la sua lor|ura presso o;1|
g||
esege|| grec| e |a||r| de| 3a||er|o.' lr ls. 0. lazza||, ed||ed oy b.Car|a|aressa,
- 1zo;. |||ar. v||a e lers|ero, . 1;
. `l Correr|ar|| |r lsa|ros d| Fuseo|o d| Caesarea, |rad|z|ore d|re||a (Co|s||r
||) e |rad|z|ore ca|erar|a.' lr Cr|||ca |es|ua|e, ed||ed oy F. l|ores, - . ;8z
bore, | . 1;81
. `l'eseges| d| Fuseo|o d| Caesarea, cara||er| e sv||uppo.' lr Trarslorraz|or|,
- |;8, | . 18z8
. Fuseo|ara, l. Correr|ar|| |r lsa|ros. . ed. r|vedu|a e accresc|u|a. 3agg| e z
|es||
c|ass|c|, cr|s||ar| e red|eva|| . Ca|ar|a. Cer|ro d| s|ud| su||'ar||co cr|s||ares|ro, 1
. 18
. `la croro|og|a de| 'Correr|ar|| |r lsa|ros' d| Fuseo|o d| Cesarea.'
uaderr|
ca|ares| d| cu||ura c|ass|ca e red|eva|e ( ). - . z1oo
. FFC, ed. 0| 8erard|ro, ( ) ll . 11zz
0ec|er, 0. de. `Fvoca||or de |a 8|o|e dars |e '0|scours |'Assero|ee des 3a|r|s'
pre|e
|'erpereur Cors|ar||r.' lages - |r 3|ud|a 8|o||ca, || lr|erra||ora| 1| o
Corgress
or 8|o||ca| 3|ud|esFd||ed oy F. A. l|v|rgs|ore. J30T.3 .0xlord, - . 11 1;81;
0or|va|, 0. `la recors|||u||or du Correr|a|re sur |es lsauresd'Fusoe de
Cesaree
grce aux c|aires exege||ques grecques, er par||cu||er |a c||re de N|ce|as.'
3|la|rXv ( | ). - . 1;8|1;o;o
o8oN|re T| e lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury 0ree| C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
0orr|e, l. `ure exegse reop|a|or|c|erre du pro|ogue de |'Fvarg||e se|or 3.
Jear
(Are||us c|ez Fusoe, lrep. Fv. , , - ).' lr Fpe||as|s. |e|arges 1111|
pa|r|s||ques
oller|s au Card|ra| Jear 0ar|e|ou, - . lar|s, . ;8; 1;z
383
. `ure exegse reop|a|or|c|erre du pro|ogue de |'Fvarg||e se|or 3. Jear
(Are||us
c|ez Fusoe, lrep. Fv. , , - ).' 3TA ( ). - . 1111| 81;o|1o;
0urs|, |. `leges|pps `lyporrera|a' (FuseolF . . )T||e| oder |8z
0a||urgsoeze|c| rurg?' b ( ). - . 8|18zo
F|orduy, F. `Arror|o escr||ur|s|a ( . |es||ror|os de Fuseo|o . |es||ror|os de 1 z
Aras|as|o e| 3|ra||a|a).' Fs|8 , ro. - ( ). - . 1o 18;z1;1;18;z1;
Fsoroec|, |. var. `vers|or georg|erre de |'|ore||e euseo|erre Cl0 sur z8
|'Ascers|or.' 0Cl ( ). - . 118z;;oo
Fuseo|us, C|r|s||ar||y ard Juda|sr. Fd||ed oy l. w. A||r|dge ard 0. la|a. le|der.
8r|||, . 1z
leda||o, 0. `l| |opor|ro d| le|r. . re||a eseges| d| Fuseo|o d| Cesarea.' 1 1
ve|C|r
zo( ). - . 18|o1oo
lerc|, A. J. `lorp|yry, ar le|r |o C|r|s||ar exeges|s?'ZNw ( ). - . ;18z1|1|;
l|sc|er, 0., `Kar|ograp||e vor la|as||ra'. Z0lv ( ). - . oz11o8
0a||ag|er, F. v. `l|e|y ard lo||cy, Fuseo|us' delerse ol ||e 0ospe|.' 3ys|er|c z
( ). - . 1818
0aroa, 0. 0. `la d|spos|z|ore '|a||eo, luca, |arco, 0|ovarr|' re||a |rad|z|ore
ar||ca (C|erer|e, A., Fuseo|o), cor|r|ou|o a||a so|uz|ore de||a ues||ore
3|ro|||ca.' lr ls. 3. C|pr|ar|, laro|a e 3p|r||o, - , . zo18z
0erac|, 0. `l'u||||zzaz|ore de||'Ar||co Tes|arer|o re||e uaes||ores e|
respors|ores
d| Fuseo|o d| Caesarea.' A3Fs ( ). - . z18z1
0orday, l. J. `lau| |r Fuseo|us ard o||er Far|y C|r|s||ar l||era|ure.' lr Fuseo|us,
C|r|s||ar||y ard Juda|sr, ed||ed oy l. w. A||r|dge ard 0. la|a, - . le|der. 1o
8r|||, . 1z
0reer, l. 8. `|a|||eW . , Fuseo|us, ard ||e |ex orard|.' l r ls. l. C|adW|c|. z81
T|e
|a||rg ol 0r||odoxy, - , . 1z||118
0ro|, 0., `0roras||cor'. 3|la|r ( ). . 181oz
0u|ro|, J.-N. `T| eodore| |r||a|eur d'Fusoe, |'exegse de |a prop|e||e des
'so|xar|ed|x sera|res' (0ar . - ).' 0rp|eus ( ). - . z|z; 818;z8o
0us|alssor, 8. `Fuseo|us' lr|rc|p|es |r lard||rg l|s 3ources, as lourd |r l|s
C|urc| l|s|ory, 8oo|s l-vll.' 3|la|r ( ). - . |1o1|z|1
lo||er|c|, |. J. `T| e Corpar|sor ol |oses ard Cors|ar||re |r Fuseo|us ol
Caesarea's l|le ol Cors|ar||re.' 3|la|r ( ). - . 1o188o8
. `Fuseo|us as a lo|er|ca| lr|erpre|er ol 3cr|p|ure.' lr Fuseo|us, C|r|s||ar||y
ard
Juda|sr, ed||ed oy l. w. A||r|dge ard 0. la|a, - . le|der. 8r|||, . 8o18 1z
Jares, l. 0. `A Cr|||ca| Fxar|ra||or ol ||e Tex| ol lsa|a| 8ased or ||e 033 Tex|
ol
lsa|a|, ||e |asore||c Tex|, ||e 3ep|uag|r|, ard ||e lsa|a| Tex|s ol C|erer| ol
A|exardr|a, 0r|ger, ard Fuseo|us.' 0|ss., 8os|or ur|vers||y, . 1
T| e Ac||everer| ol Fuseo|us ol Caesarea o81
Jarre||, l. 0. `Fuseo|us ol Caesarea ard ||e Tex| ol ||e 0ospe|s.' 0|ss.
3ou||Wes|err
8ap||s| T| eo|og|ca| 3er|rary, . 1z
Jer||rs, b. 0. `T| e 8|o||ca| Tex| ol ||e Correr|ar|es ol Fuseo|us ard Jerore
or
lsa|a|.' Aor-r. ( | ). - . zz188|o|;8
Jo|rsor, A. F. `b|e|or|ca| Cr|||c|sr |r Fuseo|us' 0ospe| ues||ors.' 3|la|r 18
( ). - . 18o
Karrerg|esser, C. `Fuseo|us ol Caesarea, 0r|ger|s|.' lr Fuseo|us, C|r|s||ar||y
ard
Juda|sr, ed||ed oy l. w. A||r|dge ard 0. la|a, - . le|der. 8r|||, . |oo 1z
K|rz|g, w., Nov||as C|r|s||ara. 0o|||rger , - . 1|1;o8
Koes|er, C. `T| e or|g|r ard s|gr|l|carce ol ||e l||g|| |o le||a |rad|||or.' C8 1
( ). - . 18o1oo
|ac|e||, J. K. `Fuseo|us ol Caesarea's ||eo|ogy ol ||e lo|y 3p|r||.' 0|ss.,
|arque||e,
1o.
|cAr||ur, l. K. `T| e Fuseo|ar 3ec||ors ard Carors.' C8 ( ). - . z;1ozoo
|erca||, 0. `la grarde |acura de||e Fc|og|e prole||c|e d| Fuseo|us
Caesar|ers|s.'
|eror|a| l. le|||( ). 1|8
. 0sservaz|or| a| lroer| de| 3a||er|o d| 0r|gere, lppo|||o, Fuseo|o, C|r|||o
A|essardr|ro e a||r| cor lrarrer|| |red|||. 3|ud| e Tes|| , . 1|z18
|er|e|, l. 0|e l|ura|||a| der Fvarge||er a|s ||eo|og|sc|es urd exege||sc|es
lroo|er
|r der A||er K|rc|e. Trad|||o C|r|s||ara, Tex|e u. Korrer|are zur pa|r|s||sc|er
T| eo|og|e . 8err. larg, . 1;8
|o||e, A., `Jesaja Korrer|ar'. ZNw ( ). - . 1|o;8
384
|urc|, J. `lresoy|ers ard 0|sc|p|es ol ||e lord |r lap|as. Fxege||c Correr|s
or
Fus. l.F. , .' lT|b ( ). - . z1zz|
|urp|y, l. 3. `T| e r| Tex| ol ||e 0erors|ra||o Fvarge||ca.' 0|ss., a|e, . 11
. `Fuseo|us' r| Tex| |r ||e 0erors|ra||o Fvarge||ca.' J8l ( ). - . ;1|1ozo8
No||e, T., `Fc|ogae lrop|e||cae'. T| ( ) - . |18o11o
Norac||, A. `Ar|s|oou|us ard l|||o, W||| 3pec|a| belererce |o po.'
C|ass3| 1
( ). - . 1o;8o;
Norderla||, C. `(Fuseo|us) Caror |ao|es or papyrus.' 0uroar|or 0a|s laperso
( ). - . 18zzo
. `T| e Fuseo|ar caror-|ao|es, sore |ex|ua| proo|ers.' JT| 3 ( ). - 18|o
. 1o|
Novo|ry, 0. `Fuseo|us ol Fresa as lr|erpre|er ol 3|. lau|.' Ar8|o - | ( ). 1;18z1o
- |;1;.
0rc|ard, J. 8. `3ore gu|de||res lor ||e |r|erpre|a||or ol Fuseo|us l|s|. Fcc|. .
- |.' lr r| Age, Fssays |r |oror ol 8. be|c|e, vo|. , ed||ed oy w. C. we|rr|c|, z
- |o. |acor, 0a.. |ercer ur|v., . 18|
lerra, A. `l| '0e corsersu evarge||s|arur' ed | 'caror| euseo|ar|.'' 8|o ( ). o1
- . 11
lerrore, l. `le uaes||ores evarge||cae d| Fuseo|o d| Caesarea, a||e or|g|r| d|
ur
gerere |e||erar|o.' A3F , ( | ). - . ;z18o|1;
o8zN|re T| e lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury 0ree| C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
l|aces, F. des `Fusoe de Cesaree, correr|a|eur, p|a|or|sre e| Fcr||ure
3a|r|e.'
T|l . lar|s. 8eauc|esre, . o 18z
b|c|ard, |., `les prer|res c|aires sur |e psau||er'. 8llblT, ( ) - . 1o1;8;8
b|ga|o, |.-l. `l''apos|o|o ed evarge||s|a 0|ovarr|,' 'sacerdo|e' |ev|||co (Fus. lF
, , , , , ).' b|v8|o ( ). - . 1z| 81o|18
booo|rs, 0. A. `ler| |or erd|a||e|or grap|or, Fuseo|us ard ||e lorra||or ol ||e
C|r|s||ar 8|o|e (caror).' 0|ss., 0u|e, . 18o
. `'l|l|y cop|es ol ||e sacred Wr|||rgs' (Fuseo|us, v||a Cors|ar|||r| , ), er||re |o
8|o|es or 0ospe| ooo|s?' || la|r|s||c ( ). - . 1o 11818
bordeau, |.-J. `ure rouve||e preuve de |'|rl|uerce d'Fusoe de Cesaree sur
A||arase. l'|r|erpre|a||or des lsaures.' b3b | ( ). - . o1o88||
bordeau, |. J. ard J. K|rc|reyer, `Fusoe de Cesaree. 03plv ( ) - . 1oo1o8;o
3ar|, C. `T| e 0|d Tes|arer| lr|erpre|a||or ol Fuseo|us ol Caesarea.' 0|ss.,
lor|.
lrs|. 8|o||c| borae, . 1o|
. `lr|erpre|a||o ve|er|s Tes|arer|| |r Fuseo|o Caesar|ers|.' v0 ( ). - |1o;;
. o
. T| e 0|d Tes|arer| lr|erpre|a||or ol Fuseo|us ol Caesarea. T| e |ar|lo|d
3erse ol
lo|y 3cr|p|ure. |a||a. boya| ur|vers||y, . 1o;
. `Fuseo|us ol Caesarea's v|eWs or ||e Caror ol ||e lo|y 3cr|p|ures ard ||e
Tex|s |e used |r l|s wor|s.' |Fl| | - ( ). - . z1z1;zz
3c|u||ze, 8. `Jo|arres vor 0aras|us, Jo|arres C|rysos|orus, Fuseo|us vor
Casarea uoer 8e|err|r|s urd la|| des le|rus.' 0Cl ( ). - . |z1;o;;
3e||eW, l|. `Fuseo|us ard ||e 0ospe|.' lr Fuseo|us, C|r|s||ar||y ard Juda|sr,
ed||ed
oy l. w. A||r|dge ard 0. la|a, - . le|der. 8r|||, . 11o8 1z
3|rore|||, |. `Fseges| e |deo|og|a re| Correr|o a lsa|a d| Fuseo|o.' b3lb 1
( ). - . 18||
. `Fuseo|o e 0r|gere, per ura s|or|a de||'or|ger|sro.' Aug ( ). - . zo18oz|
3|r|sca|co, l. `la rarra||o ||s|or|cada luca ad Fuseo|o.' lr la rarra||va cr|s||ara
ar||ca. Cod|c| rarra||v|, s|ru||ure lorra||, s|er| re|or|c|. XXlll lrcor|ro d| s|ud|os|
de||'Ar||c|||8 cr|s||ara, bora, - ragg|o , - . 3|ud|a Fp|errer|d|s ; 1|z8
Augus||r|arur. vo|. . bore. lrs|||u|ur la|r|s||cur Augus||r|arur, . o 1
3|r|re|||, J. les vues ||s|or|ques d'Fusoe de C. durar| |a per|ode prer|ceerre.
0a|ar.
ur|vers||e de 0a|ar, . 1o1
. `ue|ques a||us|ors |e|c||sedec| dars |'oeuvre d'Fusoe de Cesaree.'
3|la|r o
( ). - . 1ozzz|;
3paude, 0. 0. `Ar Fxar|ra||or ol Fuseo|us' C|urc| l|s|oryas a 3ource lor r|
3|udy.' 0|ss., ur|vers||y ol 3ou||err Ca||lorr|a, . 1z
3uggs, |. J. `T| e Fuseo|ar |ex| ol ||.' NT ( ). - . 11oz|
. `Fuseo|us' Tex| ol Jo|r |r ||e 'wr|||rgs aga|rs| |arce||us.'' J8l ( ). ;1o
- 1;|z.
. `Fuseo|us ard ||e 0ospe| Tex|.' lT|b ( ). - . o1;o;1o
T| e Ac||everer| ol Fuseo|us ol Caesarea o8
Te|z, |. `C|r|s|ervo|| urd Aora|arsver|e|ssurg, zur '||rc|ergesc||c||||c|er'
lrograrr des Fuseo|us vor Caesarea.' lr Jerse||svors|e||urger A. 3|u|oer, - o
385
|o. |urs|er. Asc|erdorll, . 18z
T| |e|rar, l. 3. `Aro||er |oo| a| ||e esc|a|o|ogy ol Fuseo|us ol Caesarea.'
v|gC|r |1
( ). - . 18;zzo;
Tr|gos||o, l., `Fsca|o|og|a'. Aug ( ) - . 181;81;8z
Tuccar|, l. `Fuseo|o e 8as|||o su| 3a|ro .' A3F ( ). - . |18;1|o
TWorey, v., Apos|o|||os T|roros. |urs|er| w. . 18z
u|r|c|, F. `T| e 0|d Tes|arer| Tex| ol Fuseo|us. T| e ler||age ol 0r|ger.' lr
Fuseo|us, C|r|s||ar||y ard Juda|sr, ed||ed oy l. w. A||r|dge ard 0. la|a, - |
oz. le|der. 8r|||, . 1z
u|r|c|, J., Fuseo|us urd d|e Juder. 8er||r . 18
verg||s, J. w., Apos|o||c Age. C||cago . 181
ver|eyder, J. `3ore ooserva||ors or ||e 0ospe| |ex| ol Fuseo|us ol Caesarea
|||us|ra|ed lror ||s Correr|ary or lsa|a|.' lr l|||o||s|or, ed||ed oy
A. 3c|oors ard l. var 0eur, - . 0r.lov.Ar. . louva|r. lee|ers, . ;o oo 1|
wa||ace-ladr|||, 0. 3. `Ar Ara|ys|s ol 3ore uo|a||ors lror ||e l|rs| 0ospe| |r
Fuseo|us Caesar|ers|s, 0er. Fv.' JT| 3N3 ( ). 11o
. `Fuseo|us ard ||e 0ospe| Tex| ol Caesarea.' lT|b ( ). - . |1o1o1|
. Fuseo|us ol Caesar|a (W||| a rorograp| or ||s o|o||ca| sc|o|ars||p oo|| |r
re|a||or |o ||e caror ard exeges|s). lordor. |oWoray, . 1oo
. `Fuseo|us ol Caesarea's Correr|ary or lu|e. l|s 0r|g|r ard Far|y l|s|ory.'
lT|b ( ). - . o;1;|o
weoer, A. Arc|e. F|r 8e||rag zur C|r|s|o|og|e des Fuseo|us vor Caesarea(lrov
8. - ). |ur|c|. ver|ag Neue 3|ad|., . zz1 1o
. `0|e Taule |r Jordar a|s Arlarg rac| Fuseo|us vor Casarea.' T|l| |1
( ). 1oo
- zoz.
w|ea|y, A. `lro|ogues or ||e lsa|rs. 0r|ger, l|ppo|y|us, Fuseo|us.' boer 1oo
( ). - . 1oz||
wo|l, C. u. `Fuseo|us ol Caesarea ard ||e 0roras||cor.' 8A ( ). - . z;1o|ooo
Z|eg|er, J. Fuseo|us, Jesaja|orr. 0C3 Fuseo|us . . 1;
o8|N|re T| e lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury 0ree| C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
lll
TlF AblAN Cbl3l3
|. Ar|us (d. 33o) ard Ar|ar|sr
ll ||e sc|o|ar|y ac||everer|s ol Fuseo|us ol Caesarea cor||rued |o |rl|uerce ||e
d|llerer| c|urc| corrur|||es ol ||s cer|ury, ||e rajor||y ol ||ese
c|urc|es Were |o oe s|a|er oy ||e doc|r|ra| c|a||erges ard po||||ca|
corsequerces ol ||e Ar|ar cr|s|s. A d|s||rc||or reeds |o oe rade oe|Weer Ar|us
||rse|l (d|ed |r ) ard ||e gerera| cr|s|s rared al|er ||r. T| e A|exardr|ar o
pr|es|, excorrur|ca|ed oy 8|s|op A|exarder ard ||s |oca| syrod arourd
18, Was a s|arp |r|e||ec|ua| W|o proro|ed a C|r|s|o|og|ca| exeges|s ol ||s
oWr, provo||rg ||ereoy a grave scarda| |r ||s oWr c|urc| corrur||y. 0r
||e o||er |ard, ||e Ar|ar cr|s|s Was a po||||ca| corl||c| oe|Weer ||e re|ropo|||ar
see ol A|exardr|a ard eas|err |ed||errarear c|urc|es l|g|||rg lor
pr|v||eged s|a|us urder |rper|a| pa|rorage, lor W|or ||e Ar|ar d|spu|e Was
a pre|ex| lor |rpos|rg cor|rad|c|ory lorrs ol `or||odoxy.' T| e cr|s|s, W||c|
|as|ed |r ||e Fas| ur||| T| eodos|us ( ) ard |r ||e wes| ur||| deep |r|o ||e 8o
|| cer|ury, Was urproduc||ve as a W|o|e |r ra||ers ol o|o||ca| |errereu||cs
or exeges|s, W|ereas ||e geru|re |r|||a||ves ol Ar|us ||rse|l res|ed or ||e
pecu||ar |og|c ol ||s oWr recogr|||or ol scr|p|ure.
Ar|us argued W||| scr|p|ura| p|rases ard a||us|ors (8o|r, oe|oW) or ||e
oas|s ol ||s esser||a| presuppos|||or. `T| |s pr|rc|p|e proc|a|red || recessary
||a| ||e 0od|ead s|ou|d oe ro| or|y ur|rea|ed ou| uroea|er. T| e |og|ca|
sequerce |s ||a| ||e 3or ol 0od, ||e logos, carro| oe |ru|y 0od' (uas|er
lll, ). |os| ol ||e o|o||ca| relererces |r Ar|us's Wr|||rgs Were lar|||ar |o 8
A|exardr|ar ||eo|og|ars s|rce 0r|ger. 0re ro|es, |r par||cu|ar, ||e pr|v||eged
p|ace ol lrv . - , ro| or|y |r ||e |rad|||or ol A|exardr|a, ou| lror ||e 8zzz
secord cer|ury or, |r ||e Wor|s ol A||eragoras, Ter|u|||ar, lreraeus, C|erer|
ol A|exardr|a, ard o||ers (3|rore|||, 3|ud| - ). Aga|rs| |||s oac|grourd, 88
Ar|us's s|rgu|ar c|o|ce |s s|r|||rg. `Ar|us cors|dered ||e veros ol vv. - zzz
as |av|rg ||e sare rear|rg, |e accep|ed creareol v. ard s|ao|||re('|o zz
es|ao||s|') |r ||e|r proper serse, ard |e |oo| gererareol v. as syroryrous z
W||| ||e |Wo lorrer veros, ||ereoy s|a||rg ||a| |r C|r|s| sors||p Was ro|
rea|, ou| or|y ar add|||or. l|s |r|erpre|a||or re||ed or |rad|||ora| op|r|ors
(corcerr|rg ||e ||r| oe|Weer vv. - ), ou| |e corp|e|e|y a||ered ||e|r zzz
sp|r|| oy ||s erp|as|s or creare, |o ||e de|r|rer| ol gererare.' (3|rore|||,
3|ud|, - ). `T| |s doc|r|re |s a |yp|ca| produc| ol ||eo|og|ca| ra||ora||sr,' 88o
accord|rg |o ore ol uas|er's o|ur| s|a|erer|s (lll, ). 8
0r|y a leW poor lragrer|s ol exege||c s|a|erer|s surv|ve |r ||e |||erary
T|e Ar|ar Cr|s|s o8
rera|rs ol Ar|us's ear||es| suppor|ers, ||e oes| |roWr arorg ||er, |r |||s
386
regard oe|rg As|er|us ||e 3op||s|, quo|ed gererous|y oy A||aras|us
(Karrerg|esser, A||. d'A|. - , - , |. v|rzer|, ). A se| ol lor|||es 118ozozo8 1
or
||e lsa|rs, a||r|ou|ed oy |. b|c|ard ard o||ers |o As|er|us |r ||e 's ard 1|o
' os, caused a rea| sersa||or (uas|er lll, - ), ou| ||e|r a||r|ou||or 1o1;
d|d ro| |o|d, arorg o||er reasors, lor |ac| ol a proper|y Ar|ar cor|er| (see
c|ap|. , Xl, xv|).
lr ||e |as| p|ase ol ||e Ar|ar cr|s|s |r ||e 0ree|-spea||rg Fas|, Ae||us
ard Furor|us W||ressed |o a rore po|r|ed |r|eres| ol spec|l|c o|o||ca| |ex|s
(3|rore|||, la cr|s|, - , 8. 3esooue, 0|eu, W||| |ex|s |r lrerc| |rars|a||or). |;|8o
lr |||s case, jus| as |r ear||er Ar|ar recourse |o scr|p|ure, or|y ||e
o|o||ca| verses corcerred ard a leW Words ol correr|ary are corveyed
|r ar||-Ar|ar relu|a||ors. No| ever A||aras|us |r ||s vo|ur|rous Cor|ra
Ar|aroslourd || |rpor|ar| |o |rlorr ||s readers||p aoou| Ar|ar |errereu||cs. very
poss|o|y re|||er Ar|us ror ||s lo||oWers ever e|aoora|ed a sys|era||c
||eory ol ||e|r o|o||ca| exeges|s.
lr ||e wes|err al|erra|| ol ||e cr|s|s, due |r par| |o ||e 0o|||c r|gra||or lror ||e
eas|err reg|or ol ||e 0aruoe |o ror||err l|a|y ard ||e 0au|s,
8|s|op |ax|r|rus, W|o Was ro| a 0o||, ou| a s|rorg delerder ol ||e Ar|ar
|eac||rg ol u|l||a, ||rse|l rade a o|s|op oy Fuseo|us ol N|cored|a |r , |1
corposed |Wer|y-lour Fxpos|||ores de cap||u||s Fvarge||orur, lragrer|ary
ro|es ard s|or| |or|||es expourd|rg 0ospe| passages, W||| a leW a||egor|ca|
correr|s ol a |rad|||ora| s|y|e, ros||y W||| rora| app||ca||ors draWr
lror ||e |||era| serse (|. 3|rore|||, |r 0| 8erard|rouas|er, lv, ). A 1oo
rerar|ao|e 0pus |rperlec|ur |r |a|||aeur(s|ops a| ||. ), ||e |orges| z
Wor| |r la||r |roWr or ||e l|rs| 0ospe| lror Ar||qu||y, oe|orgs |o ||e sare
r|grar| r|ror||y-c|urc| as |ax|r|rus. l|s au||or rera|rs ur|roWr desp||e
recer| ellor|s a| |der||l|ca||or. l|s or|g|ra| redac||or Was poss|o|y |r 0ree|,
ou| ||e |ex| Was suosequer||y reWor|ed |r la||r W||| rary oorroW|rgs lror
Jerore. A||egor|sr preva||s |r ||, s|rorg|y rer|r|scer| ol 0r|ger. `3yroo||c
|r|erpre|a||or ol ruroers, ar|ra|s ard p|ar|s, ||e |rpor|arce correc|ed
lor ||e purpose ol a||egory |o ||e rea| or presured e|yro|ogy ol leoreW
rares, ||e cor|ras| oe|Weer |e||er ard a||egory corpared |o ||a| oe|Weer
l|es| ard sp|r||, |||s s|reWd re||od ol |r|erpre|a||or |s p|aced a| ||e serv|ce
ol ar urders|ard|rg r|c| |r sugges||ve ||eres ard ro||ls W||c| sore||res
opers |r|o a doc|r|ra| e|erer| ou| rore ol|er prelers ||eres ol a s|rorg|y
ex|s|er||a| co|or|rg. rar seer |r ||e s|rugg|e oe|Weer good ard ev||, oe|Weer
||e dev||, W|o |as ers|aved ||s l|es|, ard 0od, W|o W||| l|s grace a|ds ||e
sou|, W||c| |s lree |r ||s dec|s|or, ou| urs|ao|e ard urao|e |o rea||ze ||s sa|va||or
W|||ou| d|v|re |e|p' (|. 3|rore|||, |r A. d| 8erard|roJ. uas|er lv
o8oN|re T| e lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury 0ree| C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
1oz). Ar||-le|ag|ar over|ores ray oe s|ressed (3c||a||er). T| e cr|||ca| ed|||or
ol |||s |r|r|gu|rg ard rov|rg p|ece ol |||era|ure s|ou|d prov|de rore c|ues
lor ||s corp|e|e |der||l|ca||or. (3ee c|ap|er , XXv). 11
T|e Aroryrous |r Joo, as lar as Jo . , |r la||r, `ra|es spar|rg use ol ;
a||egory, ard ||e oas|c ore |s ||a| W||c| sees Joo as a syroo| ol C|r|s| |r
||s suller|rg ard pass|or' (|. 3|rore|||, |r 0e 8erard|ro, uas|er lv, ), 1o
||s |||era| |r|erpre|a||or, de||vered W||| d|dac||c grav||y, |eads |o rora| correr|s
or la|||, rarr|age, e|c.
T|e Trac|a|us |r lucae Fvarge||ur, lragrer|s or sore lor|y verses
lror c|ap|ers , , , ard ol lu|e, oe|rays a s|r||ar |errereu||c as ||e 1| o
Aroryrous |r Joo, ou| cores c|oser |o ||e 0pus |rperlec|ur|r sore ol ||s
|||erary lea|ures.
Fd|||ors
Ar|us. A||aras|us, l0 , C- 8. l. 0. 0p||z, A||aras|us wer|ell, , zozo z| 1
- z1;8, lll, , ur|urder zur 0esc||c||e des ar|ar|sc|er 3|re||es. 8er||r 1
- 1|.
As|er|us. |. v|rzer|, As|er|us vor Kappado||er. 0|e ||eo|og|sc|e lragrer|e
(vC, 3upp| ). le|der . zo 1
Trars|a||ors - Ar|us
Frg||s|
NlNl ( , ) l., l. 1o1811|o8 |;
lrerc|
Karrerg|esser, C., A||arase d'A|exardr|e eveque e| ecr|va|r. lar|s . 18
3esooue, 8., 0|eu peu|-|| avo|r ur l||s?le deoa| |r|r||a|re du lv
e
s|c|e. lar|s
1, - . 1|
0errar
3e|der, A, 8Kv, rd ed. ( ). z 11zo
Trars|a||ors - As|er|us
lrerc|
Karrerg|esser, aoove, - , - . 1;8ozoz8
0errar
387
v|rzer|, aoove.
T|e Ar|ar Cr|s|s o8;
||. T|e Fxeges|s ol Ar|us.
8|o||ca| A||||ude ard 3ys|era||c lorra||or
a spec|a| cor|r|ou||or
oy T| oras 8o|r
1. 3ore berar|s or ||e l|s|or|ca| Cor|ex|
8elore dea||rg W||| ||e exeges|s ol Ar|ar |ex|s as suc|,
1
sore ||s|or|ca|
aspec|s |ave |o oe c|ar|l|ed,
z
suppos|||ors corcerr|rg ||e cor|ex| ol ||e
Ar|ar cr|s|s |rl|uerce ard sore||res ever dor|ra|e ||e |r|erpre|a||or |r
cer|a|r Ways. T| a| Ar|us |s supposed |o |ave oeer a d|sc|p|e ol luc|ar ol
Ar||oc| |s ar |rpor|ar| |ssue lor sore sc|o|ars W|er ||ey |oca|e ||e Ar|ar
||eo|ogy.
T| |s re|a||ors||p |s deduced lror Ar|us' oWr Words |r a |e||er |o
Fuseo|us ol N|cored|a. \\osidvi \p9 Fpi.
|
3ore sc|o|ars
No|e. T| |s essay Was corp|e|ed |r . l||era|ure W||c| appeared |a|er cou|d 1
ro
|orger oe |a|er |r|o accour|.
1. Cr|||ca| surrar|es or recer| researc|. A. |. b|||er. Ar|us red|v|vus? F|r
Ja|rzWo|l|Ar|ar|sruslorsc|urg |r. T|b ( ) - , T. 8o|r. F|r|ge 1o18;
Aspe||e
zur jurgerer Ar|us-lorsc|urg |r. |T|Z ( ) - . ||11o18
z. T| e lo||oW|rg po|r|s carro| oe dea|| W||| |r |||s paper. or|g|r lror l|oya
(cl. b. w||||ars. Ar|us. leresy ard Trad|||or, lordor , l.), ||e |e||||ar 18;z
sc||sr (cl. b. w||||ars. Ar|us ard ||e |e||||ar 3c||sr. lr. JT| 3 [ | - , ;18oz
T. v|v|ar. 3|. le|er ol A|exardr|a. 8|s|op ard |ar|yr, l|||ade|p||a , esp. l., 188 z
A. |ar||r. `les re|a||ors er|re Ar|us e| |e||||os dars |a |rad|||or A|exardr|re.
ure ||s|o|re po|er|que'. lr. JT| 3 [ | - , T. 8o|r. 0|e C|r|s|o|og|e |o18|o11
des
Ar|us. 0ogrergesc||c||||c|e uoer|egurger ur|er oesorderer 8eruc|s|c|||gurg
der
le||er|s|erurgslrage, 3|. 0|||||er , - , b. w||||ars. Ar|us, Ar|ar|srus. 11;
|r. lT| K

1[ | - , see , cr|||ca| |r |||s respec| b. lorerz. `0as 1818 8|

v|er|e Ja|r|urder| [0s|er|'. lr. 0|e K|rc|e |r ||rer 0esc||c||e. F|r lardouc|, ed.
8. |oe||er, vo|. , C , 0o|||rger , see C ), ||e cor|rovers|es correc|ed 1 z 1z 11
W|||
l|erax ard Co||o||us (cl. T. 8o|r, op. c||., - [|rc|ud|rg o|o||ograp|y|), ard |o|z
||e c|roro|ogy (cl. b. w||||ars, op. c||., - , u. loose. `Zur C|roro|og|e des |881
ar|ar|sc|er 3|re||es'. lr. ZK0 [ | - , T. 8o|r, op. c||., - , J. 1o11o88z |z
u|r|c|.
0|e Arlarge der aoerd|ard|sc|er bezep||or des N|zarurs, 8er||r - NeW or|
, 1|
11).

0r |||s proo|er cl., e.g., C. Karrerg|esser. `lo|y 3cr|p|ure ard le||er|s||c

lerrereu||cs |r A|exardr|ar C|r|s|o|ogy. T| e Ar|ar Cr|s|s'. lr. Co||oquy ol ||e |1
Cer|er lor lerrereu||ca| 3|ud|es, 8er|e|ey , - , see - . 18z1|o 1
|
ur|. ( , l. 0p||z). 1;
o88N|re T| e lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury 0ree| C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
corc|ude ||erelore, ||a| Ar|us ard Fuseo|us Were d|sc|p|es ol luc|ar

ard
oased or |||s supposed deperderce upor luc|ar a correc||or |o ||e soca||ed
|||era| |r|erpre|a||or ol 3cr|p|ure |s rade.
oT| e rea|||y ol suc| a ||r|
|s, a| oes|, |eruous. No| or|y does l|||os|org|us ro| rer||or Ar|us arorg
||e d|sc|p|es ol luc|ar,
;
|e ra||er erp|as|zes ||a| ||ere Were sore esser||a|
d|llererces oe|Weer Ar|us ard ||e luc|ar|s|s.
8T| erelore, || |s rore prooao|e
||a| Ar|us, W|er rer||or|rg ||e ||||e `le||oW-luc|ar|s|,' ||oug|| or|y ol a
cap|a||o oerevo|er||ae. Aro||er poss|o||||y ol |r|erpre||rg ||e p|rase
`le||oWluc|ar|s|' |s ||a| Ar|us, Fuseo|us ol N|cored|a, ard luc|ar |ad s|ud|ed a|
||e sare p|ace.
388

l| |s recessary |o exp|ore ||ese d|llerer| approac|es oecause

|ard|y ary|||rg car oe |rlerred lror ||e pr|rary sources aoou| luc|ar
W||c| g|ves us rore |rlorra||or aoou| ||r ||ar does ||e |ag|ograp||ca|
|rad|||or.
1o
l| |s ||us re|||er oov|ous ||a| Ar|us Was a d|sc|p|e ol luc|ar ror
car ary corc|us|or oe draWr |r |errs ol Ar|us' oWr exege||ca| |erderc|es.
l| ||erelore seers oes| |o oeg|r ||e s|udy W||| o||er de|a||s corcerr|rg ||e
preac||rg ol Ar|us.
Fp|p|ar|us |e||s us |r correc||or W||| ||e preac||rg ol Ar|us ||a| |e
Was c|arged |o exp|a|r ||e 3cr|p|ures |r ||e c|urc| ol 8auca||s,11
accord|rg
|o Fp|p|ar|us, Ar|us Was a popu|ar preac|er.
1z
0re |as |o |eep |r r|rd
. Cl. e.g. |. 3|rore|||. la cr|s| ar|ara re| lv seco|o, bora , , A. |. 1;z;
b|||er. Ar|ar|srus. lr. TbF ( ) - , see . , 8. 3|uder. 0o|| urd 1;8oz;1 o8;oo
ursere Fr|osurg |r 0|auoer der A||er K|rc|e, 0usse|dorl , , . 1811;1o
o. Cl. T. F. lo||ard. `T| e 0r|g|rs ol Ar|ar|sr'. lr. JT| 3 ( ) - , see 181o111
1o, |. 3|rore|||, [r. |, l., |. 3|rore|||. le||era e|o A||egor|a. ur 1;
cor|r|ou|o a||a s|or|a de||'eseges| pa|r| s||ca, bore , . 18o;
;. Cl. l|||os|org|us, |.e. ll ( , - 8|dez), ll ( , - 8|dez), or |||s po|r| 1|;8 1|z1o1|
cl. 0. 3. wa||ace-ladr|||. C|r|s||ar Ar||oc|. A 3|udy ol Far|y C|r|s||ar T|oug|| |r
||e Fas|, Caror|dge , . 18z8
8. Cl. l|||os|org|us, |.e. ll ( , - 8|dez), ll ( , - 8|dez). 1|;8 1|z1o1|
. Cl. b. w||||ars, [r. |, , b. l. C. larsor. T| e 3earc| lor ||e C|r|s||ar 18; z1
0oc|r|re ol 0od. T|e Ar|ar Cor|roversy - , Fd|rourg| , , T. 8o|r, 1881 188
11
[r. |, . z
1o. Cl. l. C|r. 8rerrec|e. `luc|ar vor Ar||oc||er'. lr. TbF ( ) - , z111|;|;
see - , l. C|r. 8rerrec|e. `lu||ar vor Ar||oc||er |r der 0esc||c||e des |;;8
Ar|ar|sc|er 3|re||es'. lr. l. C|r. 8rerrec|e | F. l. 0rasruc| | C|r. |ar|sc||es
(Fds.). logos. l3 l. lu|se AoraroWs|| zur . Ju|| , 8er||r - NeW or| , 8 1 1
- 1;oz, lor a d|llerer| |r|erpre|a||or ol ||e ro|e ol luc|ar cl. b. lorerz, 1z
[r. |, C . z 1z;
11. Cl. Fp|p|ar|us, lar.|aer. , , ( , lo|||0urrer). oz|1zo
1z. Cl. Fp|p|ar|us, lar.|aer. , ( , - lo|||0urrer), ||e lac| ||a| ||e o11|1z1o
|r|erpre|a||or ol 3cr|p|ures Was ar esser||a| po|r| ol d|ll ererce, |s rer||ored,
|oo,
oy Fuseo|us ol Caesarea, |r a |e||er oy Cors|ar||re (cl. ur|. [ - 0p||z|), 1;z
|||s
T|e Ar|ar Cr|s|s o8
||a| 8auca||s Was a ra||er sra|| c|urc|, per|aps ever 'ex|ra ruros' (d)
ard d|s||rc| lror ||e cu||ura||y ||g|-rar||rg, agr|cu||ura| reg|ors ol ||e
|areo||s |r ||e 3ou||Wes|.1
Fspec|a||y ||e |rad|||or ol syrpresoy|ers W||c|
a| ||e ||re |r ques||or s|||| ex|s|ed |r A|exardr|a
1|
as We|| as ||e d|v|s|or ol
A|exardr|a |r|o d|llerer| |oca| sec||ors
1
|ead |o re|a||ve|y d|spara|e lorrs
ol corrur|||es, ex|s||rg as |oca| corgrega||ors W||| ||e|r oWr presoy|ers.
1o
T| e reg|or arourd ||e doc|s, W|ere 8auca||s Was, Was c|arac|er|zed oy
||s proless|ors(searer, rerc|ar|s, e|c.) ard ||ese per|aps |rl|uerced ||e
ecc|es|as||ca| Way ol ||le as We||, esp. oy |ead|rg |o ||e crea||or ol a grea|
ruroer ol asce||c groups.
1;
very |||e|y, ||e preac||rg ol Ar|us re| W|||
sore syrpa||y|r suc| groups.
18
Accord|rg |o Fp|p|ar|us1
ard a very |a|e
source (Agap|us ol |ero|dj)
zo
||e cor|roversy oegar W||| ar exp|ara||or ol
lrov , . T| e |r|erpre|a||or ol 3cr|p|ures Was |r |||s respec| cer|a|r|y ar 8zz
|rpor|ar| lac|or ard ||s d|ll erer| aspec|s reed lur||er researc|.
z1
relererce |s |rpor|ar| ever |l sore ol ||e express|ors ard passages W||c|
Fuseo|us
|s c|a|r|rg as ||e |ps|ss|ra voxol Cors|ar||re are ro| ||s|or|ca||y |rue |r every
389
respec| (cl. T. 0. F|||o||. `Cors|ar||re's lrepara||ors lor ||e Courc|| ol N|caea'. lr.
Jbl [ | - , see esp. , lor Cors|ar||re cl. as We|| . Norderva|. `T| 1;1z1z;; 1z; 1
e
Frperor Cors|ar||re ard Ar|us. ur||y |r ||e C|urc| ard ur||y |r ||e Frp|re'. lr.
3|T| [ | - ). |z18811o
1. Cl. C. laas. `T| e Ar|ars ol A|exardr|a'. lr. v|gC|r ( ) - , see |;1z||
. z
1|. Cl. Fuseo|us, |.e. vll , ( , 3c|War|z), vlll ( , l. 3c|War|z) 11o|1z zoo;|1|
lor
0|orys|us ol A|exardr|a, |o |||s po|r| b. w||||ars, [r. |, . 18; z|z
1. Cl. Fp|p|ar|us, lar.|aer. , ( , - lo|||0urrer), , ( , - o8|1||o oz11|zo
lo|||
0urrer), 3o|ra|es, |.e. v ( - larser), cl. A. |. b|||er, [r. |, zzz;o 1;8
, o8
b. w||||ars, [r. |, - , C. laas, [r. |, . 18; z|z| 1 1zo
1o. Cl. T. 8o|r, [r. |, l. 11 z|o
1;. 0ressed as a ror| ard rurs W|o surrourded ||r (cl. Fp|p|ar|us, ;oo
lar.|aer. , [ , - lo|||0urrer|), cl. C. laas, [r. |, l., ||e o1|11 1 1z;
T| a||a Wou|d suppor| |||s argurer|. cl. T. 8o|r. `0|e T| a||a des Ar|us. F|r
8e||rag
zur lru|c|r|s|||c|er lyrro|og|e'. lr. v|gC|r [ | - ), a| ||e sare ||re || |o1z|
s|ou|d oe rer||ored ||a| We are ro| dea||rg W||| a ur|lorr group ol asce||cs
|ere
(cl. b. w||||ars, [r. |, , T. 8o|r, [r. |, |o ||e ro|e ol Ac||||as). 18; z| 11 z|1
18. Cl. oes|de ||e relererce |o Fp|p|ar|us rer||ored aoove T| eodore|, |.e. l
, 1
( , l larrer||er), 3ozorerus, |.e. l , ( , - 8|dez|larser). o1| 1z
1. Cl. Fp|p|ar|us, lar.|aer. , , ( , - lo|||0urrer). o1z11oz|11
zo. Cl. l0 , l., cl. b. lorerz. Ar|us juda|zars? ur|ersuc|urger zur ;||
dogrergesc||c||||c|er F|r ordrurg des Ar|us, 0o|||rger , l. 1;o;
z1. b. C. 0regg correc||y erp|as|zes ||a| b. w||||ars (cl. b. w||||ars, 18;
[r. |, , , , ) doesr'| pay eroug| a||er||or |o |||s proo|er a|||oug| z1o;11zz1zo
|e
so|err|y dec|ares ||a| Ar|us Was a o|o||ca| ||eo|og|ar W||| a sc|o|as||c (|earred)
exeges|s (cl. b. C. 0regg. rev|eW b. w||||ars. Ar|us. lr. JT| 3 [ | - , |o18z|;|
see
z|, ). z1
ooN|re T| e lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury 0ree| C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
z. T| e Fxege||ca| lssue. lo|y 3cr|p|ures ard ||e Argurer|a||or
ol Ar|us
lr order |o l|rd ||e ros| |rpor|ar| relererces |o 3cr|p|ures used oy Ar|us,
l propose |o ara|yse Ar|us' |e||er |o Fuseo|us ol N|cored|a (ur|. ) ard ||e 1
corless|or ol la||| rade oy Ar|us ard ||s lo||oWers ard ser| |o A|exarder ol
A|exardr|a (ur|. ), |oWever, l |r|erd |o d|sregard o||er sources, espec|a||y o
||e T|a||a, oecause ||e ques||or W|e||er ||e T| a||a |as oeer reWor|ed or
ro| |s s|||| cor|rovers|a|.
zz
becer| researc| relered |o sore ol ||e scr|p|ura|
|ex|s,
z
ou| a gerera| prool |s s|||| |ac||rg.
zz. 0re car, ro douo|, reler |o ||e po|r| ||a| ||ere ex|s|s, a|| |r a||, a corror
s|y|e
(cl. b. w||||ars. T| e ues| ol ||e l|s|or|ca| T| a||a. lr. b. C. 0regg, ed..
Ar|ar|sr.
l|s|or|ca| ard T|eo|og|ca| beassessrer|s, l|||ade|p||a , - ), ||a| ||e 181
re|re |s
ur|lorr (cl. |. l. wes|. T| e |e|re ol Ar|us' T| a||a. lr. JT| 3 [ | - , 18z81o
|||s
|s a c|ear progress |r corpar|sor |o ||e lo||oW|rg papers. l. |aas. `0|e |e|r|| der
T| a|e|a des Are|os'. lr. 8yZ [ | - , w. J. w. Kos|er. `0e Ar|| e| 181o111
Furor||
3o|ade|s'. lr. |r [ | - , 0. C. 3|ead. `T| e T| a||a ol Ar|us ard ||e 1o1o1|1
Tes||rory ol A||aras|us'. lr. JT| 3 [ | - , see - ), lur||errore, z1;8zoz |o1
K. |e|z|er Was ao|e |o s|oW sore rera|rders ol ar acros||c (cl. K. |e|z|er. F|r
8e||rag zur be|ors|ru|||or der `T| a||a' des Ar|us. |r. K. |e|z|er|l. 3|ror. Ar|ara
e| A||aras|ara. 3|ud|er zur uoer||elerurg urd zu p|||o|og|sc|er lroo|erer der
wer|e
des A||aras|us vor A|exardr|er, 0p|ader , - ). 8u| ||ese ||ree 1111|
d|rers|ors
a|| |oge||er are ro| sull| c|er| |o exc|ude ary |r|erlererce ol a redac|or. |||s car
oe
s|oWr e.g. |r respec| |o ||e corcep| ol ||re (cl. T. 8o|r, [r. | l., 1z 1;o
390
T. 8o|r, [r. |, ). T| |s does ro| |ead recessar||y |o ||e cor c|us|or ||a| 1 111;
We
|ave |o |rag|re a Neo-Ar|ar redac|or or corp||er (cl. C. Karrer g|esser, 18z
[r. |, , C. Karrerg|esser. `T| e 8|asp|er|es ol Ar|us. A||aras|us ol 1o
A|exardr|a
0e syrod|s '. lr. b. C. 0regg [Fd.|. Ar|ar|sr. l|s|or|ca| ard T|eo|og|ca| 1
beassessrer|s, l|||ade|p||a , - , see - , or |||s proo|er see 3. 0. 18;8 ;z;|
la||. `T|e T| a||a ol Ar|us |r A||aras|us' Accour|s'. lr. b. C. 0regg, ed..
Ar|ar|sr.
l|s|or|ca| ard T|eo|og|ca| beassessrer|s, l|||ade|p||a , - , 18;8
T. 8o|r, [r. |, l.). 1 111;
z. Cl. b. lorerz, [r. |, , - , , - , b. C. 0regg | 0. F. 0ro|. 1; zoozo;;z;o1o|o
Far|y Ar|ar|sr. A v|eW ol 3a|va||or, l|||ade|p||a , - , l., l., , 181o8 1o|
b. w||||ars, [r. |, - , 0. le|ge. 0|e le|re |ar|e||s vor Ar|yra |r 18; z1o;1|
der 0ars|e||urg se|rer 0egrer, le|pz|g , . 111z;
T| e ara|ys|s ol sore o|o||ca| verses oy b. C. 0regg | 0. F. 0ro| ard b. w||||ars
Was rade oecause ol ||e relererces ol A|exarder ard A||aras|us |o ||e
Ar|ar exeges|s, |||s re||od does g|ve us sore rore o|o||ca| ra|er|a| (as does
||e
T| a||a) ||ar ||e ur|urdera|ore, ou| ore |as |o |eep |r r|rd ||a| || |as a
po|er|ca| edge |r respec| |o A|exarder ard A||aras|us.
T|e Ar|ar Cr|s|s o1
le||er |o Fuseo|us ol N|cored|a (ur|. ) 1
A| ||e oeg|rr|rg ol ||s exp|ara||ors, Ar|us del|res ||e 3or l|rs| ol a|| ex
rega||vo. ||e 3or |s ro| urgerera|e, ro| a par| ol ||e urgerera|e ard ro|
der|ved lror ar urder|y|rg pr|rc|p|e.
z|T| |s rega||ve s|a|erer| aoou| ||e
3or |as sore rero|e correc||ors |r ||e l|rs| par| W||| bor , (rade accord|rg 1
|o ||e l|es|) ard || opera|es |||e a ||ere W||c| Ar|us |r|erded |o
dea| W|||, |rsolar as |e re|urrs |o || aga|r a| ||e erd ol ||s exp|ara||ors
z
(c|rcu|ar-corpos|||or). Ar|us |r|es |o s|oW ||a| ||e 3or carro| oe urgerera|e oy
us|rg a ser|es ol scr|p|ura| relererces.
zo
oorr ou| ol ||e W||| (ls , |r correc||or W||| Jo|r , ), 1111 11|
oelore a|| ages ard aeors (Co| , [p|ura||, leor , [oy W|or 0od 11; 1z
rade ||e aeors|, lrov , [s|rgu|ar |r |xx|), 8z
lu|| ol <grace ard |ru||> (Jo|r , ), 11|
z;
<a> 0od (Jo|r , ), 11
or|y oego||er (Jo|r , ), 11|
z8
urc|argeao|e||rru|ao|e.
z
8elore |e Was produced (lrov , ), 8z
rade (lrov , ), 8zz
de|err|red (bor , a), 1|
es|ao||s|ed (lrov , ), 8z
<||erelore> |e Was ro| ard rus| |ave ar |r |||s serse, corsequer||y
ar or|g|r, ||e 0od (Jo|r , ), W|o gave every|||rg ||s or|g|r ard W|o 11
||rse|l |as ||erelore |o oe W|||ou| ar or|g|r (vdo).
o
z|. Cl. ur|. ( , - , 0p||z). 1z1o1
z. Cl. ur|. ( , l. 0p||z). 1
zo. Cl. ur|. ( , - 0p||z). 11|
z;. Corp|erer|ed oy K. lo|| (see ||e appara|us cr|||cus ol 0p||z ad |oc.).
z8. Cl. sore s|r||ar|||es ol |||s |err|ro|ogy |r bor , ard Co| , . 8z 1118
(l|rs|oorr), W||c| |sro||ceao|yro|c||ed oy Ar|us, |||s |as |o do W||| ||s
urders|ard|rg ol vo (cl. oe|oW).
z. T| |s |err |s espec|a||y d|ll| cu|| |o exp||ca|e oecause || carro| oe lourd |r ||e
8|o|e |r |||s lorr ard oecause A|exarder ard A||aras|us po|er|ze ve|erer||y
aga|rs| Ar|us |rsolar as |e s|ou|d |ave |aug|| ||e 3or as ru|ao|e (e.g.
A||aras|us,
0r.c.Ar. , [l0 , A-C|), or |||s |op|c cl. b. C. 0regg|0. F. 0ro|, 1zz zo; 181
[r. |, e.g. - ), ore ray |r|erpre|e ||e |rru|ao||||y |r ||e cor|ex| ol Ar|us z 11
|r d|ll erer| Ways (e.g. rora| |rru|ao||||y), ou| Ar|us cou|djus| as |rp||c|||y
A||aras|us (cl. 0r.c.Ar. , [l0 , - |, cl. b. C. 0regg|0. F. 0ro|, zo zo1;oo 181
[r. |, )re|y or leo , (Jesus C|r|s| ||e sare yes|erday, ard |oday, ard z1 18
lor ever), a| ||e sare ||re, |e ray |ave urders|ood |||s verse d|llerer||y lror
A||aras|us W|er |e relers |o ||e gerera|edress ol ||e 3or.
o. T| |s der|ves lror 0er , . 3ee ry |r|erpre|a||or oe|oW. 11
ozN|re T| e lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury 0ree| C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
lr ||s |e||er |o Fuseo|us ol N|cored|a Ar|us, ||us, uses a s|r|c||y o|o||ca|
ser|es lor ||s argurer|a||or |r order |o s|oW ||a| ||e 3or |as ro par| |r
391
||e sp|ere ol ||e uroego||er.
Corless|or ol la||| (ur|. ) o
A s|r||ar ev|derce as |r ur|. oecores apparer| |r ||e corless|or ol la||| 1
oy Ar|us ard ||s lo||oWers, W||c| ||ey ser| |o A|exarder ol A|exardr|a (ur|.
o). TWo ||res ol argurer|s car oe d|llerer||a|ed. ||e l|rs| cer|ers arourd
0od, ||e secord arourd ||e 3or.
T| ere are sore s|a|erer|s aoou| ||e ore 0od (7 9, cl. e.g. |ar|
1o, ) W||c| are |rue lor ||r a|ore ( 18 vov).
1
a|ore urgerera|e,
z
a|ore e|erra| ard a|ore W|||ou| oeg|rr|rg,

a|ore |rue (Jo|r , , cl. Fx , ), 1; o

a|ore |e W|o |as |rror|a|||y ( T|r , ), 1 o1o
a|ore W|se (bor , ), 1oz;
a|ore good (|| , ), 1o18
a|ore lo|er|a|e ( T|r , ), 1 o1
judge ol a|| (e.g. bor , ), adr|r|s|ra|or as ioisp z1o (w|sd , ) 11
ard o'sovo,
|
urc|argeao|e||rru|ao|e (|a| , ), o
jus| (Jo|r , ) ard good (|ar| , ). 1;1 1o18

lr cor|ras|, ||e 3or |s gerera|ed as or|y-oego||er (Jo|r , ) 11|

oelore e|erra| ages (Co| , , leor , , lrov , ), 11; 1z 8z
1. lor ||e correc||or ol 7 ard vo cl. F. le|ersor. F7 0.
Fp|grap||sc|e,
lorrgesc||c||||c|e urd re||g|orsgesc||c||||c|e ur|ersuc|urger, 0o|||rger , 1zo
0. 0e|||rg. `vo 9' |r. T|lZ ( ) - . ;;1z|o;o
z. T| |s corc|us|or car |rp||c|||y oe draWr lror Jo|r , l. ||e 3or |s ||e 11
0r|yoego||er ou| ol ||e W||| ol ||e la||er, ||us, |e |s ro| urgerera|e so ||a| ||e
a||r|ou|e 'urgerera|e' oe|orgs or|y |o ||e ore 0od.
. T| |s pos|||or, |oo, |s deduced ex rega||vo, |.e. ||a| ||e 3or ex|s|s oelore ||e
ages
ard aeors, ou| ro| as ol a|| |||rgs (cl. 0er , ), cl. bor , as We|| 11 1z
(urcorrup||o|e) ard T|r , , , . 1 11;o1o
|. T| |s cou|d |rp||c|||y lo||oW lror ls , . soreore |s ||roWr ou| ol ||s zz1
adr|r|s|ry oy 0od so ||a| 0od |s ||e proper adr|r|s|ra|or. ler|aps ore |as |o
see ||e
c|ose correc||or W||| ioisp.
. lor ||e goodress ol 0od as ore ol ||e ros| |rpor|ar| a||r|ou|es ol 0od |r
||e
o| cl. as ar |r|roduc||or e.g. l. 3|ac|oW|a|. `0u|e'. lr. l. laag, ed. 8|oe|-
lex||or,
Zur|c| - F|rs|ede|r - Ko|r

18z, . o|o
T|e Ar|ar Cr|s|s o
||roug| ||r a|| |||rgs Were rade (Jo|r , , Cor , ), 11o1 8o
gerera|ed ro| |r respec| |o rere op|r|or, ou| |r |ru||,
o
suos|s||rg accord|rg |o ||e W||| ol 0od,
;
urc|argao|e||rru|ao|e,
8
perlec| crea|ure, ou| ro| as ore ol ||e crea|ures,

gerera|ed (lrov , ) oecause ol ||e W||| (ls , ) oelore ||e ages 8zz 1111
ard aeors (Co| , , leo , , lrov , ), 11; 1z 8z
|e |as ||le, oe|rg ard d|gr||y lror ||e la||er (Jo|r , , bor 1;
1o, ). z;
T| e la||er |s ||e source ol a|| (ls , ), 1o
so ||a| ||ere are ||ree |ypos|ases.
|o
o. Ar|us seers |o avo|d a corcep||or ol ||e |ogos as s|rp|y oe|rg a l|a|us voc|s,
or
|||s proo|erou| |r repec| |o |arce||us ol Arcyracl. 0. le|ge, [r. |, 11 z
l., 1o
- z1;zo.
;. lr correc||or W||| |||s |ssue |Wo aspec|s |ave |o oe relered |o. ) Ar|us car 1
oe
d|s||rgu|s|ed |r |||srespec| lror 0r|ger oecause lor ||e |a||er ||e 3or expresses
||e W||| ol ||e la||er so ||a| 0r|ger ray |ave ||oug|| ol ar |der|||y ol W||| (cl. 0e
392
pr|rc , , [ 0orgerarrs|Karpp|, 0e pr|rc , , [ 0orgerarrs|Karpp|, lr 1z1|z ||1;8|
Jo| , [ , l. urd , lreusc|er|, see b. w||||ars, [r. |, ). ) 1ozoo zo111 18; z1|oz
T| e |err =io Was used oy A|exarder ol A|exardr|a ard A||aras|us |o
exp||ca|e
a c|ose correc||or oe|Weer la||er ard 3or, roreover, A||aras|us erp|as|zes.
a|| ||a| |s crea|ed deperds upor ||e W||| ol ||e crea|or, ||e gerera||or ol ||e 3or
rus|, ||erelore, |rarscerd ||e W||| (0r.c.Ar. , [l0 , - |), ard zz zo1o1z
A||aras|us
uses ||e |err =io |o express ||e correc||or ol ||e d|v|re ard ||e |urar (or
|||s
proo|er see b. w||||ars. T| e log|c ol Ar|ar|sr. lr. JT| 3 [ | - , see |18o81
- 8
oz, A. lou||. `T| e use ol ||e Terr =io |r A|exardr|ar T| eo|ogy lror
A|exarder
|o Cyr||'. lr. 3|l [ | - ). 11818zoz
8. Cl. r. . z
. lor ||e gerera|edress ol ||e 3or cl. e.g. lrov , . Ar|us se| ||rse|l apar| 8zz
lror
va|er||rus, |ar|, 3aoe|||us, ard l|era|as, |||s car oe seer |r (ar||-)rorarc||ar
|erderc|es (cl. 0. le|ge, [r. |, - ) ard ||e a||erp| |o avo|d ar 11 z1zo|
|rp||ca||or ol ary ra|er|a|||y ol 0od (cl. b. w||||ars, [r. |, - ), or 18 ;ooo
||ese aspec|s see b. lyrar. Ar|ars ard |ar|c|ees or C|r|s|. lr. JT| 3 ( ) |o18
- . |o
|o. T| |s rode ol express|or |s c|ear|y ro| o|o||ca|. lr leo , || |s or|y |rp||ed 1
||a| ||e 3or |s ||e express |rage ol ||e |ypos|as|s ol ||e la||er, l suppose
|ypos|as|s |s used |ere |r ||e serse ol rea|||y (cl. l. 0orr|e. ;di. `wor|-
urd
8edeu|urgsgesc||c||e'. lr. l. 0orr|e. l|a|or|ca ||rora, |urc|er , - , 1;o1zo
see ). Ar|us cou|d |ave core |o |||s p|rase ol ||ree |ypos|ases oy ||e z
lo||oW|rg
cors|dera||or. ||e la||er |s ca||ed |ypos|as|s |r leo , , accord|rg |o || , 1 z81
ore
|s oe|rg oap||zed |r ||e rare ol ||e la||er, ||e 3or ard ||e 3p|r|| W||c| cou|d oe
correc|ed W||| ||reelo|d rar|rg ol ||e 'lord' |r Nur , - (cl. l. AoraroWs||. oz|zo
o|N|re T| e lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury 0ree| C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
0od |s ||e pr|rc|p|e ol a||, ou| |e ||rse|l |s W|||ou| oeg|rr|rg (Jo|r
1, |r correc||or W||| 0er , ). 1 11
T| e 3or |s produced (lrov , ) ou|s|de ary ro||or ol ||re, 8z
|1
rade (lrov , ), 8zz
es|ao||s|ed (lrov , ). 8z
T| us, |e |s ro| e|erra| W||| 0od, ||ere are ro| |Wo urgerera|ed oe|rgs.
|z
lr |||s serse ||e0od (Jo|r , ) |as |o oe oelore a|| |||rgs as rorad 11 |
ard or|g|r, ||us oelore ||e 3or as We||. lror ||e perspec||ve ol ||e 3or,
||e 3or |s gerera|ed ou| ol ||e 0od, ou| ol ||e Woro (ls , ) ard ou| 1o
ol ||e la||er (Jo|r , ). 8|z
Ar ara|ys|s ol ||ese |Wo ur|urderol Ar|us s|oWs ||a| ||e argurer|a||or |s
suppor|ed oy rary verses ol 3cr|p|ure, ||us, ore carro| reproac|
Ar|us ol |av|rg cors|ruc|ed a doc|r|re pure|y |rlorred oy p|||osop|y. lr
W|a| lo||oWs, l|rs|, ||e very oas|s ol ||e Ar|ar ||eo|ogy car oe |rlered lror
||e correc||orol d|llerer| verses ol 3cr|p|ures. T| er, |r a secord s|ep, ||e
prerequ|s||es ol Ar|us' exege||ca| procedure |r respec| |o ||s doc|r|re ard ||e
re||odo|ogy are c|ar|l|ed. l ar res|r|c||rg ryse|l |o a s|rg|e |op|c oecause
|| |s |rposs|o|e |r ||e lrareWor| ol |||s paper |o ||roW ||g|| or lur||er
ques||ors suc| as ||e suoord|ra||or ol ||e 3or (gerera|edress) ard crea||or
||roug| ||e 3or.
0|e Fr|s|e|urg der dre|g||edr|ger Taullorre|. e|r versuc|. lr. ZT|K [ | 8118|
- |1;|o). 8ecause ol ||e |der|||y ol rares (lord) ore cou|d corc|ude ||a| la||er,
3or ard 3p|r|| are rared as |r|erc|argeao|e, ||us, |av|rg rared ||e la||er oy
||e
p|rase |ypos|as|s ore cou|d corc|ude ||a| ||e 3or ard 3p|r|| car oe rared
|ypos|as|s as We||. 8u| oes|de |||s cors|ruc||or sore aspec|s corcerr|rg ||e
cor|er| are
espec|a||y |rpor|ar| W||c| oe|org |o ||e ||s|ory ol ||e |dea ol |ypos|as|s ||se|l
ard
||e deve|oprer| ol ||e |r|r||ar|ar specu|a||or as suc|.
|1. lr ||e serse ol. oelore ||e ||re.
|z. 3ee a|so b. w||||ars, [r. |, - . 18 ;oo81
|. T| e ro||or ov reed ro| oe urders|ood |r ||e serse ol s|oW|rg ||e
pure|y
p|||osop||ca| |rs|g||s ol Ar|us, ou| || car s|ressas || d|d |r l|||o ard o||ers
espec|a||y ||e ur||y ol 0od (urders|ood |r o|o||ca| |errs) (cl. C. 0. 3|ead. `T| e
l|a|or|sr ol Ar|us'. lr.JT| 3 [ | - , see , b. C. 0regg | 0. F. 0ro|, 11o|1o1 1
393
181[r. |, ). 8u| |r |||s case Ar|us erp|as|zes ||a| ||e ur||y oe|orgs |o ||e z8;
0od.
T|e Ar|ar Cr|s|s o
. T| e Tec|r|que ol ||e Ar|ar Fxeges|s
. . Correc||ors ol sore Key-Tex|s ol ||e 8|o|e||e exarp|e '3or as 1
Crea|ure'
As |as oeer s|oWr |r ||e preceed|rg ara|ys|s, lrov , - |s ore ol ||e 8zzz
cer|ra| relererces lor Ar|us.
||
lr |||s respec| arsWers |o ||e lo||oW|rg proo|ers are cruc|a|. loW car ||e
ro||ceao|e s||l| ol erp|as|s oe|Weer ||e 0ree|
|rars|a||ors or ore s|de ard ||e leoreW |ex| or ||e o||er s|de oe descr|oed?
w||c| ol ||e 0ree| |rars|a||ors does Ar|us reler |o? Ard |oW does Ar|us
|r|erpre| lroveros as a prool lor ||s ||eo|ogy? w||c| lur||er correc||ors
|as Ar|us draWr oe|Weer ||e o| ard r|?
Corpar|rg ||e |ex| ol ||e |asore|es (r|) W||| ||e |xx|
ore car see
||a| ||e |xx erp|as|zes ||e gerera||or ol w|sdor oelore ||e ages us|rg
|errs |||e s(iv (v. ), 9\io zz #v (v. ) ard vv z /v (v. ) ard |r |||s || z
d|llers lror r|. T| e crea||or ol ||e Wor|d |s descr|oed oy a d|llerer| Word,
|.e. oi+v (v. . ). T| e gerera||or ol w|sdor oelore||e crea||or ol ||e z|zo
Wor|d |s s|rorg|y s|oWr |r ||e |xx oy a c|arge ol |erse (preser| |erse.
vvA v. ). T| us, ||e |err z - o# W||c| |s used l|ve ||res (v. l.) z|
|oge||er W||| ||e l|ra| s|a|erer| (|e gerera|es re. v. ) are a| ||e cer|er z
ol ||e W|o|e passage. lr s|r|||rg cor|ras| |o r|re |rs|arces |r ||e r|, ||e
|xx res|r|c|s l|rs|-persor s|a|erer|s corcerr|rg W|sdor |o lour |rs|arces,
||erelore ore ray corc|ude ||a| ||e |xx res|r|c|ed w|sdor |r cor|ras| |o
r| |r order |o se| lor|| ||e gerera||or ol w|sdor (as a crea|ure oelore ||e
Wor|d). To erp|as|ze ||e s|a|us ol a crea|ure ||e |xx uses ||e |err s(iv
ard ro| ||e rore corror oi+v, s(iv |s re|a|ed |o , ou| || doesr'|
|r|erpre| ||e serse ol |||s leoreW vero as ar ac| ol acqu|r|rg, ou| ol gerera||rg,
||a| |||s urders|ard|rg |s ro| se|l-ev|der| car oe derors|ra|ed oy
corpar|rg 0eu| , (|xx), ls , (|xx) as We|| as oy corpar|rg Aqu||a, zo 11
3yrrac|us, ard T| eodo||or |r respec| |o lrov , . 8zz
|o
A|| ol ||er |rars|a|e
||. T| e a|r |s ro| |o |a|e ||e verse lrov , |r |so|a||or as ||e or|g|r ol ||e 8zz
cor|roversy, W||c| |s s|ressed correc||y oy b. w||||ars (cl. b. w||||ars, [r. 18;
|, z
1o;).
|. Accord|rg |o |. lerge| ||e |rars|a|or ol ||e lroveros |s c|ose |o Ar|s|oou|us
(cl. |. lerge|. Juder|ur urd le||er|srus. 3|ud|er zu ||rer 8egegrurg ur|er
oesorderer 8eruc|s|c|||gurg la|as||ras o|s zur ||||e des . J|.s v. C|r., z
Tuo|rger
z
1;,
z|, cl. |. lar|. `la '8|o|e d'A|exardr|e' e| |es F|udes sur |a 3ep|ar|e. bel|ex|ors
sur ure prer|re exper|erce'. lr. v|gC|r ( ) - , see l.). |;11|o z
|o. Cl. l. l|e|d, ed.. 0r|ger|s lexap|orur quae supersur| s|ve ve|erur
|r|erpre|ur
0raecorur |r |o|ur ve|us Tes|arer|ur lragrer|a ll, l||des|e|r (repr.), 1o|
. zo
ooN|re T| e lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury 0ree| C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
oy sdo (|e acqu|red), ou| ro| ||e |xx. )siv . A s|r||ar po|r|
car oe rade regard|rg lrov a (lXX). T| e Word 9\io 8; #v rerders or|y
|ere |r ||e W|o|e ol |xx ||e vero (pour [l| or |W|s| [ll|) ard s|rerg||ers
|| |o `|o |ay a lourda||or.' |ore ev|der| |s ||e |r|erver||or |r v. l. (r|). ||e z|
l|rs| `Was oorr|gerera|ed' (v a) |s or|||ed, ||e secord (v. o r|, |r ||e z| z
lorr ol po|a|) |s |rars|a|ed |ere oy ||e ac||vevv/v ard ||us erp|as|zes
ar ac||ve gerera||or (cl. ls , ). z;
|;
w|er Ar|us relers |o lrov , - 8zzz|8
|r v|eW ol ||e |org ||s|ory ol
|r|erpre|a||or ol ||ese verses
|
|e ray s|ress ||e crea|ure|oodard ||e
oe|rg-oelore-||e-Wor|doy c|||rg ||ese verses ol ||e |xx. A| ||e sare ||re,
oy us|rg ||e vero s(iv, |e r|g|| express ||e o||erress|r corpar|sor W|||
a|| ||a| |s oe|rg rade (oi+v).
Corpared W||| ||e |xx |ex|, sore c|arges |r ||e Ar|ar corcep||or car
oe de|ec|ed. ||e l|rs| corcerrs ||e gerera||or W||c|, accord|rg |o ||e |xx, |s
|r ||e ac||ve vo|ce ard |r ||e preser| |erse (vv/v), W|ereas Ar|us pu|s ||
ard a|| ||e o||er veros ol lrov |r|o ||e pass|ve vo|ce, aor|s| |erse, ||e |ars| 8
394
c|arge ol ||e |xx |r|o ||e preser| |erse (as a orea||rg ||roug| ||e d|llerer|
|erses ard ||e s|ruc|ure ol ||re) |s, ||erelore, ro| |a|er up oy Ar|us, ou| ||e
serse ol || car oe lourd |r ||e oe|rg oelore ||e Wor|d (oelore ||e ages ard
aeors). T| e lour veros Ar|us or|rgs |oge||er oy Boi ard B are |r|erc|argao|e
lor ||r,
o
|rsolar as |e uses i9& (lror bor , a) |r correc||or W||| ||e 1|
veros ol lrov , - ||e s|a|us ol ||e 3or as a crea|ure rece|ves a ruarce. 8zzz
T| |s urder||res ||a| ||e del|r|||or ol ||e 3or |s |o oe re|a|ed |o ||e Wor|s ol
0od,1
||us, |||s Word |s ro| or|y |r|roduced lor r|y||r|c reasors.
z
loWever,
|Wo ro||ors carro| oe deduced lror ||e |ex| ol ||e lroveros as suc|. w|o
does ellec| ||e ac| ol crea||or |r ||e serse ol oi+v? A crea||or ||roug|||e
3or |s ro| rer||ored |ere. 3ecord|y, ||e ||ere ol lrov |s or|y w|sdor 8
|;. lor d|llerer| aspec|s ol ||e proo|er see |. Kuc||er. `0o|| urd se|re we|s|e||
|r der 3ep|uag|r|a (ljoo , 3pr )'. lr. l.-J. K|auc|, ed.. |oro||e|srus urd z8 8
C|r|s |o|og|e. Zur 0o||eslrage |r |e||er|s||sc|er Juder|ur urd |r urc|r|s|er|ur,
lre|ourg - 8ase| - w|er (0 ), - , see - . 1z 18118| 1|8
|8. Cl. ur|. ( , 0p||z), ur|. ( , 0p||z). 1 o1
|. Cl. |. w||es. `lr 0elerce ol Ar|us'. |r. JT| 3 ( ) - , |. 3|rore|||. 11oz|;
3|ud| su||' Ar|ares|ro, bore , - , 8. 3|uder. `0|e 3o|er|o|og|e rac| der 1oz
Korz|| vor N|zaa'. lr. l00 lll. a ( ) - , see . z 1;811o;| 118
o. Cl. |. 3|rore|||, [r. |, - , b. C. 0regg|0. F. 0ro|, [r. |, 1o |o 181 z
. r. . 1z| ;o
1. Cl. b. C. 0regg|0. F. 0ro|, [r. |, . 181 zo
z. 0|llerer||y |. 3|rore|||, [r. |, . 1o |
T|e Ar|ar Cr|s|s o;
ard ro| ||e 3or. T| us, ||e equa||or ol od W||| ||e 3or s|ou|d oe |oo|ed
lor reler|rg |o o||er sources.

T| e correc||or, espec|a||y ol w|sdor as red|a|or lor crea||or ard ol

||e lror 0er , Was a|ready es|ao||s|ed |org oelore Ar|us, so ||a| 11
|e cou|d re|y or ||a| |rad|||or. T| e 3or |s ||e oeg|rr|rg ol 0od's crea||or
(l|rs| crea|ure). |oreover, Ar|us erp|as|zes ||a| 0od re|grs over ||e 3or,
|
a
corcep| W||c| |s |ac||rg |r 0r|ger a|||oug| 0r|ger ||oug|| ol ||e la||er as
ol ||e 3or as We||.
loWever, |||s corcep| car oe lourd |r T|eop|||us.
o
lere, || |s |rpor|ar| |o see ||a| T| eop|||us corce|ved 0er , |r ||e serse 11
||a| v & |as ||e rear|rg ol i .
;
8y suc| ar |r|erpre|a||or
ore car es|ao||s| a correc||or oe|Weer lrov ard 0er , . ||e oe|rg ol 8 11
w|sdor as crea|ure oelore ||e ages does a|so rear ||a| || |s ||e oeg|rr|rg
ol a|| crea||or (as l|rs| crea|ure) gerera|ed oy 0od.
T| |s opers a r|c| ve|r ol |r|erpre|a||or. w||| regard |o 0er , , ro| or|y 11
Was ||e

|r|erpre|ed |r ||e serse ol w|sdor, |r ||e |rad|||or oelore

Ar|us, ou| a|so ol

. T| e ac| ol crea||or |s ellec|ed oy ||e `word,' lourd

e.g. |r ||e Targur|r
8
ard |r a |ex| ol ||e Fp|de|x|sol lreraeus. T| e ac| ol
crea||rg |s re|a|ed |o ||e Arara|c . |r ||e oeg|rr|rg as ||e 3or.
T||s |s
very |r|eres||rg |rsolar as lreraeus |roWs ||e o||er var|a||or ol ||e verse
(|r ||e oeg|rr|rg 0od crea|ed |eaver ard ear||).
oo
|oreover, |l ore rea||zes
||a| ever |r 3|r , w|sdor Was |der||l|ed W||| ||e crea||ve word ol 0od z||
ard ||a| l|||o ol A|exardr|a ||oug|| ol w|sdor as red|a|or ol crea||or
(|av|rg |a|er ||e pa||err lror lrov , ) 8zz
o1
ard ||a| w|sdor cou|d oe
. Cl. b. lorerz, [r. |, . . 1; zoo81o
|. Cl. ur|. ( , - 0p||z). o111;
. Cl. 0r|geres, lr Jo| , ( , lreusc|er), see b. lorerz, [r. |, 11;zz1o 1; zo
. 1o
o. Cl. T| eop|||us, Ad Au|o| , ( | 0rar|). z1o8|o
;. Cl. T| eop|||us, Ad Au|o| , ( 0rar|) ard ( 0rar|), cl. l||ary ol z1o8 1|o
lo|||ers, lr ls , ( , - Z|rger|e). `8res||| . . . |res s|gr|l|car||as |aoe|, |d es| zo11|
'|r
395
pr|rc|p|o' e| '|r cap||e' e| '|r l|||o'', lor ||ese aspec|s see b. lorerz, [r. |, 1; zo
. 1;
8. Cl. Targur du ler|a|euque, ed. b. |e 0eau|, lar|s (lor 0er , ). 1;8 11
. Cl. lreraeus, Fp|de|x|s (K. Ter-|e|er||sc||ar ard 3. 0. w||sor, W||| |
lr|rce
|axe ol 3axory, eds. ard Frg. |rars., lrerc| |rars. oy J. 8ar||ou|o|. T| e lrool
ol ||e
Apos|o||c lreac||rg, W||| 3ever lragrer|s, la|ro|og|a 0r|er|a||s[= l0| . 1z
[lar|s,
11;, repr. Turr|ou|. 8repo|s, |), see N. 8rox. lreraus vor lyor. Fp|de|x|s. 18
Adversus |aereses l, lre|ourg - 8ase| - w|er [lC | |, r. (lur||er 1 81oz zz
|||era|ure).
oo. Cl. lreraeus, Adv. |aer. , , ( bousseau|0ou|re|eau), , , ( 1181z;z zz|o
bousseau|
0ou|re|eau).
o1. Cl. l|||o, For ( werd|ard). 11;o
o8N|re T| e lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury 0ree| C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
|der||ca| W||| ||e logos,
oz
|| Wou|d oe urders|ardao|e lror ||e po|r| ol
v|eW ol suc| a |rad|||or ||a| w|sdor qualogos qua3or |s ||oug|| ol as
red|a|or ol crea||or ard ||a| || |s a| ||e sare ||re ||e oeg|rr|rg ol crea||or,
||oug| oelore a|| crea||or. T| e Wor|d cou|d ||us oe rade ||roug|||e 3or
W|o |s gerera|ed (cl. Cor , ). 1 8oo
T| |s argurer|a||or car oe lur||er suppor|ed oy ||e |r|erpre|a||or ol
Jo|r , . lor our cor|ex| || |s |rpor|ar| |o see ||a| ||e Word `0od' |s oe|rg used 11
W||| ard W|||ou| ar ar||c|e |r |||s verse. 0r|ger espec|a||y |r|es |o
so|ve |||s proo|er oy a recourse |o ||e c|ass|c |eac||rg aoou| ||e ar||c|e, |r
||s correr|ary or Jo|r |e s|resses ||a| ||e evarge||s| as a We||-educa|ed
p|||o|og|s| |ad rade use ol a d|llerer||a||or lor 9 |r respec| |o ||e ar||c|e, ou|
ro| lor ||e `logos.'
o|
A|||oug| ||e grarrar|ars ol ||a| ||re |ad
ro| deve|oped a proper ||eory ol ||e corp|erer| W|||ou| ar||c|e,
o
||e
rerar|s ol Apo||or|us 0ysco|us are |rdeed sull| c|er|
oo
|o urders|ard ||e
|r|erpre|a||or ol 0r|ger. Apo||or|us |roWs |rdeed ||a| ||e ar||c|e |s r|ss|rg
|r ||e case ol ||e corp|erer| (e.g. |r ||e case ol (vdi),
o;
ou| ||e ru|e |as
ore excep||or. ||e corp|erer| |s oe|rg used W||| ||e ar||c|e |l || relers |o
oz. Cl. l|||o, leg.a||. , ( Co|r), see 0. C. 3|ead. l|||osop||e urd 1o;8
T|eo|og|e l.
0|e Ze|| der A||er K|rc|e, 3|u||gar| - 8er||r - Ko|r , l. 1o1o|
o. lor suc| a ser|es ol prepos|||ors. ou| ol 0od, oelore ||e Wor|d, ||e Wor|d
||roug| ||e 3or cl. l. 0orr|e. `lrapos|||orer urd |e|ap|ys||. wec|se|W|r|urg
zWe|er lr|rz|p|erre||er'. lr. |useur le|ve||cur ( ) - , lor ls.8as||, zo1oz1;z8
Adv. Fur. lv-v cl. l. X. b|sc|. lseudo-8as|||us Adversus Furor|ur lv-v.
F|r|e||urg, uoerse|zurg urd Korrer|ar, le|der - NeW or| - Ko|r , e.g. 1z
, 1z
|. v|rzer|. As|er|us vor Kappado||er. 0|e ||eo|og|sc|er lragrer|e. F|r|e||urg,
|r|||sc|er Tex|, uoerse|zurg urd Korrer|ar, le|der - NeW or| - Ko|r , 1
e.g. l., o
z11.
o|. Cl. 0r|geres, lr Jo| , ( , - lreusc|er), see 8. Neusc|aler. 0r|geres zz|1zzz
a|s
l|||o|oge, 8ase| , , N. 8rox. `'0o||' r|| urd o|re Ar|||e|. 0r|geres uoer 18;zo
Jo|
1, '. |r. 8N ( ) - . 1 oo1z
o. Cl. C|r. 3c|auo||r. `Kerr|r|s des 'ar|||e||oser lrad||a|srorers' |r der
Ar|||e'. lr. wJA Nl ( ) - . |1;8o;|
oo. Cl. 8. Neusc|aler, (r. ), , or ||e cor|ex| |r W||c| Apo||or|us |s 18; o|zo|
se| ard ||e ||eory ol syr|ax cl. 0. l. 8|ar|. `Apo||or|us 0ysco|us'. lr. ANbwll
|. ( ) - , J. |. var 0p|u|jser. `T| e 3erar||cs ol a 3yr|ac||c|ar. T| 11;o8o
|rgs
rear| oy veros accord|rg |o Apo||or|us 0ysco|us l v.' lr. ANbwll
|. ( ) - . 11;1;o
o;. Cl. e.g. 3yr|. , ( , - , u|||g). 1;zo1z|oz
o8. Cl. 3yr|. , ( , - , u|||g), lor |||s aspec| ard lur||er po|r|s see 8. 1|8111
Neusc|aler, [r. |, ard r. (lur||er |||era|ure!), |||s |s 18; o|zo| || |;o
erp|as|zed
396
|r roderr grarrars as We||, e.g.. l. 8|ass|A. 0eorurrer|l. be||opl. 0rarra|||
des reu|es|arer|||c|er 0r|ec||sc|, 0o|||rger
1|
1;o, ( ). zz z;
T|e Ar|ar Cr|s|s o
ar excep||ora| We||-|roWr ard pra|sed persor or soreoody W|o |s ye| |o
oe rer||ored.
o8
As 0r|ger |s |r|eres|ed par||cu|ary |r ||e recess||y ol ||e
ar||c|e lor ||e corp|erer| |o express ||s o or :o, |e erp|as|zes
||a| Jo|r s|ou|d |ave pu| ||e ar||c|e |r verse , c |r correc||or W||| 9 11 ,
lor or|y |r |||s case cou|d |e |ave expressed ||a| ||e logos, |oo, Was ||e
a|r|g||y 0od rer||ored |r verse , o. T| us, accord|rg |o 0r|ger ore car 11
avo|d ||e |der||l|ca||or ol ||e logos ard ||e0od, ard 0r|ger |r|es |o so|ve
|||s |r o||er cases oy us|rg ||e p|rase 9o 9.
o
w||| |||s |r r|rd, Ar|us
cou|dposs|o|y W||| recourse |o 0r|gerra|r|a|r ||a| ||e 3or lurc||ors
as red|a|orol crea||or
;o
ard ||a| |e car or|y oe rared oy ||e Word a0od,
ou| ro| ||e0od.
8y coro|r|rg a ser|es ol d|llerer| 3cr|p|ura| verses (ra|r|y oelore ||e
ou|orea| ol ||e cor|roversy) Ar|us |ad ||e poss|o||||y ol deve|op|rg sore
lace|s ol ||e crea|ure|ood ol ||e 3or, |e cou|d |ave dore |||s oe||ev|rg ||a|
|e Was We|| lourded upor 3cr|p|ure.
;1
Ne|||er ||e o|o||ca| relererces used
o. Cl. N. 8rox, [r. |, W||| ||e ev|derce lor |||s ||oug||, or ||e 1 o|8
correc||or W||| ||e 3|o|c |og|c ard ||e rejec||or ol a roda||s||c rorarc||ar|sr oy
||e
0r|ger|s||c |r|erpre|a||or see b.F. le|re. `3|o|c log|c as lardra|d |o Fxeges|s
ard T| eo|ogy |r 0r|ger's Correr|ary or ||e 0ospe| ol Jo|r'. lr. JT| 3 ||
( ) 1
- o11;, see - , or|y a leW aspec|s |o ||e |r|erpre|a||or ol 0r|ger ard ||e 81oo
|rpor|arce lor ||e Ar|ar exeges|s. |. w||es, [r. |, . 1oz ||z
;o. 3uc| ar |r|erpre|a||or l||s We|| |r|o ||e poss|o|||||es ol ||e ||eo|ogy accord|rg
||e pro|ogue ol Jo|r (cl. |. T|eooa|d. `0o||, logos urd lreura. 'Tr|r||ar|sc|e'
bede vor 0o|| |r Jo|arresevarge||ur'. lr. l.-J. K|auc| [Fd.|. |oro||e|srus
urd
C|r|s|o|og|e. Zur 0o||eslrage |r |e||er|s||sc|er Juder|ur urd |r urc|r|s|er|ur,
lre|ourg - 8ase| - w|er [0 |, - , see - . ), ou| espec|a||y 1z 18|18; 1oz81
|r respec| |o l|||o (cl. T. Too|r. `T| e lro|ogue ol Jo|r ard le||er|s||c JeW|s|
3pecu|a||or'. lr. C8 [ | - , see ). |z1ozzo z8
;1. Cl. 8. 3|uder, [r. |, , C. 0soorre. `l||era| or re|ap|or|ca|? 3ore 18 1z
|ssues ol |arguage |r ||e Ar|ar Cor|roversy'. lr. l. b. w|c||ar|C. l. 8arre||
F. C. 0. lur|er, eds.. C|r|s||ar la||| ard 0ree| l|||osop|y |r la|e Ar||qu||y.
Fssays
|r Tr|ou|e |o 0eorge C|r|s|op|er 3|ead, le|der - NeW or| - Ko|r , - , 11|8;o
see
1|. T| |s |s ||e a|r ol ||e Ar|ars |r ||e sare Way as || |s lor A||aras|us,
a|||oug|
||e resu|| ol ||e exeges|s |s d|llerer| |r oo|| cases. cl. J. 0. Frres|. `A||aras|us
ol
A|exardr|a. ||e 3cope ol 3cr|p|ure |r lo|er|ca| ard las|ora| Cor|ex|'. lr. v|gC|r
|;( ) - , see - (relererce |o lrov ), or |||s proo|er see A. l. 1|1oz |1|| 8
C|ay|or. T| e or||odox recovery ol a |ere||ca| prool-|ex|. A||aras|us ol
A|exardr|a's
|r|erpre|a||or ol lroveros . - |r corl| |c| W||| ||e Ar|ars, 0|ss. 3ou||err 8zzo
|e||od|s| ur|v. 0a||as, Tex. (r|crol||r). 188
|oreover, lor ||e W|o|e |r|erpre|a||or ol 0er , ard Jo|r , cl. J. C. |. var 11 11
w|rder. lr der 8eg|rre. vroeg-C|r|s|e||j|e Fxegese var de Terr |r
0eres|s
1. , le|der , K. 8eysc||ag. 0rurdr| der 0ogrergesc||c||e vo|. . 0o|| urd 1 1o; 1
d|e
we||, 0arrs|ad|
z
18;, . 1zo
;ooN|re T| e lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury 0ree| C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
oy Ar|us ror ||e |ec|r|que ol |r|erpre|a||or W||c| |s decr|oed |ere or|y oy
Way ol ore exarp|e erao|e ore |o corc|ude ||a| Ar|us Was a so-ca||ed |||era||s|.
;z
8u| a| ||e sare ||re suc| a |ec|r|que ra|es cer|a|r presuppos|||ors
corcerr|rg ||e cor|er| ol ||eo|ogy ard ||e re||odo|ogy.
397
;T||s aspec| car
rece|ve or|y aoorev|a|ed a||er||or |r ||e lrareWor| ol |||s ar||c|e.
. . lresuppos|||ors arourd ||e Ar|ar Fxeges|s z
T| e Ar|ar pos|||or car oe recogr|zed as ore |erdercy W||||r ||e r|c||y var|ed
o|o||ca| |rad|||or. lr respec| |o ||e exp||c|| ques||or ol ||e crea|ure|ood
ol ||e 3or ard ||s oe|rg a red|a|or ol crea||or Ar|us' exege||ca| `oe|av|our'
car oe apprec|a|ed oy re|a||rg ||s presuppos|||ors |o ||e ||s|ory ol ||eo|ogy
ard p|||osop|y. w||||r ||e scope ol ry expos|||or || |s |rposs|o|e |o dea|
W||| a|| ||e d|rers|ors ol ||e Ar|ar ||eo|ogy, ||e rore so s|rce ||e |ssues
|ave rece|ved de|a||ed a||er||or |r recer| researc|.
;|
loWever, a||er||or |o
||e se|ec||or ol o|o||ca| relererces oy Ar|us ard ||s erp|as|s or ||e recess||y lor
||e 3or |o |ave ar or|g|r |rsolar as |e Was gerera|ed W|ereas ||e
or|g|r ||se|l |s W|||ou| ar or|g|r (vdo )
;
|eads |o ar aWareress
ol ||e |r|roduc||or ol a d|s||rc||or ol ||e ||ree |ypos|ases |r ||e serse ol
suoord|ra||or ard ||e deve|oprer| ol ||e d|v|re a||r|ou|es lror ||ose ol
||e 3or
;o
(as a d|llererce e.g. ol ov ard ).
;;
lr |||s cor|ex| ore |as |o
oe aWare ol ||e lac| ||a| doesr'| rear ||e |Woress ol la||er ard3or,
ou| ||e `|Wolo|d' as ror-roras ard ||e secord al|er ||e la||er,
;8
W|o |as
caused ||r. 8u| ||e ro||or ol causa||or |as oov|ous|y or|o|og|ca| |rp||ca||ors so
||a| ||e 3or car oe ass|gred |o a r|dd|e c|ass.
;T|e or|o|og|ca|
dua||sr W||c| |s s|oWr |r |||s ro||or, as We|| as ||e W||| ol 0od as cause ol
A s|r||ar ||re ol argurer|a||or car oe revea|ed |r respec| |o ||e s|ruc|ure ol
||re |r ||e Ar|ar |ex|s (cl. T. 8o|r, [r. |, l.). 11 z1
;z. Cl. b. w||||ars, [r. |, , . 18; z1o11z
;. 0r |||s proo|er cl. C. Karrerg|esser, [r. |, . 18z o
;|. Cl. ||e surrar|es ol T. 8o|r, [r. |, - ard - . 11 z1zo 188
;. Cl. ur|. ( , 0p||z). 1|
;o. Cl. T. 8o|r, [r. |, , |. v|rzer|, [r. |, . 11 zoz 1 ooo
;;. Cl. A||aras|us, 0e syr ( , 0p||z), ur|. ( , 0p||z). 1z|1 o11z
;8. Cl. 0. C. 3|ead, [r. |, . 1o| |1
;. Cl. l. b|c|er. `N||a|a a|s Kr|s|s des a||c|r|s|||c|er l|a|or|srus'. |r. T|l| ||
( ) - , see , l. b|c|er. `Zur bezep||or der p|a|or|sc|er 0r|o|og|e 1oz1|1 o
oe|
Fuseo|os vor Ka|sare|a, Are|os urd A||aras|os'. lr. T|l| ( ) - , see 1;8z1z
, b. |. luorer. 0er 0o|| der K|rc|erva|er urd der 0o|| der 8|oe|. Zur lrage
der
le||er|s|erurg des C|r|s|er|urs, |urc|er , . 1;11
T|e Ar|ar Cr|s|s ;o1
every|||rg ||a| cores |r|o oe|rg, |ave ||e|r equ|va|er| ro| |r ||e 8|o|e, ou|
|r l|a|o's T|raeus
8o
ard ||e recep||or ol ||e T|raeus e.g. oy A||||os
81
ard
A|c|roos.8z
As cause ol ||e 3or, ||e la||er |s del|red s|r|c||y re|a||ora||y lror
||s oppos||e, |.e. ||e 3or. ||e la||er, lror |||s po|r| ol v|eW, oe|rg as ur||y
ard |oras.
8T| ese cors|dera||ors |e|p us |o see ||a| ||e Ar|ar exeges|s (|r
||s se|ec||or ol o|o||ca| ra|er|a| ard |r ||s re||od ol ru|ua| |r|erpre|a||or
ol o|o||ca| relererces) |s esser||a||y |rl|uerced oy cer|a|r presuppos|||ors,
e.g. ||e |r|roduc||or ol ||e ca|egory ol cause or ||e excep||ora| de|err|ra||or ol
||e la||er as |oras W|ose a||r|ou|es are deduced lror ||a| W||c|
|s caused.
8es|de ||ese lourda||ora| corcerrs W||||r Ar|ar ||eo|ogy Ar|us es|ao||s|ed a
re||odo|og|ca| cr||er|or. ||e o|o||ca| relererces car oe |r|erpre|ed
||roug| eac| o||er or a d|ac|ror|c |eve| ard, ||us, car oe |so|a|ed lror ||e
respec||ve syrc|ror|c cor|ex|. T| |s |s ||e oas|s lor coro|r|rg lrov , 0er , 8 11
ard Jo|r , ard lur||er o|o||ca| verses. T| e |||e|||oodol suc| a procedure 11
Was ro| argued lor oy Ar|us. l| Was a oas|s lror W||c| |e cou|d rec|or W|||
a oroader agreerer| arorg ||e peop|e ol ||s ||re. T| |s procedure car oe
lourd W||||r ||e JeW|s| sp|ere as We|| as W||||r ||e C|r|s||ar ard ros| ol
||e pagar |rad|||or ol |r|erpre|a||or. l| |s ex|erded lror ||e exp|ara||or
398
ol lorer (lorer |s |o oe |r|erpre|ed oy lorer)
8|
|o ||e ||dd|e- ard
Neop|a|or|c |r|erpre|a||or ol l|a|o8
(||e coro|ra||or ol s|rgu|ar dd
ol l|a|o lourd e.g. |r Jus||r |ar|yr
8o
ard C|erer| ol A|exardr|a),
8;
a| ||e
sare ||re || |s exerp||l|ed |r ||e JeW|s| reg|or, e.g. l|||o ol A|exardr|a
88
ard ||e sever |errereu||ca| ru|es ol baoo| l|||e| ( # $* ),
8
s|r||ar|y |r
8o. Cl. l|a|or, T|r d- a, e- a, ao. z; z8 z o |1
81. Cl. A||||os, lrg. (8audry).
8z. Cl. A|||roos (A|o|ros), 0|das|. ( , lerrarr), |o ||ese aspec|s see 1o1o1
l. b|c|er, [r. |, . 1;8 ;8
8. Cl. |. v|rzer|, [r. |, - . 1 oo|oo
8|. Cl. 8. Neusc|aler, [r. |, - . 18; o|z;oz8
8. lor |||s |ec|r|que see (e.g. |r respec| |o A|||roos) J. w||||a|er. `l|a|or|c
l|||osop|y |r ||e Far|y Cer|ur|es ol ||e Frp|re'. |r. ANbwll , ( ) - , o118;811z
see ard - . 1 1o811o
8o. Cl. Jus||r, 0|a| , ( 0oodspeed). |1
8;. Cl. C|erer| ol A|exardr|a, lro|r vl , ( l. 3|a|||r|Treu) ard 3|ror v o811
1z, , ( 3|a| ||r|lruc||e|). ;81;;
88. Cl. l. C|r|s||arser. 0|e Tec|r|| der a||egor|sc|er Aus|egurgsW|ssersc|al|oe|
l|||or vor A|exar dr|er, Tuo|rger , . 1o1|o
8. Cl. u. w||c|ers. 0er 8r|el ar d|e borer, 8d. (FKK vl, ), Zur|c| - 1 1
Neu||rc|er - v|uyr z
18;, . z8
;ozN|re T| e lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury 0ree| C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
lau|
o
ard le|er. 1
1
0r|ger espec|a||y expourded |||s Way ol |r|erpre|a||or
|r sore de|a||.
z
3uc| a ||eory car or|y oe prac||cao|e |l ore pos||s a spec|a|
urders|ard|rg ol |rsp|ra||or

so ||a| 3cr|p|ures car oe exp|a|red |r a prosopograp||ca| Way ard, ||us, ||e

d|llerer| o|o||ca| relererces car oe correc|ed
||roug| eac| o||er ard |so|a|ed lror ||e|r |rred|a|e cor|ex|.
l| |s ev|der| ||a| Ar|us |s ao|e |o suppor| ||s argurer|s oy d|llerer|
verses ol 3cr|p|ures. loWever, |||s re||od ol |r|erpre|a||or W||c| |as a
|org |rad|||or oelore Ar|us as We|| as cer|a|r |ssues corcerr|rg ||e cor|er|
dor|ra|e ||s exeges|s. 0r|y lror |||s po|r| ol v|eW |s || poss|o|e |o urders|ard
|oW Ar|us e|aoora|ed ||e a||r|ou|es ol ||e la||er lror ||e s|ardpo|r|
ol ||e 3or ard |o arr|ve a| a c|ear d|s||rc||or oe|Weer la||er ard 3or ard
|o ||e suoord|ra||or ol ||e 3or |r re|a||or |o ||e la||er.
lr surrary, |Wo |rpor|ar| sources ol Ar|us||e le||er |o Fuseo|us ol
N|cored|a (ur|. ) ard ||e Corless|or ol la||| (ur|. )s|oW ||a| Ar|us 1 o
cou|d |ave urders|ood ros| ol ||s s|a|erer|s |r o|o||ca| |errs. loWever,
||e presuppos|||ors ol ||s exeges|s are, a| |eas|, |Wolo|d. ) T| e relererces 1
|o ||e 8|o|e rus| oe urders|ood as ar |so|a||or ol 3cr|p|ura| verses W||c|
are |r|erpre|ed oy Ar|us aga|rs| ||e oac|grourd ol ||e |rad|||or oelore ||r
(e.g. 0r|ger's |r|erpre|a||or ol Jo|r , ). 8u| or|y oy coro|r|rg a ser|es ol 11
d|llerer| 3cr|p|ura| passages, Ar|us |ad ||e poss|o||||y ol deve|op|rg sore
ol ||s cer|ra| ||eres (e.g. ||e crea|ure|ood ol ||e 3or). ) T| e secord z
presuppos|||or oe|orgs |o ||e p|||osop||ca| ard ||eo|og|ca| ca|egor|es W||c|
dor|ra|e ||e Ar|ar exeges|s, e.g. ||e d|llererce oe|Weer ||e gerera|ed 3or
ard ||e la||er as or|g|r W|||ou| ary source lor ||rse|l. 8o|| aspec|s dor|ra|e
||e Ar|ar read|rg ol ||e 8|o|e so ||a| ||e o|o||ca| relererces |ave |o oe
seer |r ||ese respec|s.
o. Cl. u. w||c|ers, [r. |, , . 18; 8zo|z;
1. Cl. b. 3c|rac|erourg. `C|r|s|o|og|e des Neuer Tes|arer|es'. lr. |y3a|lll, 1
( ) - , see , 0. Kroc|. 0er ers|e urd zWe||e le|rusor|el. 0er 1;ozz;88
Judasor|el,
begersourg , l. 1ooo
z. Cl. l. C|r|s||arser, [r. |, , 8. Neusc|aler, [r. |, - . 1o 881|o 18; o|zo8
. 0r ||e corcep| ol |rsp|ra||or ard ||e lourda||or ol ||e caror cl. K. 3. lrar|.
399
`Zur a||||rc|||c|er Karorgesc||c||e'. lr. w. larreroerg|T. 3c|re|der, eds..
vero|rd||c|es Zeugr|s l. Karor3c|r|l|Trad|||or, lre|ourg - 0o|||rger , 1z
- 1z8. T| e lourda||or ol ||e caror presupposes a cr||er|or del|r|rg ||e
cor|er|
|r order |o de|err|re W|a| |s |o oe oe||eved as caror|ca|, |.e. We dor'| |ave |o
dea|
W||| de lac|o dec|s|ors ol ||e d|llerer| s|ages ol ||e caror, ||e cr||er|or del|r|rg
||e
cor|er| |as |o oe es|ao||s|ed, roreover, oy argurer|s ol a ||eo|ogy ol reve|a||or
|rsolar as ||e Word ol 0od s|ou|d oe recogr|zed W||||r ||a| caror|r o||er
Words.
|| |ssys|era||ca||y spea||rga ca|egor|ca| record|rg ol a |rarscerder|a| |ru||.
T|e Ar|ar Cr|s|s ;o
o|o||ograp|y
|
lr|rary |ex|s
A||aras|us. `0ra||o l Cor|ra Ar|aros , . . , Fp. Aeg. . lr. K. |e|z|er. F|r 1o 1z
8e||rag
zur be|ors|ru|||or der 'T| a||a' des Ar|us'. |r. K. |e|z|er | l. 3|ror. Ar|ara e|
A||aras|ara. 3|ud|er zur uoer||elerurg urd zu p|||o|og|sc|er lroo|erer der
wer|e des A||aras|us vor A|exardr|er, 0p|ader , - , |ere - . 1111| ;|
. `0e syrod|s'. lr. wer|e ll, ( . urd . l|elerurg), ed. l.-0. 0p||z, 8er||r 18
| 1|o
1|1, - . z1;8
Fp|p|ar|us. larar|or 8d. , ed. K. lo|||J. 0urrer, 8er||r
z
18(0C3 ). 1
Fuseo|us vor Caesarea. K|rc|ergesc||c||e, ed. F. 3c|War|z (0C3 , - ), 1
le|pz|g
- 1o1o.
l|||os|org|us. K|rc|ergesc||c||e, ed. J. 8|dez, . uoeraro. Aul| . v. l. w|r|e|rarr z
(0C3
z1
z
), 8er||r . 1;z
3ocra|es. K|rc|ergesc||c||e, ed. 0. C|r. larser (0C3.Nl ), 8er||r . 1 1
3ozorerus. K|rc|ergesc||c||e, edd. J. 8|dez e| 0. C|r. larser (0C3 ), o
8er||r
1oo.
T|eodore|. K|rc|ergesc||c||e, ed. l. larrer||er, oearo. v. l. 3c|e|dWe||er (0C3
), ||
8er||r . 1|
ur|urder zur 0esc||c||e des ar|ar|sc|er 3|re||s, ed. l.-0. 0p||z, 8er||r -
le|pz|g
1|| . 1
3ecordary l||era|ure
8o|r, T| oras. `0|e C|r|s|o|og|e des Ar|us. 0ogrergesc||c||||c|e
uoer|egurger
ur|er oesorderer 8eruc|s|c|||gurg der le||er|s|erurgslrage' (3T| 0 ), 3|. ;
0|||||er . 11
8rerrec|e, larrs C|r|s|ol. `lu||ar vor Ar||oc||er |r der 0esc||c||e des
Ar|ar|sc|er 3|re||es'. lr. l.C|r. 8rerrec|e|F.l. 0rasruc||C|r. |ar|sc||es
(Fds.).
logos. l3 l. lu|se AoraroWs|| zur . Ju|| , 8er||r - NeW or| , - 8 1 11;o
. z
le|ge, 0er|ard. `0|e le|re |ar|e||s vor Ar|yra |r der 0ars|e||urg se|rer
0egrer'
(FT|3| ), le|pz|g . 8 11
0regg, booer| C.|0ro|, 0er|s F.. Far|y Ar|ar|sr. A v|eW ol 3a|va||or,
l|||ade|p||a
181.
|. T| e Wor|s |rc|uded |ere dea| W||| rore gerera| aspec|s ard proo|ers, ard
are
correc|ed, roreover, W||| ||e Ar|ar ||eo|ogy. lor par||cu|ar po|r|s, l reler |o ||e
Wor|s c||ed |r ||e loo|ro|es.
;o|N|re T| e lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury 0ree| C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
0regg, booer| C. (Fd.). Ar|ar|sr. l|s|or|ca| ard T|eo|og|ca| beassessrer|s,
Caror|dge (|ass.) . 18
0r|||re|er, A|o|s. Jesus der C|r|s|us |r 0|auoer der K|rc|e l, lre|ourg - 8ase| -
w|er
1o.
laas, C|r|s|op|er. `T| e Ar|ars ol A|exardr|a'. lr. v|gC|r ( ) - . |;1z||
larsor, b|c|ard l.C.. T|e 3earc| lor ||e C|r|s||ar 0oc|r|re ol 0od. T| e Ar|ar
400
Cor|roversy - , Fd|rourg| . 1881 188
Karrerg|esser, C|ar|es. Ar|us ard A||aras|us. TWo A|exardr|ar T|eo|og|ars,
larps||re . 11
lorerz, budo|l. Ar|us juda|zars? ur|ersuc|urger zur dogrergesc||c||||c|er
F|rordrurg des Ar|us, 0o|||rger . 1;
lyrar, beoecca. `Ar|ars ard |ar|c|ees or C|r|s|'. lr. JT| 3 ( ) - . |o18|o
|e|z|er, Kar|r. `F|r 8e||rag zur be|ors|ru|||or der 'T| a||a' des Ar|us'. lr. K.
|e|z|er|l. 3|ror. Ar|ara e| A||aras|ara. 3|ud|er zur uoer||elerurg urd zu
p|||o|og|sc|er lroo|erer der wer|e des A||aras|us vor A|exardr|er, 0p|ader
, 11
- 11|.
b|c|er, lr|edo. `N||a|a a|s Kr|s|s des a||c|r|s|||c|er l|a|or|srus'. lr. T|l| ||
( ) - . 1oz1|1
. `Zur bezep||or der p|a|or|sc|er 0r|o|og|e oe| Fuseo|os vor Ka|sare|a,
Are|os
urd A||aras|os'. lr. T|l| ( ) - . 1;8z1z
b|||er, Ado|l |ar||r. `Ar|ar|srus'. lr. TbF ( ) - . 1;8oz;1
. `Ar|us red|v|vus? F|r Ja|rzWo|l|Ar|ar|sruslorsc|urg'. lr. T|b ( ) 1o
- 118;.
3|rore|||, |ar||o. 3|ud| su||' Ar|ares|ro, bora . 1o
. la cr|s| ar|ara re| lv seco|o, bora . 1;
3|ead, 0eorge C|r|s|op|er. `T| e l|a|or|sr ol Ar|us'. lr. JT| 3 ( ) - . 11o|1o1
. 0|v|re 3uos|arce, 0xlord . 1;;
v|rzer|, |ar|us. `As|er|us vor Kappado||er. 0|e ||eo|og|sc|er lragrer|e.
F|r|e||urg, |r|||sc|er Tex|, uoerse|zurg urd Korrer|ar' (3.v|gC|r ), le|der - o
NeW or| - Ko|r . 1
w||es, |aur|ce. `lr 0elerce ol Ar|us'. lr. JT| 3 ( ) - . 11oz|;
w||||ars, boWar. `T| e log|c ol Ar|ar|sr'. lr. JT| 3 ( ) - . |18o81
. Ar|us. leresy ard Trad|||or, lordor . 18;
|||. Corp|erer|ary 8|o||ograp|y or Ar|ar Fxeges|s
8arce||ora, l. 3corza. `l'|r|erpre|az|ore de| dor| de| rag| serrore ra|a||z|o d|
(pseudo) 0||a|o d| |||ev|.' 33b | ( ). - . z11;81z|
8ou|arard, F. `Aux sources de |a doc|r|re d'Ar|us.' 8lF ( ). - , - . o81o;1z|1;z
T|e Ar|ar Cr|s|s ;o
Cur||, C.0ue correr|ar|| |red||| d| 3a|or|o a| varge|| d| 0|ovarr| e d| |a||eo.
Trad|z|ore raroscr|||a, lor||, au|ore. T. 8o||ega d'Frasro, . 1o8
. `A||r| |re cod|c| de| correr|| a||r|ou||| a 3a|or|o.' lr 3|ud| su| cr|s||ares|ro
ar||co e roderro |r orore d||ar|a 0raz|a |ara = Aug ( ), - . bore. 1;|o
lrs|||u|o la|r|s||co 'Augus||r|arur,' . 1
0ec|er, 0. de. `Fvoca||or de |a 8|o|e dars |e '0|scours |'Assero|ee des 3a|r|s'
pre|e |'erpereur Cors|ar||r.' lages - |r 3|ud|a 8|o||ca, || lr|erra||ora| 1| o
Corgress or 8|o||ca| 3|ud|es. Fd||ed oy F. l|v|rgs|ore. 0xlord, - . 1;81;
0e||azar|, b. `lrovero|os . e Co|osserses . o. A exegese de Ar|o e 8zo 11
A|aras|o. lropos|a para ura cr|||ca.' Teoc | | | ( ). - | - | - ;;o;;;818;|||o1o;
| - . 1ooo8
Karrerg|esser, C. `A|exarder ard Ar|us ol A|exardr|a. T| e |as| Ar|e-N|cere
||eo|og|ars.' lr l|erora. 3a|us carr|s. loreraje a Ar|or|o 0roe. Fd||ed oy
F. borero lose, J. b|us-Carps, ard J. |or|serra| Torrer|s. 3ar||ago de
Corpos|e|a. Corpos|e||arur | - ( ). - . 1z1o1|o
. `Ar|us ard ||e Ar|ars'. F. lergusor, 3|ud|es |r Far|y C|r|s||ar||y , `0oc|r|res
or 0od ard C|r|s| |r ||e Far|y C|urc|,' NeW or| , - . 1|o;
|or|arar|, 0. `|ass|r|aro arc|vescovo d| baverra ( - ) core |oo
corr|||er|e.'
3|ud| boragro|| ( ). - . |z11o;|1o
Nez |orero, J. |. `l| '0e 8ap||sro' d| lac|aro d| 8arce||ora. ur rode|o d|
eseges| o|o||ca re||a ca|ec|es| |spara de| lv seco|o.' lages - |r Fseges| e 11
ca|ec|es| re| ladr| (secc. lv-vll). Corvegro d| s|ud|o e agg|orrarer|o, laco||
d|
le||ere cr|s||are e c|ass|sc|e (lor|. lrs|. A|||or|s la||r||a||s), bora - rarzo zz;
1. Fd||ed oy 3. le||c|. 83be| . bore. lA3, . 11z 1|
0pe||, l. `0er Korrer|ar zur Fcc|es|as|es, der 3a|or|us vor 0erl
zugesc|r|eoer
W|rd,' - . zo;
0soorre, C. `l||era| or re|ap|or|ca|? 3ore |ssues ol |arguage |r ||e Ar|ar
cor|roversy,' - . C|r|s||ar la||| (= r ). 1|8;o 881
lo||ard, T. F. `T| e 0r|g|r ol Ar|ar|sr (Ar||oc|ere doc|r|ra| ard exege||ca|
|rl|uerce or Ar|us).' JT| 3 ( ). - . 181o11
becc||a, v. `ber|r|scerze o|o||c|e e '|opo|' ag|ogral|c| reg|| 'A|||' aror|r| d| 3.
3ao|ro, vescovo d| Carosa?' ve|C|r ( ). - . |1o;118|
3|ead, C|r. `Ar|us |r roderr researc|.' JT| 3 ( ). - . |1|z|o
v|ar, 0. |. `Aspe||| ca|ec|e||c| re||'eseges| ar|ara occ|der|a|e.' lages - |r 8z
Fseges| e ca|ec|es| re| ladr| (secc. lv-vll). Corvegro d| s|ud|o e
agg|orrarer|o,
401
laco|| d| le||ere cr|s||are e c|ass|ce (lor|. lrs|. A|||or|s la||r||a||s), bora - zz;
rarzo . Fd||ed oy 3. le||c|. 83be| . bore. lA3, . 1 11z 1|
. `lred|caz|ore ed eseges| re||'ar|ares|ro |a||ro. |a racco||a d| verora.'
A3F | 11
zz( ). - . 1|||
v|rzer|, |., `0o||es weser, logos, we|s|e|| urd Kral|oe| As|er|us vor
Kappado||er urd |ar|e|| vor Arcyra'. vC ( ) - . |;11;o1

;ooN|re T| e lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury 0ree| C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
lv
lNCAbNATl0NAl lFb|FNFuTlC3
|. |arce||us ol Arcyra (c. - ) z8o;|
|arce||us Was oorr |r . As |a|e as , as |oca| o|s|op, |e Was rer||ored z8o ;|
as pres|der over a gerera| syrod a| Arcyra. le |ad |roWr Cors|ar||re, W|o
|ad a| l|rs| p|arred ||e gerera| syrod ol |r Arcyra, oelore corvo||rg || z
|o N|caea. lr |arce||us |arded |o ||e erperor ||s 0pus ad Cors|ar||rur o
lrpera|orer, |r W||c| |e derourced ||e |eresy ol Fuseo|us ol Caesarea,
Fuseo|us ol N|cored|a, As|er|us ||e 3op||s|, Narc|ss|us ol Neror|as, ard
lau||rus ol Tyre. T| e syrod ol Cors|ar||rop|e corderred ||e Wor| ard
deposed |arce||us. Fuseo|us ol Caesarea Wro|e a resporse, Cor|ra |arce||ur
ard 0e ecc|es|as||ca ||eo|og|a. Al| er ||e dea|| ol Cors|ar||re |r |ay , ;
|arce||us occup|ed ||s see aga|r, ou| |e Was soor ser| |r|o ex||e, sperd|rg
l|l|eer ror||s W||| A||aras|us |r bore, ard ||er depar|ed lror bore |r
||e la|| ol , al|er a puo||c s|a|erer| ol la|||, ||e Fp|s|u|a ad Ju||ur. T| e |o
borar syrod ol spr|rg accep|ed ||s s|a|erer| ol la|||, as d|d ||e Wes|err |1
syrod ol 3erd|ca (3ol|a) |r . le W|||dreW lror ||e po||||ca| scere, |z
||s ||eo|og|ca| pos|||or oe|rg |roWr or|y ||roug| ||e Wr|||rgs a||r|ou|ed
|o ||r W||| rore or |ess cer|||ude oy roderr cr|||cs. 0e sarc|a ecc|es|a,
lsA||aras|us,Fp|s|u|a ad l|oer|ur,Fp|s|u|a ad Ar||oc|eros = 3erro ra|or
de l|de,0e |rcarra||ore e| cor|ra Ar|aros.
3cr|p|ure Was lor |arce||us ||e d|v|re|y au||or|zed prool-|ex| lor ||s
||eo|og|ca| |deas. w||| ar exper||se locused or ||e |og|c ol scr|p|ure, |e
argued d|rec||y lror scr|p|ure ||se|l. l||e Ar|us, ou| W||| a |o|a||y d|llerer|
ro||or ol d|v|re sors||p, |e assessed C|r|s||ar la||| |r app|y|rg ||s oWr
se|l-rade |errereu||cs. los|||e |o ||e corserva||ve 0r|ger|sr ol ||e |Wo
Fuseo|uses (N|cored|a ard Caesarea) ard ||e|r group, |e ||rse|l ca||ed
upor ||e 0r|ger|ar |egacy |r ||s |r|erpre|a||or ol C|r|s|o|og|ca| prools,
suc| as lrv . - , Cor . - , ls . , leo . - , Ac|s . . 8zzz1 1z|zo 1o1 1z zo
l||e Ar|us, |e Was oas|ca||y a |||rd cer|ury |||r|er. 3|||| specu|a||rg W|||
rorarc||ar ca|egor|es, |r ||s ||eory ol ||e C|r|s||ar god|ead |e deve|oped,
|r eru|a||or ol Fuseo|us ol Caesarea, a |r|urp|a||s| ecc|es|o|ogy oased or ar
arc|a|c esc|a|o|ogy, `ar exeges|s ol c|r|s|o|og|ca| passages W||c| |s d|rec||y
ecc|es|o|og|ca|' (3e|o|, , TbF ). Al|er A||aras|us |ep| a respec|lu| 8; zz |z
d|s|arce lror ||r. |arce||us's |rpac| or A||aras|ar exeges|s ol lrv . , 8zz
sugges|ed oy sore cr|||cs, seers |rprooao|e oo|| lor c|roro|og|ca| ard
doc|r|ra| reasors. |arce||us reac|ed o|d age |r Arcyra ard d|ed |r . ;|
lrcarra||ora| lerrereu||cs ;o;
Fd|||ors
Fp. Ju|.. K|os|errarr, F. ard 0. C. larser, 0C3 , rd ed., 8er||r , 1| 11
- 18z1.
v|rzer|, |., . 1;
0er|c|e, w., la||e , - . 1|o1zz|;
lragrer|a. Ar|||rus, ecc|. lr.ls.-A||aras|us serr. l|d.. F. 3c|War|z, 38Aw.
lll , . 1z|o
Nordoerg, l., A||aras|ara . le|s|r|| , - . 1 1oz;;1
||eopasc|.. |. Te|z, ZK0 ( ) - . 81;z1|1
exp. l|d.. l. Nordoerg, A||aras|ara , le|s|r|| , - . 1 1oz|o
|rc. e| c. Ar.. l0 , - . zo8|1oz8
Trars|a||ors
0errar
0er|c|e, w.. le|de|oerg . 1|o
3e|o|, K.. 8er||r , - . 1|z||
3|ud|es
0oW||rg, |. J. `|arce||us ol Arcyra, proo|ers ol C|r|s|o|ogy ard ||e doc|r|re ol
||e Tr|r||y.' 0|ss., ueers ur|vers||y (8e|las|), . 18;
le|ge, 0. 0|e le|re |ar|e||s vor Ar|yra |r der 0ars|e||urg se|rer 0egrer.
FT|3| . 8
3|. 8erro, . 11
. `|ar|e|| vor Ar|yra urd das Korz|| vor N|zaa ( ).' lr Frlur|, - , . z z;;o1z
lordev||a, J. |. `ldeas cr|s|o|og|cas de |arce|o de Arcyra.' FsTe ( ). - o;1z1
. o|
0r|||re|er, A. `Jesus C|r|s|, ||eKyr |os Ar| |ropos.' T3 ( ). - . 81;;z;
luorer, b. `0r. v. N. urd |ar|e|| vor Ar|yra (u. Kor . - ).' lr Ac|es du 1 1zz8
Co||oque de C|eve|ogre - sep|. , ed||ed oy |. lar|, - . le|der. zzzo 1o 1zz
402
8r|||, . 1;1
l|er|ard, J. T. `8as|| ol Caesarea, |arce||us ol Arcyra, ard '3aoe|||us.'' C|l 8
( ). - . 1o1;o;
. `T| e Fxeges|s ol Cor . - lror |arce||us ol Arcyra |o T| eodore| ol 1 1z|z8
Cyrus.' v|gC|r ( ). - . ;18|o
logar, A. l. 8. `|arce||us ol Arcyra ard ||e Courc||s ol a.d. , Ar||oc|, z
Arcyra
ard N|caea.' JT| 3 ( ). - . |1z|z8|o
le||ard, 0. `la ||eo|og|e e| |'exegse de |arce| d'Arcyre sur Cor . - . ur 1 1z|z8
sc|re |e||er|s||que er ||eo|og|e.' 0reg ( ). - . ;11oo;
3c|e|dWe||er, l. `|arce|| vor Arcyra.' ZNw ( ). - . |o1zoz1|
;o8N|re T| e lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury 0ree| C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
3c|||c|||rg, w. `0er a||e |arr, uoer der A||aras|us |ac|e||e. |arce|| vor Ar|yra

oder. 0|e 3e|os||ausc|urg des 8|o||z|srus.' T|8e| ( ). - . 1;|1;1

3e|o|, K. `|ar|e|| vor Ar|yra a|s be|c|s||eo|oge.' 0|ss., Tuo|rger, . 1o
3|r|sca|co, l. `Frre|e Tr|sreg|s|o, prole|a pagaro de||a r|ve|az|ore cr|s||ara. la
lor|ura d| ur passo erre||co (Asc|ep|us ) re||'|r|erpre|az|ore d| scr|||or| 8
cr|s||ar|.' AA3T, 3c|or ( s). - . 1o11oo 811o
3uggs, |. J. `Fuseo|us' Tex| ol Jo|r |r ||e 'wr|||rgs aga|rs| |arce||us.'' J8l ;
( ). - . 1o1;|z
Te|z, |. `Zur T| eo|og|e des |ar|e|| vor Ar|yra, l.' ZK0 ( ). - . ;1o|z1;;1
. `|ar|e||s le|re vor der Adarsso|rsc|al|C|r|s|| urd e|re
pseudo||erer||r|sc|e Trad|||or uoer d|e Wa|rer le|rer urd lrop|e|er.' ZK0 ;
( ). 1o8
- |z.
. `Zur a||ror|sc|er 8e|err|r|s, e|r 8e||rag des |arce||us vor Arcyra.' ZNw
;( ). - . 18|1o;z;
||. Ar|ory ||e lerr|| ( - ) z1o
3ee c|ap|er , lll, ||. 1|
|||. lac|or|us ( | - ) zz|o
3ee c|ap|er , lll, |||. 1|
|v. A||aras|us ol A|exardr|a (ca. | - ) z8;
8orr |r or , A||aras|us Was e|ec|ed o|s|op ol A|exardr|a |r , ||ree z8 z z8
years al|er ||e |rper|a| syrod ol N|caea |o W||c| |e |ad |rave||ed as a deacor
W||| ||s e|der|y predecessor, 8|s|op A|exarder. lror ||e N|cere assero|y
A|exarder succeeded |r ge|||rg a corl|rred corderra||or ol Ar|us, ard a
decree urg|rg ||e sc||sra||c |e||||ars |o re|r|egra|e ||e ca||o||c c|urc| |r
A|exardr|a. Age ard |rl|rr||y prooao|y prever|ed ||r lror ac||rg ell| c|er||y
aga|rs| ||e |e||||ars al|er ||s re|urr lror N|caea, ard |r ary case, ||e reW
deve|oprer|s ol ||e Ar|ar cr|s|s al|er ||e surrer ol Were oeyord ||s z
cor|ro|. lerce, |r , ||s very yourg successor (ro| ye| ) assured a z8 o
c|urc| |r d|sarray W|er er|er|rg ||e ep|scopa| oll| ce, ||s |erure ol lor|yl|ve years
Wou|d oe ser|ous|y pressured oy adverse c|rcurs|arces resu|||rg
lror A|exarder's |er||age.
lrcarra||ora| lerrereu||cs ;o
Fvery ore ol A||aras|us's Wr|||rgs ||g|||g||s ||s lar|||ar||y W||| |o|y
scr|p|ure. A| ||e sare ||re, ||s Wr|||rgs a|so W||ress |o ||s c|o|ce ol very
persora| ard urusua| |errereu||cs. lor A||aras|us, scr|p|ure Was |r|egra|ed
|r ||e sp|r||ua| rea|||y ol ||e C|r|s||ar |rad|||or |r suc| a Way ||a| || Was ro|
as a c|ass|c lror ||e pas|, requ|r|rg a correr|ary |r order |o oe urders|ood
lror ore cu||ure |o aro||er. ba||er || Was a ressage express|rg ||e ecc|es|a|
ac|ua|||y, arrourced |r ||s esser||a| cor|er| |o ca|ec|urers ard reW|y
oap||zed, ce|eora|ed |r |||urg|ca| ac||v|||es, or cors|ar||y relerred |o ard
d|scussed oy c|urc| reroers W||| regard |o doc|r|ra| ra||ers. 0ov|ous|y
c|ose |o ||e 8|o|e lror ||s ear|y |eers, A||aras|us |ad deve|oped W|a| car
oe oes| descr|oed as a `o|o||ca| r|rd-se|'. |e Was urao|e |o lace ary s||ua||or,
or assure ary respors|o||||y, W|||ou| |der||ly|rg ||rse|l |r ||s ||oug|| ard
|r ||s ac||or ||roug| a rel|ex ol o|o||ca| |errereu||cs. |ore |rpor|ar||y,
||s |roW|edge ol ||e o| ard ||e r|, reror|zed `oy |ear|' Was cer|ered or
||e reve|a||or ol 0od's |rcarra||or.
T| e c|urc| Was lor A||aras|us ||e v|sua| ac|ua||za||or ol ||e d|v|re
|rcarra||or W||ressed |o oy ||e r|. w|||ou| ever a||erp||rg ary ||eore||ca|
ecc|es|o|ogy, A||aras|us devo|ed ||rse|l |o ||e peop|e ol ||s c|urc| corrur||y,
l|g|||rg erd|ess oa|||es or ||er. T| e very exper|erce ol la||| W||c|
ur||ed ||r W||| ||s corrur||y, Was urders|ood oy ||r as ||e oojec||ve
c|urc|-rea|||y. l| Was ar a||||ude ol r|rd ||roug| W||c| oe||evers er|ered
|r|o corrur|or W||| ||e |rcarra|e logos. T| us A||aras|us's recourse
|o scr|p|ure Was a|Ways `|rcarra||ora|.' Ary o|o||ca| relererce c||ed oy
A||aras|us |rp||ed a ||r| oe|Weer ||e cor|er| ol ||a| relererce or sore|||rg
ro|ed |r ||e |rred|a|e cor|ex| ol || ard ||e g|ooa| rys|ery ol 0od's
|rcarra||or as |e perce|ved || ac|ua||zed |r ||e c|urc|.
A||aras|us d|d ro| au||or a s|rg|e correr|ary or a o|o||ca| ooo|. T|a|
surpr|s|rg |acura drove |a|er gerera||ors ol devo|ed adr|rers |o l||| ||e
403
gap W||| p|ous lorger|es (lor |rs|arce Cl0 ll , , , , , z1|1z181zz8zz|;zzoo
- zz;z;o). T| e c|oses| ||e A|exardr|ar pos|-N|cere o|s|op care |o suc| a
correr|ary Was |r ||s le||er |o |arce|||rus or ||e lsa||er(Cl0 ll, ). zo;
l| preser|s a ||oroug| ara|ys|s, |r very cordersed |errs, ol a|| ||e psa|rs,
ou|, prec|se|y, rore ||ar ary o||er ol ||s Wr|||rgs, || |||us|ra|es ||s geru|re
a||||ude |oWard ||e 8|o|e. le |roWs oy exper|erce W||c| psa|rs |o rec||e
lor ||e var|e|y ol |rrer d|spos|||ors ard ex|erra| c|rcurs|arces ol ||le. le
c|a|rs ||a| a|| ups ard doWrs ol |urar ex|s|erce l|rd ar ec|o|rg |r spec|l|c
psa|r|c verses. lr o||er Words ||a| ||ere |s ro| a s|rg|e exper|erce ol ||le
ard dea|| W|||ou| ar appropr|a|e psa|r as a resporse |o ||. le exp|a|rs |o
|arce|||rus ||a| |e |s ro| |ec|ur|rg ||r |r ||e aos|rac|, oecause ||e psa|rs,
lar lror exerc|s|rg or|y ||e r|rd, oecore a praylu| oody-|arguage. psa|rs
;1oN|re T| e lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury 0ree| C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
are oe||er surg ||ar rec||ed (per|aps oe||er darced ||ar surg!). lr s|or|, ||ey
ergage oe||evers |r|o par||c|pa||rg p|ys|ca||y |r ||e rys|ery ol ||e |rcarra|e
logos, W|o |s suller|rg or rejo|c|rg |r ||e ac|ua|||y ol ||s c|urc|.
T| us ||e A||aras|ar urders|ard|rg ol scr|p|ure |s a|Ways oourd |o ||e
corcre|e exper|erce ol ||le ard la|||. T| e o|s|op g|ves a rarra||ve |W|s| |o
||s s|a|erer|s, ra||er ||ar couc|ed |r aos|rac||ors. l|s o|o||ca| r|rd-se|
|rposes ||s oWr syr|ax or ||s s|y|e. ||e A||aras|ar ser|erce |s usua||y |org
ard suod|v|ded, oecause ||e ||oug|| expressed |r || a|Ways d|rec|s ||e a||er||or
lror ||e |rred|a|e argurer|s or c|rcurs|arces |o ||e a||-erorac|rg
c|urc|-rea|||y ol ||e ac|ua||zed d|v|re |rcarra||or.
T| e Word \\pod |as lourd ro er|ry |r|o 0u|do |u||er's lex|cor
A||aras|arur( ). Fver 1z |s used oy A||aras|us or|y W||| ||e corcre|e
rear|rg ol `|rpressed rar|,' ard so |s ||e vero . lard|y ary
|race rera|rs |r ||e A||aras|ar Wr|||rgs ol 0r|ger's cosro-psyc|o|og|ca|
lrareWor|, ||ar|s |o W||c| ||e |a||er cou|d ||eor|ze or scr|p|ura| serses
ard read |r|o scr|p|ure a descr|p||or ol ||e |urar sou|'s sp|r||ua| reeds.
A||aras|us, ||rse|l rever exp||c|||y d|s||rgu|s|es oe|Weer `|||era|' ard
`sp|r||ua|' serses, |e corce|ves scr|p|ure |ess as a r|rror ol ||e sou|, ||ar as
a reve|a|ory source ol rear|rg lor ||e exper|erced rea|||y ol ||e c|urc| a|
|arge. 8e|rg ||e or|y o|s|op ol ||s gerera||or lror W|or We |ear puo||c
pra|se ol 0r|ger, A||aras|us oov|ous|y d|d ro| lee| |rdeo|ed |o ||e grea|
d|das|a|osol ||e |||rd cer|ury lor ||s oWr approac| |o scr|p|ure. T| e spec|l|c
A||aras|ar approac| |o scr|p|ure Was corcre||zed |r |urdreds ol o|o||ca|
relererces, quo|a||ors or a||us|ors, spread over ||s Wr|||rgs. |ore |rpor|ar||y,
lror ||e l|rs| |rs|arce |r 0r ||e lrcarra||or|o ||s very |as| doc|r|ra|
s|a|erer|s, || de|err|red ||e o|s|op's |r|e||ec|ua| erdeavor.
T|e essay 0r ||e lrcarra||or ol ||e logos, jo|red |o ||e apo|ogy Aga|rs|
||e lea||er|r or |a|er, seers adequa|e|y c|arac|er|zed as ||e l| rs| ard
prograrra||c, ||oug| ror-po|er|ca|, resporse ol ||e yourg o|s|op |o ||e
Ar|ar |eresy. Fxc|us|ve|y d|rec|ed |o reroers ol ||s oWr c|urc|-corrur||y,
A||aras|us' 0r ||e lrcarra||orollers a reW lorru|a||or ol ||e C|r|s||ar
doc|r|re ol sa|va||or, as |rad|||ora||y |aug|| or ||e ca|ec|urera| |eve|. lr
par. - ||e o|s|op |r|roduces ||s oWr v||a| ro||or ol d|v|re |rcarra||or, 81o
lorru|a|ed exc|us|ve|y |r lau||re |errs, ard |e |r|errup|s ||ereoy ||e sequerce
ol par. - ard - der|v|rg lror 0r|ger's |egacy, |r W||c| ||e z; 111o
|rage-|||eress ol ||e |urar oe|rg |oWard ||e d|v|re |ogos de|err|res ||e
crea||or ol Adar ard ||e sa|v|l|c rar|les|a||or ol C|r|s|. T| |s 0r|ger|ar
sc|era a||oWed oo|| ||e ecs|asy ol Adar's ard Fve's r|rd |r ||e pre|apsar|ar
parad|se ard a res|ored er||g||errer| ol |urar||rd oy ||e d|v|re
logos rade rar. T| e |org deve|oprer|, |rdeed ||e ou|| ol ||e |rea||se
lrcarra||ora| lerrereu||cs ;11
lo||oW|rg al|er par. , expards ||e l|rs|(proper|y A||aras|ar) ro||or ol 1o
||e lrcarra||or, |r par. - , ro| ||e secord (0r|ger|ar) ore |r par. - , 81o 111o
|r|o a |eac||rg or sa|va||or, cer|ered or ||e cross ard ||e resurrec||or ol
Jesus (par. - ). A d|scree| a||us|or |o ||e |ere||cs ard sc||sra||cs W|o 1;z
r|surders|ard ||e rys|ery ol ||e cross seers |ess s|gr|l|car| ||ar ||e ar||Ar|ar
s|ress or T|eos-logos, ||e |ru|y d|v|re sav|or lu|l| |||rg ||s sa|v|l|c
Wor| |r ||e l|es|. lrdeed, oy ||s rea||s||c locus or ||e |urar cord|||or ol
||e |rcarra|e logos ||e o|s|op resporded lor ||rse|l ard |r ||e rare ol
||s corgrega||or |o Ar|us's r|s|ead|rg c|r|s|o|ogy W||c| |ad oeer so|err|y
cersured a| N|caea. Cer|er|rg C|r|s||ar ||eo|ogy as a W|o|e or ||e 0ospe|
ever|, ra||er ||ar or a cosro-||eo|ogy |r ||re W||| |rad|||ora| A|exardr|ar
|eac||rg, A||aras|us' argurer| Was |r ||re W||| ||s cors|s|er| approac| ol
scr|p|ure ||roug|ou| ||s Wr|||rgs.
lr add|||or |o oper|rg a reW, `|rcarra||ora|' |or|zor lor ||e doc|r|re
or sa|va||or, oy ||e |rser||or ol par. - ard ||e|r lo||oW|rg |r par. - , 81o 1;z
||e yourg A|exardr|ar au||or ol 0r ||e lrcarra||or|oo| aro||er |r|||a||ve. 8elore
add|rg a rore corver||ora| c|ap|er Aga|rs| 0ree| ldo|a|ry(par.
- |1|), |r W||c| |e s|rorg|y urderscores ||e d|v|re ||||es ol ||e logos, aga|r
ro||va|ed oy ||e sare po|er|ca| cor|ex| W||c| |e pre|erds |o |grore |r
404
||s W|o|e |rea||se, A||aras|us adds a l|ra| c|ap|er Aga|rs| uroe||ev|rg JeWs
( - ), a|so |rposed oy ||e apo|oge||c gerre. Araz|rg|y, |e adds a lur||er |o
|rrova|a||or a| |||s po|r|, ro| |r add|rg sore|||rg or|g|ra| |o |rjec|
||le |r|o ||e po|er|cs ||erse|ves, ou|, or ||e docurer|ary |eve| ol o|o||ca|
prools, |r err|c||rg ||e |rad|||ora| `|es||ror|a' produced |r ar||-baoo|r|c
parp||e|s s|rce ||e secord cer|ury. A||aras|us produces a syr||es|s ol
||e ||ree oes|-|roWr co||ec||ors ol suc| |es||ror|a, separa|e|y |rarsr|||ed
oy 0r|ger, Fuseo|us ol Caesarea ard Cypr|ar ol Car||age (Karrerg|esser,
`les c||a||ors'). lr |ard||rg |rad|||ora| da|a |r |||s Way, A||aras|us Was
gu|ded ruc| |ess oy a po|er|ca| ro||va||or, ||ar oy ||e des|re |o educa|e
||s readers||p spec|l|ca||y |r Wor||rg ou| a deeper ard rore corp|e|e o|o||ca|
argurer|.
T| e sare corcerr |s rar|les| |r A||aras|us' exp||c|||y po|er|ca| |rea||ses Aga|rs|
||e Ar|ars(Cl0 ll, ), Wr|||er a s|or| ||re al|er 0r ||e zo
lrcarra||or, prooao|y arourd . lorced oy ||e pas|ora| reeds ol ||s oWr
peop|e |o oecore voca| aga|rs| ||e Ar|ar |eresy, ard jus| oac| |r ||s |oWr
al|er ||s l|rs| ex||e ( - ), ||e o|s|op urder|oo| ||e |as| ol a prosecu|or ;
ol or||odoxy, a |as| ||a| |e lourd a very urp|easar| ore, ard |o|a||y urlar|||ar |o
||r, as |e corl|des |r a le||er |o ||e |or|s(Cl0 ll, ) ser| |o z1zo
Fgyp| lror bore W||| ||e l|rs| dral|ol ||s po|er|ca| |rea||se. l|s |r|||a||ve
|r regards |o scr|p|ure seers |ere, a| l|rs| s|g||, |ess prorourced ||ar |r 0r
;1zN|re T| e lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury 0ree| C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
||e lrcarra||or, as |e ||r||s ||rse|l |o er|er ||e arera ol ar||-Ar|ar po|er|cs oy
d|scuss|rg or|y o|o||ca| prools c|a|red oy ||e Ar|ars ||erse|ves.
T| ey are. l||| . - ard ls . - , |r C. Ar. . - , leo . , |r C.Ar. z1o ||;8 1z 1|
1. - , leo . a ard Ac|s . , |r C. Ar. . - a, lrv . , |r C.Ar. . o- , o| z zo z118 8zz z18 |
8. a, |r C. Ar. . - , Co| . ard lrv . o, |r C. Ar. . - , ard lrv zz z||o1 11 8zz zoz;z
8. - , |r C. Ar. . - , ard orce rore lrv . |r C. Ar. . - . lr zz z;;; 8zz z;88z
lac|, ||e reader oecores soor aWare ||a| ||ese proluse expos|||ors aoou|
o|o||ca| prools are a|red |ess a| d|scuss|rg adverse |r|erpre|a||ors ||ar a|
educa||rg A||aras|us' oWr corrur||y ol la|||. 8y or|er||rg eac| exeges|s
|oWard a lu||er percep||or ol ||e rys|ery ol sa|va||or |r ||e process ol ||s
lu|l|||rer| |r ||e c|urc|, ard oy ca|||rg or la||| as |rs|ruc|ed lor oap||sr
ard ce|eora|ed |r ||e `We'-|a|| ol ||e ac|ua| corrur||y, ||e pas|or (ard
|rprov|s|rg exege|e) |oped |o s|are W||| ||e corror oe||ever ||e dyrar|c
ol ||s |rcarra||ora| |errereu||cs.
l|s Frcyc||ca| le||er(Cl0 ) s|ar|s W||| a drara||c ard |rpass|ored z1z|
accour| ol ||e |orr|o|e s|ory |r Judges , W|ere a ser|or 8erjar||e d|sreroers 1
||s raped corcuo|re ard serds par|s ol |er oody |o a|| |r|oes ol
lsrae|. A||aras|us's rarra||ve parap|rase resourds ||roug|ou| ||s ve|erer|
|e||er, |r W||c| |e ca||s or a|| ||e c|urc|es |r pro|es| aoou| ||e v|o|erce
corr|||ed aga|rs| ||s oWr c|urc|-corrur||y. Fver ||g||y po||||ca| ard
d|p|ora||c apo|og|es, |||e ||e Apo|ogy lor Cors|ar||us(Cl0 ), are |oaded z1z
W||| o|o||ca| quo|a||ors, as are A||aras|us' C|rcu|ar le||er |o ||e 8|s|ops ol
Fgyp| ard l|oya(Cl0 ll, ) ard ||s o||er doc|r|ra| |e||ers. Arorg ||er, zoz
||e le||ers |o 3erap|or(Cl0 ll, ) derors|ra|e ||e lu|| d|v|r||y ol ||e zo|
lo|y 3p|r||, |r repea||rg o|o||ca| argurer|s lror Cor|ra-Ar|arosl-ll. T| e
|||rd 0ra||or aga|rs| ||e Ar|ars|as ||s oWr |errereu||ca| lrareWor| |r
d|scuss|rg Jr . , 0| . , Jr . , - |r order |o asser| ||e ur||y ol 1|1o z 1;11zoz
la||er ard 3or as ||e lourda||or ol ||e |rarscerdar| ur||y ol ||e |rcarra|e
logos, ro| allec|ed |r ||s d|v|r||y oy ||e ||r||a||ors ard suller|rgs ol ||s
assured |urar||y (Karrerg|esser A||arase d'A|exardr|e eveque - ). 1ooo
T|e l|le ol Ar|ory(Cl0 ll, ) cour|s o|o||ca| a||us|ors ard quo|a||ors oy z1o1
||e |urdreds. l| produces a parad|gra||c p|c|ure ol ||e |dea| asce||c accord|rg |o
||e o|s|op's W|s|es, |r ca|||rg or ||e l| gures ol |oses, F||ja| ard ||s
d|sc|p|e, F||s|a, ard |r ass|r||a||rg Ar|ory |o ||e l|gure ol Jesus ||rse|l.'la
v|e d'Ar|o|re es| ega|erer| ure |r||a||o C|r|s||' (8ar|e||r|, ). T| e les|a| z
le||ers, puo||s|ed W|erever c|rcurs|arces rade || poss|o|e, arrourc|rg ||e
da|es ol ler|, Fas|er ard ler|ecos|, ru|||p|y ex|or|a||ors lor prepar|rg ||e
corrur|||es ol oe||evers |o prepare `||e' leas|. T| ese le||ers,W||ress|rg
a ||le-||re ol ded|ca|ed pas|ora| r|r|s|ry, preser| a cor||ruous |ex|ure ol
quo|ed ard parap|rased o|o||ca| relererces, as a v|v|d corl|rra||or ol ||s
lrcarra||ora| lerrereu||cs ;1
|ero, Ar|ory's dec|ara||or. `3cr|p|ure sull|ces lor our |rs|ruc||or,' .v
d 6sdv (vdi - idsd\dv ( , , 3C , ). 1o1 |oo1;8
Fd|||ors
opera orr|a. l0 - . l. 0. 0p||z, A||aras|us wer|e. | , | . 8er||r zz8 z11
- 1|.
0|r||ropou|ou, C., ?dvd \o 9dvdo \dvd. A||ers
- 1;1;o.
C|r|s|ou, K. ard N. 3a||ou, 9dvdo \dvd o# \o
dvd )d. T| essa|or||a - . 1;1;;
ep. Aeg. l|o.. K. |e|z|er, a|., A||aras|us wer|e. | . 8er||r . 11 1o
ger|.. Care|o|, l. T.. 3C o|s ( ). 18 1;;
405
leore, l.. Nap|es . 1o
T| orsor, b. w.. 0xlord . 1;1
|rc.. Karrerg|esser, C.. 3C ( , rd ed. ). 11;z zoo1
Ar. l-ll.
Ar lll.
ep. ror.. Jerp|ar|or, 0. de. b3b ( ) - . zo1oz||
v||a Ar|.. 8ar|e||r|, 0. J. |.. 3C ( ). |oo1|
|o|rrarr, C. a|.. |||ar . 1;|
ep. v|rg.. lelor|, l. T.. C3C0 ( ), - . (Cop||c). 1o1;
apo|. Cors|.| luga. 3zyrus|a|, J. |.. 3C ( ). o18
ep. 3er.. leoor, J.. 3C ( ). 11|o
ep. ca||.. Te|z, |.. ZNw ( ) - . ;188zoz81
ep. 0rs.. la|||r, l.. 8russe|s . 1z
ep. Fp|c|.. ludW|g, 0.. Jera . 111
ep. les|.. Cure|or, w.. lordor (3yr|ac). 18|8
lelor|, l. T.. C3C0 ( ). 1o1
Trars|a||ors
0u|c|
Ar. l-lll. C. J. de voge|, u|rec|| . 1|
l. 8er||ol, A||aras|us. 0ra||o de |rcarra||ore. Ars|erdar . 1|
Frg||s|
NlNl, rd ser. , , . z |18z1
ger|.. T| orpsor, aoove.
Ar. lll. |e|jer|rg, F. l., vo|s. Ars|erdar - . 1o18
ep. 3er.. C. b. 8. 3|ap|ard, lordor ard NeW or| . 11
;1|N|re T| e lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury 0ree| C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
ep. |arce||.. b. C. 0regg, A||aras|us. T| e l|le ol Ar||ory ard ||e le||er |o
|arce|||rus. NeW or| . l. 8r|g||, |r C. Karrerg|esser, Far|y C|r|s||ar 18o
3p|r||ua|||y. l|||ade|p||a , - . 18oo;;
ep. les|.. 8urgess, l., lordor . 18|8
lrerc|
ger|.. Care|o|, aoove.
|rc.. Karrerg|esser, aoove.
Ar. l-ll. Karrerg|esser (|r prepara||or).
v||a Ar|.. 8ar|e||r|, aoove.
ep. v|rg.. lelor|, l. T., C3C0 ( ). 111
apo|. Cors|.. 3zyrus|a|, aoove.
ep. 3er.. leoor, aoove.
ep. les|.. lelor|, l. T., C3C0 . 11
0errar
op. orr.. 3|egrarr, A., 8Kv, rd ed. ( ) - . z 111;z;11o
ep. Fp|c|.. l|pp|, J.. 8Kv, rd ed. , - . z 1o|1;
ep. les|.. |ererd|ro, l., 0arrs|ad| . 1o
lorerz, b.. 8ZNw ( || le||er, 3yr|ac ard 0errar). |1o
v||a Ar|.. |er|e|, l., 8Kv , rd ed., - . 1z o8;;;;
0o||lr|ed, A., 0raz . 18;
ep. 3er.. l|pp|, J., 8Kv, rd ed. ( ) - . z 111|oo;
l|a||ar
ger|.. leore, Nap|es . 1o
v||a Ar|.. |o|rrarr, aoove.
||s|. Ar.. Cesara, l., |||ar . 1;
ep. 3er.. Ca||areo, F., bore . 18o
larrarrore, l., ladua . 18
8|o||ograp|y
C. 8u||erWec|, A||aras|us8|o||ograp||e. 0p|ader . 1
lex|cor
0. |ue||er, lex||or A||aras|arur. 8er||r . 1z
lrcarra||ora| lerrereu||cs ;1
3|ud|es
A||arer, 8. `Augus||rus urd A||aras|us. F|re que||er|r|||sc|e 3|ud|e.' boer
( ). - . 1|8zo
A|ves de 3ousa, l. `F| corcep|o deso|eraer e| '0e lrcarra||ore vero|' de
3. A|aras|o.' 3crT| ( ). - . 1o1;8o
Arrs|rorg, 0. T. `T| e Cross |r ||e 0|d Tes|arer| Accord|rg |o A||aras|us, Cyr||
ol
Jerusa|er ard ||e Cappadoc|ar la||ers.' lages - |r T|eo|og|a cruc|s 1;8
s|grur cruc|s. ls. lur Fr|c| 0|r||er.Tuo|rger, . 1;
Arro|d, 0. w. T| e ear|y ep|scopa| career ol A||aras|us ol A|exardr|a. C|r|s||ar||y
ard Juda|sr |r Ar||qu||y . No|re 0are, lrd.. ur|ver|s|y ol No|re 0are lress, o
11.
`A||aras|us, Fp|s|o|a ad |arce|||rur |r |r|erpre|a||orer lsa|rorur.'
F|||es|as|||os l|aros ( ). - . oo1;8;8|o
Auo|reau, |. `ure |ore||e pasca|e a||r|ouee 3. A||arase d'A|exardr|e dars |e
3|ra|||cus 0r. .' Ze|es|s( ). Ar|Werper. |z 1;
406
8errard, b. l'|rage de 0|eu d'aprs 3. A||arase. lar|s. Auo|er, . 1z
8|erer|, w. A. `Zur logos-C|r|s|o|og|e des A||aras|us vor A|exardr|er |r Cor|ra
0er|es urd 0e lrcarra||ore.' 3|la|r ( ). - . 1o18|oz1
8|a|s|rg, C. A. A||aras|us. 3|ud|es |r ||e T| eo|og|ca| Cor|er|s ard ||e 3|ruc|ure
ol ||e
Cor|ra Ar|aros. 0|ss. Aoerdeer . 18;
8ouyer, l. l'lrcarra||or e| |'Fg||se Corps du C|r|s| dars |a ||eo|og|e de sa|r|
A||arase.
Cerl., . 1|
8ra||e, 0. `Caror lorra||or ard 3oc|a| Corl||c| |r |v||-cer|. Fgyp|. A||aras|us
ol
A|exardr|a's T||r|y-r|r|| les|a| le||er.' lT|b ( ). - . 8;1||1
Carpoe||, T. C. `T| e 0oc|r|re ol ||e lo|y 3p|r|| |r ||e T| eo|ogy ol A||aras|us.'
3JT| ( ). - . z;1;||o8|o
Carp|ar|, A. le |e||ere les|a|| d| A|aras|o d| A|essardr|a, s|ud|o s|or|co-cr|||co.
Corpus de| |aroscr|||| Cop|| le||erar|. bore. Cl|, . 18
Ca||areo, F. `l| |era de||a croce |r 3. A|aras|o d'A|essardr|a.' lages - |r 1o8o
ls.
C. urs|, ura |os||a. . 18
. `la oes|err|a cor|ro |o 3p|r||o 3ar|o (|| . - ) |r 3. A|aras|o.' 1z1z
3|la|r 1o
( ). - . 18|zoz
C|ay|or, A. l. `T| e 0r||odox becovery ol a lere||ca| lrool-|ex|. A||aras|us ol
A|exardr|a's lr|erpre|a||or ol lroveros . - |r Corl||c| W||| ||e Ar|ars.' 8zzo
0|ss, 3ou||err |e||od|s| ur|vers||y, . 18
0e||azar|, b. `lrovero|os . e Co|osserses . o. A exegese de Ar|o e 8zo 11
A|aras|o.
lropos|a para ura cr|||ca.' Teoc | | | ( ). - | - | - | ;;o;;;818;|||o1o;1o
- o8.
0or|va|, 0. `[le 'Correr|a|re (r|eux '3co||es') sur |es lsaures'| A||arase ou
lseudo-A||arase?' b3lb ( ). - . 1o18o8o8
;1oN|re T| e lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury 0ree| C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
0ragas, 0. 0. `3|. A||aras|us or C|r|s|'s sacr|l|ce.' lages - |r 3acr|l|ce ;1oo
ard
bederp||or. Fd||ed oy 3.w. 3y|es. Caror|dge. uCl, . 11
0roorer, l. b. `F|re lseudo-A||aras|ar|sc|e 0s|erpred|g| (Cl0 ll ) uoer zz|;
d|e
wa|r|e|| 0o||es urd ||re Frlu||urg.' lages - |r C|r|s||ar la||| ard 0ree| |1
l|||osop|y |r la|e Ar||qu||y. ls. 0. C. 3|ead. Fd||ed oy l. b. w|c||ar, C. l.
8arre|, ard F. C. J. lur|er. 3.v|gC|r . le|der. 8r|||, . 1 1
F|r, 3. `A||aras|us ol A|exardr|a's le||er |o ||e v|rg|rs. w|o Was ||s |r|erded
aud|erce?' Augus||r|arur ( ). - . 11;18
Frres|, J. 0. `A||aras|us ol A|exardr|a. T| e 3cope ol 3cr|p|ure |r lo|er|ca| ard
las|ora| Cor|ex|.' v|gC|r ( ). - . |;1|1oz
lergusor, F. `A||aras|us' 'Fp|s|o|a ad |arce|||rur |r |r|erpre|a||orer
lsa|rorur.'' lages - |r 3|la|r , . zo8 1o18
l|sc|er, 8. `lsa|rus vox C|r|s|| pa||er||sse|or |'Fpi|re |arce|||rus de 3.
A||arase.'
lages - |r lo||||que e| ||eo|. c|ez A||arase d'A|exardr|e. Fd||ed oy o11
C. Karrerg|esser. lar|s. 8eauc|esre, . 1;|
l||sc|er, K. `3erap|or vor T| ru|s, ec||e urd urec||e 3c|r|l| er soW|e d|e
Zeugr|sse des A||aras|us urd arderer.' lT3 . 8er||r. 0e 0ruy|er, . o 1z
0reer, b. A. `T| e Cap|a|r ol our 3a|va||or. A 3|udy |r ||e la|r|s||c Fxeges|s ol
leoreWs.' 808F . Tuo|rger. J. C. 8. |o|r, . 1 1;
larsp|c|er, |. 8. `A||aras|us or 3cr|p|ure ard Trad|||or.' AN ( - ). 1;z1;
- 1z.
. `ues||ors ouver|es sur A||arase d'A|exardr|e.' voxl ( ). - . 1188o8;o
lay||r, |. A. 0. `'T| e 3p|r|| ol 0od'. T| e Fxeges|s ol Cor . - oy 0r|ger 1 z1o1z
ard
A||aras|us.' 3JT| ( ). - . 18z1z8
. `'A 3erse ol AWe |r ||e lreserce ol ||e lrellao|e'. Cor . - |r ||e 1 z111z
lreura|orac||ar Cor|roversy ol ||e lour|| Cer|ury.' 3JT ( ). |1188
- |1;.
. T| e 3p|r|| ol 0od. T| e Fxeges|s ol ard Cor|r|||ars |r ||e 1 z
lreura|orac||ar
Cor|roversy ol ||e lour|| Cer|ury. 3.v|gC|r 3upp| . le|der. 8r|||, . z; 1|
lerrera, J. `Teras reo|es|arer|ar|os de |u|da de| rurdo er |a v|da de Ar|or|o,
de
3. A|aras|o.' e r ro | ( ). - . 11oz8;o
loez, J. `Na|ura|eza de |a pid er 3. A|aras|o.' 3crT| ( ). - . 1;11;
Karrerg|esser, C. `les c||a||ors o|o||ques du |ra||e a||aras|er '3ur |'lrcarra||or
du
veroe' e| |es 'Tes||ror|a.'' lages - |r la 8|o|e e| |es lres. Fd||ed oy 1oo
A. 8eroi|, e| a|. lar|s, . 1;1
407
. `^o e| No# c|ez A||arase d'A|exardr|e.' 3|la|r ( ). - . 111;z1zoz
. `le recours au ||vre de Jerer|e c|ez A||arase d'A|exardr|e.' lages - 1;z
|r
Fpe||as|s. |e|arges pa|r|s||ques oller|s au Card|ra| Jear 0ar|e|ou. Fd||ed oy
J. lor|a|re ard C. Karrerg|esser. lar|s. 8eauc|esre, . 1;z
. `A||aras|us ol A|exardr|a ard ||e lourda||or ol Trad|||ora| C|r|s|o|ogy.' T3
|( ). - . 1;1o1
lrcarra||ora| lerrereu||cs ;1;
. `le rys|re pasca| du C|r|s| se|or A||arase d'A|exardr|e.' b3b ( ). o1;
- |o;|z.
. `A||aras|us ol A|exardr|a ard ||e lo|y 3p|r|| oe|Weer N|cea ard 1
Cors|ar||rop|e .' lr|s| T| eo|og|ca| uar|er|y ( ). - . 1 |81811oo8o
. A||arase d'A|exardr|e evque e| ecr|va|r, ure |ec|ure des |ra||es Cor|re |es
Ar|ers.
Tl|s| . lar|s. 8eauc|esre, . ;o 18
. `A||aras|us |r |eu||ger 3|c||.' ZKT ( ). - . 1o18;z;o
. `T| e |or||e||c les|a| |e||ers ol A||aras|us.' lages - |r ls. 8urg|ard|, ;1oo
w.,
lreac||rg |r ||e la|r|s||c Age. Fd||ed oy 0. 0. lur|er. NeW or|, . 188
. `le veroe de 0|eu se|or A||arase d'A|exardr|e.' lTl ( ). - . |18zz|z
. `T| e lor||e||c les|a| le||ers'. ls. w. 8urg|ard|. NeW or| , - . 18;1oo
. le veroe de 0|eu se|or A||arase d'A|exardr|e. JJC . lar|s. 0esc|ee, . | 1o
. `Ar|us ard A||aras|us, |Wo A|exardr|ar ||eo|og|ars.' A|ders|o|. var|orur,
11.
. Ar|us ard A||aras|us. TWo A|exardr|ar T| eo|og|ars. larps||re . 11
. `A||aras|us vor A|exardr|er a|s Fxege|.' lages - |r 3||ru||. Fxegese o|
urd ||re lerrereu||| |r Ar|||e urd C|r|s|er|ur.les|sc|r|l|lur Frrs|
0assrarr. Fd||ed oy 0. 3c|o||ger ard C. 3c|o||er. JAC.F . |urs|er. z
Asc|erdorll, . 1o
. `le rys|re pasca| du C|r|s| se|or A||arase d'A|exardr|e.' b3b ( ). o1;
- |o;|z.
. le veroe de 0|eu, rd ed. lar|s . z 1
. A||aras|us ol A|exardr|a. T| e 3p|r||ua| Jourrey(|r prepara||or).
Kre|sc|rar, 0. `Kreuz urd Aulers|e|urg |r der 3|c|| vor A||aras|us urd lu||er.'
J|l | ( ). - , - . ;81;||;|o
lar|rs||, A., 0er le|||ge 0e|s| a|s 0e|s| C|r|s|| urd 0e|s| der 0|auo|ger. le|pz|g
. 1o
larer|za||s, 0. `F|r|e|| der |ersc||e||F|r|e|| der K|rc|e. vor- urd
rac|c|r|s|||c|e 3o|er|o|og|e urd F|||es|o|og|e oe| A||aras|us vor A|exardr|er.'
0|ss.,
0raz, . 1;8
leore, l. l'eseges| A|aras|ara de| 3a|r|, l|l, |r|roduz|ore e |es||. lecce.
3a|er||ra,
18|.
l|er|ard, J. T. `0r '0|scerrerer| ol 3p|r||s' |r ||e Far|y C|urc| ( Cor . lor 1 1z1o
C|rysos|or, 0r|ger, A||aras|us, Cass|ar).' T3 ( ). - . |118ooz
lorgosz, 3. `3W||y. A|arazy a 8|o||a (0er |e|||ge A||aras|us urd d|e 8|oe|).'
b8l z;
( ). - . 1;|z;|o
lorerz, b. `0|e C|r|s|ussee|e |r ar|ar|sc|er 3|re||, reos| e|r|ger 8erer|urger
zur ue||er|r|||| des Ar|us urd zur 0|auoWurd|g|e|| des A||aras|us.' ZK0 |
( ). - . 1811
. `0er ze|r|e 0s|eror|el des A||aras|us vor A|exardr|er, (syr|sc|er) Tex|,
uoerse|zurg, Fr|au|erurger'. 8NZw . 8er||r. 0e 0ruy|er, . | 18;
|aas, w. urverarder||c||e|| 0o||es. Zur ver|a||r|s vor gr|ec||sc|-
p|||osop||sc|er
;18N|re T| e lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury 0ree| C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
urd c|r|s|||c|er 0o||es|e|re. laderoorrer T| eo|. 3|ud|er . laderoorr. 1
3c|or|rg|, . 1;|
|ara, |. 0. `l| ruo|o d| lao|o re||a propos|a roras||ca de||a v||a Ar|or||.' lages
- 1z8|r A||| de| l 3|rpos|o d| Tarso su 3. lao|o Apos|o|o. Turc||a. la C||esa
e |a sua s|or|a . bore. ls|||u|o lrarcescaro d| 3p|r||ua|||, lor||l|c|o A|ereo
'Ar|or|arur.'
|arargor|, v. 0. `Juar . er |a argurer|ac|or escr||ur|s||ca de 3. A|aras|o.' 1oo
3|ror | - ( ). - . zo1z1;o;
. `'o y e| ladre soros uro.' Fs|ud|o soore |a argurer|ac|or escr||ur|s||ca de
3. A|aras|o.' 0|ss., lor|. ur|v. 0regor|arae, . 3|ror ( ). - . 1o zo1;o;
. `'ur so|o 0|os' y e| 0|os Tr|ro. Fr |orro a |a |r|erpre|ac|or a|aras|ara de Jr
. 1o
o.' 3|ror ( ). - . z1;z;
|ar||r, b. l. `(ls . A||aras|us 'ros| ol scr|p|ure spea|s |ous, W|||e ||e lsa|rs |z
spea| lorus') 0epress|or, a case-s|udy.' FT ( - , s). zz18
|e|jer|rg, F. l. A||aras|us cor|ra ger|es. l|||osop||a la|rur . le|der. 8r|||, ;
. 18|
408
|erca||, 0. `3u||'au|ore de|0e |||u||s lsa|rorurs|arpa|o lra |e opere d| 3.
A|aras|o.' 0Cl ( ). - . 1o1||;zz
|ered|||, A. `lrov . c|ez 0r|gre, A||arase, 8as||e e| 0rego|re de Nysse.' 8zz
lages - |r lo||||que e| ||eo|. c|ez A||. d'A|exardr|e, Ac|es du Co||oque de |;
C|ar||||y. Fd||ed oy C. Karrerg|esser. lar|s. 8eauc|esre, . 1;|
|ererd|ro, l. lasc|a|e 3acrarer|ur. F|re ur|ersuc|urg uoer d|e
0s|er|a|ec|ese
des ||. A||aras|us v. A|ex. |r ||rer 8ez|e|urg zu der lru|c|r|s||. u. exege||sc|-
||eo|og|sc|er uoer||elerurger.l||urg|eW|ss. ue||er u. lorsc|urger . |z
|urs|er. Asc|erdorll, . 1o
|e|z|er, K., 0. u. larser, ard K. 3avv|d|s. A||aras|us wer|e. T. , re par|.. 0|e 11
dogra||sc|er 3c|r|l|er. lasc. . Fp|s|u|a ad ep|scopos Aegyp|| e| l|oyae. 8er||r. 1
0e
0ruy|er, . 1o
|eyerdorll, J. `Crea||or |r ||e l|s|ory ol 0r||odox T| eo|ogy.' vT ( ). z;18
- z;;.
||||a|| ol As|ra||ar ard Fro|ayevs|a. `T| e Tru|| ol ||e Cross ard ||e
besurrec||or as bel|ec|ed |r ||e wor|s ol 3|. A||aras|us ol A|exardr|a.' J|l ;
( ). - . 1;||;
Nordoerg, A. 0r ||e 8|o|e Tex| ol 3|. A||aras|us. l|||o|og|ca lerr|ca N3 , . 1oz
Nordoerg, l. `0r ||e 8|o|e Tex| ol 3|. A||aras|us (|xx + r|).' Arc|os ( ). 1oz
- 11|1.
Norrar, K. F. `0e|l|ca||or, ||e Cor|er| ol A||aras|ar 3o|er|o|ogy.' 0|ss., 0u|e
ur|vers||y, . 18o
0r||z de uro|ra, l. `l'ar|ra d| Cr|s|o secordo 3. A|aras|o.' 0Cl ( ). - . zo1|z;|
le|||ar, J. T| e l|g|| ol ||e wor|d ('l|g||' as a o|o||ca| syroo| ol 0od as ||
appears
|r ||e ||oug|| ol A||aras|us). 3|. lou|s. Corcord|a, . 1oz
lrcarra||ora| lerrereu||cs ;1
le||erser, A. `C|r|s|'s dea||a |||urg|ca| ever| lor A||aras|us ol A|exardr|a?'
0oWb ( ). - . 1oz18|zz1
. `(|| . ) 0|d A||aras|us dery C|r|s|'s lear?' 3JT| ( ). - . zo 18oz;|o
. `T| e Courage ol C|r|s| |r ||e T| eo|ogy ol A||aras|us.' 3JT| ( ). |o18;
- . o;;
l|e|ras, l. `l'ur|| d| 0|o |r A|aras|o d| A|essardr|a, ura descr|z|ore d|rar|ca
de||a Tr|r||.' basT ( ). - . z11881
l|perov, 8. `A|aras|j ve|||| |a|o e|zege|.' 0uKu| | ( ). - . 1o1;11
l|aces, F. des. `|ar|us v|c|or|rus 0. correr|a|eur de sa|r| lau|. les c||a||ors
o|o||ques dars |e 0e |rcarra||ore de sa|r| A||arase.' 8|o ( ). - . 1;|88;
lo||ard, T. F. `logos ard 3or |r 0r|ger, Ar|us, ard A||aras|us.' 3|la|r. ( ). z1;
- z8z8;.
bec|e|s, A. `3. A||aras|| |agr| 0e pr|rord||s, seu quardo exp||caver|| 0er - .' 1
Ar|or ( ). - . z81z1oo
. `3arc|| A||aras|| |agr| doc|r|ra de pr|rord||s quorodo exp||cav|| 0er - .' 1
Ar|or ( ). - . z81z1oo
bo|darus, J. le C|r|s| e| |'|orre dars |a ||eo|og|e d'A||arase d'A|exardr|e.
F|ude de
|a corjorc||or de sa corcep||or de |'|orre avec sa C|r|s|o|og|e. 3|ud|es |r ||e
l|s|ory ol C|r|s||ar T| oug|| . le|der. 8r|||, . | 1o8
. `le C|r|s| e| |'|orre dars |a ||eo|og|e d'A||arase d'A|exardr|e.' blF o
( ). - . 1;oo11
bordeau, |.-J. `l'Fp||re |arce|||rus sur |es lsaures.' v|gC|r ( ). - zz1o81;o
. ;
. `ure rouve||e preuve de |'|rl|uerce d'Fusoe de Cesaree sur A||arase.
|'|r|erpre|a||or des psaures.' b3b ( ). - . o1o88||
. `ur |ero|r recorru de |a c|aire 'a||aras|o' -evagr|erre sur |es lsaures.
|e
v|rdooorers|s ||eo|. gr. .' blT ( ). - . z8 1181o;
buWe|, J. `le caror a|exardr|r des Fcr||ures. 3|. A||arase. Apperd|ce. le caror
a|exardr|r d'aprs 3|. A||arase.' 8|o ( ). - . 1z1z
3aa|e, l. `8eooac||urger zur a||aras|ar|sc|er lreura|o|og|e.' NZ3T| 1
( ). 1;
- |8o|.
. lreura|o|og|ca. ur|ersuc|urger zur 0e|s|vers|ardr|s |r Jo-Fv, oe|
0r|geres
urd A||aras|os vor A|exardr|a. lra. 0|agora|-ver|ag, . 1;
3c|reere|c|er, w. `A||aras|us vor A|exardr|er a|s T| eo|og|e urd a|s
K|rc|erpo|||||er.' ZNw ( - ). - . |1o11z|zo
. `0er 3c|r|l|georauc| |r der 'Apo|og|er' des A||aras|us.' lages - |r zo1
Tex|, wor|, 0|auoe. Aroe||er zur K|rc|ergesc||c||e . Fd||ed oy K. A|ard. o
18o.
. `0er 3c|r|l|georauc| |r der 'Apo|og|er' des A||aras|us ( ).' lages - 18o 1zo
|r
beder urd Aulsa|ze. . 11
409
3c|Wager, b. `l|uc| urd 3|ero||c||e||0pler urd urs|ero||c||e||, zur
Fr|osurgs|e|re des A||aras|us.' ZKT ( ). - . 1o181;;
;zoN|re T| e lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury 0ree| C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
3|eoer, l.-J. `3|ud|er zur lsa||eroeru|zurg des A||aras|us vor A|ex. |r
ba|rer
se|rer 3c|r|l|aullassurg urd 3c|r|l||esurg.' 0|ss., lar|s. lrs|. Ca||., . 1o8
. `A||aras|us uoer der lsa||er. Ara|yse se|res 8r|eles ar |arce|||rus. Zur
. 1ooo
Todes|ag des 8|sc|ols vor A|exardr|er.' T|l| | ( ). - . |8z1;1;;
3|eoer, l. 0. `lerrereu||que de |'exegse dogra||que d'A||arase.' lages
- 1z1|
|r lo||||que e| ||eo|. c|ez A||. d'A|exardr|e, Ac|es du Co||oque de C|ar||||y, vo|.
z;. Fd||ed oy C. Karrerg|esser. . 1;
3|rore|||, |. `0|ov. . re||a cor|rovers|a ar|ara.' lages - |r Kyr |a|or. 1|z8 11o1
ls .
J. uas|er. Fd||ed oy l. 0rarl| e|d ard J. A. Jurgrarr. |urs|er, . 1;o
3|or|a, J. l| quar|o d|scorso cor|ro g|| Ar|ar| de||o lseudoa|aras|o. Ara||s|
|eo|og|ca.
Tes| 0o||ora|e |r Teo|og|a e 3c|erze la|r|s||c|e. bore. lrs|||u|ur la|r|s||cur
'Augus||r|arur,' . 1
3ry||e, l. b. `T| e lr|erpre|a||or ol Aros . |r A||aras|us ard 0|dyrus.' |1
JT| 3 1
( ). - . 1o18o8
3|ead, C. `A||aras|us a|s Fxege|.' lages - |r C|r|s|||c|e Fxegese 1;|8|
zW|sc|er
N|caea urd C|a|cedor. Fd||ed oy J. var 0or| ard u. w|c|er|. Karper. Ko|
l|aros, . 1z
3|ead, 0. C. `T| e T|a||aol Ar|us ard ||e Tes||rory ol A||aras|us.' JT| 3 z
( ). 1;8
- zoz.
. `T| e 3cr|p|ures ard ||e 3ou| ol C|r|s| |r A||aras|us.' v|gC|r ( ). - o18zz
. o
. `3|. A||aras|us or ||e lsa|rs.' v|gC|r ( ). - . 18o;8
Te|z, |. `0as |r|||sc|e wor| vor Kreuz urd d|e C|r|s|o|og|e oe| A||aras|us vor
A|exardr|er.' lages - |r ls. F. 0|r||er. . ||;o 1;
Tor|r|, A. `le||ura sp|r||ua|e de||a 3cr|||ura re||e v||a Ar|or||d| A|aras|o.'
C|are||arur ( ). - . z1zz11
Tor r arce, T. l. ` T| e lerrereu||cs ol 3|. A||aras|us. lr|roduc||or. T| eo|.
8ac|grourd.' F|||l| | . . ( ). - , - , - . z1z1;o||oo881ooz;|
Trorp, N. J. `A||aras|us aar |arce|||rus, eer |r|e|d|rg |o| de lsa|rer.' 00l |
( ). - . 1;zz8o
TWorey, v. `3| A||aras|us. 0e syrod|sard ||e 3erse ol 3cr|p|ure.' lages - 8
|r 118
3cr|p|ura| lr|erpre|a||or |r ||e la||ers. le||er ard 3p|r||. Fd||ed oy T. l|rar ard
v. TWorey. 0uo||r. lour Cour|s lress, . 1
var|arov, l. `3v. l|sar|e v oogos|ov|| sv. Alaras|ja ve|||ogo.' 0|ss., Acad. Fcc|es.
ler|rgrad, ? 1oz
v|ar, 0. |. Tes|| |red||| da| correr|o a| 3a|r| d| A|aras|o. 3|. Fp|.
`Augus||r|arur'
1|. bore. lrs|||u|ur la|r|s||cur Aug., . 1;8
. `Krygra e ||s|s e||rorreg|| scr|||| a|aras|ar|.' lages - | Kerygra |||
urd
logos. ls. C. Ardreser. 0o|||rger, . 1;
. `l| |es|o de||e Fxpos|||ores |r lsa|rosd| A|aras|o.' 3|la|r ( ). Fd||ed oy 1818z
F. A. l|v|rgs|ore. 0xlord. lergaror lress.
lrcarra||ora| lerrereu||cs ;z1
. `l'eseges| A|aras|ara a| 3a|r|.' lages - |r 3|or|a de||'eseges|. - 8 18
. 18|
. `ur'ar|o|og|a esege||ca o|zar||ra su| 3a|r| cor |red||| d| A|aras|o e 0|ovarr|
Cr|sos|oro.' A3F ( ). - . o181z|
v|car|o, l. `Creaz|ore e res|auraz|ore de||'uoro re| cc. - de| `0e 1z
lrcarra||ore'
d| 3. A|aras|o.' N|co|aus ( ). - . 181o1zo
v|v|ar, T. `'Fvery|||rg |ade oy 0od |s 0ood.' A le||er corcerr|rg 3exua|||y lror
3a|r| A||aras|us |o ||e |or| Arour.' FeT ( ). - . z|1;1o8
v||e|, J. var der. `3. lac|ore e| 3. A||arase. ur er|re||er apocryp|e.' A8 11o
( ). - . 1zz1z;
w|dd|coroe, l. J. `T| e la||er|ood ol 0od |r ||e T| oug|| ol Jus||r |ar|yr,
0r|ger
ard A||aras|us.' 0|ss., 0xlord, . 1o
w|||e, 8. `0er |op||sc|e Tex| vor | l. -l. der l|erpor| |orgar l|orary, ooz z ;;
W|r|||c| e|re 3c|r|l|des A||aras|us?' 0C ( ). - . 881|1zo
wo||rs||, J. `l'erp|o| de|r|sdars |es Tra||es cor|re |es Ar|ersd'A||arase
d'A|exardr|e.' 3|la|rX ( ). - . 18||8
410
Zap|e|r|s, 0.-C. `0od's logos ||e 3ource ol l|le accord|rg |o A||aras|us.'
T|A||er
|( ). - . - . 18|zooz|1
. `Corra|ssarce ra|ure||e de 0|eu d'aprs A||arase d'A|exardr|e.' K| ( ). o1;|
- o1o.
0er ze|r|e 0s|erles|or|el des A||aras|us vor A|exardr|er. Fd||ed oy b. lorerz.
8ZNw. 8er||r. 0e 0ruy|er, . 18o
v. Apo|||rar|us ol laod|cea (c. -c. ) 1 z
Apo|||rar|us Was ||e sor ol ar A|exardr|ar grarrar|ar, a|so ca||ed Apo||| rar|us,
W|o er|gra|ed |o 8ery|us (8eyrou||) ard s|ar|ed a lar||y |r
laod|cea, 3yr|a, W|ere |e a|so oecare a presoy|er. T|e yourger Apo|||rar|us
Was s|||| a |ec|or |r , W|er A||aras|us, re|urr|rg lror ||s secord ex||e, |o
erjoyed ||e |osp||a|||y ol ||s parer|s. Apo|||rar|us deep|y adr|red ||e
A|exardr|ar o|s|op, ever cors|der|rg ||r as ||s sp|r||ua| la||er. F|ec|ed
o|s|op ol laod|cea |r - , Apo|||rar|us Was ac||ve |r re|goor|rg Ar||oc| ooo1
as a |eac|er ard exege|e arorg roras||c c|rc|es. le ser| a de|ega||or ol
ror|s |o ||e A|exardr|ar syrod ol ur|or orgar|zed oy A||aras|us |r . As oz
Frperor Ju||ar |ad exc|uded C|r|s||ars lror ||e puo||c |eac||rg ol r|e|or|c,
Apo|||rar|us's la||er Wro|e poers |r ||e |orer|c s|y|e oased or rarra||ves
lror ||e o|, ard ||e sor produced ar||s||c d|a|ogues oased or ||e 0ospe|s.
As a correr|a|or ol scr|p|ure, Apo|||rar|us's reroWr ex|erded oeyord ||e
oorders ol ||e 3yr|ar c|urc|. Jerore a||erded ||s |ec|ures |r . lr , or ;; ;;
||e reques| ol 8as|| ol Caesarea, ||e borar syrod cersured Apo|||rar|us's
;zzN|re T| e lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury 0ree| C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
c|r|s|o|ogy, a re|a||ve|y |arr|ess reasure repea|ed |r Ar||oc| ( ) ard ;
Cors|ar||rop|e ( ). lr , 0regory ol Nyssa d|scovered Apo|||rar|ar|sr 8; 8z
or ||s |rave| |o Jerusa|er, ou| or|y |r d|d |e corp|e|e ||s relu|a||or 8
ard ex|or| T| eop|||us, ||e r|g||y o|s|op ol A|exardr|a, |o corderr ||e
reW |eresy.
Accord|rg |o Jerore, Apo|||rar|us Wro|e correr|ar|es |o o|e|e|
(Jerore, lr Fcc|. lv - ), lsa|a| (Jerore, lr ls., pro|. - ), losea zoz1; o1oo
(Jerore, lr 0s., pro|. - ), |a|ac|| (Jerore, lr |a|., pro|.), ||e 11|11
lsa|rs (Jerore, ep. , ), |a|||eW (Jerore, lr |a|||., prelace ), 11zzo
1Cor|r|||ars (Jerore, ep. , ), 0a|a||ars (Jerore, lr 0a|., pro|.) ard |
Fp|es|ars (Jerore, lr Fp|., pro|ogue). A|| are |os|, or|y lragrer|s car oe
lourd |r ca|erae, W|ere rore ol Apo|||rar|us's correr|ar|es are s|gra||ed.
or Joo, lroveros, Car||c|e, Jerer|a|, Fze||e|, 0ar|e|, lu|e, ||e 0c|a|euc|(||e
l|rs| e|g|| ooo|s ol o|), Jo|r, borars. T| eodore| oerel|||ed |r par||cu|ar
lror Apo|||rar|us's exege||ca| re||od (|u||eroerg, ). lrooao|y oelore o
W|r|er , Apo|||rar|us Wro|e ||s 8z ii 9d ds$
sd9 oiv v9$o, 0erors|ra||or ol ||e d|v|re |rcarra||or |r
s|r||||ude |o |urar||rd. le a|so Wro|e a Wor| Aga|rs| lorp|yry|r |||r|y
ooo|s, ol W||c| 8oo| d|scussed lorp|yry's |r|erpre|a||or ol 0ar|e|, |Wo zo
ooo|s aga|rs| 0|orys|us ol A|exardr|a, |r W||c| |e derourced ||e excess|ve
sp|r||ua||sr W||c| |e d|s|||ed |r 0|orys|us's exeges|s, poss|o|y o||er
ooo|s aga|rs| |arce||us ol Arcyra ard 0r|ger. urder ||e rares ol s|rorg
delerders ol or||odoxy, sore ol Apo|||rar|us' Wr|||rgs perlorred apocryp|a|
c|rcu|a||or. 0e ur|ore, Ad Jov|arur, Cor|ra adversar|os, ls-Ju||us, 0e
l|de e| |rcarra||ore;l sd o i, vdsd\di. Aga|r, o||er
Wr|||rgs are or|y W||ressed oy sca||ered lragrer|s |r ||e ca|erae. Aga|rs|
0|odore, a ruroer ol |e||ers, |r par||cu|ar |o 3erap|or ol T| ru|s, Aga|rs|
||e adversar|es ol ||e doc|r|re corcerr|rg ||e appropr|a||or ol a rar oy ||e
logos, ard |Wo 0|a|ogues, 0r ||e Appar|||or ol 0od |r ||e l|es|.
Fd|||ors
l|er|rg, J. ard l. l|e|zrarr, Apo|||rar|s||sc|e 3c|r|l|er, 8er||r = 1o|
l||des|e|r . 1;o
l|e|zrarr, l., Apo|||rar|s urd se|re 3c|u|e. 8er||r = l||des|e|r 1o|
1;o.
0er. b. 0evreesse, 3|T . bore . zo1 1
ls. F. |u||eroerg, lT3 . 8er||r , - . 1 1;1118
||. J. beuss, Tu . 8er||r , - . o1 1;1|
Jr. J. beuss, Tu . 8er||r , - . 8 1ooo|
lrcarra||ora| lerrereu||cs ;z
bor. K. 3|aao, NTA , , - . 11;8z
ls.-A||aras|us, Cor|ra 3aoe|||aros. l0 , - . z8o1z1
le||ers |o 8as|| - . Cour|orre, ., le||res. lar|s , - . b|edra||er, 1z 1oozzzzo
l. de. JT3, r.s. ( ) - , ( ) - . ;1o1z1o81;;o
Trars|a||ors
lrerc|
Cour|orre, aoove.
0errar
luorer, b. |., aoove.
vog|, l. J.. `Zur 8r|elWec|se| zW|sc|er 8as|||us urd Apo|||rar|s. uoerse|zurg
der 8r|ele r|| Korrer|ar'. T| ( ) - . 1;1|ooo
411
3|ud|es
Ca||areo, F. Tro|s |ore||es pseudo-c|rysos|or|erres sur |a lque corre
oeuvre
d'Apo|||ra|re de laod|cee, a||r|ou||or e| e|ude ||eo|og|que. T| eo|og|que
||s|or|que . lar|s. 8eauc|esre, . 8 181
. `l| Cr|s|o 'uoro ce|es|e' secordo Apo|||rar|o d| laod|cea.' b3lb ( ). 118
- |11.
Coull|gra|, b. `Apo|||ra|re e| |a 8|o|e.' 0|ss., A|x-er-lroverce, . 1oo
0o|ega, J. 0er lorer|sc|e lsa||er. 3|ud|er uoer d|e der Apo|||rar|us vor
laod||e|a
zugesc|r|eoere lsa|rer-larap|rase. F||a|. 8uc|-Kurs|ver|ag, . 1oo
0reer, b. A. `T| e rar lror |eaver. lau|'s |as| Adar ard Apo|||rar|s' C|r|s|.'
lages
- 1o8z|r lau| ard ||e |egac|es ol lau|. bev|sed papers preser|ed a| ||e
corlererce |e|d a| 3ou||err |e||od|s| ur|vers||y |r |arc| , vo|. . Fd||ed 18; z
oy
w. 3. 8aococ|. 0a||as, Tex.. 3ou||err |e||od|s| ur|vers||y lress, . 1o
luorer, b. |., `0o||eser|err|r|s durc| d|e lr|arra||or 0o||es'. K| ( ) - |1;z11
. o1
. `3o|er|o|og|e, Tr|r||a|, C|r|s|o|og|e'. ls. 8reur|rg. 0arrs|ad| , - . 181;o
. `0|e 3c|r|l|des Apo||rar|us vor laod|cea geger l|o||r urd 8as|||us vor
Caesarea'. lT3 . 8orr. 0e 0ruy|er, . o 18
Keyde||, b. `Tex||r|||sc|e 8erer|urger zur lsa|rerre|ap|rase des Apo|||rar|us
laod|c.' 8yZ ( ). - . |1o1z8oo
l|er|ard, J. T. ls.-A||aras|us, Cor|ra 3aoe|||aros'. vC ( ) - . |o18oo8
|u||eroerg, F. `[ls 0| Apo|||rar|s vor laod|cea urd d|e or|ger|s||sc|e ||
Trad|||or.' ZNw ( ). - . ;o18z;o8
. `Zur exege||sc|er |e||ode des Apo|||rar|s vor laod|cea.' lages - |r 1z|;
C|r|s|||c|e Fxegese zW|sc|er N|caea urd C|a|cedor. Fd||ed oy J. var 0or| ard
u. w|c|er|. Karper. Ko| l|aros, . 1z
;z|N|re T| e lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury 0ree| C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
b|edra||er, l. de. `le |ex|e des lragrer|s exege||ques d'Appo||ra|re de
laod|cee.'
b3b ( ). - . |o1ooooo
b|sc|, l.-X., lseudo-8as|||us. Adversus Furor|ur lv-v. F|r|e||urg, uoerse|zurg
urd
Korrer|ar(3.v|gC|r ). le|der. 8r|||, . 1o 1z
3c|e|dWe||er, l. `Zur lro||eor|a der ur|er Narer des Apo|||rar|s uoer||eler|er
lsa|rerparap|rase.' 8yZ ( ). - . |1oo||
3poer|, K. |. A s|udy ol Ka|a reros p|s||s oy Apo|||rar|us ol laod|cea. 0|ss.,
Toror|o,
1o.
var 0or|, J., u. w|c|er|, eds., C|r|s|||c|e Fxegese zW|sc|er N|caea urd
C|a||edor.
Karper , - . 1z1z1|;
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| v ;z
TlF 0bl0FNlAN lF0AC
|. 0|dyrus ol A|exardr|a ( - ) 18
8||rd lror ear|y c|||d|ood, 0|dyrus corr||||ed ||rse|l er||re|y |o s|udy|rg
0r|ger's |egacy. A||aras|us appo|r|ed ||r as |ec|urer a| ||e A|exardr|ar
sc|oo| ol C|r|s||ar ||eo|ogy. l|s cer|ra| corcerr Was ||e |r|erpre|a||or ol
scr|p|ure. urlor|ura|e|y, oecause ||e ar||-0r|ger|s||c decrees ol ard , |
urder Jus||r|ar, |rc|uded ||r |r ||e|r corderra||ors, ||s Wor| surv|ves
or|y |r lragrer|s (l0 ). T| e d|scovery ol pages ol papyrus |r Tura zooo
1|1, W||| Wr|||rgs ol 0r|ger ard 0|dyrus, ollered a reW access |o ||e
|a||er's exege||ca| Wor|, |r lorr ol |rarscr|p||ors oy s|uder|s ol ora| |essors
or 0eres|s, Joo, Zec|ar|a|, lsa|rs, ard o|e|e|.
0|dyrus' correr|ar|es, |roWr ||roug| lragrer|s ard s|or| quo|a||ors |r ||e
ca|eraeor ||roug| papyr|, or aga|r or|y as quo|ed oy arc|er|
au||ors, ra|r|y Jerore, are or 0eres|s, Fxodus, K|rgs, Joo, lsa|rs, lsa|a|,
Jerer|a|, 0ar|e|, losea, Zec|ar|a|, lroveros, Car||c|e, o|e|e|, |a|||eW,
Jo|r, Ac|s, ard Cor|r|||ars, 0a|a||ars, Fp|es|ars, ard T|ro||y, T||us, 1 z 1 z
ard Apoca|yse.
T| roug|ou| ||s correr|ar|es or scr|p|ure, 0|dyrus |eeps a d|dac||c
ard |earred pace |r exp|or|rg l|rs| ||e |||era| rear|rg ol ||e sacred |ex|,
secord|y ||s sp|r||ua| re|evarce, W|ereoy |e d|scusses rary |ssues re|a|ed
W||| ||e cosros, ra|er|a| ard sp|r||ua|, or W||| ||e |urar sou|'s or|g|r,
ra|ure ard u|||ra|e des||ra||or.
Fd|||ors
l0 .
0er. l. Nau||r, 3C ( ), ( ). z1;oz||1;8
Jo . . A. lerr|c|s, u. ard 0. lagedorr, l. Koerer. 8orr - , 1| 1o818
u. ard 0. lagedorr, `Neue lragrer|e des l|oo|orrer|ars 0|dyros'
des 8||rder'. ls. N. 3c|oW, C|ar|a 8org|ara, , - . 1oz||
412
Zac|. l. 0ou|re|eau, 3C , , ( ). 88|81oz
ls. - . l. 0ou|re|eau, A. 0esc|e, |. 0roreWa|d. 8orr - (lor ls , 1 1o81;o |
add. |. 0roreWa|d, ZlF ( ) - . 8. Krarer, K|e|re Tex|e aus |o18z;111
der Turalurd. 8orr , - . 181z1
ls., ua|err|o . A. Ke||. 8orr . 1o|
Fcc| - . 0. 8|rder, a|. 8orr - . 1o 1o18
lrv. 8. Krarer, K|e|re Tex|e, - , ZlF ( ) - . 1o;1; z1;8zoz1z
;zoN|re T| e lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury 0ree| C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
3p|r. l. 0ou|re|eau, 3C ( ). 8o1z
serr.. |. 8ogaer|, b8er ( ) - . ;1o1o
Tr|r. , Tr|r. , - . J. lorsc|e|d, ard l. 3e||er. |e|ser|e|r . 1 z1; 1;
Fur. , . l. X. b|sc|. le|der . | 1z
Trars|a||ors
A|| ed|||ors rer||ored aoove |rc|ude |rars|a||ors.
3|ud|es
A||arer, 8. wer |s| der verlasser des Trac|a|us |r ls . - ? (ed. 0. |or|r, o1;
Arecdo|a
|aredso|ara. |aredsous , - ). Tu ( ). - . 1o1ozz 81o;|888
8audry, 0.-l. `la pec|e des or|g|res se|or 0|dyre d'A|exardr|e.' |3b
( ). 1o
- 1o8z.
8ea|r|ce, l. l. `0|dyre |'Aveug|e e| |a |rad|||or de |'A||egor|e.' lr 0r|ger|ara
3ex|a.
0r|gre e| |a 8|o|e|0r|ger ard ||e 8|o|e. Ac|es du Co||oqu|ur 0r|ger|arur
3ex|ur. C|ar||||y, aou|- sep|erore , - . Fd||ed oy 0. 0or|va| ard o 1;o
A. le 8ou||uec, W||| ||e co||aoora||or ol |. A|exardre, |. ledou,
A. lour||er, ard J. wo||rs||. louva|r. lee|ers, . 1
8erarger, b. `l're |ura|re de Jesus dars |a c|r|s|o|og|e du 0e Tr|r||a|e
a||r|oue
0|dyre |'Aveug|e.' b3b ( ). - . o1oz1|;
8|erer|, w. A. 'A||egor|a' urd 'Aragoge' oe| 0|dyros der 8||rder. la|r. Tex|e u.
3|ud|er . 8orr. 0e 0ruy|er, . 1 1;z
8|rder, 0. `F|re lo|er|| des lorp|yr|os geger d|e a||egor|sc|e Aus|egurg des
AT
durc| d|e C|r|s|er (u. 0|dyrus Caecus).' ZlF ( ). - . 1o881
. 0|dyros der 8||rde, Korrer|ar zu Fcc|es|as|es (Tura-lapyrus) l, Kap. , - z 11
, . z1|
lapTAo| . 8orr. laoe||., . zo 18
8roc|, 3. `NeW Tes||ror|ur |o ||e '0ospe| acc. |o ||e leoreWs.'' NT3 ( - 181;1
1;z). - . zzozz
Ca||eja, J. `0r . s |r l||ore, re||e 0r|||e d| 0r|gere e re| Correr|ar|o |r 1zo
0eres|r d| 0|d|ro || C|eco.' |T| ( ). - . 18811oz
C|avou||er, l. `uere||e or|ger|s|e e| Cor|roverses |r|r||a|res, A propos du
Trac|a|us cor|ra 0r|gerer de v|s|ore lsa|ae.' v|gC|r ( ). - . 1|1oo1|
0|ego 3rc|ez, |. `F| 'Corer|ar|o a| Fc|es|as|es' de 0|d|ro A|ejardr|ro.' 0|ss.,
Augus||r|arur, . 1o
. F| corer|ar|o a| Fc|es|as|es de 0|d|ro A|ejardr|ro, exeges|s y esp|r||ua||dad.
3|T|
. bore. Teres|arur|ur|v. la|erar.|lrs|. la|r. Aug., . 11
0ou|re|eau, l. 0|dyr| Caec| lr Zac|. lrFco|e lra|. des lau|es F|udes, 3ec|. 3c.
be|.,
zl., - . 1;18
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| . `0|dyre |'Aveug|e.' lr les ;z;
|ard|s de 0ar-es-3a|ar, . 1
. `Ce que |'or |rouvera dars |'lr Zac| de 0|dyre |'Aveug|e.' 3|la|r ( ). 1o1
- 18.
. 0eux pages de |'lr Zac|ar|ar de 0|dyre |'Aveug|e res|||uees par |a |ur|re
u||rav|o|e||e. bF0 ( ). - . 81;oo
. `le lro|ogue de Jerore au 0e 3p|r||u 3arc|o de 0|dyre.' lr A|exardr|ra.
ls. C.
|ordeser|, - . lar|s. Cerl, . z;11 18;
F|rrar, 8. 0. `T| e NeW Tes|arer| Caror ol 0|dyrus ||e 8||rd.' v|gC|r ;
( ). - . 181z1
. `T| e 0ospe| |ex| ol 0|dyrus, a cor|r|ou||or |o ||e s|udy ol ||e A|exardr|ar
|ex|.' 0|ss., lr|rce|or T| eo|og|ca| 3er|rary, . 18
. 0|dyrus ||e 8||rd ard ||e |ex| ol ||e 0ospe|s. T| e r| |r ||e 0ree| la||ers
. 1
A||ar|a. 3c|o|ars lress, . 18;
. `Jesus ard ||e adu||eress (Jr . - . ).' NT3 ( ). - . ;811 |188z|||
0esc|e, A. `l're |ura|re de Jesus dars |a c|r|s|o|og|e du lve
s|c|e. le |ero|grage
du Correr|a|re sur |es lsaures, decouver| Toura.' blF ( ). - . |18|z
. `ur docurer| rouveau sur |a c|r|s|o|og|e du lve
s|c|e. |e Correr|a|re sur |es
413
lsaures decouver| Toura.' 3|la|r ( ). - . 1o1zo1
. `la c|r|s|o|og|e du 'Correr|a|re sur |es lsaures' decouver| Toura.' 0|ss.,
0ero|oux. ur|v. Ca||. lov., . 1oz
0roreWa|d, |. `pod (0|d. Caec., lr ls, p- , - ).' ZlF ( ). l. 1o;18zz z1o8
lagedorr, 0., ard b. |er|e|oac|. `F|r reues lragrer| aus lorp|yr|os 'geger
d|e
C|r|s|er' [ex 0|dyro Caeco, Cor. Joo , | v|gC|r ( ). - . 1o1 zo1oo8oo
lagedorr, u., ard 0. lagedorr. `Zur Ka|ereruoer||elerurg des l|oo|orrer|ars
vor 0|dyrus der 8||rder.' lr ls. w. w||||s, - . 8A3l . . ;8 zo18
. `Neue lragrer|e des l|oo|orrer|ars 0|dyros' des 8||rder?' lr ||sce||a
papyro|og|ca |r occas|ore de| o|cer|ar|o de||'ed|z|ore de||a C|ar|a 8org|ara.
Fd||ed oy |. Capasso, e| a|., - . l|orerce. Corre|||r|, . z|| 1o
lagedorr, u, ard 0. lagedorr. `Kr|||sc|es zur l|oo|orrer|ar 0|dyrus' des
8||rder.'ZlF ( ). - . o;18;;8
lerr|c|s, A. `0|dyros |r |op||sc|er uoerse|zurg.' ZlF ( ). - . |1oz1zz
leror, A. 3ore 3ources used |r ||e 0e Tr|r||a|e ascr|oed |o 0|dyrus ||e 8||rd.lr
ls.
l. C|adW|c|, - . Caror|dge, . 1;81 18
. `T| e lo|y 3p|r|| |r 0r|ger ard 0|dyrus ||e 8||rd. A 3||l| |r lerspec||ve lror
||e T| |rd |o ||e lour|| Cer|ury.' lr ls. C. Ardreser, - , . z81o1;
lorsc|e|d, J. 0|dyrus der 8||rde. 8e||rage zur ||ass. l|||o|og|e . |e|ser|e|r. ||
la|r, . 1;
Ke||, A. 0er lsa|rer|orrer|ar vor Tura. ua|err|o , uoers. u. Fr|. w|ss. Ao|.
d.
Aroe||sgere|rsc|al|lur lorsc|urg d. lardes Nordre|r-wes|la|er, 3orderre||e
lapyro|og|ca Co|or|ers|a . Co|ogre. wes|deu|sc|er ver|ag, . 1 1o|
T| e 0r|ger|ar legacy ;z;
;z8N|re T| e lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury 0ree| C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
Koerer, l. `F|r ||eo|og|sc|er lapyrus der Ko|rer 3arr|urg. Korrer|ar
0|dyros' des 8||rder zu Zac| . - .' AllC ( ). - . 111o 1;1ooo11o;
Krarer, 8. K|e|re Tex|e aus der Tura-lurd. lapyro|og|sc|e Tex|e urd
Ao|ard|urger . 8orr. laoe||., . | 18
Krarer, 8., ard J. Krarer. `les e|erer|s ||rgu|s||ques |eoreux c|ez 0|dyre
|'Aveug|e.' lr ls. C. |ordeser|, A|exardr|ra, - . lar|s, . 1z 18;
Krarer, J. `F|r|ge 8erer|urger zur dr|||er 8ard des Fcc|es|as|es-Korrer|ar
des
0|dyrus.'ZlF ( ). - . ;1;1188z
lar|rarde, F. `le rascu||r e| |e ler|r|r dars |a |rad|||or a|exardr|re. le
correr|a|re de 0|dyre |'Aveug|e sur |a '0erse.'' 3cFs ( ). - . |1181;o
l|rss, w. C. `T| e lour 0ospe|s Tex| ol 0|dyrus ||e 8||rd.' 8os|or, . 1
lu|rrarr, 0. `0as 8ruc|s|uc| aus der leoraerevarge||ur oe| 0|dyros vor
A|exardr|er.' NT ( ). - . z18;zo;
. `0|e 0esc||c||e vor e|rer 3urder|r urd ardere apo|ryp|e
Jesusuoer||elerurger oe| 0|dyros vor A|exardr|er (Tura).' NT ( ). - z1oz8
. 1o
. `A|||es|arer|||c|e lseudep|grap|er oe| 0|dyros vor A|exardr|er.' ZAw 1o|
( ). - . 1zz1|
|acKay, T. w. `0|dyrus ||e 8||rd or lsa|r (|xx), |ex| lror urpuo||s|ed z8
|eaves
ol ||e Tura correr|ary.' 3|la|r | ( - ). - . 1ozo18;18|o|
|er|e|oac|, b. `Korje||urer urd Fr|au|erurger zur lsa|rer|orrer|ar des
0|dyros.' v|gC|r ( ). - . zo1ooz1|zo
. `Zur l|oo|orrer|ar des 0|dyros (ed. lerr|c|s p. , z. - ).' ZlF o zoz
( ). . 1o811
. `0|dyros, l|oo|orrer|ar, p. , .' ZlF ( ). . zz1z |1o1
|oe||er, C. `ure cor|r|ou||or |rpor|ar|e |a c|r|s|o|og|e.' C|ec| ( ). |;1oz
- o111.
|ora|d|, l. `0pere esege||c|e d| 0|d|ro || C|eco re| pap|r| d| Tura.' A||eraeur |8
( ). - . 1;o|o1;
Nau||r, l. le Corr. sur |a 0erse (de 0|dyre |'Aveug|e?). lr Fco|e lra|. des
lau|es
F|udes, 3ec|. 3c. be|., s, s. ;1 1;
l|o||ads, l. `No|es sur ur correr|a|re pa|eoc|re||er (0|d. Caec. lr lsa|ros).'
N0|d ( ). - . 1z1oz|
lr|rz|va|||, F. `A scuo|a d| eseges|, g|| a|||ev| d| 0|d|ro.' A3F ( ). - . z18;1;8
. `Cod|c| |r|erpre|a||v| de| Correr|o a| 3a|r| d| 0|d|ro.' A3F ( | ). 18o
- |o.
. 0|d|ro || C|eco e |'|r|erpre|az|ore de| 3a|r|. 3|3b . bore. Aqu||a, . z 188
luec|, l.-C. `les rouveaux ecr||s d'0r|gre e| de 0|dyre decouver|s Tours.'
bllr | ( ). - . 111z;o
ua||rore, A. `la preura|o|og|a pao||ra re| |ra||a|o '0e 3p|r||u 3arc|o' d| 0|d|ro
A|essardr|ro.' begrur 0e| ( ). - , - , ( ). - . 81z8z881|oz18z88
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| bever||oW, l. 0ral. `l|oo der |arr. ;z
F|r a||||rc|||c|es ldea| oe| 0|dyrus der
414
8||rder.' lr Tex| ard T| eo|ogy. 3|ud|es |r lorour ol lrolessor dr. ||eo|.
|agre 3ao. lreser|ed or ||e 0ccas|or ol ||s || 8|r||day, - . Fd||ed o z1z;
oy A. Targoerg. 0s|o. verour, . 1|
beyro|ds, 3. C. `|ar, lrcarra||or, ard Tr|r||y |r ||e Correr|ary or Zec|ar|a ol
0|dyrus ||e 8||rd ol A|exardr|a.' 0|ss., larvard, - . 1o1oo
bordeau, |.-J. `A propos d'ure ed|||or de 0|dyre |'Aveug|e.' bF0 ( ). 811o8
- 8|oo.
3arc|ez, |. 0. `F| 'Corer|ar|o a| Fc|es|as|es' de 0|d|ro A|ejardr|ro.' Teres
|arur
|1( ). - . 1oz1|z
. F| 'Correr|ar|o a| Fc|es|as|es' de 0|d|ro A|ejardr|ro. Fx|rac|o de |a Tes|s
doc|ora| er Teo|og|a y c|erc|as pa|r|s||cas. bore. lrs|||u|ur la|r|s||cur
'Augus||r|arur,' . 1o
. F| corer|ar|o a| Fc|es|as|es de 0|d|ro A|ejardr|ro. Fxeges|s y esp|r||ua||da.
3|ud|a T| eo|og|caTeres|arur . bore, . 11
3e||eW, l. `Ac||||es or C|r|s|? lorp|yry ard 0|dyrus |r 0eoa|e over A||egor|ca|
lr|erpre|a||or.' lT|b ( ). - . 8z18;1oo
3|rore|||, |. `le||era e a||egor|a re||'eseges| ve|ero|es|arer|ar|a d| 0|d|ro.'
ve|C|r ( ). - . zo18|18
. `0ue pass| de||a prelaz|ore d| 0|ro|aro a||a |raduz|ore de| '0e 3p|r||u 3arc|o'
d| 0|d|ro.' b3lb ( ). - . z|188z8o
T|ge|e|er, J. 0|dyre |'Aveug|e e| |'exegse a||egor|que. F|ude serar||que de
que|ques
|erres exege||ques |rpor|ar|s de sor correr|a|re sur Zac|ar|e. 0raec||as
c|r|s||arorur pr|raeva . N|jr. 0e||er & v., . o 1;;
Treu, K. `C|r|s|||c|e lapyr| v (AT, la|res, 0|dyros, 3uos|d|a).' AllC s ( ). z| 1;o
- zo1.
w|rder, J. C. |. var. `0|dyre |'Aveug|e sur |a 0erse . . A propos d'ure 11o
prer|re ed|||or.' v|gC|r ( ). - . z1;8ooo
||. 3erap|or ol T|ru|s (d. al|er ) oz
As ear|y as , 3erap|or Was ||e |earred |ead ol a group ol ror|s se|||ed
|r ||e deser| ol Fgyp|, a c|ose lr|erd ol Ar|ory ||e |err||, oelore oecor|rg
o|s|op ol T| ru|s |r loWer Fgyp|. A||aras|us Wro|e |o ||r lror bore a|
||e s|ar| ol ||s secord ex||e, ard aga|r dur|rg ||s |||rd ex||e, W|er, |ep| |r
||d|rg oy ||e Fgyp||ar ror|s, |e addressed |o 3erap|or ||e le||ers or ||e
d|v|r||y ol ||e 3p|r||. lr , 3erap|or Wro|e a |e||er |o ||e d|sc|p|es ol Ar|ory o
(ep. Ar|or. d|sc.). T| e o|s|op d|ed al| er . oz
3erap|or Wro|e Aga|rs| ||e |ar|c|aears(|ar., Cl0 ll, ), |r W||c| z|8
T| e 0r|ger|ar legacy ;z
;oN|re T| e lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury 0ree| C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
|e relu|es ||e dua||sr ev|der| |r ||e|r exeges|s ol ||e o| ard par|s ol ||e r|.
Arorg lragrer|s ol o||er Wr|||rgs (Cl0 ll, - ), ro|e a leW ||res z|88z||
lror a Correr|ary or 0eres|s|r W||c| ||e arc|e(`pr|rc|p|e,' `oeg|rr|rg')
ol 0r . |s |der||l|ed W||| C|r|s| accord|rg |o Co| . (0evreesse, ). 1; 11o 1o|
Fd|||ors
l0 , - . |ar., Fudox. |oooz
b. 0rague|, |useor ( ) - . ep. Ar|or. d|sc. o|111z
3|ud|es
8ardy, 0.. 0TC , ( - ). 1|z1o811z
0orr|e, l.. lau|ys bea|erc. der c|ass. A||er|ursW. 3upp|. vlll ( ) - . 1o1zooo;
|||. Fvagr|us lor||cus (c. - ) |o
0rda|red as a reader oy 8as|| ol Caesarea ard deacor oy 0regory ol Naz|arzus,
Fvagr|us W||ressed ||e Courc|| ol Cors|ar||rop|e |r . le rera|red 81
|r ||e cap||a| as ar ass|s|ar| ol 8|s|op Nes|or|us, ur||| |e roved |o Jerusa|er
ard ||er ca. , |o ||e roras||c se|||erer|s |r ||e deser|s ol Fgyp|. `le 8z
earred ||s ||ve|||ood oy Wr|||rg, 's|rce |e Wro|e ||e 0xyr||rc|us c|arac|ers
exce||er||y,' accord|rg |o la||ad|us (l|s|. laus. , ), W|o Was ore ol ||s 81o
d|sc|p|es' (uas|er, ll, ). le dec||red ep|scopa| proro||or, ollered oy 1o
T|eop|||us ol A|exardr|a.
Fvagr|us crea|ed a |||erary gerre ol roras||c rys||c|sr, W||| ler|||e
|deas des||red |o |rl|uerce sp|r||ua| ras|ers |r Fas| ard wes| ||roug| ||e
cer|ur|es. Kep|a|a|a 0ros||ca, lra||||os, 0ros|||os, berur rorac|a||ur
ra||ores, Ar||r|e|||os, 0e ra||gr|s cog||a||or|ous(|rarsr|||ed urder ||e rare
ol N||us), ard rore. le Wro|e correr|ar|es, quo|ed |r ||e ca|erae, or ||e
lsa|rs, lroveros (`T| e 8oo| ol lroveros|ad grea|er |rl|uerce |r lorr|rg
||e ser|er||ous s|y|e ol Fvagr|us ||ar ary o||er |r ||e 8|o|e, ||s ||rror lor
|or|s ard Nurs|s a d|rec| |r||a||or ol lroveros' (uas|er, ll, ), Joo, 1;
lu|e, Nuroers, K|rgs, ard Car||c|es.
Fd|||ors
l0 , , . 1z|o;
sc|o|. |r ecc|.. l. 0e||r, 3C ( ). ;1
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| sc|o|. |r pss.. l0 , - , ;1 1z1o|1o8o
, - . J. 8. l||ra Ara|ec|a sacra z;oo| z
(lrasca|| ) - , (lar|s ) - . 188||||8 1881o|
415
ser|. ror.|ser|. v|rg.. l. 0ressrarr, Tu , o ( ). | 11
ep.. w. lrar|eroerg. 8er||r . 11z
ls.-8as|||us, ep. . . Cour|orre. lar|s , - . 8 1;zz;
ra|. cog.. l0 , - . l. laus|err, 0Cl ( ) - . ;11o1zoo 1;;1
prac|.. A. ard C. 0u|||auror|, 3C - ( ). 8. 3arg||sear. ver|ce 1;o1;11;1
1o;(Arrer|ar).
|ep|. gros|.. A. 0u|||auror|, l0 , . lar|s . z81 18
w. lrar|eroerg, 8er||r , - (3yr|ac). 3arg||sear, aoove. 11z|8|zz
ar||rr|.. w. lrar|eroerg. 8er||r . 3arg||sear, aoove. 11z
sp|r. ra|.. l0 . l. laus|err, 0Cl ( ) - (3yr|ac ard Arao|c). ; 1;;1
Trars|a||ors
Frg||s|
Fvagr|us lor||cus. lrac|||os ard C|ap|ers or lrayer. Ka|arazoo . 18
lrerc|
Cour|orre, 0e||r, 0u|||auror|, aoove.
0errar
ar||rr|.. 0. Zoc||er. |ur|c| (par||a|). 18
ep.. 0. 8urge. Tr|er 18o
3|ud|es
A|dara, J. A. `la ra|ssarce du 3e|greur dars |'exegse pa|r|s||que du ls
. a.' z11o
b3b ( ). - . 11oz
8urge, 0. `lerade ou rorade? Au suje| de deux ro||ors cer|ra|es de |a
|err|ro|og|e (syr|aque) evagr|erre.' |useor ( ). - . 1oz18o1
. A|ed|a, |a doc|r|re sp|r||ue||e d'Fvagre |e lor||que sur |'aced|e. 3p|r||ua|||e
or|er|a|e . 8e||elor|a|re. Aooaye, . z 11
8urge, J. 0. `0r|ger|srus0ros||z|srus, zur ge|s|esgesc||c||||c|er 3|ardor|
des
Fvagr|os lor|||os.' v|gC|r ( ). - . |o18oz||
0rague|, b. `ur rorceau grec |red|| des v|es de lacore appar|e ur |ex|e
d'Fvagre
er par||e |rcorru.' |useor ( ). - . ;o1;zo;oo
0r|sco||, J. `A |ey lor read|rg ||e Ad rorac|os ol Fvagr|us lor||cus.' Aug o
( ). - . 1oo18z
. T| e ||rd's lorg Jourrey |o ||e lo|y Tr|r||y. T| e 'Ad |orac|os' ol Fvagr|us
lor||cus. Co||egev|||e, . 1
0u|||auror|, A. les `Kep|a|a|a gros||ca' d'Fvagre |e lor||que e| |'||s|o|re de
|'or|ger|sre c|ez |es 0recs e| c|ez |es 3yr|ers (la|r 3oro., ). lar|s . 1oz
T| e 0r|ger|ar legacy ;1
;zN|re T| e lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury 0ree| C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
. `les vers|ors syr|aques de |'oeuvre d'Fvagre |e lor||que (c aux Ke|||a) e|
|eur ro|e dars |a lorra||or du vocaou|a|re asce||que syr|aque,' ed||ed oy
b. laverar|, - . llle 3yrpos|ur 3yr|acur, | . |1 18o
. TbF ( ) - . 1o18zo;o
0u|||auror|, A. ard C.. 03p ( ) - . 1o1z1zo
. bAC ( ) - . o1oo1o8811o;
K||re, l. `T| e C|r|s|o|ogy ol Fvagr|us ard ||e parer| sys|er ol 0r|ger.'
C|s|erc|ar
3|ud|es ( ). - . zo1818
|uy|derrars, J. les c||a||ors o|o||quesdars |a vers|or arrer|erre de
|'Ar||rr|e||cus
d'Fvagre |e lor||que. lardAr ( ). - . ;1o1||1|8
0'laug|||r, |. T| e 8|o|e, ||e derors ard ||e deser|. Fva|ua||rg ||e
Ar||rr|e||cus ol
Fvagr|us lor||cus. 3||or ( ). - . |1zzo11
uec|e, l. `Auszuge aus Fvagr|us' '|orsc|ssp|ege|' |r |op||sc|er uoerse|zurg.'
0r|er|a||a ( ). - . 818|o
bordeau, |.-J. `le correr|a|re sur |es lsaures d'Fvagre |e lor||que.' 0Clzo
( ). - . 1ooo;|8
wa| | , J. w. l|||oxerus ard ||e 0|d 3yr|ac vers|or ol Fvagr|us' Cer|ur|es.
0rC|r o|
( ). - . 18oo81
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| vl ;
TlF0llllu3 0l AlFXAN0blA 0. 412
la|r|arc| ol A|exardr|a lror |o , T| eop|||us preser|s c||a||ors ol 8 |1z
scr|p|ure pr|rc|pa||y |r ||ree |or|||es, ou| ||ey are |ac||rg ary d|s||rc||ve
exeges|s. ||e lor||y or 0ea|| ard Judgerer|( ), |r 0ree|, 3yr|ac, Arao|c zo18
ard Arrer|ar, ||e lor||y or ||e Cross ard ||e T||el( ), ava||ao|e |r zozz
Cop||c, ||e lor||y or ||e lrs|||u||or ol ||e Fuc|ar|s|, lr rys||car coerar
( ), W|ose or|g|ra| 0ree| |s We||-preserved oecause |s Was |arded doWr zo1;
urder ||e rare ol Cyr|| ol A|exardr|a (l0 , - ). To |||s ||s| ray oe ;;1o1o1oz|
added |Wo lragrer|s ol 0|scourse or lrov|derce, |Wo o||ers 0r ||e worar
W||| laerorr|ages(l| . - ), ard a Cors|dera||or or |a|||eW . , ol 8||8 |z
416
W||c| a lragrer| |s preserved |r 0ree| (l0 , A). Arorg urpuo||s|ed oo
|or|||es ol T| eop|||us, lava|e rer||ors 0r ||e lrrora| worar, ol l| . ;
- oo, |r Arrer|ar, ard 0r ||e 8||rd |ar cured or ||e 3aooa||, ol Jr . - 1|1
(lava|e, - ). A. lava|e, Teol||o d'A|essardr|a (o|o||o|eca de| `3a|es|arur') 1o18
Tor|ro. 3oc. Fd||. lr|err., . 18
T| e `ar|lu| ard v|o|er| pa|r|arc| ol A|exardr|a' (uas|er, la|ro|ogy ll, ) z8|
corderred 0r|ger a| ||s |oca| syrod ol ||e year , ca|||rg ||r |r ||s les|a| |oo
le||er ol ||e `|ydra ol |eres|es.' le expe||ed lror Fgyp| ||e `Ta|| 8ro||ers' |oz
ard o||er ror|s W|o cu|||va|ed ||e|r oWr lorr ol 0r|ger|sr, arorg
||er Fvagr|us lor||cus, W|o escaped ex||e or|y oy ||s (||re|y) dea||.
Fd|||ors
lr.. l0 , - . ozo8
le||ers, les|a| le||ers. Jerore, ep. , , , , , , . 8;8ozo81oo
|r rys||car coerar. Cyr. A|., |or. d|v. , l0 , - . 1o ;;1o1oz
||oer erorr|s. Jerore, ep. , lacurdus ol lerr|are, |r del. |r|ur cap. , . 11 o
3|ud|es
C|avou||er, l. uere||e or|ger|s|e e| Cor|roverses |r|r||a|res, A propos du Trac|a
|us
cor|ra 0r|gerer de v|s|ore lsa|ae. v|gC|r ( ). - . 1|1oo1|
Crouze|, l.. 03p ( ) - . 111z|o
0e|ooe|, b. ard |. b|c|ard. 0TC ( ) - . 11|ozo
0rar|, b. |. `3cr|p|ure, b|e|or|c ard T| eo|ogy |r T| eop|||us.' v|gC|r ( ). 11
- |.
b|c|ard, |., `Fcr||s de T|eop|||e d'A|exardr|e'. |useor ( ) - . z1zzo
lava|e, A., Teol||o. Tur|s . 18
;|N|re T| e lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury 0ree| C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
vll
Fu3F8lu3 0l F|F3A C. 300C. 359
8orr a| Fdessa, Fuseo|us' ro||er-|orgue Was 3yr|ac. le |earred 0ree| a|
sc|oo|, ard s|ud|ed ||e scr|p|ures W||| ||e Ar|ar o|s|op la|rop|||us ol
3cy||opo||s. le corp|e|ed ||s o|o||ca| |ra|r|rg a| Ar||oc| W|er Fus|a|||us
Was deposed oy ||e ar||-N|cere corrur||y. lr A|exardr|a, W|ere |e |oo|
a course |r p|||osop|y, |e oecare a lr|erd ol 0eorge, |a|er Ar|ar o|s|op
ol laod|cea. le relused |o serve as a rep|acerer| ol A||aras|us |r , |o
ou| accep|ed ||e sra|| d|ocese ol Fresa, |r leoarese l|oer|c|a. le Was
rever a ||oroug|-go|rg Ar|ar, ||oug| |e d|sapproved ol N|caea. Jerore
(C|ror|cor, 0C3 , . ) s|ressed ||e popu|ar success ol Fuseo|us' lor|||es ;1zo
or ||e 0ospe|sard rer||ors ||s correr|ary or 0a|a||ars. Nurerous lragrer|s
|r ca|eraes|gra| a|so correr|ar|es or 0eres|s, Fxodus, lev|||cus,
Nuroers, 0eu|erorory, K|rgs (b. 0ecresse, - ). l|s carelu| read|rg 1o
ol ||e |||erary cor|er| ol scr|p|ure |rsp|res |r ||r sourd judgerer| ard
oa|arced ooserva||or aoou| |urar oe|av|or.
Fd|||ors
lr.. F. |. 8uy|aer|, l'|er||age ||||era|re d'Fusoe d'Frse. louva|r . 1|8
|or.. F. |. 8uy|aer|, aoove.
3|ud|es
0ode|, l.. 0TC ( ) - . 111;
3|rore|||, |., la cr|s| ar|ara re| lv seco|o. bore , - . 1;18;8
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| vlll ;
FllllANlu3 0l 3AlA|l3 CA. 315-403
Fp|p|ar|us |reW 0ree|, 3yr|ac, leoreW, Cop||c, ard sore la||r, accord|rg |o
Jerore (Adv. bul|r. , ). le v|s||ed ||e ror|s |r Fgyp| ca. , zzz
oelore lourd|rg ||s oWr roras|ery rear ||s o|r||p|ace |r ||e reg|or ol
0aza, la|es||re. lror ||ere, |r , ||e o|s|ops ol Cyprus c|ose ||r as o;
re|ropo|||ar ol ||e|r |s|ard. l|s Wr|||rgs `revea| a |o|a| |ac| ol cr|||ca| acurer ard
dep|| ard are lar |oo ore-s|ded. |os| ol ||s |rea||ses are |as|y,
superl|c|a|, ard d|sorder|y corp||a||ors ol ||e lru||s ol ||s ex|ers|ve read|rg.
T| e|r s|y|e |s care|ess, veroose, ard accord|rg |o l|o||us (8|o|. cod ), '|||e 1zz
||a| ol ore W|o |s urlar|||ar W||| A|||c e|egarce.' T| |s |ra|| |s ro surpr|se
oecause Fp|p|ar|us Was ar erery ol a|| c|ass|ca| educa||or' (uas|er, ll,
8). lerce || |s ro| surpr|s|rg ||a| Fp|p|ar|us rour|s|ed a deep |a|red
lor 0r|ger's exeges|s.
lr ||e Arcora|us(Cl0 ll, ) Wr|||er |r , |e used scr|p|ure as ;|| ;|
prool-|ex| aga|rs| Ar|ars, lreura|orac||, |ar|c|aears ard |arc|or||es.
lr 0e rersur|s e| porder|ous v $sd \9v (Cl0 ll, ), ;|o
corposed a| Cors|ar||rop|e |r a| ||e reques| ol a lers|ar pr|es|, 8z
Fp|p|ar|us d|scussed ||e Caror ard ||e |rars|a||or ol ||e o|, o|o||ca| reasures
ard We|g||s ard ||e geograp|y ol la|es||re. lr 0e Xll gerr|s-
v $sd \9v (Cl0 ll, ), descr|o|rg ||e oreas|p|a|e ol ||e ||g| ;|8
pr|es| ol ||e o|, |r , Fp|p|ar|us a||egor|zed ||e s|ores, ass|gr|rg ||er |o |
||e |We|ve |r|oes ol lsrae| ard exp|a|r|rg ||e|r red|c|ra| use (b. l. 8|a|e -
l. 0e v|s). Aga|r ca. , |e Wro|e a parp|e| aga|rs| |rages, W||c| Was |o |
p|ay a ro|e |r ||e |coroc|as||c cr|s|s ol ||e r|re|| cer|ury. l|ra||y, Fp|p|ar|us
a|so ca||s or scr|p|ure |r parp||e|s aga|rs| |rages, ore ol ||er addressed
417
|o Frperor T| eodos|us l (T| urre|). lr ore ol ||s le||ers|e d|scussed ||e
da||rg ol Fas|er (lo||).
Fd|||ors
l0 - . |1|
arc., |aer.. K. lo||, 0C3 , , . 8er||r - . J. 0urrer, rd ed. vo|. z11; 11 z
1, . 8er||r , . ; 18o18
|aer.. C. b|gg|, bore . 1o;
de rers. e| pord.. 0ear, J. F., Fp|p|ar|us' Trea||se or we|g||s ard |easures.
C||cago , 3yr|ac. |ou|sou|as, F., T|eo|. (A) ( )- ( ), 1 |11;o||1;
0ree| lragrer|s. l'oeuvre '0e rersur|s e| porder|ous' d'Fp|p|are. A||ers
;oN|re T| e lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury 0ree| C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
1;1. var Fsoroec|, |.-J.. C3C0 - . leuver . 0eorg|ar |oo|o1 18|
|ex|.
de Xll gerr|s. b. l. 8|a|e ard l. de v|s. lordor . 0eorg|ar ard Cop||c 1|
|ex|, Arrer|ar lragrer|.
Aga|rs| lrages. l. 0. T|urre|, 0|e lru|gesc||c||e der os|||rc|||c|er
8||der|e|re, Tu . 8er||r , l. 1 1zz8
le||er or ||e 0a||rg ol Fas|er. K. lo||, 0esarre||e Aulsa|ze. Tuo|rger 1z8
= 0arrs|ad| , - . 1o|zo|z|
Trars|a||ors
Frg||s|
Ar|dor, l. b., T| e larar|or ol Fp|p|ar|us, 8|s|op ol 3a|ar|s. 3e|ec|ed
lassages. 0xlord . 1o
w||||ars, l., T| e larar|or ol Fp|p|ar|us. 8oo| ll ard lll, 3ec|s - , 0e |;8o
l|de. vo|s. le|der , . z 18;1|
lrerc|
var Fsoroec|, aoove.
0errar
T|urre|, aoove.
l|a||ar
b|gg|, C., l'rcora de||a lede. bore . 1;;
3|ud|es
A||arer, 8. `Augus||rus urd Fp|p|ar|us vor 3a|ar|s.' lr |e|. de 0|e|||rc|, - zo
, ;
1o.
. `Aug. u. Fp|p|ar|us vor 3a|ar|s.' lr A||arer, K|. pa|r|s|. 3c|r|l|er= Tu , 8
- z8oo, . 1o;
Azza|| 8errarde|||, 0. ` l| , - e 0v , re||'eseges| d| Fuseo|o d| 1 1181 1 1;
Cesarea, d|
C|r|||o d| 0erusa|erre, d| Fp|lar|o.' lages - |r 3argue e| ar|ropo|og|a 8
re||a |eo|og|a, a||| de||a vl se|||rara, bora - roverore . Fd||ed oy zz8 18;
l. va|||or|. bore. Fd. l|a ur|ore, . 18
8e|||r|, F. Apo|||rare, Fp|lar|o, 0regor|o d| Naz|arzo, 0regor|o d| N|ssa e a||r|. 3u
Cr|s|o. l| grarde d|oa|||o oe| lv sec. Tes|| or|g|ra||, |r|roduz|ore, ro|e e |raduz|ore.
||. Jaca., . 1;;
8er|rard, 0. A. `l'argurer|a||or scr|p|ura|re de T| eodo|e |e Corroyeur
(Fp|p|are,
larar|or ).' lr lec|ures arc|erres de |a 8|o|e, ed||ed oy l. |arava|, - . | 1o;
Ca||ers 8|o||a la|r. . 3|rasoourg, . 1 18;
8regrar, |. `(l| . s) T| e parao|e ol ||e |are ard ||e o||rd, (larar|or 1|1
Fp|p|ar|us ol 3a|ar|s r . - ) Fp|p|ar|us' quo|a||or lror ar ;;o|;o1;
apocryp|or ol Fze||e|.' JT| 3 |z
( ). - . 111z8
8urrus, v. `T| e |ere||ca| Worar as syroo| |r (o|s|op) A|exarder, A||aras|us,
Fp|p|ar|us, ard Jerore.' lT|b ( ). - . 8|11zz|8
Carp|ar|, A., `Fp|p|ar|o e 0regor|o de Naz|arzo |r cop|o'. Aug ( ) - 1z;
. |;
C|ar|, F. A., T| e 0r|ger|s| Cor|roversy. T| e Cu||ura| Cors|ruc||or ol ar Far|y
C|r|s||ar 0eoa|e. lr|rce|or . 1z
0ec|oW, J. l. 0ogra ard rys||c|sr |r ear|y C|r|s||ar||y, Fp|p|ar|us ol Cyprus
ard
||e |egacy ol 0r|ger. NArla|r|g . |acor. |ercer ur|v., . 1 188
0ee|ers, 0., `Fp|p|ar|us' de Xll gerr|s'. Z0|0 ( ) - . o1ozozo
0evos, l. `'|ega sooa|or' c|ez sa|r| Fp|p|are.' Ar8o|| ( ). - . 1o81ozoo
0urrer, J. `Fp|p|ar|us, Arcor. , , urd d|e 3ap|er||a 3a|oror|s.' K||o - 1oz; ||
( ). - . 1o||o
. `0|e 3prac||err|r|sse des Fp|p|ar|us.' lr A|||e|r-3||e||, Araoer |r der A||er
we||, vo|. , , - . 8, . 1z|o 1o8
. `Zur Fp|p|ar|us-Ausgaoe der '0r|ec||sc|er C|r|s|||c|er 3c|r|l|s|e||er'.'
Tu 1
( ). - . 18;11z
F|dr|dge, l. A. `T| e 0ospe| Tex| ol Fp|p|ar|us ol 3a|ar|s.' 0|ss., lr|rce|or
T|eo|og|ca| 3er|rary, . 1o;
lerrrdez, 0. `0e ra|r|ror|o |ar|ae cur losep| |ux|a 3. Fp|p|ar|us 3a|ar|rus
418
e|usque coaequa|es.'Fp||ar ( ). - . 11o|o;
lraer|e|, l., `l|s|o|re sa|r| e| |eres|e c|ez Fp|p|are'. bT|l| ( ) - . 1z1oz1;1
0a||us, T. `Ad Fp|p|ar|| |r|erpre|a||orer rar|o|og|car |r 0er . .' v0 1 |
( ). 1o
- z;z;.
luorer, b. |. `0|e laup|que||e des Fp|p|ar|os (larar|or, |aer. ) uoer lau|us o
vor 3aroso|a. ls.-A||aras|us, Cor|ra 3aoe|||aros.' lr ls. w. 3c|reere|c|er,
- ;|= ZK0 , - , . ozo1zo1;
lrrsc|er, J. `0|e Fp|p|ar|osausgaoe der '0r|ec||sc|er c|r|s|||c|er
3c|r|l|s|e||er'.'
le|||or - ( - ). - . zzz;18z;|1
Jouassard, 0., `0eux c|els de l||e er ||eo|og|e rar|a|e dars |a secorde ro|||e
du
lv
e
s|c|e. Fp|p|are e| 3. Aroro|se'. 0reg ( ) - . |z1o1o
l|eu, J. |. `Fp|p|ar|us or ||e 3cr|oes ard l|ar|sees (lar. . - . ).' JT| 3 111o|
( ). - . 188oz|
lo|r, w. A.. lACl rd ed. , ll. z 11;
|aes, |., `Tex|vers|ardr|s urd var|ar|er |r Kap. des Jo|arresevarge||urs
oe|
Fp|p|ar|us'. la| ( ) - . |o18ozo8|
|ees, |. `Tex|lorrer urd lr|erpre|a||or vor Jr oe| Fp|p|ar|us.' Aug ( ). o z1181
- o|.
. `0|e ar|||are||sc|e lo|er|| des Fp|p|ar|us vor 3a|ar|s urd ||r 0eorauc|
vor
Jr .' Aug ( ). - . | zz18z|oz
;8N|re T| e lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury 0ree| C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
|er|e|, l. 0|e l|ura|||a| der Fvarge||er a|s ||eo|og|sc|es urd exege||sc|es
lroo|er
|r der A||er K|rc|e. Trad|||o C|r|s||ara, Tex|e u. Korrer|are zur pa|r|s||sc|er
T| eo|og|e . 8err. larg, . 1;8
Nau||r, l. `0|vorce e| rerar|age c|ez sa|r| Fp|p|are.' v|gC|r ( ). - . ;181;;
0sourr, C. 0. `T| e Tex| ol ||e lau||re Fp|s||es |r Fp|p|ar|us ol 3a|ar|s.' 0|ss.,
3|.
ArdreWs, - . 1;1;|
lour||er, A. l'|eres|o|og|e c|ez Fp|p|are de 3a|ar|re. C|r|s||ar|sre ar||que . |
lar|s.
8eauc|esre, . 1z
lrou|x, l., ard l. A|orso 3c|ooe|. `leo . - . F o|o ' voidv
vddo#vd.' 8|o
o( ). - . 1;1zo
b|gg|, C. Fp|lar|o cor|ro |ar|. bev. cr|||ca. Trad. ||a||ara e Correr|o s|or|co de|
larar|or d| Fp|lar|o, laer. lXvl. lres. d| . Ca|aude||a. bore. lor|. lrs|||u|ur
A|||or|a la||r||a||s, . 1o;
. `l| |err|re 'dCi' re||''accez|ore d| Fp|lar|o d| 3a|ar|ra (larar|or, |. l, 0e
l|de).' 3a| ( ). - . z1o;z;
. `3. Fp|lar|o d|vorz|s|a?' 3a| ( ). - . 11;1ooo
. `Fp|lar|o e || d|a|ogo o|o||co co| ror cr|s||ar| re||a corr|ce de| 'larar|or.'
3orra|re.' 3a| ( ). - . o1;|z1oo
. `'0|a|oge' core 'l|gura ser|er||ae' re| larar|or (laer. , , , , , , zo|8;o
, ).' ;;18
Aug ( ). . 1|1;||
. `Ca|ec|es| esca|o|og|ca de||' 'Arcora|us' d| Fp|p|ar|o'. Aug ( ) - 181;81o
. ;1
. `lorru|e de l|de |r 3. Fp|lar|o d| 3a|ar|ra.'83cb ( ). - . 181;1o1
. `3argue e ar|ropo|og|a o|o||ca |r Fp|p|ar|o'. Cer|ro 3|ud| sargu|s C|r|s||, . z
bore , - . 18z8|11
. `Corprers|ore urara re||a 8|oo|a secordo Fp|lar|o (larar|or llX).' lr
Fp|s|rop|e, ed||ed oy 8.Ara|a, - . bore, . ;zo|8 18
. `Nouve||e |ec|ure du larar|or llX, , Fp|p|are e| |e d|vorce.' lr Fp|s|rop|e, |
- ;||, . 18
. `lo slordo esege||co de||a ca|ec|es| pa|es||rese |r Fp|lar|o d| 3a|ar|ra e |r
C|r|||o d| 0erusa|erre.' lr Fseges| e ca|ec|es| re| ladr| (secc. ll-lv). Corvegro
d| s|ud|o e agg|orrarer|o, laco|| d| le||ere cr|s||are e c|ass|c|e (lor||l|c|ur
lrs|||u|ur A|||or|s la||r||a||s), bora - rarzo (8|o||o|eca d| 3c|erze zoz8 1z
be||g|ose, , 3|ud|Tes||Correr|| la|r|s||c|), ed||ed oy 3. le||c|, - . 1oo 1z1zo
bore. lA3, . 1
bordeau, |. J. `A propos d'ure prop|e||e ror caror|que c||ee par Fp|p|are
(larar|or , , ed. K. lo||. ll s).' b3b ( ). - . 1z| z 1o;zo1o
buc|er, J., `Fp|p|ar|us de Xll gerr|s'. T|bev ( ) - . |1z
3c|u||ze, 8. `0as l|||oque oe| Fp|p|ar|us vor Cyperr (|r Arcora|us).' 03
( ). - . 18o1o|
419
. `0as l|||oque oe| Fp|p|ar|us vor Cyperr (|r larar|or).' 03 ( ). - o18;z81
. oo
Fp|p|ar|us ol 3a|ar|s 3|ore, |. F. `Corcerr|rg ||e 3ever|y-TWo ;
Trars|a|ors. Arrer|ar lragrer|s ol
Fp|p|ar|us, 0r we|g||s ard |easures.' larvTb ( ). - . ;18o1o
. `Ar Arrer|ar Fp||ore ol Fp|p|ar|us's 0e 0err|s.' lT|b ( ). - 8z18|o;
. ;o
T|eodorou, A. T|A||er ( ). - . ||1;o8z
T| urre|, l. 0., `0|e o||derle|rd||c|er 3c|r|l| er des Fp|p|ar|us'. 8y3| ( ) |;18o
- 1o88.
va|||ar|, A. `l'|ore||e d'Fp|p|are sur |'erseve||sserer| du C|r|s|. Tex|e v|eux-
s|ave,
|ex|e grec e| |raduc||or lrara|se.' lr badov| 3|aros|overs|og lrs|||u|a, vo|. s, ;
- 1o1. Zagreo, . 18
va|ee, 0. A 3|udy |r Ar||-0ros||c po|er|cs, lreraeus, l|ppo|y|us ard Fp|p|ar|us.
3|ud|es |r C|r|s||ar||y ard Juda|sr , . 1181
ver|eyder, J. 0e v|uc|| var de c|r|s|erer raar le||a, orderzoe| var |e|
ge|u|ger|s
var Fuseo|us er Fp|p|ar|us. ver| |e||. | . 8ru. Acader|er, . o1z; 188
;|oN|re T| e lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury 0ree| C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
lX
CAllA00ClAN FXF0F3l3
0erera| 8|o||ograp|y
Cappadoc|ars
Arrs|rorg, 0. T. `T| e Cross |r ||e 0|d Tes|arer| Accord|rg |o A||aras|us, Cyr||
ol
Jerusa|er ard ||e Cappadoc|ar la||ers.' lr T| eo|og|a cruc|ss|grur cruc|s.
ls.
lur Fr|c| 0|r||er, - . Tuo|rger. J. C. 8. |o|r, . 1;8 1;
0aous|, J. `|orac||sre e| |||urg|e au |erps des lres cappadoc|ers.' Fev 1oz
( ). - . 1zo8
0|rard|, |. `l'a||earza d|v|ra reg|| scr|||| de| ladr| Cappadoc|.' lr 'A||earza, la||o,
Tes|arer|o.' 0|z|orar|o d| sp|r||ua||| o|o||co-pa|r|s||ca, ll, - . bore. 8or|a, z
1z.
lar|, |. `les |ro|s quarar|a|res de |a v|e de |oise, sc|era de |a vue du
roireeveque c|ez |es lres Cappadoc|ers.' bF0 ( ). - . 8o1o;|o;1z
larys, |. var. `Fxegse e| ||eo|og|e |r|r||a|re lrov . c|ez |es lres 8zz
cappadoc|ers.' lrer ( ). - . |1;ooz;
v|re|, l. `Joo . |e correr|a|re de Ju||er |'ar|er e| |es |r|erpre|a||ors 8
cappadoc|erres.' lr le ||vre de Joo c|ez |es lres (Ca||ers de 8|o||a la|r|s||ca
), - . 1o;
3|rasoourg. Cer|re d'Ara|yse e| de 0ocurer|a||or la|r|s||que, . 1o
w|rs|oW, 0. l. `C|r|s|o|ogy ard Fxeges|s |r ||e Cappadoc|ars.' C|l ( ). |o1;1
- 8o.
|. 8as|| ol Caesarea (ca. - ) o;
8orr ca. |r Caesarea ol Wea|||y parer|s ol sera|or|a| rar|, educa|ed |r o
||e sc|oo|s ol r|e|or|c a| Caesarea, Cors|ar||rop|e ard A||ers, 8as||, al|er
a s|or| a||erp| as proless|ora| r|e|or|c|ar |r ||s |ore|oWr, eroraced ||e
asce||c ||le ard Was oap||zed. le v|s||ed roras||c se|||erer|s |r Fgyp|,
la|es||re, 3yr|a ard |esopo|ar|a, oelore s|ar||rg a ceroo|||c exper|rer|
|r ||e so|||ude rear Neocaesara, dur|rg W||c| |e s|ud|ed 0r|ger's exeges|s
|r par||cu|ar, as s|oWr |r ||e l|||oca||aW||c| |e corposed W||| ||s lr|erd
0regory ol Naz|arzus. Fuseo|us, ||e re|ropo|||ar ol Caesarea, orda|red
||r ca. , ard W|er |e d|ed |r , 8as|| rep|aced ||r ur||| ||s oWr o| ;o
dea|| |r . ;
A rar ol ac||or ard a oorr |eader, 8as|| |rves|ed ||s o|o||ca| |roW|edge |r ||s
apo|oge||c, doc|r|ra| ard asce||c erdeavors. le Wro|e Cor|ra
Furor|ur(Cl0 ll, ) arourd , |r|erd|rg |o |rc|ude ||e ||eo|ogy ol z8; oo
Cappadoc|ar Fxeges|s ;|1
||e lo|y 3p|r|| |r ||e orgo|rg |r|r||ar|ar deoa|e. T| |r|eer ol ||s lor|||es
or ||e lsa|rs(ls. , , , , , , , , , , , , . |xx), Cl0 1;1|z8zz||||8o111|
ll, ) ard |Wer|y-||ree o||er 3errors, ore ol ||e 3errorsdea||rg W||| z8o
`KroW yourse|l ' (budoerg) (Cl0 ll, - ) are au||er||c. l|s r|re z8|z8o8
lor|||es or lexaereror(Cl0 ll, ) da|e prooao|y lror ||e year oelore z8
||s dea||. 8as|| produced a co||ec||or ol approx|ra|e|y le||ers(Cl0 ll, o
zoo) ard ||s bu|es(Cl0 ll, - ), ||e |ora||a, or begu|ae |ora|es, z8;z88;
|a, |jq||av, ||e 0e|a||ed bu|es, begu|ae lus|us |rac|a|ae, ard ||e 3|or| bu|es,
begu|ae orev|us |rac|a|ae. A|| ol ||er, ||e |ora||aard ||e o||er bu|esare
da|ed al|er , ard |rarsr|||ed as 8as||'s Corpus asce||cur, a l| rs| dral|ol ;
||e 0e|a||edard 3|or| bu|es|s ca||ed ||e 3ra|| Asce||cur. T| e |rea||se Ad
ado|escer|es, Fx|or|a||or |o ou||s as |o loW T| ey 3|a|| 8es| lrol| | oy ||e
wr|||rgs ol lagar Au||ors, lror ||s ear||er years, corp|e|es 8as||'s |||erary
ac||everer|. l||e A||aras|us, ou| lor d|llerer| reasors, 8as|| rever ergaged
420
|r|o Wr|||rg a o|o||ca| correr|ary. To oe corp|e|e, ore s|ou|d rer||or a
lro|ogue |o ||e lypo|ypos|s(pro|.), esser||a||y corposed ol o|o||ca| quo|a||ors,
ard ||e |rea||se `0r ||e lo|y 3p|r||,' 0e 3p|r||u 3arc|o(3p|r.), da|ed
;|| , oased or a o|o||co-pa|r|s||c argurer|a||or |r d|a|ogue W||| Fus|a|||us
ol 3eoas|e, ard deperder| or A||aras|us ol A|exardr|a.
A| ||e s|ar| ol ||s |or||y or ls. , 8as|| surrar|zes ore or |Wo |deas 1
ol A||aras|us' le||er |o |arce|||rus or ||e lsa|rs.`T| e prop|e|s |eac| ore
|||rg, ||e ||s|or|ca| ooo|s aro||er, s|||| aro||er |s |aug|| |r ||e laW, ard
sore|||rg e|se |r ||e 3ap|er||a| 8oo|s. T| e 8oo| ol lsa|rs or|rgs |oge||er
W|a| |s ros| serv|ceao|e |r a|| ||e o||ers, || lore|e||s ||e lu|ure, || reca||s
||e pas|, || |ays doWr ||e |aWs ol ||le, || |eac|es us our du||es,|r a Word,
|| |s a gerera| |reasury ol exce||er| |rs|ruc||ors' (lor. |r ls , r. l, |rars|. 1
J. uas|er ll, ). T| e rora| |r|erpre|a||or ol ||e psa|rs ||r|s 8as|| c|ose|y z18
W||| Fuseo|us ol Caesarea's Correr|ary or ||e lsa|rs.
lr ||e |ora||a8as|| preser|s a prograrre ol relorr lor ||e C|urc| a|
|arge. ||e C|r|s||ar Way ol ||le reeds |o oe rad|ca||y c|arged |r corlorr||y
W||| ||e |rage ol ||e |dea| corrur||y projec|ed |r Ac|s . - , eac| po|r| |z;
|r ||e prograrre rece|ves ||e exp||c|| suppor| ol ||e r| W||| a |o|a| ol 1|z
verses quo|ed. `A oroad|y corpre|ers|ve ro||or ol C|r|s||ar d|sc|p|es||p
oecores ||e |ey ol ||s ||oug||, accord|rg |o W||c| o|o||ca| ||eo|ogy, ear|y
c|urc| |rad|||or (ra|r|y der|v|rg lror 0r|ger) ard 0ree| p|||osop|y jo|r
|oge||er |r a syr||es|s' (w.-0. lausc|||d. TbF3, , p. ). lr ||e o||er 18o o;
bu|es, 8as|| coro|res ||e |||era| app||ca||or ol evarge||ca| precep|s W|||
s|rorg soc|a| corcerrs as ||ey |rsp|red ||s oWr c|ar||ao|e ard soc|a| ac||or.
`T| e secu|ar|za||or |s corce|ved as a reW ||rd ol soc|a| oe|av|or' (w.-0.
lausc|||d, ). o8
;|zN|re T| e lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury 0ree| C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
T|e r|re lor|||es or lexaererorWere preac|ed W||||r ore Wee|, ||ey
are ol a grea| r|e|or|ca| oeau|y ard ||ey locus or ||e oeau|y ol 0od's crea||or,
aga|rs| pagar |deas ard |arc|or||e dua||sr. T| ey W||ress |o 8as||'s
acqua|r|arce W||| c|ass|ca| sources or ra|ura| sc|erces, as ruc| as ||ey
ergage |r|o ar exeges|s ol 0eres|s l.
Fd|||ors
l0 - . zz
Corpus asce||cur. l0 . 1
3ra|| asce||cur. bul| rus, ll , - . Ze|zer, K.. C3Fl ( ). 1o|8| 8o18o
pro|.. l0 , - . 11o1
oap|. J. 0uca||||or, 3C ( ). u. Ner|, Tb3b . ;18 1z
|ex.. 3. 0|e|, 3C ( ). zo1|
crea|.. A. 3re|s ard |. var Fsoroec|, 3C ( ). l. lorrer, le|der 1oo1;o
1;z.
Fur.. 3esooue, 8., a|., 3C ( ), ( ). vagg|ore, b. l.. 0xlord z18zo18
18o.
3p|r.. lruc|e, 8.. 3C o|s ( ). 3|eoer, l.-J.. lC . 1; 1o8 1z
budoerg, 3. ., l'lore||e de 8as||e sur |e ro| 'ooserve-|o| |o|-rere.'3|oc||o|r
1oz.
Trars|a||ors
Frg||s|
NlNl
|ex. ard 3p|r.. 8|orl| e|d, J. 0rard bap|ds, |l ( ). 1o8
Fur.. vagg|ore, aoove.
lrerc|
Cour|orre, ., lore||es sur |a r|c|esse. lar|s . 1
0uca||||or, 3re|s ard var Fsoroec|, aoove.
3p|r. l. |a|grar ard l. T| . Care|o|, lar|s . lruc|e, aoove. 1;
0errar
Arard de |erd|e|a, aoove.
8Kv - , A. 3|egrarr, |or. 8Kv, rd ed. . 1zo z |;
lrar|, K. 3., 0|e |orc|srege|r. 3|. 0|||||er . 181
3p|r.. 3|eoer, aoove. |. 8|ur, lre|ourg . 1o;
l|a||ar
Ner|, u. ard |. 8. Ar||o||, 0pere asce||c|e d| 8as|||o. Tur|r . 18o
Cappadoc|ar Fxeges|s ;|
Ner|, u., aoove.
|ex.. Na|d|r|, bore . 1o
lor a|| ||e Wr|||rgs ol 8as||, see l. J. ledW|c|'s 8|o||o||eca 8as|||ara.
3|ud|es
A||arer, 8. `Augus||rus urd 8as|||us der 0rosse,' - , . zo;o1o;
Arard de |erd|e|a, F. `la prepara||or e| |a corpos|||or des reul 'lore||es sur
|'lexaereror' de 8as||e de Cesaree, |e proo|re des sources ||||era|res
|rred|a|es.' lr 3|ud|a pa|r|s||ca Xvlll, lapers ol ||e N|r|| lr|erra||ora|
Corlererce or
la|r|s||c 3|ud|es, - . 0xlord, - . |o; 1;18
421
Arc|erre vers|or |a||re des reul lore||es sur |'lexaereror de 8as||e de
Cesaree.
Fd|||or cr|||que avec lro|egorres e| Tao|es. Fd||ed oy F. Arard de |erd|e|a e|
3.. budoerg. 8orr. A|ader|e, . 18
Ard|a, . de. `lr |ur|re |uo v|deo|rus |urer (ls. XXXv, ). l'|||ur|ra||or par 1o
|'Fspr|| dars |e 0e 3p|r||u 3arc|o de sa|r| 8as||e.' lr |eror|a| 0or Jear
0r|ooror|( - ), - . 3FAug . bore. lrs|. la|r|s|. Augus||r|arur, 1zo18o;| z;
188.
As|e, 0. `F| Fsp|r||u 3ar|o er |as car|as dogr||cas de 3ar 8as|||o.' Fs|Tr|r 18
( ). - . 18|z;
8ar|e||r|, 0. J. |. `0oserva||ors de sa|r| 8as||e sur |a |argue o|o||que e|
||eo|og|que.' v|gC|r | ( ). - . 1;z1o81o|
8asarao, |. `3lir|a 3cr|p|ur| |r|erpre|area e| ir corcep||a 3l. vas||e ce| |are
[lo|y
3cr|p|ure ard ||s |r|erpre|a||or |r ||e ||oug|| ol 3|. 8as|| ||e 0rea||.' |||r8ar
z( ). - . 1;z8ooo
. `0er |e|||ge 8as|||us a|s Aus|eger der 3c|r|l|.' l r 0r|odox lorur, vo|. , - 11
. z
|u, . 18;
8e|r-3|ge|, F. `la lerre auss| es| |'|rage de 0|eu. 3. 8as||e.' Cor|ac|s . 18
- oz;o.
8e|||r|, F. `la cr|s|o|og|a d| s. 8as|||o |agro.' lr 8essar|ore, - , . 1z81;
8er||o y 0urr, A. `l||osol|a de 3. 8as|||o |agro er sus lor|||as soore |os
3a|ros.'
3|la|r ( ). - . 1oz||o;z
8|ur, |. `8as|||us vor Casarea, uoer der le|||ger 0e|s|.' 3op||a ( ). - 81o;
. 118
8oer, 3. de. `larados|s, dogra er |erygra raar de opva|||rg var 8as|||us de
0ro|e.'
NedT|T ( s). - . z|1o ;z
8oroay, l. `la por|ee de |'argurer|a||or scr|p|ua|re dars |es ecr||s d'Furore e|
|'Adversus Furor|ur de 3. 8as||e.' 0|ss., lor|. ur|v. 0regor|ara, . 1
Ca|c|u-0ur||reasa, 0. `Crearea |ur|, expuse ir lexaereroru| 3lir|u|u| 'vas||e
ce|
|are' [T| e Crea||r ol ||e wor|d accord|rg |o ||e lexareror ol 3|. 8as|| ||e
0rea||.' 0r| | ( ). - . z;|1;o;|1
;||N|re T| e lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury 0ree| C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
Cava|car||, F. l'esper|erza d| 0|o re| ladr| 0rec|, || |ra||a|o `3u||o 3p|r||o 3ar|o'
d|
8as|||o de Cesarea. bore. 3|ud|ur, . 18|
. `8as|||o |ra 3cr|||ura e l||osol| a.' Corp ( ). - . o18o
. `l| s|gr|l|ca|o de||'eseges| |e||era|e |r 8as|||o e |r Agos||ro. 0re||e
su||'Fsarerore
e 0e 0eres| ad ||||erarl-lll.' A3F ( ). - . |18;11|z
. `0a||'e||ca c|ass|ca a||'e||ca cr|s||ara. || correr|o a| pro|ogo de| l|oro de|
lrovero| d| 8as|||o d| Caesarea.' 3|3b ( ). - . 1|1o;8
. `la creaz|ore |r 8as|||o e |r 0regor|o d| N|ssa.' lr 0|z|orar|o d| sp|r||ua|||
o|o||co-pa|r|s||ca, vo|. ll. Creaz|oreurro0orra. lar|e secorda. reg|| scr||||
de| ladr|, - . bore. 8or|a, . 1o;8 1
C|gre|||, l. `0|ov . re||'eseges| d| 3. 8as|||o |agro.' Ar|or|arur | ( ). 1|z8 ||1;
- 8z.
. `l'eserp|ar|| d| 0|o l|g||o |r 3ar 8as|||o |agro.'38llA ( ). - . 11811|;;o
. 3|ud| 8as|||ar| su| rappor|o `ladre-l|g||o.'38l Ara|., vo|. . J. lrarc|scar, 1
18z.
Corr||escu, C. `lrv||ura 3lir|u|u| vas||e ce| |are despre 3lir|u| 0u| [la
doc|r|re
de sa|r| 8as||e |e 0rard sur |e 3a|r| Fspr|||' 0r| ( ). - . 11;1o81|
. `3lir|u|u| vas||e ce| |are |r|erpre| a| 3lir|e| 3cr|p|ur| [3a|r| 8as||e |e 0rard,
|r|erpr|e de |a 3|. Fcr||ure|.' 0r| | ( ). - . zz18oo8zo
0orr|es, l. 0e 3p|r||u 3arc|o. AAw0 ll , . 0o|||rger, . 1o
0ragas, 0. 0. `la doc|r|re de |a crea||or d'aprs |'lexaererorde sa|r| 8as||e |e
0rard.' ls| ( ). - . z818z8zo8
0reco||, v. l. 0|e Fr|W|c||urg der Tr|r||a|s|e|re des 8as|||us vor Casarea.
0o|||rger.
varder|oec| & buprec||, . 1o
0up|acy, J. `les begu|ae rora|es de 8as||e de Cesaree e| |e |ex|e du NT er As|e
||reure au lve
s|c|e.' lr F|udes, - , . zo;18;
lerW|c|, l. J. T| e C|urc| ard ||e C|ar|sra ol leaders||p |r 8as|| ol Caesarea.
Toror|o. lor||l|ca| lrs|||u|e ol |ed|aeva| 3|ud|es, . 1;
lros|r|, 0. `Na|ura e coro re| Correr|o a||a 0eres| d| 8as|||o |agro.'bA|| 1;
( ). - . 1zo|;o
0|rard|, |. `l| cervo |r |o||a co| serper|e. Fseges| e s|roo||ca ar||ar|ara
re||'0re||a
422
su| 3a|ro d| 8as|||o d| Cesarea.'A3F ( ). - . z8 |18;o;8
. `ur agrap|or re||e 0re||e su| 3a|ro d| 8as|||o d| Cesarea?' A3F ( ). 188
- 18zoo.
. `8|oo|a e ag|ogral|a re||'or||e||ca su| rar||r| d| 8as|||o d| Caesarea.' ve|C|rz
( ). - . 188|18o
. `8as|||o d| Cesarea de| lrovero|.' ve|C|r ( ). - . z811zoo
. `No|e su| |ess|co esege||co d| 8as|||o d| Cesarea.' ve|C|r ( ). - . z1z1
. `Appur|| per ura del|r|z|ore de||'eseges| a||egor|ca d| 8as|||o d| Cesarea. |e
0re||e su| sa|ro.' A3F ( ). - . 1o1|z
Cappadoc|ar Fxeges|s ;|
. `Ca|ec|es| ed eseges| re| rorac|es|ro ar||co. le 'lra|err||' d| 8as|||o d|
Cesarea.' lr Fseges| e ca|ec|es| re| ladr| (secc. lv-vll). Corvegro d| s|ud|o e
agg|orrarer|o, laco||8 d| le||ere cr|s||are e c|ass|c|e (lor||l|c|ur lrs|||u|ur
A|||or|s la||r||a||s), bora - rarzo (8|o||o|eca d| 3c|erze be||g|ose, zz; 1
, 11z
3|ud|Tes||Correr|| la|r|s||c|), - . Fd||ed oy 3. le||c|. bore. lA3, . 1z 1|
. `Fro|apo|r|se|s reo|es|arer|ar|e reg|| Asce||ca d| 8as|||o d| Caesarea.
Fvarge||sro e pao||r|sro re| rorac|es|ro de||e or|g|r|.' A3F | ( ). 11z1|
- |o1o.
. `3a|r| e 'sa||er|o' |r 8as|||o d| Cesarea. || pro|ogo a||e 0re||e su| 3a|r|.' lr le
lsau||er c|ez |es lres, - . Ca||ers de 8|o||a la|r|s||ca . lre|ourg |. 8r.. ;o |
Cer|re d'Ara|yse e| de 0ocurer|a||or la|r|s||que, . 1|
. `8as|||o e 0regor|o N|ssero su||e oea|||ud|r|.' ve| C|r ( ). - . z111o
0ou|d, 0. F. `8as|| ol Caesarea ard 0regory ol Nyssa or ||e 8ea|||udes,' - . 1|zz
0r|ooror|, J. `les beg|es |ora|es de sa|r| 8as||e e| |e Nouveau Tes|arer|.'
3|la|r z
( ). - . 1;|1ozo
. `le pau||r|sre de sa|r| 8as||e.' Ar8|o - | ( ). - . 1;18z1o1|o
. `les |erres de c||a||or de 3. 8as||e, |rd|ce de r|veau ||||era|re (c||a|.
o|o||ques).'
Aug ( ). - . 1|1;|1zo
. `la |rad|||or jo|arr|que c|ez sa|r| 8as||e.' lr laro|o e 3p|r||o. ls. 3. C|pr|ar|,
- 8|;oo. 8resc|a. la|de|a, . 18z
. `la p|ace de lau| dars |e Caror, |es c|o|x de 3. 8as||e.' lr l| pers|ero d|
lao|o
re||a s|or|a de| cr|s||ares|ro ar||co, vo|. , ed||ed oy A. Ceresa-0as|a|do, - . 8z z;
lg C|as |ed. 0erova, . 18
. 3a|r| 8as||e, evarg||e e| eg||se, re|arges. 3p|r||ua|||e or|er|a|e. 8egro||es-
er|auges. 8e||elor|a|re, . 18|
0rysor, b., ard T. l. 0soorre. `ur laux |ero|r de |a 've|us la||ra', |a vers|or
|a||re
du correr|a|re pseudo-8as|||er sur lsaie, avec ure ro|e sur |e |s. de |a 1;
've|us la||ra.'' b8er ( ). - . 18z8oz
larsor, b. l. C. `8as||'s 0oc|r|re ol Trad|||or |r be|a||or |o ||e lo|y 3p|r||.'
v|gC|r
zz( ). - . 1o8z|1
lar|, |. `0r|gre e| |'|r|erpre|a||or de |'epi|re aux bor. F|ude du c| lX de |a
l|||oca||e.' lr |e|. J. 0ar|e|ou, - . lar|s. J. lor|a|re, e| a|., . o;;z 1;z
lausc|||d, w.-0. 8as|||us vor Caesarea, 8r|ele. vo|. F|rge|e||e|, uoerse|z| urd 1
er|au|er|. 8|o|. d. gr. l||., la|r|s|||, vo|. . 3|u||gar|. A. l|erserarr, . z 1o
lay||r, |.A.0. `'lr ||e c|oud ard |r ||e sea', 8as|| ol Caesarea ard ||e exeges|s
ol
1Cor . .' v|gC|r ( ). - . 1oz |o18o1||
le|s|rg, A. `0er le|||ge 0e|s| urd d|e le|||gurg der Frge| |r der lreura|o|og|e
des 8as|||us vor Casarea. F|r 8e||rag zur vers|ardr|s der ||eo|og|sc|er
Aroe||sWe|se |r der gr|ec||sc|er la|r|s|||.' ZKT| ( ). - . 8;1oz;o8
l||ares |aes|re, J. l. `F| |raoajo er |as |or|||as soore e| lexareror de 3ar
8as|||o
;|oN|re T| e lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury 0ree| C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
de Caesarea.' lr 3|ud|er zu 0regor vor Nyssa urd der c|r|s|||c|er 3pa|ar|||e.
Fd||ed oy l. b. 0roorer ard C. K|oc|. le|der. 8r|||, . 1o
Ka|ara||s, 0. C. `T| e lro|ogue l |o ||e Asce||cur larvur.' larrassos 1
( ). 18
||oll.
Karesar, A. `3ar 8as|||o, l||ore, e |a |rad|z|ore eora|ca.'lFN | - ( ). 1;1z1
- 1z|o.
lava|or|, b. lo 3p|r||o 3ar|o e || suo r|s|ero, esper|erza e |eo|og|a re| |ra||a|o
`3u||o
3p|r||o 3ar|o' d| 8as|||o. 3p|r||ua||| . va||car. l|orer|a Fd||r|ce, . | 18o
le|rarr, l. `F| Fsp|r||u de 0|os soore |as aguas, luer|es de |os correr|ar|os
de
8as|||o y Agus||r soore e| 0eres|s . .' lr Corgreso 0x = Aug| , s| 1z 1; zo1o
1z;- , . 181
423
l|r, b. `T| e po||||cs ol |r|erpre|a||or |r 8as|| ol Caesarea's lexareror.'
v|gC|r ||
( ). - . 1o1;o
l|pa|ov, N. A. `T| e lroo|er ol ||e Au||ors||p ol ||e Correr|ary or ||e lrop|e|
lsa|a|A||r|ou|ed |o 3|. 8as|| ||e 0rea|.' lr 3|ud|a la|r|s||ca. vo|. XXvll. lapers
preser|ed a| ||e F|ever|| lr|erra||ora| Corlererce or la|r|s||c 3|ud|es |e|d
|r 0xlord . Cappadoc|ar la||ers, 0ree| Au||ors al| er N|caea, Augus||re, 11
0ora||sr, ard le|ag|ar|sr, - . Fd||ed oy F. A. l|v|rgs|ore. louva|r. |z|8
lee|ers, . 1
lu|s|arpe, l. 3p|r||us v|v|l|cars. 0rurdzuge e|rer T| eo|og|e des le|||ger
0e|s|es rac|
8as|||us vor Caesarea. |urs|er|sc|e 8e|T . |urs|er. Asc|erdorll , . |8 181
|azzar||, 0. `l| lordarer|o o|o||co de||a cr|s|o|og|a d| 3. 8as|||o |agro.' v|vers
|oro ( ). - . 1zzz|1
|erd|e|a, F. A. de. `T|e la|r.'JT| 3 ( ). - . 1o1o1z|z
. `T| e 'urWr|||er' ard '3ecre|' Apos|o||c Trad|||ors |r ||e T| eo|og|ca| T| oug||
ol
3|. 8as|| ol Caesarea.' 3co| 0ccas|ora| lapers X ( ). - . 1 1o1;o
|erd|e|a, F. A. de, ard 3. . budoerg. 8as||e de Cesaree. la |rad|||or raruscr||e
d|rec|e des reul |ore||es sur |'lexaereror. 08. A|ader|e, . 18o
|ered|||, A. `lrov. . c|ez 0r|gre, A||arase, 8as||e e| 0rego|re de Nysse.' lr 8zz
lo||||que e| ||eo|. c|ez A||arase d'A|ex. Fd||ed oy C. Karrerg|esser. lar|s.
8eauc|esre, . 1;|
Nard|, C. `'0orra coro serper|e'. |'uso d| 3|r. xx|, A re||'0re||aXXl d| 8as|||o z
|agro.' A|AT ( ). - . 818;1o
Neaga, N. `vec||u| Tes|arer| |r preoccuper||e 3lir|u|u| vas||e ce| |are (|'Arc|er
Tes|arer| dars |es preoccupa||ore de sa|r| 8as||e |e 0rard, er rour.).' 0r| 1
( ). - . 1;1|
0'loug|||r, T. `Aquae super cae|os (0er . - ), ||e l|rs| la|||-sc|erce deoa|e 1o;
(8as||,
Arorose)?' ||||3| ( ). - . z1zz11|
lacz|oWs||, |. C. 0v . - re||'eseges| d| 3. 8as|||o |agro (lars d|sser|a||or|s 1118
ad
|aurear). bore. lor||l| c|ur lrs|||u|ur 0r|er|a|e, . 1|
Cappadoc|ar Fxeges|s ;|;
. Fseges|, |eo|og|a e r|s||ca. ll lro|ogo d| 0|ovarr| re||e opere d| 3. 8as|||o
|agro.
3|ud|ur 8|o||cur lrarc|scarur, Ara|ec|a, . Jerusa|er. lrarc|scar lr|r||rg
lress, . 1
lers|c, A. `8as|||o roraco e vescovo. ura so|a c||ara|a per |u||| | cr|s||ar|.' lr
ler
lorarer acus, - . 1oozo;
. `la C||esa d| 3|r|a e | 'grad|' de||a v||a cr|s||ara.' lr ler lorarer acus, - zo8
. o
louc|e|, J.-b. `Fuseoe de 3arosa|e, pre sp|r||ue| de 8as||e |e 0rard.' 8lF 8
( ). - . 18|1;
. `les rappor|s de 8as||e de Cesaree avec 0|odore de Tarse.' 8lF ( ). 8;18o
- z|;z.
. `l'Fg||se dars |eslore||esde 3. 8as||e sur |es lsaures.' Augus||r|arur
( ). - . 1o|o
borpay, l. var. `l'|rlorra|eur syr|er de 8as||e de Cesaree. A propos de 0erse
. 1
z.' 0Cl ( ). - . 81zz|1
3cazzoso, l. `3. 8as|||o e |a 3acra 3cr|||ura.' Aev ( ). - . |;1;z1oz|
3c|o||er, C. `wes|a|o W|rd d|e 3c|oplurgsgesc||c||e zur
ra|urW|ssersc|al|||c|er 8er|c||? lexaereroraus|egurg vor 8as|||us vor
Casarea zu Jo|arres
l|||oporos.' T| ( ). - . 1;;1;11
3W|l|, l. J. `8as|| ard Arorose or ||e s|x days ol crea||or.' Aug ( ). - z11o811;
. z8
3p|d|||, T. `No|e su||a cr|s|o|og|a d| 8as|||o |agro.' Ko|r ( ). - . oo18z1|1
Tarourr|ro, l. `0sservaz|or| su||a sez|ore cros|o|og|ca de||'lor. |r ls. d| ||
3. 8as|||o.' bCC| ( ). - . 81ooz
T|orsor, b. w. `T| e 3yr|ac ard Arrer|ar vers|ors ol ||e lexaereroroy 8as||
ol
Caesarea.' lr 3|ud|a la|r|s||ca. lapers lreser|ed a| ||e F|ever|| lr|erra||ora|
Corlererce or la|r|s||c 3|ud|es le|d |r 0xlord , vo|. XXvll, - . Fd||ed 11 111;
oy F. A. l|v|rgs|ore, louva|r. lee|ers, . 1
T|ec|, w. A. `8as|| ol Caesarea ard ||e 8|o|e.' 0|ss., Co|uro|a, . 1
T|raoosc||, l. `la do||r|ra esege||ca d| 3. 8as|||o.' 0|ss., |||ar. ur|v. Ca||o||ca,
. 18|
Treu, K. `1i\d urd p. Zur Terr|ro|og|e der lreurdsc|al|oe| 8as|||us u.
0regor v. Naz|arz.' 3|ud|| C|ass|ce ( ). - . 1o1|z1z;
Tuccar|, l. `Fuseo|o e 8as|||o su| 3a|ro .' A3F ( ). - . |18;1|o
424
var borpay, l. b. A. `l'|rlorra|eur syr|er de 8as||e de Cesaree. A propos de
0erse , .' 0Cl ( ). - . 1z 81zz|1
v|sc|er, l. `8as|||us der 0rosse. ur|ersuc|urger zu e|rer K|rc|erva|er des . |
Ja|r|urder|s.' 0|ss., 8ase|, . 1
waWry|, 8. `0e 3. 3cr|p|urae apud 3. 8as|||ur s|ud|o, auc|or||a|e e| usu.'
A038| 1o
( ). - . 1;11
Zaar|u, u. 3. `la Creac|or, segr e| lexaereror de 8as|||o de Cesarea.'
Tyv zz
( ). - . 1811oz|
;|8N|re T| e lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury 0ree| C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
||. 0regory ol Naz|arzus (ca. - | ) o8o
0regory, oorr ca. , sor ol ||e o|s|op ol Naz|arzus, c|ose lr|erd ol 8as|| ol o
Caesarea ard |||e 8as|| lror a r|c| ard ar|s|ocra||c C|r|s||ar lar||y, rece|ved
||e oes| educa||or ava||ao|e |r Caesarea ol Cappadoc|a, Caesarea ol la|es||re,
A|exardr|a ard A||ers. Al|er ||s re|urr lror A||ers |o Cappadoc|a, |e Was
oap||zed ard ||er |e |urr|ed |r|o ||e W||derress |o s|ay lor a W|||e W|||
8as|| |r - . Toge||er ||ey corp||ed ||e l|||oca||a, cors|s||rg ol ex|rac|s 8
lror 0r|ger, ard 8as||'s |ora||a. Ca. , ||s la||er ca||ed ||r oac| oz
ard orda|red ||r aga|rs| ||s W||| |r Naz|arzus. le l|ed aga|r |o ||s lr|erd |r
lor|us, ou| l|ra||y assured ||s respors|o||||y |r ||e pr|es||y oll| ce. lor reasors
ol ecc|es||as||ca| po||||cs, 8as||, ||er re|ropo|||ar ol Caesarea, corsecra|ed
||r o|s|op ol a |||||e v|||age ca||ed 3as|ra. Al| er ||e dea|| ol ||s la||er |r
;||e adr|r|s|ered lor a s|or| ||re ||e d|ocese ol Naz|arzus, a year |a|er
|e re||red |r|o ||e area ol 3e|euc|a |r lsaur|a lor a ||le ol cor|erp|a||or.
lr , ca||ed oy ||e sra|| N|cere corrur||y |r ||e cap||a|, |e Wer| |o ;
Cors|ar||rop|e. T| ere |e preac|ed ||e ||g||y ce|eora|ed l|ve 0ra||ors or ||e
0|v|r||y ol ||e logos. T| e 3ecord Fcurer|ca| Courc||, |e|d |r Cors|ar||rop|e
urder T| eodos|us, |r |ay-Jure , dec|ared 0regory o|s|op ol ||e cap||a|, 81
ou| |e res|gred al|er a leW days, Wro|e ||s |as| W|||, de||vered a lareWe|| serror
ard re|urred |o Naz|arzus. lr , al|er ||s lr|erd Fu|a||us Was e|ec|ed 8|
as a sa||slac|ory rep|acerer| ol ||s la||er, 0regory sper| ||e |as| years ol ||s
||le or a qu|e| lar||y es|a|e a| Az|arzur, |e d|ed |r or . 8 o
l||e 8as|| ard A||aras|us, 0regory Wro|e ro o|o||ca| correr|ary. `le
|s ||e or|y poe| arorg ||e grea| ||eo|og|ars ol ||e lour|| cer|ury. lr ||s
prose as We|| as |r ||s verse, |e a|Ways rera|rs ||e grea| r|e|or|c|ar W||| a
perlec||or |r lorr ard s|y|e ura||a|red oy ary ol ||s C|r|s||ar cor|erporar|es'
(uas|er, la|ro|ogyll ). z
l|s 0ogra||c loers(l0 , - ) ce|eora|e ||e rys|er|es ol d|v|re ;;zz
sa|va||or-ecorory, a| l|rs| oy lo||oW|rg ||e order ol ||e |op|cs d|scussed
|r 0r|ger's ler| Arc|or. ||e Tr|r||y, (loers - ), ||er ||e Wor|d ( ), d|v|re 1 |
lrov|derce ( - ), ||e roe||c suos|arces ( ), ||e |urar sou| ( ), ||e o ; 8
Tes|arer|s ard ||e cor|rg ol C|r|s| ( ), ||e lrcarra||or ( ), oelore locus|rg 1o
rore c|ose|y or ||e sacred ooo|s, ol W||c| loerro. g|ves a ||s| (W|||ou| 1z
0eu|ero-caror|ca|s ard Apoca|ypse), loers - evo|e o| passages, 11;
loers - parap|rase ||e 0ospe| s|or|es ol Jesus ard loers - erd 18z8 z88
W||| |yrrs ard prayers |r a |||urg|ca| |ore.
l||e ros| |r|e||ec|ua| |a|er|s ol ||g| rar| |r ear|y C|r|s||ar||y, 0regory
Was a se|l-rade ||eo|og|ar. l|s exper||se |r scr|p|ure resu||ed lror persora|
s|ud|es. l| err|c|ed ||s |||erary ard poe||c produc||ors W|||ou| |r|erd|rg |o
Cappadoc|ar Fxeges|s ;|
oe o|o||ca| exeges|s |r ||e s|r|c| serse. lr a |o|a| ol lor|y-l|ve 0ra||ors, |rc|ud|rg
||e l|ve a|ready rer||ored (Cl0 ll, ) ard |r ||s loers(||e ore o1o |oo
0r l|s l|lecour||rg verses) ard ex|ar| le||ers, 0regory relers |o 1| z||
scr|p|ure oo|| as sacred prool-|ex| ard a source ol sp|r||ua| er||g||errer|.
le |eeps rore s|r|c||y |r ||re W||| |rad|||ora| uses ol scr|p|ure W|er Wr|||rg
or doc|r|ra| |ssues, e|seW|ere, |e lee|s lree |o ca|| equa||y or oo|| Tes|arer|s
accord|rg |o ||s oWr |rsp|ra||or.
0regory cors|dered ro doc|r|re aoou| d|v|re rys|er|es as accep|ao|e, |l
ro| lourd |r scr|p|ure (0r. , ). lr par||cu|ar, as A||aras|us |ad a|ready |z18
s|oWr, |e c|a|rs ||a| ||e doc|r|re or ||e lo|y 3p|r|| der|ves er||re|y lror
scr|p|ure (0r. , - ). w|||e ru|es reed |o de|err|re ||e Way ol |r|erpre||rg ||e 1zo
sacred |ex|, ||ey cors|s| esser||a||y |r ra||ora| prescr|p||ors |rposed
oy sourd judgerer| ard grarrar. 3cr|p|ure carro| oe aosurd, || rever opposes
||e pr|rc|p|e ol ror-cor|rad|c||or, or ra|ura| ev|derce, || |as ||s proper
|ex|ca| da|a, |r reed ol oe|rg c|ar|l| ed oy a c|ear d|s||rc||or ol ||e|r d|llerer|
rear|rgs (lour|| T| eo|. 0|scourse. 0r. , arsWer|rg Ar|ar oojec||ors |r o
corlorr||y W||| A||aras|us, C. Ar. l-lll, ard || T| eo|. 0|scourse. 0r. , 1
- z1z|). T| ereoy 0regory Was de|err|red |o |eep ||s exeges|s |r ||e r|dd|e
ol ||e road, equa||y d|s|ar| lror ||e du||ress ol ear|||y |||r||rg (as |r `JeWs')
ard ||e excesses ol ||eore||ca| exu||a||or (as prac||ced oy `|r|erpre|ers ol
drears') (0r. , ). lr ros| cases ||s doc|r|ra| s|a|erer|s repea| ||e oas|c |1z
|eac||rgs ol 0r|ger, A||aras|us, 8as|| ard ||e Ar||oc|ere ||eo|og|ars, ou|
425
as |e preser|s ||er, oased or a ||ve|y ard geru|re cor|ac| W||| scr|p|ure,
|e ||g|||g||s ||ese |eac||rgs |r ar a||rac||ve Way ard occas|ora||y err|c|es
corver||ora| doc|r|re. Ne|||er ||e sys|era||c a||egor|sr ol ||e A|exardr|ars
ror ||e ra||ora||sr ol Ar||oc|ere |r|erpre|ers, ard ro| ever ||e esser||a|
ard prac||ca| use proper |o ||s adr|red lr|erd 8as||, |rposed a d|s||rc||ve
rar| or 0regory's a||||ude |oWard scr|p|ure. le seers |o core c|oser |o
0regory ol Nyssa |r ||s syroo||c |rag|ra||or, |e ever |rdu|ges |r sore
a||egor|ca| e|erer|s (0r. , , l| . , 0r. , , l| . , 0r. , , , , zo| 1z z1z 1 z8z|;1
;z, , , , Carr. l, l, ). ;|z 8
l|s |ru|y persora| recep||or ol scr|p|ure |s a| orce rea||s||c ard sp|r||ua|. |e |a|es
lor grar|ed ||e |||era| |ru|| ol ||e o|o||ca| ||s|ory ol sa|va||or
ard app||es || |rred|a|e|y |o ||s ac|ua| exper|erce ol ||le s|ared W||| o||er
reroers ol ||e c|urc|. lr s|or|, |e ac|ua||zes ||e o|o||ca| reve|a||or |r ||e
Wa|e ol A||aras|us' |rcarra||ora| |errereu||cs. le reads |r ||e o| prel|gura||ors
ol r| `oy crue| sacr|l|ces prel|gur|rg ('arrourc|rg ||e s|adoWs ol ')
||e ore |o core' (0r , ). l|s 0ogra||c loers(l0 , - ) ce|eora|e o| ;;zz
||e rys|er|es ol d|v|re sa|va||or ecorory, a| l|rs| oy lo||oW|rg ||e order
ol ||e |op|cs d|scussed |r 0r|ger's ler| Arc|or. ||e Tr|r||y ( - ), ||er ||e 1
;oN|re T| e lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury 0ree| C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
Wor|d ( ), 0|v|re lrov|derce ( - ), ||e roe||c suos|arces ( ), ||e |urar | o ;
sou| ( ), ||e Tes|arer|s ard ||e cor|rg ol C|r|s| ( ), ||e lrcarra||or ( ), 8 1o
oelore locuss|rg rore c|ose|y or ||e sacred ooo|s, ol W||c| loer g|ves 1z
a ||s| (W|||ou| 0eu|ero-caror|ca|s ard Apoca|ypse), loers - evo|e o| 11;
passages, loers - parap|rase ||e 0ospe| s|or|es ol Jesus, ard loers 18z8
- z8ard W||| |yrrs ard prayers |r a |||urg|ca| |ore.
Fd|||ors
l0 - . 8
CC , , , . zoz;z8|
ora|.. 3C , , , , , , , . lar|s - . z|;zoz;oz8|o188| 1;81z
0ra||ores Xlv(0r. |s spur|ous).
Frge|orec||, A., C3Fl , bul|rus's la||r vers|or, . |o 11o
0r. ||eo|.( - ). J. 8aroe|, 0arrs|ad| . z;1 1o
Trars|a||or0ra||ores Xlv
Frg||s|
8roWre, C. 0. ard J. F. 3Wa||oW, NlNl, rd ser. , , - . z ;18|18|8
v|rsor, |., laC|. was||rg|or. (lor||cor|rg).
lrerc|
A|| 3C vo|ures aoove.
8ou|erger, l., 0rego|re de Naz|arze. 0|scours lureores de Cesa|re e| de 8as||e.
lar|s . 1o8
0evo|der, F.. Narur (par||a|). 1oo
0a||ay, l., 0rego|re de Naz|arze. lar|s (0r ||e love ol ||e loor). 1
0errar
laeuser, l., 8Kv, rd ed. . |ur|c| , 8Kv rd ed. ( ). z 1z8 1
||c|e|s, T., |ac|| des |ys|er|urs. 3ec|s ge|s|||c|e beder ar der loc||ager
der K|rc|e. 0usse|dorl . 1o
Trars|a||ors0r. ||eo|.( - ) z;o
Frg||s|
l. w. Norr|s, l. w|c||ar ard l. w||||ars, la||| 0|ves lu|ress |o beasor|rg.
T| e l|ve T| eo|og|ca| 0ra||ors ol 0regory Naz|arzer (3upp|. vC ) 1
le|der . 11
Cappadoc|ar Fxeges|s ;1
lrerc|
l. 0a||ay, 0rego|re de Naz|arze. les d|scours ||eo|og|ques. lyor . 1|z
0errar
8aroe|, aoove.
l|a||ar
. Ca|aode||a, Tur|r . 1o
C. |oresc||r|, bore . 18o
3par|s|
l. de| lararo, 8arce|ora . 11o
3|ud|es
8ac|||er|, |. `la '|e||era' de||a 3cr|||ura so||o |a perra d| ur be|ore. 0regor|o d|
Naz|arzo.' la c||esa re| |erpo. b|v|s|a quadr|rers|a|e d| v||a e d| cu||ura
(begg|o Ca|aor|a) | - , - . 11zoz
0eroer, K. `8|o||ca| vs. ror-o|o||ca| vocaou|ary |r 0regor|us Naz|arzerus, a
quar|||a||ve approac|.' lrlorra||que ( | ). - . z188z|
. `3a|r| l|erre se rega|ar| de |up|rs. A propos de que|ques |races
d'apocryp|es
corcerrar| l|erre dars |'oeuvre de 0rego|re de Naz|arze.' 3F ( ). - . z111oo
. lagar ard 8|o||ca| Fxerp|a |r 0regory Naz|arzer. A 3|udy |r b|e|or|c ard
lerrereu||cs. CC.l|rgua la|rur . Turr|o||. 8repo|s, . z 1o
F||versor, A.-3. T| e dua| ra|ure ol rar, a s|udy |r ||e ||eo|og|ca| ar||ropo|ogy
ol
426
0regory ol Naz|arzus. 3|ud|a 0oc|r|rae C|r|s||arae upsa||ers|a . uppsa|a, z1
181.
Fverepoe|, w. `T| e ear|y C|r|s||ar poe|s 0regory Naz|arzer ard lruder||us.'
lr l|||o||s|or, ed||ed oy A. 3c|oors ard l. var 0eur, - . 0r.lov.Ar. . 8;1o1 oo
louva|r. lee|ers, . 1|
la||| g|ves lu||ress |o reasor|rg, ||e l|ve ||eo|og|ca| ora||ors ol 0regory
Naz|arzer,
|r|roduc||or ard correr|ary. Fd||ed oy l. w. Norr|s. v|gC|r 3upp. . le|der. 1
8r|||, . 11
0a||ay, l. `la 8|o|e dars |'oeuvre de 0rego|re de Naz|arze |e T|eo|og|er.' lr le
rorde grec (8TT ), ed||ed oy C. |ordeser|, - . lar|s. 8eauc|esre, . 1 1| 18|
0||oer|, |. `0rego|re de Naz|arze e| |e 3|rac|de.' lr |eror|a| 0or Jear
0r|ooror|
( - ), - . 3|ud|a Fp|erer|d|s 'Augus||r|arur' . bore. lrs|||u|ur 1zo18oo;1| z;
la|r|s||cur 'Augus||r|arur,' . 188
larr|sor, v. `3ore aspec|s ol 3a|r| 0regory (Naz|arzer) ||e T|eo|og|ar's
so|er|o|ogy.' 00Tb ( ). - | - . |181|1118
Ker|sc|, |. `8egr|llsgesc||c||||c|es aus der 0raoreder 0regors vor Naz|arz.'
J08
z( ). - . 1;|11z8
;zN|re T| e lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury 0ree| C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
. 8||dersprac|e oe| 0regor vor Naz|arz. F|r 8e||rag zur spa|ar|||er b|e|or||
urd
lopu|arp|||osop||e. 0razer T| eo|. 3|. 0raz. ur|v. lrs|. 0|. T| eo|. la|r|s|||.,
1;8.
. `l'eseges| d| || . - |r 0regor|o Naz|arzero e 0|ovarr| Cr|sos|oro.' lr 1111z
0regor|o Naz|arzero |eo|ogo e scr|||ore, a cura d| C. |oresc||r| e 0. |eres|r|ra
- 1o1|. luoo||caz|or| de||'lrs|||u|o d| 3c|erze be||g|ose |r Trer|o . 8o|ogra. 1;
F08, . 1z
lalor|a|re, 0. `la vers|or cop|e sa||d|que du d|scours '3ur |a lque' de 0rego|re
de
Naz|arze.' |useor ( ). - . 18o;z
lee, 0. |. ` .' 0regor v. Naz|arz, 0ra||o Xv lr |ac|aoaeorur lauder 1;z |
ZNw,
ro. | - . - , | - . o|1z1zo|1z
|a||||eu, J.-|. `0rego|re de Naz|arce e| Jerore. Correr|a|re de |' lr
Fp|es|os , ,
z,' - . 11z;
|oresc||r|, C. `la lersora de| ladre re||a |eo|og|a d| 0regor|o Naz|arzero.'
ve|C|r ( ). - . z811;;1oz
Noo|e, T. A. `0regory Naz|arzer's use ol 3cr|p|ure |r delerce ol ||e de||y ol ||e
3p|r|| (Tyrda|e C|r|s||ar 0oc|r|re lec|ure ).' Tyr8 ( ). - . 18; 1881o1z
Norr|s, l. l. `0regory Naz|arzer's 0oc|r|re ol Jesus C|r|s|.' 0|ss., a|e, . 18;o
Norr|s, l. w. `0l ||orrs ard roses, ||e |og|c ol oe||el |r 0regory Naz|arzer.'
C|l
( ). - . 18||o|
. `T| e |e|ragrarra|or |r 0regory Naz|arzer (0r. . ).' v|gC|r ( ). o1; |18
- ||.
. la||| g|ves lu||ress |o reasor|rg, ||e l|ve ||eo|og|ca| ora||ors ol 0regory
Naz|arzer, |r|roduc||or ard correr|ary. v|gC|r 3upp. . le|der. 8r|||, 1
11.
0roe, A. `la proces|or de| Fsp|r||u 3ar|o y e| or|ger de Fva.' 0reg ( ). |1o|
- 1o18.
la||a, b. `0rd|rarer|e e po||re|r|a de||e poes|e o|o||c|e d| 0regor|o
Naz|arzero,'
- 1o8. w|erer 3|ud|er, . 18
l|agr|eux, J. 3. 0rego|re de Naz|arce ||eo|og|er. lar|s. Fd. lrarc|sca|res,
. 1z
budasso, l. la l|gura d| Cr|s|o |r 3. 0regor|o Naz|arzero. lr 8|o|. Carre|||ara.
bore. Fd|z. de| Teres|arur|0esc|ee, . 1o8
busse|, l. `TWo rep||es |o ||e Ar|ars, a corpar|sor ol ||e ||eo|og|ca| ora||ors ol
0regory ol Naz|arzus ard ||e |yrrs ard serrors or ||e la||| ol Fp|raer ol
N|s|o|s.' 0|ss., was||rg|or. Ca||o||c ur|vers||y, . 1z
Treu, K. `1i\d urd p. Zur Terr|ro|og|e der lreurdsc|al|oe| 8as|||us u.
0regor v. Naz|arz.' 3|ud|| C|ass|ce ( ). - . 1o1|z1z;
Tr|sog||o, l. `la pace |r 3. 0regor|o d| Naz|arzo.' CC|Cr ( ). - . ;18o1zz
v|rsor, |. `0regory Narz|arzer's lor||y ard ||e geres|s ol ||e C|r|s||ar cu|| 1
ol ||e |accaoear rar|yrs.' 8yz ( ). - . o|1|1ooz
Cappadoc|ar Fxeges|s ;
wes c|e, K. l. ` T| e ur|or ol 0od ard rar |r Jesus C|r|s| |r ||e ||oug|| ol
0regory
ol Naz|arzus.' 3vT ( ). - . z818|88
w|rs|oW, 0. l. `T| e Corcep| ol 3a|va||or |r ||e wr|||rgs ol 0regory ol
Naz|arzus.'
427
0|ss., larvard, - . 1oo1o;
. T| e 0yrar|cs ol 3a|va||or, a 3|udy |r 0regory ol Naz|arzus. la|r|s||c
|orograp|s. l|||ade|p||a, . 1;
|||. 0regory ol Nyssa (c. - )
8orr ca. ard par||y educa|ed oy ||s o|der oro||er 8as||, 0regory Was
|ec|or W|er |e dec|ded |o rarry ard |o |eac| r|e|or|cs. Al| er a per|od |r
8as||'s |||||e roras|ery |r lor|us lo||oW|rg ||e dea|| ol ||s yourg W|le, |e
Was oo||ged oy 8as|| |o accep| ep|scopa| corsecra||or ard |o occupy ||e
see ol Nyssa |r ||e |r|eres| ol ||s oro||er's re|ropo|||ar adr|r|s|ra||or.
0u|s|ard|rg as a specu|a||ve ||eo|og|ar ard a rys||ca| |||r|er, |e p|ayed a
pror|rer| ro|e a| ||e Courc|| ol Cors|ar||rop|e |r . le d|ed prooao|y 81
|r . l|s Wr|||er Wor| da|es ra|r|y lror ||e |as| l| l|eer years ol ||s ||le. |
w||| 0r|ger, |e |s ||e ros| s|ud|ed 0ree| la||er |r recer| decades.
lr ||s dogra||c |rea||ses 0regory relerred |o scr|p|ure as a lor| ol
d|v|re|y au||or|zed |roW|edge, a lor| secur|rg ||e pr|rc|p|es ard ||e
presuppos|||ors W||c| ru|ed ||s oWr ||oug||. `0ue |o ||s |rsp|red c|arac|er
scr|p|ure |s 'caror ard |aW' (|aror |a| roros) ol p|e|y. lrdeed scr|p|ure
l|xes ||e rorr lor ary rea| 0od-|a||. lor 0regory, ||a| rears ||a| scr|p|ure
pr|rar||y serves as ||e s|ar||rg po|r| (ap|orr) ol |rqu|r|es' (Careve|, ). o
lerce, `0regory's re||od oy W||c| p|||osop||ca| ro||ors are co|erer| W|||
reve|a||or ard scr|p|ure (lor |rs|arce Cor , ) ard erd |r oecor|rg 1 1z|
s|r|c||y ||eo|og|ca| corcep|s' (lo|||er, , see a|so Karrerg|esser). l|s 11;
recourse |o scr|p|ure |s dec|s|ve |r Adversus Furor|ur(Cl0 ll, ), 1o
Ar||rr|e||cus adversus Apo|||rarer(Cl0 ll, ), |r ||e 0|a|ogus de ar|ra 1|o
e| resurrec||ore (Cl0 ll, ), |o rer||or or|y ||e ros| |rpor|ar| ol ||s 1o
doc|r|ra| Wr|||rgs.
lr ||s exege||ca| Wor|s 0regory usua||y lo||oWs 0r|ger's |errereu||ca|
re||od. 0e op|l|c|o |or|r|s(Cl0 ll, ) Was corce|ved as ar add|||or |o 1|
8as||'s lexaereror, ou| W||| ruc| |ess apo|oge||c s|udy ol ||e ra|er|a| Wor|d,
ard deeper ||eo|og|ca| |rs|g||s. 0e v||a |oys|s(Cl0 ll, ) |rc|udes, |r a 1
l|rs| par|, ||e surrar|zed |||era| cor|er| ol ||e o|o||ca| rarra||ve |r Fxodus
ard Nuroers, ard |r a secord, ard ros| |rpor|ar| par|, ||e a||egor|ca|
|r|erpre|a||or ol ||a| rarra||ve. |oses, |aWg|ver ard sp|r||ua| |eader ol lsrae|,
|s seer as ||e syroo| ol ||e rys||c r|gra||or ard ascers|or ol ||e sou| |o
;|N|re T| e lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury 0ree| C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
0od. lr |rscr|p||ores psa|rorur(Cl0 ll, ) preser|s ||e l|ve ooo|s ol 1
lsa|rs as respord|rg |o ||e l|ve s|eps or ||e |adder ol perlec||or (c|. - ), 1
||e ||||es ol ||e psa|rs |av|rg a d|s||rc||ve e|||ca| re|evarce (c|. - ). lr 1oz
Fcc|es|as|er |or|||ae vlll(Cl0 ll, ) |as ||e sare rys||ca| ard a||egor|ca| 1;
purpose. ||roug| rerurc|a||or ol a|| ear|||y |||rgs ||e sp|r|| |rarscerds
||e exper|erce ol ||e serses. lr lr Car||cur car||corur |or|||ae Xv(Cl0
ll, ), or 3g , - , , 0regory |rs|s|s or ||e rer||s ol 0r|ger's sp|r||ua| 18 11o8
exeges|s ard deve|ops ||s oWr ||eo|ogy W||| l|o||r|ar over|ores. l|s locus |s
or Car||c|es as syroo||z|rg ||e rys||ca| ur|or W||| 0od, ra||er ||ar a||egor|z|rg
W||| 0r|ger ||e or|de ol ||e Car||c|es exc|us|ve|y as ||e c|urc|. 0e ora||ore
dor|r|ca ora||ores v(Cl0 ll, ) ollers a correr|ary or ||e lord's 1oo
lrayer lror ||e rora| po|r| ol v|eW. 0r ||e w||c| ol Frdor. 0e ergas|r|ry||o
(Cl0 ll, ) rec||l|es 0r|ger's exeges|s ol Kgs , . ||e W||c| d|d ro| see 1|o 1 z81z
3arue|'s sou|, ou| a deror. 0ra||ores vlll de oea|||ud|r|ous(Cl0 ll, ) 1o1
preser|s ||e rys||ca| |adder |o perlec||or |r ||re W||| l|o||r|ar sp|r||ua|||y,
C|r|s||ar|zed |r 0regory's geru|re syr||es|s. TWo lor|||es or l Cor|r|||ars
are. Cor|ra lorr|car|os (Cl0 ll, ) or Cor . ard lr |||ud 'Turc e| |pse 1;z 1 o18
l|||us' ( Cor . ) (Cl0 ll, ), ||e l|rs| ore |s |ropo|og|ca| ||roug| ard 1 1z8 11
||roug|, ||e secord sourds rore |||e a ||eo|og|ca| d|sser|a||or.
0||er ||||es re|evar| lor a s|udy ol 0regory's use ol scr|p|ure are. Ad
Ao|ao|ur quod ror s|r| |res de|(Cl0 ll, ) argu|rg lror scr|p|ure W||| 1
ra||ora| cr||er|a s|r||ar |o ||ose ro|ed |r 0regory ol Naz|arzus, Adversus
|acedor|aros de 3p|r||u sarc|o(Cl0 ll, ), a suos|ar||a| ard e|oquer| 1|z
serror W||c| repea|s ||e |rad|||ora| |eac||rg ol ||e C|urc| oased or
scr|p|ure aga|rs| ||e ar||-N|cere group ol peop|e arourd |acedor|us, Ad
T|eop|||ur adversus Apo|||rar|s|as(Cl0 ll, ), 0e |rlar||ous praera|ure 1|
aorep||s(Cl0 ll, ), 0e ||s qu| oap||srur d|llerur| (Cl0 ll, ), lr 1| 1|;
sex|ur psa|rur(Cl0 ll, ), lr |||ud 'ua|erus ur| ex ||s lec|s||s r||| 1o
lec|s||s'(|| . ) (Cl0 ll, ), serrors lor C|r|s|ras, Fp|p|ary, Fas|er z|o 1;o
ard Ascers|or (Cl0 ll, , - , `||e l|rs| re||ao|e |es||rory lor a leas| 1|1;;8
ol ||e Ascers|or d|s||rc| lror ler|ecos|' uas|er lll, ), ||ree lorra| z;;
ora||ors (Cl0 ll, - ). 18o18z
T| e asce||c Wor|s ol 0regory |eac| C|r|s||ar sp|r||ua|||y |r erp|as|z|rg 8as||'s
exarp|e ard app|y|rg ||s bu|es|o ||e ord|rary |ay s|a|us. 0e
v|rg|r||a|e(Cl0 ll, ) oerel||s ra|r|y lror 0r|ger ard |e||od|us, || 1o
p|aces sp|r||ua| `rarr|age' aoove ||e ear|||y ore, |r || l|||o ard l|o||rus are
sources ol |rsp|ra||or as ruc| as scr|p|ure, W||c| 0regory accoroda|es |o
||s purpose. `A l|rs| group ol |ex|s ca||s lor a||er||or ||roug| ||e aro||rar|ress
ard ||e o|ases ol ||e|r |r|erpre|a||ors . . ., ros| ol ||e ||re 0regory |a|es over
428
o|o||ca| |ex|s, corcerr|rg rarr|age, lor ||e oerel|| ol v|rg|r||y' (Auo|reau,
Cappadoc|ar Fxeges|s ;
- 1z1z), ou| |r add|||or |e s|resses sore verses, ra|r|y lau||re, |r W||c|
v|rg|r||y |s c|ear|y recorrerded. v||a s. |acr|rae(Cl0 ll, ), corcerr|rg 1oo
||s s|s|er W|o d|ed |r 0eceroer , s|oWs ||e |||||e g|r| educa|ed ra|r|y ;
|r scr|p|ure ( , - ), l||||rg |er roras||c ||les|y|e W||| `||e red||a||or ol 1zo
d|v|re rys|er|es, |r ur|r|errup|ed prayer ard cor||ruous s|rg|rg ol |yrrs,
||roug|ou| ||e day ard r|g||' ( , - ). 0e |rs|||u|o c|r|s||aro (Cl0 ll, 11zz
1oz) `coro|res a|| ||e |ead|rg |deas ol ||e grea| C|r|s||ar l|a|or|s| |r|o
a perlec| ard |arror|ous W|o|e . . . T| e Wor| |s, ||erelore, ||e cu|r|ra||or
ol 0regory's sp|r||ua| |||r||rg' (uas|er ll, ). T| e serrors lr 8as|||ur z;|
lra|rer(Cl0 ll, ), Frcor|ur |r s. 3|ep|arur pro|orar|yrerl ard ll 18
(Cl0 ll, - ) ard |r Xl rar|yrasl-ll (Cl0 ll, - ) ||g|||g|| 18o8; 1888
C|r|s||ar v|r|ue W||| cors|ar| relererce |o scr|p|ure.
3cr|p|ure |r|erveres |r 0regory's expos|||ors as ||e '|rla|||o|e cr||er|or
ol |ru||' (siiov d\. \p9d), |r order |o d|s||rgu|s|
oy ||s |es||rory op|r|ors |r corlorr||y W||| || ard o||ers ||a| are
a||er. . . . T| e |es||rory ol scr|p|ure ray er|a|| aro|gu|||es W||c| ||
|s r|g|| |o c|ar|ly ||ar|s |o ||e argurer|s ol a ra||ora| d|scourse. Ac|ua||y, |ru|| |s
es|ao||s|ed W|er |Wo d|llerer| d|scourses jo|r ard |arror|ze (vdv,
ov+v), ||e d|scourse ol |ru|| ard ||e ore
ol la||| ( ) or p|e|y ( pd). w|||ou| oo|| ol ||ese
orders ree||rg, doc|r|ra| s|a|erer| Wou|d oe W|||ou| e|||er |og|c
(vdso\o9o) or re||g|ous lourda||or (do). T| e secord |ype
ol d|scourse jus| rer||ored, ||e ore ol la|||, ge|s ||s s|rerg|| 'lror ||s
s|rp||c||y' (>\p). l| cors|s|s |r exp||c|| verses ol scr|p|ure ard |essors ol ||e
c|urc| |rad|||or.' 0r ore s|de, scr|p|ure spea|s (paradox|ca||y aoou| ||e
urspea|ao|e) |r c|ear |errs W|er arrourc|rg `0od's
urspea|ao|e g|ory,' suc| a |err oe|rg ||e ||||e `3or', or ||e o||er s|de,
`scr|p|ura| |arguage |s used W||| cordescerdarce |o us ard d|sp|ays a
re|ap|or|ca| vocaou|ary |r reed ol a |rarslorra||or '|o a ||g|er |eve|'
(- - :p\ov) or '|o a grea|er g|ory' (- - voov).
T| a| re|ap|or|ca| |arguage |s ||e spec|l|c oojec| ol 0regory's sp|r||ua|
|r|erpre|a||ors, as || a||oWs oy ||s rary rear|rgs or d|ll erer| |eve|s ol
rea|||y, ||e appropr|a|e lorru|a||orol ||s doc|r|re ol a sp|r||ua| progress W|||ou|
erd. (Careve|, ) oo
0regory's o|o||ca| relererces |ave ||e|r ||r||a||ors. lev|||cus, Nuroers,
0eu|erorory, Jos|ua, Judges, C|ror|c|es, as We|| as Jerer|a|, 0ar|e|, Joe|,
Aros,
Joras, ||ca|, |r ||e o|, T||us, l|||eror, T|ro||y, - le|er, Jares, Jude, z 1z
1Jo|r ( ard Jo|r |grored), Apoca|ypse, |r ||e r|, rece|ve very |||||e a||er||or, z
W|ereas 0eres|s, Fxodus, Car||c|e, ard sore lau||re |e||ers p|ay a
dec|s|ve ro|e |r 0regory's ||oug|| (Careve|, - ). ooo8
;oN|re T| e lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury 0ree| C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
T| e `ac|ua||z|rg' exeges|s ol 0regory |s ro |orger lrared so ruc| oy ||e
||erarc||ca| |rs|||u||or ol ||e c|urc| as |r A||aras|us, ror oy ||e prac||ca|
asces|s ol es|ao||s|ed corrur|||es |||e |r 8as||. l| |s a ca|| |o perlec||or |r ||e
rare ol ary C|r|s||ar |rd|v|dua|. `T| er || s|ou|d oe ore ol ||e ros| urger|
du||es ol C|r|s||ars |o |rrerse ||erse|ves er||re|y |r scr|p|ure. . . Toge||er
W||| suc| a purpose |s ||e reed lor a proper exp|ara||or ol scr|p|ure. 0regory
ded|ca|ed a |arge par| ol ||s ||le ard Wor| |o scr|p|ure. |e ||oug|| || over
or a ||eore||ca| |eve|, c|eared ||e lurdarer|a| |ssues, ard corrur|ca|ed
||s |rs|g||s W||| a ||re|ess zea| |r |or|||es, d|scourses ard correr|ar|es'
(vo||er, - ). 1oo1o1
lex|cor
l. |arr, lex|cor 0regor|arur, vo|s., rore ||ar , er|r|es. le|der ; 1ooo
1ll.
Fd|||ors
l0 - . |||o
0regor|| Nysser| 0pera, vo|s. - , . le|der ll . 11oz 1z
0e |or|r|s op|l|c|o. J. 0ar|e|ou, 3C ( ). o1|
0e v|rg|r||a|e. |. Auo|reau, 3C ( ). 111oo
v||a |acr|r|. l. |arava|, 3C ( ). 1;81;1
3|ep|. . 0. lerd|e, 0regor|us Nysserus, Frcor|ur. le|der . 1 1o8
lrs|||.. b. 3|aa|s, ed. |a|ar|os3yreor Fp|s|o|a |agra. F|re ressa||ar|sc|e
|orc|srege| urd ||re ursc|r|l||r 0regors vor Nyssa '0e |rs|||u|o
c|r|s||aro.'0o|||rger . 18|
0. lasqua||. 8er||r , le|der . 1z 1
ep|s|u|ae. l. |arava|, 3C ( ). o1o
Trars|a||ors
Frg||s|
NlNl, rd ed, . lordor , 0rard bap|ds . z 18z 1|
C a | | a | a r , v. w. , 3|. 0regory ol Nyssa. Asce||ca| wor|s. laC| ( ). 81o;
429
lardy, F. b. ard C. C. b|c|ardsor, eds. C|r|s|o|ogy ol ||e la|er la||ers, lCC
( ). 1|
|usur|||o, l., ed., lror 0|ory |o 0|ory. Tex|s lror 0regory ol Nyssa's |ys||ca|
wr|||rgs. NeW or| . 1o1
la|.. C. |cCaro|ey, 00Tb ( ) - . ;1zoz
Cappadoc|ar Fxeges|s ;;
|or. - |r Fcc|.. la||, 3. 0., 0regory ol Nyssa lor|||es or Fcc|es|as|es. 8er||r 18
1.
lss. ||||.. le|re, b. F., 0regory ol Nyssa's Trea||se or ||e lrscr|p||ors ol ||e
lsa|rs. 0xlord . 1
res. , , . A. 3p|ra ard C. K|oc|, T| e Fas|er 3errors. Caror|dge . 1| 181
or. dor.. l. C. 0rael, ACw ( ). 181|
lrerc|
A|| 3C ||||es aoove.
ergas|.. l. |arava|, C8|la . 3|rasoourg , - . 1 18;z8|
|rs|||.. C. 8ouc|e|, Cll . lar|s , - . |o 1oo11oo
0errar
8Kv , , . z|o;o
|or. - |r Car|. . l. 0urg|, lC , - . 11 1o1
prol. c|r., perl., v|rg.. w. 8|ur, 80rl . 3|u||gar| . ; 1;;
d|ll. ess.(8as||, ep. ). w.-0. lausc|||d, 80rl . 3|u||gar| . 8 z 1o
ep.. 8. Tes|e, 80rl . 3|u||gar| . | 1;
Fur. . J.-A. boder, lrar|lur| . 1 1
corr. ro|.. l. J. vog|, T| ( ) - . 1;111zo|18
res. , . l. b. 0roorer, 0regory vor Nyssa. 0|e dre| Tage. le|der . 1| 18z
3|ep|.. lerd|e aoove.
v. |os.. |. 8|ur, lrar|lur| . 1o
l|a||ar
8e|||r|, F., |||ar . 1;8
|oresc||r|, C., Tur|r . 1z
ep.. b. Cr|scuo|o, Nap|es . 181
3par|s|
l. 3., |a|eo 3eco ard J. l. 8as|ero, larp|ora . 188
3|ud|es
A|exardre, |. `la ||eor|e de |'exegse dars |e '0e |or|r|s op|l|c|o' e| |' 'lr
lexaereror'.' lr Ac|es du Co||oque de C|eve|ogre - sep|., ed||ed oy |. zzzo
lar|,
- 8;11o. le|der. 8r|||, . 1;1
. `l'|r|erpre|a||or de luc . - c|ez 0rego|re de Nysse.' lr Fpe||as|s. 1o11
|e|arges pa|r|s||ques oller|s au Card|ra| Jear 0ar|e|ou, - . lar|s, . |z|1 1;z
Apos|o|opou|os, C. l|aedo C|r|s||arus, 3|ud|er zur vero|rdurg urd AoWagurg
des
ver|a||r|sses zW|sc|er der p|a|or|sc|er l|a|dor urd der 0|a|og 0regors vor
Nyssa `uoer d|e 3ee|e urd d|e Aulers|e|urg.'Furl3. larg, . 18o
`Arc|e e Te|os, |'ar|ropo|og|a d| 0r|gere e d| 0regor|o d| N|ssa, ara||s|
s|or|core||g|oso.' 3|la|r|s||ed|o| A||| de| Co||oqu|o || - ragg|o , 1z 1;1 1;
ur|v.
3. Cuore, vo|. , ed||ed oy u. 8|arc||. |||ar. v||a e lers|ero. 1z
;8N|re T| e lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury 0ree| C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
8aer|, F. `le ||re de |a v|s|or de 0|eu c|ez 3. Jus||r, C|erer| d'A|exardr|e e|
3. 0rego|re de Nysse.' lZl|T| ( ). - . 1z1o|;
8a|s, 0. l., `|e|ous|a T| eou.' |ar's lar||c|pa||or |r 0od's lerlec||ors
Accord|rg |o
0regory ol Nyssa. bore . 1oo
. `l|er||udo |urar||a||s. ||e ur||y ol lurar Na|ure |r ||e T| eo|ogy ol
0regory
ol Nyssa.' lr ls. b. Fvars, - , - . 0|sc|p||ra, . 111zo8 1;
8arres, |. b. `T| e poWer ol 0od, ||e s|gr|l|carce ol 'dyrar|s' |r ||e
deve|oprer|
ol 0regory ol Nyssa's po|er|c aga|rs| Furor|us ol Cyz|cus.' 0|ss., Toror|o. 3|.
||c|ae|'s Co||ege, . 1z
8arro|s, 0. `T| e a||eged 0r|ger|sr ol 3|. 0regory ol Nyssa.' 3vT ( ). o18o
- ;1o.
8jerre Aspegrer, K. `8rau||gar, 3orre urd |u||er. 3|ud|er zu e|r|ger
0o||esre|ap|err oe| 0regor vor Nyssa.' 0|ss., . 1;;
8|ar|, 0. l. `T| e e|yro|ogy ol sa|va||or |r 0regory ol Nyssa's 0e
v|rg|r||a|e.'JT| 3
;( ). - . 18o;;o
8orrego, F. |. `Aspec|os p|o||r|aros de| coroc|r|er|o er |a exeges|s o|o||ca de
0regor|o de N|sa.' FF ( ). - . o;1z1;
8o||erar, A. `l'|orre lace 0|eu se|or 0rego|re de Nysse.' Cor|ac|s , |11
( ). - . 18zzoz1
8ouc|e|, C., |. Careve|, ard A.-0. larrar. 0rego|re de Nysse, le C|r|s|
pasca|.
430
C|rq |ore||es pasca|es, |ore||e sur |'Ascers|or, |ra||e 'uard |e l||s aura |ou|
sour|s.'Trad. de C|r. 8. e| |. C. lr|roduc||or, ro|es e| gu|de ||era||que par
A.-0. l. les lres dars |a lo| . lar|s. ||gre, . 1|
8ouc|e|, J. b. `la v|s|or de |'ecoror|e du sa|u| se|or 3. 0rego|re de Nysse.'
b3l|T|
z( ). - . 1o8o1||
8rard|e, b. `0|e lurl|e 8|||e |r der Aus|egurg 0regors vor Nyssa.' T|Z ( ). |81z
- ;o;o.
8roo|s, J. A. `T| e Tex| ol ||e NeW Tes|arer| Frp|oyed oy 0regory ol Nyssa.'
0|ss.,
0xlord, . 1;
. T| e NeW Tes|arer| Tex| ol 0regory ol Nyssa. T| e NeW Tes|arer| |r ||e
0ree|
la||ers . A||ar|a. 3c|o|ars lress, . z 11
8rzos|a, A. 8. `|ajor C|r|s|o|og|ca| Tex|s |r 0regory ol Nyssa.' 0|ss., lor|. ur|v.
0regor|ara, - . 1oz1o
Ca||||, J. 8. `T| e 0a|e ard 3e|||rg ol 0regory ol Nyssa's Correr|ary or ||e
3org
ol 3orgs.' JT| 3 ( ). - . z181||;oo
Careve|, |. `Fxegse e| ||eo|og|e dars |es |ra||es sp|r||ue|s de 0r. de N.' lr
Ac|es
du Co||oque de C|eve|ogre - sep|., ed||ed oy |. lar|, - . le|der. 8r|||, zzzo 1|o8
1;1.
. `la percep||or de |a preserce de 0|eu. A propos d'ure express|or de |a Xle
|ore||e sur |e Car||que des car||ques (de 0reg. de Nysse).' lr |e|. J. 0ar|e|ou,
- |||. lar|s. J. lor|a|re e.a., . 1;z
Cappadoc|ar Fxeges|s ;
. `0rego|re de Nysse e| |'|errereu||que o|o||que. F|ude des rappor|s er|re |e
|argage e| |a corra|ssarce de 0|eu.' 0|ss., 3oroorre, . 1;
. 0rego|re de Nysse e| |'|errereu||que o|o||que. F|ude des rappor|s er|re |e
|argage
e| |a corra|ssarce de 0|eu. lar|s. F|udes Augus||r|erres, . 18
Capooscq, l. A. F| o|er Werpre rayor y sooreaourdar|e (|r Car|. , ). 1;|1o
Aprox|rac|or a| rexo er|re oe||eza, oordad y verdad er e| persar|er|o
|eo|og|co de
0regor|o d| N|sa |r Car|. 0r. v-lX. Arra|es de |a lacu||ad de |eo|oga | . |1
3ar||ago. lor|. ur|v. ca|. de C|||e, . 1z
Carrara, l. `ua|c|e osservaz|ore a||a 'Apo|og|a |r lexaereror' d| 0regor|o d|
N|ssa.' lr 0L0l LlZlZl0Z. le v|e de||a r|cerca. 3|ud| |r orore d| lrarcesco
Adorro, - . Fd||ed oy |. 3. lurg||. 0|sc|||, l|orerce, . 11|o 1o
Cas|r|r, oro. `A |rea||se or l|rs| Cor|r|||ars . oy 3a|r| 0regory ol Nyssa.' 1z8
00Tb ( ). - . z8181z
Ca|re|, J. v. `Fsp|r||ua||dad de| car|ro. 3|roo|o y rea||dad er |a `v|da de |o|ses'
de
3. 0regor|o de N|za.' |arresa ( ). - . ||1;zz|o
Cava|car||, F. `la creaz|ore |r 8as|||o e |r 0regor|o d| N|ssa.' lr 0|z|orar|o d|
sp|r||ua||| o|o||co-pa|r|s||ca, vo|. ll. Creaz|oreuoro0orra. lar|e secorda.
reg||
scr|||| de| ladr|, - . bore. 8or|a, . 1o;8 1
Cava||e|||, 3. `0regor|o da N|ssa e |a laggada|.' 3el | ( ). - . z1z1o1z;oo
C|ase, 3. l. `'w|a| |appers rex|?.' 8|o||ca| Fxeges|s ard ||e la|| ol ||e 3ou|'s
Jourrey |r 0r|ger ard 0regory ol Nyssa.' l8b ( ). - . 1o11|
Cors|r|, F. `Nouve||es perspec||ves sur |e proo|re des sources de |'lexaereror
de
0rNyss.'3|la|r ( ). - . 11;|1o
. `l|erore |ura|r e| p|erore cosr|que c|ez 0rego|re de Nysse.' lr Fcr||ure
e|
cu||ure p|||os. c|ez 0. d. N., ed||ed oy |. lar|, - . le|der. 8r|||, . 111zo 1;1
0ar|e|ou, J., l|a|or|sre e| ||eo|og|e rys||que.0oc|r|re sp|r||ue||e de sa|r|
0rego|re de
Nysse.lar|s , . 1||1|
. `T| e la||ers ard ||e 3cr|p|ures.' FC ( ). - . 1o1|zo;
. `l'e|a| du C|r|s| dars |a ror| d'aprs 0rNyss.' lJ ( ). - . ;;18o;z
. `le syroo|e de |a caverre c|ez 0rego|re de Nysse.' lr |u||us, ls. T.
K|auser,
- |z. |s|r, . 1o|
. `la |ypo|og|e o|o||que de 0rego|re de Nysse.' 3|3b ( ). - . 81o;18o
. `C|r|sra||or preoap||sra|e e| d|v|r||e de |'Fspr|| c|ez 0rego|re de Nysse.'
b3b
o( ). - . 1o81;;8
. `0r|er|a||ors ac|ue||es de |a rec|erc|e sur 0rego|re de Nysse.' lr Fcr||ure e|
cu||ure p|||os. c|ez 0. d. N., ed||ed oy |. lar|, - . le|der. 8r|||, . 1; 1;1
. `la 9d c|ez 0rego|re de Nysse.' 3|la|r ( ). - . 111;z1o|
0err|s, T. J. `3|. 0regory ol Nyssa's delerse ol ||e doc|r|re ol ||e resurrec||or ol
431
||e oody.' F|T| ( ). - . 118o|18
0orz|, l. `8rau| urd 8rau||gar, d|e Aus|egurg des Car||cur durc| 0regor vor
Nyssa.' 0|ss., begersourg, . 11
;ooN|re T| e lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury 0ree| C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
0orr|es, l. `0r|ec|er|ur urd C|r|s|er|ur oe| 0regor vor Nyssa.' TlZ , - 88o
8z
1o.
0roorer, l. J. 0regor vor Nyssa, d|e dre| Tage zW|sc|er Tod urd Aulers|e|urg
urseres
lerrr Jesus C|r|s|us. l|||osop||a la|rur . le|der. 8r|||, . 18z
0roorer, l. b. 8|oe||rdex zu der wer|er 0regors vor Nyssa. laderoorr.
3e|os|ver|ag,
188.
. `0|e o|o||sc|e Argurer|a||or 0regors vor Nyssa |r ers|er 8uc| 'Cor|ra
Furor|ur'.' lr F| 'Cor|ra Furor|ur l' er |a producc|or |||erar|a de 0regor|o
de N|sa. vl Co|oqu|o lr|errac|ora| soore 0regor|o de N|sa, - . larp|ora. z8o1
ur|v. de Navarra lacu||ad de Teo|og|a, . 188
. `0|e 0eu|urg des a|||es|arer|||c|er lasc|a (Fx ) oe| 0regor vor Nyssa 1z
|r
l|c||e der Aus|egurgs|rad|||or der gr|ec||sc|er K|rc|e.' lr 3|ud|er zu 0regor
vor Nyssa urd der c|r|s|||c|er 3pa|ar||e, - . Fd||ed oy l. b. 0roorer ard z;o
C. K|oc|. le|der. 8r|||, . 1o
. `verWerdurg urd 8edeu|urg des 8uc|es Fcc|es|as|es|r wer| 0regors vor
Nyssa ausser|a|o der lor|||ae |r Fcc|es|as|er.' l r Ar Frg||s| vers|or W|||
3uppor||rg 3|ud|es. lroceed|rgs ol ||e 3ever|| lr|erra||ora| Co||oqu|r or
0regory ol Nyssa (3|. ArdreWs, - 3ep|eroer ), - . 8er||r. 0e 1o 1oo18
0ruy|er, . 1
0urz|, l. `0regor vor Nyssa's lor|||er zur Car||cur l|r|ergrurd se|rer v||a
|oys|s.' v|gC|r ( ). - . ||1o;181
. 8rau| urd 8rau||gar. 0|e Aus|egurg des Car||cur durc| 0regor vor Nyssa.
8e||r.
z. 0esc||c||e d. o|o|. Fxegese . Tuo|rger. J. C. 8. |o|r, . z 1
. `0|e Car||cur-Fxegese des 0regor vor Nyssa urd des 0r|geres |r
verg|e|c|.'
JAC ( ). - . o1|1o
. `lorrer der K|rc|erva|er-bezep||or ar 8e|sp|e| der sogerarr|er
p|ys|sc|er
Fr|osurgs|e|re des 0regor vor Nyssa.' T|l| ( ). - . o1|1o181
. 0regor|us Nysserus, lr Car||cur car||corur |or|||ae. 0r|esc||sc||deu|sc|.
uoers. u. e|rge|e||e|. vo|s. lre|ourg. lerder, . 1|
Fsper, |. N. A||egor|e urd Ara|og|e oe| 0regor vor Nyssa. laoe||s 0|ss. K|.
l|||o|og|e
o. 8orr. laoe||, . 1;
larrug|a, |. `0regor|o d| N|ssa. 0r . - core e|erer|o de|err|rar|e 1zoz;
de||'ar|ropo|og|a cr|s||ara.' lr l ladr| de||a C||esa e |a Teo|og|a. lr d|a|ogo cor
8as||
3|ruder, - . Fd||ed oy A. 0razzo. C|r|se||o 8a|saro. Fd. lao||re, . 1;188 1
lergusor, F. `0regory ol Nyssa ard lsa|ros.' b | - ( ). - . zz1z1;;;8
. `3ore Aspec|s ol 0regory ol Nyssa's lr|erpre|a||or ol 3cr|p|ure Fxerp||l|ed
|r
l|s lor|||es or Fcc|es|as|es.' lr 3|ud|a la|r|s||ca. vo|. XXvll. lapers preser|ed
a| ||e F|ever|| lr|erra||ora| Corlererce or la|r|s||c 3|ud|es |e|d |r 0xlord . 11
Cappadoc|ar la||ers, 0ree| Au||ors al|er N|caea, Augus||re, 0ora||sr, ard
le|ag|ar|sr, - . louva|r. lee|ers, . z 1
Cappadoc|ar Fxeges|s ;o1
l|edroW|cz, |. 0as K|rc|ervers|ardr|s 0regors des 0rosser. F|re ur|ersuc|urg
se|rer
exege||sc|er urd |or||e||sc|er wer|eb. 3upp|erer||el| . lre|ourg. lerder, o
1.
0argaro, 0.-l. `lr|roduz|ore a||'eseges| o|o||ca d| 0regor|o N|ssero.' v||a
|oras||ca
z|( ). - . 1;o118
. la |eor|a d| 0regor|o d| N|ssa su| Car||co de| Car||c|, |rdag|re su a|cure
|rd|caz|or| d| re|odo esege||co. 0CA . bore. lor|. lrs|. 3|ud. 0r|er|., . z1o 181
0|arrare|||, F. `Ca|ac|es| e lurz|ore ca|ac|e||ca de||'eseges| |r 0regor|o d|
N|ssa.
lrsegrarer|o cr|s||aro e gerer| |e||erar|.' lr Fseges| e ca|ec|es| re| ladr| (secc.
ll-lv). Corvegro d| s|ud|o e agg|orrarer|o, laco||e d| le||ere cr|s||are e
c|ass|c|e (lor||l|c|ur lrs|||u|ur A|||or|s la||r||a||s), bora - rarzo , zoz8 1z
- 11|. Fd||ed oy 3. le||c|. 8|o||o|eca d| 3c|erze be||g|ose , 3|ud|Tes|| 1oo
Correr|| la|r|s||c|. bore. lA3, . 1
0|rard|, |. `Arro|az|or| a||a eseges| d| 0regor|o N|ssero re| 0e oea|||ud|r|ous.'
Aug ( ). - . 11o18z
. `8as|||o e 0regor|o N|ssero su||e oea|||ud|r|.' ve| C|r ( ). - . z111o
432
0orday, l. J. `lau|us or|ger|arus, ||e ecoror|c |r|erpre|a||or ol lau| |r 0r|ger
ard
0regory ol Nyssa.' 3|u lau|( | ). 18;o
0ou|d, 0. F. `8as|| ol Caesarea ard 0regory ol Nyssa or ||e 8ea|||udes,' - . 1|zz
0reer, b. A. 8ro|er ||g||s ard rerded ||ves, ||eo|ogy ard corror ||le |r ||e
ear|y
C|urc| (lreraeus, Nysserus, Augus||re). lerrsy|var|a 3|a|e ur|v., . 18o
0regor vor Nyssa, lr car||cur car||corur lor|||aelor|||er z|r lo|er||ed.
uoerse|z| vor lrarz 0urz|. lor|es C|r|s||ar| , - . lre|ourg. lerder, . 1o1 1|
0regor|o d| N|ssa. 3u| |||o|| de| sa|r|. Traduz|ore, |r|roduz|ore e ro|e. Fd||ed oy
A. Traverso. CTela . bore. C||| Nuova, . 11o 1|
0regory ol Nyssa, lor|||es or Fcc|es|as|es. Ar Frg||s| vers|or W||| suppor||rg
s|ud|es. Fd||ed oy 3. 0. la||. lroceed|rgs ol ||e vll|| lr|erra||ora| Co||oqu|ur or
0regory ol Nyssa, 3|. ArdreWs, - 3ep|eroer . 8er||r. 0e 0ruy|er. 1o 1o
lar|, |. `A propos d'ur passage du Cor|re Furorede 0rego|re de Nysse.
oid
e| |es |||res du C|r|s| er ||eo|og|e |r|r||a|re.' b3b ( ). - . 1o;z1;zo
. `'lror 0|ory |o 0|ory.' l'|r|erpre|a||or de Cor . par 0r. de Nysse e| |a z 18
|||urg|e oap||sra|e.' lr ls. J. uas|er, - . |s|r, . ;o 1;o
. `belererces p|||osop||ques e| relererces o|o||ques du |argage de 0rego|re
de Nysse dars ses 0ra||ores |r Car||cur car||corur.' lr ;Fpvdd.
ls. lur ladW|g lorrer zur sec|z|gs|er 0eour|s|ag, - . 8KA b. Nl . 11;1 z ;
le|de|oerg. w|r|er, . 1o
lar|, |., ed., Fcr||ure e| cu||ure p|||osop||que dars |a persee de 0rego|re de
Nysse.
Ac|es du co||oque de C|ve|ogre ( - 3ep|erore ). le|der . zzzo 1o 1;1
larr|sor, v. F. l., 0race ard lurar lreedor Accord|rg |o 3|. 0regory ol Nyssa.
leW|s|or . 1z
;ozN|re T| e lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury 0ree| C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
. `A||egory ard Asce||c|sr |r 0regory ol Nyssa.' 3ere|a ( ). - . ;1z11o
. `A 0erder beversa| |r 0regory ol Nyssa's l|rs| lor||y or ||e 3org ol
3orgs.' l r
3|la|r vo|. XXvll. lapers preser|ed a| ||e F|ever|| lr|erra||ora| Corlererce or
la|r|s||c 3|ud|es |e|d |r 0xlord . Cappadoc|ar la||ers, 0ree| Au||ors al|er 11
N|caea, Augus||re, 0ora||sr, ard le|ag|ar|sr, - . louva|r. lee|ers, . |8 1
lar|, |. 0. `0regory ol Nyssa's |ror|c pra|se ol ||e ce||oa|e ||le.' leyJ ( ). 1z
- . 11
le|re, b. F. `0regory ol Nyssa's apo|ogy lor a||egory.' v|gC|r ( ). - . 818|oo;o
. 0regory ol Nyssa's Trea||se or ||e lrscr|p||or ol ||e lsa|rs. 0xlord Far|y
C|r|s||ar 3|ud|es. 0xlord. C|arerdor lress, . 1
luorer, b. |. 0|e F|r|e|| des le|oes C|r|s|| oe| 0regor vor Nyssa.
ur|ersuc|urger
zur ursprurg der `p|ys|sc|er' Fr|osurgs|e|re. l|||osop||a la|rur . le|der. z
8r|||, . 1;|
Jaeger, w. 0regor vor Nyssa's le|re vor le|||ger 0e|s|. Aus der Nac||ass |rg.
vor
l. 0orr|es. le|der. 8r|||, . 1oo
Jeaureau, F. `la d|v|s|or des sexes c|ez 0rego|re de Nysse e| c|ez Jear 3co|
Fr|gre.' lr Fr|ugera, ed||ed oy w. 8e|erWa||es, - , | . |1;8o
Karrerg|esser, C. `log|que des |dees ro|r|ces dars |e recours o|o||que se|or
0re go|re de Nysse.' 0regor vor Nyssa urd d|e l|||osop||e. Ko||oqu|ur
lrar|er|oos|, - 3ep|eroer , ed||ed oy l. 0orr|e, - . le|der. 1z 1;z 81oo
8r|||, . 1;o
Kaper, |. N. A||egor|e urd Ara|og|e oe| 0regor vor Nyssa. laoe||s 0|ss. K|. l|||o
-|o g|e. 8orr. laoe||., . 1;
Kees, b. J. 0|e le|re vor der 0||oror|a 0o||es |r der 0ra||o ca|ec|e||ca
0regors vor
Nyssa. 3v|gC|r . le|der. 8r|||, . o 1
K||jr, A. l. J. `3ore berar|s or ||e uo|a||ors ol ||e 0ospe|s |r 0regory ol
Nyssa
'0e |rs|||u|o c|r|s||aro' ard |acar|us' 'Fp|s|o|a |agra.'' v|gC|r ( ). 11o
- 1o|o8.
ladrer, 0. 8. `3|. 0regory ol Nyssa ard 3|. Augus||re or ||e syroo||sr ol ||e
Cross
(|r |uce Fp| . !).' lr la|e C|ass. ard |ed|aev. 3|ud|es, ed||ed oy A. |. lr|erd. 18
lr|rce|or, . 1
l|es|e, A. `0|e T| eo|og|e der C|r|s|usrys||| des 0regor|us Nysserus.' ZKT| ;o
( ). - , - , - . 1|8|1zo81|o
lopez 3||or|s, b. `|ar, lrage ol 0odAr Fxarp|e ol la|r|s||c ard |ed|eva|
Ar||ropo|ogy.' KaKe | | ( ). - | - . z1|zz1811zz;o
. `T|e l|le ol |osesoy 0regory ol Nyssa, ar exarp|e ol rega||ve ||eo|ogy |r
||e
C|urc| ol ||e lour|| cer|ury.' Ka|Ker||Ca||3|To|yo | ( ). - | zz||1811o|
- z;oo.
433
|ac|eod, C. w. `A||egory ard |ys||c|sr |r 0r|ger ard 0regory ol Nyssa.' JT|
3 zz
( ). - . 1;1oz;
. `T| e prelace |o 0regory ol Nyssa's l|le ol |oses.' JT| 3 ( ). - . 18z181
|arava|, l. `la |e||re de 0rego|re de Nysse dars |e deoa| c|r|s|o|og|que.'
bev3b o1
( ). - . 18;;|8
Cappadoc|ar Fxeges|s ;o
|aro||a, F. `la oase o|o||ca de||a v||a s. |acr|raed| 0regor|o d| N|ssa.' ve|C|r
( ). - . 1o8;88
|a|eo-3eco, l. l. `besuc||o a| |ercer d|a (Ar||s|s de |a do||r|ra de 3. 0regor|o de
N|sa soore |a resurrecc|or de Jesucr|s|o).' 3crT| ( ). - . 1;;8
. `la rar|o|og|a er sar 0regor|o de N|sa.' 3crT| ( ). - . 1o1;8|oo|
. `la Fxeges|s de 0regor|o de N|sa Jr . .' lr 3|ud|a pa|r|s||ca , . T| e 1o18 18
secord
cer|ury, Ter|u|||ar |o N|caea |r ||e Wes|, C|erer| ard 0r|ger, ||e Cappadoc|ar
la||ers, vo|. X, ed||ed oy F. A. l|v|rgs|ore, - . Ka|arazoo, ||c|.. |oo
C|s|erc|ar luo||ca||ors, . 18
. `la cr|s|o|og|a de| lr Car||cur Car||corur de 0regor|o de N|sa.' lr 3|ud|er
zu
0regor vor Nyssa urd der c|r|s|||c|er 3pa|ar|||e, ed||ed oy l. b. 0roorer ard
C. K|oc|, - . le|der. 8r|||, . 1;o 1o
. `(ec| . ) lo e|a|ros ||ra|os, cors|derac|ores er |orro a |a ruer|e er |as z
|or|||as a| Fc|es|as|es de 0regor|o de N|sa.' 3crT| ( ). - . zz11z1;
. `'0 eu|a|ros ||ara|os.' Cors|derac|ores er |orre a |a ruer|e er |as lor|||as
a|
Fc|es|as|es de 0regor|o de N|sa.' 3crT| ( ). - . z11z1;
|e|s, worrer A. `0rgeres y 0regor|o de N|sa, 'lr Car||cur.' ' l r 0r|ger|ara
3ex|a.
0r|gre e| |a 8|o|e|0r|ger ard ||e 8|o|e. Ac|es du Co||oqu|ur 0r|ger|arur
3ex|ur. C|ar||||y, aou|- sep|erore , - . Fd||ed oy 0. 0or|va| o 1o1o
ard A. le 8ou||uec, W||| ||e co||aoora||or ol |. A|exardre, |. ledou,
A. lour||er, ard J. wo||rs||. louva|r. lee|ers, . 1
|ered|||, A. `lrov . c|ez 0r|gre, A||arase, 8as||e e| 0rego|re de Nysse,' 8zz
- |
;ed||ed oy C. Karrerg|esser, lo||||que e| T| eo|og|e c|ez A||arase
d'A|exardr|e.
Ac|es du co||oque de C|ar||||y - 3ep|. . lar|s. 8eauc|esre, . zz 1; 1;|
|er||, l. ;oi 0*.vor der p|a|or|sc|er Arg|e|c|urg ar 0o|| zur
0o||a|r||c||e|| oe| 0regor v. Nyssa. larados|s . lre|ourg (3c|W). lau|usver|ag, ;
. 1z
|usur|||o, l. `A No|e or 0regory ol Nyssa's Cor. or ||e 3org ol 3o|oror, lor.
lv.'
lr 0|dasca||ae. A.|. A|oareda. NeW or|. 8. |. boser||a|, . 1o1
|u||eroerg, F. 0regor|| Nysser| 0ra||o ca|ec|e||ca. 0pera dogra||ca r|rora . |
le|der. 8r|||, . 1o
Na|d|r|, |. `ler ura eseges| de| '0e |or|r|s op|l|c|o' d| 0regor|o N|ssero (Cap. v
e
Xvl).' 3llC ( ). - . |1;881z
0r|gere, Fus|az|o, 0regor|o d| N|ssa, la raga d| Frdor. Fd||ed oy |. 3|rore|||.
8|la|r, . 18
0'Corre||, l. l. `T| e douo|e jourrey |r 3|. 0regory ol Nyssa, T| e l|le ol
|oses.'
00Tb ( ). - . z81o8o1z|
larrer||er, |. l. 0. `A 3yr|ac correr|ary or 0regory ol Nyssa's Cor|ra
Furor|ur.' 8|jdr ( ). - . |188z1;
larys, |.J. `Fxegse e| ||eo|og|e dars |es ||vres 'Cor|re Furore' de 0r. de N.'
lr
Ac|es du Co||oque de C|eve|ogre - sep|., ed||ed oy |. lar|, - . zzzo 1o
le|der.
8r|||, . 1;1
lera|| 8errard|r|, A. `0|o re| pers|ero de| ladr| cappadoc|,' - . 1zoo
;o|N|re T| e lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury 0ree| C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
. `la preg||era re| 0e ora||ore 0or|r|cad| 0regor|o d| N|ssa.' lr l| doro e |a
sua orora. b|cerc|e su| l d| 0r|gere. A||| de| l corvegro de| 0ruppo
l|a||aro d| b|cerca su `0r|gere e |a Trad|z|ore A|essardr|ra,' - . Fd||ed oy 1;81
l. Cocc||r|. 3FAug . bore. lrs|||u|ur la|r|s||cur Augus||r|arur, . ; 1;
ler|, C. `la 'v||a d| |osl' d| 0regor|o d| N|ssa. ur v|agg|o verso |'are|cr|s||ara.'
ve|C|r ( ). - . 111;|1z
ll|s|er, F. `3|. 0regory ol Nyssa. 8|o||ca| Fxege|e. Ar l|s|or|co-T| eo|og|ca|
3|udy ol
ler|a|euc|a| Fxeges|s.' 0|ss., woods|oc| Co||ege, . 1o|
l|s|, l. `0eres|s e l|||or, |e ro||vaz|or| pro|o|og|c|e de||a verg|r||8 |r 0regor|o
d|
434
N|ssa e re||a |rad|z|ore de||'Fr|ra|e|a.' lr Nuov| 3agg| . bore. A|ereo, . 181 181
lo|||er, 0|eu e| |e C|r|s| se|or 0rego|re de Nysse. F|udes sys|era||que du
Cor|re
Furore. Narur . 1|
baduca, v. `A||o|r|os|s, |a c|u|e e| |a res|aura||or de |'|orre se|or sa|r| 0rego|re
de
Nysse.' 0|ss., lr3, . 18|
booo|rs, 0. A. `Fxege||ca| res|ra|r| |r 0regory ol Nyssa'a 0e v||a |oys|s.' lr
38l.3l, - , . |o1o18z
bordeau, |.-J. `Fxegse du lsau||er e| araoase sp|r||ue||e c|ez 0rego|re de
Nysse.'
lr Fpe||as|s. |e|arges pa|r|s||ques oller|s au Card|ra| Jear 0ar|e|ou, - . 1;1
lar|s. J. lor|a|re e.a., . 1;z
bordorl, w. `le 'pa|r quo||d|er' (|| . ) dars |'||s|o|re de |'exegse (0regNyss, o11
lu||er, 8ucer, Ca|v|r).' 0|d ( ). - . o1;ozz1o
. `le 'pa|r quo||d|er' (|| . ) dars |'exegse de 0rego|re de Nysse.' Aug o11 1;
( ). - . 1;;1
bo||, C. l. `l|a|or|c ard lau||re F|erer|s |r ||e Ascer| ol ||e 3ou| |r 0regory ol
Nyssa's 0|a|ogue or ||e 3ou| ard besurrec||or.' v|gC|r ( ). - . |o1z11
bousse|o|, J. `0rego|re de Nysse, avoca| de |oise. lr pr|rc|p|o, |r|erpre|a||ors.'
F|.
Aug. ( ) F|. Aug. lar|s. 1;
3c|Wager, b. `0er Wurderoare Tausc|, zur `p|ys|sc|er' Fr|osurgs|e|re 0regors
vor
Nyssa.' Z|T| - ( ). - . 1o|18z1z|
3|ea, J. |. T| e C|urc| accord|rg |o 3|. 0regory ol Nyssa's lor|||es or ||e
Car||c|e ol
Car||c|es.0|ss., lor|. ur|v. 0regor|arae, | . 1ooo;
3|car|, A. `la do||r|ra de||a 'dopp|a creaz|ore' re||e 0re||e su||'Fcc|es|as|e d|
0regor|o d| N|ssa.' lrle||ure3ap( - ). - . 11zz1o|
3|rore|||, |. `la |ecr|ca esege||ca d| 0regor|o d| N|ssa re||a v||a d| |osl.'
33b o
( ). - . 18z|o118
3|aa|s, b., `0|e 8as|||ar|sc|e ver|err||c|urg des l|. 0e|s|es aul der Korz|| zu
Kors|ar||rope| '. Kerygra u. 0ogra ( ) - . 81 z1;zz
3|aroW|eys||, |. `le ||vre de |'Fcc|es|as|e dars |'ar||qu||e c|re||erre.' lr Ar
Frg||s|
vers|or W||| 3uppor||rg 3|ud|es. lroceed|rgs ol ||e 3ever|| lr|erra||ora|
Co||oqu|ur or 0regory ol Nyssa (3| ArdreWs, - 3ep|eroer ), ed||ed oy 1o 1o
3. 0.
la||, - . 8er||r. 0e 0ruy|er, . |o|o 1
Cappadoc|ar Fxeges|s ;o
Te|eprell, 0. T| e corcep| ol ||e persor (|urar lree W|||) |r ||e C|r|s||ar le|
-|er|sr ol ||e 0ree| C|urc| la||ers, a s|udy ol 0r|ger, 3|. 0regory ||e
T| eo|og|ar, ard 3|. |ax|rus ||e Corlessor. 0|ss., 0radua|e T| eo|og|ca|
ur|or, . 11
Ts|rpar||s, C. N. `T| e corcep| ol ur|versa| sa|va||or |r 3a|r| 0regory ol Nyssa.'
K|
1z( ). - . 18o1
Tularu, C. `la vers|ore s|r|aca de| d|scors| su| Car||co de| Car||c| d| 0regor|o d|
N|ssa cor|eru|o re| cod|ce va||caro 3|r|aco . 0|scorso (greco ).' 3b0C 1oo 1 1z
11( ). - | - . 188o8o1|oz
u||rarr, w. `0er |og|sc|e urd der ||eo|og|sc|e 3|rr des urerd||c||e||soegr|lles
|r der 0o||es|e|re 0regors vor Nyssa.' 8|jdr ( ). - . |818;1o;o
veroe|e, 0. `T| e 8|o|e's l|rs| ser|erce |r 0regory ol Nyssa's v|eW.' lr ls. A.
lyrar,
188.
ver|ees, J. J. `0|e ererge|a| des lreuras a|s 8eWe|s lur se|re Trarszerderz |r
der
Argurer|a||or des 0regor vor Nyssa.' 0Cl ( ). - . |1;1
v|c|aro, A. `C|r|s|o|og|sc|e 0eu|urg vor bor . - oe| 0regor vor Nyssa 81zz
urd T| eodore| vor Kyros.' lr 3|ud|er zu 0regor vor Nyssa urd der c|r|s|||c|er
3pa|ar|||e, - . Fd||ed oy l. b. 0roorer ard C. K|oc|. le|der. 8r|||, . 11zo| 1o
v|rcer|, 0. `la recap||u|a||or c|ez 0r|gre e| 0rego|re de Nysse.' Cor|ac|s ||
( ). - . 1z;1o
v|re|, l. `la vers|or arrer|erre des 'lore||es sur |'Fcc|es|as|e' de 0rego|re de
Nysse.' bFArr ( | ). - . z118881z;|
v|sser, A. J. `0e zesde er de ac||s|e. 0regor|us var Nyssa over de zesde
psa|r.' le8
zo( ). - . 1o1zo1
. `0e ge|e|rer|sser var de 0r|e|se opsc|r|l|er der lsa|rer or|s|u|erd.
0regor|us var Nyssa's 'lr |rscr|p||ores lsa|rorur.'' NedT|T ( s). 181o
- 1|z.
435
v|ves, J. `F| pecado or|g|ra| er 3ar 0regor|o de N|sa.' FsTe | ( ). - |1;1;ozo
.
vo||er, w., 0regor vor Nyssa a|s |ys|||er. w|esoader . 1
. 0regor|o d| N|ssa l||osolo e r|s||co. Fd||ed oy C. |oresc||r|. |||ar. v||a e
lers|ero, . 1
w|||er, b. l. `l||urgy, 8|o|e ard T| eo|ogy |r ||e Fas|er lor|||es ol 0regory ol
Nyssa.' lr Ac|es du Co||oque de C|eve|ogre - sep|., ed||ed oy |. lar|, zzzo
- 1|
o8. le|der. 8r|||, . 1;1
w|rder, J. C. |. var. `A Tex|ua| lroo|er |r 0regory ol Nyssa, Apo|og|a |r
lexaereror c|. .' v|gC|r ( ). . o 1;1;
w|r||rg, b. `la resurrec||or du C|r|s| dars |'Ar||rr|e||cus adversus Apo|||rarer
de 0rego|re de Nysse.' bFAug ( ). - . 181z|
. `|or| e| resurrec||or du C|r|s| dars |es |ra||es Cor|re Furore de 0rego|re
de
Nysse.' bev3b ( ). - . o|1oz1o
;ooN|re T| e lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury 0ree| C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
ourg, l. |. `Adar ard ar||ropos, a s|udy ol ||e |r|erac||or ol sc|erce ard ||e
8|o|e |r |Wo ar||ropo|og|ca| |rea||ses ol ||e lour|| cer|ury (0reg. Nyss.,
Neres|us).' v|gC|r ( ). - . ;1811o|o
Zerp, l. 0|e 0rurd|ager des |e||sgesc||c||||c|er 0er|ers oe| 0regor vor
Nyssa.
|ur|c|. lueoer, . 1;o
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| X ;o;
A|llll0Cllu3 0l lC0Nlu|
CA. 344|345-CA. 403
8orr ca. - |r a r|c| ard ar|s|ocra||c C|r|s||ar lar||y ol Cappadoc|a, |o|
prooao|y |r 0|ocaesarea, W|ere ||s la||er, Arp|||oc||us, Was a We||-|roWr
r|e|or. T| e yourger Arp|||oc||us la||ered ||ree sors, W|||e ||s s|s|er,
Norra, oecare ||e ro||er ol 0regory ol Naz|arzus. le |r|ed l|rs| |o es|ao||s|
||rse|l as a r|e|or |r Cors|ar||rop|e, oelore ||s ||rsrar 0regory
oelr|erded ||r |oge||er W||| 8as||, W|o, |r , d|d ro| r|ss ||e oppor|ur||y |o ;
p|ace ||r or ||e see ol lcor|ur urder ||s oWr jur|sd|c||or. T| e
soreW|a| |rprov|sed o|s|op |ep| c|ose ||es W||| 8as||, ard al|er ||e |a||er's
dea||, |r , W||| oo|| 0regory ol Nyssa ard 0regory ol Naz|arzus. le Was ;
|e|d |r ||g| es|eer oy ||e Cappadoc|ar ||erarc|y ur||| ||s dea|| sore||re
oelore . |o
l|s ||eo|og|ca| |egacy Was |rroc|ous eroug| lor ||s oe|rg correrora|ed |r
lavorao|e |errs oy Cyr|| ol A|exardr|a ard||e ||eor|c|ars ol ||e
Ar||oc|ere sc|oo|. lr ||s s|||| va|uao|e s|udy, lo|| s|a|es. `Arp|||oc||us
Wou|d or|y oe |a|l (s|c. r|re pages oelore ||e erd ol a page |org essay) zoo
recogr|zed, s|ou|d ore ro| add sore a||er||or |o ||s exeges|s . . . As ar
exege|e |e, W|o usua||y corcedes ||e super|or||y ol o||ers, dor|ra|es ||s
lr|erds |r rary Ways' ( ). z|
T| e |a|es| ed||or ol Arp|||oc||us's lor|||eserurera|es ||e lo||oW|rg.
lor||y (Cl0 ll, ), ar ercor|urlor ||e leas| ol C|r|s|ras, lor||y 1 z1 z
(Cl0 ll, ) or l| . - , ||e ree||rg ol 3|reor ard Arra W||| Jesus zz zz18
|r ||e Terp|e, lor||y (Cl0 ll, ) or ||e resurrec||or ol lazarus (Jr . z 1z
- 111), lor||y (Cl0 ll, ) or ||e Worar W|o aro|r|ed Jesus' lee| W||| | z|
ryrr| (l| . - ), lor||y (Cl0 ll, ) or lo|y 3a|urday, lor||y ;oo z o
(Cl0 ll, ) or || . , aga|rs| ||e Ar|ars, lor||y (Cl0 ll, ) lor z; zo ; z8
Fas|er, ar||-Furor|ar, lor||y (Cl0 ll, ) or Zacc|aeus (l| . - ), 8 111o
us|rg, |||e lor||y ard lor||y , ||e |ec|r|que ol |r|roduc|rg |rag|rary |
speec|es, ||ve|y d|a|ogues ard rary exc|ara||ors, lor||y or Jr . a, a
lor||y or Jr . (Cl0 ll, ) |arded doWr or|y |r 3yr|ac, a lor||y 1|z8 z|1
or Aora|ar(Cl0 ll, ) ard or ||e sacr|l|ce ol lsaac (0eres|s ), |r a z|o zz
|rurca|ed Cop||c vers|or, a lor||y lor ||e leas| ol |esoper|ecos|(Cl0 ll,
zo) dea||rg W||| Jr . - . 11o
0re rus| add a Trea||se or la|se asces|s, derourc|rg |r o|o||ca| |errs
|oca| Frcra|||es ard sore Apo|ac|||es, ||e|r d|ss|der| suo-sec|, a|| lara||c
vege|ar|ars, a 3yroda| le||er, very c|ose |o ||e |rea||se 0r ||e lo|y 3p|r||,
;o8N|re T| e lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury 0ree| C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
W||c| 8as|| |ad ded|ca|ed |o Arp|||oc||us, 0r ||e r|g|| la|||, ||e dral|
ol a syroo| |rarsr|||ed |r 3yr|ac, ard a ser|es ol lragrer|s |der||l|ed |r
sore doc|r|ra| ard exege||ca| ca|erae (lodegos, J. beuss, Cl0 ll, ). `l| z
|s rerar|ao|e ||a| |r ||e po|er|ca| |or|||es, as We|| as |r ||e ror-po|er|ca| ores,
Arp|||oc||us sperds a grea| dea| ol ellor| |r g|v|rg a lu|| accour|
ol ||e |ex| lror W||c| |e s|ar|s. lor |rs|arce, |r po|er|ca| |or|||es W|ere
or|y ore scr|p|ura| verse |s a| s|a|e |e dea|s W||| ||e W|o|e passage |r ||s
exp|ara||or |r order |o jus||ly ||e exp|ara||or as ||orou|g|y as poss|o|e. T| e
re|evar| exeges|s |s a|Ways |||era|, ||ere |s or|y ore exarp|e ol ar a||egor|ca|
exeges|s' (lor. , - ), (see 0a|era XXlX). 8o1o
Fd|||ors
l0 , - co|. 3e|euc., , - . ep. syr., or., lr. ;1;;1ooo z1z
436
0a|era, C.. CC ( ). 1;8
3e|euc.. 0oerg, F.. lT3 . 8er||r . 1o
or. |r ||. - . lo||, K., Arp|||oc||us vor l|or|ur |r se|rer ver|a||r|s zur zo
der grosser Kappadoz|err. Tuo|rger-le|pz|g = 0arrs|ad| , 1o| 1o
- 11oz.
or. de recers. oap||z|||s e| |r resurrec||orer. l. 0s|re|r, ured|er|e Tex|e zur
0esc||c||e der oyzar||r|sc|er 0s|erpred|g|. 0|ss. v|erra , - . 1o8111zo
Trars|a||ors
Frg||s|
or. |r Jo|. . . C. |oss, |useor ( ) - . 1|z8 |1o1;o|
0errar
or. de Aor.. 0. l|c|er, Arp|||oc||ara . le|pz|g . 1 1oo
3|ud|es
8orre|, |. `les lsaures dars |es |ore||es d'Arp|||oc||os d'lcor|ur.' lages
- 1o|r le lsau||er c|ez |es lres. Ca||ers de 8|o||a la|r|s||ca . lre|ourg |. |
8r.. Cer|re d'Ara|yse e| de 0ocurer|a||or la|r|s||que, . 1|
0roorer, l. b. `8|o||ograp||a Arp|||oc||ara'. T|0| ( ) - , - . ;;18;1|1;o
0s|re|r, l. `Arp|||oc||us. 0er v|er|e grosse Kappadoz|er'. J080 ( ) 11oo
- 1|.
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| Xl ;o
8l8llCAl FXF0F3l3 AN0
lFb|FNFuTlC3 lN 3blA
0erera| 8|o||ograp|y
Ar||oc|eres
A||arer, 8. `0er 8r|el.' lages - |r K|e|re 3c|r|l|er. vo|. . Fd||ed oy 0. |oz
0|oc|rarr. Tu . 8er||r. A|ader|e, . 8 1o;
A|vrez 3. l. `la '|eor|a' ar||oquera.' Fs|8 ( ). - . 111z1o;
8e|z, l. 0. lu||ar vor 3arosa|a urd das Neue Tes|arer|.
be||g|orsgesc||c||||c|e urd
parare||sc|e lara||e|er. F|r 8e||rag zur Corpus le||er|s||cur Nov| Tes|arer||.
Tu . 8er||r. A|ader|e, . ;o 1o1
. `lu||ar vor 3arosa|a urd das C|r|s|er|ur.' NT ( ). - . 1zzo;
Carrara, l. `Cr|s|o|og|a e ar|ropo|og|a re| ladr| Ar||oc|er|.' bA|| ( ). 1;1z
- ;;o.
0uror||er, J. `les c||a||ors scr|p|ura|res des Co|ao||a||orsd'aprs |eur |rad|||or
rauscr||e.' 3|la|r ( ). - . 11;z1o
lerrardez |arcos, N., ard J. b. 8us|o 3a|z. F| |ex|o ar||oquero de |a 8|o||a
gr|ega,
l. - 3arue| [Tex|os y Fs|ud|os 'Cardera| C|sreros' de |a 8|o||a lo||g|o|a 1z
|a|r||erse ||adr|d. Corsejo 3uper|or de lrves||gac|ores C|er||l|cas, . o 18
0u|ro|, J.-N. `la lor|ure des lexap|esd'0r|gre au lv
ee| v
e
s|c|es er r|||eu ar||oc||er.' lages - |r 0r|ger|ara 3ex|a. 0r|gre e| |a z1z
8|o|e|0r|ger ard ||e
8|o|e. Ac|es du Co||oqu|ur 0r|ger|arur 3ex|ur. C|ar||||y, aou|- sep|erore o
. Fd||ed oy 0. 0or|va| ard A. le 8ou||uec, |r co||aoora||or W||| 1
|. A|exardre, |. ledou, A. lour||er, ard J. wo||rs||. louva|r. lee|ers, . 1
larr|s, 0. J. `A 3|udy ol ||e Ar||oc|er|ar 3c|oo| |r ||e lr|erpre|a||or ol ||e NeW
Tes|arer|.' 0|ss., 3ou||err 8ap||s| T| eo|og|ca| 3er|rary, . 1|8
lay, C. `Ar||oc|ere Fxeges|s ard C|r|s|o|ogy.' A8b ( ). - . 1z1o|1oz
l|da|, 3. `0er ar||o|ers|a exege|||s|o|ar oc| jud|s| s|r|l||ardor.' lages - o;o
|r
Juderdor oc| |r|s|erdor urder de lors|a ar|urdradera ll.
. `Fxeges|s ol ||e 0|d Tes|arer| |r ||e Ar||oc|ere 3c|oo| W||| ||s lreva|er|
l||era| ard l|s|or|ca| |e||od.' lages - |r leoreW 8|o|e | 0|d Tes|arer|. |o8
T| e l|s|ory ol l|s lr|erpre|a||or. vo|. . lror ||e 8eg|rr|rgs |o ||e ||dd|e Ages 1
(ur||| ), |r co-opera||or W||| C. 8re|e|rars ard |. larar, ed. oy |. 3ao, 1oo
lar| . Ar||qu||y. 0o|||rger. varder|oec| & buprec||, . 1 1o
Jellord, C. |. `Trad|||or ard w||ress |r Ar||oc|, Ac|s ard 0|dac|e .' lb3| 1 o z
( ). - . 1z|o1
Kazar, 3. `lsaac ol Ar||oc|'s lor||y aga|rs| ||e JeWs.' 0rC|r ( ). - . |1o1o
Kes|c|, v. `T| e Ar||oc|ears ard ||e Terp|a||or 3|ory.' 3|la|r ( ). - . ;1oo|ooz
;;oN|re T| e lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury 0ree| C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
l|eoaer|, J. `0eux |ore||es Aroreerres (sur ls . - , Ac| . s, sur ls . , z zzz 11z
Ac|
|. - .' |3b ( ). - . 1o z11o|11z
|ac|ra, b. `l'er|gre des prop|e||es e| orac|es por|ee '|acc|aoeerre' e| |eur
app||ca||or s o$o se|or |'exegse ar||oc||erre.' 0rC|r ( ). - ;o18o8o
. 1o
|agrar|r|, l. `la '|eor|a' deg|| Ar||oc|er|.' lages - |r 3cr|||| 0. 8a||ag||a. zz1|z
laerza, . 1;
|ar|r, |. `0r||er|arer|| d| eseges| o|o||ca de| ladr|,' - . z;1;
437
. `0ue ro|e su perdu|us re| ladr| |a||r|.' ve|C|r ( ). - . z188|11
. `lerdu|a expec|a||o. ur |opos s|o|co re| ladr| |a||r|.' ve|C|r ( ). z188
- |o;11.
. `No|e re|or|c|e ed esege||c|e su N|ce|a d| beres|ara. l| 0e psa|rod|ae
ooro.'
ve|C|r ( ). - . 1oo
||c|e|, A. `T|eo|og|e ar||oc||erre.' Ar|C| ( ). - . o1111818
Nass|l, 8. `T| e '3p|r||ua| Fxeges|s' ol 3cr|p|ure. T| e 3c|oo| ol Ar||oc|
bev|s||ed.'
ATb ( ). - . ;1|;;o
Novo|ry, J. A. `Fuseo|us Fresersusol Fresa as lr|erpre|er ol 3|. lau|.' 3lClC
1o1
z( (b )). - . 1o1 1o |;1;
. `les lragrer|s exege||ques sur |es ||vres de |'Arc|er Tes|arer| d'Fusoe
d'Frse.' 0Cl ( ). - . ;11z;o;
0caa, l. de. `lr|erpre|ac|or ar||oquera de |as prolec|as reler|das a lsrae|.' Fs|lr
o|| ( ). - , - , - | - . o1o8|1o18||z|1;o
le|e|, l. `les lragrer|s grecs d'Fusoe d'Frse e| de T| eodore de
|opsues|e,
|'appor| de lrocope de 0aza.' |useor ( ). - . 1o|11||
b|edWeg, C|r. `0errad|os l vor Kors|ar||rope| urd d|e p|a|or|s|ererde Fxegese
des a|||es|arer|||c|er 3c|oplurgsoer|c||es.' lages - |r l|||o||s|or. 1;;z
Fd||ed oy A. 3c|oors ard l. var 0eur. 0r.lov.Ar. . louva|r. lee|ers, . oo 1|
bo|ar-C|aoo|, C. de. `Fxegse de Joo . dars ure |ore||e |red||e de 8as||e zo
de
3e|euc|e.' 3|la|r ( - ). - . 18188181;zo1
borpay, l var. `0errad|us ol Cors|ar||rop|e as a represer|a||ve ol Ar||oc|ere
exeges|s.' 3|la|r ( ). - . 118|oo
3arders, J. T. `(Ac|s . - ) JeW|s| C|r|s||ar||y |r Ar||oc| oelore ||e ||re ol 111zo
ladr|ar, W|ere does ||e |der|||y ||e?' 38l.3l ( ). - . 11z|oo1
3c|auo||r, C. ur|ersuc|urger zu |e||ode urd ler|url|der ar||oc|er|sc|er
Fxegese.
T| eop|are|a . Co|ogre. lars|e|r, . z 1;|
3c|e|dWe||er, l. `Zu der 3c|r|l|des Fus|a|||us vor Ar||oc||er uoer d|e lexe vor
Frdor.' b|l ( ). - . o11z
3parreu|, |. bec|erc|es sur |es ecr||s d'Fus|a|||us Ar||oc|erus avec ure
ed|||or rouve||e des lragrer|s dogra||ques e| exege||ques. l|||e. lacu||es
Ca||o||ques, . 1|8
. `la 8|o|e d'Fus|a||e d'Ar||oc|e.' lr T| ese s |e||res, aux||.lar|s, . 1o
. `Fus|a||e d'Ar||oc|e exeg|e.' 3|la|r ( ). - . ;1oo|
8|o||ca| Fxeges|s ard lerrereu||cs |r 3yr|a ;;1
3|aroW|eys||, |. `|ar|a rova Fva |r |rad|||ore A|exardr|ra e| Ar||oc|era (saecu|o
v).' |ar ( ). - . |1;zz8
Te|z, |. `l l l1l FATlN FllNFZA. Zur a||||rc|||c|er lrage
rac| der K|ar|e|| der le|||ger 3c|r|l|.' lages - |r T|eo|og|e |r 0esc||c||e zoo1
urd Kurs|. wa||er F|||ger zur . 0eour|s|ag, w|||er. . o 1o8
vaccar|, A. `la '|eor|a' esege||ca de||a scuo|a Ar||oc|era.' l r 3cr|||| d| Frud|z|ore
e|c,
- 1o1|z. bore, . 1z
var Fsoroec|, |. `la |egerde des apo|res l|erre, Jear e| lau| Ar||oc|e.'
0rC|r ;8
( ). - . 1|o|8
var borpay, l. b. A. `0errad|us ol Cors|ar||rop|e as a bepreser|a||ve ol
Ar||oc|ere Fxeges|s,' - . |ooo
v|c|aro, A. `0as lorra|e verla|rer der ar||oc|er|sc|er 3c|r|l|aus|egurg. F|r
lorsc|urgsuoero||c|.' lages - |r 3||ru||, ls. F. 0assrarr. Fd||ed oy ;o|o
0. 3c|o||ger ard C. 3c|o||er. |urs|er. Asc|erdorll, . 1o
vo|cu, 3. J. `ura ruova lor|e de||'ore||a lr arrur||a||ore (Cl0 ). 3ever|aro zz|
d|
0aoa|a, 0e l|de.' 0Cl ( ). - . 181;8
Z|rcore, 3. `0|o reg|| scr|||| de| ladr| ar||oc|er|,' - . 18zz
. `lroo|era||c|e re|a||ve a||a resurrezz|ore re||'eseges| ar||oc|era d| Cor 1
. 1zo
ss.' A3Fse ( ). - . 18o1o;
. `l'eseges| pao||ra d| 3ever|aro d| 0aoa|a.' A3F ( ). - . o181;
. `l'a||earza d|v|ra re| pers|ero de| ladr| ar||oc|er|.' lr 0|z|orar|o d|
sp|r||ua|||o|o||co-pa|r|s||ca, . - . bore. 8or|a, . zzz1z 1z
|. Fus|a|||us ol Ar||oc| (d. oelore ) ;
8orr |r larp|y||a. ard o|s|op ol 8eroea |r 3yr|a, ur||| appo|r|ed |r z
or |o ||e see ol Ar||oc|, Fus|a|||us We|cored Frperor Cors|ar||re a| z|
||e syrod |r N|caea |r . T| e sare erperor ex||ed ||r |o T| race |r , z o
al|er ar Ar|ar syrod |ad deposed ||r |r . |os| ol ||s Wr|||rgs are |os|. zo
438
F' - di9o 9$pd idvis, 0r ||e w||c| ol Frdor
aga|rs| 0r|ger, Kgs (Cl0 ll, ) rejec|s 0r|ger's a||egor|sr as suc|, 1 z8 o
|r delerce ol ||s|or|ca| |ru||. lragrer|s (sore |r 3yr|ac) ol correr|ar|es surv|ve
or ||e ||||es ol ||e lsa|rs (Cl0 ll, , ), or ls. ard z 1
z(Cl0 ll, ), ard or lrov. . (Cl0 ll, ), ||e |a||er quo|ed |r o 8zz |
T|eodore|'s Frar|s|esard Fcc|es|as||ca| l|s|ory. Arorg o||er lragrer|s, 0e
|e|c||sedec|, |s |rars|a|ed |r 0ree| ard 3yr|ac (Cl0 ll, ), lr Josep|, lr
3arar||arur, lr lrovero|a, lr Fcc|es|as|erare quo|ed |r 0ree| ca|erae(Cl0
ll, - ). o|o;
;;zN|re T| e lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury 0ree| C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
Fd|||ors
l0 , - . 18o1|
ergas|r.. K|os|errarr, F., 0r|geres Fus|a|||us vor Ar||oc||er url 0regor vor
Nyssa uoer d|e lexe vor Frdor. 8er||r . 11z
3|rore|||, |., 0r|gere, Fus|az|o, 0regor|o d| N|ssa. la raga d| Frdor. l|orerce
18.
lr.. le|||, l., CC , Ca|erae graecae |r 0eres|r, l., l. 1 z1o zz;
3parreu|, |., bec|erc|es sur |es ecr||s d'Fus|a||e d'Ar||oc|eavec ure ed|||or
rouve||e des lragrer|s dogra||ques e| exege||ques. l|||e . 1|8
|e|c|. A||arer, 8., `0er 8r|el o# \is'. 8yZ ( ) - = |o1|oo|;
K|e|re pa|r|s||c|e 3c|r|l|er. 8er||r , - . 1o;|oz
l|o|.. lorerz, b., `0eger l|o||rus'. ZNw ( ) - . ;118o1oz8
lr. 0er.. b. 0evreesse, `Arc|ers correr|a|eurs grecs de |'0c|a|euque. Fus|a||e
d'Ar||oc|e'. b8 ( ) - . ||1181
Trars|a||ors
0errar
lorerz, aoove.
l|a||ar
3|rore|||, aoove.
3|ud|es
3c|e|dWe||er, l. `Zu der 3c|r|l|des Fus|a|||us vor Ar||oc||er uoer d|e lexe vor
Frdor.' b|l ( ). - . o11z
3parreu|, |. la 8|o|e d'Fus|a||e d'Ar||oc|e. lr T| se s |e||res, aux||. lar|s,
. 1o
. `Fus|a||e d'Ar||oc|e exeg|e.' 3|la|r ( ). - . ;1oo|
. bec|erc|es sur |es ecr||s d'Fus|a||e d'Ar||oc|e avec ure ed|||or rouve||e des
lragrer|s dogra||ques e| exeg||ques. l|||e. lacu||es Ca||o||ques, . 1|8
||. Fudox|us ol Cors|ar||rop|e (d. ) ;o
3ore |ypo||e||ca| lragrer|s 0r 0ar|e|l|gure |r ||e ca|eraeurder Fudox|us'
rare (Cl0 ll, , Te|z). |;o
8|o||ca| Fxeges|s ard lerrereu||cs |r 3yr|a ;;
Fd|||ors
lr.. F. 0|e|arp, 0oc|r|ra la|rur. |urs|er = , l. 1o; 181o|
3|ud|es
8rerrec|e, l. C., 3|ud|er zur 0esc||c||e der loroer. Tuo|rger . 188
3parreu|, |.. 0l0F ( ) - . 11o1;|o
Te|z, |., `Fudox|uslragrer|e ?'. 3|la|r ( ) - . 1o11|z
|||. |e|e||us ol Ar||oc| (d. ) 81
T| e Arrer|ar |e|e||us Was a c|assra|e ol ||e lu|ure Jo|r C|rysos|or ard
T| eodore ol |opsues||a |r ||e cer|re ol o|o||ca| s|ud|es lourded oy 0|odore
ol Tarsus. 8elore occupy|rg ||e see ol Ar||oc| |r , |e Was o|s|op ol oo
3eoas|e |r 0rea| Arrer|a. 0esp||e ||s popu|ar||y |r ||e Ar||oc|ere corrur||y,
Cors|ar||us ll oar|s|ed ||r al|er |e |ad de||vered a |or||y or
lrv . |r corlorr||y W||| ||e N|cere Creed. Al|er ||s re|urr lror ex||e 8zz
|r , ard g|ver ||e |rouo|ed s||ua||or ol ||e Ar||oc|ere c|urc|, bore oz
ard A|exardr|a ro |orger recogr|sed ||r as ||e |eg|||ra|e o|s|op ol ||e
|oca| c|urc|. lr , |e ser| a syroda| |e||er (ep.syr) |o Frperor Jov|ar, |r o
W||c| |e |r|erpre|ed ||e N|cere Creed |r order |o recorc||e ||e par||sars
ol lau||rus W||| ||s oWr (ard |erce |o erd ||e Ar||oc|ere sc||sr), lr ||e
3pr|rg ol , |e pres|ded over ||e Courc|| ol Cors|ar||rop|e ou| d|ed soor 81
al|er |r |ay . 0regory ol Nyssa (l0 , - ) ard Jo|r C|rysos|or 81 |o81o|
(l0 , - ) de||vered eu|og|es. o1zo
Fd|||ors
|or(lrov . ). Fp|p|ar|us ol 3a|ar|s., |aer. , - , lo||, 0C3 , 1zz ;z ;
- oo8(Cl0 ll, ). |1;
ep. syr.. 3ocra|es, |.e. , , l0 , - . 3ozorer, |.e. , . z o;|o| o|
lr.. Jo|r ol 0arascus, 3acra lara||e|a, l0 , l. o|8|
3|ud|es
b|c|ard, |., `3a|r| 8as||e e| |a r|ss|or du d|acre 3ao|rus'.Ar8o|| ( ) - o;1|1z8
zoz.
;;|N|re T| e lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury 0ree| C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
|v. Furor|us ol Cyz|cus (d. ) |
A pup|| ol Ae||us ard |||erary delerder ol Neo-Ar|ar|sr, Furor|us Was
p|aced or ||e see ol Cyz|cus oy Fudox|us ol Cors|ar||rop|e |r . 3evera| oo
439
|rper|a| ed|c|s al| er ||s dea|| ordered ||e des|ruc||or ol ||s rurerous
Wr|||rgs. l|s use ol scr|p|ure |r ||s Apo|ogy ard o||er doc|r|ra| rera|rs |s
sra|| ard |s ||r||ed |o d|a|ec||ca| purposes. l|s Correr|ary or ||e Fp|s||e
|o ||e borars|s |os|.
Fd|||ors
0regory ol Nyssa, Cor|ra Furor|ur. w. Jaeger, 0N0 - . le|der . 1z 1oo
vagg|ore, b. l., T|e Fx|ar| wor|s. 0xlord . 18;
Trars|a||ors
Frg||s|
vagg|ore, aoove.
3|ud|es
AoraroWs||, l.. bAC ( ) - . o1ooo|;
8o|r, T., T|eor|aurerd||c||e||Auls||eg. le|der . 1o
Cava|car||, l., 3|ud| Furor|ar|. bore . 1;o
larsor, b. l. C., T| e 3earc| lor ||e C|r|s||ar 0oc|r|re ol 0od.Fd|rourg| , 188
- o11o.
b|sc|, l. X., ls.-8as|||us, Adversus Furor|ur lv-v. le|der . 1z
v. Acac|us ol Caesarea (d. ) oo
Acac|us Was ||e successor ol Fuseo|us ol Caesarea |r . A correr|ary |o
|r sever|eer vo|ures 0r Fcc|es|as|es|s |os|, excep| lor a leW lragrer|s. l|s
||sce||areous ues||orsWere ol a o|o||ca| ra|ure, or|y a passage or Cor 1
1. surv|ves, quo|ed oy Jerore |r ||s Fp. , . T| e ca|eraepreserve ; 11o
quo|a||ors lror a Correr|ary or borarsard aro||er 0r ||e 0c|a|euc|.
Acac|us cor|r|ou|ed |o ||e rerova||or ol ||e ||orary ol Caesarea, lourded
oy 0r|ger.
8|o||ca| Fxeges|s ard lerrereu||cs |r 3yr|a ;;
Fd|||ors
lr. bor. K. 3|aao, lau|us|orrer|are aus der gr|ec||sc|er K|rc|e. |urs|er
1, - . o
quaes|.. b. 0evreesse, les correr|a|eurs de |'0c|a|euque e| des bo|s. bore
1. Jerore, ep. - . 11o
lr. |arce||.. Fp|p|ar|us, |aer. , - . ;zo1o
3|ud|es
8rerrec|e, l. C., 3|ud|er zur 0esc||c||e der loroer. Tuo|rger . 188
leroux, J. |., `Acace, eveque de Cesaree'. 3|la|r ( ) - . 81oo8z8
l|er|ard, J. T., `Acac|us ol Caesarea, Cor|ra |arce||ur. l|s|or|ca| ard T|
eo|og|ca|
becors|dera||ors'. Cr3| , ( ) - . 1o1181zz
v|. T||us ol 8os|ra
(d. dur|rg ||e re|gr ol va|ers, - ) o;8
lror ||e r|d-|||rd cer|ury 8os|ra Was ||e cap||a| ol ||e lrov|rce ol Arao|a.
T||us |s rer||ored as o|s|op ol 8os|ra |r - . le Wro|e Aga|rs| ||e ozo
|ar|c|aears(Cl0 ll, ) |r W||c| 8oo| ll locuses or o|o||ca| ||eo|ogy, ;
W|||e 8oo| lv pro|es|s aga|rs| ||e r|suse ol ||e r| oy ||e |ar|c|ees.
||e Wor| |s ava||ao|e |r a 3yr|ac vers|or execu|ed W||||r l|ve years ol ||e
au||or's dea||. l|s |or||e||c Correr|ary or lu|e(Cl0 ll, ) |s |rars|a|ed ;o
||roug| ||e Ca|erae. A 3error or Fp|p|ary(Cl0 ll, ) |s par||a||y ;8
reproduced |r ||e l|or||eg|ur Fdesserur(8r||. |us. Add. ). 1z1o
Fd|||ors
|ar.. l0 , - . 181oo1zo|
l. de lagarde, T||| 8os|rer| quae ex opere cor|ra |ar|c|aeos ed||a |r cod|ce
larourgers| serva|a sur| graece. 8er||r . 18
Nage|, l., `Neues gr|ec||sc|es |a|er|a| zu T||us vor 8os|ra'. 38l , ( ) z11;
- z8o.
lr. lc., lr. 0ar.. J. 3|c|eroerger, T||us vor 8os|ra. 3|ud|er zu desser
lu|as|or|||er. le|pz|g , - , - . 1o11|oz|z|oz|8
serr.. l. buc|er, `l|or||eg|ur Fdesserur aroryrur'. 38Aw , , 1
- 8z8;.
;;oN|re T| e lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury 0ree| C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
3|ud|es
Ararr, F.. 0TC , ( ) l. 111|o11|
8aurs|ar|, A., `0|e syr|sc|e uoerse|zurg des T||us vor 8os|ra urd das
'0|a|essaror''. 8|o. ( ) - . 1o1z;
3o||grac, A.. 03p ( ) - . 1111ooo
v||. Cyr|| ol Jerusa|er (ca. - ) 18o
8|s|op ol Jerusa|er lror , ard expe||ed lror ||s see ||ree ||res oy ||e |8
Ar|ars, Cyr|| |oo| par| |r ||e Courc|| ol Cors|ar||rop|e, . l|s |Wer|ylour 81
Ca|ec|e||ca| le||ers(Cl0 ll, ), preserved ||ar|s |o |rarscr|p|s ol ||s 8
aud||ors (cors|dered as au||er||c oy l. l. Cross), derors|ra|e ||e pervad|rg
|rl| uerce ol scr|p|ure |r ||e ra||rg ol a C|r|s||ar |||urgy. T|e l|rs| preoap||sra|
ca|ec|es|s urges ||e card|da|es lor oap||sr |o rour|s| ||e|r sou| W|||
read|rg ||e 8|o|e, ||e secord, |||rd, ard lour|| e|aoora|e oe||els aoou| s|r
ard per||erce, oap||sr ard la|||, |r cors|ar||y relerr|rg |o scr|p|ure. T| e
sare |s |rue ol ||e |ys|agog|ca| Ca|ec|es|s(Cl0 ll, ), dea||rg W||| ||e 8o
440
cereror|es ol oap||sr, corl|rra||or, ard euc|ar|s|. w|er arrourc|rg suc|
ca|ec|eses |r , , Cyr|| |rs|s|s very spec|a||y or ||e o|o||ca| relererce. `ou 18
W||| oe g|ver prools lror ||e 0|d ard NeW Tes|arer|s, l|rs|, ol course, lor ||e
|||rgs ||a| Were dore |rred|a|e|y oelore your oap||sr, ard rex| |oW you
|ave oeer rade c|ear lror your s|rs oy ||e lord, . . . ||er aoou| ||e rys|er|es
ol ||e a||ar ol ||e reW coverar| W||c| |ad ||e|r or|g|r |ere, W|a| lo|y
3cr|p|ure |e||s us aoou| ||er' (|r. lCC, uas|er la|ro|ogyll, ). o
A |or||y, de||vered oy Cyr|| W|er s|||| a pr|es|, lr para|y||cur |ux|a
p|sc|rar |acer|er (Jr . ) (Cl0 ll, ), ard lour s|or| quo|a||ors ol 88
o||er |or|||es are ||e or|y o||er rera|rs ol Cyr||'s |||erary ac||v||y. 0r|y
|r ||e |or||y or Jo|r . does Cyr|| |rdu|ge |r a||egor|sr. l|s proper use
ol scr|p|ure |s |o ca|| or || |o deeper ||e serse ol |||urg|ca| ac||or. le l|rds
|r scr|p|ure a|| ||e reeded exarp|es ard regu|a||ors lor |r|roduc|rg reop|y|es
ard reW|y oap||zed oe||evers |r|o ||e syroo||c rea|r ol |||urgy,
W|ere ||e|r C|r|s||ar s|a|us |s redel|red ard ||ey are |rves|ed W||| reW
po|er||a| ard reW respors|o||||es. lr ||e lroca|ec|es|s, or |r|roduc||or |o
||e Ca|ec|eses, aga|r ard aga|r |e urges card|da|es |o read scr|p|ure ard
|o pray ||.
T|e l|rs| Ca|ec|e||ca| lec|ures|oWs c|ear|y |oW Cyr||'s a||||ude |oWard
scr|p|ure Was er||re|y de|err|red oy ||s s|rorg percep||or ol |||urg|ca|
va|ues. |e |earred lror scr|p|ure W|ere |||urgy care lror ard W|a| Was
8|o||ca| Fxeges|s ard lerrereu||cs |r 3yr|a ;;;
||s s|gr|l| carce, ard |e saW |||urgy ac|ua||z|rg syroo||ca||y ||e W|o|e sa|v|l|c
ressage ol scr|p|ure. l|s syroo||c d|scourse |s re|||er a||egor|ca| ror
|ypo|og|ca| |r ||e A|exardr|ar serse, oecause |e |s ro| prec|se|y |eac||rg
|oW scr|p|ure reeds |o oe urders|ood, ou| |oW || |s ac|ua||y erood|ed |r
||e oap||sra| exper|erce.
ou are rece|v|rg ro| a per|s|ao|e ou| a sp|r||ua| s||e|d. lercelor||
you are p|ar|ed |r ||e |rv|s|o|e (= roe||c, ro|or) parad|se. ou rece|ve
a reW rare, W||c| you |ad ro| oelore. up |o roW you Were a ca|ec|urer, ou|
roW you W||| oe ca||ed a oe||ever. ou are |rarsp|ar|ed
|ercelor|| arorg ||e sp|r||ua| (= roe||c) o||ve-|rees, oe|rg gral|ed
lror ||e W||d |r|o ||e good o||ve-|ree, lror s|rs |r|o r|g||eousress,
lror po||u||or |r|o pur||y. ou are rade par|a|er ol ||e |o|y v|re.'
(|r. F. l. 0|llord NlNl , ) ;;
lror ||e l|rs| |o ||e e|g||eer|| Ca|ec|esesCyr|| e|aoora|es or ||e d|llerer|
ar||c|es ol ||e Creed ard ||e d|v|re corrardrer|s, cor|erp|a|ed |r ||e
lrare ol ||e o|o||ca| sa|va||or s|ory. l|s quo|a||or ol lau| ard o||er r|
au||ors |r|ers|l|es W|er |e surveys, |r Ca|ec|eses |o , ||e gospe| 1o 1
rarra||ves corcerr|rg Jesus, ou| |e g|ves, a| l|rs|, a |org accour| or `||e d|v|re|y
|rsp|red scr|p|ures' oy preser||rg ||e|r caror|ca| ||s|, |r Ca|ec|es|s . T| us |e |
s|ruc|ures ||s |ec|ure er||re|y arourd ||e scr|p|ures, ard ||e|r very cor|er|
|s l|||ed W||| o|o||ca| |es||ror|es.
Fd|||ors
l0
l|edagre|, A., 3C ( ) 1zo1oo
boWe|arp, 0., lC . ;
Trars|a||ors
Frg||s|
Cross, l. l., ed., b. w. C|urc|, |rars|.. 3|. Cyr|| ol Jerusa|er's lec|ures or
||e C|r|s||ar 3acrarer|s. T| e lroca|ec|es|s ard ||e l|ve |ys|agog|ca|
Ca|ec|eses. lordor . 11
0|llord, F. l.. NlNl, rd ser., vo|. ( ) - . z 18|11;
lrerc|
8ouve|, J. Ca|ec|ses oap||sra|es e| rys|agog|ques. Narur . 1oz
l|edagre|, aoove.
0errar
lauser, l.. 8Kv z
|1, . 1zz
;;8N|re T| e lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury 0ree| C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
w|r|ersWy|, l. A., 0es ||. 8|sc|ols Cyr||| vor Jerusa|er beder der F|rWe||urg.
|ys|agog|sc|e Ka|ec|eser. lre|ourg |. 8r. 1z
1|.
3|ud|es
Arrs|rorg, 0. T. `T| e Cross |r ||e 0|d Tes|arer| Accord|rg |o A||aras|us, Cyr||
ol
Jerusa|er ard ||e Cappadoc|ar la||ers.' lr T| eo|og|a cruc|ss|grur cruc|s.
ls.
lur Fr|c| 0|r||er, - . Tuo|rger, . 1;8 1;
Azza|| 8errarde|||, 0. ` l| , - e 0v , re||'eseges| d| Fuseo|o d| 1 1181 1 1;
Cesarea,
d| C|r|||o d| 0erusa|erre, d| Fp|lar|o.' lr 3argue e| ar|ropo|og|a re||a |eo|og|a,
a||| de||a vl se|||rara, bora - roverore , - . Fd||ed oy zz8 18;8
l. va|||or|. bore. Fd. l|a ur|ore, . 18
441
. ` 0v . e l| . - re||'eseges| d| Fuseo|o d| Cesarea, d| C|r|||o d| 1 1; 1 1181
0erusa|erre, d| Fp|lar|o d| 3a|ar|ra.' lr A||| de||a vll. 3e|||rara d| 3|ud|
'3argue
e ar|ropo|og|a re||a |eo|og|a red|eva|e,' - . Fd||ed oy l. va|||or|. bore. l|a 8
ur|ore lrez|os|ss|ro 3argue, . 11
8|o||a la|r|s||ca . lar|s . | 18;
8|sso||, 0. `3. C|r|||o d| 0erusa|erre. 0re||a su| para||||co de||a p|sc|ra
prooa||ca.'
3|8|ol ( ). - . 11811;;o
8ora|o, A. la do||r|ra |r|r||ar|a d| C|r|||o d| 0erusa|erre. 3|ud|a Fp|erer|d|s
Aug.
18. bore. Augus||r|arur, . 18
8ou|||y, l. `le rys|re de |a cro|x d'aprs 3. Cyr|||e de Jerusa|er.' As3e|gr ;
( ). 1o
- 88.
8roe|, b. var der. `0er 8er|c|| des |op||s|er Kyr|||os vor Jerusa|er uoer das
leoraerevarge||ur.' lr Car|-3c|r|d|-Ko||oqu|ur ( , la||e, 3aa|e). lrsg. 188
le|er Nage| [Korgress- urd Tagurgsoer|c||e der |ar||r-lu||er-ur|vers|a|
la||ew|||eroerg|., - . la||e (3aa|e). |ar||r-lu||er-ur|vers|a|, . 1o; 1o
Carpagraro, A. `ls. C|r|||o d| 0erusa|erre, 0re||e cop|e su||a lass|ore, su||a
Croce e su||a verg|re.' Tes|| e docurer|| per |o s|ud|o de||'Ar||c||| ( ). o18o
C|r||o de Jerusa|er, F| Fsp|r||u 3ar|o. Fd||ed ard |rars|a|ed oy C. 0rarado. |.
C|udad Nuova, . 1o
Coqu|r, b.-0., ard 0. 0odror. `ur ercor|or cop|e sur |ar|e-|ade|e|re a||r|oue

Cyr|||e de Jerusa|er.' 8llA0 ( ). - . o1o1oz1z
Cu|rore, F. J. `Cyr||'s |ys|agog|ca| Ca|ec|eses ard ||e Fvo|u||or ol ||e
Jerusa|er
Arap|ora.' 0Cl ( ). - . ||1;8zo|
0acqu|ro, l. `la Cres|ra e || suo cor|es|o o|o||co re||e ca|ec|es| d| C|r|||o e
0|ovarr| d| 0erusa|erre.' 3cC ( ). - . o1ozz1oo
0edders, K. Arrus |||urg|cusFer orderzoe| raar de oe|e|er|s var Cyr|||us var
Jerusa|er voor de or|W|||e||rg var |e| `|er|e||j| jaar.'0oes. 0os|eraar, . 1;
0ra|se||as, C. `|ar |r l|s 0r|g|ra| 3|a|e ard |r ||e 3|a|e ol 3|r Accord|rg |o 3|.
Cyr|| ol A|exardr|a.' T|A||er ( ). - , ( ). - . |11;o|o|z1;11|;
8|o||ca| Fxeges|s ard lerrereu||cs |r 3yr|a ;;
F|der, F. T. Cor|ex|ua| lrpac| or ||e use ol 3cr|p|ures |r ||e los|-8ap||sra|
lor|||es
ol Jo|r C|rysos|or ard Cyr|| ol Jerusa|er, vl. Arr Aroor, ||c|.. u|l, . 18;
lerrrdez, 0. `|ar|a er |as ca|eques|s de 3. C|r||o de Jerusa|er.' Fp||ar z
( ). 1;
- 1|;1.
0rarado, C. `lreura|o|og|a de 3ar C|r||o de Jerusa|er.' FsTe ( ). - 818|z1
. o
0reer|ee, J. l. T| e 0ospe| Tex| ol Cyr|||us l|eroso|yr||arus. 0|ss., larvard,
- 1|o
1|;.
. T| e 0ospe| Tex| ol Cyr|| ol Jerusa|er. 3|ud|es ard 0ocurer|s . 1;
Coper|ager.
|ur|sgaard, . 1
lara, C. |. `Corcep||a sl|r|u|u| C||r|| a| lerusa||ru|u| despre 3lva 3cr|p|ur ca
|ere| a| irv||ur||or o|ser|c|| ir 'Ca|e|eze|e' sa|e (Corcep||o s. Cyr|||| l|eros.
de 3. 3cr|p|ura u| ||era doc|r|rarur ecc|es. |r Ca|ec|es|ous.' 3T8uc ( ). 11o;
- ||o.
Jac|sor, l. `T| e lo|y 3p|r|| |r ||e ca|ec|es|s ard rys|agogy ol Cyr|| ol
Jerusa|er.'
0|ss., a|e, . 18;
. `Cyr|| ol Jerusa|er's |rea|rer| ol scr|p|ura| |ex|s corcerr|rg ||e lo|y 3p|r||.'
Tr
|o( ). - . 1111
. `Cyr|| ol Jerusa|er's use ol 3cr|p|ure |r Fxeges|s.' T3 ( ). - . z11|1o
Jer||rsor, w. b. `T| e lrage ard ||e l||eress ol 0od |r |ar |r ||e F|g||eer
lec|ures or ||e Credo ol Cyr|| ol Jerusa|er (c. - ).' FT|l ( ). 18; |o1o|
- |8;1.
|aro|r, l. du. `la scre de Cara correr|ee par 3. Cyr|||e d'A|exardr|e.' lr 0e
pr|rord||s cu||us rar|ar|, vo|. , - . lor|. Acad. |ar., . 1oz 1;o
lau||r, A., 3a|r| Cyr|||e de Jerusa|er ca|ec||e. lar|s 1
le|ersor, F. `\ioovv (Ac. , s).' N3Tu ( ). l. 11 z1|1o
b|gg|, C. `lo slordo esege||co de||a ca|ec|es| pa|es||rese |r Fp|lar|o d| 3a|ar|ra
e |r C|r|||o d| 0erusa|erre.' lr Fseges| e ca|ec|es| re| ladr| (secc. ll-lv).
Corvegro d| s|ud|o e agg|orrarer|o, laco|| d| le||ere cr|s||are e c|ass|c|e
(lor||l|c|ur lrs|||u|ur A|||or|s la||r||a||s), bora - rarzo , - . zoz8 1z1z1o
442
Fd||ed oy 3. le||c|. 8|o||o|eca d| 3c|erze be||g|ose , 3|ud|Tes||Correr|| 1oo
la|r|s||c|. bore. lA3, . 1
3aocau, A.-|. `l'|rpor|arce ac|ue||e des `Ca|ec|ses' de 3|. Cyr|||e, arc|eveque
de
Jerusa|er (er roura|r).' 3T8uc ( ). - . o18|11oz;
3axer, v. `Cyr||| vor Jerusa|er urd d|e le|||ge 3c|r|l|. was er vor ||r |e|r| urd
W|e
er s|e georauc||.' lr 3||ru||, ls. F. 0assrarr, - . Fd||ed oy 0. 3c|o||ger ||o
ard C. 3c|o||er. |urs|er. Asc|erdorll, . 1o
3|rore|||, |.. 0lACl ( ), - . 18oo;
3|ep|ersor, A. A. `3|. Cyr|| ol Jerusa|er ard ||e A|exardr|ar C|r|s||ar 0ros|s.'
3|la|r ( ). - . 11;1|z|o
Tou|or, 0. `la re||ode ca|ec|e||que de 3. Cyr|||e de Jerusa|er corparee
ce||es
de 3. Augus||r e| de T| edore de |opsues|e.' l0C ( ). - . 111zo8
;8oN|re T| e lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury 0ree| C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
Tura, b. `8a||es|ro e s|or|a de||a sa|vezza re||a ca|ec|es| d| 3. C|r|||o d|
0erusa|erre.' 3|la| ( ). - . 1;1;oo;|
a r r o |d , F . J. . TbF ( ) - . 8181zo1oo
v|||. T|eodore ol lerac|ea (d. )
l|aced or ||e see ol lerac|ea, ||e arc|er| re|ropo||s ol T| rac|a, oy Fuseo|us
ol N|cored|a soor al|er ||e Courc|| ol N|caea , T| eodore |s |roWr as z
ar au||or ||roug| lragrer|s ol a Correr|ary or lsa|a|(Cl0 ll, ) o1
ard ol correr|ar|es 0r |a|||eW, lu|e, Jo|r, Ac|s, Cor . , ||e lsa|rs 1 18
( - ). ozo;
Fd|||ors
l0 , - . 181o;;8
lss.. b. 0evreesse, les correr|a|eurs des lsaures. bore , . 1;o18
lr. lc.. J. beuss, lu|asKorrer|are. 8er||r , . 18|11
lr. ||.. J. beuss, |a|||aus-Korrer|are. 8er||r , - . 1;
lr. Jo.. J. beuss, Jo|arres-Korrer|are. 8er||r , - . 1ooo1;8
lr. Ac|.. J. A. Crarer, C0lNT . 0xlord = l||des|e|r . 188 1o;
3|ud|es
lau||aoer, |., 0|e lrop|e|er-Ca|erer. lre|ourg , - . 18o1o
bordeau, |.-J., les correr|a|eurs pa|r|s||ques du lsau||er . bore , l. 1 18z;
3c|alerd|c|, K., `T| eodor vor lera||ea. K|rc|erpo|||||er urd Fxege|'. ls. J.
3|rauo.
8er||r , - . 18z|1o
. `Jo|arres|orrer|ar'. Z0A ( ) - , 3c|We||erze||, 8er||r , 11o1811; 1o
, 1
o8, - ). o8;
|x. 0|odore ol Tarsus (d. oelore ) |
8orr |r Ar||oc|, |ra|red ||ere oy 3||varus, |a|er ||e o|s|op ol Tarsus, ard
Fuseo|us ol Fresa, 0|odore corp|e|ed ||s educa||or |r A||ers. le re|urred
|o Ar||oc|, W|ere |e|e||us ( - ) orda|red ||r |r|o ||s presoy|er|ur. As oo81
a |eac|er |r ||e |oca| as|e|r|or, 0|odore oecare ||e l| rs| s|gr|l|car| exporer| ol
||e Ar||oc|ere exege||ca| sc|oo|, arorg ||s s|uder|s Were T| eodore
ol |opsues||a ard Jo|r C|rysos|or. As a |eader |r ||e |oca| |||urgy, |e |r-
8|o||ca| Fxeges|s ard lerrereu||cs |r 3yr|a ;81
|roduced a reW Way ol s|rg|rg ||e psa|rs dur|rg ||e oll| ce oy |Wo a||erra|e
c|o|rs (T| eodore|, lF , , ). Al|er ar ex||e |r Arrer|a, W||c| gave ||r zz|
ar oppor|ur||y |o ree| 8as|| ol Caesarea W||| W|or |e |ep| a |org-|as||rg
lr|erds||p, |r |e|e||us p|aced ||r or ||e see ol Tarsus, |r C|||c|a. ;8
0ver a cer|ury al|er ||s dea|| |r , |e Was corderred |r Cors|ar||rop|e as a |
precursor ol Nes|or|us, ard ||s rary Wr|||rgs Were des|royed.
0r|y lragrer|s are |roWr ( - ). 81zz
0|odore Wro|e correr|ar|es prac||ca||y or a|| ||e scr|p|ures, ou| a|so
or apo|oge||c ard dogra||c |ssues. Accord|rg |o 8as||, Fp. , |e experded 1
care or ||e |||erary lorr ol ||s Wor|s. l|s Correr|ary or lsa|rs|as oeer
par||a||y recovered, urder ||e rare ol Aras|as|us, a re|ropo|||ar ol N|caea
(|ar|s, correc|ed oy 0evreesse). l| |grores a||egor|sr ard a||oWs a ress|ar|c
re|evarce or|y lor lsa|r , , , (3c|auo||r, TbF). z8||1o
l|s ed|||o pr|rcepsoy J. |. 0||v|er revea|s 0|odore a| Wor|. le |r|erds
|o produce `ar |r|erpre|a||or verse oy verse' s sd ov ( , , , o1
o). Fac| exp|ara||or ol a psa|r s|ar|s oy a s|or| |r|roduc||or (:9i)
aoou| ||e s||ua||or ard ro||va||or W||c| cord|||ored ||e psa|r|s|, |erce
||e very ra|ure ol ||e psa|r |s spec|l|ed, |l || |s a d\- 59is (`e|||ca|,'
aoou| |urar oe|av|or), |||e ls. , or a op 1 d ' -v siov (a `prop|ecy
aoou| ||e lord'), |||e lsa|r , e|c. T| e correr|s ol ore verse regu|ar|y z
erd|rg W||| a Word or p|rase arrourc|rg ||e lo||oW|rg verse, W||c| g|ves
||e |rpress|or ol a cor||ruous ard cors|s|er| expos|||or. 0|odore rever
||res ol s|ress|rg ||e poe||c ra|ure ol ||e psa|rs, oy ra||rg c|ear |o W||c|
doWr-|o-ear|| rea||||es ard aspec|s ol ||e |rred|a|e exper|erce ol ||le ||e
|rages, re|ap|ors, ard syroo||c p|rases ol ||e psa|r|s| reler. le does ro|
443
der|gra|e psa|r|c poe|ry oy ra||ora||z|rg ||, ror does |e rove aWay lror
||e o|o||ca| |ex| oy rora||z|rg ||roug| a parap|rase ol ||s oWr, ou| |e
c|a|rs |o |r|erpre| ||e psa|rs sd9 6odv ( , , , . . ), |e reluses 1z81z1o1
o% d$i 9o v \\popv ( , , , ), `||e o|d W|ves' |a|es o1z|
ol ||e a||egor|s|s.' T| us |e parap|rases ||e verses W||| ||e|r oWr vo|ce,
|r ro||rg ror-psa|r|c equ|va|erc|es lor eac| ol ||e|r e|erer|s. `|e ca||s
'Way' ||e oe|av|or' ( , o, , ), `||e 'W|||' s|ards lor 'eagerress,' 'corcerr,'' 11 o
e|c. ( , a, , ), `Jus| as ||e '|ree' . . . so s|ou|d ||e |urar persor' ( , ac, 1z 1o|o 1
1o, - ), aga|r '||e Way' rears '|urar ac||ors' ( 1o i) or ||e 'Way ol
||le' ( ipdd) ( , ao, , - ), |o quo|e or|y ||e correr|s or 1o 11;88
ls , g|v|rg ||e |ure ol ||e W|o|e correr|ary. lrequer| rer||or |s rade 1
ol ||e veroa| ||res |rver|ed, spea||rg ou| |r ||e preser| W|a| s|ou|d oe sa|d
|r ||e lu|ure, or ||e cor|rary. vo v vo v\\dsdi ( , oc, , o;
;;), rore gerera||y. vo v vo +di v o+ oi sd o#o
o\\ov v d\v :sdi `0re ||re s|ards lor aro||er |r ||e verses,
;8zN|re T| e lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury 0ree| C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
ard |||s ol|er |appers |r lsa|rs' ( , , , - ). T| e W|o|e correr|ary, 18|
roW ava||ao|e, deserves a ||oroug| s|udy.
Fd|||ors
l0 , - . 1o11oz8
0ecor|rc|, J., Fssa| sur |a c|aire de |'0c|a|euqueavec ure ed|||or des
Correr|a|res de 0|odore de Tarse. lar|s . 11z
0evreesse, b., les correr|a|eurs de |'0c|a|euque. bore , - . 11o;
0||v|er, J. |., CC , Correr|ar|| |r lsa|ros. lar|s . ; 18o
3|aao, K., lau|us|orrer|are aus der gr|ec||sc|er K|rc|e. |urs|er , 1
- 811z.
syrous.. AoraroWs||, b., `0er ||eo|og|sc|e Nac||ass des 0|odors vor Tars|s'.
ZNw ( ) - . |z1|1oo
8r|re, |. `ue|ques lragrer|s syr|aques de 0|odore de Tarse'. b0C o
( ) - . 1|oz18
la|.. l|o||us, cod. , b. lerry, , - . lar|s . zz |;|8 1o
Trars|a||ors
lrerc|
8r|re, lerry, aoove.
0errar
AoraroWs||, b., aoove.
3|ud|es
AoraroWs||, l.. 0l0F ( ) - . 1|1oo|oo|
0reer, b. A., `T|e Ar||oc|ere C|r|s|o|ogy'. JT| 3 ( ) - . 1;1ooz;|1
Kazar, 3. `lsaac ol Ar||oc|'s lor||y aga|rs| ||e JeWs.' 0rC|r ( ). - . |1o1o
lecor|e, b. `l'asce|er|urde 0|odore.' lr |e|. A. booer|, - . lar|s, . 1o 1;
|ar|ls, l. F|udes pre||r|ra|res |'ed|||or de 0|odore de Tarse sur |es psaures.
lar|s,
1.
0||v|er, J.-|. `ur lragrer| pa||rpses|e du Correr|a|re de 0|odore de Tarse sur
|es lsaures (v|rdoo. T| eo|. 0r. , Xe s).' blT ( ). - . 1;; 18188z|1
0orrer |ada||||, J. Kosras der lrd|erla|rer. Kaulrarr, Kosro|oge urd
Fxege|
zW|sc|er a|exardr|r|sc|er urd ar||oc|er|sc|er T| eo|og|e. lru|es C|r|s|er|ur.
lorsc|urger urd lerspe|||ver . |ur|c|. Ku||urver|ag, . | 1o
b|edWeg, C. `0errad|os l vor Kors|ar||rope| urd d|e p|a|or|s|ererde Fxegese
des a|||es|arer|||c|er 3c|oplurgsoer|c||es.' lages - |r l|||o||s|or. 1;;z
8|o||ca| Fxeges|s ard lerrereu||cs |r 3yr|a ;8
Fd||ed oy A. 3c|oors ard l. var 0eur. 0r.lov.Ar. . louva|r. lee|ers, oo
1|.
b|ra|d|, 0., `lo|er|ca Ar||a||egor|s||ca'. Aug ( ) - . 1|o;o
bordeau, |. J., `le 'Correr|a|re des lsaures' de 0|odore de Tarse e|
|'exegse ar||que du lsaure | '. blb ( ), ( ). 1o1o 1;o1o1;;1;o
. les correr|a|res pa|r|s||ques du lsau||er . bore , - . 1 18z1oz
3c|auo||r, C. `0|odor vor Tarsos geger lorp|yr|os?' |l ( ). - . z;1;o8o
. |e||ode urd ler|url|der Ar||oc|er|sc|er Fxegese. Co|ogre . 1;|
. TbF ( ) - . 8181;o;o;
3c|We|zer, F., `0|odor a|s Fxege|'. ZNw ( ) - . |o1|1;
3|rore|||, |., lrol||o= 8|o||ca| lr|erpre|a||ors |r ||e Far|y C|urc|( ) l. 1|o8
3u|||var, l. A., T| e C|r|s|o|ogy ol T| eodore ol |opsues||a. bore , - 1o181
. o
var borpay, l. b. A. `0errad|us ol Cors|ar||rop|e as a bepreser|a||ve ol
Ar||oc|ere Fxeges|s,' - . |ooo
x. Jo|r C|rysos|or ( | - ) ||||o;
8orr ol a We||-|o-do Ar||oc|ere lar||y ard |r|||a||y educa|ed oy ||s ro||er
W|o |ad oeer W|doWed a| ||e age ol |Wer|y, C|rysos|or oecare a s|uder| ol
||e larous r|e|or|c|ar l|oar|us, ard s|ud|ed ||eo|ogy W||| 0|odore, ||e lu|ure
o|s|op ol Tarsus. A pro|ege ol 8|s|op |e|e||us, lor s|x years C|rysos|or
c|ose |o urdergo a severe asce||c exper|rer| |r ||e rour|a|rs re|g|oor|rg
444
Ar||oc| oelore |e|e||us orda|red ||r deacor |r , ard 8|s|op l|av|ar 81
pr|es| |r , W||| a spec|a| preac||rg ass|grrer|. lor |er years |e lu|l|||ed 8o
||s du|y, earr|rg ||e ||||e `0o|der |ou||' (c|rysos|oros) lor ||e or||||arce ard
doc|r|ra| suos|arce ol ||s e|oquerce. lorced oy Frperor Arcad|us |r |o ;
occupy ||e see ol Cors|ar||rop|e, |e soor oecare v|c||r ol cour| |r|r|gues,
ard sullered ruc| v|o|erce oelore dy|rg |r ex||e or 3ep|eroer , . 1||o;
Jo|r's |dea||s||c d|spos|||or Was perrea|ed oy ||s |r|erse lar|||ar||y W|||
scr|p|ure. le cors|dered || ||s l|rs| oo||ga||or |o de||ver lror ||e pu|p|| a
geru|re expos|||or ol ||e o|o||ca| ooo|s. `A|Ways arx|ous |o ascer|a|r ||e
|||era| serse ard opposed |o a||egory, |e coro|res grea| lac||||y |r d|scerr|rg ||e
sp|r||ua| rear|rg ol ||e scr|p|ura| |ex| W||| ar equa| ao||||y lor
|rred|a|e, prac||ca| app||ca||or |o ||e gu|darce ol ||ose corr|||ed |o ||s
care. T| e dep|| ol ||s ||oug|| ard ||e sourdress ol ||s ras|erlu| expos|||or are
ur|que ard a||rac| ever roderr readers. le |s equa||y a| |ore |r
||e ooo|s ol ||e 0|d ard ||e NeW Tes|arer| ard |as ||e s|||| |o use ever
||e lorrer lor ||e cord|||ors ol ||e preser| ard ||e proo|ers ol da||y ||le'
(uas|er, ll, ). |
;8|N|re T| e lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury 0ree| C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
|os| ol C|rysos|or's exege||ca| |or|||es are de||vered dur|rg ||e years
ol ||s Ar||oc|ere r|r|s|ry, oelore ||s la|elu| rove |o Cors|ar||rop|e.
0r 0eres|s, |r a l| rs| se| ol r|re |or|||es ( ) da||rg lror ler| , ||1o 8o
e|g|| ol ||er locus|rg or 0r - , ard |r a secord se| ol s|x|y-sever |or|||es 1
( ), W||| a corp|e|e correr|ary or 0eres|s., da||rg lror . ||o 88
0r ||e lsa|rs ( ), rore prec|se|y or l|l|y-e|g|| ol ||er, da||rg lror ||1
||s |as| years |r Ar||oc|. ls - , - , - , - . Add o||er |1z||1o811;111o
correr|s, ro| |rc|uded |r |||s ser|es ol |or|||es, or ls , ( ), ard |1|8||1|11
1
( ). w|er d|scuss|rg ||e |||era| cor|er| ol ||e psa|r|c verses C|rysos|or ||1
uses excep||ora||y ||e vers|or ol 3yrrac|us, Aqu||a ard T| eodo||or, rex|
|o ||e 3ep|uag|r|.
0r lsa|a| ( ), or|y s|x |or|||es or lsa|a| surv|ve |r ||e or|g|ra| ||1; o
0ree|, ou| ||e corp|e|e correr|ary |s ava||ao|e |r Arrer|ar. T|ere are
0ree| lragrer|s or lsa|a| - , , |r 0ree| ca|erae( ard ). 181o| ||1o ||18
0r K|rgs. a leW c|ap|ers are exp|a|red |r l| ve |or|||es `0r larra|'
(l0 , - ), |r ||ree `0r 0av|d ard 3au|' (|o., - ), ard s|||| |o1o;o o;;o8
aro||er c|ap|er `or F||ja| ard ||e |osp||ao|e W|doW' ( Kgs ) |s ore 1 1;
|or||y ( ). |8;
0r ||e 0oscur||y ol ||e lrop|ec|es( ), dea|s W||| a rore gerera| ||zo
quo|a||or, |r |Wo |or|||es corposed |r . 8o
lragrer|s |r ca|erae, or Jerer|a| ( ard ), 0ar|e| ( ), ||1 |||; |||8
lroveros (Cl0 ll, ) ard Joo (Cl0 ll, ). |||o ||||
0r |accaoees. ||ree |or|||es ( ). ||
0r |a|||eW. r|re|y |or|||es ( ), W||| 3yr|ac, Cop||c, Arrer|ar, ||z|
0eorg|ar, la||r, Arao|c ard 0|d-3|avor|c vers|ors.
0r Jo|r. e|g||y-e|g|| |or|||es ( ), W||| sare vers|ors excep| ||e ||z
0|d-3|avor|c.
0r Ac|s. l| l|y-l|ve |or|||es, W||| Arrer|ar vers|or ( ). ||zo
0r borars. |||ry-|Wo |or|||es, par||a| Arrer|ar vers|or ( ). ||z;
0r Cor|r|||ars. lor|y-lour |or|||es, W||| 3yr|ac, Cop||c, Arrer|ar, 1
ard Arao|c vers|ors ( ). ||z8
0r Cor|r|||ars. |||r|y |or|||es, W||| 3yr|ac ard Arrer|ar vers|ors z
( ). ||z
0r 0a|a||ars. severa| |or|||es co||ec|ed |r a corpac| Correr|ary, |||e
or lsa|a| ( ). ||o
0r Fp|es|ars. |Wer|y-lour |or|||es, W||| 3yr|ac ard Arrer|ar vers|ors
( ). ||1
0r l||||pp|ars. l| l|eer |or|||es, W||| 3yr|ac ard Arrer|ar vers|ors
( ). ||z
8|o||ca| Fxeges|s ard lerrereu||cs |r 3yr|a ;8
0r Co|oss|ars. |We|ve |or|||es, W||| 3yr|ac, Arrer|ar ard Cop||c vers|ors
( ). ||
0r T|essa|or|ars. e|ever |or|||es, W||| 3yr|ac ard par||a| Cop||c ard 1
Arrer|ar vers|ors ( ). |||
0r T|essa|or|ars. l| ve |or|||es, W||| par||a| Cop||c ard Arrer|ar z
vers|ors ( ). ||
0r T|ro||y. e|g||eer |or|||es, W||| Arrer|ar ard par||a| Cop||c 1
vers|ors ( ). ||o
0r T|ro||y. |er |or|||es, W||| Arrer|ar vers|or ( ). z ||;
0r T||us. s|x |or|||es, W||| 3yr|ac, Arrer|ar ard par||a| Cop||c vers|ors ( ). ||8
0r l|||eror. ||ree |or|||es ( ). ||
0r leoreWs. |||r|y-lour |or|||es, W||| la||r, Arrer|ar ard Arao|c
vers|ors ( ). |||o
A cer|a|r ruroer ol |or|||es correr| or spec|l|c l|gures ard rarra||ves |r
p|rases or passages ol ||e o| ard r| Wr|||rgs. lr ||e o|, or ls . |
445
( ), `0r F|eazar ard ||e 3ever ourg |er,' |c - ( . ), or ||e ||18 z o;|||11
N|r|v||es |r Jora| - ( ), ard Jerer|a| . ( ) `0r 0erors No| ||||z 1oz||1
0or|ra||rg ||e wor|d,' ||ree |or|||es ( ). lr ||e r|. |z
|| . ( , ard ) . ||e oap||sr ol Jesus, 1o||1| |
|| . - ( ). or ||e para|y||c, 1z|z1
|| . = l| . ( , ). r|c| crops ou| scarc||y ol |aoorers, ; 1oz|||111
|| . ll. ( ). ||e parao|e ol ||e |a|er|s, 18z |o8
|| . = |ar| . , l| . ( ). ||e agory ol Jesus zo 1|o zz|z|o
|| . ( ) ||e ro||er ol ||e Zeoedees, 1o;|z1
l| ( ). ||e o|r|| ol Jesus, z||
l| . - ( , ). ||e parao|e ol ||e soWer, 81||z|
l| . ( , ). ||e l|g-|ree, 1o||18
l| ( ). lazarus ard 0|ves, 1o|z
Jr . ( , ). `||e 3or car do ro|||rg oy ||rse|l ', 1|||11z
Jr ( ). lazarus oroug|| oac| |o ||le. 11|zz
0r ||e oe|raya| oy Judas ( ), ||e Cross ( ), ||e Cross ard ||e |Wo |o |;
oard||s ( ), ||e besurrec||or ( ), ||e Ascers|or ( ), ||e ler|ecos| | ||1 ||z
( ), Fas|er||re ( ). || ||o8
l|ra||y, or bor . ( ), . ( ), . ( ), Cor . ( , 8z8|;|1zzo|;1o|;o1 1z|||1
1|), . ( ), . ( ), . ( ), 0a| . ( ), Tr . ( ), z1|81;z|;;1o1|8o z11|11 |8oz
Tr . ( ), T| . ( ), - Tr ard T||us ( ), leoreWs ( , ). 1||z z11||o1z ||o ||z
3ure|y a record ruroer ol apocryp|a| Wr|||rgs are |rarsr|||ed urder
||e rare ol Jo|r C|rysos|oros. T| ese lseudoc|rysos|or|ca, We|| s|ud|ed
;8oN|re T| e lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury 0ree| C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
(0e A|dara, Car|er, Auo|reau, 3|eoer), are ol|er relerr|rg |o scr|p|ure |r
serrors lor |||urg|ca| leas|s ( - ). T| ey car or|y oe corpared W||| |oo1;
||e so-ca||ed `Fp|raer 0raecus,' rerar|ao|y |rver|or|ed |r - , W||c| oo|1;
|s aro||er co||ec||or ol aroryrous |or|||es, asce||ca| |ex|s, doc|r|ra| essays,
e|c., pu| urder ||e rare ol Fp|raer. Arorg ||er, exege||ca| da|a are
spec|a||y preserved |r , - , - , , , , , , z;|||o|8z|8
- ;z;|, , , , - , , , - , , , , ;8818|o1o1z|o1||o1o|ozzz|oz|o||ooz
|o8o, , , - , - , . |o8z|o8|o|1o1|11o
|ary `C|rysos|or|ca' rera|r urpuo||s|ed ( - , F|erc|us. . . |orge |8|oo;
aoes| p|arus esse), o||ers are or|y ava||ao|e |r arc|er| |rars|a||ors, 3yr|ac,
Cop||c, Arrer|ar, 0eorg|ar, Arao|c, 0|d-buss|ar ard 0|d-3|avor|c, ros|
ol ||er urpuo||s|ed ( - ). 1o1;
lr C|rysos|or's `|rea||ses ard approx|ra|e|y s|x |urdred serrors,'
C. 8aur reac|es ||e |o|a| ol , scr|p|ure c||a||ors. , o|, , r|. lr 18ooo ;ooo 11ooo
||e o|, ||e lsa|rs preva|| W||| rore ||ar , c||a||ors over 0eres|s (rore 1oo
||ar ), lsa|a| (rore ||ar ), Fxodus, ard Joo (eac| rore ||ar ). lr oo ;oo oo
||e r|, |a|||eW |s lror|rurrer W||| ||s oWr Correr|ary p|us , c||a||ors z|oo
|r o||er Wor|s, corpared W||| |ar| ( ), lu|e ( ), Jo|r (rore ||ar zoo oo
1, ). Arorg lau||re ep|s||es, - Cor|r|||ars |ead ||e ||s| W||| rore ||ar oo 1z
z1ooc||a||ors, oelore borars (over ), ard ||e o||er ep|s||es (8aur). oo
C|rysos|or's caror ol scr|p|ure |rc|udes caror|ca| ard deu|erocaror|ca| ooo|s
a|||e. bu|| |s rever rer||ored. 0||er ooo|s are se|dor rer||ored
or quo|ed. Fzra (orce), ard |accaoees (|W|ce eac|), Judges (e|ever ||res), 1 z
Na|ur (|W|ce), Too|| (|W|ce), Fs||er (orce). l| |s a caror s|r||ar |o ||e ore
ol T| eodore ol |opsues||a. lr ||e r|, ard Jo|r are r|ss|rg, aga|r, a ||s| z
corparao|e W||| T| eodore's caror W||c| a|so exc|uded Jares. T| e recers|or
ol o|o||ca| |ex|s der|ves lror luc|ar, ||roug| 0|odore.
0|v|re |rsp|ra||or ard |rerrarcy ol scr|p|ure Were |r|erse|y revered oy
Jo|r. l|s |r|erpre|a||or res|ed or a ||s|or|ca|-grarra||ca| re||od |r s|r|c|
corlorr||y W||| ||e |rad|||or ol luc|ar ard |e||od|us ol 0|yrpus, Fuseo|us
ol Fresa, ard 0|odorus. True |o Ar||oc|ere `||eory,' |e erp|as|zed ||e
`d|rec| ||s|or|ca| serse ol ||e prop|ec|es' (8aur, ) exp|a|red o|o||ca| ||s|ory 1
ard app||ed ||e poe||c |rages ol 3cr|p|ure |r ||s rora| |eac||rg. As
8aur s|a|es ||. `|e |s ol|er ex|raord|rar||y dex|erous, ard |s |rler|or |o rore
ol ||e exege|es ol rore roderr ||res' ( ). lr a leW occurerces |e ca||s z1
or o||er |r|erpre|ers, W|||ou| rar|rg ||er (0r 0eres|s , , lr lara|y||cur oz
). |uc| rore lrequer||y |e ex|or|s ||s ||s|erers |o oecore ||erse|ves
exper|erced |r|erpre|ers. `very ol|er |e |rv||ed ||er |o |a|e ||e 8|o|e |r
|ard ||erse|ves ard read d|||ger||y ||ere|r. T| e lo|y 3cr|p|ure, |e sa|d, |s
lor us rer [ard Worer?| a ros| prec|ous |reasure |ouse (0r 0r , , , 1z1
8|o||ca| Fxeges|s ard lerrereu||cs |r 3yr|a ;8;
1, , ), lror W||c| We car oo|a|r erd|ess r|c|es, a r|re r|c| |r go|d (0r oo
0r , ), a readoW (To ||e Ar||oc| peop|e , , de cap|o Fu|rop|o ), lu|| ol 81 11 1
oeau||lu| ard lragrar| l|oWers, a parad|se garder (ad pop. Ar|. , ), W||c| 11
oears ||e ros| prec|ous lru||s, ar arsera| (0r laz. , ), ou| ol W||c| eac| 1
ore ray |a|e Weapors aga|rs| ||e erer|es ol ||e sou|. T| e lo|y 3cr|p|ure
resero|es a qu|e| sea (0r laz. , ), ||a| ||des rary prec|ous pear|s |r ||s o8
dep||s, || |s |||e a d|arord (0r 0r , , serror or 0r , ), W||c| rel|ec|s 1|1 1
||e d|v|re ||g||, a c|oud (|r pr|rc|p. Ac|orur , ) oes|oW|rg s|adoWs ard z
ra|r, a p|arracy (0r Jo|r , , , , 0r 0r , - ), W||c| cor|a|rs ||e ;18 z1z
446
rears ol |ea||rg lor a|| (8aur, ). zz
lor Jo|r, `|||s |s ||e source ol a|| ev||. |grorarce ol ||e lo|y 3cr|p|ure'
(0r Co| . ). `T| e c|aroer|a|r ol ||e ueer ol F|||op|a |eac|es us ||a| ||re 1
ard c|rcurs|arces rever reed ||rder us lror read|rg ||e lo|y 3cr|p|ures'
(0r 0r , , cl. 0r 0r , , 0r ls , ). le approved ||e cus|or ol Was||rg 1 zz |81
ore's |ards oelore o|o||ca| read|rgs, lor `|o oper ||e lo|y 3cr|p|ure |s
|o oper |eaver' (lor. , |r. v|d| dor|rur,l0 , ). w|er scr|p|ure zz o1o
oecores |oo ooscure, || requ|res ro| or|y ar a||er||ve ||s|erer, ou| a|so a W|se
|eac|er, |r Jo|r's urders|ard|rg a pr|es| or o|s|op. le ol|er pays |orage |o
suc| au||or|zed |r|erpre|ers (0r 0r , , 0r leo , ). |1 8|
Fd|||ors
l0 - . |;oz
3C o|s ep.. - . A. |. |a||rgrey. 1 11;
z8o|s |rcorpre|ers.. l. Cava||era, J. 0ar|e|ou, b. l|ace||re.
oo|s ca|ec|. | - | . A. werger. z|;
;scard.. A. |. |a||rgrey ( ). 1o1
1o|aed.. A. |. |a||rgrey ( ). 1o|
11;T|dr. - . J. 0uror||er ( ). 1z 1oo
1zv|rg.. l. |usur|||o, 8. 0r|||e| ( ). 1oo
18v|d. - . 8. 0r|||e|, 0. l. F||||rger ( ), 1z 1o8
188educ. ||o.. A. |. |a||rgrey ( ). 1;z
z;zord|r. sac. - . A. |. |a||rgrey ( ). 1o 18o
z;;|or. - |r ls . . J. 0uror||er ( ). 1o o1 181
oo|aud. lau|.. A. l|edagre| ( ). 18z
o|ls. |r|erpr.. J. 0uror||er, A. l|eloog|e ( ). 18
|o, exp. |r Joo. l. 3or||r, l. Neyrard ( ). |8 188
ozpar. 8ao. . |. A. 3c|a|||r, C. 8|arc, 8. 0r|||e| z
( ). ca|ec|. , - , . A. l|edagre|, l. 0ou|re|eau ( ). 1ooo z1z 1o
oaror.. A. |. |a||rgrey ( ). 1|
||r 0er.. l. 8ro|||er ( ). 18
;88N|re T| e lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury 0ree| C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
lor|C|r , - . o1z
ca|ec|. , - . A. lapadopou|os-Kerareus. lordor . zzz 1;
educ. ||o.. 8. K. Fxarc|os. |ur|c| . 18
Trars|a||ors
Frg||s|
NlNl, s| ser. - ( - ). 1 1|188818
laC|, , , , , ard ( - ). |1o8;z; ;|1;8o
ACw ( ). |18
ca|ec|.. l. w. lar||rs, ACw ( ). 11o
lrerc|
A|| 3C vo|s.. aoove.
A. werger, `A sor re|our d'As|e'. bF8yz ( ) - , `3ur |'Fp|p|ar|e'. 11o111oz
bF8yz ( ) - . z1;111;
0errar
8Kv. a ex||., ascers., oap|., e|eer., ep. lrroc. - , Fu|rop., |or, |r ||., |r bor., 1z
|r Cor., |r Cor., corr. |r 0a|, |or. |r Fp|., |r l|||., |r Co|., |r T| es., 1 z 1
|r T| es., |r T|r., |r T|r., |r T|., |r l||r., |r leo, |a|., |aud. lau|., laz z 1 z
o, ra||v., ord|r., p. red||. , par. rar|., per|. - , poer||. - , prod. Jud. , 1 1z 1 z
res. ror|., sac. - , s|a|. - , T|dr. , v|rg. 1o 1z1 1
lor|C|r. aoove.
educ. ||o.. |. 0ar|rer. Co|ogre . 18
|or. - |r 0er.. |. zu 3ac|ser. laderoorr . 1o; 11
serro - . |. zu 3ac|ser. laderoorr . 1 11|
|or. - |r Jo|.. l. Krors. laderoorr . 188 18oz
3. la|dac|er, `0re| ured|||er|e C|rysos|orus|ex|e e|rer 8ase|er ls.'. ZKT|
o( ) - , ( ) - , - . 1oo;;z8z11o;1|1;1|;oo
l|a||ar
ep.. b. Ca||egar|, |||ar . 1;o
3|ud|es
'Aod a|-|asi, . `A 0|scourse oy 3|. Jo|r C|rysos|or or ||e 3|rlu| worar |r
||e
3a'|d|c 0|a|ec|.' 83AC ( ss). - . 118 11
A||er, l., ard w. |ayer. `C|rysos|or ard ||e preac||rg ol |or|||es |r ser|es. A
reW
approac| |o ||e |We|ve |or|||es lr ep|s|u|ar ad Co|osserses(Cl0 ).' 0Cl ||
oo( ). - . 1|z1
8|o||ca| Fxeges|s ard lerrereu||cs |r 3yr|a ;8
. `C|rysos|or ard ||e lreac||rg ol lor|||es |r 3er|es. A be-exar|ra||or ol
||e
l|l|eer lor|||es |r Fp|s|u|ar ad l||||pperses(Cl0 ).' v|gC|r ( ). ||z |1
- z;8.
. `T|e T| |r|y-lour lor|||es or leoreWs. T| e las| 3er|es 0e||vered oy
C|rysos|or |r Cors|ar||rop|e?' 8yz ( ). - . o1o|8
447
A||arer, 8. `Augus||rus urd Jo|. C|rysos|orus.' ZNw ( s). - . ||1z ;o8|
Ardr|opou|os, l. C. `T| e NeW Tes|arer| |ex| as |errereu||c pr|rc|p|e ol 3|.
Jo|r
C|rysos|or's exege||ca| Wor|.' T|A||er ( ). - , - . oo18|;ozooo
. `T- svo div Lid9sp 2 vis" - (p\is-
)o
lvvo o# Xoo.' T|A||er ( ). - , - . oo18|;o1ooo
Araud, b. `u|dqu|d ror es| ex l|de pecca|ur es| (bor . ). ue|ques 1|z
|r|erpre|a||ors pa|r|s||ques (0r|g., JC|rys., Aroros|as|er, le|ag.).' lr T| eo|. . o
|e|.
l. de luoac, - , . 1z|1o
Asers|o, l. `los 3a|ros coro e|erer|o de sacra||zac|or soc|a|, segr 3ar
Cr|sos|oro.' lr loreraje a Juar lrado, - . |adr|d, . z1z; 1;
. `Frcuer|ro de |a orac|or de| sa|r|s|a cor |a cr|s||ara er |a v|s|or de|
Cr|sos|oro.' Fs|8 | - ( ). - . |181zo1z1
. `Arrarque `Fvarge||zador' (lec| - ) er |a |or||e||ca de| Cr|sos|oro.' 8urg 18
( ). - . 1|o
Asers|o, l. `F| Cr|sos|oro y su v|s|or de |a Fscr||ura er |a expos|c|or |or||e||ca
de| 0eres|s.' Fs|8 | ( ). - . z1;zz
As|ruc-|or|ze, 0., ard A. le 8ou||uec. `le sers cac|e des Fcr||ures se|or
Jear C|rysos|ore e| 0r|gre.' lr 3|la|r vo|. XXv. lapers preser|ed a|
||e F|ever|| lr|erra||ora| Corlererce or la|r|s||c 3|ud|es |e|d |r 0xlord
11. 8|o||ca e| Apocryp|a, 0r|er|a||a, Asce||ca, - . louva|r. lee|ers, 1zo
1.
Auo|reau, |. `0eux raruscr||s c|rysos|or|ers ror ca|a|ogues A||os,
lar|e|e|ror supp|. , e| .' K|roror|a | ( ). - . 1oo| ;11;11ozz
. `Neul raruscr||s c|rysos|or|ers. A||os, 3|avror||||s
, , , , , , , , .' |;1o1z11zz1z
0Cl ( ). - . |z1;o;o1
. `bes|||u||or de qua|orze lo||os du codex ||eroso|yr||a|r l|o||os , au codex |;
3a|r| 3aoas [||e ||ree |or|||es (or lsa|a|) ol C|rysos|or ||er corp|e|e a z
sequerce ol |or|||es - |.' JT| 3 ( ). - . 1|| |1zz8||
Auco|r, |. A. `Augus||re ard Jo|r C|rysos|or. Correr|a|ors or 3|. Jo|r's
lro |ogue.' 3cFs ( ). - . 11o1z1
8aur, C., `0er Karor des ||. Jo|arres C|rysos|orus'. T| ( ) - . 1o1z|z8;1
. Jo|r C|rysos|or ard l|s T|rel, , repr|r| , `C|ap. XXv. C|rysos|or as z 188
ar Fxege|e' - . 1z
8erry wy||e, A. `T| e Fxeges|s ol l|s|ory |r Jo|r C|rysos|or's lore||es or
Ac|s.'
lr 8|o||ca| lerrereu||cs |r l|s|or|ca| lerspec||ve. 3|ud|es |r loror ol Kar|lr|ed
;oN|re T| e lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury 0ree| C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
lroe|||c| or ||s 3|x||e|| 8|r||day, ed||ed oy |. 3. 8urroWs ard l. borer, - . ;z
0rard bap|ds. Ferdrars, . 11
8o|srard, |.-F. `Jo . . |ege cur C|rysos|oro so|ur.' b8 ( ). - . 1z| oo1o
. `Jo . - . |ege |ex|ur Ta||ar| e| C|rysos|or|.' b8 ( ). - . ozzz| oo1;1
. `lroo|res de cr|||que |ex|ue||e corcerrar| |e e Fvarg||e (lrpor|arce de |
Jear
C|rysos|ore).' b8 ( ). - . oo1|;;1
8o|||g, A. `|ys|er|or urd wa|r|e||. F|r 8e||rag zur T| eo|og|e urd
be||g|orsgesc||c||e des NT.' wZ(l) ( s). - . |1| o1;|
8orsdorll, |. vor, 0|e lred|g||a||g|e|| des Jo|arres C|rysos|orus. le|s|rglors
1zz.
8rard|e, b. `Jear C|rysos|ore|'|rpor|arce de |a|||. . - pour sor z1|o
e|||que.' v|gC|r | ( ). - . 1z1;;|;z
8rard|e, b. |a|||. . - |r wer| des Jo|arres C|rysos|oros. Tuo|rger. J. z1|o
C. 8.
|o|r, . 1;
. `Zsdpdi a|s |errereu||sc|es urd e|||sc|es lr|rz|p |r der
lau|usaus|egurg des Jo|arres C|rysos|orus.' lr 3||ru||, ls. F. 0assrarr,
ed||ed oy
0. 3c|o||ger ard C. 3c|o||er, - . |urs|er. Asc|erdorll, . z;o; 1o
8r|a, v. `l'|yrre de |a c|ar||e ( C . - ) dars |es |ore||es de 3. Jear 1 111
C|rys.'
3|ud|| Teo|og|ce ( ). - . 11o1|zoo
8ro|||er, l. `'F||a lourra|se dev|r| source.' l'ep|sode des |ro|s jeures gers dars |a
lourra|se (0ar ) |u par Jear C|rysos|ore.' bllr | ( ). - . ;111oz;
. `3ur que|ques del|r|||ors de preura|||os c|ez Jear C|rysos|ore.'
bFAug 8
( ). - . 1z1z8
. `l'|rage de Jerusa|er dars |es lr|erpre|a||ors des lsauresde Jear
C|rysos|ore.' lr le lsau||er c|ez |es lres(Ca||ers de 8|o||a la|r|s||ca ), - |1o;
.
lre|ourg |. 8r.. Cer|re d'Ara|yse e| de 0ocurer|a||or la|r|s||que, . 1|
448
. `l'ac|ua||sa||or de |a l|gure de Joo c|ez Jear C|rysos|ore.' lr le ||vre de
Joo
c|ez |es lres(Ca||ers de 8|o||a la|r|s||ca ), - . 3|rasoourg. Cer|re o11o
d'Ara|yse e| de 0ocurer|a||or la|r|s||que, . 1o
8roWre, 0. |. `C|rysos|oros ruo|arus, ar o|d Nuo|ar vers|or ol ls.-
C|rysos|or.
lr vererao||er crucer serro.' lr lapyCas|, vo|. , . 1o18|
Ca||eroz, J.-l. `la p|||ar||rop|a d|v|re dars |'oeuvre de Jear C|rysos|ore.' lr
bec|erc|es e| |rad|||or. |e|arges pa|r|s||ques oller|s lerr| Crouze|, 3.J.,
ed||ed
oy A. 0up|e|x (T| eo|og|e ||s|or|que ), - . lar|s. 8eauc|esre, . 88o1;o 1z
Co|oroo, 0. l'Fucares||a core sacrarer|o d| ur|| |r 3. 0|ov. Cr|sos|oro.
0|ss.,
bore. lor|. ur|v. 0regor|arae, s. 1
Corar, J. `le rappor| de |a jus||l|ca||or e| de |a c|ar||e dars |es |ore||es de
3a|r|
Jear C|rysos|ore |'Fpi|re aux bora|rs.' 3|Fv ( ). - . 1o8z|8;1
`la copp|a re| ladr| [e Cr|sos|oro su Fl , s|.' lr le||ure cr|s||are de| pr|ro zz
r|||er|o, vo|. , ed||ed ard |rars|a|ed oy 0. 3larer| 0asparro. |||ar. lao||re,
. 11
8|o||ca| Fxeges|s ard lerrereu||cs |r 3yr|a ;1
Cos|arza, |. `waar pred|||e 3. C|rysos|orus z|jr |or|||eer a|s correr|aar z|
op
3| lau|us' or|el aar de Fp|es|ers?' 3|Ca| ( ). - . z;1z1||
0ev|re, A. |. `T| e raruscr|p|s ol 3|. Jo|r C|rysos|or's Correr|ary or ||e
Ac|s ol ||e Apos||es. A pre||r|rary s|udy, a cr|||ca| ed|||or.' T| e arc|er| Wor|d
(C||cago) ( ). - . zo18111z
0|o|e|, J. C. `la sarc||l|ca||or du C|r|s| d'aprs leor. . ll. l'exegse de leor. z11
z. dars |es correr|a|res de |'ep. aux leor. de 3. Jear C|rysos|ore 11
3. T| oras.' b3b ( ). - . |;1oo|zoz
0uror||er, J. `les c||a||ors scr|p|ura|res des Co|ao||a||orsd'aprs |eur |rad|||or
raruscr||e.' 3|la|rl ( ). - . 1;z1o
. `les c||a||ors o|o||ques des le||res de 3. Jear C|rysos|ore T|eodore.'
3|la|r |
( ). - . 1o1;88
. `les |ore||es sur 0z|as lr |||ud v|d| 0or|rurl0 lvl - .' 3|la|r ;1|z 1z
( ). - . 1;z8
Fc|rarr, A. `Tradycyjre zraczer|e rzeczoWr||a |o ororau Jara C|ryzos|ora
W
Fxpos|||ores |r lsa|ros (la s|gr|l|ca||or |rad|||orre||e du suos|ar||l |o orora
dars |r lsa|ros de Jear C|rysos|ore).' bopczr||| lurar|s|yczre | ( ). z1;;
- o.
. `0rora |ou ||eou ja|o o|re|er|e 8oga | Jego przyr|o|oW W Fxpos|||ores
|r lsa|ros Jara C|ryzos|ora (0rora |ou ||eouer |ar| qu'ure del|r|||or de
0|eu e| de ses a||r|ou|s c|ez Jear C|rysos|ore dars Fxpos|||ores |r lsa|ros).'
bTK | ( ). - . z|1;8zo18
F|s|rg, l. `3c|r|l|georauc| urd 3c|r|l||r|erpre|a||or |r der |a|||aus-lor|||er
des Jo|. C|rys.'0rC|r ( ). - . |81o|8|1oo
F|der, F. T. Cor|ex|ua| lrpac| or ||e use ol 3cr|p|ures |r ||e los|-8ap||sra|
lor|||es ol Jo|r C|rysos|or ard Cyr|| ol Jerusa|er. Arr Aroor, ||c|.. u|l,
18;.
F||ero, 0. |. Fseges| e |eo|og|a de||'|rcarraz|ore secordo 0|ovarr| Cr|sos|oro.
v|cerza. Fd. la|r|s||c|e, . 1o;
Fsoroec|, |. var. `ure |ore||e arrer|erre sur |a 0orr|||or a||r|ouee
C|rysos|ore.' 0rC|r ( ). - . ;|1o1zo8
lee, 0. 0. `T| e Tex| ol Jo|r ard |ar| |r ||e wr|||rgs ol C|rysos|or.' NT3 zo
( - ). - . 1;18oz|;
lerraro, 0. `l' '|ora' d| Cr|s|o re| Correr|o d| 3ar 0|ovarr| Cr|sos|oro a|
uar|o
varge|o.' 3l | ( ). - . zz1;o;
. lo 3p|r||o 3ar|o re| uar|o varge|o. l correr|| d| 0r|gere, 0|ovarr|
Cr|sos|oro,
Teodoro d| |opsues||a e C|r|||o d| A|essardr|a(0CA ). bore. lor||l|c|o z|o
ls|||u|o 0r|er|a|e, . 1
l|c|, w. les lore||es de Jear C|rysos|ore sur |es Fp||res T||e e| l|||eror.
0|ss.,
3|rasoourg, . 1z
;zN|re T| e lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury 0ree| C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
l|aragar, |. l. Jo|arres C|rysos|orus or ||e Cordescercy ard Accuracy ol
||e
3cr|p|ures. NeW Zea|ard. |our| 3|. |ary's, . 1|8
. C|rysos|or or ||e Cordescers|or ard Accuracy ol ||e 3cr|p|ures.
we|||rg|or.
Nap|er, . 18
449
lo|opou|os, J. `Jo|r C|rysos|or. 0r lo|y lasc|a.' 00Tb ( ). - . ;1z1z|
lors|er, J. 0|e Fxegese des . Fv. |r der Jo|.-lor|||er des C|rysos|oros. 0|ss., |
8er||r,
11.
louyas, |. J. 0., T| e 3oc|a| |essage ol Jo|r C|rysos|orus. 0|ss. |arc|es|er
. 1oz
0ar|jo 0ueroe, |. |. `la jus||l|cac|or por |a le y ro por |as ooras er |as |or|||as
'lr ep|s|o|ar ad roraros' de Juar Cr|sos|oro.' lr uaere lau|ur. ||sce|rea
a |orseor 0r. lorerzo Turrado., vo|. , - . 3a|ararca. 8|o||o||eca z;|
3a|rar||cers|s, . 181
0arre|, 0. A. Ar Ara|ys|s ol ||e lerrereu||cs ol Jo|r C|rysos|or's Correr|ary
or
lsa|a| - , W||| ar Frg||s| Trars|a||or(3|ud|es |r ||e 8|o|e ard Far|y C|r|s||ar||y 18
), . 1z1z
0|||ard, 0. v. 3|ud|a 8|o||ca . 0T, J30T.3 ( ). - . 1 111;1|o
0ooda||, 8. `T| e lor|||es ol 3|. Jo|r C|rysos|or or ||e le||ers ol 3|. lau| |o
T||us
ard l|||eror. lro|egorera |o ar Fd|||or.' uCl.C3 ( ). | - . zo1;11oz
0orday, l. `T| e p|ace ol c|ap|ers - |r ||e argurer| ol ||e Fp|s||e |o ||e 11
borars. A s|udy ol ||e borars exeges|s ol 0r|ger, Jo|r C|rysos|or, ard
Augus||re.' 0|ss., vardero||| ur|vers||y, . 18o
. lr|rc|p|es ol pa|r|s||c exeges|s. borars - |r 0r|ger, Jo|r C|rysos|or, 11
ard
Augus||re. 3|ud|es |r ||e 8|o|e ard ear|y C|r|s||ar||y . NeW or|. |e||er, |
18.
0orses, A. `No|es e| rerarques corcerrar| |'Fcr||ure 3a|r|e, |a c|r|s|o|og|e, |a
grce,
dars |es |ore||es de C|rysos|ore, sur |'Fv. se|or 3. ||.' 0|ss., lac. T| eo|. lro|.
de |or|pe|||er, s. 1o
la|dac|er, 3., 0|e le|re uoer d|e 3c|r|l||rsp|ra||or. 3a|zourg . 18;
larjurpaa, T., `3|. Jo|r C|rysos|or |r ||e l|g|| ol l|s Ca|ec|e||ca| ard
8ap||sra|
lor|||es'. lu|| ( ) - . z1;;1o;
lar||rs, l. w. `T| e Tex| Trad|||or ol C|rysos|or's Cor. or Jo|r.' T3 ( ). 118
- |o|1z.
. `T| e Tex| Trad|||or ol C|rysos|or's Correr|ary or Jo|r.' 3|la|r ( ). ;1oo
- z1ozo.
le|der||a||er, |. Jo|arres C|rysos|oros. `Nac|We|s der 0o|||e|| C|r|s||' (se|
ec||)
urd `Ac|| lred|g|er uoer das a|||es|. 0ese|z urd Fvarge||ur.'l|rz.
0oeros|erre|c||sc|er lardesver|ag, . 11
l|||, b. `C|rysos|or as 0|d Tes|arer| Correr|a|or.' Fs|8 ( ). - . |o188o1;;
l|||, b. C. `3|. Jo|r C|rysos|or's Teac||rg or lrsp|ra||or |r `3|x lor|||es or
lsa|a|'.' v|gC|r | ( ). - . zz11o81;
8|o||ca| Fxeges|s ard lerrereu||cs |r 3yr|a ;
. `3|. Jo|r C|rysos|or ard ||e lrcarra||or ol ||e word |r 3cr|p|ure.' Corpass
1|, ( ). - . 18o|8
. `C|rysos|or as 0|d Tes|arer| Correr|a|or.' Fs|8 | ( ). - . |o1188o1;;
`ure |ore||e |red||e de Jear C|rysos|ore sur |'Fp|p|ar|e (T|| . ).' bF8yz z11 z
( ). - , ed||ed oy A. werger. 1;111;
lor|||ae lseudo-C|rysos|or|cae. lrs|rurer|ur s|ud|orur, vo|. l, ed. pr|rceps
quar curaverur| K.-l. u||erarr, b. l. beg|u||, J. |. Teve|. Turr|ou|. 8repo|s,
1|.
lrg||s|ar, l. v. `F|r lragrer| aus der soger. Casareerouc| des
|a|||aus|orrer|ars des ||. Jo|. C|rys. (|| . - ).' lardAr ( ). - 1;1 ;1o18|
. 1oz
. `F|r lragrer| aus der Korrer|ar des ||. Jo|. C|rys. zur Fp|eseror|el.'
lardAr ( ). - . ;o1oz18
Jac|sor, l. `Jo|r C|rysos|or's use ol 3cr|p|ure |r lr|||a|ory lreac||rg.'
00Tb
( ). - . 1o|oo
Joarr|d|s, 8. l. A|||res ( ). - . 1o1|o|
Kacz|rs||, b., wor| 0o||es |r l||urg|e urd A|||ag. lre|ourg . 1;|
. lACl rd ed. , - . z 1o|
Kar|a, w. `la proo|era||que pas|ora|e dars |es ecr||s exege||ques de s. Jear
C|rysos|ore |a |ur|re de |'|errereu||que o|o||que cor|erpora|re (lao.
1;o).' 8AcT|wsz( | ), v. . 1;;z z;
Karrerg|esser, C., ed., Jear C|rysos|ore e| Augus||r. Ac|es du Co||oque de
C|ar||||y, - 3ep|erore . lar|s . zzz| 1;| 1;
Kecs|ere||, J. `Fxegse c|rysos|or|erre e| exegse ergagee.' 3|la|r | 1ozz
( | ). 18;
- 1o|;.
450
Ker|sc|, |. `l'eseges| d| || . - |r 0regor|o Naz|arzero e 0|ovarr| 1111z
Cr|sos|oro.' lr 0regor|o Naz|arzero |eo|ogo e scr|||ore, ed||ed oy C. |oresc||r|
ard
0. |eres|r|ra (luoo||caz|or| de||'lrs|||u|o d| 3c|erze be||g|ose |r Trer|o ), 1;
- 1o1|. 8o|ogra. F08, . 1z
. Fxerp|a c|rysos|or|ca. Zu Fxegese, 3||| urd 8||dersprac|e oe| Jo|arres
C|rysos|oros. 0razer T| eo|. 3|ud|er . 0raz. lr|vers||a|, lrs|||u| lur 18
o|urer|sc|e
T| eo|og|e urd la|ro|og|e, . 1
Krupp, J., |ys|agog|evers|ardr|s.|ur|c| . 1
Korsos, K. `0er ge|s|||c|e 0e|a|| zWe|er beder vor Jo|arres C|rysos|oros zur
0eour| des le||ards (reugr.).' Fcc| ( ). - , - , - , - . |1;z;;;1z118;8z|81
Krerer, J. was ar der le|der C|r|s|| roc| rarge||. F|re
|r|erpre|a||orsgesc||c||||c|e
urd exege||sc|e ur|ersuc|urg zu Ko|. . . 8o. lars|e|r, . 1z| 1o
Krupp, b. A., 3a|r| Jo|r C|rysos|or. A 3cr|p|ure lrdex, W||| relererces |r ||e
o|o||ca| order, lror 0eres|s . |o beve|a||or . . lar|ar |d.. ur|vers||y 11 zz1o
lress
ol Arer|ca, . 18
lac|rer, w. Cod|ces Aus|r|ae. Cod|ces C|rysos|or|c| 0raec| , . |181
;|N|re T| e lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury 0ree| C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
leduc, l. `ler||os e| |arres dars |'oeuvre de sa|r| Jear C|rysos|ore.' l0C |1
( ). - . 11zo;
leroy, l. J. `v|rg|-deux |ore||es alr|ca|res rouve||es a||r|ouao|es |'ur des
aroryres du C|rysos|ore |a||r (ll3 ).' b8er ( ). - . | 1o|1|1z|;
lecuyer, J. `3. l|erre dars |'erse|grerer| de 3. Jear C|rysos|ore
Cors|ar||rop|e.'
0reg ( ). - . |1o811
|ac|as, J. a J. `la doc|r|ra de |a jus||l|cac|or er e| correr|ar|o de 3. Juar
Cr|sos|oro a |os boraros.' 0|ss., 0regor|ara, . 11
|a||rgrey, A.-|. `le correr|a|re de 3. Jear C|rys. sur |es lsaures e| 1o1
.' lr 1oo
Ac|es Xlle Corgr. lr|. d'F|. 8yz., vo|. , - , . z|1|1o1
|ara, |. 0. `No|e su| 0e |aud|ous 3. lau||d| 0|ovarr| Cr|sos|oro.' lr A||| de| lll
3|rpos|o d| Tarso su 3. lao|o Apos|o|o, ed||ed oy l. ladovese (Turc||a. |a
C||esa
e |a sua s|or|a ), - . bore. ls|||u|o lrarcescaro d| 3p|r||ua|||8, lor||l|c|o 1oo
A|ereo 'Ar|or|arur,' . 1
|ar|oW|cz, w. A. `C|rysos|orr's 3errors or 0eres|s. A lroo|er.' T3 z|
( ). 1o
- ozo|.
|ar||, A. `la 3. Fscr||ura lurdarer|o de |a pedagog|a cr|s||ara er 3. Juar
Cr|sos|oro.' le|r ( ). - . 1z1o1|;|
|cCorr|c|, A. 3. `Jo|r C|rysos|or's lor||y No as ar exarp|e ol ||e o
Ar||oc|ere Fxege||ca| Trad|||or.' l8b ( ). - . 1z1o8z
|cK|ooers, T. b. `T| e Fxeges|s ol Jo|r C|rysos|or, |or|||es or ||e 0ospe|s.'
FT
( s). - . 181 zo|;o
|erca||, 0. A |a r|cerca de| ror| deg|| 'a||r|' |radu||or| re||e or|||e su| 3a|r| d|
3. 0|ovarr| Cr|sos|oro e var|az|or| su a|cure ca|ere de| 3a||er|o (Tes|| e
3|ud|). lr 8|o||o|eca Apos|o||ca va||cara. C||| de| va||caro, . 1z
. `los||||e de| Cod|ce a 0erer|a |ra||e da| correr|o de||o lseudo
Cr|sos|oro.' lr ||sc. o|o|. 8. uoac|., - . |or|serra|, . z;o 1
|erzagora, A. 3. lao|o re||a prospe|||va d| 3. 0|ovarr| Cr|sos|oro. bore . 1o
||c|e, v. `C|||rea s| |r|erpre|area 3lir|e| 3cr|p|ur| dupa or|||||e 3lir|u|u| loar 0ura
de Aur (u'es|-ce que corprerdre e| |r|erpre|er |a 3a|r|e Fcr||ure se|or 3|.
Jear C|rysos|ore).' 0r|(8u|ares|) | ( ). - . zz18oz;8
||||er, 0. b. `lourd. A lo||o ol ||e los| lu|| Correr|ary ol Jo|r C|rysos|or or
Jerer|a| ( . - ).' larvC|assl|| ( ). - . oz| |1z;8
|orac| Cas|agro, A. `0|| apos|o|| re|or|. |r|erpre|az|or| de| d|scors| deg|| A||||r
0|ovarr| Cr|sos|oro,' - , . o1|o1o
|orde|, J.-l., le 3acerdoce dars |e Correr|a|re sur |'Fpi|re aux leoreux. 0|ss.
louva|r . 18o
|oro, l. `la 'cord|scerderza' d|v|ra |r 3. 0|ovCr|s.' F0 ( ). - . 11181oz
|ose||o, l. `la l|gura d| sar lao|o re| pareg|r|c| d| sar 0|ovarr| Cr|sos|oro,'
- zo18.
8|o||ca| Fxeges|s ard lerrereu||cs |r 3yr|a ;
|oura||d|s, K. 0. T|A||er ( ). - , - . z18o1o|oo
|usur|||o, l. `Jo|r C|rysos|or's lor|||es or || ard ||e vers|or ol Arr|arus.' lr
ls. J. uas|er, - . |s|r, . |zoo 1;o
Nass|l, 8. l. Ar||oc|ere T| eor|a |r Jo|r C|rysos|or's Fxeges|s. 0|ss., lord|ar
ur|vers||y, . 11
Nersess|ar, 3. 0er. `A lor||y or ||e ba|s|rg ol lazarus ard ||e larroW|rg ol
le||.'
451
lr 8|o||ca| ard la|r|s||c 3|ud|esb.l. Casey, - , . z1|1o
0||eyer, l. J., T| e lau||re lorru|a `lrduere C|r|s|ur.'0|ss. was||rg|or . 1z1
0||osor, K. `T| e love ol 0od |r 3|. Jo|r C|rysos|or's Correr|ary or ||e
lour||
0ospe|.' Cb | ( ). - . 1oooo1o1z
lage|s, F. `T| e po||||cs ol larad|se. Augus||re's exeges|s ol 0eres|s - versus 1
||a|
ol Jo|r C|rysos|or.' lT|b ( ). - . 8818o;
lasqua|o, 0., ` Carre, croce, sargue e cord|scerderza d|v|ra'. A||| de||a
3e|||rara 3argue e ar||ropo|og|a re||a |e||era|ura cr|s||ara. bore , - 181zo;
1oo.
lers|ar|, 0. la |rad|z|ore raroscr||a greca de||'ore||a pseudocr|sos|or|ca 0e
c|araraea (Cl0 ), Tes| d| |aurea |r l||o|og|a 0reca e la||ra. l|sa A.A.. be||. |z
lroll .
Car||r| e F. 8er||, | . 18o
l|scop|e||o, l. `l'eseges| d| sar 0|ovarr| Cr|sos|oro re||e ore||e sug|| A||| deg||
Apos|o||.' b|v3cbe| ( ). - . |1o11o
l|assrarr, 0. 0as A|roser oe| Jo|. C|rysos|orus. Asc|erdorll , . 1o1
l|easar|s, l. b. `|a||rg Ar||oc| C|r|s||ar, ||e c||y |r ||e pas|ora| v|s|or ol Jo|r
C|rysos|or.' 0|ss., 3ou||err 8ap||s| T| eo|og|ca| 3er|rary, . 11
lrurr, K., `0er Aosc|r||| uoer d|e 0oxa des Apos|o|a|s Kor , - . '. 8|o z 1|o o
( ) - . 1|1o1o
lyy||o, v. 0|e gr|ec||sc|er |y||er oe| der grosser Kappado||err urd oe|
Jo|arres C|rysos|oros. lr Arra|es ur|v. Tur|uers|s 3er. 8 No. . Tur|u. 1
Turur ||op|s|o, . 11
u|rr, J. 0. `3|. Jo|r C|rysos|or or l|s|ory |r ||e 3yrop||cs.'C8 ( ). z|1oz
- 1|o|;.
bac|e, 0. `A |a source d'ur passage de |a vlle Ca|ec|se oap||sra|e de 3. Jear
C|rys.' v|gC|r ( ). - . 11o1|o
b||||e|, l. `ure |ore||e syr|aque sur |a le|e des bareaux a||r|ouee Jear
C|rysos|ore.' laro|e de |'0r|er| ( s). - . 81;; 11z1o
b|||er, A. |. `Jo|r C|rysos|or as ar |r|erpre|er ol lau||re soc|a| e|||cs.' lr lau|
ard ||e |egac|es ol lau|. bev|sed papers preser|ed a| ||e corlererce |e|d a|
3ou||err |e||od|s| ur|vers||y |r |arc| , vo|. , ed||ed oy w. 3. 8aoco|, 18; z
- 18z. 0a||as. 3ou||err |e||od|s| ur|vers||y lress, . 1o
b|va, b. `l| pas|ore, r|r|s|ro de||a rersa de||a laro|a. le ore||e d| sar 0|ovarr|
Cr|sos|oro su || . cr||er| esege||c| e |rd|caz|or| per |'errereu||ca o|o||ca.' 18
;oN|re T| e lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury 0ree| C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
lr A. Au||ero ard 0. Carera, las|or oorus |r popu|o. l|gura, ruo|o e lurz|or| de|
vescovo re||a C||esa, - . bore. C||| Nuova Fd||r|ce, . z|1o 1o
b|zzer|o, l, ard b. 0rosse|es|e. `Jear C|rysos|ore e| |'expos||or graecus(= T|
eop|y|ac|e) dars |e correr|a|re 3uper ep|s|o|ar ad 0a|a|as.' bTA| ( ). 1z
- 1oozo.
bo|darus, J. `le c|re||er-e|rarger au rorde dars |es |ore||es o|o||ques de
Jear
C|rysos|ore.' 3FJ0 ( | ). - . o18;88z11
bordeau, |.-J. `ure lseudo-lrelace aux lsaures de 3a|r| Jear
C|rysos|ore.' JT| 3
zo| ( ). - . 11oz|1|
bos, l. T. `la lorrac|or de Fva er |os ladres gr|egos |as|a 3ar Juar
Cr|sos|oro
|rc|us|ve.' lr ||sc. o|o|. 8. uoac|., - . |or|serra|, . 1|8 1
buo|o ||ra||es, l. `los s|gros de |a pred|cac|or er Cor|r||os segr sar Juar 1
Cr|sos|oro.' 3cr|p|a lu|ger||a , ( ). - . 1z111zo
buo|o ||ra||eWs, l. `los s|gros de |a pred|cac|or er l Cor|r||os segr 3ar Juar
Cr|sos|oro.' 3cr|p|a lu|ger||a ( ). - . 1111zo
3. |ar|a, |. d|. `3. lao|a re||a prospe|||va d| 3. 0|ovarr| Cr|sos|oro.' Ar8|o - 1;
| 18
z( ). - . 1o1|1oz
3auge|, J.-|. `ure |ore||e syr|aque sur |a voca||or de |a||||eu a||r|ouee Jear
C|rysos|ore.' lr |e|arges Ar|o|re 0u|||auror|. Cor|r|ou||ors |'e|ude des
c|r|s||ar|sres or|er|aux(C0r ), vo|. , - . 0ereva. Crarer, . zo 1118 188
3cag||or|, C. `la propos|a pas|ora|e d| sar 0|ovarr| Cr|sos|oro |ra r|gore e
cord|scerderza.' lr ler lorarer acus, - . zoo
3c|u||ze, 8. `Jo|arres vor 0aras|us, Jo|arres C|rysos|orus, Fuseo|us vor
Casarea uoer 8e|err|r|s urd la|| des le|rus.' 0Cl ( ). - . |z1;o;;
3erv|c|, T. `ues||ors de doc|r|re e| v|e c|re||erre dars |e Cor. de 3. Jear
C|rys.
de |a |e||re aux l||||pp|ers.' 3|ud|| |eo|og|ce ( ). - . 8ucures||, 1z1oooo1o
1oo.
3|lor|ou, A. `Aurore e| c|ar||e c|ez 3. C|rysos|ore.' lr bev. de 0ro|| Car., vo|.
, 1|
- z|1o. 3|rasoourg, . 1o|
3|rrors, F. C. `0av|d's lrayer |r 3a|r| Jo|r C|rysos|or's Fxp|ara||ors ol ||e
452
lsa|rs.' 00Tb ( ). - . 811o;
3|a|||z|y, 0. A. A Cr|||ca| Fd|||or ol Arr|arus' la||r vers|or ol Jo|r C|rysos|or's
lor|||es ( - ) or || . 0|ss. lord|ar ur|vers||y, . 118 1o8
3ro||ers, F. b. `A lroo|er ol Tex| |r 3. Jo|r C|rysos|or (lor. or Ac|s).'
b3b
( s). - . 11 |1;z;
. `A No|e or lc . (cl. C|rysos|orus, ad 0|yrp|ader cp ).' lT|b z| 1 |
( ). 1z
o;ss.
. `C|rysos|or ard 3yreor (Ac|s . ).' lT|b ( ). - . 11| |o1zo1
. `ToWard a cr|||ca| |ex| ol ||e lor|||es or Ac|s ol 3|. Jo|r C|rysos|or.'
3|la|r 1
( ). - . 1;;
8|o||ca| Fxeges|s ard lerrereu||cs |r 3yr|a ;;
3or||r, l. `ur correr|a|re |red|| sur Joo, a||r|oue 3|. Jear C|rysos|ore.'
3|la|r ;
( ). - . 1oo||8
3|aa|s, b. `C|rysos|orus uoer d|e b|e|or|| des Apos|e|s lau|us, |a|ar|ar|sc|e
Kor|ex|e zu '0e 3acerdo||o lv, - '.' v|gC|r ( ). - . o |o1zzz|o
3|oc|re|er, l. T| eo|og|e urd Ku|| des Kreuzes oe| Jo|arres C|rysos|orus. F|r
8e||rag
zur vers|ardr|s des Kreuzes |r . Ja|r|urder|. TT3 , . | 181oo
3|oe||ger, w. `Jo|arres C|rysos|oros oe| der lred|g|aroe||. 8erer|urger zu
lor.
z|r |a|||.' l r lred|g| |r der A||er K|rc|e, ed||ed oy F. |u||eroerg ard J. var
0os|, - . Karper. Ko| l|aros, . 8z11| 1|
3|oc|er, C. `Fuc|ar|s||c|e 0ere|rsc|al|oe| C|rysos|oros.' 3|la|r ( ). z1;
- o1o.
Tay|or, J. ` T| e Tex| ol 3|. Jo|r C|rysos|or's lor|||es or Jo|r.' lr 3|la|r vo|.
XXv.
lapers preser|ed a| ||e F|ever|| lr|erra||ora| Corlererce or la|r|s||c 3|ud|es
|e|d |r 0xlord . 8|o||ca e| Apocryp|a, 0r|er|a||a, Asce||ca, - . louva|r. 11 1;z;
lee|ers, . 1
Terres bos, l. `la lorrac|or de Fva er |os padres gr|egos |as|a 3. Juar
Cr|sos|oro
|rc|.' lr ||sc. 8|o|. 8. uoac|, - . |or|serra|, . 1|8 1|
Tra|a|e|||s, 0. `8e|rg Trarslorred. C|rysos|or's Fxeges|s ol ||e Fp|s||e |o ||e
borars.' 00Tb ( ). - . o11z11z
Tra|a|e|||s, 0. C. 8e|rg Trarslorred. C|rysos|or's Fxeges|s ol ||e Fp|s||e |o ||e
borars. 8roo|||re, |ass.. lo|y Cross 0r||odox lress, . 1z
u|eyr, A. `la doc|r|re rora|e de 3. Jear C|rysos|ore dars |e Correr|a|re sur
sa|r| |a||||eu e| ses all| r||es avec |a d|a|r|oe.' bu0 ( ). - , z;1;z
- . 1|o
vacc||ra, |. 0. `3quarc| rarra||v| re||e 0re||e de| Cr|sos|oro su||a l Fp|s|o|a d|
3. lao|o a| Cor|rz|.' lr la rarra||va cr|s||ara ar||ca. Cod|c| rarra||v|, s|ru||ure
lorra||, s|er| re|or|c|. XXlll lrcor|ro d| s|ud|os| de||'Ar||c||| cr|s||ara, bora,
- ;ragg|o , - . 3|ud|a Fp|errer|d|s Augus||r|arur . bore. 1||1 o
lrs|||u|ur la|r|s||cur Augus||r|arur, . 1
varderoerg|e, 8. l. `C|rysos|ore e| lau|.' v3( ). 1z
. 3. Jear C|rysos|ore e| |a laro|e de 0|eu. lar|s. Cerl., . 1o1
v|ar, 0. |. `ur'ar|o|og|a esege||ca o|zar||ra su| 3a|r| cor |red||| d| A|aras|o e
0|ovarr| Cr|sos|oro.' A3F ( - ). o1z|18
v|ac|os, l. 3. `(0er ) T| e p|rase '0o ro| |||r| grea||y' (C|rysos|or).' 1z
T|A||er
o( ). - , - . 1zzz8||1oo
vo|cu, 3. J. `Arcora due ore||e pseudocr|sos|or|c|e d| ra|r|ce cappadoce (Cl0
|ooe ),' - . |o |o;;
we|ze|, b. 0as v|erurdzWarz|gs|e Kap||e| des Fvarge||s|er |a|||aus |r der
Aus|e -gurg durc| d|e gr|ec||sc|er va|er 0r|geres urd C|rysos|oros. 0|ss.,
Tr|er,
1;z| .
;8N|re T| e lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury 0ree| C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
. `0as v|erurdzWarz|gs|e Kap||e| des Fvarge||s|er |a|||aus |r der Aus|egurg
durc| d|e gr|ec||sc|er va|er 0r|geres urd C|rysos|orus.' 0|ss., Tuo|rger,
1;8.
w||es, J. w. `A recors|ruc||or ard eva|ua||or ol ||e |a|||ear |ex| ol Jo|r C|ry
-sos |or.' 0|ss., 3ou||Wes|err 8ap||s| T| eo|og|ca| 3er|rary, . 1z
w|||er, b. l., Jo|r C|rysos|or ard ||e JeWs. b|e|or|c ard bea|||y |r ||e la|e
lour||
Cer|ury. 8er|e|ey, CA . 18
w|odarczy|, 3. `bo|a syr|a|aoas|s W |r|erpre|acj| l|sra 3W. Wed|ug 3W. Jara
C|ryzos|ora.' b8l | - ( ). - . z;|1;|z|o1
453
. `Ar|y|eza laW|oWa sarx-preura W |r|erpre|acj| 3W. Jara C|ryzos|ora (l'
ar||||se pau||r|erre sarx-preura dars |'|r|erpre|a||or de 3|. Jear
C||ysos|ore).'
b8l | ( ). - . o|1;;18zo1
wy||e, A. l. 8. Jo|r C|rysos|or ard ||s lor|||es or ||e Ac|s ol ||e Apos||es.
bec|a|r|rg Arces|ra| |ode|s lor ||e C|r|s||ar leop|e. 0|ss., lr|rce|or T|
eo|og|ca|
3er|rary, . 1z
ourg, l. |. `Jo|r C|rysos|or or l|rs| ard 3ecord Cor|r|||ars.' 3|la|r , . 181
- |z.
Zarl|r, l. |. `Fc|es|o|og|a lau||r rel|ec|a| |r correr|ar|u| 3lir|u|u| loar 0ur
de Aur |a Fp|s|o|a C|re Fles|r|.' (`T| e ecc|es|o|ogy ol lau| bel|ec|ed |r ||e
Corrrer|ary ol Jo|r C|rysos|or or ||e le||er |o ||e Fp|es|ars'). 0r| | ||
( ). - . 18z|zoz
Z|rcore, 3. `Fssere s|r||| a 0|o. |'eseges| cr|sos|or|ara d| || . .'3|la|r , . | 181
- 8.
. `A|cur| |ypo| d| |ar|a |r 0|ovarr| Cr|sos|oro.' lr la rar|o|og|a re||a ca|e
c|es|
de| ladr| (e| pos|r|cea), - . bor. lA3, . z;1 11
. `ur|| e p|ura||| ||rgu|s||ca re||'eseges| cr|sos|or|ca d| 0er . ss.' 111
3b0C 1|
( ). - . 111o1
. `la lurz|ore de||'oscur|| de||e prolez|e secordo 0|ovarr| Cr|sos|oro.'
A3F 1z
( ). - . 1o1;
8|o||ca| Fxeges|s ard lerrereu||cs |r 3yr|a ;
x|. T|eodore ol |opsues||a (ca. - ) o|z8
a spec|a| cor|r|ou||or
oy |ar||o 3|rore|||
1. l|le ard wor|s
T| e |rlorra||or W||c| |as core doWr |o us lror arc|er| sources corcerr|rg ||e
ever|s ol ||e ||le ol T| eodore, 8|s|op ol |opsues||a (C|||c|a) |s
scarce. T| e grea|er par|, W||c| corcerrs ||s you||, |s |earred lror a |e||er
|o T| eodore Wr|||er oy Jo|r C|rysos|or, ||e addressee ol W||c|, accord|rg
|o ||e rear|y ur|versa| oe||el ol arc|er| ard roderr sc|o|ars, Was prec|se|y
our T| eodore.

To |||s car oe added sore reager da|a g|eared lror ||e

ecc|es|as||ca| ||s|or|ars ard sore o||er sources.
o
T| eodore Was oorr arourd ||e r|dd|e ol ||e lour|| cer|ury a| Ar||oc| |r
3yr|a. Accord|rg |o W|a| We ga||er lror ||e |e||er ol C|rysos|or, T|eodore
Was We|| oll. T| |s a||oWed ||r |o a||erd ||e sc|oo| ol ||e larous r|e|or
l|oar|us W|ere, |r add|||or |o r|e|or|c, |e a|so |earred sore|||rg ol p|||osop|y.
l|s parer|s Were prooao|y C|r|s||ars, as a good par| ol ||e popu|a||or
ol Ar||oc| a|ready Was arourd ||e r|dd|e ol ||e cer|ury. T|eodore's oro||er
lo|yc|ror|us Was a C|r|s||ar ard Wou|d oecore o|s|op ol Aparea. le |ad
cer|a|r|y a|ready oeer oap||zed W|er, aoou| s|x|eer years ol age, |e dec|ded
|o aoardor c|ass|ca| s|ud|es ard ||e ||le ol ||e Wor|d ard |o W|||draW |o a
roras||c corrur||y a| Ar||oc|, ar as|e|er|or. lere a group ol upper-c|ass
you||s, |rc|ud|rg Jo|r, ||e lu|ure C|rysos|or, Were educa|ed |r asces|s ard
|r ||e s|udy ol 3acred 3cr|p|ure. T| e sc|oo| Was d|rec|ed oy Car|er|us ard
0|odore. T| e |a||er Was a pr|es|, c|ose|y oourd |o |e|e||us, 8|s|op ol Ar||oc|,
ard Was ||rse|l des||red |r |o oecore 8|s|op ol Tarsus. 0|odore Was ;8
We|| versed |r o|o||ca| exeges|s, W||c| |e carr|ed ou| |r a |||era| rarrer ard
|r oper cor|roversy W||| ||e a||egor|sr W||c| d|s||rgu|s|ed ||e exege||ca|
|rad|||or ol A|exardr|a. T| |s |rs|ruc||or Was des||red |o rar| |r a dec|s|ve
rarrer ||e lu|ure deve|oprer|s |r T| eodore's lorra||or ard |r ||s |r|e||ec|ua|
ac||v||y |r gerera| ard, espec|a||y, |r ||s exeges|s. l|rs|, ||oug|, accord|rg |o W|a|
||e |e||er |e||s us, T| eodore urderWer| a cr|s|s s|or||y al| er
. T| |s |ex| |s puo||s|ed |r 3C| l (ed. 0uror||er). 1;
o. lr add|||or |o sources ol r|ror |rpor|arce, |rlorra||or or T| eodore |s
a|so g|ver oy ||e Fcc|es|as||ca| l|s|or|es ol T| eodore| ( , . ), 3ocra|es ( , ), z;|o o
3ozorer ( , ), ||e 0e v|r|s |||us|r|ousol 0errad|us, c. , ||e ar||-le|ag|ar 8z 1z
Wr|||rgs
ol |ar|us |erca|or, AC0 , , , pp. - , ||e Ac|s ol ||e Courc|| ol 11 ;o
Cors|ar||rop|e
ol , AC0 , - , ||e Ad lus||r|arur (= lro delers|ore |r|ur cap||u|orur)ol |1z
lacurdus ol ler|r|are, CCl A. o
8ooN|re T| e lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury 0ree| C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
|av|rg er|ered ||e as|e|er|or, ard |||s drove ||r |o aoardor ||e roras||c
corrur||y ard |o re|urr ard occupy ||rse|l W||| lar||y alla|rs. loWever,
||e gr|el-s|r|c|er |rv||a||or ol ||s lr|erd Jo|r ardWe car supposeol
o||er corpar|ors as We|| |ad ||e ellec| ol reca|||rg ||e vac|||a||rg T| eodore
454
|o ||s asce||c corr||rer|, |||s ||re del|r|||ve|y.
lror |||s po|r| or, W||| ||e d|sappeararce ol ||e |rlorra||or lurr|s|ed
oy ||e |e||er, ||e da|a or ||e ac||v||y ard ecc|es|as||ca| career ol T| eodore
are reduced |o ||e esser||a|s. w|er, |r , 0|odore Was e|ec|ed o|s|op ol ;8
Tarsus, T| eodore succeeded ||r |r ||e d|rec||or ol ||e sc|oo| ,
;
ar e|oquer|
s|gr ol ||e exper||se W||c| Was a||r|ou|ed |o ||r |r o|o||ca| s|ud|es. lror
|||s po|r| or |e ded|ca|ed ||rse|l |o a |||erary ac||v||y des||red |o oe ol |org
dura||or ard r|c| |r rary Wor|s, or|y a leW ol W||c| Were des||red |o core
doWr |o us. le Was orda|red a pr|es| |r . w|er, |r , |e Was c|oser as 8 z
a c|arp|or ol ||e Ca||o||c par|y |o delerd ||e doc|r|re or ||e lo|y 3p|r||
|r a ree||rg ol |acedor|ar
8
o|s|ops a| Arazaroa, |e lourd ||rse|l s|ay|rg
W||| 0|odore a| Tarsus. lav|rg oeer e|ec|ed o|s|op, |e ererged v|c|or|ous
lror ||e d|spu|e

ard suosequer||y Was g|ver ||e 3ee ol |opsues||a, a sra||

|oWr |r C|||c|a W|ere pagar|sr Was s|||| l|our|s||rg. las|ora| care d|d ro|
draW ||r aWay lror ||s ded|ca||or e|||er |o doc|r|ra| ra||ers |r cor|roversy
aga|rs| ||e |as| Ar|ars ard espec|a||y aga|rs| ||e Apo|||rar|ars, or ever rore
lror exege||ca| ac||v|||es. le d|s||rgu|s|ed ||rse|l a|so lor ||s ora|or|ca|
s||||s, or accour| ol W||c| |e Was ca||ed upor |o preac| ou|s|de ol ||s oWr
|oWr, ard ever a| Cors|ar||rop|e, prooao|y |r or ||e occas|or ol ||e |
courc|| W||c| Was |e|d ||ere ||a| year. la|er, oe|Weer ard , |e |ad |1 |zo
||e oppor|ur||y |o ergage ||rse|l |r ||e le|ag|ar Cor|roversy, W||c| ||e
arr|va| ol le|ag|us |r la|es||re |ad spread a|so |o ||e Fas|. As ar advoca|e
ol lree W|||, T| eodore opposed Jerore ard Augus||re's |eac||rg or or|g|ra|
s|r ard Was gererous |r suppor| ol Ju||ar ol Fc|arur, ||e arder| delerder
ol le|ag|ar|sr W|o, corderred ard lorced |o |eave l|a|y, lourd |osp||a|||y
W||| T| eodore arourd . A leW years |a|er, |r , T| eodore's ear|||y ||le |z1 |z8
care |o ar erd.
lr ||e course ol |||s |org career as pas|or, Wr||er ard cor|rovers|a||s|,
T| eodore Was a|Ways or ||e s|de ol Ca||o||c or||odoxy, ever |r ||e le|ag|ar
;. T| |s |rpor|ar| ro||ce cores |o us lror Jo|r ol Ar||oc|, as c||ed oy
lacurdus
z, , . z1z
8. T| |s rare, der|ved lror |acedor|us ol Cors|ar||rop|e, Was g|ver |r ||e
l|ra|
decades ol ||e lour|| cer|ury |o ||ose W|o, ||oug| ro| Ar|ars, der|ed ||e lu||
d|v|r||y ol ||e lo|y 3p|r||. T| ey, |oo, Were corderred oy ||e Courc|| ol
Cors|ar||rop|e ol . 81
. T| e accour| ol ||e 0|spu|e W||| ||e |acedor|ars |as core doWr |o us |r
3yr|ac |rars|a||or |r l0 , , pp. - (ed. Nau). o;o;
8|o||ca| Fxeges|s ard lerrereu||cs |r 3yr|a 8o1
ques||or, oecause ||s |eac||rg or lree W||| Was |r lurdarer|a| |arrory, |r
sp||e ol sore rad|ca| po|r|s, W||| ||e gerera| lee||rg ol Fas|err C|r|s||ar||y.
T|eodore's r|slor|ures pos| ror|er d|d ro| or|g|ra|e lror |||s area, ou|
ra||er lror ||s C|r|s|o|og|ca| ellor|s |r ar ar||-Apo|||rar|ar d|rec||or, W||c|
|ed ||r |o d|s||rgu|s| |oo s|arp|y ||e d|v|re ra|ure ard |urar ra|ure |r
C|r|s| prec|se|y as |Wo d|llerer| suojec|s, W||| ||e resu|| ol p|ac|rg ||e|r ur||y
a| r|s|. lor ||e rorer|, |||s all| rra||or, a|||oug| || Was a|ready cor|es|ed
oy Cyr|| ol A|exardr|a oelore ||e r|se ol ||e Nes|or|ar cr|s|s, d|d ro| |rvo|ve
s|gr|l|car| corsequerces or ||e d|sc|p||rary |eve| |o T| eodore's d|sadvar|age.
la|er, |oWever, W|er ||e d|llererces |r C|r|s|o|ogy degerera|ed lror |o
or, l|rs| |r|o ||e Nes|or|ar ||er ||e |orop|ys||e cr|ses, ever T| eodore's
rare, |oge||er W||| ||a| ol 0|odore, Was ca||ed |r|o ques||or, |rasruc|
as ||e opporer|s ol Nes|or|us cors|dered ||er |o oe ||e |rs||ga|ors ol ||e
d|v|s|ve C|r|s|o|ogy W||c| Was corderred a| Fp|esus |r . 0r ||e o||er |1
|ard, T| eodore's C|r|s|o|og|ca| |eac||rg |ad deve|oped ||e |yp|ca| |erderc|es
ol ||e Ar||oc|ere sc|oo|, ard ||us ||s rerory lourd ||ere a s|rorg
ard de|err|red delerse. l| Was ro|, |oWever, suc| as |o prever| ||s rerory,
|oge||er W||| ||a| ol T| eodore| ard |oas, lror oecor|rg |rvo|ved |r ||e
so-ca||ed ques||or ol ||e T| ree C|ap|ers, ra|sed oy ||e Frperor Jus||r|ar
|r ar a||erp|, W||c| rera|red lru|||ess, |o pu| ar erd |o ||e ar|ros||y ol
||e |orop|ys||es. T| eodore Was sacr|l|ced |o ||e|r |a|red as ||e |eac|er ol
Nes|or|us ard, |r sp||e ol ||e oppos|||or W||c| Jus||r|ar's dec|s|or aroused
espec|a||y |r ||e wes|, Was corderred as a |ere||c |r ||e ecurer|ca| courc||
|e|d a| Cors|ar||rop|e |r .
T| e des||ry W||c| T| eodore ercour|ered pos| ror|er |as de|err|red
|r a dec|s|ve rarrer ||e la|e ol ||s rurerous Wr|||rgs ard ||us ol ||e
|roW|edge We are ao|e |o |ave ol ||r |oday. lrdeed, ||s |rvo|verer| |r ||e
Nes|or|ar ard |orop|ys||e Cor|rovers|es, |l or ||e ore |ard || |as |ed |o
455
||e a|ros| corp|e|e d|sappeararce ol ||s Wor|s |r ||e|r or|g|ra| |arguage
as a corsequerce ol ||e corderra||or |rl||c|ed or ||r oy ||e courc|| ard
suosequer||y reall| rred severa| ||res, || |as or ||e o||er exa||ed ||s rerory
ard pres||ge |r ||e sc||sra||c Nes|or|ar C|urc|, W||c| |as es|eered ||r as
T|e Fxege|e par exce||erce, so ||a| |r |||s Way var|ous ol ||s Wor|s |ave core
doWr |o us |r 3yr|ac |rars|a||or. lur||errore, |Wo ca|a|ogues ol T| eodore's
Wr|||rgs |ave core doWr |o us lror Nes|or|ar sources. T|e l|rs| |s |rc|uded
|r ||e Arao|c C|ror|c|e ol 3eer| (ca. ), ||e secord |s ||e Wor| ol ||e 11oo
Nes|or|ar o|s|op Foedjesus |r ||e lour|eer|| cer|ury.1oo
Arorg ||e exege||ca| Wr|||rgs |r ||e|r or|g|ra| |arguage, ||e Correr|ary
or ||e TWe|ve lrop|e|s |as core doWr |o us, |ac||rg or|y ||e |r|roduc||or
1oo. T|e C|ror|c|e|s puo||s|ed |r l0 , , pp. - (ed. 3c|er-0|o), ||e z z8|1
ca|a|ogue
ol Foedjesus |s |r Asserar|, 8|o||o||eca 0r|er|a||s , , pp. - . 1 o
8ozN|re T| e lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury 0ree| C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
ol a gerera| ra|ure.
1o1T|e Correr|ary or ||e lsa|rs, W||c| Was d|c|a|ed
oelore ||e alorerer||ored correr|ary ard |s ||e l|rs| Wor| ol T| eodore,
||g||y deperder| or ||e s|r||ar correr|ary ol 0|odore, |as oeer par||a||y
recors|ruc|ed oy 0evreesse lor lsa|rs - or ||e oas|s ol ra|er|a| re|r|eved 18o
aoove a|| lror ||e exege||ca| c|a|rs.
1ozT| ere rera|rs ol |||s correr|ary a
la||r adap|a||or W||c| |oday |erds |o oe a||r|ou|ed |o Ju||ar ol Fc|arur.
1o
T| e re||odo|og|ca| |r|roduc||or W||c| T| eodore |ad used as a loreWord
|o ||s |r|erpre|a||or ol lsa|r |as recer||y oeer puo||s|ed |r a 3yr|ac 118
|rars|a||or W||c| |s daraged a| ||e oeg|rr|rg.
1o|T|eexp||c|| ol ||e 3yr|ac
|rars|a||or g|ves |||s |ex| ||e ||||e Aga|rs| ||e A||egor|s|s. l| |s ro|, |oWever,
|o oe |der||l|ed W||| ||e Wor| ol ||e sare rare ||s|ed |r ||e ca|a|ogue ol
Foedjesus, W||c| cors|s|ed ol a good l|ve ooo|s. T| e Correr|ary or ||e
0ospe| ol Jo|r, ol W||c| sore lragrer|s |r ||e|r or|g|ra| |arguage |ave
a|so core |o ||g||, ard par| ol ||e Correr|ary or Fcc|es|as|es |ave |||eW|se
oeer puo||s|ed |r a 3yr|ac |rars|a||or.
1oT|e Correr|ar|es or ||e so-ca||ed
r|ror |e||ers ol lau|, |.e., lror 0a|a||ars |o l|||eror, |o W||c| car oe added
arp|e lragrer|s |r ||e or|g|ra| |arguage ol ||e er||re co||ec||or ol |e||ers,
|ave core doWr |o us |r ar arc|er| la||r |rars|a||or W||c| |s da|ed |o ||e
l|l|| cer|ury.
1oo
Nurerous lragrer|s ol ||e Correr|ary or 0eres|s are
ex|ar|.
1o;
0l ||e ror-exege||ca| Wor|s, or|y ||e Ca|ec|e||ca| lor|||es |ave
surv|ved |r ||e|r er||re|y |r a 3yr|ac |rars|a||or ( ). 1|
1o8
lr ||e sare rarrer |ad oeer preserved ||e 0e |rcarra||ore, a doc|r|ra||y very
|rpor|ar|
Wor|, W||c| Was des|royed |r ||e v|c|ss||udes ol ||e l|rs| wor|d war oelore
|| Was puo||s|ed.
1o1. lor |||s |ex|, Cl. l0 , - , ed. 3prerger, w|esoader . oo1zoz 1;;
1oz. Cl. b. 0evreesse, le Correr|a|re de T| eodore de |opsues|e sur |es
lsaures
(l-lXXX), va||car C||y . 1
1o. l| |s puo||s|ed |r CCl A (ed. 0e Cor|rc|). lr |||s |ex| ore rus| d|s||rgu|s| 88
||e |rue ard ac|ua| |rars|a||or ol Ju||ar, ||r||ed |o ||e lss - , lror a |eav||y 1|o
aoorev|a|ed aor|dgrer|, W||c| ex|erds lror ls . |o ||e erd ol ||e lsa||er. 1o11
1o|. l| |s puo||s|ed |r C3C0 - (ed. var borpay). l| |s lo||oWed, a|so |r |o
3yr|ac |rars|a||or, oy var|ous lragrer|s or ||e |r|erpre|a||or ol ls ard ol 118
o||er lsa|rs.
1o. lor ||e Correr|ary or Fcc|es|as|es cl. ||e ed. ol 3|ro||rarr,w|esoader
, 188
lor ||e Correr|ary or Jo|r ||e ed. ol vos|e, C3C0 ll - . 11o
1oo. T| e correr|ar|es |r |a||r |rars|a||or Were puo||s|ed |r |Wo vo|ures oy
3Wee|e, Caror|dge , . lor ||e lragrer|s, cl. K. 3|aao, 188o188z
lau|us|orrer|are
aus der gr|ec||sc|er K|rc|e, |urs|er , pp. - . 1 11z1z
1o;. T| ey car oe read |r l0 , - . ooo|o
1o8. Cl b. Torreau, les lor|||es Ca|ec|e||ques de T| eodore de |opsues|e (|r
co||aoora||or W||| b. 0evreesse), va||car C||y . 1|
8|o||ca| Fxeges|s ard lerrereu||cs |r 3yr|a 8o
Arorg ||e Wor|s ol ar exege||ca| ra|ure W||c|, W||| ||e excep||or ol
a leW lragrer|s, |ave ro| core doWr |o us, We |roW ol Correr|ar|es or
Fxodus, l ard ll 3arue|, T| e |ajor lrop|e|s, T| e 0ospe|s ol |a|||eW ard
456
lu|e. l| |s urcer|a|r W|e||er T| eodore expourded ||s oo|d corjec|ures or
||e 3org ol 3orgs, |o W||c| We W||| re|urr |a|er, |r a correr|ary or, as seers
rore |||e|y, |r a |e||er. Arorg ||e |os| ror-exege||ca| Wor|s car oe rared,
|r add|||or |o ||ose rer||ored aoove, Aga|rs| Furor|us, Aga|rs| Apo|||rar|s,
Aga|rs| T| ose w|o lo|d ||a| leop|e 3|r oy Na|ure ard ro| oy w|||, Aga|rs|
||e Teac||rg ol ||e lers|ar |ag|c|ars, ard besporse |o ||e Frperor Ju||ar,
ol W||c| sore reW lragrer|s |ave recer||y oeer d|scovered |r add|||or |o
||ose leW prev|ous|y |roWr.
1o
z. lerrereu||ca| T|eory
lror ar||qu||y ur||| ||e preser|, T| eodore |as oeer ard |s cors|dered ||e
ros| s|gr|l|car| represer|a||ve ol ||e Ar||oc|ere 3c|oo|, espec|a||y |r ||s
exege||ca| ou| a|so |r ||s doc|r|ra| aspec|. l| |s adv|sao|e |o ra|e c|ear a|
|||s po|r| ||a| ||e so-ca||ed 3c|oo| ol Ar||oc| |s ro| |o oe cors|dered as
ar |rs|||u||or W||| |eac|ers ard adr|r|s|ra|ors, suc| as Was ||e 3c|oo| ol
A|exardr|a. ba||er, || rus| oe corcep|ua||zed as or|y a group ol exege|es ard
||eo|og|ars, sore ol W|or, suc| as 0|odore, Were ac||ve |r ||e|r oWr r|g||
as |eac|ers, oourd |oge||er oy |eac|er-pup|| re|a||ors||ps ard oy a corror
||eo|og|ca| ard exege||ca| ou||oo|. 3|rce ||e ol|-repea|ed all| rra||or ||a|
||e lourder ol |||s |rproper|y del|red sc|oo| Was luc|ar ol Ar||oc| |as
oeer s|oWr |o oe W|||ou| lourda||or, || |s sull| c|er| |o s|a|e a| |||s po|r|
||a| |||s sc|oo| Was ar||c|pa|ed or ||e re||odo|og|ca| p|are |r ||e exege|es
ac||ve |r ||e 3yropa|es||r|ar reg|or |r ||e loo|s|eps ol Fuseo|us ol Caesarea
|r ||e l|rs| |a|l ol ||e lour|| cer|ury. Arorg ||ese, Fuseo|us ol Fresa |s
espec|a||y ro|eWor||y lor ||e c|ear |||era||s| |erdercy ol ||s exeges|s. lr ary
case, 0|odore ol Tarsus rus| oe cors|dered ||e l|rs| rea| represer|a||ve ol
|||s `sc|oo|,' aoove a|| or ||e s|rerg|| ol ||s ||eore||ca| s|ard |r lavor ol
a |||era| exeges|s aga|rs| a||egor|sr,
11o
ard ||e cors|s|ercy W||| W||c| |e
app||ed ||s re||odo|og|ca| pr|rc|p|es |r ||s exeges|s. T| e d|sappeararce
ol rear|y a|| ||s Wor|s does ro| a||oW us |o judge ||r adequa|e|y lror ||e
doc|r|ra| po|r| ol v|eW. Never||e|ess, ||e recer| par||a| puo||ca||or ol ||s
1o. Cl. T| eodore ol |opsues||a, bep||ca a 0|u||aro lrpera|ore, ed. A. 0u|da,
l|orerce , W||| de|a||ed ro|es or ||e ||le ard Wor|s ol T| eodore. 1|
11o. 0|odore |ad dea|| W||| |||s ques||or |r 0r ||e 0|llererce oe|Weer A||egor|a
ard T| eor|a, W||c| |as oeer |os|. lr ary case, ||s ||oug|| |r |||s regard |s g|ver
a|so |r ||e |r|roduc||ors p|aced oelore ||e Correr|ary or ||e lsa|rs |r gerera|
as
We|| as |o ||e correr|ary or lsa|r . 118
8o|N|re T| e lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury 0ree| C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
Correr|ary or ||e lsa|rs
111
a||oWs us |o core |o |roW ||r as ar exege|e,
ard lror |||s |roW|edge || oecores c|ear |oW prolourd|y T| eodore Was
|rl| uerced oy ||r.
lrdeed, ||e represer|a||ves ol Ar||oc|ere exeges|s do ro| appear |o
us as a corp|e|e|y |orogereous o|oc| ou|, ever |l or|y or ||e oas|s ol a
corror ||eore||ca| approac|, ||ey do g|ve ev|derce |r prac||ce ol spec|l|c
c|arac|er|s||cs W||c| a||oW us |o d|s||rgu|s| rore or |ess rad|ca| |erderc|es.
0|odore ard T| eodore s|ard ou| |r corpar|sor W||| Jo|r C|rysos|or ard
T| eodore| lor ||e rad|ca| |erdercy W||| W||c| ||ey ra|e use ol ||e cr||er|a
ol |||era| exeges|s |r oper oppos|||or |o A|exardr|ar a||egor|sr.
T| e recer| puo||ca||or ol Aga|rs| ||e A||egor|s|s a||oWs us |o spec|ly |r
sore de|a|| T| eodore's cr|||que ol a||egor|z|rg exeges|s. T|e accusa||orlar
lror reWol ra||rg ||e o|o||ca| |ex| say, oy rears ol |||s |ype ol exeges|s,
W|a| eac| |r|erpre|er W|s|es ard ro| exp|a|r|rg W|a| |r lac| |s |r ||e |ex|
|s suppor|ed oy |Wo argurer|s.
1. T| e a||egor|s|s jus||l|ed ||e|r prac||ce oy or|rg|rg lorWard o|o||ca| |ex|s
W||c| appeared |o oe |ac||rg ar accep|ao|e rear|rg ard ||us |o oe ur|erao|e
accord|rg |o ||e |||era| serse, ard W||c| ||erelore cou|d or|y oe
|r|erpre|ed a||egor|ca||y. T| eodore produces var|ous exarp|es ol |ex|s ol
|||s ||rd, arorg W||c| are ls . `lree lror ||e |ard ol ||e dog ry or|y z1z1
oego||er ore,' ard ls . `T| e r|vers |oge||er W||| c|ap ||e|r |ards.' le ;8
ooserves ||a| ||e pre|erded d|ll| cu||y |s or|y a use ol l|gura||ve |arguage,
accer|ua|ed oy cer|a|r c|arac|er|s||cs ol ||e leoreW |arguage. T|e |Wo
exarp|es produced |ere oecore corpre|ers|o|e |l ||ey are urders|ood as
re|ap|ores W||c| descr|oe spec|l|c ||s|or|ca| s||ua||ors oy ra||rg use ol
corpar|sors draWr lror ||e Wor|d ol ar|ra|s ard ol ra|ure (pp. ll.). l| |
rus| |r ary case oe ooserved |ere ||a| ||e rea| |r|erpre||ve d|ll|cu||y ard
||us ||e ro||ve ol ||e oppos|||or oe|Weer ||e |Wo exege||ca| |erderc|es
arose ro| so ruc| lror cases ol |||s |ype W|ere || Was c|ear |o a|| ||a| ||e
o|o||ca| |ex| |ad rade use ol l|gura||ve |arguage, ou| ra||er W|ere ||ere
Was urcer|a|r|ysuc| as Augus||re ooserved rore or |ess a| ||e ||re ol
457
T| eodore |r ||e 0e doc|r|re C|r|s||ara lll. . W|e||er ||e o|o||ca| |ex|
oug|| |o oe urders|ood |r a |||era| or a l|gura||ve serse. T| |s Was ||e case
aoove a|| lor c|. - ol 0eres|s, W|ose ry||o|og|z|rg l|avor ard ||e z
ar||ropororp||c preser|a||or ol 0od drove ||e A|exardr|ars |o cors|der ||er
|o oe expressed |r l|gura||ve lorr, W|||e ||e Ar||oc|eres prelerred |o |o|d
ever |ere |o a s|r|c||y |||era| serse.
11z
111. l| |s puo||s|ed |r CC0 (ed. 0||v|er). begard|rg 0|odore's exeges|s, cl ry o
le||era e|o a||egor|a. ur cor|r|ou|e a||a s|or|a de||'eseges| pa|r|s||ca, bore , 18
ll. 1
11z. w|a| |||||e We |roW ol T| eodore's |os| Correr|ary or 0eres|s or |||s
ques-
8|o||ca| Fxeges|s ard lerrereu||cs |r 3yr|a 8o
z. T| eodore ooserves ||a| ||e pagar p|||osop|ers |ad used a||egory |o
g|ve a rora||y accep|ao|e rear|rg |o ||e|r ry||s, so ||a| ||e|r a||egor|ca|
|r|erpre|a||or |r lac| e||r|ra|ed ||e |||era| rear|rg ol ||e s|ory |o ||e
exc|us|ve lavor ol ||s syroo||c |rpor|arce. lor ||a| reasor, lau| |r 0a| . |
z||ad spo|er or|y |rproper|y ol a||egory W||| regard |o lagar ard 3ara|,
ls|rae| ard lsaac preser|ed as s|gr|ly|rg ||e 0|d ard ||e NeW Coverar|,
||e JeWs ard ||e C|r|s||ars, |rasruc| as |e |ad ro| a| a|| |r|erded |o
e||r|ra|e ||e ||s|or|c||y ol ||ese o|o||ca| c|arac|ers oy |r|roduc|rg |||s
syroo||sr. T| eodore |s la|||lu||y |a||rg up aga|r |ere ||e cr|||que W||c|
a|ready 0|odore |ad oroug|| lorWard aga|rs| a||egor|sr oy corpar|rg ||e
use rade ol || oy exege|es ol ||e A|exardr|ar |rad|||or |o ||a| ol ||e pagar
exege|es, ard |e l|rds ||e |arge| lor ||s cr|||que |r l|||o ard 0r|ger (pp.
1oll.). lr rea|||y, oo|| l|||o ard 0r|ger |ad |r|erded or|y |r a leW cases |o
e||r|ra|e ||e |||era| serse oy use ol a||egory, ard |||s or|y |r ||ose p|aces
W|ere ||ey cors|dered ||a| ||e o|o||ca| |ex| |ad or|y syroo||c va|ue, suc|
as |r rary de|a||s ol 0eres|s - . To ||e cor|rary, |r rary o||er |rs|arces z
||ey |ad carr|ed ou| ||e|r |r|erpre|a||or prec|se|y |r ||e rarrer ol lau|,
||a| |s, W|||ou| dery|rg ||e |||era| serse ard super|rpos|rg ||e a||egor|ca|
serse over ||. l||e lau|, re|||er l|||o ror 0r|ger |ad |r|erded |o dery ||e
||s|or|ca| ex|s|erce ol ||e la|r|arc|s. |oWever, |r |||s d|llerer| eva|ua||or
W||c| 0r|ger g|ves |o ||e |e||er ol ||e o|, T| eodore sees or|y a s|gr ol
|rcors|s|ercy,
11
ard l|rds suppor| lor ||s rejec||or ol 0r|ger's re||odo|ogy
oy or|rg|rg lorWard ||e errors W||c|, a| ||s ||re, Were oe|rg c|arged aga|rs|
||e A|exardr|ar (p. ll.). T| e corderra||or ol ||s doc|r|re re|rlorces ||a| 1o
ol ||s exege||ca| re||od.
T| e goa| ol a||egor|ca| |r|erpre|a||or ol ||e o| Was |o g|ve |o || a C|r|s|o|og|ca|
s|gr|l| carce. loWever, |r ||e sare Way as 0|odore,11|
re|||er d|d
T| eodore, |r cr|||c|z|rg ||a| re||od, |r|erd or ||e p|are ol ||eory |o dery
suc| a s|gr|l|carce, ou| ra||er or|y |o preserve ||e |r|egr||y ol ||e |||era|
rear|rg. lr ||e prelace |o ||e Correr|ary or Jora| (l0 , ll.) |e, |||e oo1;
0|odore, |a|es up ||e oroad|y |rad|||ora| cr||er|or ol cors|der|rg cer|a|r
||or corl|rrs ||e au||or's s|r|c| |||era||sr. w||| regard |o ||e garrer|s ol s||rs
ol 0er . , |r order |o avo|d ||a| ore r|g|| |||r| W||| ur|erao|e z1
ar||ropororp||sr ||a| 0od l|rse|l |ad rade ||e garrer|s ol s||rs lor Adar
ard Fve, T| eodore proposes ||a| || rears ||a| Adar rade ||er ||rse|l W|||
||e oar| ol a |ree.
l0 . . ooo|1
11. T| eodore appears |o |ave |||||e |rlorra||or or l|||o ard, regard|rg ||s use
ol
a||egory, g|ves or|y ||e ros| gerera| judgrer|s.
11|. T| eodore, |oWever, gave up ||e ros| |yp|ca| c|arac|er|s||c ol ||e
exege||ca|
8ooN|re T| e lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury 0ree| C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
||s|or|ca||y va||d ever|s ol ||e o| as |ypo| ol C|r|s|, prop|e||ca||y ar||c|pa|ed |r ||e
o|d ecorory |r lurc||or ol ||e lu|ure lrcarra||or. le a|so
expourds ||e cord|||ors W||c| rus| oe ver|l|ed lor ar ever| ol ||e o| |o oe
cors|dered a |ypos ol ar ever| ol ||e r|. `lr suc| a rarrer We |ave lourd
||a| ||e arc|er| rea||||es are a |ype ol ||e ores |o core |l ||ey |ave sore
s|r||ar||y W||| respec| |o ||er ard a| ||e sare ||re derors|ra|e a u|||||y
|r ||e|r oWr age, W|||e lror ||e sare ever|s || oecores c|ear |oW ||ese
rea||||es are |rler|or [|o ||e lu|ure ores|' ( o). 0r |||s oas|s, T|eodore ro| zo
or|y cor||rues oy preser||rg Jora| as ||e ore W|o, oe||er ||ar ary o||er,
prel|gured W||| ||s c|rcurs|arces ever|s ol Jesus' |urar ||le. 8u| |e a|so
spec|l|es ||a| ros| ol ||e de|a||s (\+d) ol ||e o| car oe |r|erpre|ed |r
|||s rarrer ard proposes sore exarp|es.
11
loWever, as We suosequer||y
W||| see, T| eodore |r lac| rade very res|r|c|ed app||ca||or ol |||s exege||ca|
458
cr||er|or |r ||s correr|ar|es.
. lrsp|ra||or ard Caror|c||y
lr a|r|rg a| a |||era| apprec|a||or ol ||e o|o||ca| |ex| cors|dered lror ||e
||s|or|ca| ard |||erary po|r| ol v|eW, T| eodore app||ed ||ese cr||er|a |o ||e
3org ol 3orgs W||| suc| cors|s|ercy ard r|g|d||y as |o ca|| |r|o douo| or so
|| seers||s c|arac|er as ar |rsp|red Wr|||rg.
11o
lr lac|, ||e 3org ol 3orgs,
|rasruc| as || |s rade up ol a co||ec||or ol |ove sorgs W||c| are exc|arged
oe|Weer ||e |Wo pro|agor|s|s, car |a|e or a re||g|ous s|gr|l|carce or|y or
||e cord|||or ol a corp|e|e ard exc|us|ve a||egor|ca| |r|erpre|a||or. T|e
JeWs |ad recogr|zed |r || ||e syroo| ol a|We|'s |ove lor lsrae|, ard ||e
C|r|s||ars |ad rade |||s |r|erpre|a||or ||e|r oWr, |rarslerr|rg || |o C|r|s|
|err|ro|ogy ol 0|odore, W|o, W|||e cr|||c|z|rg 0r|ger, |ad |a|er ||e very
qua||ly|rg |err ol ||s oWr exeges|s, 9d, ard a|so vd.
11. T| eodore proposes ||e Fxodus ol ||e lsrae|||es lror Fgyp| (= ||oera||or
lror
s|rs), ||e o|oody sacr|l|ces ol ||e |erp|e (= ||e sacr|l|ce ol C|r|s|), ard ||e ororze
serper| (= C|r|s| cruc|l|ed), ard ro|es ||a| ||e ||ree ever|s are g|ver |r ||e r|
W|||
exp||c|| relererce |o C|r|s|. l Cor . , leo . , Jo|r . . 1o11 1 1|
11o. lor |||s ard ||e lo||oW|rg, ||e pr|rc|pa| sources are. leor||us ol 8yzar||ur,
Aga|rs| ||e Nes|or|ars ard ||e Fu|yc||ars, l0 , ll., ||e Ac|s ol ||e 8o1o
Courc||
ol Cors|ar||rop|e ol , |ars| , ll., Jur|||us, lrs|||u|a regu|ar|a d|v|rae |eg|s zz|
1, - . 0r |||s |ssue, cl. F. Ararr, T| eodore de |opsues|e, 0TlC , ll., 0. ; 1z||
Z.
Za|aropou|os, T| eodore ol |opsues||a or ||e 8|o|e. A 3|udy ol ||s 0|d
Tes|arer|
Fxeges|s, NeW or| , ll. 18||
8|o||ca| Fxeges|s ard lerrereu||cs |r 3yr|a 8o;
ard |o ||e c|urc|. T| eodore cou|d ro| accep| |||s rad|ca| a||egor|z|rg, ard
oy cors|der|rg ||e |ex| |r ||s |||era| serse as de|err|red oy ||s|or|ca|
c|rcurs|arces, |e rade ||e ros| ol ||e |rad|||ora| a||r|ou||or ol ||e Wor|
|o 3o|oror oy cors|der|rg || |o oe ro|||rg rore ||ar a co||ec||or ol |ove
sorgs corposed oy ||e ||rg lor ore ol ||s W|ves, ||e daug||er ol p|arao|.
we do ro| |roW |o W|a| ex|er| |||s eva|ua||or lorced T| eodore |o ca|| |r|o
ques||or ||e very caror|ca| s|a|us ol ||e 3org ol 3orgs. T| |s accusa||or Was
oroug|| aga|rs| ||r ard ex|erded a|so |o ||e 8oo|s ol Joo ard Fcc|es|as|es,
as car oe read |r ||e Ac|s ol ||e Courc|| ol Cors|ar||rop|e ol . leor||us
ol 8yzar||ur ever o|ares T| eodore lor |av|rg der|ed ||e caror|ca| s|a|us
ol lara||poreror, Fzra ard Ne|er|a| as We|| ard, W||| regard |o ||e r|,
a|so ol ||e le||er ol Jares ard ||e o||er Ca||o||c le||ers. T| e accusa||or |as
grea| reed ol oe|rg pu| |r|o a proper perspec||ve. A| ||e ||re ol T|eodore,
||e caror ol ||e o| ard ||e r|, W||c| |ad lor a |org ||re oeer cors|||u|ed
|r ||s esser||a| par|s, s|||| s|oWed rarg|ra| var|a||ors lror c|urc| |o c|urc|,
ard |rdeed ||e C|urc| ol Ar||oc| d|d ro| recogr|ze ||e caror|ca| s|a|us ol
a grea| par| ol ||ese ooo|s. T|us T| eodore |r suos|arce d|d ro|||rg rore
||ar |o corlorr ||rse|l |o ||e usage ol ||e c|urc| |r W||c| |e |ad oeer
oroug|| up |r ||e C|r|s||ar la|||. w||| regard |o ||e 3org ol 3orgs ard
Joo, || |s recessary |o eva|ua|e |||s accusa||or oy |eep|rg |r r|rd as We||
aro||er ore W||c| Was oroug|| aga|rs| T| eodore, ||a| ol d|s||rgu|s||rg |r
3cr|p|ure d|llerer| rodes ard |eve|s ol |rsp|ra||or, a grea|er ore del|red
oy ||r as prop|e||c |rsp|ra||or, ard a |esser ore, del|red as ||e grace ol
pruderce or W|sdor. Accord|rg |o ||e accusa||or, T| eodore Wou|d |ave
cors|dered Joo as |rsp|red oy |urar W|sdor. |oWever, ||e very lac| ||a|
We |roW ||a| a correr|ary or |||s ooo| Was corposed oy ||r ra|es ||
qu||e d|ll| cu|| |o ra|r|a|r ||a| |e cou|d |ave douo|ed ||s caror|ca| s|a|us,
ever W|||e adr||||rg ar |rler|or |eve| ol |rsp|ra||or. w||| regard |o ||e
d|s||rc||or ol |eve|s ard rodes ol |rsp|ra||or, |||s car oe exp|a|red |r ||g||
ol ||e apprec|a||or ol a |||erary ard ||s|or|ca| c|arac|er W||c| T| eodore
Was accus|ored |o g|ve ol ||e o|o||ca| ooo|s, |r ||e serse ||a| ||e|r spec|l|c
c|arac|er|s||cs ||erse|ves seered |o |rp|y d|verse rodes ol |rsp|ra||or or
||e par| ol ||e lo|y 3p|r|| lor ||e oerel|| ol ||e d|llerer| au||ors, a ||s|or|ca|
ooo| |as a qu||e d|llerer| c|arac|er ||ar a prop|e||c ore |r suc| a Way ||a|
d|v|re |rsp|ra||or |rl|uerced eac| au||or |r a d|llerer| rode. lr |||s order
ol |deas, T| eodore erp|as|zed aoove a|| ||e prop|e||c |ype ol |rsp|ra||or as
||a| W||c| |rarsr||s ||e d|v|re ressage rore d|rec||y |o ||e |urar oe|rg.
w|||e recogr|z|rg d|llerer| rodes a|so |r |||s spec|l|c area, |e erp|as|zed
aoove a|| ||e |rsp|ra||or W||c| arouses |r ||e prop|e| a s|a|e ol urcorsc|ous
8o8N|re T| e lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury 0ree| C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
ecs|asy ()sdi) ||roug| W||c| ||e ros| |rpor|ar| ard secre| reve|a||ors
are rade |o ||r. lr lac|, or|y oy l|rd|rg ||rse|l |r a psyc|o|og|ca| cord|||or
W||c| |so|a|ed ||r corp|e|e|y lror ||e surrourd|rg erv|rorrer| Was ||e
459
prop|e| capao|e ol oear|rg ||e |err|ly|rg ard rys|er|ous v|s|ors ||roug|
W||c| ||e lo|y 3p|r|| corrur|ca|ed d|v|re reve|a||or |o ||r. T||s pos|||ve 11;
eva|ua||or ol ecs|asy |s |o oe judged lror ||e ||s|or|ca| po|r| ol v|eW oy
|a||rg |r|o accour| ||a| ||e |err ard ||e psyc|o|og|ca| s|a|e W||c| || s|ood
lor |ad lor a |org ||re oeer cors|dered |r a corp|e|e|y rega||ve rarrer |r
||e c|urc|es ol ||e Fas|, |rasruc| as ||ey Were cors|dered c|arac|er|s||c
ol ||e prop|ecy ol||e |or|ar|s|s. lr |||s serse, || Was all| rred ||a| |||s
rarrer ol prop|esy|rg, del|red as la|se prop|ecy ard la|se ecs|asy, Were
d|llerer| lror ||a| W||c| oo|| ||e o| ard ||e r| prop|e|s |ad prac||ced.
118
3|rce ||e |or|ar|s| darger |ad d|sappeared oy |||s ||re, ||e cors|dera||or
ol ecs|asy |||eW|se c|arges lror rega||ve |o pos|||ve W||| T| eodore,
|. Fxege||ca| Tec|r|que
lr a passage ol ||e Correr|ary or Jo|r (C3C0 ll , ), T| eodore ooserves oz
||a| ||e |as| ol ||e exege|e |s |o exp|a|r ||e d|ll| cu|| express|ors ol ||e
o|o||ca| |ex| W|||ou| go|rg or a| |erg|| |r ||e d|gress|ors a||oWed |o ||e
preac|er. lrdeed a cors|ar| c|arac|er ol a|| T| eodore's correr|ar|es W||c|
|ave core doWr |o us |s ||e grea|es| corc|seress ol express|or. esser||a|
exp|ara||ors, ro| W|||ou| sore doc|r|ra| c|ar|l|ca||or W|ere || |s deered
recessary, ou| W|||ou| a s|adoW ol ||e Word|ress ard ol ||e aourdarce ol
d|gress|ors |yp|ca| ol 0r|ger's correr|ary ard ol ||e A|exardr|ar |rad|||or
|r gerera|. ll We |eep |r r|rd ||e |Wo |ypes ol correr|ary |r use |r 0ree|
sc|o|as||c prac||ce, ||e grarra||ca| ard ||e p|||osop||ca|, ||e res|r|c||or |o
esser||a|s ard ||e corc|seress ol T| eodore's correr|ary ca|| |o r|rd ||e
c|arac|er ol ||e grarra||ca| correr|ary, W|||e ||a| ol 0r|ger Was |rsp|red
|r var|ous aspec|s oy ||e p|||osop||ca| correr|ary. l| does ro| appear,
or ||e o||er |ard, ||a| T| eodore, |||e ||e o||er pr|rc|pa| exege|es ol ||e
Ar||oc|ere 3c|oo| W||| ||e excep||or ol 0|odore, exerc|sed ary |eac||rg
respors|o|||||es. T| us ||s correr|ar|es, |r cor|ras| |o ||ose ol 0r|ger ard
0|dyrus, do ro| appear |o oe der|ved lror ||e exp|ara||or ol ||e o|o||ca|
11;. 0r |||s ques||or, |r add|||or |o ||e Wor|s c||ed |r r. , cl aoove a||. b. zz
0evreesse, Fssa| sur T| eodore de |opsues|e, va||car C||y , l. 18;8
118. 0r ||e a||||ude |oWards ecs|a||c prop|ecy |r Ca||o||c c|rc|es |r ||e secord
ard |||rd cer|ur|es cl. Fuseo|us, Fcc|es|as||ca| l|s|ory, , , l. 1;
8|o||ca| Fxeges|s ard lerrereu||cs |r 3yr|a 8o
|ex| g|ver a| sc|oo|. T| erelore ||e adop||or or T| eodore's par| ol a re||od
ol correr|ary W||c| ec|oes ||a| ol ||e grarra||ca| correr|ary appears
|o |ave oeer ro| so ruc| ||e cause as ||e ac|ua| ellec| ol ||s |av|rg adop|ed
a pa||err ol exeges|s ol a |||era||s| |ype.
lr lac|, 0r|ger ard T| eodore corlror| ||e o|o||ca| |ex| lror qu||e d|llerer| po|r|s
ol v|eW. lor ||e A|exardr|ar, |||s |ex| |s d|ll| cu|| |o |r|erpre|
|rasruc| as ||e deeper s|gr|l|carce ol ||e d|v|re Word |s ||dder urder ||e
ve|| ol ||e |||era| serse |r order |o d|scourage ||e approac| ol a rere|y cur|ous
ard superl|c|a| reader. lor T| eodore, or ||e o||er |ard, ||e or|y rear|rg ol ||e
|ex| |s ||a| W||c| |s |rarsr|||ed |o ||e reader oy ||e |||era| serse,
so ||a| || |s ||e respors|o||||y ol ||e |r|erpre|er |o ||roW ||g|| or || ard |o
s|a|e || W||| as ruc| c|ar||y ard prec|s|or as poss|o|e, oecause || |s a |arrlu|
ard aro||rary ac|, as We|| as a use|ess ore, |o see| sore|||rg o||er ||ar ||a|
serse. lror |||s po|r| ol v|eW, ||e p|||osop||ca| correr|ary |r W||c| ||e
|ex| ol l|a|o ard Ar|s|o||e or aro||er grea| p|||osop|er Was |r|erpre|ed oy
||e |eac|er W||| ||e grea|es| poss|o|e ||oer|y ard pro||x||y ollered ||se|l as
ar |rs|rurer| s|rgu|ar|y adap|ed |o ||e o|o||ca| exeges|s ol ar A|exardr|ar
c|arac|er, W|||e ||e corc|seress ard prec|se ad|ererce |o ||e |||erary |ex|
correr|ed, c|arac|er|s||cs |yp|ca| ol ||e grarra||ca| correr|ary, corresporded
We|| |o ||e purpose ol ||e Ar||oc|ere exege|e.
lrec|se|y oecause ||ese correr|ar|es |ao||ua||y avo|ded We|g||rg doWr
||e |ex| correr|ed upor W||| arp||l|ca||ors ol var|ous ||rds (||oug| ro|
W|||ou| s|gr|l|car| excep||ors). T| eodore corcer|ra|es, |r ||e |r|roduc||or
W||c| |e Was accus|ored |o p|ace oelore ||er, or ||e |op|cs ard or ||e
ques||ors ol a gerera| ra|ure W||c| ||e |r|erpre|a||or ol ||a| |ex| posed |o
||r. l| |s a ques||or ol exceed|rg|y re|evar| |r|roduc||ors |r ||e serse ||a|
||e|r cor|er| |s d|rec|ed |o ar urders|ard|rg ol ||e spec|l|c ard d|s||rc||ve
c|arac|er|s||cs ol ||e |ex| urder cors|dera||or. lr |||s serse, as We W||| see
oe||er suosequer||y, ||e |r|roduc||ors p|aced oelore ||e |r|erpre|a||ors ol
||e prop|e||c |ex|s are ol a qu||e d|llerer| |ore lror ||ose p|aced oelore
||e lau||re |ex|s or ||e 0ospe| ol Jo|r. l| |s prec|se|y |r |||s sec||or ol ||e
correr|ary ||a| T| eodore rar|les|s ros| c|ear|y ||a| capac||y lor
urders|ard|rg ||e o|o||ca| |ex| ||s|or|ca||y W||c| roder sc|o|ars recogr|ze as
||e ros| c|arac|er|s||c ard va|uao|e aspec| ol ||s exeges|s.
0rce |e |as es|ao||s|ed |r |||s rarrer ||e spec|l|c ra|ure ol ||e |r|erpre|a||or
W||c| |e |s aoou| |o g|ve, T| eodore goes or |o exar|re ||e |ex|
ara|y||ca||y. A| |||s po|r|, accord|rg |o ||e carors ol ||e grarra||ca| correr|ary,
|o W||c| corresporded as We|| ||e prac||ce ol |r|erpre|a||or ol a
p|||osop||ca| |ype, ||ere care ||e |ex|ua| cr|||c|sr. Never||e|ess, T|eodore
460
does ro| seer |o |ave g|ver ruc| a||er||or |o |||s aspec| ol |r|erpre|a||or.
81oN|re T| e lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury 0ree| C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
lr ||e Correr|ary |o ||e TWe|ve lrop|e|s, ||e or|y Wor| |o |ave core doWr
|o us er||re|y |r ||e or|g|ra| 0ree|, ||ere are, or ||e W|o|e, very leW exarp|es
ol d|scuss|ors ol a |ex|ua| ra|ure, ard ore does ro| l|rd recourse oeyord
||e |ex| correr|ed, W||c| |s ||a| ol ||e |xx, |o ||e o||er 0ree| |rars|a|ors.
belererces |o ||e leoreW |ex| ard 3yr|ac |rars|a||or are ex|rere|y rare.
A|ros| every |race ol cr|||c|sr |r |||s serse |s aoser| as We|| |r ||e correr|ar|es
or Jo|r ard lau|, W||c| We or|y |roW, |oWever, |r |rars|a||or. 0r ||e
o||er |ard, ||ere are rary relererces |o ||e o||er |rars|a|ors, |o 3yrrac|us
rore ||ar |o Aqu||a ard T| eodo||us, as We|| as sore relererce |o ||e leoreW
|ex|, |o oe lourd |r ||e Correr|ary or ||e lsa|rs, |o ||e ex|er| ard |r ||e
rarrer |r W||c| 0evreesse |as recors|ruc|ed || ( ). z11
lr |||s regard, |oWever, || rus| oe ro|ed ||a| ||e recourse |o ||e docurer|a||or
lurr|s|ed oy
0r|ger's lexap|a seers |o |ave oeer a cors|ar| |r|erpre|a||ve |ec|r|que |r
||e 0ree| correr|ar|es or ||e lsa|rs |roWr |o usa procedure W||c| |ad
a|ready oecore |yp|ca|. we read, |r lac|, sore ooserva||ors ol |||s ra|ure
ever |r ||e |r|erpre|a||or ol ||e lsa|rs ol C|rysos|or, ar exege|e as lar
reroved as poss|o|e lror every corcerr ol a |ex|ua| ra|ure. lr |||s serse,
|rs|arces ol |||s |ype lourd |r T| eodore's Correr|ary or ||e lsa|rs cou|d
oe rel|ec||rg, ra||er ||ar a |yp|ca| |erdercy ol ||e exege|e, rere|y ||e
accorroda||or |o a prac||ce W||c| |ad oecore |rad|||ora|. loWever, |o ||e
cor|rary, || cou|d oe ooserved ||a| T| eodore's |ex|s W||c| |ave core doWr
|o us |r |rars|a||or cou|d |ave oeer re||eved ol d|scuss|ors ol a ra|ure ol
|ex|ua| cr|||c|sr. 0r ||e W|o|e, ||erelore, ||e gerera| |rpress|or rera|rs
||a| ||e |r|eres| lor |ex|ua| cr|||c|sr Was |ess urger| lor T| eodore ||ar lor
ro| or|y 0r|ger ard Fuseo|us ou| a|so lor T|eodore|.
T| e ara|y||ca| |r|erpre|a||or ol ||e |ex| |rad|||ora||y derarded, |r oo||
pagar ard C|r|s||ar c|rc|es, ||e orea||rg ol ||e |ex| urder cors|dera||or
|r|o |erra|a ol a grea|er or |esser |erg||, lo||oWed oy ||e de|a||ed exp|ara||or ol
eac| express|or. lr ||e course ol |||s exp|ara||or sore express|ors
ol ||e |erra cou|d oe recors|dered lor ||e purpose ol a grea|er c|ar||y ol
exp|ara||or. 3uc| Was oov|ous|y T| eodore's prac||ce as We||, W||| sore
pecu||ar|||es W||c| rer|| ro||ce. 0r|ger ard 0|dyrus, ard a|ready l|ppo|y|us
oelore ||er, Were accus|ored |o lo||oW ||e |erra, W||c| cou|d a|so oe
la|r|y |org, W||| ||e exp|ara||or |r suc| a Way ||a| ||e sequerce ol |erra
ard exp|ara||or Wou|d lorr a se|l-cor|a|red s|ruc|ure, W||c| Was lo||oWed
oy aro||er |||eW|se se|l-cor|a|red, ard so lor||. T| |s re||od ol s|ruc|ur- . 11
lor docurer|a||or, cl ||e |rdex ol 0evreesse, Correr|a|re, urder ||e rare
ol ||e |rd|v|dua| |rars|a|ors.
8|o||ca| Fxeges|s ard lerrereu||cs |r 3yr|a 811
|rg ||e correr|ary |s We|| represer|ed |r T| eodore, |oo. 8u| or ||e o||er
|ard, |l ro| |r lac| |o ar ever grea|er degree, |e prelers a rore oper lorr ol
s|ruc|ure |r ||e serse ||a| ||e exp|ara||or lo||oW|rg ||e |erra, W||c| ||se|l
|s lor ||e ros| par| or|el, |rdeed very or|el, |eads |r ||s corc|us|or d|rec||y
|r|o ||e lo||oW|rg |erra, ard so lor||. lr |||s Way, |e se|s up a success|or ol
|erra|a ard exp|ara||ors |r|erre|a|ed arorg ||erse|ves. A s|rg|e exarp|e
W||| sull|ce |o |||us|ra|e ||e c|a|r-|||e exege||ca| s|ruc|ure. lr corc|ud|rg ||e
exp|ara||or ol 0a| . , T| eodore ooserves, 1o
Ard s|rce |e does ro| seer |o adr|| ||a| ||ere cou|d oe aro||er gospe|, |e
[lau|| |as added, '8u| ||ere |s ro o||er' ( . a). lr W|a| serse 1o
|as |e sa|d 'o||er'? 'll ro| oecause ||ere are sore W|o are d|s|uro|rg
you ard W|s| |o suover| ||e gospe| ol C|r|s|' ( . o). le |as sa|d ||a| 1o
aro||er gospe| |s suovers|or ol ||e gospe|. T| er, aga|rs| ||ose W|o
cors|dered ||a| ||ey |ad |o oppose |o ||r ||e persors ol ||e apos||es,
'8u| ever |l || |s We' ( . a), |o s|oW ||a| |e |s ro| opposed |o ||er ou| 1;
|s all| rr|rg ||a| lreedor, ou|s|de ol W||c| |e cors|dered ||a| ever |e
Was Wor|| ro|||rg. 0r W||c| accour|, g|v|rg ever rore erp|as|s, |e
sa|d, 'or ar arge| lror |eaver' ( . o). le added 'lror |eaver' so ||a| 1;
|| r|g|| oe urders|ood ||a| ro| ever ||e d|gr||y ol p|ace jo|red W|||
||e persorage cou|d oe or ||e sare |eve| as ||e |ru||.' (3Wee|e,
z. ll.) 1o
lr |||s Way T| eodore, W|||e ra|r|a|r|rg ||e |ao||ua| corc|seress ol ||s
exp|ara||ors, see|s |o |erd a grea|er corpac|ress |o ||s exege||ca| d|scourse
ard |o rerder || rore l|u|d ard cor||ruous oy avo|d|rg sp|||||rg || up |r|o
ur||s |oo sra||. lr ||e Correr|ary or Jo|r |||s re||od ol s|ruc|ur|rg ||e
correr|ary |s pus|ed |o ||e po|r| ||a| sore express|ors ol ||e gospe| |ex|
are ro| ever g|ver |r ||e|r er||re|y. lrs|ead, a||us|or |s rade |o ||er |r
||e course ol ||e exp|ara||or |r ar |rd|rec|, a|oe|| exp||c||, Way |o suc| ar
ex|er| ||a| ||ey are corp|e|e|y corpac|ed |r|o ||e exege||ca| d|scourse. lor
exarp|e, Jo|r . |s parap|rased |r ||e course ol ||e exp|ara||or |r |||s |zo
Way. `8u| you, lror arc|er| ||res, pre|erd ||a| ||e rour|a|r ol Jerusa|er
|s ||e p|ace ol 0od' (C3C0 , ). 11o||
461
T| e exp|ara||or W||c| lo||oWs ||e passage, ||e |ao||ua| corc|seress
ol W||c| We |ave a|ready ro|ed, |r|erpre|s ||e |ex| |r ques||or e|||er oy
s|a||rg ||e d|rec||or ard deve|oprer| ol ||e ||oug||, or oy |||us|ra||rg ||e
de|a||s W||c| rer|| a spec|l|c exp|ara|ory ro|e |r d|llerer| areas. grarra||ca|,
r|e|or|ca|, ||s|or|ca|, ar||quar|ar, or doc|r|ra|. T| e rorrs ol ||e |||erary
gerre |r W||c| ||e 0ree| pa|r|s||c correr|ar|es gerera||y le||, ||a| ol ||e
:ovdd, d|d ro| derard par||cu|ar ellor| lror ||e r|e|or|ca| po|r| ol
v|eW so ||a| T| eodore le|| ||rse|l au||or|zed |o deve|op ||e exp|ara||or
81zN|re T| e lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury 0ree| C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
lree|y W||||r ||e ||r||s W||c| ||e cus|orary orev||as perr|||ed. lr suc| a
cor|ex| ||s pred||ec||or lor sore |yp|ca| exege||ca| procedures oecores
ev|der|. T| e ros| c|arac|er|s||c |s a |ype ol parap|rase oy rears ol W||c|
T|eodore c|ar|l|es ||e rear|rg ol ||e passage oy re|a||rg ||, usua||y |r a
s||g|||y rore ex|erded lorr, W||| Words W||c| are ||s oWr ou| preserve
||e passage's rarrer ol express|or. lor exarp|e, |r ||e passage ||e au||or
spea|s |r ||e l|rs| persor ard ergages ||e readers d|rec||y, ard T| eodore, |r
||e parap|rase, preserves ||e sare rarrer ol express|or ard ol|er erp|as|zes
|| oy rears ol a parer||e||ca| (p |rqu||). lr aro||er exarp|e, aga|r
lror ||e Correr|ary or 0a|a||ars, lo||oW|rg ||e se|ec||or cors|dered aoove
W||| regard |o ||e re||od ol preser||rg passages, We read.
As l |ave a|ready |o|d you, ard roW l repea| ||, |l aryore W||| |ave
arrourced |o you a ressage d|llerer| lror ||a| W||c| you |ave
rece|ved, |e| ||r oe corderred' [ . |. ll a||, W|e||er || oe l|e 1
saysor W|e||er || oe ||e |rv|s|o|e poWers, |e| us oe ol ro |rpor|arce
|r corpar|sor |o ||e |ru|| W||c| |as a|ready oeer arrourced |o you.
T| er, proceed|rg |o delerd ||rse|l |r order |o s|oW ||a| |e |as spo|er ||us |r
order |o delerd ||e |ru|| ard ro| a||r|ou||rg ary |rpor|arce |o ||ose W|o are
oppos|rg ||r, |e says, `NoW, |rdeed, do l War|
|o W|r approva| lror |urar oe|rgs or 0od? 0r ar l |ry|rg |o p|ease
|urar oe|rgs'? [ . | Ard s|oW|rg oy ||e lac|s ||erse|ves ||a| |e 11o
|s ro| corcerred W||| |||s, |e adds, `ll |rdeed l s|||| War|ed |o p|ease
|urar oe|rgs l Wou|d ro| oe a servar| ol C|r|s|' [ . o|. l Was ||us 11o
p|eas|rg |o |urar oe|rgs a| ||a| ||re W|er l Was Wor||rg |r oe|a|l
ol ||e W|o|e laW. Ard l |ave cors|dered |||s |o oe ol ro |rpor|arce
oecause l |ave prelerred lor ||e ||re a| |ard |o p|ace ryse|l |r ||e
serv|ce ol C|r|s|. `8u| l |e|| you, oro||ers, ||a| ||e gospe| W||c| l
|ave arrourced |o you |s ro| |r corlorr||y W||| |urar oe|rgs'
[ . |. l |e|| you ||ese |||rgs corcerr|rg re so ||a| you ray ro| 111
oe||eve ||a| || |s ||roug| |urar |rver||or ||a| l |ave rece|ved ||e
doc|r|re ol W||c| l ar |a||rg advar|age. (3Wee|e, p. ll.) 11
1zo
0r|y occas|ora||y, |oWever, |s ||e o|o||ca| |ex| oe|rg |r|erpre|ed suc| ||a| a
s|rp|e parap|rase |s sull| c|er| |o exp|a|r ||. T| erelore |eodore ol| er cors|d-
. T| eodore rade arp|e use ol |||s |ype ol parap|rase |r a|| ||s 1zo
correr|ar|es W||c| |ave core doWr |o us. C|ear ev|derce ol || car oe seer
aoove a|| |r ||e
correr|ar|es or ||e le||ers ol lau|, s|rce ||e Apos||e Was accus|ored |o
express
||rse|l |ao||ua||y |r ||e l|rs| persor ard |o ques||or d|rec||y ||s addressees.
3Wee|e
|as rar|ed a|| occurrerces ol |||s |ype W||| ap|ces.
8|o||ca| Fxeges|s ard lerrereu||cs |r 3yr|a 81
ers || oppor|ure |o |r|egra|e || W||| o||er exp|ara||ors ol vary|rg cor|er|
ard |erg||. l| |s |r ary case rare ||a| |e g|ves rore ||ar ore |r|erpre|a||or
lor a s|rg|e passage as, oy cor|ras|, 0r|ger ard 0|dyrus Were accus|ored
|o do. lr |||s serse ore car rer||or ||e |r|erpre|a||or ol Aros . , `w|o 8
|urrs |r|o rorr|rg ||e s|adoW ol dea|| ard dar|ers ||e day |r|o r|g||,'
W||c| s|r|c||y spea||rg rears ||a| 0od car |urr darger |r|o joy ard v|ce
versa, ard |r a rore gerera| serse (s v sd9\o) |rd|ca|es ||a| 0od
c|arges |||rgs as |e W|s|es (l0 , ). w|er T| eodore |s Wres|||rg W||| ooz;
a |ex| ol ||e o|, ol|er||res ||e exp|ara||or |s ol a ||rgu|s||c ard r|e|or|ca|
c|arac|er, par||cu|ar|y oecause leoreW |urrs ol express|or, |rars|a|ed |r|o
0ree|, car oe ooscure.1z1
le |s a|so carelu| |o po|r| ou| l|gura||ve |arguage
oy s|a||rg ||s rear|rg.
1zz
lr |||s cor|ex| ||s care |r |rd|ca||rg |yperoo|e
car oe ro|ed, oecause ||e a||egor|s|s rade good use ol prec|se|y |||s |ype
ol o| express|ors |o dery ||e |||era| rear|rg ol ||e |ex| or |o cors|der || |r
a C|r|s|o|og|ca| serse. T| |s Was ||e Way 0r|ger |ad |r|erpre|ed Zec| . , 1o
`le W||| ru|e lror sea |o sea, e|c.' (Cor. lo. , , ), W|||e T| eodore 1ozzoo
urders|ood ||e express|or as |rd|ca||ve, |r a |yperoo||c serse, ol Zeruooaoe|'s
v|c|or|es (l0 , ). T| eodore d|sp|ays s|r||ar a||er||or |r g|v|rg accour| ooo1
462
ol ||e passages |r W||c| ||e o|o||ca| |ex| ra|es use ol rurer|ca| |rd|ca||ors. ll
We oear |r r|rd ||e propers||y ol ||e a||egor|s|s sys|era||ca||y |o
a||r|ou|e syroo||c va|ue |o ruroers, We ray urders|ard ||e s|gr|l|carce ol
cer|a|r all| rra||ors ol T| eodore W||c|, a| l|rs| g|arce, car appear oara| ard
|rgeruous, suc| as W|er |e |rs|s|s or po|r||rg ou| ||a| ||e ruroer W||c|
|e |s exar|r|rg lror ||re |o ||re s|gr|l|es or|y a gerer|c p|ura|. ||e ||ree
ard ||e lour ev|| deeds ol 0arascus ol Aros . , ||e |er rer ol Zec| . 1 8
z, ||e |||r|y s||ver co|rs ol Zec| . (l0 , , , ). 0r|y W|er 111 ooz|z;;
a g|ver ruroer |s par| ol a cor|ex| W||c| |s syroo||c |r ||se|l does || a|so
assure suc| a rear|rg. ||e lour c|ar|o|s ol Zec| . syroo||ze ||e ce|es||a| o1
||erarc||es W||c| pres|de over ||e lour s\dd ol ||e Wor|d ( ). Aga|r, ;
|r ||e cor|ex| ol o| exeges|s, exp|ara||ors ol a ||s|or|ca|, geograp||ca|, ard
ar||quar|ar c|arac|er are lrequer|,
1z
W|||e |r ||e cor|ex| ol ||e r|, doc|r|ra|
1z1. lor ||e docurer|a||or, cl. 0evreesse, Fssa|, ll., Za|aropou|os, op. c||., 8
ll. 1zo
1zz. lor exarp|e, ||e grass|oppers ard ca|erp|||ars ol Joe| . - |rd|ca|e ||e 1|
|rvas|ors oy ||e Assyr|ars ard 8aoy|or|ars, ||e c||y ol Zep| . |rd|ca|es ||e z1
pr|de ol
||s |r|ao||ar|s, Juda| ard Fp|ra|r ol Zac| . |rd|ca|e ||e er||re lsrae|||e ra||or 1
(l0 , , , ). ooz1|oo1
1z. lor sore exarp|es |r |||s regard, cl. ry ar||c|e, `No|e su||' eseges|
ve|ero|es|arer|ar|a d| Teodoro d| |opsues||a,' ve|C|r ( ) ll. 1|1;;;
81|N|re T| e lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury 0ree| C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
|r|eres|s predor|ra|e, W||c| or a leW occas|ors derard a very de|a||ed
exp|ara||or. A |yp|ca| exarp|e |s |r ||e |r|erpre|a||or ol 0a| . - W|ere, z11o
orce |e |as l|r|s|ed ||s or|el parap|rase, T| eodore correc|s ||e passage
re|a||rg |o ||e laW W||| ||e le||er |o ||e borars ard s|a|es ||a| |e W|s|es
|o |rea| a| grea|er |erg|| W|a| || rears ||a| jus||l|ca||or cores lror la|||.
le lo||oWs |||s W||| a |rea||se W||c|, |r cor|ras| |o ||s usua| orev||y, |s qu||e
|org (3Wee|e, p. l.). z|
. Fxeges|s ol ||e 0|d Tes|arer|
A|| ||a| We |ave po|r|ed ou| up |o |||s po|r| regard|rg ||e |ec|r|ca| procedures
used oy T| eodore |o deve|op ||s |r|erpre|a||or ol ||e o|o||ca| |ex| |r a
|||era| serse l| |s, rore or |ess, a|| ||e surv|v|rg correr|ar|es. 8u| |yp|ca| ol
T| eodore's exeges|sas We |ave a|ready ooserved|s ||e capac||y |o adap|
||s |r|erpre|a||or |o ||e ||s|or|ca| s||ua||or |r W||c| ||e o|o||ca| ooo| care
|o o|r||. lr |||s serse, eac| correr|ary |as spec|l|c c|arac|er|s||cs W||c|
We W||| descr|oe |r a surrary las||or |ere.
T| e recer| puo||ca||or ol sec||ors ol 0|odore's Correr|ary or ||e lsa|rs
|as derors|ra|ed ||a| ||e pr|rc|pa| |rrova||ve c|arac|er|s||cs recogr|zed
|r ||e s|r||ar correr|ary ol T| eodore |ad a|ready oeer ar||c|pa|ed oy ||s
|eac|er. lror ||r, T| eodore |r|er||ed aoove a|| a cr|||ca| a||||ude ard very
grea| lreedor |r re|a||or |o ||e ruor|cs W||c| accorpary ||e |rd|v|dua|
psa|rs |r ||e |rars|a||or ol ||e |xx. lr ore surv|v|rg passage, a| ||e corc|us|or ol
||e |r|roduc||or |o ls. , |e s|a|es oper|y ||a| |e does ro| W|s| |o o
ra|e use ol ||e ruor|cs ou| |o |a|e accour| ol ||er or|y W|er ||ey prove
||erse|ves |rue (0evreesse, ). ll We |a|e |r|o cors|dera||or ||a| ||e |
C|r|s|o|og|ca| |r|erpre|a||or |rad|||ora||y g|ver ol ||e psa|rs Was oased lor
||e ros| par| prec|se|y or ar eva|ua||or ol ||e ruor|cs |r suc| a serse, || |s
urders|ardao|e |oW ro| |a||rg |||s |r|o accour| Wou|d rear lree|rg ||e
|r|erpre|a||or ol ||e psa|r lror ||a| |rad|||ora| rear|rg. lrdeed T| eodore,
W|o, |||e 0|odore ard ur|||e 0r|ger ard Fuseo|us, cors|ders 0av|d ||e
au||or ol ||e er||re lsa||er, |o|ds ||a| 0av|d |as expressed ||rse|l urder
var|ous persora||||es, ||a| |s, preser||rg ||rse|l |r ||e persor, o||er ||ar ol
||s oWr se|l, roW ol ||e ||rg ard a |urar oe|rg, roW ol a prop|e|, a|so ol
||e er||re peop|e, ard ||a| |e corcerred ||rse|l W||| ever|s W|e||er pas|,
preser|, or lu|ure prop|e||ca||y pred|c|ed. T|us T| eodore relers sore ol
||e psa|rs |o ever|s ol 0av|d's ||le, o||ers |o lu|ure ever|s ol lsrae|'s ||s|ory
W||| spec|a| relererce |o ||e 8aoy|or|ar Cap||v||y, |o Zeruooaoe|, |o ||e
|accaoees, W|||e s|||| o||ers are cors|dered |o oe ol a gerera| ex|or|a|ory
or rora| c|arac|er. lr |||s regard, T| eodore ooserves ||a| 0av|d Wro|e lor
8|o||ca| Fxeges|s ard lerrereu||cs |r 3yr|a 81
peop|e's u|||||y (D\id) |r suc| a Way ||a|, ever W|er ||e |ex| relers |o a
spec|l|c ||s|or|ca| lac| or persor, ||s Words car oe urders|ood as prorourced
lor ||e oerel|| ro| ol ore persor a|ore ou| lor ||e er||re corrur||y (pp.
;, , l., ). T| e app||ca||or ol ||ese exege||ca| cr||er|a or|rgs W||| zoz18 |;o
|| a dras||c reduc||or |r ||e psa|rs ol a C|r|s|o|og|ca| s|gr|l| carce. Fver
W|ere || |s ||e cruc|l|ed C|r|s| W|o app||es |o ||rse|l ||e express|or ol a
psa|r, suc| as ls . `0od, ry 0od, W|y |ave you aoardored re,' || |s a z1z
ques||or ol ar adap|a||or |o ||s oWr c|rcurs|arces ol a |ex| W||c| or|g|ra||y
|ad aro||er rear|rg (p. l.). lr corc|us|or, or|y lss , , , ard are 1zo z8|| 1o
cors|dered oy T| eodore as ress|ar|c prop|ec|es W||c| |ave oeer rea||zed
463
|r ||e |rcarra|e C|r|s|.
T| e |r|erpre|a||ve corp|ex||y ol ||e Correr|ary or ||e lsa|rs der|ved
lror ||e relrac||or ol ||e au||or, 0av|d, |r|o var|ous persora||||es ard, ||erelore,
lror ||e d|verse des||ra||or ol ||e var|ous |ex|s. T| e ooo| or ||e ||ror
lrop|e|s appeared, or ||e W|o|e, ruc| rore |orogereous |r sp||e ol ||e
p|ura|||y ol au||ors, |rasruc| as ||ey are ur|l|ed oy ||e qua|||y ol prop|e|
corror |o a|| ol ||er. Corsequer||y ||e Correr|ary or ||e TWe|ve lrop|e|s
deve|ops W||| a s|rp|er ard rore ||rear roverer| |r corpar|sor W||| ||e
lorrer Wor|. T| e |oss ol ||e |r|roduc||or |o ||e er||re correr|ary |as
urdouo|ed|y depr|ved us ol s|gr|l|car| ooserva||ors ol a gerera| c|arac|er.
lr ary case, ||e |r|roduc||ors |o ||e correr|ar|es ol ||e |rd|v|dua| ooo|s
or|rg ou| very We|| ||a| capac||y lor g|v|rg ar ||s|or|ca| c|arac|er |o ||e
|r|erpre|a||or W||c| |as oeer rer||ored severa| ||res aoove. T|e exac|ress
W||| W||c| T| eodore es|ao||s|es ||e c|roro|ogy ol eac| prop|ecy, e|||er oy
correc||rg ore prop|e| W||| aro||er or oy re|a||rg ||er |o ||e ||s|or|ca|
c|rcurs|arces |r ||e cor|ex| ol W||c| ||ey |ad oeer prorourced, |as ||e
purpose ol es|ao||s||rg lror ||e oeg|rr|rg ||e rear|rg ard ||e |r|er| ol
||e prop|ecy. T| e exp|ara||or W||c| lo||oWs, |erra oy |erra, urlo|ds ||e
prograrra||c ||res |a|d ou| |r ||e prelace |r a co|erer| ard |orogereous
rarrer. 0re car exar|re, lor exarp|e, ||e sys|era||c rarrer |r W||c|
T| eodore, orce |e |as |r|erpre|ed K|rg 0og ol Aros . (|xx) |r relererce ;1
|o ||e |rvas|or ol ||e 3cy|||ars, ex|erds |||s |r|erpre|a||or |o Joe| . ll. ard |1
||ca| . - (l0 , . . ). T| e ||s|or|ca| cor|ex|, W||c| |s ||a| |111 ooz88zo
ol ||e v|c|ss||udes ol lsrae| lror ||e dec||re ol ||e |Wo ||rgdors ur||| ||e
re|urr lror ||e Fx||e, |erds, as We |ave a|ready seer lor ||e lsa|rs, |o ex|aus|
||e rea||za||or ol ||e prop|ec|es W||||r ||s oWr oourdar|es. lr sp||e ol ||e
prograrra||c dec|ara||or cor|a|red |r ||e |r|roduc||or |o ||e correr|ary
or Jora|, ||e resu|| |s ||a| |ere, jus| as lor ||e lsa|rs, ||e app||ca||or ol
||e prop|ec|es |o C|r|s| cores |o oe dras||ca||y reduced corpared |o ||e
|rad|||or, ard |s ||r||ed or|y |o ||e passages |r W||c| |||s a||r|ou||or Was
81oN|re T| e lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury 0ree| C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
suppor|ed |r a very d|rec| Way oy ||e au||or||y ol ||e r| ( ). o
1z|
lr order
|o apprec|a|e ||e rove||y ol T| eodore's a||||ude, || W||| oe sull| c|er| |o ro|e
||a| |e d|d ro| accep| ||e C|r|s|o|og|ca| |r|erpre|a||or lor passages suc|
as ||ca| . - , `lr ||e l|ra| days ||e rour|a|r ol ||e |ouse ol ||e lord |1
W||| oe ra|sed up', Zec| . , `8e|o|d, l or|rg |r ry servar|, 0r|ers', |a| . 8 |z
( . |xx), `Ard ||ere W||| ar|se lor you W|o lear ry rare ||e sur ol jus||ce' zo
(l0 , l. . ), ooo|zoz
1z
W|ose C|r|s|o|og|ca| s|gr|l|carce Wer| oac| a||
||e Way |o ||e very l|rs| days ol ||e c|urc|.
o. Fxeges|s ol ||e NeW Tes|arer|
T| e 0ospe| ol Jo|r |rad|||ora||y care |o oe cors|dered as ||e sp|r||ua| gospe|
|r cor|ras| |o ||e 3yrop||cs, W||c| Were rore |r|eres|ed |r ||e |urar ac||v||y
ol C|r|s|. T| eodore, |oo, orgar|zes ||s |r|erpre|a||or |r |||s d|rec||or, po|r||rg ou|
|r ||e |r|roduc|ory pages ||e lurdarer|a| s|gr|l|carce ol ||e |ex| |r
||e reve|a||or ol C|r|s|'s d|v|r||y, W||c| |ad oeer |el||r ||e oac|grourd oy
||e 3yrop||cs (C3C0 , ll.). A| ||s ||re, ||e darger W||c| Ar|ar doc|r|re 11oz
|ad preser|ed |o or||odoxy Was s|||| preser|, ard aoove a|| ||e Apo|||rar|ar
Cor|roversy Was s|||| ac||ve. T| eodore |ouc|es or oo|| ||ese proo|ers, ||e
lorrer aoove a|| |r ||e |r|erpre|a||or ol ||e pro|ogue, ||e |a||er a|| ||roug|
||e course ol ||s exp|ara||or W||| very proo|era||c resu||s, oecause |oo ol| er
||e corcerr |o d|s||rgu|s| ||e |urar ra|ure |r C|r|s| lror ||e d|v|re dr|ves
T| eodore |o accer|ua|e |||s d|s||rc||or |o ||e po|r| ol all| rr|rg |Wo d|s||rc|
suojec|s. 8u| |||s |s ro| ||e p|ace |o deve|op |||s ra||er lur||er.
1zo
lror ||e
spec|l|ca||y exege||ca| po|r| ol v|eW, T| eodore's all| rra||or ||a| ||s po|r| |s
||a| ol |r|erpre||rg ||e Jo|ar|re |ex| ard ro| ||a| ol relu||rg ||e |ere||cs
(p. ) |s |o oe urders|ood, cors|der|rg ||e lrequer| ar||-|ere||ca| ||rus|s, 1|
|r ||e serse ||a| |e |as ro| |r|erded |o ||rger |oo ruc| or exp|ara||ors ol
1z|. lor a corpre|ers|ve |rea|rer| (l0 , l., ll., ll ., , , ll oozz o1 zo ;z|o
.) cl.
ry ar||c|e `No|e,' l. 8o
1z. lr order |o rejec| ||e C|r|s|o|og|ca| relererce ol ||e passage ol ||ca|, T|
eodore ooserves ||a| ||e Words, `lror 3|or W||| go lor|| ||e laW ard ||e Word ol
0od lror Jerusa|er,' are |r cor|rad|c||or W||| Jo|r . , W|ere Jesus |e||s ||e |z1
3arar||ar worar ||a| ||e ||re Wou|d core W|er ||e la||er Wou|d ro |orger oe
Wors||pped |r Jerusa|er (l0 , ll.). w||| regard |o ||e o||er |Wo passages, ooo|
|e
does ro| jus||ly ||s rejec||or.
464
1zo. Never||e|ess, lor sore exarp|es ol express|ors ol T| eodore W||c| are
c|ear|y
ard excess|ve|y d|v|s|ve, ore car ro|e ||e correr|ary a| C3C0 , , , 11o1|
, , ;|
8, , . . z1zo1
8|o||ca| Fxeges|s ard lerrereu||cs |r 3yr|a 81;
a doc|r|ra| ra|ure |r ||e deve|oprer| ol ||s exege||ca| d|scourse. lr lac|,
||s lavor||e procedure ol parap|rase |s pu| |r|o use |r |||s correr|ary |r
suc| a Way as |o or|rg |r|o locus prec|se|y ou| a|so corc|se|y ||e doc|r|ra|
s|gr|l|carce W||c| |e a||r|ou|es |o ||e Jo|ar|re Words. A leW exarp|es W|||
sull| ce |o |||us|ra|e |||s pecu||ar c|arac|er ol T| eodore's |r|erpre|a||or. Jo|r
1. , `lror ||s lu||ress We |ave a|| rece|ved,' |s expourded ||us. `T| a| |s, We 1o
rece|ve lror ||s aourdarce ||e grace ol ||e lo|y 3p|r||, W||c| |s g|ver |o
us as a g|l|. [Jo|r| says ol ||s [|.e. C|r|s|'s| |urar ra|ure ||a| |r || ||ere |s
every grace' (p. ). T| e erp|as|s g|ver |o C|r|s|'s |urar||y |s |o oe ro|ed. zo
lr exp|a|r|rg Jesus' Words |o ||e 3arar||ar worar corcerr|rg adora||or |r
sp|r|| ard |ru|| (Jo|r . ), T| eodore ooserves, `T| e ||re |s a| |ard, |rdeed |z|
|| |as a|ready core, |r W||c| 0od W||| oe adored as |s proper ard su||ao|e
|o l|s ra|ure. lrdeed 0od's ra|ure |s |rcorporea| ard |s ro| c|rcurscr|oed
|r a p|ace ou| |s everyW|ere ard |s |o oe adored accord|rg |o |||s corcep|'
(p. l.). w||| regard |o Jesus' Words, `l ar ||e ||v|rg oread W||c| |as core o|
doWr lror |eaver' (Jo|r . ), T| eodore spec|l|es |r ar ar||-Apo|||rar|ar oz
serse. `le does ro| War| |o s|gr|ly ||erelore ||a| ||s oody |as core doWr
lror ||ere (|.e. lror |eaver), ou| spea|s ||us oecause ||s ra|ure |s ||e suo||re
g|l| ol |||s ac||or. le corl|rrs ||s Word oy a||ud|rg |o ||e grea|ress
ol ||e d|v|r||y' (p. ). 1oo
lr ||e deve|oprer| ol ||s exp|ara||or, T| eodore |s corcerred |o es|ao||s| ||e
c|roro|og|ca| re|a||ors||p |o ||e 3yrop||cs. lor exarp|e, W|er
|e |rea|s ||e wedd|rg a| Cara, recour|ed or|y oy Jo|r, |e cors|ders || |o
oe ar|er|or |o ||e ep|sode ol ||e Terp|a||or, preser|ed |r |a|||eW (ard
lu|e) ard ro| |r Jo|r, oy ooserv|rg ||a| |a|||eW Was ro| corcerred W|||
||e c|roro|og|ca| order ol ||e lac|s |e recour|ed (p. ). w||| regard |o ||e
d|screparcy oe|Weer |a|||eW ard Jo|r regard|rg ||e aro|r||rg ol Jesus,
T| eodore |arror|zes ||e |Wo accour|s. T| e Worar |as aro|r|ed Jesus'
|ead ard lee|. |a|||eW, W|o g|ves a surrary accour|, spea|s or|y ol ||e
|ead, Jo|r |as corp|e|ed |a|||eW's accour| (p. ). Ar ara|ogous care |s 1o8
de|ec|ed |r ||e accuracy ol sore ro|a||ors W||c| serve ||e purpose ol |||us|ra||rg
prec|se|y ||e s|gr|l|carce ol Words ard ges|ures W||c| |r ||erse|ves
are oper |o var|ous |r|erpre|a||ors. lor exarp|e, ||e rud W||| W||c| Jesus
|ea|s ||e rar oorr o||rd (Jo|r . ) |s correc|ed W||| ||e rud W||| W||c| o
0od |ad crea|ed ||e |urar oe|rg. lr |||s Way Jesus s|oWed ||a| |e Was ||e
crea|or ol |urar oe|rgs (p. l.). Jesus' Words `T| a| a|| ray oe ore, as you, 1
la||er, are |r re ard l |r you' (Jo|r . ) derarded ruc| a||er||or or 1;z1
||e par| ol ar |r|erpre|er sers|||ve |o ||e |errs ol ||e Ar|ar Cor|roversy.
T| eodore ooserves ||a| ||e rear|rg ol `ore' |s var|ao|e, |rd|ca||rg `corsersus,'
`s|r||ar||y,' e|c., ard ||us |e d|s||rgu|s|es ||e Way |r W||c| ||e la|||lu|
818N|re T| e lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury 0ree| C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
are ore arorg ||erse|ves lror ||e Way |r W||c| ||e la||er ard 3or are
ore (p. l.). T| eodore's ||s|or|ca| sers|||v||y |s very ruc| |r ev|derce 1z
|r |||s correr|ary as We||. lor exarp|e, ore car ro|e ||e exp|ara||or
re|a||ve |o ||e |a|red draWr |rd|scr|r|ra|e|y upor ||e C|r|s||ars |r ||res
pas| oecause ol ||e |rrora| excesses ol cer|a|r 0ros||cs (p. ), ||e care zo;
W||| W||c| ||e |||eves ard oard||s (|.e. T| eudas, Judas ||e 0a|||ear, e|c.)
are d|s||rgu|s|ed lror ||e rercerar|es (|.e., ||e 3cr|oes ard l|ar|sees) |r
Jo|r . , (pp. , ), ||e ooserva||or ||a| prec|se|y ||e d|vers||y W||| 1o81z 1|z1||
W||c| ||e Fvarge||s|s recour|ed oo|| ||e ever|s ol Jesus' arres| ard pass|or
as We|| as ||e lac|s suosequer| |o ||e resurrec||or g|ves ev|derce |r lavor
ol ||e cer|||ude ol ||e W||resses (pp. , ). Corp|e|e|y reroved lror zz||
ary |erp|a||or |o a||egor|z|rg, T| eodore |s a||er||ve |o ro|e ||e passages |r
W||c| ||e Jo|ar|re |ex| |s expressed |r a syroo||c rarrer. lr add|||or |o
||e oov|ous |r|erpre|a||or ol ||e 0ood 3|ep|erd (p. ), ore car ro|e ||e 1|o
exp|ara||or ||a| ||e Wa|er ard ||e o|ood W||c| l|oW lror ||e p|erced s|de ol
Jesus syroo||ze 8ap||sr ard Fuc|ar|s| (p. ). 8u| Jo|r's syroo||sr |s ro| z|z
a|Ways so oov|ous, ard |e prelers a ras|ed express|or W||c| ||us escapes
||e |||era||s| T| eodore. T| e lac| ||a| Jo|r |ad spec|l|ed ro| orce ou| |W|ce
||a| ||e We|| oes|de W||c| ||e d|a|ogue oe|Weer Jesus ard ||e 3arar||ar
worar |a|es p|ace Was ||e we|| ol Jacoo (Jo|r . , ) does ro| |a|e or |1z
ary par||cu|ar s|gr|l|carce |r T| eodore's eyes. l||eW|se, ||e ro|e ||a| ||e
roya| oll| c|a|'s sor Was cured a| ||e sever|| |our (Jo|r . ) |s, lor ||r, or|y |z
a c|roro|og|ca| de|a|| (pp. l., ). o1 o
T| e c|arac|er|s||cs W||c| rar| T| eodore's |r|erpre|a||or ol Jo|r are
lourd a|so |r ||s |r|erpre|a||or ol lau|'s |e||ers, W||| ||e d|s||rc||or ||a|, |l
T| eodore a| ||res does ro| seer |o oe a| ease |r dea||rg W||| ||e ras|ed
465
syroo||sr ol Jo|r, ||a| |s ro| ||e case W||| ||e lau||re |ex|, W||c| |s |ess
proo|era||c |r |||s regard ||ar ||a| ol Jo|r. Ard W|||e ||e dec|ara||ors ol
a C|r|s|o|og|ca| ra|ure erjo|red oy ||e lour|| 0ospe| ergaged ||e exege|e
|r ar area W||c| lor ||r, as ar Ar||oc|ere, Was qu||e d|ll| cu||, ||e ques||or
|r lau| cer|a|r|y proved |o oe rore corger|a| |o ||r. T| e 0ros||c darger
W||c| |ad cors|ra|red 0r|ger |o r|r|r|ze excess|ve|y ||e cor|ras| oe|Weer
la||| ard |aW Was or|y a rerory ol ||e pas|, so ||a| ||ere |s ro |rped|rer|
|o T| eodore |r preser||rg || |r ||s rore au||er||c ra|ure, a|| ||e rore so as
|e |erded, as We W||| see oe||er s|or||y, |o ro|e rore ||e rup|ure oe|Weer
||e o| ard ||e r| ||ar ||e cor||ru||y.
lrdeed, |e |roWs |oW |o ad|ere perlec||y |o ||e geru|re lau||re ||oug||
regard|rg ||e rajor ||eres ol ||s ressage. ||e rappor| oe|Weer JeWs ard
C|r|s||ars, oe|Weer grace ard lreedor. Cer|a|r|y, W|oever |s lar|||ar W|||
||e |r|erpre|a||or ol lau| g|ver oy Augus||re W||| l|rd ||e erp|as|s g|ver
8|o||ca| Fxeges|s ard lerrereu||cs |r 3yr|a 81
oy T| eodore |o ||e |urar oe|rg's lree W||| |r cor|ras| |o ||e |r|||a||ve ol
grace |o oe excess|ve. No|e, lor exarp|e, T| eodore's |r|erpre|a||or ol ||e
cruc|a| passage bor. . - (3|aao, p. ll.). 1|z1 1||
1z;
8u| || |s a ques||or ol ar
|r|erpre|a||or W||c| |s rore or |ess corror |o a|| ||e 0ree| exege|es ard
|s corp|e|e|y |rad|||ora| |r |ore. lr |||s area, Augus||re |s ||e ore W|o rade
a prolourd |rrova||or.
w||| regard |o exege||ca| |ec|r|que, |e| us ro|e orce aga|r ||s capac||y
|o or|rg |r|o locus, |r ||e prelaces p|aced oelore ||e |rd|v|dua| |e||ers, ||e
ra|er|a| |rea|ed |r ||er oy ||e Apos||e ard |o de|err|re ||e|r arrargerer| W|||
respec| |o ore aro||er |r ||e cor|ex| ol ||e c|roro|ogy ard ||e
ever|s ol lau|'s ||le. l| |s prec|se|y |o ||e acu|e cr|||ca| serse ol |||s ||s|or|ca|
sers|||v||y ||a| We oWe ||e lrar| adr|ss|or ol ||e d|sagreerer| oe|Weer
lau| ard le|er a| Ar||oc| (3Wee|e, p. l.) |r |arrory W||| ||e |e||er ol ||e zz
lau||re |ex|, ar ooserva||or W||c| |s oov|ous |o us ou| ro| |o ||e arc|er|s,
W|o Were ol|er eroarrassed |r ||e exp|ara||or ol |||s ep|sode.
1z8
lr order |o
docurer| ||s capac||y |o err|c| ||e |r|erpre|a||or ol ore passage oy rears
ol ar appea| |o o||ers ol a s|r||ar s|gr|l|carce, ore car ro|e, regard|rg ||e
passage `8ecause, W|e||er |r pre|erse or |r |ru||, C|r|s| ray oe proc|a|red'
(l||| . ), ||e appea| |o T||. . , `Al|er a l|rs| ard a secord Warr|rg avo|d 118 1o
||e lac||ous persor,'
1z
|r order |o s|oW ||a| lau|, W||| ||e Words d|rec|ed
|o ||e l||||pp|ars, |ad ro| |r|erded |o au||or|ze every ||rd ol ||oer|y |r ||e
area ol doc|r|re (3Wee|e, , l.). 0re car a|so ro|e ||e correc||or ol ||e 1zo8
passage `3cr|p|ure |as erc|osed every|||rg urder s|r' ol 0a| . W||| `0od zz
|as erc|osed everyore |r uroe||el ' ol bor. . |o s|oW ||e correc||or 11z
oe|Weer |aW ard s|r (3Wee|e, , l.). w||| regard |o ||s very prec|se care |r 1o
1z;. Cl. a|so 3Wee|e, , (0od's lore|roW|edge), (our coopera||or W||| ||e 11 1o1
3p|r||).
1z8. 0re car ro|e, lor exarp|e, ||e correr|ar|es ol Jerore ard C|rysos|or
ad |oc. (ll , l., l0 , l.), W||c| are der|ved lror 0r|ger. T| eodore zozo o1o|o
does
ro| appear equa||y as lor|ura|e |r ||e rare ooserva||ors ol a |ex| cr|||ca| ra|ure,
|o judge a| |eas| lror ||e superl|c|a| rarrer |r W||c| |e rejec|s ||e very arc|er|
var|ar| ii 9o#) ol leo . |r lavor ol z 9o#) (3|aao, p. ). 0r|ger zo|
(Cor. lo. , , - ) |ad oeer rore pruder| ard |ad g|ver ar exp|ara||or lor 1zo
oo|| var|ar|s.
1z. T| eodore urders|ards d6isv |r |||s passage |r ar arac|ror|s||c
rarrer, a
|ao||ua| occurrerce |r pa|r|s||c exeges|s, oy g|v|rg ||e |err ||e |ec|r|ca||y
C|r|s||ar rear|rg ol `ore W|o up|o|ds erroreous doc|r|res,' a rear|rg W||c|
||e |err
oegar |o |a|e or or|y lror ||e oeg|rr|rg ol ||e secord cer|ury. lr ||e passage ol
||e le||er |o T||us || rears gerer|ca||y ore W|o provo|es d|scord ard d|ssers|ors
|r ||e corrur||y.
8zoN|re T| e lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury 0ree| C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
||e exp|ara||or ol de|a||s, |e| a pa|r ol exarp|es sull| ce. lr correc||or W|||
`A leoreW ol leoreWs' ol l||| . , T| eodore ooserves. `le d|d ro| say, 'A
JeW ol JeWs,' s|rce |||s rare Was recer|, ou| oy say|rg, 'leoreW ol leoreWs'
|e corl|rred ||e ar||qu||y ol ||s or|g|r W||| ||e arc|er| rare' (3Wee|e, , 1
z|). lr correc||or W||| `lrayers, supp||ca||ors ard pe||||ors' ol T|r . , 1 z1
|e ro|ed. `[lau|| c|arged ||e Words accord|rg |o ||e var|e|y ol ||e reques|s.
lr lac|, e|||er We as| ||a| good |||rgs oe grar|ed us oy 0od, ard ||ese |e
|as ca||ed 'prayers', or We as| lor ||e ||oera||or lror ev||s, ard ||ese |e |as
ca||ed 'supp||ca||ors', ||er |e spo|e ol pe||||ors |r order |o sur up oo||'
466
(3Wee|e, , ). z8
;. ldeo|og|ca| lourda||ors
As c|arac|er|s||c aspec|s ol T| eodore's exeges|s, We |ave ro|ed, W||| respec|
|o exege||ca| |ec|r|que, ||s |||era||sr, ard W||| regard |o ||s |deo|og|ca|
resu||, ||s dras||c reduc||or ol ||e C|r|s|o|og|ca| |r|erpre|a||or ol ||e o|.
To apprec|a|e ||ese c|arac|er|s||cs adequa|e|y lror ||e ||s|or|ca| po|r| ol
v|eW, We rus| |eep |r r|rd ||a| a||egor|ca| |ec|r|que ard C|r|s|o|og|ca|
s|gr|l|carce ol ||e o| appear as spec|l|c c|arac|er|s||cs ol C|r|s||ar exeges|s
ol ||e o| We|| oeyord ||e A|exardr|ar sp|ere ol |rl|uerce, ever oac| a|ros|
|o ||e l|rs| or|g|rs ol ||e c|urc|'s ||le. T| ey are c|ose|y corre|a|ed W||| ore
aro||er |r ||e serse ||a| ||e a||egor|ca| |r|erpre|a||or ol ||e o|o||ca| |ex|
|ad prec|se|y ||e purpose ol or|rg|rg |o ||g|| ||e C|r|s|o|og|ca| s|gr|l|carce,
W||c| Was ro| ev|der| accord|rg |o ||e |||era| serse. very ear|y or (lau|, ls.
8arraoas) use Was rade ol |||s rarrer ol |r|erpre|a||or |r po|er|cs W|||
||e JeWs, W|o der|ed ||a| rear|rg. l||||e oy |||||e, as ||e cer|er ol grav||y
s||l|ed |r ||e c|urc| lror JeW|s| C|r|s||ars |o C|r|s||ars ol 0er|||e or|g|rs,
||a| reed ro| or|y d|d ro| |esser, ou| Was le|| ever rore, |o ||e ex|er| ||a|,
or|y oy g|v|rg a C|r|s|o|og|ca| rear|rg |o ||e o| Was || rerdered accep|ao|e |o
rary C|r|s||ars W|o, |rasruc| as ||ey Were ol pagar or|g|r, |ad
ro syrpa||y lor JeW|s| |rad|||ors ard Were eas||y |ed |o rejec| ||er. lr
o||er Words, |r ||e lace ol ||e |arc|or||e ard 0ros||c all| rra||or ||a| ||e
o| |s ||e reve|a||or, ro| ol ||e 3uprere 0od, ||e la||er ol C|r|s|, ou| ol ||e
|rler|or god, ||e so-ca||ed 0er|urge, Ca||o||c po|er|c|s|s (Jus||r, lreraeus,
Ter|u|||ar, l|ppo|y|us) |ad gradua||y oroadered ||e relererce |o C|r|s|,
a|Ways ra||rg use ol ||e a||egor|ca| |ec|r|que, |r order |o o|rd c|ose|y |oge||er
||e o|d ard ||e reW ecorory. lr |||s serse, ||e A|exardr|ar exege|es,
|r sp||e ol ||e|r lur||er oroader|rg ol a||egory, aoove a|| oy rears ol ||e
cor|r|ou||or lror l|||o's exeges|s, |ad rera|red |r ||e suos|arce ol ||e|r
exeges|s |r ||e ra|rs|rear ol ||e |rad|||or. T| e separa||or occurred |a|er,
8|o||ca| Fxeges|s ard lerrereu||cs |r 3yr|a 8z1
|r ||e course ol ||e lour|| cer|ury, lor var|ous ro||ves W||c| |r|erac|ed
arorg ||erse|ves.
lr ||e l|rs| p|ace, We rus| |a|e |r|o accour| ||e cu||ura| cor|ex| |r W||c|
Ar||oc|ere exeges|s Was exerc|sed. T| e Courc|| ol Cors|ar||rop|e ol , 81
|r add|||or |o ||e ra||l|ca||or ol ||e corderra||or ol ||e Ar|ars ard o||er
|ere||cs, |ad represer|ed ||e |r|u|rp| ol Ar||oc| a| ||e experse ol r|va|
A|exardr|a, ard ever ol bore W||c| suppor|ed ||e Fgyp||ar re|ropo||s.
A| ||e sare ||re, Ar||oc| |ad seer a groW|| |r ||s dor|rar| ro|e a|so |r ||e
area ol ||e adr|r|s|ra||ve s|ruc|ure ol ||e eas|err par| ol ||e erp|re. T|e
serse ol ||e super|or||y roW a||a|red, accorpar|ed oy ||e urp|aca|ed rerory ol
||e |org, pa|rlu| po|er|cs roW v|c|or|ous|y corc|uded, |rposed spec|l|c
c|arac|er|s||cs or ||e cu||ura| l|our|s||rg W||c| accorpar|ed Ar||oc|'s
po||||ca|-re||g|ous ascerdarcy, |r ||e serse ||a| ||e Ar||oc|ere |eac|ers Were
v|v|d|y aWare ol cors|||u||rg, |r ||e cor|ex| ol eas|err C|r|s||ar||y, ||e W||resses
ard avergers ol ||e au||er||c depos|| ol la|||, augrer|ed, c|ar|l|ed,
ard deepered W||| respec| |o ||e |rperlec| e|aoora||or ol ||e preced|rg
era, W||c| Was drara||ca||y po|r|ed ou| oy ||e Ar|ar Cr|s|s ard ||e o||er
cr|ses W||c| |ad accorpar|ed ||. l| |s prec|se|y |r ||e rare ol |||s `roderr'
advarced or||odoxy ||a| ||ese |eac|ers do ro| |es||a|e |o rejec| ever
so||d |rad|||ors, W||c| are roW seer as erroreous ard ||us uraccep|ao|e.
To ||r|| ourse|ves |o ||e area ol exeges|s ard |o our au||or, || car oe ro|ed
W||| |oW ruc| superl|c|a| d|sda|r T| eodore rejec|s (Corr. lo., C3C0 , 11o
1;) ||e |rad|||ora| d|v|s|or ol Jo|r . - `w|||ou| ||r ro|||rg Was rade. 1|
w|a| |as oeer rade |r ||r Was ||le,' |r lavor ol ||e recer| d|v|s|or W||| ar
ar||-Ar|ar ard ar||-|acedor|ar rear|rg, `w|||ou| ||r ro|||rg |as oeer
rade ol ||a| W||c| |as oeer rade. lr ||r Was ||le,'
1o
as |e ooserves ||a|
ro| every|||rg W||c| |as oeer rade oy rears ol ||e logos Was ||le. T|e
ar||cu|a||or ol ||e Jo|ar|re passage, cors|ruc|ed or ||e corresporderce
`||roug| ||r|W|||ou| ||r||r ||r,' W||c| lerac|eor ard 0r|ger |ad caug||
so We||, corp|e|e|y escaped T| eodore.
Never||e|ess, ||e reac||or |o A|exardr|ar a||egor|sr |ad oegur |r ||e
3yro-la|es||r|ar reg|or, as We |ave a|ready ro|ed, ruc| ear||er ||ar 0|odore
ard T| eodore. To ||e prograrra||c oppos|||or ol ||e Ar||oc|ere sp|ere
ol |rl|uerce, ol ar As|a||c lorra||or, |o ||e A|exardr|ar (ore |||r|s ol
Fus|a|||us) Were added, or ||e ore |ard, ||e recess||y ol respord|rg |o ||e
1o. T| e |ex| Was purc|ua|ed ||us (Arorose, C|rysos|or) oecause ||e
purc|ua||or `W|||ou| ||r ro|||rg Was rade' ollered ar oppor|ur||y lor ||e Ar|ars
|o
|rc|ude arorg a|| |||rgs crea|ed oy ||e agercy ol ||e logos a|so ||e lo|y 3p|r||,
W|o ||us |urred ou| |o oe a crea|ure ard ro| 0od.
8zzN|re T| e lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury 0ree| C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
cr|||c|sr ol lorp|yry, W|o |ad accused C|r|s||ar exeges|s ol |a||rg reluge
467
|r a||egor|sr |r order |o exp|a|r |ex|s ol ||e o| W||c| Were ur|erao|e ard
aosurd accord|rg |o ||e |||era| serse, ard or ||e o||er, a cer|a|r |rc|p|er|
||s|or|ca| sers|||v||y W||c| ra|ura|||er |rc||red |oWard a respec| lor ||e |e||er ol ||e
o|o||ca| |ex|. Fver ar 0r|ger|s| suc| as Fuseo|us ol Caesarea |ad
|eeded oo|| ol ||ese recess|||es ard, a|oe|| W|||ou| rerourc|rg a||egor|z|rg,
|ad oroad|y re|ao||||a|ed ||e |||era| rear|rg ol 3cr|p|ure. l|s exarp|e se| ||e
|rerd lor ||e reg|or. lr |||s serse, 0|odore ard T| eodore |ad lourd ||e Way
We|| prepared oelore ||er ard, prooao|y |a||rg |r|o accour| as We|| cer|a|r
c|arac|er|s||cs ol JeW|s| exeges|s ol ||e 3cr|p|ure,
11
||ey |ad accer|ua|ed
ard jus||l|ed a| ||e ||eore||ca| |eve| ||e |erdercy W||c| |ad oeer carr|ed
lorWard, al| er Fuseo|us ol Caesarea, oy Acac|us, Apo|||rar|s, ard Fuseo|us ol
Fresa. Never||e|ess, |l ||e |||era| |r|erpre|a||or ol ||e o| recessar||y carr|ed
W||| || ||e reduc||or ol C|r|s|o|og|ca| rear|rg, || Was ro| |rd|spersao|e |o
accer|ua|e ||e ex|er| We ro||ce |||s |r T| eodore, s|rce a grea| ruroer ol
prop|e||c passages Were oper |o |r|erpre|a||or |r a C|r|s|o|og|ca| serse
W|||e respec||rg ||e |e||er ol ||e o|o||ca| |ex|, ard |r lac| |ad oeer so |r|erpre|ed
s|rce ||e ear||es| days ol ||e c|urc|. T| e Fuseo|ar |r|erpre|a||or
ol ||e o| |ad cor||rued |o oe lurdarer|a||y C|r|s|o|og|ca|. l| |s recessary,
|oWever, |o see| lur||er ard oeyord |||era||sr lor ||e ro||va||or W||c|
|rpe||ed T| eodore |r lac| |o rerove C|r|s| lror ||e o|.
we |ave exp|a|red aoove |oW ||e |erdercy |o |r|erpre| ||e o| |r a
C|r|s|o|og|ca| serse oy ra||rg use ol ||e a||egor|ca| |ec|r|que |ad oeer
|rposed, |r ||e secord ard |||rd cer|ur|es, oy ||e recess||y ol oppos|rg ||e
scr|p|ura| dua||sr ol ||e 0ros||cs ard |arc|or||es W||| a ur||ary ard a||erorac|rg
|r|epre|a||or ol ||e 0|d ard NeW Tes|arer|s |r a C|r|s|o|og|ca|
|ey. A| ||e ||re ol T| eodore |||s darger |ad oeer rero|e lor sore ||re,
ror does || seer ||a| ||e darger, |o sore ex|er| ara|ogous, represer|ed oy
|ar|c|e|sr |ad oeer perce|ved |r Ca||o||c c|rc|es W||| ||e sare |r|ers||y
ard serse ol urgercy. As ||e oojec| |oWards W||c| ||a| |r|erpre|a||or Was
d|rec|ed receded, ||s |rs|rurer|, ||a| |s, a||egor|z|rg, saW a d|r|ru||or ol
11. lror ||r|s |r sore C|r|s||ar exege|es oeg|rr|rg W||| 0r|ger, ||ere are
ro||ces ||a| ||e JeWs a| ||a| ||re Were accus|ored |o rod|ly ||e ress|ar|c
|r|erpre|a||or, a|ready |rad|||ora| |r ||e|r c|rc|es, ol var|ous o| passages oy
relerr|rg
||er |rs|ead |o persorages ard ever|s lror ||e|r ||s|ory (Fze||e|, Zeruooaoe|,
||e
|accaoees), |r oppos|||or |o ||e C|r|s||ars W|o cors|dered ||ose prop|ec|es |o
oe
rea||zed |r C|r|s|. Cl. 0r|ger, lr|rc. , , lor 0er. . , Cyr||, l0 , lor |1 |1o ;z1o
Zac|
1o. - , T| eodore, Co. ls, p. 0evr. lor ls , C|rysos|or, l0 , lor ||c | ; z ;;|
. - , 1z
T| eodore|, l0 , . lor Fze| . , . - . 8111o811o |1;zzz
8|o||ca| Fxeges|s ard lerrereu||cs |r 3yr|a 8z
||s oWr s|gr|l| carce ard a percep||or ol |oW ruc| ||ere Was |r || W||c|
Was aro||rary ard lorced. T| eodore ||us le|| ||rse|l lree |o |r|erpre| ||e
o| W|||ou| |av|rg |o oe suojec| |o ex|erra| cord|||ors. le d|d |||s d|rec|ed
or|y oy ||s oWr persora| vor vers| ardr|s , W||c| drove ||r |r prec|se|y ||e
oppos||e d|rec||or, ||a| |s, |o erp|as|ze ro| so ruc| ||e cor||ru||y as |rdeed ||e
rup|ure oe|Weer ||e 0|d ard ||e NeW Tes|arer|s |r ||e loo|s|eps
ol lau| ard Jo|r. lr a passage ol ||e Correr|ary or Zec|ar|a| T|eodore
|r|erpre|s ||e r|der W|o appears |o ||e prop|e| |r Zec| . (l0 , ll .) as 18 ooo1
ar arge| ard exc|udes ||e poss|o||||y ||a| || cou|d |rd|ca|e syroo||ca||y ||e
3or ol 0od, as |rs|ead ||e A|exardr|ar |r|erpre|a||or W|s|ed. le ooserves
||a| ||e o|, |r oppos|||or |o pagar po|y||e|sr, |reW 0od or|y |r l|s ur||y
ard ro| as la||er ard 3or.
1z
0r ra||er, ||e |a||er Was |roWr |r ||e o|d
ecorory or|y as ||e lu|ure |ess|a|, ||a| |s, or|y |r ||s |urar ra|ure ard
ro| |r ||s d|v|re ra|ure, W||c| |e revea|ed or|y ||roug| ||s lrcarra||or.
1
l| |s |o oe ro|ed |ere ||a| ||e c|ear d|s||rc||or oe|Weer ||e |ess|a| as a |urar
oe|rg ol ||e o| ard ||e 3or ol 0od ol ||e r| corresporded We|| |o ||e
Ar||oc|ere C|r|s|o|ogy ard, |r par||cu|ar, |o ||a| ol T| eodore, W|o Was so
a||er||ve |r d|s||rgu|s||rg ||e |Wo ever |o ||e po|r| ol ra||rg ol ||er |Wo
d|s||rc| suojec|s, as We |ave seer. lrec|se|y or |||s accour| |e Wou|d |ave
scarda||zed ary A|exardr|ar. lr Cor. lo., C3C0 , T|eodore corl|rrs 11ozz1
||a| ||e |rcarra|e C|r|s| revea|ed ||e C|r|s||ar |eac||rg as a |||rd rea|||y
lo||oW|rg or pagar|sr ard Juda|sr, opposed |o pagar po|y||e|sr, rore
corp|e|e W||| respec| |o JeW|s| roro||e|sr |rasruc| as || revea|ed ||a|
||e ore 0od |s ar||cu|a|ed |r a Tr|r||ar|ar las||or |r ||ree lersors. 3uc| a
468
d|ac|ror|c ar||cu|a||or ol ||e corcep|s ol ||e ore ard ||e |r|ure 0od ard
ol C|r|s| as 0od ard as |urar cer|a|r|y d|d ro| |rv||e a see||rg ol C|r|s|
|r ||e o|, |rasruc| as || |erded ra|ura||y |o erp|as|ze aoove a|| ||e rove||y
represer|ed oy ||e r| W||| respec| |o ||e o|.
T| |s propers||y Was |r|ers|l|ed |r T| eodore oy ||e doc|r|re, pecu||ar
|o ||r, W||c| roderr sc|o|ars |ave del|red as ||a| ol ||e |Wo ages. T||s
doc|r|re, W|||e c|ear|y oppos|rg ||e preser| age, c|arac|er|zed oy s|r ard
d|s|ress, |o ||e lu|ure age W||c| W||| see or|y perlec||or ard |app|ress, |a|es
|r|o accour| ||a|, dur|rg ||e preser| age, ||e lurdarer|a| ever| ol sa|va||or
|as oeer rea||zed W||| ||e lrcarra||or. l| |as rod|l|ed |o suc| ar ex|er| ||e
1z. T| eodore ooserves ||a| || |s loo||s| |o |o|d ||a|, W|er ||e o| rer||ors ar
arge| or a ru|er, || |r|erds |o reler |o C|r|s| |r ||s qua|||y as ||e 3or ol 0od. lr |||s
Way, |e |s ao|e |o dery ||e |rad|||ora| |r|erpre|a||or W||c| recogr|zed C|r|s| as
||e
suojec| ol ||e o| ||eop|ar|es ard app||es ||er |o arge|s.
1. lr |||s serse, cl. as We|| lor. ca||. , , p. Torreau. zz 1
8z|N|re T| e lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury 0ree| C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
course ol |||s age as |o cors|||u|e ||e ar||c|pa||or ol ||e lu|ure age. Fver |l,
al|er ||e lrcarra||or, s|r ard dea|| cor||rue |o les|er |r ||e Wor|d, a reW
p|ase |as oegur |r ||e preser| age c|arac|er|zed oy ||e ecorory ol ||e 3p|r||
ard ol grace, qu||e d|s||rc| lror ||e preced|rg p|ase c|arac|er|zed oy ||e
ecorory ol ||e laW. T| |s reW p|ase |s |o|a||y or|er|ed |oWard ||e rorer|
ol l|ra| corsurra||or, ol W||c| || cors|||u|es ||e lore|as|e ard pror|se.
1|
T| us ever ||e doc|r|re ol ||e |Wo ages drove T| eodore |o erp|as|ze rore
||e rup|ure ||ar ||e cor||ru||y oe|Weer ||e |Wo Tes|arer|s. ll |e cor||rued
|o corcerr ||rse|l W||| ||e o|, |e d|d so |r ||e gu|se ol a ||s|or|ar |r|eres|ed
|r ||e ||s|ory ol lsrae| cors|dered as ||e pre-||s|ory ol ||e C|r|s||ar peop|e,
ard a|so lor ||e purpose ol po|r||rg ou| ||s cor|er|s ol a rora| c|arac|er,
W||c| Were pererr|a||y va||d. T| e ||s|ory ol lsrae|, |oWever, Was cors|dered
oy ||r |o oe a rorer| ol d|v|re reve|a||or W||c| |ad core |o a corc|us|or.
lourded or ||e doc|r|re ol a very r|g|d roro||e|sr, || Was rere|y
a propaedeu||c rorer| W||| respec| |o ||e del|r|||ve reve|a||or ol 0od as
Tr|r||y, W||c| occurred or|y W||| ||e r|. T| |s |s W|y T| eodore Was roved
|o |r|erpre| ||e |Wo Tes|arer|s as |Wo er||||es urre|a|ed |o ore aro||er.
w||| |||s purpose |r r|rd, ||s prelerred exege||ca| |rs|rurer| su||ed ||r
perlec||y, ||a| |s, a r|g|d|y |||era| |r|erpre|a||or.
Fd|||ors
Correr|ar|| |r Jo|arrer. lrelace3yr|ac. b8 ( ) - . z1zzo1
lr 0eres|r. 3yr|ac lragrer| (8.|.Add . , lo|. - ). |useor 1;18 1;z1 ;
( ). 1oz
Torreau, b.-|., T| eodore du |ospues|e. lr|erpre|a||or du ||vre de 0erse
(va|. 3yr. , lo|. l-v). |useor ( ) - . 1zo oo1|o|
1|. T| erelore || |s ro| oy c|arce ||a| ||e doc|r|re ol ||e |Wo ages Was
proposed
aoove a|| |r ||e correr|ar|es or lau| ard Jo|r ard, oy cor|ras|, Was a|ros|
|o|a||y aoser| |r ||e correr|ary or ||e ||ror lrop|e|s. lrasruc| as ||ey Were
|rc|uded |r ||e o| ecorory, ||e prop|e|s lourd ||erse|ves |r ||e cor|ex| ol ||e
preser| age oelore ||e lrcarra||or ard d|d ro| par||c|pa|e |r ||e reW p|ase W||c|
oegar |r |||s age W||| ||e cor|rg ol C|r|s|. lr |||s regard, || car oe ro|ed a|so
||a|
T| eodore, W|o |s as spar|rg as poss|o|eW||| ||e excep||or ol ||e prelace |o
||e
Correr|ary or Jora||r ||e use ol |ypos |o preser| ||e re|a||ors||p oe|Weer
||e
o| ard r|, oy cor|ras| uses |||s |err qu||e lrequer||y (lorra |r ||e la||r |rars|a||or
ol ||e correr|ar|es or lau|) |o |rd|ca|e ||e re|a||ors||p ol C|r|s||ar oap||sr
W||| ||e oap||sr ol Jesus, s|rce |||s |ad pro|ep||ca||y |rd|ca|ed ||e oeg|rr|rg ol
||e lu|ure age. Cl. lor exarp|e Cor. bor. , , p. , 3|aao, lor. ca||. , , ; 1z 1|;
p. |1;
Torreau.
8|o||ca| Fxeges|s ard lerrereu||cs |r 3yr|a 8z
Trars|a||ors
lrerc|
Fxpos|||o |r lsa|ros. ls ( ). 8|o|e e| v|e C|re||erre ( ) - . ||| o11
3|ud|es
Ararr, F. `T| eodore de |opsues|e.' 0TC ( ). - . 11|oz;8
8rure|, A. |. `T| eodore de |opsues|e e| |e Car||que des Car||ques.' FTb
( ). 1
- 1;o.
8u||ar|, v. `Kr|||sc|e 3|ud|er zur reuer |a|e|r|sc|er Tex| vor T|eodor vor
|opsues||a.' w3| ( ). - . 1|11||
8u||rarr, b. 0|e Fxegese des T| eodor vor |opsues||a (pos||ur). Fd||ed oy l.
le|d
469
ard K. l. 3c|e|||e. 3|u||gar|. Ko|||arrer, . 18|
8ruyre, 0. de, `le correr|a|re de T| eodore de |opsues|e aux epi|res de 3.
lau|'.
b8er ( ) - . 1z1|
Carrara, l. `ur presur|o a||acco a 8as|||o d| Cesarea re| Correr|o a||a
0eres|d|
Teodoro d| |opsues||a.' lr la|de|a cr|s||ara. 3|ud| |r orore d| |ar|o Na|d|r|,
- 11o. bore. 0ruppo Fd||or|a|e lr|erraz|ora|e, . 1|
Car|er, b. F. `C|rysos|or's Ad T|eodorur lapsurard ||e Far|y C|roro|ogy ol
T| eodore ol |opsues||a'. vC ( ). 1oz
0e||ers, F. `ur rouveau raruscr|| du correr|a|re de T| eodore de |opsues|e
aux Fpi|res de 3. lau|.' 3F ( ). - . o1||z
0evreesse, b. `le correr|a|re de T| eodore de |opsues|e sur |es lsaures'.
b8 ;
( ) - , ( ) - . 1z8|ooo81zoz
. `lar que||es vo|es rous sor| parverues |es Correr|a|res de T|edore de
|opsues|e?'. b8 ( ) - . 1ooz;;
. `Arc|ers correr|a|eurs grecs de |'0c|a|euque'. b8 ( ) - , - |1ozo1zoo|
. 8|
. `la re||ode exege||que de T| eodore de |opsues|e'. b8 ( ) - . 1|ozo;|1
. Fssa| sur T| eodore de |opsues|e. 3Tes||. bore, . 1|8
0uo|e, |., ard A.-0. larrar. T| eodore de |opsues|e, les lore||es
ca|ec|e||ques.
Tradu|| du syr|aque de |. 0. Arro|a||ors de |. 0. e| A.-0. l. les lres dars |a
lo| - . lar|s. ||gre, . ozo 1o
0ucros, X. `l'Fuc|ar|s||e c|ez T| eodorus |opsues|erus d'aprs sor
correr|a|re
sur |'Fvarg||e se|or Jear.' lr Ac|es du z1
e
Corgrs lr|erra||ora| des 0r|er|a||s|es
lar|s - ju|||e| , s. lar|s. 3oc|e|e As|a||que, . z1 1|8o 1|
la||ca, l. l Correr|ar| a 0|ovarr| d| Teodoro d| |opsues||a e d| C|r|||o d|
A|es -sardr|a. Corlror|o lra re|od| esege||c| e |eo|og|c|. 3|ud|a Fp|erer|d|s
Augus||r|arur . bore. lrs|||u|ur la|r|s||cur 'Augus||r|arur,' . z 188
. `l| correr|o d| Teodoro d| |opsues||a a 0|ovarr| . - .' Ko|ror|a 1118 1
( ). - . 18o1;8
8zoN|re T| e lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury 0ree| C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
lerraro, 0. `l'espos|z|ore de| |es|| preura|o|og|c| re| correr|o d| Teodoro d|
|opsues||a a| uar|o varge|o'. 0reg ( ) - . o;18ozo;;
. lo 3p|r||o 3ar|o re| uar|o varge|o. l correr|| d| 0r|gere, 0|ovarr|
Cr|sos|oro,
Teodoro d| |opsues||a e C|r|||o d| A|essardr|a. 0CA . bore. lor||l| c|o z|o
ls|||u|o 0r|er|a|e, . 1
0a|||er, l. `T| edore de |opsues|e. sa vra|e persee sur |'lrcarra||or'. b3b |
( ) 1;
- 1o18o, - . 8oo
0rall|r, l. `ure page re|rouvee de T| eodore de |opsues|e.' lr A Tr|ou|e |o
Ar||ur
vooous, ed||ed oy b. l. l|sc|er, - . C||cago, . z| 1;;
0reer, b. A. T| eodore ol |opsues||a. Fxege|e ard T| eo|og|ar. lordor. T| e
la|||
lress, . 1o1
0regory, C. 0. T| eodore ol |opsues||a's Correr|ary or borars. Ar
Arro|a|ed
Trars|a||or. 0|ss., 3ou||err 8ap||s| T| eo|og|ca| 3er|rary, . 1z
0u|da, A. `la r|rurz|a evarge||ca a| oer|, |a po|er|ca d| 0u|||aro e |a rep||ca d|
Teodoro d| |opsues||a.' lr ls. A. 8ar|gazz|, - . bore, . z;;8; 18o
. `l| correr|o a luca d| Teodoro d| |opsues||a. lrarrer|| ver| e presur||.'
8o||. de||a 8ad|a 0reca d| 0ro||alerra|a ( ). - . |11o8
0u|||e|, J. `les exegses d'A|exardr|e e| d'Ar||oc|e, corl||| ou ra|er|erdu?'.
b3b |
( ) - . 1|;z;oz
Jarsra, T. `T| eodore de |opsues|e, lr|erpre|a||or du ||vre de |a 0erse.
lragrer|s
de |a vers|or syr|aque.' |us ( ). - . ;1ozoz
Koc|, 0. 0|e le||sverW|r|||c|urg oe| T| eodor vor |opsues||a.0|ss., wurzourg,
1o.
|ac|ra, |.-b., `l'|orre |'eco|e de 0|eu. 0'Ar||oc|e N|s|oe. lrol||
|errereu||que, ||eo|og|que e| |erygra||que du rouverer| sco||as|e res|or|er'.
l0C z
( ) - , - . 18z8o1z|zoo1
|arucc|, C. `0d ar||oc|era cor|ro \\pod a|essardr|ra. |'eseges|
|e||era|e
d| Teodoro d| |opsues||a.' lr l ladr| de||a C||esa e |a Teo|og|a. lr d|a|ogo cor
470
8as|| 3|uder, ed||ed oy A. 0razzo, - . C|r|se||o 8a|saro. Fd. lao||re, . 81o| 1
|cKerz|e, J. l. `T| e Correr|ary ol T| eodore ol |opsues||a or Jo|r . - 1|o
.' T3 1
1|( ). - . 1;8|
|cleod, l. 0. T| e lrage ol 0od |r ||e Ar||oc|ere Trad|||or. was||rg|or, 0.C.
. 1
|c Narara, K. `T| e lroo|er ol T| eodore ol |opsues||a'. lT| ( ) z|1;
- . 1;8|
|acoroer, w. l. `NeW|y 0|scovered lragrer|s ol ||e 0ospe| Correr|ar|es ol
T| eodore ol |opsues||a'. |useor ( ). - . 811o8||1|;
Norr|s, b. A. |ar|ood ard C|r|s|. 3|ud|es |r ||e C|r|s|o|ogy ol T|eodore ol
|opsues||a. 0xlord. C|arerdor lress, . 1o
0gara, l. `0e |yp|ca apud C|rysos|orur prop|e||a'. 0reg ( ) - . z|1|oz;;
0a||o|a, l. `la v|da cr|s||ara, ||po de |as rea||dades ce|es|es. ur corcep|o os|ca
de
|a |eo|og|a de Teodoro de |opsues|a.' 3cr|p|or|ur v|c|or|erre ( ). - . 11|1oo
8|o||ca| Fxeges|s ard lerrereu||cs |r 3yr|a 8z;
lrou|x, l. larad|gre de |erygre oap||sra|. les lore||es ca|ec|e||ques de
T|eo dore
de |opsues|e.0|ss., lrrsoruc|, s. 1oo
uas|er, J. `T| e l||urg|ca| |ys||c|sr ol T| eodore ol |opsues||a.' T3 ( ). 11|
- |1.
be|r|r|, 0. J. `0|e Fxegese des T| eodor vor |opsues||a |r e|rer aroryrer
res|or|ar|sc|er Korrer|ar zur Neuer Tes|arer|.' 3|la|r ( ). - . 118811
borar|des, J. 3. `l|g|||g||s |r ||e 0eoa|e over T| eodore ol |opsues||a's
C|r|s|o|ogy ard 3ore 3ugges||ors lor a lres| Approac|.' 00Tb | ( s). z1
- . 1|o8
borpay, l. var. `ue|ques rerarques sur |a |rad|||or syr|aque de |'oeuvre
exege||que de T| eodore de |opsues|e.' lr 3yrpos|ur, - , | . |18|8;
3c|alerd|ec|, K. 0as Jo|arresvers|ardr|s des T| eodor vor |opsues||a.0|ss.,
8orr,
18.
. `T| eodor vor |opsues|e a|s Fxege| des v|er|er Fvarge||urs.' 3|la|r 1o
( ). 1;o
- z|z|o.
3eroraro, l. `l'errereu||ca o|o||ca d| Teodoro d| |opsues||a re| lrarrer||
s|r|ac|
de| Correr|ar|oa| 3a|r|.' lr l ladr| de||a C||esa e |a Teo|og|a. lr d|a|ogo cor
8as|| 3|uder, ed||ed oy A. 0razzo, - . C|r|se||o 8a|saro. Fd. lao||re, . 1o1z 1
3|ro||rarr, w. `0er Ko|e|e|-Korrer|ar des T| eodor vor |opsues||a.' lr
be||g|or
|r Froe Agyp|ers. 8e||rage zur spa|ar|||er be||g|orsgesc||c||e zu F|rer vor
A|exarder 8o|||g. lrg. vor |arlred 0org(Agyp|er urd A||es Tes|arer| ), 1|
vo|. , - . w|esoader. larrassoW||z, . zo18oo 188
3u|||var, l. A. `3ore beac||ors |o 0evreese's NeW 3|udy ol T| eodore ol
|opsues|e.'
T3 ( ). - . 1z111;zo;
. `lur||er No|es or T| eod. |ops. (bep|y |o J. l. |cKerz|e).' T3 ( ). zo1
- . zo|;
Teodoro d| |opsues||a. Correr|ar|o a| varge|o d| 0|ovarr|. bore. 8or|a, . 11
Tyrg, 0. `T| eodore ol |opsues||a as ar lr|erpre|er ol ||e 0|d Tes|arer|'.
J8l o
( ) - . 11z8o
vaccar|, A. `lr rarg|re a| correr|o d| Teodoro |opsues|ero a| sa|r|'. ls.
0. |erca|| . 3|ud| e Tes|| . va||car . 1 1z1 1|o
vagagg|r|, C. `l'ord|raz|ore de||e d|acoresse re||a |rad|z|ore greca e o|zar||ra'.
0Cl ( ) 1;|
vagg|ore, b. l. `3ore Neg|ec|ed lragrer|s ol T| eodore ol |opsues||a's
Cor|ra
Furor|ur'. JT| 3 ( ). 18o
vog|, l. J. `8erer|urger zu Fxegese urd C|r|s|o|og|e des T| eodor vor
|opsues||a.' AlC ( | ). - . 81ooo;
. `ur|ersc||ed||c|e Fxegese der A|exardr|rer urd der Ar||oc|erer. Cyr||||sc|e
urdeu|urg c|r|s|o|og|sc|er Tex|e des T| eodor vor |opsues||a.' lr 3||ru||.
Fxegese urd ||re lerrereu||| |r Ar|||e urd C|r|s|er|ur. les|sc|r|l| lur Frrs|
0assrarr, ed. 0. 3c|o||ger ard C. 3c|o||er (JAC|e, 8. ), - . |urs|er. z;o
Asc|erdorll, . 1o
8z8N|re T| e lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury 0ree| C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
. `Fxegese des T| eodor vor |opsues||a'. ls. w. 8rardru||er. laderoorr
, 1;
- z;.
vooous, A. `begard|rg ||e T| eo|og|ca| Ar||ropo|ogy ol T| eodore ol
|opsues||a'.
Cl ( ). - . 1o|11z|
471
vos|e, J.-|. `l'oeuvre exege||que de T| eodore de |opsues|e au lle Corc||e de
Cors|ar||rop|e'. b8 ( ). 1z
. `T| eodore de |opsues|e sur |es lsaures'. Arg ( ). 1|z
w|c|er|, u. `3|ud|er zu der lau|us|orrer|arer T| eodors vor |opsues||a a|s
8e||rag zu se|rer T| eo|og|e.' 0|ss., Tuo|rger, . 1;
. `0|e lersor||c||e|| des lau|us |r der lau|us|orrer|arer T|eodors vor
|opsues||a.' ZNw ( ). - . 1oz1oo
. `3|ud|er zu der lau|us|orrer|arer T| eodors vor |opsues||a. A|s 8e||rag
zur vers|ardr|s der Ar||oc|er|sc|er T| eo|og|e.' 8ZNw ( ). - . z;1oz11z
w|erWeerde, A. J. `0e |errereu||e| var T| eodorus var |opsues||a er |aar
|oepass|rg op 3c|r|l|p|aa|ser u|| de lsa|rer er de ||e|re lrole|er, d|e |r |e| r|
op de C|r|s|us Worder oe|ro||er.' voxT| ( s). - . |1o zoz
w||es, ||l. `T| eodore ol |opsues||a as represer|a||ve ol ||e Ar||oc|ere
sc|oo|.' lr
Caror|dge l|s|ory ol ||e 8|o|e , ed||ed oy l. N. 3prerger, - , . 1 |81o1;o
ourg, l. |. `C|r|s|o|og|ca| ldeas |r ||e 0ree| Correr|ar|es or ||e Fp|s||e |o
||e
leoreWs'. JT| 3 ( ). 1o
ous|l, l. `Traduz|or| s|r|ac|e d| Teodoro d| |opsues||a.' lr Au|or|c|ass|c| |r ||rgue
de| v|c|ro e |ed|o 0r|er|e. A||| de| lll, lv e v 3er|rar|o su| |era. becupero d|
|es|| c|ass|c| a||raverso recez|ore |r ||rgue de| v|c|ro e |ed|o 0r|er|e, ed||ed oy
0. l|accador|, - . bore. ls|||u|o lo||gral|co e Zecca de||o 3|a|o, . 1|1oz 1o
Za|aropou|os, 0. Z. `T| eodore ol |opsues||a's Cr|||ca| |e||ods |r 0|d
Tes|arer|
3|udy.' 0|sser|a||or Aos|rac|s ( ). - . 8os|or. zo1ozo1oz
. `T| eodore ol |opsues||a. v|eWs or lrop|e||c lrsp|ra||or'. 00Tb ( ). 1;8
. T| eodore ol |opsues||a or ||e 8|o|e. A 3|udy ol l|s 0|d Tes|arer|
Fxeges|s. NeW
or|. lau||s| lress, . 18

x||. As|er|us ol Arasea ( | - | ) o|zo|z
8orr |r Ar||oc|, accord|rg |o 8auer, ard a|so |ra|red |r Ar||oc|, As|er|us
rece|ved a ||g| r|e|or|ca| educa||or (3peyer , ). l|s ecp|ras|s, or 18ooz
r|e|or|ca| exerc|se, ce|eora||rg Fup|er|a's rar|yrdor |r C|a|cedor, da|es
lror oelore ||s pr|es||y ord|ra||or. A|ready ar adu|| a| ||e ||re ol Ju||ar, |e
oecare o|s|op ol Arasea, succeed|rg Fu|a||us, poss|o|y |r , ard reac|ed o
8|o||ca| Fxeges|s ard lerrereu||cs |r 3yr|a 8z
ar o|d age. T| e da|e ol ||s dea|| |s ur|roWr, per|aps oe|Weer ard . |zo |z
No cor|erporary ro||ce ol ||r |s |rarsr|||ed. le oegar |o oe |rvo|ed as
ar au||or||y suppor||rg ||e cu|| ol |cors or|y |r ||e e|g||| cer|ury, a| ||e
Courc|| ol N|cea ll |r . ;8;
le Was a ||g||y educa|ed ard oper-r|rded c|er|c, a| ease |r address|rg
ar equa||y educa|ed aud|erce. Arasea (lor|us) Was ||e o|r||p|ace ol ||e
geograp|er 3|raoo, || Was a prosperous c||y |r ||e lour|| cer|ury c.e., W||| a
s|rorg C|r|s||ar corrur||y, a r||||ary garr|sor, ard a ||ve|y correrc|a| ard
cu||ura| ac||v||y (w||sor). As|er|us's Wr|||rgs |es||ly |o a ||oroug| |roW|edge
ol 0ree| |||era|ure ard r|e|or|cs, oerel|||rg lror ||e 3ecord 3op||s||c, ard
deros|ra||rg a oroad lar|||ar||y W||| red|c|re ard ra|ura| sc|erces. l|o||us
|rc|uded ex|rac|s lror |er ol As|er|us's |or|||es |r ||s codex . lour|eer z;1
au||er||c |or|||es (Cl0 , ) |ave oeer puo||s|ed oy C. 0a|era, ||e zoo1
l|rs| |or||y, |rcorp|e|e, dea||rg W||| `T| e b|c| |ar ard lazarus' |r lu|e
1o. - . uo|a||ors ol o||er |or|||es c|rcu|a|e |r ca|erae(A. |a| ). 11 1;
|os| ol As|er|us's |or|||es are |os|.
lr 0a|era's ruroer|rg ol ||e lor|||es, lor||yl expards ||e s|ory ol
lazarus ard 0|ves, |r lu|e , ll a|so expourds lu|e , ||e d|s|ores| s|eWard, 1o 1o
lll c|as||ses avar|ce, W||| a Wea||| ol o|o||ca| c||a||ors, v d|scusses |a||
1. - , or rarr|age ard d|vorce, vl erp|as|zes 0ar , W||| ||e ed|ly|rg 1z 1
exarp|es ol 0ar|e| ard 3usarra, vll correr|s or Jo|r ard ||e rar
oorr o||rd, vlll g|or|l|es a| |erg|| ||e apos||es le|er ard lau|, Xll ollers a
o|o||ca| red||a||or or 3|ep|er, ||e pro|orar|yr, Xlll s|a|es ||e rear|rg ol
perarce, aga|rs| Nova||ar, Xlv ex|or|s |o las| dur|rg ler|. Fsser||a||y ||ey
are `ex|or|a||ors |o |ead a sooer ||le ard care lor ||e re|g|oour' (0a|era,
xxv||). As|er|us Was `s|rorg|y |rl|uerced |r ||s v|eWs or e|||cs oy ||e cyr|ca|-
s|o|ca| rora| p|||osop|y' (xxv|||) ard deperder| or ||e Cappadoc|ar
la||ers, ros||y 0regory ol Nyssa. `l|s ||eo|og|ca| |ra|r|rg car oe ca||ed
o|o||ca|. lr ||e leW passages W|ere |e s|eps |r|o ||e oreac| lor ||e pur||y ol
|rad|||ora| doc|r|re, |e does so W||| s|rp|e o|o||ca| argurer|s. le prooao|y
|ad ro eye lor ||e dogra||c cor|rovers|es ol ||s days' (xxx||).
T| e o| gave As|er|us aourdar| reasors ard cors|ar| exarp|es lor
exp|a|r|rg ||e rora| |essors ol r|, lor |rs|arce |r |or or 0ar|e| ard o
3uzarra. le s|ressed ||e super|or||y ol r| over o|, ol lau| over |oses (|or.
8, , ). l|s ar||-JeW|s| propers||y |s s|arp ard aggress|ve (&, , , , , 1 z11|1|
z| , ). JeWs are seer as ||e rurderers ol Jesus ( , , , oased or |a|| 1;1 1|1z
z;. , cp. |or. , , | , ). A d|s||rc||ve s|arce ol As|er|us's preac||rg |s ||s z ;8|
472
pro|es| aga|rs| soc|a| |rjus||ce ard aga|rs| ||e d|scr|r|ra||or ol Worer.
8oN|re T| e lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury 0ree| C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
Fd|||ors
l0 , - . |o1o8
8re|z, A., 3|ud|er urd Tex|e zu As|er|us vor Arasea, Tu , , le|pz|g, . |o1 11|
0a|era, C., As|er|us ol Arasea. lor|||ae l-Xlv. le|der . 1;o
|or. , . 0a|era, C., 3F ( - ) - . 11o z1;81;o
|a|, A., 3cr|p|orur ve|erur rova co||ec||o . bore , - . 18;oo;o
Trars|a||ors
0errar
|or. - . Frge||ard|, J. C. vor. Fr|arger . 1 11
3|ud|es
As|er|us vor Kappado||er, 0|e ||eo|og|sc|er lragrer|e. lr|roduc||or, |ex|,
|rars|a||or, ard correr|ary oy |. v|rzer|. v|gC|r3 . le|der. 8r|||, . zo 1
Aul der |aur, l. `0|e 0s|er|or|||er des As|er|os 3op||s|es a|s ue||e lur d|e
0esc||c||e der 0s|erle|er.' TT3 ( ). Xv| - . 11o; 11|
K|rz|g, w. `8erer|urger zur lsa|rerexegese des As|er|us,' |r C|r|s|||c|e
Fxegese
ZW|sc|er N|cea urd C|a|cedor, eds. J. var 0or| ard w. u|r|c|, Karper,
Ne||er|ards. Ko| l|aros, , - . 1z1o|1
. lr 3earc| ol As|er|us. 3|ud|es or ||e Au||ors||p ol ||e lor|||es or ||e
lsa|rs.
lorsc|urger zur K|rc|er- urd 0ogrergesc||c||e, . 0o|||rger. varder|oec| |;
& buprec||, . 1o
. `As|er|us 3op||s|a oder As|er|us lgro|us? F|re Ar|Wor|.' vC ( ). - |1188
. 8
. Fro|r K|rc|e d|e Aus|egurg vor lsa|r . |r der lsa|rer|or|||er des 1
As|er|us
urd |r der A||er K|rc|e. AlAw . . le|de|oerg. w|r|er, . 1oz 1o
bare||a, l. A. l'eseges| o|o||ca |r As|er|o d| Arasea. 0|ss., Tur|r, - . 1|1
b|c|ard, |. `As|er|| 3op||s|ae. Correr|ar|orur |r lsa|ros quae supersur|
accedur| a||quo| |or|||ae aroryrae.' 30.3 Xvl ( ). - . 1o1z;
3c|r|d, |. 8e||rage zur leoersgesc||c||e des As|er|us vor Arasea urd zur
p|||o|og|sc|er wurd|gurg se|rer 3c|r|l|er. 0|ss. |ur|c| . 11o
3|ard, F. `As|er|us vor Arase|a urd As|er|us ||e 3op||s|'. 30 ( ) - . zo1|o8o1z
3peyer, w. `0|e Fup|er|a-bede des As|er|us vor Arase|a. F|re
||ss|orsc|r|l|lur
geo||de|e le|der'. JAC ( ) - . 1|1;1|;
. bAC, 3upp|. ( ) - . |18oozo
T| urre|, l. 0. 0|e lru|gesc||c||e der os|||rc|||c|er 8||der|e|re. Tex|e urd
ur|ersuc|urger zur Ze|| vor der 8||ders|re||. Tu . 8er||r , - . 1 1z;;8
w||sor, 0. b. `Arase|a'. b. 3||||We||, a|., eds., lr|rce|or Frcyc|oped|a ol
C|ass|ca| 3||es.
lr|rce|or , . 1;o|;
8|o||ca| Fxeges|s ard lerrereu||cs |r 3yr|a 81
x|||. lo|yc|ror|us ol Aparea (d. ca. ) |o
8|s|op ol Aparea, |r 3yr|a, ard a oro||er ol T| eodore ol |opsues||a,
lo|yc|ror|us Wro|e correr|ar|es orsevera| ooo|s ol ||e o|, |r par||cu|ar
or 0ar|e| ard Fzec||e| (Cl0 ll, - ). le s|ared ||s oro||er's ||s|or|ca| 8;88o
urders|ard|rg ol scr|p|ure, ou| |r cor|ras| |o ||r l|rr|y adr|||ed ||e caror|c||y ol
||e 8oo| ol Joo. T| e lragrer|s ol ||s Wor|s oe|org |o Correr|ar|es
or 0ar|e|, 0r Fzec||e|,ard 0r Joo. A pseudo-C|yrsos|or|ar Correr|ary
or Jerer|a|(l0 , - ), sore||res a||r|ou|ed |o lo|yc|ror|us, seers o|;1o8
apocryp|a|. A repr|r| ol |a|'s ed|||or car oe lourd |r ||e supp|erer| ol
||gre, l0 . T| e lragrer|s or Joo oe|org |o ||e ca|erael. Jur|us (ourg), 1oz
lordor, , repr|r|ed |r l0 , - , a pro|ogue |o ||e 8oo| ol Joo 1o; 1|;o
ard a corp||a||or ol lragrer|s corcerr|rg |er sources ol ooscur||y |r ||e
|xx are rerdered |r la||r oy l. Cor||o|us, Ca|era |r oea||ss|rur Joo
aoso|u||ss|ra, ver|ce, , - , ||e pro|ogue, |r 0ree|, |s |rc|uded |r 0. 0. 1;8
wa|rerdor l , |ed||a||ores de resurrec||ore, spec|a||r Joo|, 0o|||rger, , 1;8
1z|, ||e corp||a||or, |r 0ree| a|so, |s |rc|uded |r l|o||us, Arp|||oc||a,
uaes||o Clll (l0 , ). 1o181o
lo|yc|ror|us reproves 0r|ger|s| a||egor|sr. 0r Fzec||e|, . (|a|, z8z
lll). le s|oWs a rea| exper||se |r ||e p|||o|og|ca| correr|ary ol scr|p|ure. `le
|roWs |oW |o deeper ||s urders|ard|rg ol a g|ver |ex|, |oW |o
||s|er |o ||s co|ererce |ard|y percep||o|e a| ||e |||era| |eve|. le coro|res
a corpre|ers|or ard a ||oroug| |ra|r|rg |r ||s|ory ard arc|aeo|ogy, rare
arorg ||s cor|erporar|es, W||| a d|s||rc||ve serse lor (o|o||ca|) |arguage'
(8arder|eWer ). l||e T| eodore, |e prelers exp|a|r|rg prop|e||c s|a|erer|s 1z
oy app|y|rg ||er |o da|a c|ose |o ||e prop|e|'s ||re, ra||er ||ar g|v|rg
||er a ress|ar|c re|evarce.
Fd|||ors
l0 , - . 1|;o
cor. |r 0ar.. A. |a|, 3cr|p|. ve|. rova co||., bore , l, , - , rd ed. 18z z1oooz
473
l, , - . 1z;
cor. |r Fzec|.. A. |a|, Nova la|r. o|o|.vll. , bore, , - . z 18|z1z;
cor. |r Jer.. l0 , - . o|;1o8
Cava||era, l., `les lragrer|s de sa|r| Arp|||oque dars |'lodegos'. blF 8
( ) - . 1o;|881
lau||aoer, |., 0|e lrop|e|er-Ca|erer rac| ror|sc|er lardsc|r|l|er. lre|ourg
18, - . 1818
|a|. A., bore . l, , rd ed. - , l, , - (l0 ), vll, , 18z zz 1ooo 1z; 1oz z
- z1z;.
8zN|re T| e lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury 0ree| C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
3|ud|es
8arder|eWer, 0., lo|yc|ror|us, 8ruder T| eodors vor |opsues||a urd 8|s|op
vor
Aparea, lre|ourg |. 8r., . 18;
. 0esc||c||e der a||||rc|||c|er l||era|ur, lll ( , , w80, 0arrs|ad|) . 1z1oz z
8er||r|, u., `la ca|era graeca |r 0|oooe'. 8|o ( ) - . |1z1z|z
0errele|d, l., 0er a|||es|arer|||c|e Karor der ar||oc|er|sc|er 3c|u|e. lre|ourg
1o, - . o1o;
0|eu, l., `le correr|a|re sur Jerer|e'. blF ( ) - . 1|11o8;o1
lau||aoer, |., lrop|e|er-Ca|ere. lre|ourg . 18
lagedorr, u. ard 0., 0|e a||erer gr|ec||sc|er Ka|erer zur 8uc| l|ool.
F|r|e||urg,
lro|oge urd Fp||oge, lragrer|e zu l|oo , - . (lT3 ). 8er||r - NeW 118zz |o
or| , - . 1|1o|
vacc ar |,ur correr|o da 0|oooe d| 0|u||aro d| Fc|aro. bore . 11
we|rarr, C., `l|oo|orrer|ar'. T|bev ( ) - . 111oz|1|8
x|v. N||us ol Arcyra (d. ca. ) |o
T| e aooo| ol a roras|ery rear Arcyra (Ar|ara), N||us Was a d|sc|p|e ol
Jo|r C|rysos|or, ard a cor|erporary ol lroc|us, la||ad|us, |ar| ||e
lerr||, ard ls|dore ol le|us|ur. lr ||s exeges|s |e c|ose|y lo||oWed 0r|ger.
w|||ou| |r|erd|rg |o sacr|l|ce ||e |||era| or ||s|or|ca| serse ( , ), a||egor|es are zzz
pr|v||eged |r ar aourdar| corresporderce rer|r|scer| ol ls|dore
ol le|us|ur, W||c| |rc|ude rary |e||ers g|v|rg arsWers |o ques||ors aoou|
scr|p|ure. `lor N||us scr|p|ure |s predor|rar||y a sp|r||ua| rour|s|rer| ||e
|org|rg lor W||c| |es||l| es |o our d|gr||y as sp|r||ua| oe|rgs (l0 , c), ;z1
a ||v|rg Wa|er querc||rg ||e |||rs| ol a ror|'s ||le ( o), a d|s| W||| ||e 1o
de||c|ous l|avor ol |orey ( c). T| e ooo|s ol ||e 8|o|e ray d|sappo|r| oy 18o
||e|r ex|erra| appeararce, ard ||e|r s|y|e oe ar |rred|a|e de|erer|, 'ou| due
|o ||e rys|er|es ||dder |r ||e |eac||rgs ol C|r|s| ||ey oecore Wa|ers gus||rg
lor|| |r|o e|erra| ||le, W||c| |ea|, pur|ly, |||ur|ra|e ||ose W|o oe||eve,
superra|ura| ard Worderlu| Wa|ers' ( d)' (K|rc|reyer , ). lr ||e zo| 1oo1o;
essay Ad Aga|||ur rorac|ur, N||us d|scusses ||e oords oe|Weer scr|p|ure
ard prayer-||le (l0 , - ). l|s Correr|ary or Car||c|es(Cl0 ), ;8z| oo1
rer||ored |r Ad Aga|||ur, |s |os|, ||s rera|rs surv|ve or|y |r ca|erae
(0eveesse), as do ||e sc|o||es erurera|ed oy 0eerard, |r C|av|s, r. . oo|
Cl0lll - . r. - . 1;18z oo|8|
8|o||ca| Fxeges|s ard lerrereu||cs |r 3yr|a 8
Fd|||ors
l0 , - . ;811o
0e rag|s|r|s e| d|sc|pu||s. l. var der ver, `ur opuscu|e |red|| a||r|oue 3.
N||'. ls. 0. Kur|| . lu|||c| , - . 1 1o8;81
3|ud|es
8roWr|rg, b., `le correr|a|re de sa|r| N|| d'Arcyre sur |e Car||que des
Car||ques'. bF8 ( ) - . z|1oo1o;11|
0evreesse, b., les arc|ers correr|a|eurs grecs des psaures. va||car . 1;o
K|rc|reyer, J., 03p ( ) - . |1oo1oo1o;
luc, 3., `N||o d'Arc|ra su||' Fcc|es|as|e. 0|ec| sco||| scorosc|u||'. 8|o ( ) oo1;
- z;|o.
3ov|c, A., `0e N||| rorac|| correr|ar|o |r Car||cur Car||corur recors|ruerdo'.
8|o ( ) . z1z1z
T| urre|, l. 0., `Ne||os vor Ar|yra uoer d|e 8||der'. 8Z ( ) - . ;11;81oz1
xv. 3ever|ar ol 0aoa|a (d. | ) |z|1
3ever|ar, o|s|op ol 0aoa|a rear laod|cea |r ||e reg|or ol Ar||oc|, Was |rl|uer||a|
|r ||e c|rc|e ol ||e Frpress Fudox|a, ||e aro|||ous W|le ol Frperor
Arcad|us ( - ), ||e erpress ro|ed lor |er |os|||||y |o Jo|r C|rysos|or. |o8
T| oug| devo|ed |o ||e Ar||oc|ere re||od ol exeges|s, 3ever|ar d|d ro|
exc|ude lrequer| recourse |o syroo||c |r|erpre|a||or. l|s vocaou|ary der|ved
lror 0|odore ol Tarsus as d|d ||s d|s||rc||ors oe|Weer ||eor|a, |ropo|og|a,
ard a||egor|a(vo|cu , ). le |r|erpre|ed o| poe|ry |||era||y, us|rg ||e 1o;oo
8|o|e as a sourceooo| lor ra|ura| sc|erce. `3ever|ar ol 0aoa|a car a| ||res
oe ar er|er|a|r|rg preac|er. le |roWs |oW |o cover ||eo|og|ca| po|r|s |r
agreeao|e |arguage. T| erelore, ro|W|||s|ard|rg ||e judgrer| ol so rary
prev|ous sc|o|ars, |r ry op|r|or We are ro| jus||l|ed |o cors|der 3ever|ar
474
as a l|l|| rar| preac|er. A |||rd (or ever secord) rar| Wou|d su|| ||r oe||er'
(beg|u||, ). |
l|s rurerous |or|||es or o|o||ca| da|a paradox|ca||y surv|ved urder
||e cover ol Jo|r C|rysos|or's rare, al|er 3ever|ar's |egacy Was a| r|s| |o
oe p|aced urder a darra||o reror|aeordered oy Jus||r|ar aga|rs| 3erverus
ol Ar||oc|'s Wr|||rgs |r . A corpre|ers|ve s|udy ol 3ever|ar ol 0aoa|a's o
|or||e||c correr|s or ||e 8|o|e |s s|||| |ac||rg. `3ever|ar |as a vas| |roW|edge
ol scr|p|ure ard apparer||y |||es |o s|oW |||s. Fspec|a||y |r ||e oper|rgs
8|N|re T| e lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury 0ree| C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
ol ||s |or|||es, |e regu|ar|y quo|es rary verses. T| ey lorr ||e oas|s lor ||s
argurer|s, oo|| |r ||e pro|ogues ard |r ||e ra|r par| ol ||e |or||y, ard
||ey ol|er se| ||e |ore lor a sec||or. A|ros| cors|ar||y 3ever|ar cor|ras|s
o|o||ca| quo|a||ors W||| ra||ora| argurer|s . . . se|dor ore |as ||e |rpress|or
||a| a |ex| |s quo|ed s|rp|y lor ||e sa|e ol quo||rg (ard derors|ra||rg ||s
|roW|edge), ro| |o suppor| ||s argurer|s' (beg|u||, ). 18z
wor|s.
Fxege||ca| |or|||es ol 3ever|ar accord|rg |o Cl0ll, - , are erurera|ed |18|z
as rev|eWed oy vo|cu . 1o
Fxpos|||or ol ||e Fp|s||e |o ||e 0a|a||ars(|os|, ou| see , ). |z1
0r 8ap||sr ard ||e leas| ol ||e Fp|p|ary.
|180e l|de e| |ege ra|urae. l0 , - . |81o8188
lor. de l|cu arelac|a. l0 , - . 8o
|zolor. de s|g||||s ||ororur. l0 , - o1||
|18o0e paer||er||a e| corpurc||ore. l0 , - . |zo
|18;lor. |r ascers|orer d.r. l.C. e| |r pr|rc|p|ur Ac|orur. l0 , z
- ;;z.
|1880e 3p|r||u sarc|o. l0 , - . z81zo
|180e C|r|s|o pas|ore e| oue. l0 , - . z8z;o
|1olr psa|rur . l0 , - . o oo1z
|11lr lsa|rur . l0 , - . o1o
|1zlor. de |eg|s|a|ore. l0 , - . o;|1o
|1lr |||ud. lr qua po|es|a|e |aec lac|s (|| . ). l0 , - . z1z o|11z8
|1|(+ )lr cosrogor|ar |or|||ae - . l0 , - , urder ||e |z1; 1o o|zoo
rare ol C|rysos|or, ard e|g|| o||er |or|||es, |r 0ree|.
|1uorodo ar|rar acceper|| Adarus. 3av|| , - . o|8
|1o0e serper|e |or|||a. l0 , - . o|1o
|1;lr 0eres|r serro . l0 , - . z ozzzo
|18lr |||ud. `lore rarur |uar'(0er . ). l0 , - . z|z oo|
|1lr rere|r|cer e| p|ar|saeur. l0 , - . 1o
|zoolr l|||ur prod|gur. l0 , - . oz;o
|zo1lr u||ud. 'uorodo sc|| ||||eras' (Jo| . ). l0 , - . ;1 o|z
|zozlr C|araraear e| l|araorer. l0 , - . oo|
|zolr |||ud. `Nor quod vo|o lac|o' (bor . ). l0 , - . ;1 oo;|
|zo|lr |rcarra||orer dor|r|. l0 , - . b. l. beg|u||, 3ever|ar ol o8;;oo
0aoa|a. lor||y or ||e lrcarra||or ol C|r|s|. Ars|erdar . 1z
|zolr prod|||orer serva|or|s. l0 , - . ;1zo
|zoo0e l|de. l0 , - . oo;o;;z
|zo;Cor|ra Judaeos |r serper|er aereur. l0 , - . o1;8oz
8|o||ca| Fxeges|s ard lerrereu||cs |r 3yr|a 8
|zo80e sacr|l|c||s Ca|r|. l0 , - . oz;1zz
|zo0e s|g||||s serro. l0 , - . o1||
|z1olr |||ud. 'lr pr|rc|p|o era| verour'(Jo| . ) l0 , - . 11 o|o
|z11lr sarc|ar per|ecos|er. l0 , - . o8
|z1zlr ||eop|ar|ar. l0 , - . o11zo
|z1lr pre||osar e| v|v|l|car crucer. 3av||e , - . 88oo
|z1|lor|||a de pace. l0 , - = ll , - . z|z|z8 z8
|z1lr |||ud 'la|er, |rarsea| a re ca||x |s|e'(|a|| . ). zo
|z1olr |o||orer pedur. A. werger, `ure |ore||e |red||e de 3ever|er de
0aoa|a sur |e |averer| des p|eds'. b8yz |e|arges v. 0rure| ll z
( ) - . 1o;z1|
|z18lragrer|a |r Ac|a apos|o|orur. l. A. Crarer, Ca|erae 0r. la|r. |r
r|.
|z1lragrer|a |r ep|s|u|as s. lau||. K. 3|aao, lau|us|orrer|are.
T| ree au||er||c |or|||es are ro| ye| ed||ed.
|zo0e cer|ur|ore e| cor|ra |ar|c|aeos e| Apo|||rar|s|as
|z1lor. |r caecur ra|ur
|zzlr Noe e| l|||os e|us, de c|eruo|r e| |r prop|e|ar 0sear.
0||er |or|||es c|rcu|a|e or|y |r Arrer|ar, suc| as.
|z|0e pasc|a, deque ca||ar|s.
|z||lr |||ud. 'l|or| aper|| sur|'(0r . ). ;o
|z|o0e adver|u dor|r| super pu||ur.
|z|;lr |||ud. v|r qu|dar descerdeoa| (l| . ). 1o;
|z|lr ra|rer l|||orur Zeoedae|. l. Jordar, Arrer|sc|e lreraeus lragrer|e
(Tu , ), le|pz|g , - (|ex|), - (|rars|.), le|rarr , o 11z8 1;818 18z
475
11;ard . 11
Add|||ora| |or|||es are.
lr |||ud. 3ecurdur |rag|rer e| s|r||||ud|rer. vo|cu , . 1o;
|zoolor|||a de ra||v||a|e, |r 3yr|ac. C. |oss `lor||y or ||e Na||v||y ol
our lord oy 3ever|ar ol 0aoa|a', 8u||. ol ||e 3c|oo| ol 0r|er|a| ard Alr|car
3|ud|es ( - ), - . 1z1|;|8o
|z;10e Noe e| Arca(urpuo||s|ed).
|z8zlr ra|a|er dor|r|, Cop||c. F. lorc|er.
|z8lor|||a |r apos|o|os,0eorg|ar. |. var Fsoroec|.
|z8olr per|ecos|er, 0eorg|ar. |. var Fsoroec|, les lor|||a|res.
|ore lragrer|s. , - . |z1z1
uas|er, lll ( ), - . 1oo|8|8o
lr ||s cor|r|ou||or |o 03pol , vo|cu adds aro||er |We|ve |or|||es 1o
as au||er||c, W||c| Cl0 cour|ed as pseudo-c|rysos|or|ar, arorg ||er.
lr 0eres|r serro , l0 , - , lr Joo serrores - , l0 , - , 0e 1 o1zz z| oo;8z
8oN|re T| e lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury 0ree| C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
|r|ous puer|s serro, l0 , - , 0e caeco ra|o, l0 , - , 0e caeco oooo |z|
e| Zacc|aeo, l0 , - , lr |||ud `uardo |ps| suo|c|e| orr|a,'Cl0 , o1o |;o1
lr |||ud `0er|r|ra v|perarur,' Cl0 = , lr pos|rerur |ud|c|cur, ||; |z18
Cl0 , lr ascers|orer 0or|r|, Cl0 . |o8 oz8
A l|ra| judgerer| oy 3. J. vo|cu, FFC ll ( ), spea|s vo|ures lor 1z;;z
||e pro||l|c |egacy ol |||s 3yr|ar preac|er. `l|s exege||ca| pos|||ors, s|||| |rsull|
c|er||y s|ud|ed, core across as a r|x|ure ol cor|rad|c|ory |erderc|es.'
Cl0ll ( ) - . 1;||o888
Fd|||ors
l0 , - . o|zoo
0roorer, l. b., `0|e 8erec|rurg der AulerWec|urg des lerrr rac| dre|
Tager'. T|0| ( ) - . ;8188o1;
|oss, C., `0e ra||v||a|e. 830A3 ( ) - . 1z1|8oo
3|aao, K., lau|us|orrer|are(bor, leo). |urs|er , - . 1z11
Toros|ar, ., `3ever|ar| ep|scop| 0aoa|orur |or|||a lX'. 8az ( ) - 1|11
(|r Arrer|ar).
Ze|||rger, J., 0|e 0eres|s|or|||er des 8|sc|ols 3ever|ar vor 0aoa|a(A|||es|.
Ao|ard|. , ) |urs|er . ;1 11o
Trars|a||ors
0errar
0roorer, Ze|||rger. aoove.
we|sc|er, 8. |., ere||oslv| . Tra||a|e des 3ever|aros vor 0aoa|a, 0regor|os
T| aura|urgos urd Kyr|||os vor A|exardr|er(A|||op|s||sc|e lorsc|urger
;). w|esoader (|rars|. lror F|||op|ar). 18o
3|ud|es
A||erdorl, l. 0., ur|ersuc|urger zu 3ever|ar vor 0aoa|a. 0|ss. Tuo|rger, 1;
(|yp.). TlZ ( ) - . 81888|
Auo|reau, |.,ur |ra||e |red|| de c|r|s|o|og|e de 3ever|er de 0aoa|a |r
Cer|ur|orer
e| cor|ra |ar|c|aeos e| Apo|||rar|s|as, exp|o||a||or par 3evre d'Ar||oc|e ( ) 1
e|
|e 3yrode du la|rar ( ). Ca|0r|er|a||sre . 0ereva. Crarer, . o| 18
. `ur serro acep|a|us |red||usCl0 . '3ever|er de 0aoa|a?'res|||ue |z;z
Cyr|||e de Jerusa|er'. vC ( ) - . |118;z88
8ea|r|ce, l. l., `0ue rov| |es||ror| de||a |avarda de| p|ed| |r e| pa|r|s||ca.
Crora-
8|o||ca| Fxeges|s ard lerrereu||cs |r 3yr|a 8;
z|o d| Aqu||e|a e| 3ever|aro d| 0aoa|a'. v. 3axer ed., Fcc|es|a orars. ls. A. 0.
larrar. Aug ( ) - . zo18oz|
. la |avarda de| p|ed|. Cor|r|ou|o a||a s|or|a de||e ar||c|e |||urg|e cr|s||are.
bore
18.
Caca||era, l., `ure rouve||e |ore||e res|||uee 3ever|er de 0aoa|a'. 8lF
( ) 1z
1|z.
0a|era, C., 0e s|are|erde ora|or. Ars|erdar . 18;
. `ToWards a Cr|||ca| Fd|||or ol ||e 0ree| lor|||es ol 3ever|ar ol 0aoa|a'. 0ll
1( ) - . 1881o;1
0roorer, l. b. `3ever|ar vor 0aoa|a. 0|e 8erec|rurg der AulerWec|urg des
lerrr
rac| dre| Tager (Cl0 | ). Fd|||or, uoerse|zurg, Korrer|ar.' T|0| |z1z ;8
( ). - . 188o1;
0ur|s, 0., `F|re la|sc|||c| der lreraus zugesc|r|eoere lred|g| des 8|sc|ols
3ever|ar vor 0aoa|a'. ZNw ( ) - . z11zzo|o
0ar|||e, 0., `ur lragrer| georg|er de |'|ore||e lX de 3evev|er de 0aoa|a'.
|useor
oo( ) - . 11oz
0||a, A. |., `Fsare de| pr|rc|pa|| |es|| rar|ar| d| 3ever|aro d| 0aoa|a'. |ar zo
476
( ) - . 1o|11;z
Jug|e, |., `la ror| e| |'Assorp||or de |a sa|r|e v|erge dars |a |rad|||or des c|rq
prer|ers s|c|es'. Fc|os d'0r|er| ( ) - , - , - . z1zozo1z|z81o;
Kecs|ere||, J., 3ever|er de 0aoa|a. lore||e |red||e sur |e 3a|r|-Fspr||. 0|ss.
lar|s . 1;8
K|rc|reyer, J., `l'|ore||e acep|a|e de 3ever|er sur |a Cro|x dars |e 3|ra|||cus gr.
' |. Ar8o|| ( ) - . ;81oo18z
le|rarr, l. J., `T| e A||r|ou||or ol cer|a|r lseudo-C|rysos|or|ca |o 3ever|ar ol
0aoa|a corl|rred oy ||e Arrer|ar Trad|||or'. 3|la|r (Tu ). 8er||r , 1o 1o; 1;o
- 1z1o.
. ler p|sca|ores-0rsordaW|c. 3|ud|es |r ||e Arrer|ar vers|or ol a Co||ec||or ol
lor|||es oy Fuseo|us ol Fresa ard 3ever|ar ol 0aoa|a. Ar|us . 1;
. `3ever|ar ol 0aoa|a. NeW lder||l|ca||ors ol Tex|s |r Arrer|ar Trars|a||or'. T.
J.
3arue||ar, ed., C|ass|ca| Arrer|ar Cu||ure. lrl|uerces ard Crea||v||y. Arrer|ar
Tex|s ard 3|ud|es . ur|v. ol lerrsy|var|a , - . | 18z11z|
. `3ever|ar ol 0aoa|a. lragrer|s ol ||e Auc|er Co||ec||or |r 0a|a|a |s. '. |
0. Kouyrj|ar, ed. Arrer|ar 3|ud|es. F|udes arrer|erres |r reror|ar laig
8eroer|ar. l|soor , - . 18o|;;8;
l|er|ard, J. T., `T| e Fxeges|s ol Cor . - lror |arce||us ol Arcyra |o 1 1zz8
T| eodore| ol Cyrus'. vC ( ) - . ;18|o
lucc|es|, F., `ur serror cop|e de 3ever|er de 0aoa|a sur |s Na||v||e du C|r|s|
(a||r|oue auss| lroc|us de Cors|ar||rop|e). Ar8o|| ( ) - . ;1;111z;
|ar||r, C., `No|e sur |'|ore||e de 3ever|er de 0aoa|a. lr |||ud 'la|er |rarsea| a
re
ca||x |s|e'. |useor ( ) - . |8111z1
88N|re T| e lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury 0ree| C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
bod|rsor, |., `l'|ore||e sur |a lo| e| |a Tr|r||e de 3ever|er de 0aoa|a'. lroo|er|
a||ua|| d| 3c|erza e| d| Cu||ura (A||| de| Corvegro lr|erraz|ora|e d| 3|ud| |8
F||op|c|). Accad. Naz. de| l|rce|. bore , - . 1oo8;o
3oares, F. J., `3ever|arus ol 0aoa|a ard ||e lro|oevarge||ur'. |ar ( ) 11
- . |o111
var Fsoroec|, |., `0eux |ore||es de 3ever|er de 0aoa|a (lv
e
-ve
s|c|e) corservees
er georg|er'. 8eKa ( ) - . o1;8;11
. `l'|ore||e '3ur |es apo|res' de 3ever|er de 0aoa|a er vers|or georg|erre'.
8eKa
;( ) - . 1;8o1o1
vo|cu, 3. J., `lr |||ud 'quardo |ps| suo|c|e| orr|a'(Cl0 ), ura ore||a d| |;o1
3ever|aro d| 0aoa|a?'. b|v. d| 3|ud| 8|z. e Neoe||er|c| - , r. s. - ( - z;z 1;118o
) 18z
- 11.
. `Nuove res|||uz|or| a 3ever|aro d| 0aoa|a'. |der, - , r. s. - ( - o1 zoz118
). 18|
. `ura ruova lor|e de||' ore||a lr arrur||a||ore(Cl0 ). 3ever|aro d| zz|
0aoa|a, 0e l|de'. 0Cl ( ) - . 181;8
. 03p ( ) - (o|o||ograp|y). 1|1o;zo
. `log|| cop|| d| 3ever|aro d| 0aoa|a, 0e serper|e (Cl0 ).' Aug ( ). |1o |1|
- |;1;|.
werger, A., `le serror lXXX de |a co||ec||or de |a| res|||ue 3ever|er de
0aoa|a'. Aug|. Corgrs |r|erra||ora| augus||r|er, l, lar|s , - . 1|1;8
. `ure |ore||e |red||e (de 3ever|er de 0aoa|a?) sur |'Fp|p|ar|e'. Ar8o||
( ) - . 1;;;o
Ze|||rger, J., 3|ud|er zu 3ever|ar vor 0aoa|a(|8T| ) |urs|er . 8 1zo
xv|. As|er|us ol Ar||oc| (l|. |a|e || c.-l|rs| |a|l || c.) |
0|scovered oy |arce| b|c|ard ca. as ||e au||or ol a se| ol |||r|y-ore 1o
|or|||es, ard |der||l|ed oy ||r as `As|er|us ||e 3op||s|' (see c|. , lll, |),
lror Cappadoc|a, W|or A||aras|us ol A|exardr|a ard o||ers c|a|red |o
|ave lo||oWed Ar|us |r ||e ear||es| s|ages ol ||e Ar|ar cr|s|s, ||e ur|roWr
|or|||s| ac|ua||y l|our|s|ed |r Ar||oc| or |r ||s surrourd|rgs (K|rz|g) rear
||e erd ol ||e lour|| cer|ury or dur|rg ||e l|rs| |a|l ol ||e l|l||. l|s We||cral|ed
serrors s|oW sore |||era| cor|ac|s W||| Jo|r C|rysos|or's |or|||es,
sugges||rg a d|rec| deperderce (K|rz|g, Fro|r, - ). lor||y , W|ose o; 1
erd |s r|ss|rg, Was prooao|y de||vered or a 0ood lr|day (K|rz|g , , 1o|1o
r. ). As|er|us |r|erpre|s ||e psa|rs |r ||re W||| |rad|||ora| |ypo|ogy |r 1o
expos|rg a c|r|s|ocer|r|c exeges|s. lor |rs|arce, |e corpares ||e |ree ol
larad|se W||| ||e Cross (|or. , , , , , , , , , ). T| e descer| ol 1o1;zooz11z1
C|r|s| |o 3|eo| oelore ||s resurrec||or lorrs ore ol ||e d|s||rc||ve ||eres
ol ||e |or|||es ( , , , , , , , , , ). z1111o1zo1z18
8|o||ca| Fxeges|s ard lerrereu||cs |r 3yr|a 8
Fd|||ors
477
K|rz|g, w., `As|er|us, lor|||e (b|c|ard). Neue Fd|||or, uoerse|zurg, 1
Korrer|ar'. vC ( ) ll. o1o|oz
b|c|ard, |., `0eux |ore||es |red||es du 3op||s|e As|er|us'. 30 ( ) - . z1z8
. As|er|| 3op||s|ae Correr|ar|orur |r lsa|ros quae supersur| accedur|
a||quo|
|or|||ae aroryrae. 0s|o . 1o
. l'|ore||e XXXl d'As|er|us |e 3op||s|e e| |e codex |osquers|s '. 30 z| o
( ) - . (0pera ||rorar. ). 1ooo8 1
Trars|a||ors
0errar
K|rz|g, aoove, - . |oo
3|ud|es
Aul der |aur, l., 0|e 0s|er|or|||er des As|er|os 3op||s|es a|s ue||e lur d|e
0esc||c||e der 0s|erle|er, TT3 ( ) Xv| - . 11o; 111|
K|rz|g, w., `As|er|us Araserus, As|er|us 3op||s|e or As|er|us lgro|us?
bel|ec||ors
or ||e Au||ors||p ol ||e lor|||es or ||e lsa|rs (ed. |arce| b|c|ard)'. 3|la|r
XX ( ) - . 181z
. lr 3earc| ol As|er|us. 3|ud|es or ||e Au||ors||p ol ||e lor|||es or ||e
lsa|rs.
0o|||rger . 1o
. `Fro|r K|rc|e. 0|e Aus|egurg vor lsa|r , |r der lsa|rer|or|||er des 1
As|er|us zur lsa|rexegese des As|er|us' |r J. var 0or| ard u. w|c|er|, eds.
C|r|s|||c|e Fxegese zW|sc|er N|caea urd C|a|cedor. Karper , - . 1z1o|1
. lT| K , rd ed. , - . 1 111o1oz
. `'Trarp|e upor re. . . .' T| e 3op||s| As|er|us ard leceoo||usTurrcoa|s
|r ||e
lour|| Cer|ury A0'. l. b. w|c||ar ard C. l. 8arre|, eds. C|r|s||ar la||| ard
0ree| l|||osop|y |r la|e Ar||qu||y. ls. 0. C. 3|ead (vC, 3upp| ). le|der , 1 1
- z111.
8|oN|re T| e lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury 0ree| C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
Xll
Cbll 0l AlFXAN0blA CA. 375-444
cyr|| ol a|exardr|a, o|o||ca| exege|e
a spec|a| cor|r|ou||or
oy booer| l. w|||er
l|s par| |r ||e C|r|s|o|og|ca| cor|rovers|es ol ||e l|l|| cer|ury |as assured
Cyr|| ol A|exardr|a a pror|rer| p|ace |r ||s|or|es ol C|r|s||ar ||oug||.
8u| ||ere |s aro||er Cyr|| W|o |as oeer |arge|y reg|ec|ed. l| |s Cyr|| ||e
exege|e, a rar W|ose r|rd ard sou| Were s|aped oy ||e r|y||rs ol o|o||ca|
rarra||ve, ard W|ose |||r||rg Was perrea|ed W||| ||e 8|o|e's |arguage
ard |ragery. Ado|l vor larac| orce Wro|e ||a| Cyr|| `s|a|ed ||s la||| |r
W|a| Was esser||a||y a po|er|ca| lorr or|y, |e Wou|d ro| |ave |a|er |org
|o |ave g|ver a pure|y pos|||ve s|a|erer|.'
1T| |s assessrer|, |oWever, |s
oased W|o||y or Cyr||'s po|er|ca| ard dogra||c Wr|||rgs, larac| seers
ro| |o |ave read Cyr||'s correr|ar|es. lrdeed, |r ||e l|s|ory ol 0ogra, |r a
ro|e |r W||c| larrac| |rlorrs ||e reader W|a| Wor|s ol Cyr|| |e W||| draW
or |r preser||rg ||s ||eo|ogy, |e says ||a| Cyr||'s Wr|||rgs car oe lourd |r
vo|ures - ol ||e la|ro|og|a 0raeca. w|a| larac| la||ed |o say Was ;;;
||a| Cyr||'s Wor|s l|||ed |er vo|ures ol ||e pa|ro|ogy, vo|ures - . T|e o8;;
l|rs| sever vo|ures are a|| exege||ca|.
Cyr|| |s ore ol ||e ros| pro||l|c correr|a|ors lror C|r|s||ar ar||qu||y,
ard W|a| rera|rs ol ||s Wr|||rgs or ||e 8|o|e, e|||er |r ||e|r er||re|y or |r
lragrer|s, |s cors|derao|e. 3o per|aps || Wou|d oe We|| |o oeg|r |||s essay
oy rev|eW|rg W|a| |s lourd |r ||ose l|rs| sever vo|ures ol ||e co||ec|ed
Wor|s ol Cyr|| |r ||e la|ro|og|a 0raeca as We|| as |r rore roder ed|||ors
ol ||s Wr|||rgs.
l|rs| |s a |arge Wor| ca||ed 0e adora||ore e| cu||u |r sp|r||u e| ver||a|e
||a| l|||s vo|ure . T| |s Wor|, Wr|||er |r ||e lorr ol a d|a|ogue oe|Weer o8
Cyr|| ard a cer|a|r la||ad|us, |s ar expos|||or ol se|ec| passages lror ||e
ler|a|euc|. ur|||e ||s |a|er correr|ar|es ||a| lo||oW ||e 8|o||ca| |ex| verse
oy verse, |ere Cyr|| |rea|s o|o||ca| |ex|s urder ||eo|og|ca| ||eres (||e la||
ol |urar||rd, jus||l|ca||or ard rederp||or ||roug| C|r|s|, |ove ol 0od
ard |ove ol re|g|oor) ard urder |op|cs lourd |r ||e ler|a|euc| (e.g. ||e
|aoerrac|e, ||e pr|es||ood, les||va|s, e|c.).
1. le|rouc| der 0ogrergesc||c||e(Tuo|rger. ). . . 11z|
Cyr|| ol A|exardr|a 8|1
T| e |rea||se opers as la||ad|us approac|es Cyr|| W||| a ooo| |r ||s
|ard. Cyr|| as|s ||r W|a| ooo| || |s ard la|ad|us rep||es ||a| |e |s carry|rg |Wo ol
||e gospe|s. |a|||eW ard Jo|r. le |as core |o Cyr|| lor |e|p
|r urders|ard|rg cer|a|r puzz||rg passages. lr |a|||eW, `T| |r| ro| ||a| l
|ave core |o aoo||s| ||e |aW ard ||e prop|e|s, l |ave core ro| |o aoo||s|
||er ou| |o lu|l|| ||er. lor |ru|y, l say |o you, |||| |eaver ard ear|| pass
478
aWay, ro| ar |o|a, ro| a do|, W||| pass lror ||e |aW ur||| a|| |s accorp||s|ed.'
(|a|| . - ) lr Jo|r, `8u| ||e |our |s cor|rg ard roW |s, W|er ||e |rue 1;18
Wors||pers W||| Wors||p ||e la||er |r sp|r|| ard |r |ru||.' (Jo|r . ) T|e |z|
||||e ol ||e ooo| |s |a|er lror ||e |a||er |ex|.0e adora||ore e| cu||u |r sp|r||u
e| ver||a|eWas Wr|||er |o s|oW ||a|, W||| ||e cor|rg ol C|r|s|, ||e rarra||ves
|r ||e ler|a|euc| as We|| as ||e |rs|||u||ors ard |aWs ol arc|er| lsrae|, are |o
oe urders|ood |r ||g|| ol a ||g|er, sp|r||ua| rear|rg, |.e., a lorr ol Wors||p
`|r sp|r|| ard |r |ru||,' a devo||or |o 0od ||a| |s oourd re|||er |o p|ace ror
|o a cer|a|r peop|e. us|rg ||e lau||re |rage ol ||e laW as a |u|or, Cyr|| says
||a| `||e |aW proper|y |eads us |o ||e rys|ery ol C|r|s|.'
1o
T| e secord Wor| dea||rg W||| ||e ler|a|euc|, lourd |r vo|ure ol o
||e la|ro|og|a 0raeca, |s er||||ed 0|ap|yra, e|egar| correr|s. T||s |rea||se,
corp|erer|ary |o 0e Adora||ore, |s a|so ar expos|||or ol passages lror ||e
ler|a|euc|, arrarged, |oWever, ro| accord|rg |o |op|cs, ou| accord|rg |o ||e
order |r W||c| ||ey are lourd |r ||e ooo|s ol ||e 8|o|e. T| us ||e l|rs| sec||or
|rea|s Ca|r ard Aoe|, ||e secord Noa| ard ||e ar|, ||e |||rd Aora|ar,
lsaac, ard Fsau.0|ap|yra|rc|udes a ruroer ol |ex|s lror Fxodus, e.g., ||e
|rs|||u||or ol ||e lassover |r Fxod , ||e ||eop|ary or ||. 3|ra| (Fxod 1z
1), as We|| as passages lror lev|||cus, e.g., ||e c|ears|rg ol |epers (lev ), 1|
Nuroers, ||e serd|rg ol scou|s |r|o ||e |ard (Nur ), ard 0eu|erorory, 1
|rea|rer| ol lera|e cap||ves (0eu| . - ), e| a|. T|e 0|ap|yra|s rore z11o11
s|r|c||y exege||ca| ||ar 0e Adora||ore,||a| |s, || locuses rore c|ose|y or ||e
de|a||s ol ||e |ex|, ou| ||e |r|erpre|a||or || ollers |s ro |ess c|r|s|o|og|ca|
ard sp|r||ua|.
8es|des ||ese |Wo exege||ca| |rea||ses or ||e ler|a|euc| Cyr|| a|so Wro|e
||re oy ||re correr|ar|es or ||e prop|e|s. TWo are ex|ar| |r ||e|r er||re|y.
T|e l|rs|, or lsa|a|, |s a rass|ve Wor| cover|rg ||e er||re ooo| ol lsa|a|
(lror . |o . ) ||a| l|||s rore ||ar co|urrs |r ||e la|ro|og|a 11 ooz| ;oo
0raeca. T| e secord |s a ||re oy ||re correr|ary or ||e |We|ve r|ror 1;
prop|e|s oeg|rr|rg W||| Aros ard erd|rg W||| |a|ac||.
18T|e correr|ary
1o. Ador. , l0 , a. 1 o81|o
1;. Tex| |s |r l0 . No cr|||ca| ed|||or ex|s|s. ;o
18. Tex| |s |r l0 ard . Cr|||ca| ed|||or oy l. F. lusey, 3arc|| la|r|s Nos|r| ;1 ;z
8|zN|re T| e lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury 0ree| C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
|rc|udes ar |r|roduc||or |o ||e co||ec||or ol |We|ve prop|e|s ard a pro|ogue
lor eac| ooo|.
lr ||e pro|ogue |o eac| ol ||e r|ror prop|e|s (ard a|so lsa|a|), Cyr||
d|scusses ||e ||s|or|ca| se|||rg |r W||c| ||e ooo| Was Wr|||er ard ||e au||or's
purpose or s|opos. Accord|rg |o Cyr||, Zec|ar|a| Was corposed al|er ||e
ex||e, ard Was Wr|||er W||| |Wo d|llerer| groups |r r|rd. l|rs|, Zec|ar|a|
W|s|ed |o rer|rd ||ose W|o |ad oeer |r ex||e W|a| ||ey |ad sullered oecause ol
0od's Wra|| ard, secord, |e addressed yourger lsrae|||es, |grorar|
ol W|a| |ad |appered, |o Warr ||er ||a| ||ey |oo cou|d la|| |r|o s|r||ar
ev||s.
1
8u| Zec|ar|a| a|so |as a c|r|s|o|og|ca| d|rers|or, says Cyr||, lor
||roug|ou| ||e prop|e| |rea|s ol ||e `cor|rg rederp||or ||roug| C|r|s|
|r ||s proper ||re.'
1|o
Cyr|| a|so Wro|e o||er correr|ar|es or ||e |xx, ou| |||||e rera|r ol ||ese
Wor|s. T| e ros| ex|ers|ve |s a co||ec||or ol lragrer|s ol a correr|ary or
||e lsa|rs ed||ed oy |a| ard repr|r|ed |r l0 . No| a|| ||ese lragrer|s, o
|oWever, are au||er||c, ard ||ey rus| oe used W||| care.
1|1T|e lragrer|s
lror ||s o||er correr|ar|es, or Nuroers, K|rgs, lroveros, 3org ol 3orgs,
Joo, Jerer|a|, 8aruc|, Fzec||e|, ard 0ar|e| are leW.
1|z
As lor ||e r|, Cyr||'s ros| |rpor|ar| Wor| |s a |arge verse oy verse
correr|ary or ||e 0ospe| accord|rg |o Jo|r. T| e correr|ary covers ||e
er||re ooo|, ||oug| ||e sec||or or c|ap|ers |er ard e|ever |s lragrer|ary.
1|
T| ere |s a|so ex|ar| a ser|es ol lor|||es or ||e 0ospe| accord|rg |o 3|. lu|e,
1o|r a||, preserved |r a 3yr|ac |rars|a||or.
1||
8es|des ||ese Wor|s ||ere are
Cyr||||| Arc||ep|scop| A|exardr|r| |r Xll lrop|e|as ( vo|s., 0xlord. , repr., z 18;8
8russe|s. Cu||ure e| C|v|||sa||or, ). 1o
1. Corr. |r Zac|. pro|. (lusey . , - ). lor de|a||ed d|scuss|or ol 1z8|1;z1
Cyr||'s
pro|ogues |o ||e ooo|s ol ||e prop|e|s, ard corpar|sorW||| o||er correr|a|ors,
e.g., T| eodore ol |opsues||a ard T| eodore| ol Cyrus, see Kerr|gar, - . o11o
1|o. Corr. |r Zac|. pro|. (l , - ). 18|81o
479
1|1. 3ee |. Assur|a boss|, `Arcora su| Correr|o a| 3a|r| d| C|r|||o. A propos|o
d| ur recer|e |avoro su| correr|ar| pa|r|s||c| a| sa||er|o,' |r Arra|| d| 3|or|a de||'
Fseges|( ), - . 18||z
1|z. lor ||s| ol lragrer|s lror Cyr||'s exege||ca| Wr|||rgs see C|av|s la|rur
0raecorur (Turr|ou|. ), . - . 1;z
1|. Tex| |r l0 ard . Cr|||ca| ed|||or oy l. F. lusey, 3.l.N. Cyr|||| ; ;|
arc||ep|scop|
A|exardr|r| |r 0. loarr|s euarge||ur( vo|s., 0xlord. ), FT. Correr|ary or 1;z
||e
0ospe| Accord|rg |o 3. Jo|r oy 3. Cyr|| arc|o|s|op ol A|exardr|a( vo|s., lordor. z
). 18|
1||. J. 8. C|aoo|, ed.3. Cyr|||| Correr|ar|| |r lucar, lars lr|or, FT. b. layre
3r|||, |rars., Correr|ary or ||e 0ospe| ol 3a|r| lu|e oy 3a|r| Cyr|| ol
A|exardr|a
( , repr., 3|ud|or luo||s|ers, ). 18 18
Cyr|| ol A|exardr|a 8|
rurerous lragrer|s or ||e 0ospe| ol |a|||eW as We|| as o||ers or borars,
1ard Cor|r|||ars, ard leoreWs. 0r o||er r| ooo|s, Ac|s ard ||e Ca||o||c z
ep|s||es, leW lragrer|s are ex|ar|.
1|
8es|des ||ese exege||ca| Wor|s, Cyr||'s o||er Wr|||rgs, dea||rg |r ||e ra|r
W||| Tr|r||ar|ar ard C|r|s|o|og|ca| |op|cs, |rc|ude ex|ers|ve d|scuss|or ol
o|o||ca| |ex|s. lor Cyr||, as lor o||er ear|y C|r|s||ar |||r|ers, ||eo|ogy |s
|r|erpre|a||or ol ||e 8|o|e. lur||er, |r ||s ercyc||ca| |e||ers arrourc|rg ||e
da|e ol Fas|er ard |r ||s Cor|ra Ju||arur, a rass|ve apo|ogy |r delerse ol
C|r|s||ar||y d|rec|ed a| ||e erperor Ju||ar ||e Apos|a|e, Cyr|| ra|es ex|ers|ve
use ol ||e 8|o|e.
1|o
Cyr|| |s ro| s|rp|y a po|er|c|s| or oe|a|l ol ||e
A|exardr|ar ||eo|ogy, |e |s a rajor l|gure arorg ear|y C|r|s||ar exege|es
ard ||s Wr|||rgs deserve carelu| s|udy.
1|;
lr ||e las| 0ays
w|ere ||er |o oeg|r? A uselu| s|ar||rg p|ace |s Cyr||'s |r|erpre|a||or ol lsa
z. - . `T| e Word W||c| lsa|a| ||e sor ol Aroz saW corcerr|rg Juda| ard 1
Jerusa|er. l| s|a|| core |o pass |r ||e |a||er days ||a| ||e rour|a|r ol ||e
|ouse ol ||e lord s|a|| oe rar|les|ed as ||e ||g|es| ol ||e rour|a|rs, ard
s|a|| oe ra|sed aoove ||e ||||s, ard a|| ||e ra||ors s|a|| l|oW |o ||, ard rary
1|. lragrer|s ed||ed oy l. F. lusey a| erd ol vo|ure ||ree ol 3arc|| la|r|s
Nos|r|
Cyr|||| Arc||ep|scop| A|exardr|r| |r d. Joarr|s Fvarge||ur(0xlord. , repr., 18;z
Cu||ure e| C|v|||sa||or, ), . - . 1o1;|1
1|o. A par||cu|ar|y |r|eres||rg exege||ca| passage occurs |r ooo| ol ||e Cor|ra
Ju||arur. T| e |ex| urder d|scuss|or |s 0er . , `lor 0od |roWs ||a| W|er you
ea|
ol || your eyes W||| oe opered, ard you W||| oe |||e 0od, |roW|rg good ard ev||.'
Cyr|| exp|a|rs ||a| |||s |roW|edge car or|y oe exper|er||a|. `lr ||e lo|y
3cr|p|ures,' |e Wr||es, `||e |err |roWedge does ro| reler rere|y |o a s|rp|e
|roW|edge
ol |||rgs, ou| |o ar ac|ua| |roW|edge oased or exper|erce.' T| e |roW|edge
Adar,
our arces|or, |ad ol good ard ev|| Was ro| s|rp|y `|r|e||ec|ua| |roW|edge ol ev||,
ou| a |roW|edge lror ac||ors ard lror exper|erce.' T| e |err |roW|edge |s
used
|ere as || |r ||e passage, `Adar |reW ||s W|le Fve.' Cyr|| ||er exp|a|rs ||a| || |s
lor
|||s reasor ||a| C|r|s| oecare |rcarra|e ||a| |e r|g|| |ave l|rs| |ard exper|erce
ol s|r ard `des|roy s|r |r ||s l|es|. ` (l0 . d ard c- a). ;ooo o|o o|1
1|;. lor s|ud|es ol Cyr||'s exeges|s see ||e lo||oW|rg ooo|s ard ar||c|es.
8er|rard
de |arger|e, 3.J., lr|roduc||or |'l|s|o|re de l'Fxegse, l. les lres 0recs e|
0r|er|aux
(lar|s. ), - , A|exarder Kerr|gar, 3|. Cyr|| ol A|exardr|a, lr|erpre|er ol 18oz;zo
||e 0|d Tes | arer|(bore. ), booer| l. w|||er, Juda|sr ard ||e Fady 1z
C|r|s||ar
||rd. A 3|udy ol Cyr|| ol A|exardr|a's Fxeges|s ard T|eo|ogy(NeW laver. ). 1;1
8||N|re T| e lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury 0ree| C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
peop|es s|a|| core ard say. 'Core, |e| us go up |o ||e rour|a|r ol ||e |ouse
ol ||e lord, |o ||e |ouse ol ||e 0od ol Jacoo, ||a| |e ray |eac| us ||s Ways
ard ||a| We ray Wa|| |r ||s pa||s. lor ou| ol Z|or s|a|| go lor|| ||e |aW,
ard ||e Word ol ||e lord lror Jerusa|er.''
Cyr|| ro|es ||a| ||e prop|e| lsa|a| |r|roduces |||s orac|e as a v|s|or, W|a|
lsa|a| `saW,' ard ||a| |||s v|s|or |s d|s||rc| lror ||e v|s|or ||a| preceded || |r
c|. . lr cor|ras| |o ||e prev|ous v|s|or, |||s ore des|gra|es a ||re, `||e |as| 1
480
days.' lr Cyr||'s v|eW ||e p|rase `|r ||e |as| days' |s ||e |ey |o urders|ard|rg
||e |ex|.
1|8
lsa|a|, argues Cyr||, |s spea||rg ol a `||re' W|er `||e poWer ol ||e
dev|| W||| oe cas| doWr ro| |r a par| ol ||e ear||, ro| |r ore cour|ry, ard ||e
Wors||p ol |do|s W||| oe W|o||y des|royed. . . . T| |s s|c|ress ard ||e |yrarry
exerc|sed oy |rpure derors W||| oe e||r|ra|ed |r every p|ace urder |eaver
['a|| ||e ra||ors'|. T| |s W||| |a|e p|ace arorg ||ose ||v|rg or ear|| |r ||e |as|
days, ||a| |s a| ||e erd ol ||e age W|er ||e or|y word ol 0od s||red lor||,
oe|rg oorr ol a Worar. A| |||s ||re |e W||| preser| |o ||rse|l ||e sp|r||ua|
Judea or Jerusa|er, ||a| |s ||e C|urc|, as a pure v|rg|r, ro| |av|rg spo| or
Wr|r||e or ary|||rg ol ||a| sor| as || |s Wr|||er, '|o|y ard o|are|ess.'(Fp|
. ) Corcerr|rg ||e c|urc| |e sa|d ||a| |r ||e |as| days ||e rour|a|r ol ||e z;
lord W||| oe rar|les|, ard ||e |ouse ol ||e 0od ol Jacoo or ||e |e|g|| ol ||e
rour|a|rs. l| |s sa|d |o us ||a| Z|or |r Judea |s s||ua|ed or ||e rour|a|r W|||
oe ou|||. 8u| |||s |s ro| |o oe |a|er |o reler |o sers|o|e |||rgs, ou| sp|r||ua||y
|o ||e c|urc| W||c| |s corpared |o a rour|a|r.'
1|
3evera| aspec|s ol Cyr||'s exeges|s are Wor|| ro||rg. l|rs|, ||e p|rase `|r
||e |as| days' (or var|ar|s or ||) |s used a| severa| p|aces |r ||e r|. T|e ros|
s|gr|l|car| |s leo . . `lr rary ard var|ous Ways 0od spo|e ol o|d |o our 11
la||ers oy ||e prop|e|s, ou| |r ||ese |as| days|e |as spo|er |o us oy a 3or.'
(a|so Ac|s , leo . , e| a|.) T| e use ol ||e p|rase |r |||s cor|ex| |rd|ca|es z zo
||a| W||| ||e cor|rg ol C|r|s| ||e `|as| days' |ad oegur. lerce C|r|s||ar
correr|a|ors dreW ||e corc|us|or ||a| ore rus| |r|erpre| ||e orac|es ol
||e prop|e|s |r ||g|| ol ||e reW |||rgs ||a| |ad |appered |r ||e |as| days,
||e o|r|| ol C|r|s|, ||s oap||sr ard |erp|a||or, ||s preac||rg ard r|rac|es,
||s suller|rg ard dea||, ard ros| |rpor|ar| ol a||, ||s besurrec||or. As We
s|a||, see lor Cyr|| ||e besurrec||or ol C|r|s| |s ||e |ey |o ||e |r|erpre|a||or
ol ||e 8|o|e.
1|8. 0||er C|r|s||ar correr|a|ors rade ||e sare po|r|. 3ee booer| l. w|||er,
`'lr rov|ss|rus d|eous'. 8|o||ca| lror|ses, JeW|s| lopes, ard Far|y C|r|s||ar
Fxeges|s,' Jourra| ol Far|y C|r|s||ar 3|ud|es ( ). - . 111zo
1|. Corr. |r lsa . - , l0 . c-d. zz ;oo8
Cyr|| ol A|exardr|a 8|
T| e secord |||rg |o ro|e |s ||a| ||e |err sp|r||ua|, as used |r |||s passage,
rears |r|erpre||rg ||e |ex| |r ||g|| ol C|r|s|. 3p|r||ua| does ro| rear
eso|er|c. l| relers |o ||e ||rd ol g|l|s oroug|| oy C|r|s|, lorg|veress, par||c|pa||or |r
||e d|v|re ||le, |ope ol e|erra| sa|va||or, |.e., goods ||a| carro| oe
d|scerred oy ||e serses, |erce sp|r||ua|. Cyr|| |roWs ||a| ||e orac|e, |r ||s
or|g|ra| se|||rg, Was spea||rg ol ||e po||||ca| res|ora||or ol Jerusa|er ard ||e
re|urr ol ||e ex||es. l|s argurer| |s ||a| ||e |||rgs pror|sed ||ere |ave ro|
|a|er p|ace, |erce ||e orac|e carro| oe |r|erpre|ed |o reler |o suc| |||rgs.
3ore|||rg e|se, |oWever, d|d |a|e p|ace. 0od's word appeared |r |urar
l|es| ard as a |urar oe|rg Was ra|sed lror ||e dead. laced W||| ||ese reW
ard urpreceder|ed |apper|rgs `|r ||e |as| days,' ||e Words ol ||e prop|e|s
|oo| d|ll erer|, ard || |s ||ese reW |||rgs ||a| s|ape Cyr||'s |r|erpre|a||or ol
||e passage. le |rs|s|s or a `sp|r||ua|' read|rg ol ||e |ex| oecause |e |s a||er||ve
|o a reW se| ol ||s|or|ca| ever|s.
Ard |||s |eads |o ||e l|ra| po|r|. w|a| care aoou| as a resu|| ol C|r|s|'s
besurrec||or ard ||e serd|rg ol ||e lo|y 3p|r|| Was ||e C|urc|, a reW ||rd
ol corrur||y devo|ed |o ||e Wors||p ol ||e ore 0od. T| |s corrur||y |s ro|
corl|red |o ore peop|e or p|ace ard |s spread ||roug|ou| ||e Wor|d. l| c|a|rs
ro c||y or |ard as ||s oWr, ard ||s |ope |s ro| cer|ered or ||e res|ora||or ol
a po||||ca| ||rgdor. l| |s, |r Cyr||'s vocaou|ary, a sp|r||ua| corrur||y, |.e., a
corrur||y W|ose ||le cer|ers or a sp|r||ua| o|r|| |r 8ap||sr ard a sp|r||ua|
sacr|l|ce |r ||e Fuc|ar|s|. As Cyr|| pu|s || e|seW|ere |r ||e correr|ary or
lsa|a| (correr||rg or ||e |err `Z|or' |r lsa . ). `T| e Word ol ||e |o|y 1
prop|e|s a|Ways represer|s |||rgs ||a| car oe seer ard ac||ors W||c| are
|roWr oy ||e serses. l| cor|a|rs, |oWever, relererce |o |||rgs ||a| are oeyord
||e serses ard W||c| are sp|r||ua|. lerce W|er || uses ||e Word Z|or, || |s
ro| spea||rg so|e|y |o ||e ear|||y c||y, || a|so rus| oe urders|ood as relerr|rg |o
sore|||rg ||a| |s sp|r||ua|, ||e c|urc| ol ||e ||v|rg 0od. ll ro|, |oW
Wou|d ary |roW ||a| ||e Words ol ||e prop|e|s |ead |o |ru||.'1o
lr Cyr||'s correr|ary or ||e para||e| |o ||e orac|e |r lsa lourd |r ||c , z |
Cyr|| c||es lau|'s Words, `lr C|r|s| ||ere |s a reW crea||or, ||e o|d |as passed
aWay' ( Cor . ). z 1;
11
w||| ||e cor|rg ol C|r|s|, Wr||es Cyr||, a|| |||rgs are
`|rarslorred |r|o W|a| |s oe||er.' Cor . |as a corrard|rg ro|e |o p|ay z 1;
|r Cyr||'s |r|erpre|a||or ol ||e 8|o|e. l| occurs, lor exarp|e, |r ||s expos|||or
ol Jo|r . . `A reW corrardrer| l g|ve |o you, ||a| you |ove ore aro||er.' 1|
Cyr|| correr|s. `3|. lau| |s sure|y correc| . . . W|er |e Wr||es, 'T|erelore |l
1o. Corr. |r lsa . , l0 . o. 1 ;o11o
481
11. Corr. |r ||c . - (lusey . ard ). |1 1o; ooz
8|oN|re T| e lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury 0ree| C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
aryore |s |r C|r|s| |e |s a roW crea||or, ||e o|d |as passed aWay, oe|o|d ||e
reW |as core.' lor C|r|s| rereWs us ard relas||ors us |o a reWress ol ||le
W||c| Was ur|rodder ard ur|roWr |o o||ers W|o Were devo|ed |o a Way
ol ||le accord|rg |o ||e |aW ard pers|s| |r ||e precep|s ol |oses.'
1z
Cyr|| |s lasc|ra|ed oy ||e ||ere ol `reWress' |r C|r|s|. lr ||s correr|ary or z
Cor . |e says ||a| ||e p|rase `||e o|d |as passed aWay' relers |o 1;
||e arc|er| curse |r 0er . , `ou are ear|| ard |o ear|| you W||| re|urr' ard 1
|o ||e laW ol |oses. A|| |||s |as passed aWay, `lor We are jus||l|ed ||roug|
la||| |r C|r|s|, ard ||e poWer ol ||e curse |as ceased. lor C|r|s| rose lror
||e dead lor our sa|es s|r|||rg doWr ||e poWer ol dea|| . . . or|rg|rg aoou|
Wors||p |r sp|r|| ard |r |ru||.'1
8ecause a|| |||rgs are reW |r C|r|s|, Cyr||
draWs ||e corc|us|or ||a| ||e |r|erpre|a||or ol ||e |xx rus| oe reW. No
|orger car ||s Words ard s|or|es oe relerred |o sers|o|e |||rgs, lor exarp|e,
de||verarce lror ||e Fgyp||ars oy pass|rg ||roug| ||e sea, ea||rg rarra or
dr|r||rg lror a roc| |r ||e deser|s. `A|| |||rgs are reW,' Wr||es Cyr||, |erce
We do ro| l|ee `Fgyp||ar |as|ras|ers ou| ||e |yrarry ol uroe||el,' ard `We
ea| ||e sp|r||ua| rarra ard ||e oread lror |eaver.' w|er ||e arc|er| |ex|s
spea| `||s|or|ca||y' ||e|r Words rus| oe `|a|er |r aro||er serse.'
1|
Cyr||'s exeges|s ol ||e |xx lo||oWs d|rec||y lror ||s urders|ard|rg ol
C|r|s|. ll a|| |||rgs are reW |r C|r|s|, ||er every|||rg, |rc|ud|rg ||e scr|p|ures, |as
oeer |rarslorred. T| e c|r|s|o|og|ca| |r|erpre|a||or ol ||e 8|o|e
does ro| core aoou| ||roug| a gradua| process ol sp|r||ua| d|scerrrer|. l|
cores a|| a| orce, `suo||o' |r ||e |err ol ||e vererao|e 8ede.
1
lr ||g|| ol ||e
reW every|||rg |a|es or a d|llerer| rear|rg. lr ||e Words ol lerr| de luoac,
`c'es| erl|r ur orusque passage, c'es| ur |rarsler g|ooa|, c'es| ur c|argerer|
de reg|s|re, par quo| |ou| prerd ur au|re sers.'
1o
lr arc|er| ||res |||rgs
rear| ore |||rg, roW ||ey rear sore|||rg e|se. `A|||er |urc . . . a|||er rurc,'
says baoarus |aurus, ar ear|y red|eva| correr|a|or.
1;
lr se|||rg lor|| a C|r|s|o|og|ca| |r|erpre|a||or ol ||e |xx Cyr|| ol course
lo||oWs ||e d|rec||or se| oy ||e r|. lr sore cases ||s exeges|s |s s|aped oy
exp||c|| c||a||or ard |r|erpre|a||or |r ||e r| ol passages lror ||e |xx. lor
exarp|e, lo||oW|rg ||e ooo| ol leoreWs (leo . - ), |e g|ves ||e s|ory ;11o
ol |e|c||zede| |r 0er a c|r|s|o|og|ca| |r|erpre|a||or. `T| e perlec||or 1|
||a| cores ||roug| C|r|s| |s c|ear|y s|oWr lor|| |r ||e |ypes lourd |r |e|- . 1z
Corr. |r loarr. . (lusey . ). 1| z8|
1. Corr. |r Fp. ll ad Cor|r||os . (lusey . ). 1;
1|. Corr. |r lsa. . , l0 . - . |z1o ;o8ooo1
1. ll , a. 1118o
1o. lerr| de luoac, Fxegse |ed|eva|e (lar|s. ), - . 11o11
1;. lr Nur. . (ll , a). 1 1o8o1
Cyr|| ol A|exardr|a 8|;
c||zede|.'
18
le |r|erpre|s ||e accour| ol ||e passover |r Fxod as a |ype 1z
ol C|r|s| ||e |aro ol 0od, c|||rg Jo|r . , `8e|o|d ||e |ar|o ol 0od ||a| 1z
|a|es aWay ||e s|rs ol ||e Wor|d.'
1
le |a|es ||e ororze serper| |r Nur
z1. |o oe a relererce |o C|r|s|, c|||rg Jo|r . . 1|
1oo
lr o||er cases |e draWs
para||e|s ol ||s oWr ra||rg or der|ved lror |rad|||or, e.g., oe|Weer ||e
o|r|| ol |oses |r Fxod . - ard ||e cor|rg ol C|r|s| as descr|oed |r z11o
l||| , or oe|Weer ||e ar| ol ||e coverar| |r Fxod . - ard C|r|s|'s z z1o1o
oody rece|ved lror ||e v|rg|r |ary ard |r W||c| |e dWe||ed as |r ar ar|
or |erp|e, c|||rg Co| . . z
Cyr||, |||e ros| ear|y C|r|s||ar exege|es, |as |||||e |o say aoou| ||eore||ca|
ques||ors corcerr|rg o|o||ca| |r|erpre|a||or. e|, |r a leW p|ace |e |rd|ca|es
||a| |e |as ||oug|| aoou| ||e |errereu||ca| lrareWor| ||a| suppor|s ||s
exeges|s. lor exarp|e, |r ||s expos|||or ol ||e ororze serper| l|xed or a po|e
Cyr|| exp|a|rs |o ||e reader W|y || |s ro| adequa|e s|rp|y |o g|ve a ||s|or|ca|
expos|||or ol ||e |ex|. `T| e |e||er does ro| sa||sly ||e sp|r||ua||y ra|ure.
T| ey are sa||sl|ed or|y W||| rys|er|es ||dder |r |ypes. 8y |rarslorr|rg ||e
oare rarra||ve, ore roves ||e locus aWay lror ||e par||cu|ar |||rg [||e
482
|ype| |o W|a| |s rore gerera| ard ur|versa|, |.e. |o W|a| |s |rue ro| s|rp|y
||s|or|ca|.'
1o1
l| ray seer oov|ous, espec|a||y |r ||e l|a|or|z|rg Wor|d ol |a|e ar||qu||y,
|o say ||a| `|ru||' car rever oe s|rp|y ||s|or|ca|. 8u| Cyr||'s ooserva||or |s
ro| |rcorsequer||a|. A ||s|or|ca| accour| does ro| oear ||s oWr s|gr|l|carce.
To |ave rear|rg || rus| oe re|a|ed |o sore|||rg |arger ||ar ||se|l, se| W||||r
a lrareWor| ol o||er ever|s ard s|a|erer|s aoou| ||e ever|s. lr ||e case
ol a o|o||ca| rarra||ve, |oWever, rore |s requ|red, oecause ||e 8|o|e Was ro|
Wr|||er |o g|ve us ar accour| ol W|a| |appered |r arc|er| ||res. `T| e scopos
ol ||e |rsp|red 3cr|p|ure |s ||e rys|ery ol C|r|s| s|gr|l|ed |o us ||roug| a
ryr|ad ol d|llerer| ||rds ol |||rgs. 3oreore r|g|| |||er || |o a g||||er|rg ard
ragr|l|cer| c||y, |av|rg ro| ore |rage ol ||e ||rg, ou| rary, ard puo||c|y
d|sp|ayed |r every corer ol ||e c||y. l|s a|r [s|opos|, |oWever, |s ro| |o
prov|de us ar accour| ol ||e ||ves ol ||e sa|r|s ol o|d. lar lror ||a|. ba||er
||s scopos |s |o g|ve us |roW|edge ol ||e rys|ery [ol C|r|s|| ||roug| ||ose
|||rgs oy W||c| ||e Word aoou| ||r r|g|| oecore c|ear ard |rue.'
1ozT|e
8|o|e |s a ooo| aoou| 0od's reve|a||or |r C|r|s|, |erce ||e |r|erpre|er rus|
se| ||e arc|er| s|or|es W||||r a lrare ol relererce ||a| |rc|udes C|r|s|. 0r|y
18. 0|ap|. |r 0er. , l0 . a. z o8|
1. 0|ap|. Fxod. , l0 , d. z o|z|
1oo. 0|ap|. Nuro., l0 , a. oo|1
1o1. 0|ap|. Nur., l0 , o. oo|o
1oz. l0 , c. oo8
8|8N|re T| e lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury 0ree| C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
oy re|a||rg W|a| |s Wr|||er |r ||e 3cr|p|ures |o C|r|s| W|o |s ||e `|ru||' car
ore d|scover W|a| |s `|rue' |r ||e |ex|.
`0r ||e boc| ||a| Was 3|ruc|'
To see |oW Cyr|| Wer| aoou| ||e |as| ol re|a||rg ||e s|or|es ol ||e 8|o|e |o
||e rys|ery ol C|r|s| |e| us |urr roW |o ||s expos|||or ol a par||cu|ar |ex|
lror ||e ler|a|euc|. A uselu| exarp|e |s ||e sec||or |r ||e 0|ap|yraor
Fxodus er||||ed. `or ||e roc| ||a| Was s|ruc|.'
1oT| |s |s a d|scuss|or ol |Wo
o|o||ca| passages, Fxod . - ard Nur . - , ||a| rarra|e ||e reoe|||or 1;1; zo11
ol ||e lsrae|||es |r ||e W||derress ol Z|r. T| e peop|e lourd lau|| W||| |oses
oecause |e |ad oroug|| ||er |o a p|ace W|ere ||ere Was ro Wa|er. 0od |e||s
|oses |o |a|e ||e rod `W||| W||c| [|e| |ad s|ruc| ||e N||e' ard |o s|ard
oelore ||e roc| ol loreo. w|er |oses s|ruc| ||e roc| || gave lor|| Wa|er
ard ||e peop|e ard ||e|r ar|ra|s drar|. T| e p|ace Was ca||ed |assa| ard
|er|oa| oecause `ol ||e lau||l|rd|rg ol ||e c|||drer ol lsrae|.'
Cyr|| oeg|rs ||s expos|||or ol ||ese passages W||| a d|scuss|or ol lor|||ude, c|||rg,
arorg o||er |ex|s, Jas . , `8|essed |s ||e rar W|o erdures 11z
|r|a|, lor W|er |e |as s|ood ||e |es| |e W||| rece|ve ||e croWr ol ||le,' ard 1
Cor . , `We |ave oecore a spec|ac|e |o ||e Wor|d, |o arge|s ard |o rer.' |
Nex| |e ro|es ||a| lsrae| |as oeer |es|ed |r rary Ways, e.g., |r ||e s|or|es
ol ||e qua||s ard rarra lror |eaver, ard a| ||e |rc|der| ol ||e roc| |r ||e
deser|. Cyr|| l|rs| c||es ||e accour| |r Fxod . - , ard ||er exp|a|rs ||a| 1;1;
||e passage |r Nuroers g|ves a lu||er accour| W||c| a||oWs ||e reader |o
see ||e oeau|y ol ||e sp|r||ua| serse. le c||es Nur . - , surrar|zes ||e zo11
s|ory, ard s|rg|es ou| v. , `wou|d ||a| We |ad d|ed W|er our ore||rer d|ed |
oelore ||e lord. w|y |ave you oroug|| ||e assero|y ol ||e lord |r|o |||s
W||derress ||a| We s|ou|d d|e |ere, oo|| We ard our ca|||e?' A|||oug| ||e
lsrae|||es Were or|y recer||y |r oordage |o ||e Fgyp||ars, |e cor||rues, ||ey
|ave a|ready lorgo||er Fgyp| ard car |||r| or|y ol W|a| ||ey r|ss, oread,
l|gs, W|re, e| a|. T| ey |ad g|ver up |ope ard lorgo||er ||e pror|ses |o ||e|r
la||ers. lur||er, ||ey do ro| rea||ze ||a| ex|raord|rary g|l|s do ro| core
W|||ou| s|rugg|es. T| ey reeded |o |earr ||e v|r|ue ol lor|||ude.
Nex| Cyr|| says. `T| |s accour| Was ro| s|rp|y preserved lor ||ose urder
||e |aW, || Was a|so prepared lor ||ose |r C|r|s|.' w||| |||s |r|roduc||or |e
proceeds |o ar exeges|s ol ||e |ex|. lr order |o s|rerg||er ||ose ol Wea| la|||
1o. 0|ap|yra |r Fxodur (l0 , - ). o|8;
Cyr|| ol A|exardr|a 8|
(|rc|ud|rg |oses) 0od ordered |oses |o s|r||e ||e roc| W||| a rod. T|e rod
|s |der||l| ed as ||e ore `W||| W||c| [|oses| s|ruc| ||e N||e.' T| e reasor |s |o
g|ve |oses courage oy rer|rd|rg ||r ol W|a| |ad |appered |r Fgyp| W|er
|e used |||s sare rod. T| |s |s ||e rod ||a| |urred ||e r|ver N||e |r|o o|ood.
lur||er ||e |ex| cor||rues. `8e|o|d l [0od| W||| s|ard ||ere,' |.e., a| ||e roc|
W|er you s|r||e ||. `lor you W||| ro| oe a|ore, ror W||| you [|oses| oe ||e
ore W|o perlorrs ||ese Worders. l W||| s|oW ||a| ||e roc| |s ||e ro||er ol
rary Wa|ers, l W||| ra|e ready ||e Worder, ard l W||| s|ard oy your s|de as
your |e|per. 3pea| |o ||e roc| ard l W||| oe ||e s|rerg|| ol your Words.' 0od
assures |oses ||a| |e W||| oe W||| ||r, s|ard|rg rex| |o ||r.
A|||oug| |oses s|ou|d |ave oeer ercouraged oy ||ese Words, |e sa|d
483
|o ||e peop|e, `l|s|er you uroe||evers. 3|a|| We or|rg lor|| Wa|er lor you
lror ||e roc|?' Cyr|| |a|es |||s as ev|derce ol |oses' douo| as |o W|e||er
s|r|||rg ||e rod Wou|d or|rg lor|| Wa|er.
1o|
|oses, |e says, s|ruc| ||e roc|
`|W|ce.' lr Fgyp|, W|er |oses ex|erded ||e rod over ||e r|ver |r Fgyp| |e
or|y s|ruc| ||e r|ver orce. T| a| |e s|r||es || |W|ce |ere, ever ||oug| 0od
sa|d |e Wou|d oe s|ard|rg rex| |o ||r, rears ||a| |oses `d|d ro| expec|
ary|||rg |o |apper' W|er |e s|ruc| ||e roc|.
1o
8ecause ol |oses uroe||el,
|e Was ro| a||oWed |o er|er ||e pror|sed |ard W||| ||e lsrae|||es. `8ecause
you d|d ro| oe||eve |r re, |o sarc||ly re |r ||e eyes ol ||e peop|e ol lsrae|
[|o s|r||e ||e roc|| ||erelore you s|a|| ro| or|rg |||s assero|y |r|o ||e |ard
W||c| l |ave g|ver ||er.' (Nur . ) zo1z
Cyr|| roW |urrs ||s exeges|s |r a C|r|s|o|og|ca| d|rec||or. le Wr||es.
`Core, ||er, |e| us roW |rarsler ||e lorr ol |||s ||s|or|ca| accour| |o app|y
|| |o ||e rys|ery ol C|r|s|. lo||oW|rg ||e |ead ol ||e lo|y 3cr|p|ures, |e| us
say W|a| |||rgs are appropr|a|e ard |e| us carelu||y d|rec| our a||er||or |o
||e serse ol ||e |ex| ||a| accords We|| W||| ||e lo|y 3cr|p|ures.'
1oo
A| |||s
po|r| ore Wou|d expec| Cyr|| |o |urr a| orce |o ||e passage |r ||e r| ||a|
relers |o ||e rc|der| ol ||e roc|, Cor . - . 8u| Cyr|| locuses or aro||er 1 1o1|
de|a|| |r ||e |ex| ard or|y al|er |e |as exp|ored ||a| does |e |r|roduce ||e
r| |ex|. le ooserves ||a| ||e passage aoou| `s|r|||rg ||e roc|' oeg|rs W||| a
relererce |o ||e dea|| ol ||r|ar, ||e s|s|er ol |oses ard Aaror. Accord|rg
1o|. 0r|ger |oo| |oses' s|a|erer| |r Nur . as ev|derce ol |oses' douo|. zo1o
T|e
ques||or, `Car We or|rg lor|| Wa|er lror |||s roc|?' |rd|ca|es ||a| `0od d|d ro|
oe||eve |r 0od's poWer.' (lor. Nur. . ). 3ee a|so 8as||, 0r ||e judgrer| ol o
0od, l0
1. a-o. lor correr|ary or ||e passage see 0r|ger |or. ger. . , |r |a|| oo| 1o
. 1;z
(0C3 , p. ), |r bor. . (l0 , C). |o 8 1oo 11zoo
1o. l0 , d. o|z
1oo. l0 , d- a. o|z |
8oN|re T| e lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury 0ree| C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
|o Nur . , W|er ||e peop|e care |o ||e W||derress ol Z|r `|r ||e l|rs| zo1
ror|| . . . ||r|ar d|ed ||ere ard Was our|ed ||ere.' Cyr|| ooserves ||a| |r
||c . ||r|ar |s rer||ored W||| |oses ard Aaror. `lor l oroug|| you o|
up lror ||e |ard ol Fgyp|, ard redeered you lror ||e |ouse ol oordage,
ard l ser| oelore you |oses, Aaror, ard ||r|ar.'
1o;
||r|ar, says Cyr||, Was
cors|dered ore ol ||e ||ree persors W|o |ed ||e peop|e ou| ol Fgyp|. T||s
|s c|ear oecause al| er ||e lsrae|||es care ||roug| ||e bed 3ea || Was ||r|ar
W|o `|oo| a ||rore| |r |er |ard, ard a|| ||e Worer Wer| ou| al|er |er W|||
||rore|s ard darc|rg, ard ||r|ar sarg |o ||er, '3|rg |o ||e lord, lor |e
|as |r|urp|ed g|or|ous|y, ||e |orse ard ||s r|der |e |as ||roWr |r|o ||e
sea.'' (Fx . ) 1zo
||r|ar, |||e |oses ard Aaror, Was a |ype, |oses represer||rg ||e laW,
Aaror ||e pr|es||ood, ard ||r|ar `Wors||p accord|rg |o ||e laW.'1o8
lor
|||s reasor || |s ro|eWor||y ||a| ||e |ex| spea|s ol ||e `dea||' ol ||r|ar,
ard |r ||e l|rs| ror||, |r correc||or W||| ||e s|r||rg ol ||e roc|. Cyr|| |s
s|ruc| oy ||e corjurc||or ol `l|rs| ror||,' |.e., ||e ||re ol lassover, ard
|erce a ||re ol reW oeg|rr|rg, ard ||x|ar's dea||. T| |s rer|rds ||r ||a|
C|r|s| |oo d|ed a| ||e ||re ol lassover, ||e `ror|| ol reW groW||' (|xx,
leoreW |as `ror|| ol Av|v'). T| e rer||or ol reW oeg|rr|rg |r |urr ca||s
|o r|rd spr|rg, ard Cyr|| c||es a We||-|roWr |ex| lror ||e 3org ol 3orgs,
`Ar|se, ry |ove, ry la|r ore, ard core aWay, lor |o, ||e W|r|er |s pas|, ||e
ra|r |s over ard gore. T|e l|oWers appear or ||e ear||, ||e ||re ol s|rg|rg
|as core.' (3org . - ) w|r|er |s ||e ||re ol ||e dev||'s re|gr, spr|rg ||e z1o1z
||re ol reW groW||. `w|er C|r|s| cores We erjoy a sp|r||ua| spr|rg, lor |r
C|r|s| We o|oor aga|r |o reWress ol ||le ard |urar ra|ure |s lu|l|||ed as ||
cores |o l|oWer ard oears lru||.
1o
NoW ||a| Cyr|| |as prov|ded a o|o||ca| lrareWor| |r W||c| |o |r|erpre|
||e passage lror Nuroers |e l|ra||y c||es Cor , W|ere 3|. lau| |ad 1 1o
|r|erpre|ed ||e roc| |r ||e W||derress |o reler |o C|r|s|. lrred|a|e|y al|er
||e repor| ol ||r|ar's dea||, ||e |ex| |r Nuroers says ||a| ||e peop|e Were
|||rs|y. Cyr|| ||r|s ||e dea|| ol ||r|ar (ard |erce ||e erd ol ||e laW) W|||
||e peop|e's |||rs|. T| e|r |||rs| cou|d oe querc|ed or|y oy ||e Wa|er ||a|
484
cores lror ||e roc| W||c| |s C|r|s|. `T| ey drar| lror ||e superra|ura|
boc| W||c| lo||oWed ||er, ard ||e boc| Was C|r|s|.' l| |as |a|er Cyr|| sore
||re |o ge| |o |||s po|r|, ou| ||e pa|| |e |raversed |s s|gr|l|car|. le rea||zes
||a| ||e passages lror Fxodus ard Nuroers reed a cor|ex|, |.e., a lrareWor|
1o;. l0 , o. o|
1o8. l0 , c. o|
1o. l0 , d. o|
Cyr|| ol A|exardr|a 81
ol |errs, |deas, ard o||er o|o||ca| |ex|s |o suppor| ||e |r|erpre|a||or. T|a|
|e |as prov|ded oy |r|roduc|rg ||e |dea ol reWress, lassover as a spr|rg
les||va|, oy c|||rg 3org W||| ||e over|ores ol reo|r|| ard rereWa|. 8y ||e
||re ||e reader reac|es Cyr||'s spec|l|c app||ca||or ol ||e |ex| |o ||e reW ||le
|r C|r|s| ||e |r|erpre|a||or seers ra|ura| ra||er ||ar lorced.
l |ave d|scussed |||s |ex| a| sore |erg|| oecause || g|ves us a g||rpse ol
|oW Cyr|| proceeded as ar |r|erpre|er ol ||e ler|a|euc|. w|a| |s ro|eWor||y
|s ||a| ever ||oug| ||ere |s a l|rr exege||ca| loo||o|d |r ||e r|, rare|y ||e
|r|erpre|a||or oll ered oy 3|. lau| |r Cor|r|||ars, Cyr|| g|ves carelu| a||er||or |o 1
W|a| |s ac|ua||y Wr|||er |r Fxodus ard Nuroers, spec|l|ca||y ||e de|a||
(|r Nuroers) ||a| |oses s|ruc| ||e roc| |W|ce. 8y locus|rg or |||s de|a|| |e
|s ao|e |o ergage ||e s|ory as || |s preser|ed |r Nuroers. T| e |ex| |as |o do
W||| |oses' uroe||el, ||s douo| ol 0od's poWer, ard ||s pur|s|rer|, rare|y
||a| |e Wou|d ro| oe a||oWed |o |ead ||e lsrae|||es |r|o ||e pror|sed |ard.
Cyr||'s lra| ooserva||or |o ||e C|rs|||ar readers |s ||a| ||ey |oo s|ou|d ro|
douo| 0od's pror|se. ur|||e |oses, |oWever, C|r|s||ars res| ||e|r |ope or
a |eaver|y c||y, ro| ar ear|||y |ard.
Cyr|| a|so exp|o||s (W||| ||e |e|p ol ||c ard Fxod ) ||e rer||or ol 1
||r|ar ard uses |er as a Way ol |r|roduc|rg ar |r|erpre|a||or ||a| roves
|r a C|r|s|o|og|ca| d|rec||or. 0r|y W|er |e |as exp|ored ||ese ra||ers does
|e |r|roduce ||e passage lror Cor|r|||ars ard deve|op a d|s||rc||ve|y 1
C|r|s||ar |r|erpre|a||or ol ||e |ex|. e| |r do|rg so |e rera|rs la|||lu| |o
||e sp|r|| ol ||e o|o||ca| accour|, rare|y ||a| ||e s|ory aoou| ||e `s|r|||rg
ol ||e roc|' |as |o do W||| |oses' uroe||el.
l| carro| oe overerp|as|zed ||a| Cyr|| |s |r|erpre||rg ||e |ex| lor
C|r|s||ar readers. T| |s rears ||a| ||e cor|ex| lor |r|erpre|a||or |s ro| delred
so|e|y oy ||s p|ace |r ar arc|er| ooo|, e.g., ||e ooo| ol Nuroers. l|s
cor|ex| |s ||e 8|o|e as a W|o|e |rc|ud|rg ||e r|. lor Cyr||, as We|| as o||er
ear|y C|r|s||ar exege|es, ||e ooo|s ol ||e o|d coverar|, ||e |xx, Were read
as par| ol a s|rg|e co||ec||or. `T| e er||re 3cr|p|ure,' |e Wr||es, `|s ore ooo|
ard Was spo|er oy ||e ore lo|y 3p|r||.'
1;o
8u| cor|ex| |rc|uded ruc| rore ||ar ||e ooo|s ol ||e C|r|s||ar 8|o|e.
lor C|r|s||ar |r|erpre|ers ||e 8|o|e Was ||e ooo| ol ||e C|urc|, a ooo| W||c|
|ad oeer read ard expourded |r ||e C|r|s||ar |||urgy, used lor |rs|ruc||or,
ed|l|ca||or, ard prayer. l|s |r|erpre|a||or cou|d ro| oe d|vorced lror ||s use.
T| e 8|o|e Was par| ol a ||v|rg ||eo|og|ca| ard sp|r||ua| |rad|||or, a |rad|||or,
ore s|ou|d rereroer, ||a| Was ||se|l lorred oy ||e 8|o|e. C|r|s||ar |r|erpre|a||or,
||er, Was s|aped oy ||e ||eo|og|ca| ard sp|r||ua| cor|er| ||a| Was
1;o. Corr. |r lsa . - , l0 . a. z111z ;oo
8zN|re T| e lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury 0ree| C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
a| ||e cer|er ol ||e |rad|||or, ro|ao|y ||e creeds ard corc|||ar lorru|a||ors,
ca|ec|e||ca| |eac||rg ard rora| |rs|ruc||or, ||e C|r|s||ar rys|er|es, 8ap||sr
ard ||e Fuc|ar|s|, e| a|.
laced W||| a |ex| ||a| d|d ro|, a| |eas| or ||e surlace, read||y y|e|d a
C|r|s|o|og|ca| |r|erpre|a||or, Cyr|| las|ered or Words, p|rases, |rages, ||a|
ec|oed o||er o|o||ca| |ex|s ard ||eres, |o s|oW, oy a process ol |rver||or,
|oW seer|rg|y d|spara|e par|s ol ||e 8|o|e cou|d oe re|a|ed |o ore aro||er.
lr do|rg so |e ard o||er ear|y C|r|s||ar exege|es ex|erd ||e rarge ol Words,
p|rases, ard |rages (ard |erce |ex|s) ||a| cou|d oe erp|oyed |o |a|| aoou|
W|a| Was cer|ra| |o ||e 8|o||ca| rarra||ve, ||e `Wor| ol rar's res|ora||or'
|o c||e lugo ol 3|. v|c|or. 8|o||ca| exege|es expW|ded ard err|c|ed ||e
vocaou|ary C|r|s||ars cou|d use |o spea| aoou| ra||ers ol la||| ard ||le.
Ard as peop|e |earred |o use reW Words ard |rages ||ey d|scovered aspec|s
ol ||e C|r|s||ar rys|ery ||a| Were prev|ous|y ||dder. 8|o||ca| exeges|s |s
ar ar| ol d|scovery, ard ||e oes| exege|es |ave a|Ways oeer ||ose W|o Were
ao|e |o s|oW ||a| W|a| |s reW|y lourd Was a|Ways ||ere.
T|e NeW Tes|arer|
T| e r| |s a C|r|s||ar ooo|, Wr|||er oy C|r|s||ars lor C|r|s||ars. l| |s ar accour| ol
||e reW |||rgs ||a| |ave |appered ||roug| ||e cor|rg ol C|r|s|.
lor |||s reasor ||s |r|erpre|a||or requ|res a d|llerer| approac| lror ||a| ol
||e o|. lr ||e o| every|||rg |s ve||ed, ard ||e expos||or |ad |o spea| aoou|
C|r|s||ar |||rgs |r |errs ol sore|||rg e|se. T|a| al|er a|| |s ||e rear|rg
ol a||egory, spea||rg aoou| ore |||rg |r |errs ol aro||er, ard |r ||e ros|
lurdarer|a| serse a|| C|r|s||ar |r|erpre|a||or ol ||e o| |s a||egor|ca|. T|e
485
Words ol ||e r|, |oWever, Were ao|e |o oe |r|erpre|ed |r ||e|r ros| |rred|a|e ard
oov|ous serse. As a red|eva| correr|a|or, pu| ||, |r ||e r| ||e
Words are |a|er |r ||e|r proper serse `as ||ey are |eard.' `lro se s|ar s|cu|
aud||ur. Nor es| a||egor|a.'
1;1
e| ||e r| posed ||s oWr d|s||rc||ve c|a||erge. lor ore |||rg ro| a||
C|r|s||ars agreed or |oW spec|l|c passages Were |o oe urders|ood. lror ||e
secord cer|ury a| |eas|, ||eo|og|ca| ard doc|r|ra| d|spu|es cer|ered or ||e
proper |r|erpre|a||or ol |ey o|o||ca| |ex|s. lo|er|ca| Wor|s suc| as lreraeus'
Adversus laeresesor A||aras|us's0ra||ores Cor|ra Ar|arosWere |arge|y
exege||ca|, pa||er| expos|||ors ol cor|rover|ed |ex|s |r ||g|| ol ||e s|opos ol ||e
3cr|p|ures as a W|o|e. Cyr|| Was very ruc| par| ol |||s |rad|||or ol exeges|s,
1;1. T| e Words are lror |Wo 3par|s| correr|a|ors, le|er|us ard 8ea|us, |r ll
o. d. lor d|scuss|or, see l. 0eluoac, Fxegse |ed|eva|e(lar|s. ), 8 1oz
. . |11o
Cyr|| ol A|exardr|a 8
ard ore ol ||s |as|s as a o|o||ca| correr|a|or Was |o s|oW |oW ||e C|urc|'s
||eo|og|ca| |rad|||or ollered a cors|s|er| ard ||oroug|go|rg |r|erpre|a||or
ol ||e 8|o|e as a W|o|e aga|rs| ||s opporer|s. lr Cyr||'s case ||e opporer|s
Were |Wolo|d. T| e Ar|ar exeges|s ol ||e 8|o|e s|||| |rl|uerced ||e Way sore
C|r|s||ars read ||e 3cr|p|ures ever ||oug| ||e|r |eac||rg |ad oeer corderred
a| ||e erd ol ||e lour|| cer|ury oy ||e Courc|| ol Cors|ar||rop|e.
T| e secord opporer| Was Nes|or|us, Cyr||'s cor|erporary, W|ose |eac||rg
aoou| C|r|s|, |r Cyr||'s v|eW, d|d v|o|erce |o ||e 3cr|p|ures. 3ore||res, ||er,
||ere |s a po|er|ca| d|rers|or |o Cyr||'s correr|ar|es or ||e r|.
No| a|| ol Cyr||'s r| exeges|s, |oWever, |s po|er|ca|. l|s |or|||es or
||e 0ospe| ol lu|e, lor exarp|e, are |or||e||ca| ard pas|ora|. Cyr||'s a|r |r
||ese |or|||es |s |o draW a s|rp|e app||ca||or ol ||e |ex| |o ||e rora| ard
sp|r||ua| ||le. Ta|e lor exarp|e ||s |or||y or ||e s|ory ol |ar||a ard |ary
|r lu|e . - . 1o8|z
1;z
Cyr|| se|s ||e ||ere ol ||e |or||y oy c|||rg leo . . `0o ro| reg|ec| 1z
|o s|oW |osp||a|||y |o s|rargers, lor ||ereoy sore |ave er|er|a|red arge|s
uraWares.' T| e s|ory ol |ar||a ard |ary |s aoou| |osp||a|||y, ard Cyr||'s
l|rs| po|r| |s ||a| C|r|s| |eac|es us ro| or|y |oW ore s|ou|d rece|ve a gues|
ou| |oW a gues| |s |o oe|ave W|er rece|ved. To |||us|ra|e |||s po|r| |e c||es
bor . , `lor l |org |o see you, ||a| l ray |rpar| |o you sore sp|r||ua| g|l| 111
|o s|rerg||er you.' Cyr|| uses 3|. lau|'s re|a||or |o ||e corrur||y |r bore
as ar exarp|e ol |oW ore s|ou|d corduc| orese|l W|er oe|rg rece|ved as a
gues|. A gues| s|ou|d or|rg a `sp|r||ua| g|l|' as lau| |r|erded |o do, ard as
||e lord d|d W|er |e v|s||ed |ar||a ard |ary. T|e l|rs| po|r| ||er |s ||a|
|osp||a|||y requ|res sore|||rg ol ||e gues| as We|| as ||e |os|. T| e gues| |oo
or|rgs ar oller|rg ||a| |s |rarsr|||ed ||roug| ||s persor.
T| er Cyr|| |urrs |o ||ose W|o rece|ve ||e gues|s. 8ecause ||e gues|
or|rgs a g|l|, ||e |os|s reed |o cu|||va|e recep||v||y, operress |o W|a| ||ey
W||| rece|ve. lor ||ese |os|s s|ou|d ro| a||oW ||erse|ves |o oe `d|s|rac|ed
oy ruc| serv|ce.' l|ra||y Cyr|| l|||s ou| ||e |or||y oy rer|rd|rg ||e |earers ol ||e
ros| larous case ol |osp||a|||y, ||e ||re W|er Aora|ar rece|ved
||e ||ree rer a| ||e oa| ol |arre. Aora|ar's reWard lor ||s |osp||a|||y,
||a| |s ||s recep||v||y |o ||e g|l|ollered oy ||s v|s||ors, Was ||e o|r|| ol ||s
sor lsaac.
w|a| g|ves |||s expos|||or ||s d|s||rc||ve c|arac|er |s ro| or|y Cyr||'s
|rs|g|| |r|o |urar re|a||ors ou| ||s s|||| |r draW|rg or o||er o|o||ca| |ex|s
1;z. lor. . |r lucar. Tex| |r l. 8. C|aoo|, C3C0, vo|. (louva|r. ), o ;o 1o1
- z;
;;, FT. Correr|ary or ||e 0ospe| ol 3a|r| lu|e oy 3a|r| Cyr|| ol A|exardr|a,
(|rars.
b. layre 3r|||, 3|ud|or luo||s|ers, ), - . 18z1
8|N|re T| e lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury 0ree| C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
|o |||ur|ra|e ||e |ex| a| |ard. 8y se|ec||rg |ex|s ||a| spea| ol ||e ro|e ol ||e
gues|, ro| s|rp|y ||a| ol ||e |os|, ||e s|ory oecores a s|ory ro| so ruc|
aoou| ||e cor|ras| oe|Weer |ar||a ard |ary, ou| preer|rer||y a s|ory
aoou| C|r|s|, ||e ore W|o |s rece|ved. lr |ear|rg ||e s|ory, ||er, ||e reader
|s ercouraged |o |oo| |o C|r|s| as ||e rode| ol C|r|s||ar oe|av|or. Cyr||'s
expos|||or |s |rag|ra||ve, |rdeed || |s ar urcorver||ora| |r|erpre|a||or, ore
||a| Wou|d ro| oe d|scovered oy a rore pedes|r|ar exege|e. l| a|so presupposes
a ||oroug| acqua|r|arce W||| ||e 3cr|p|ures ard a capac||y |o reca||
appropr|a|e passages suppor||rg ||s |r|erpre|a||or.
lrdeed || |s Cyr||'s s|||| |r re|a||rg ||e var|ous par|s ol ||e 8|o|e |o eac|
o||er ||a| |s ore ol ||s ros| corsp|cuous accorp||s|rer|s as a 8|o||ca|
|r|erpre|er. A par||cu|ar|y |rs|ruc||ve exarp|e |s ||s expos|||or ol Jo|r . 1
- 1z1.
1;T| e |ex| adds. `8u| |o a|| W|o rece|ved ||r, W|o oe||eved |r ||s
rare, |e gave poWer |o oecore c|||drer ol 0od, W|o Were oorr, ro| ol
486
o|ood ror ol ||e W||| ol ||e l|es| ror ol ||e W||| ol rar, ou| ol 0od.' Cyr||
oeg|rs ||s expos|||or oy c|||rg bor . , `ou d|d ro| rece|ve ||e sp|r|| 81
ol s|avery |o la|| oac| |r|o lear, ou| you |ave rece|ved ||e sp|r|| ol sors||p'
W|ereoy We cry `Aooa la||er.' A persor oecores a c|||d ol 0od oy
la|||, Wr||es Cyr||, W|er ore |s `oap||zed |r|o ||e lo|y Tr|r||y ||roug| ||e
red|a|or, ||e word, |ed|a|or, W|o jo|red ||rse|l |o |urar ||rd ||roug|
||e l|es| |o W||c| |e Was ur||ed |o ||r, a| ||e sare ||re, oecause |e |s oy
ra|ure 0od, |e Was ra|ura||y jo|red |o ||e la||er.' T| roug| 8ap||sr |r|o
C|r|s| ||ose W|o are jo|red |o C|r|s| oy la||| are `ra|sed up |o ||e d|gr||y
W||c| |s [C|r|s|'s| oy ra|ure.'
Cyr||'s l|rs| s|ep |s |o |r|erpre| ||e p|rase `c|||drer ol 0od' |r Jo|r . 11
oy ara|ogy |o C|r|s|'s sors||p. T| a| |s |o say, jus| as C|r|s| Was `oego||er'
ol ||e la||er, so ||ose W|o core |o la||| are `oego||er' ol 0od, |.e., ||ey
oecore `c|||drer ol 0od.' C|r|s|'s cor|rg rade || poss|o|e lor |urar oe|rgs |o
er|er |r|o a reW re|a||or |o 0od as c|||drer ol 0od. T| |s re|a||or |s
s|r||ar |o ||e re|a||or oe|Weer C|r|s| ard 0od, W||| ore d|llererce. C|r|s|'s
re|a||or |o 0od |s ||a| ol a sor oy ra|ure, C|r|s||ars oecore c|||drer ol
0od oy adop||or, as lau| says |r bor . 8
To exp|a|r lur||er W|a| `c|||drer ol 0od' rears Cyr|| |r|roduces ||e
We||-|roWr passage lror le|er W||| ||e Words `s|arers ol ||e d|v|re ra|ure.' z
T| e p|rase `oego||er ol 0od' rears ||a| ||ose W|o are jo|red |o C|r|s|
||roug| la||| oecore par||c|par|s |r 0od's ra|ure, ard are ca||ed `gods.'
3uc| d|gr||y |s or|y poss|o|e oecause 0od |as oecore |rcarra|e ard dWe||ed
1;. Corr. . |r loarr. . (lusey, . - ), FT lusey, . - . 1 11 11|8 11o1o8
Cyr|| ol A|exardr|a 8
arorg us. To say, ||er, ||a| We are `oorr ol 0od,' says Cyr||, does ro| rear
||a| We W|rg our Way |o 0od oy our oWr ellor|s ou| ||a| 0od ||roug| ||e
lrcarra||or cores |o dWe|| W||||r us ard ra|es ||s |odg|rg arorg us, as
|s spo|er oy ||e prop|e|, `l W||| dWe|| |r ||er ard Wa|| |r ||er.' T| e c||a||or |s
lror lev . (W|or Cyr|| ca||s a prop|e|), ou| || cores v|a Cor zo1z z
o. W|ere lau| as|s, `w|a| par|rers||p |ave r|g||eousress ard |r|qu||y,' 1o
ard arsWers. `we are ||e |erp|e ol ||e ||v|rg 0od, as 0od sa|d, 'l W||| ||ve
|r ||er ard rove arorg ||er, ard l W||| oe ||e|r 0od, ard ||ey s|a|| oe
ry peop|e.' ( Cor . - ) we carro| oecore |erp|es ol 0od ur|ess ||e z o1|18
ore W|o dWe||s arorg us |s 0od oy ra|ure.
lor Cyr|| ||e passage |r Cor|r|||ars, spec|l|ca||y ||e |arguage, `l W||| z
dWe|| |r ||er,' |s urders|ood |o reler |o ||e lrcarra||or, ard |s seer as
para||e| |o Jo|r . , ` dWe|| arorg us.' le |r|erpre|s Jo|r W||| ||e |e|p ol 11|
lau|, ard, ore r|g|| add, lau|'s c||a||or ol lev|||cus W||| ||e |e|p ol Jo|r.
8u| ||er |e re|urrs |o ||e 0ospe| ol Jo|r ard c||es aro||er passage ||a|
spea|s ol 0od dWe|||rg |r us. `ll a rar |oves re, |e W||| |eep ry Word,
ard ry la||er W||| |ove ||r, ard We W||| core |o ||r ard ra|e our |ore
W||| ||r.' (Jo|r . ) 1|z
Nex| Cyr|| adds a reW ro|e sugges|ed oy ||e ear||er c||a||or ol bor . 8
lau| |ad Wr|||er ||a| sors||p Was a g|l|ol ||e lo|y 3p|r||. `lor a|| W|o are
|ed oy ||e 3p|r|| ol 0od are sors ol 0od.' w|er, ||er, We cry `aooa la||er,'
says lau|, `|| |s ||e 3p|r|| ||rse|l oear|rg W||ress W||| our sp|r|| ||a| We are
c|||drer ol 0od.' (bor . - ) T| ere |s ol course ro rer||or ol ||e lo|y 81|1o
3p|r|| |r Jo|r . , ou| oy c|||rg 3|. lau| |e |s ao|e |o s|oW ||a| || |s or|y oy 11
oe|rg oorr ol ||e lo|y 3p|r|| ||a| ore car oe sa|d |o oe oorr ol 0od. To
|erd suppor| |o |||s |r|erpre|a||or |e c||es Jo|r. `8y |||s We |roW ||a| 1
We dWe|| |r l|r ard le |r us oecause |e |as g|ver us ||s oWr 3p|r||.' T|e
s|gr ||a| We are c|||drer ol 0od, oorr ro| ol ||e l|es| ou| ol 0od, |s ||a|
||e lo|y 3p|r|| dWe||s |r us. T| roug| ||e g|l|ol ||e 3p|r||, W|o |s 0od, We
core |o s|are |r ||e d|v|re ||le.
Cyr||'s use ol para||e| |ex|s |r ||s expos|||or ol Jo|r . |s very |rs|ruc||ve. T|e 11
l|rs| passage, bor , |s soreW|a| oov|ous oecause ol ||e relererce 8
|o d|v|re sors||p, ou| ||e c||a||or ol Cor ard le|er are ro|. T|ey add z o z
dep|| ard perspec||ve |o ||e |r|erpre|a||or oy re|a||rg ||e p|rase `c|||drer
ol 0od' |o ||e u|||ra|e erd ol |urar ||le, rare|y s|ar|rg |r 0od's ||le.
Ard oy c|||rg Jo|r Cyr|| secures a Tr|r||ar|ar read|rg ol ||e |ex|, |rd|ca||rg ||a| 1
|| |s ro| or|y ||e |rcarra||or ol ||e word ou| a|so ||e serd|rg ol
||e lo|y 3p|r|| ||a| ra|es ore |r|o a c|||d ol 0od. T| e 3or does ro| ac|
or ||s oWr ou| |s accorpar|ed oy ||e lo|y 3p|r||. Fver ||oug| Jo|r . 11
spea|s or|y ol ||e re|a||or ol ||e d|v|re Word |o 0od ard ||e lrcarra||or
8oN|re T| e lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury 0ree| C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
ol ||e 3or (ro| ||e serd|rg ol ||e lo|y 3p|r||), Cyr|| s|oWs ||a| || requ|res
a Tr|r||ar|ar expos|||or.
w|a| Cyr|| |as dore |ere |s s|r||ar |o W|a| |e d|d |r ||e |r|erpre|a||or ol ||e roc|
||a| Was s|ruc|. l|s exeges|s expards ||e cor|ex| |r W||c|
||e passage |s lourd. T|e spec|l|c |ex| |s ||l|ed lror ||s |rred|a|e se|||rg
so ||a| || car oe v|eWed |r ||g|| ol o||er |ex|s ard |errs ard |deas lourd
|r ||e 8|o|e. e| ore r|g|| argue ||a| Cyr||'s |r|erpre|a||or ol Jo|r . |s 11
r|gorous|y cor|ex|ua|. lor Jo|r . |s urders|ood |r ||g|| ol Jo|r . , `T| e 11 11|
487
word o ecare l|es| ard dWe|| arorg us,' ard |r |urr Jo|r . |s seer |r 11|
||g|| ol Jo|r . , ||e 0od W|o oroug|| ||e Wor|d |r|o oe|rg ard ||e d|v|re 11
word W|o Was ser| lror 0od. 0r|y oy |a||rg |r|o cors|dera||or ||e |arger
Tr|r||ar|ar lrareWor| |s || poss|o|e |o |r|erpre| ||e |rred|a|e cor|ex|.
T|e 3ecord Adar
A|| o|o||ca| correr|a|ors |rves| cer|a|r |ex|s, cer|a|r |errs, ard cer|a|r
|rages W||| ar |r|erpre||ve poWer ||a| |rarscerds ||e|r spec|l|c se|||rg.
Augus||re, lor exarp|e, rever ||res ol c|||rg ||e Words ol ls , `|| |s good ;
|o c|eave |o 0od.' T| |s ore |ex| g|ves ur||y ard co|es|or |o Augus||re's
exeges|s ol ||e 8|o|e as a W|o|e. l||eW|se, lreraeus' exeges|s ol spec|l|c |ex|s
|r ||s Adversus laereses|s suppor|ed oy ||e passage |r Fp|es|ars . , 11o
`C|r|s| recap||u|a|es a|| |||rgs |r |eaver ard or ear|| |r ||rse|l.' 0re |ex|
||a| recurs aga|r ard aga|r |r A||aras|us's 0ra||ores Cor|ra Ar|aros, |s Jo|r
1o. , `l ard ||e la||er are ore.' 3p|r||ua| Wr||ers |oved l||| , `No| ||a| l o
|ave a|ready oo|a|red |||s or ar a|ready perlec|, ou| l press or |o ra|e ||
ry oWr.' 8u| l |roW ol ro pa|r|s||c correr|a|or W|ose er||re exege||ca|
er|erpr|se |s cor|ro||ed oy a s|rg|e o|o||ca| |rage as |s Cyr||. T|e o|o||ca|
|rage |s ||a| ol ||e secord Adar or ||e |eaver|y Adar draWr lror bor
ard l Cor . `lor as |r Adar a|| d|e, so a|so |r C|r|s| s|a|| a|| oe rade 1
a||ve' ( Cor . , cl. bor . ard Cor . ). lur||er Cyr||'s use ol 1 1zz 1 1 1|
||e Adar-C|r|s| |ypo|ogy |s corp|erer|ed oy ||e |ex| We |ave a|ready
d|scussed or|el|y, Cor . . `T| erelore |l aryore |s |r C|r|s|, |e |s a reW z 1;
crea||or, ||e o|d |as passed aWay, oe|o|d ||e reW |as core.' l |ave a|ready
rer||ored |||s aspec| ol Cyr||'s exeges|s, ou| || |s ||re roW |o |oo|, |l or|y
or|el|y, a| Cyr||'s expos|||or ol ||ese |ex|s |r ||s correr|ar|es or borars,
1Cor|r|||ars ard Cor|r|||ars. z
T| oug| We possess or|y lragrer|s ol Cyr||'s correr|ar|es or 3|. lau|,
We do |ave lragrer|s dea||rg W||| bor , Cor ard Cor . A| bor 1 1 z
. ll., W||c| |rc|udes ||e Words, `||erelore s|r care |r|o ||e Wor|d ||roug| 11
ore rar,' Cyr|| Wr||es. `T| e arc|er| curse |as oecore |rellec||ve, ||e curse
Cyr|| ol A|exardr|a 8;
W||c| |urar ra|ure erdured |r Adar as |r a l|rs| lru|| ol ||e race ard as
|r a l|rs| roo|.' Adar's |rarsgress|or Was ro| ||e ac| ol a so|||ary persor,
|e Was a represer|a||ve |urar oe|rg ard |r |urar||y, `||e er||re |urar
race,' |r Cyr||'s p|rase, oecare suojec| |o s|r ard dea||. Adar Was ||e `l|rs|
lorred' arorg |urar oe|rgs, ||e `oeg|rr|rg ol ||e |urar race,' ||e roo|
lror W||c| a|| o||ers |ave sprurg. lr ||e sare Way, C|r|s| |oo |s a represer|a||ve
l|gure, a `reW roo|,' a `rode| ol ||a| W||c| |s |o core,' ||e `l|rs|
lru||s' ol a reW |urar||y, ||e `l|rs| oorr,' `a reW crea||or.' `T| e 3or |as
core lror |eaver jus||ly|rg ||e |rp|ous oy la|||, las||or|rg areW as 0od
|urar ra|ure |o |rcorrup||or ard re|urr|rg || |o W|a| || Was |r ||e oeg|rr|rg. lr
C|r|s| a|| |||rgs are a reW crea||or, a reW roo| |as oeer p|ar|ed,
lor |e |s ||e secord Adar.'
1;|
8y draW|rg or Cor . Cyr||'s expos|||or ol bor erp|as|zes ||e z 1;
d|llererce oe|Weer Adar ard C|r|s|, ard ||e reWress ||a| C|r|s| or|rgs. lr
W|a| does C|r|s|'s reWress cors|s|? A| bor . , `||e lree g|l||s ro| |||e ||e 1o
ellec| ol ||a| ore rar's s|r,' Cyr|| says ||a| ||roug| C|r|s| ||e secord Adar
`r|g||eousress lourd lor ||e l|rs| ||re a Way |o us,' lor C|r|s| Was ||e `l|rs|
ard or|y rar or ear|| 'W|o |reW ro s|r ror Was gu||e lourd |r ||s rou||.''
(l le| . ) zzz
1;
C|r|s| |s reW oecause |e d|d |||rgs ro rar |ad ever dore. lr
p|aces, |r ar ellor| |o exp|a|r W|a| |s ur|que aoou| C|r|s|, Cyr|| says ||a| |e
||ved a `|o|y ||le,'
1;o
||a| |e `Was s|rorger ||ar s|r,'
1;;
||a| |e Was `super|or
|o a||.'
1;8
8u| ||e ros| s|gr|l|car| |||rg aoou| C|r|s| Was ||a| |e overcare
dea|| oy ||e besurrec||or, lr a lragrer| or Cor . , `C|r|s| |as oeer 1 1zo
ra|sed lror ||e dead, ||e l|rs| lru||s ol ||ose W|o |ave la||er as|eep,' Cyr||
|r|erpre|s ||e |ex| as lo||oWs. `C|r|s| Was ||e l| rs| persor or ear|| |o s|r||e
doWr dea||,'
1;
jus| as our arces|or Adar Was `||e l| rs| |o |r|roduce dea||.'
ur||| ||e ||re ol C|r|s| rar||rd Was |rcapao|e ol overcor|rg dea||. `0ur
ra|ura| ||le la||ed up |o |||s ||re |o crus| ||e poWer ol dea|| ard |ad ro|
ever des|royed ||e |error ||a| || cas|s over our sou|s.'
18o
T| e 3cr|p|ures are l|||ed W||| |rages lor C|r|s|, ||e good s|ep|erd,
488
||e ||g|| ol ||e Wor|d, ||e Way, ||e ||le, ||e v|re ard orarc|es, oread ol ||le,
rorr|rg s|ar, pasc|a| |aro, e| a|. l||e o||er correr|a|ors Cyr|| used ard
1;|. Corr. |r bor. . (lusey, . - ). 11 181z
1;. Corr. |r bor. . (lusey, . - ). 1o 18|
1;o. uod urus C|r|s|us 3|| c (ed. de 0urard, ). ;z| |
1;;. Corr. |r loarr. . (lusey, . ). 1o zo;
1;8. Corr. |r loarr. . (lusey, . ). 11 11;o
1;. Corr. |r l Cor|r||. . (lusey, . ). 1zo o
18o. Corr. |r loarr. . (lusey, . ). 1o zz
88N|re T| e lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury 0ree| C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
exp|o||ed ||ese |rages |r ||s exeges|s ol ||e 8|o|e. 8u| |e |rvar|ao|y re|urrs
|o ||e para||e|s oe|Weer Adar ard C|r|s| as ||e lrareWor| lor ||s |r|erpre|a||or
ol |rd|v|dua| passages. T| e Adar-C|r|s| |ypo|ogy prov|ded Cyr||
W||| ar |rage ||a| Was a| orce par||cu|ar ard ur|versa|. l| Was par||cu|ar |r
||a| || spo|e ol Adar ard C|r|s| as ur|que |urar persors. l| ||g|||g||ed
W|a| Adar ard C|r|s| d|d, ||ereoy accer||rg ||e vo|ur|ary, |erce |urar
ard rora|, qua|||y ol ||e|r ac||ors. 8u| || Was ur|versa| |r ||a| || preser|ed
Adar ard C|r|s| as represer|a||ve l|gures (roo| ol ||e er||re race) W|ose
ac||ors |ave corsequerces lor a|| ol |urar||y. l| a||oWed Cyr|| |o spea| aoou|
C|r|s| as lu||y |urar, as Adar, ye| |o s|oW |r W|a| Way |e Was rore ||ar
a rar, as ||e |eaver|y Adar W|o corquered dea||.
T| e 8|o|e |s a very o|g ooo| ard rary W|o |ave |r|ed |o read || W|||ou|
a gu|de |ave go||er |os| a|org ||e Way. A|| exeges|s requ|res jud|c|ous
lorge|lu|ress, |r|erpre|a||or ||a| qu|e||y roves |o ||e per|p|ery ra||ers W||c|,
|r ||e |arger sc|ere ol |||rgs, are |rs|gr|l|car|. Cyr||'s exeges|s |eeps ||e
reader's a||er||or locused or ||e 8|o|e as a W|o|e (Adar a| ||e oeg|rr|rg,
||e |eaver|y Adar a| ||e oeg|rr|rg ol ||e erd) ard or W|a| g|ves ||e er||re
o|o||ca| rarra||ve ||s rear|rg, ||e besurrec||or ol C|r|s|.
0ospe| Accord|rg To 3|. Jo|r
loW ||er d|d ||e Adar-C|r|s| |ypo|ogy serve Cyr||'s exeges|s ol o||er ooo|s
ol ||e r|? Arorg ||s r| correr|ar|es ||a| or ||e 0ospe| ol Jo|r |s ||s
ros| |rpor|ar|. 3o l |urr roW |o a leW passages |r ||a| correr|ary |o see
|oW, |r Cyr||'s |ards, ||e lau||re |ragery |||ur|ra|es ||e lour|| gospe|. T|e
gospe|s are ol course rarra||ves, ard W|a| ra|es Cyr||'s exeges|s provoca||ve |s
||e Way |e erp|oys ||e |ragery ol ||e secord Adar |o |r|erpre| |ey
ever|s |r ||e ||le ol Jesus. A good p|ace |o oeg|r |s Jo|r . , Jo|r's accour| 11
ol ||e oap||sr ol Jesus, |r par||cu|ar ||e descer| ol ||e 3p|r||. `Ard Jo|r oore
W||ress, 'l saW ||e 3p|r|| descerd as a dove lror |eaver, ard || rera|red
or ||r.''
181T| e p|rase ||a| lorrs ||e oas|s lor Cyr||'s |r|erpre|a||or ol ||e
passage |s `rera|red or ||r.' w|y does ||e |ex| ro| s|rp|y say ||a| ||e lo|y
3p|r|| descerded or C|r|s|, ou| adds ||a| || `rera|red or ||r'?
Cyr|| l|rs| d|scusses ||e crea||or ard la|| ol Adar ard Fve. A| ||e ||re
ol crea||or Adar ard Fve Were sea|ed W||| ||e d|v|re |rage ||roug| ||e
descer| ol ||e lo|y 3p|r||. 8u| Adar ard Fve s|rred ard ||e|r descerdar|s
d|d ro| ||ve |r accord W||| ||e |rage ol 0od |rp|ar|ed |r ||er. 0ver ||re
181. Corr. |r loarr . - (lusey, . - ), FT. lusey, . - . 1z 11;|o 11||;
Cyr|| ol A|exardr|a 8
||e |rage |rpressed or |urars oy ||e lo|y 3p|r|| oegar |o lade ur|||, as
a corsequerce ol rar's cor||ru|rg d|sooed|erce, ||e lo|y 3p|r|| `|el|lor
good.'
18z
lurar ra|ure |ad oecore |r|osp||ao|e |o ||e preserce ol ||e
3p|r||.
To urdo ||e Wor| ol s|r, a reW rar Was reeded, ore W|o cou|d crea|e
a rore corger|a| |ore lor ||e lo|y 3p|r||, a p|ace |r W||c| ||e 3p|r|| cou|d
rera|r. `3|rce ||e l|rs| Adar d|d ro| preserve ||e grace g|ver |o ||r oy
0od, 0od ||e la||er dec|ded |o serd lror |eaver ||e secord Adar |o us.
le serds |r our |||eress ||s oWr sor W|o |s oy ra|ure . . . ro| |roW|rg s|r |r
ary Way, so ||a| oy ||e d|sooed|erce ol ||e l|rs| We oecare suojec| |o 0od's
Wra||, so ||roug| ||e ooed|erce ol ||e secord, We r|g|| escape ||e curse
ard ||s ev||s oe des|royed.'
18
8y us|rg ||e Adar |ypo|ogy Cyr|| |s ol course ao|e |o s|oW |oW ||e
ac||ors ol eac| ra| Corsequerces lor ||e `er||re |urar race.' o
18|
8u| |e
War|s |o say rore. To say ||a| C|r|s| |s ||e `secord Adar' |s |o say ||a| |e |s
a |urar oe|rg |||e o||er |urar oe|rgs, ou| a|so ||a| |e |s ro| ar ord|rary
rar. le |s a reW rar, ore W|o W||| ro| repea| W|a| o||ers |ave dore, ard
`W|o oy rece|v|rg ||e 3p|r|| as rar W||| preserve || lor our ra|ure oy roo||rg |r us
aga|r ||e grace W||c| |ad depar|ed.'
18
w|a| ||er |s ||e rear|rg
489
ol ||e p|rase `rera|red or ||r' |r Jo|r . ? lr C|r|s| ||e reW rar ||e 11
lo|y 3p|r|| `oecare accus|ored |o ao|d|rg |r us, |av|rg ro occas|or |o
depar| or W|||draW.'
18o
la|er |r ||e correr|ary or Jo|r, correr||rg or Jo|r . (`|||s |e ;
sa|d aoou| ||e 3p|r|| W||c| ||ose W|o oe||eved |r ||r Were |o rece|ve'),
Cyr|| expards or |||s sare ||ere. `T| e d|v|re 3cr|p|ures ca|| ||e 3av|or
||e secord Adar. lor |r ||a| l|rs| ore, ||e |urar race proceeds lror ro|
oe|rg |o oe|rg, |r ||e secord, C|r|s|, || r|ses up aga|r |o a secord oeg|rr|rg,
relorred |o reWress ol ||le ard re|urred |o |rcorrup||or, 'lor |l aryore |s |r
C|r|s|, |e |s a reW crea|ure,' as lau| says. T| erelore ||e rereW|rg 3p|r||, |.e.,
||e lo|y 3p|r||, |as oeer g|ver |o us.' T| |s care aoou| `al| er ||e resurrec||or
W|er |av|rg ours| ||e oords ol dea|| ard s|oW|rg ||rse|l |r|urp|ar| over
a|| corrup||or, |e care |o ||le aga|r, |av|rg our W|o|e ra|ure |r ||r, |r ||a|
|e Was rar ard ore lror us.'
18;
18z. lusey, . , lr. . 118 1o
18. lusey, . . 118|
18|. lusey , . 118|
18. lusey , . 118|
18o. lusey, . , lrr. - . 118| z;z
18;. lr loarr. . (lusey, . - ). ; 1o1z
8ooN|re T| e lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury 0ree| C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
No|e |oW ||e |ragery ol ||e secord Adar a||oWs Cyr|| |o accer| W|a|
C|r|s| does, W|a| |r |rad|||ora| ||eo|og|ca| |arguage |s ca||ed ||s Wor|. Cyr||,
as ar A|exardr|ar ||eo|og|ar, |as sore||res oeer |r|erpre|ed as ra||rg
C|r|s|'s Wor| |rc|der|a| |o ||s persor, suoord|ra||rg ||e ||s|or|ca| accour|
ol C|r|s| |r ||e gospe|s |o ||s ro|e as red|a|or ol d|v|r||y ard |urar||y. lr
|||s v|eW, W|a| |s s|gr|l|car| aoou| C|r|s| |s ||a| ||e d|v|re logos oecare
rar, ro| W|a| |e d|d as a |urar oe|rg.188
8u| Cyr||'s correr|ar|es or
||e gospe|s preser| qu||e a d|llerer| p|c|ure, |r par||cu|ar ||s d|scuss|or ol
C|r|s|'s pass|or.
T| e 0ospe| ol Jo|r dep|c|s C|r|s|'s suller|rg as ||e ||re ol ||s g|or|l|ca||or. lor
exarp|e. `NoW |s ||e sor ol rar g|or|l|ed.' (Jo|r . - ) T| |s 11z
|ex| caused d|ll| cu|||es lor 0r|ger
18
ard || |s rever c||ed oy A||aras|us.
0|ory, || Was ||oug||, app||ed |o C|r|s|'s resurrec||or, ro| ||s suller|rg. Cyr||,
|oWever, rea||zed ||a| ||e |err `g|ory' |s used |r Jo|r |r a d|s||rc||ve Way.
T| e rore corver||ora| rear|rg ol g|ory |s ||a| || relers |o d|v|re poWer. lor
exarp|e || |s ev|der| ||a| C|r|s|'s g|ory Was d|sp|ayed W|er |e reou|ed ||e
Waves ol ||e sea, or oroug|| lazarus oac| |o ||le, or sa||sl|ed ||e |urger ol
a croWd W||| l|ve |oaves ard |Wo sra|| l|s|es. 8u| Jo|r sugges|s sore|||rg
d|llerer|. w|y, as|s Cyr||, |s C|r|s| sa|d |o oe g|or|l|ed `roW'? `T| e perlec||or ol
||s g|ory ard ||e croWr|rg rorer| ol ||s ||le |s c|ear|y |||s, W|er
|e sullered lor ||e ||le ol ||e Wor|d ard rade a reW Way oy ||s resurrec||or
lor ||e resurrec||or ol a||.'
1o
Cyr||'s exeges|s ol Jo|r . |s s|gr|l|car|, lor || s|oWs |oW ||e |ex| ol 1z
||e gospe| s|apes ||s urders|ard|rg ol C|r|s|'s Wor|. Aro||er exarp|e |s
||s expos|||or ol Jo|r . , `T| e |our |as core lor ||e 3or ol rar |o oe 1zz
g|or|l|ed.' lere Cyr|| ra|es a s|r||ar po|r|. `l|ra||y C|r|s| des|res |o core
|o ||e croWr|rg po|r| ol |ope, |o pu| ar erd |o dea||. T| ere Was ro o||er
Way |||s cou|d core aoou| ur|ess ||le urderWer| dea|| lor ||e sa|e ol a|| so
||a| We a|| r|g|| ||ve |r ||r. lor |||s reasor |e ca||s dea|| ||s oWr g|ory. . . .
l|s cross Was ||e oeg|rr|rg ol ||s oe|rg g|or|l|ed upor ear||.'
11
lr Cyr||'s
188. 3ee |r par||cu|ar Ado|l vor larac|,le|rouc| der
0ogrergesc||c||e(Tuo|rger. ), . , a|so Jacques l|eoaer|, la 0oc|r|re 11z|
C|r|s|o|og|que de Cyr|||e
d'A|exardr|e avar| |a quere||e res|or|erre(l|||e. ), . 1zz
18. Corr.|r loarr. . - or Jo|r . - (ed. C. 8|arc, . - ). z18o 1oz z|z8
1o. Corr. |r loarr. . - (lusey, . ). 0r |||s |op|c, see Augus||r 11z 1;8
0upre |a
Tour, `la 0oxa du C|r|s| dars |es oeuvres exege||ques de sa|r| Cyr|||e
d'A|exardr|e,
b3b ( ). - , ( ). - . o81ooz1|zo1o1o8|
11. Corr. |r loarr. . - (lusey, . ). 3ee a|so Corr. |r loarr. . 1zz1zz z11 1o
(lusey, . ). `lor ||e sav|rg pass|or ol C|r|s| |s ||e l|rs| rears ||a| ever z
oroug||
Cyr|| ol A|exardr|a 8o1
v|eW, ||e d|v|re word oecare rar ro| s|rp|y |o ur||e rar ard 0od |r ||s
490
persor, |e care |o suller ard |o d|e, ard a| ||e very rorer| ||a| ||s suller|rg
oeg|rs, ||e 0ospe| spea|s ol ||s g|ory.
8ecause |e expourded ||e 0ospe| ol Jo|r c|ap|er oy c|ap|er, verse oy
verse, Cyr|| Was lorced |o re|||r| aspec|s ol ||e A|exardr|ar C|r|s|o|ogy.
C|r|s|'s suller|rg Was g|ver a rore cer|ra| p|ace, ard |||s |r |urr |ed |o a
ruc| grea|er erp|as|s or ||e Wor| ol C|r|s| ard or C|r|s|'s |urar||y. Fver
||oug| ||e A|exardr|ar c|r|s|o|ogy s|ress ||e ro|e ol ||e d|v|re logos |r
||e persor ol C|r|s|, Cyr|| |s a| pa|rs |o s|oW ||a| W|a| C|r|s| does |e does
as a rar, |.e., as Adar. A par||cu|ar|y s|r|||rg passage |s ||s correr|ary
or Jo|r . , `l |ave overcore ||e Wor|d.' T| e p|a|r rear|rg ol |||s |ex|, 1o
says Cyr||, |s ||a| C|r|s| `appeared s|rorger ||ar s|r.' `lorour sa|es C|r|s|
oecare a||ve aga|r ra||rg ||s besurrec||or ||e oeg|rr|rg ol ||e corques|
over dea||. lor sure|y ||e poWer ol ||s besurrec||or W||| ex|erd |o us, s|rce
||e ore W|o overcare dea|| Was ore ol us,|r so lar as |e appeared as rar.'
T| er Cyr|| ra|es ||e rerar|ao|e s|a|erer|. `lor |l |e corquered as 0od,
||er || |s olro prol|| |o us, ou| |l as rar, We are |ere|r corquerors. lor |e
|s |o us ||e secord Adar core lror |eaver accord|rg |o ||e 3cr|p|ures.'
lau|'s |rage ol C|r|s| as ||e secord Adar prov|ded Cyr|| W||| a se| ol
o|o||ca| ca|egor|es |o |r|erpre| ||e cer|a| rys|ery ol C|r|s||ar la|||. ||a| ||e
ore W|o cores |o save |s 0od ou| |e ||ved |r |||s Wor|d as a |urar oe|rg.
ll C|r|s| Were ro| a |urar oe|rg, Adar, ro|||rg |e d|d Wou|d |ave s|gr|l|carce
lor ||e res| ol |urar||y. w|a| |e d|d, ||v|rg |r ooed|erce |o 0od,
suor||||rg |o suller|rg ard aouse, g|v|rg ||rse|l vo|ur|ar||y over |o dea||,
ard ros| ol a||, overcor|rg dea||, |e d|d as a |urar oe|rg. A| ||e sare ||re
|e Was ro rere rar, |e Was ro| s|rp|y Adar, |e Was ||e secord Adar, ||e
rar lror |eaver. l|s besurrec||or lror ||e dead s|oWs ||a| || Was 0od
W|o ||ved |||s ||le, sullered, d|es, ard oro|e ||e oords ol dea||. `T| oug| |e
oecare rar |e Was ro |ess lror |eaver,' Wr||es Cyr||.
1z
Fxeges|s ard T|eo|ogy
Cyr|| |s very ruc| ||e ||eo|og|ar W|er |e |s expourd|rg ||e 3cr|p|ures, l|s
exeges|s ol |rd|v|dua| passages |s |rlorred ro| or|y oy para||e| |ex|s lror
e|seW|ere |r ||e 8|o|e ou| a|so oy ||e C|urc|'s doc|r|ra| |rad|||or. No douo|
re|ease lror dea||, ard ||e resurp||or ol C|r|s| |as oecore lor ||e sa|r|s ||e
oeg|rr|rg ol ||e|r oo|dress |r lac|rg ||.'
1z. Arcad. (Ac|a Corc|||orur 0ecurer|corur . , , , - ). 1z| 11zz8
8ozN|re T| e lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury 0ree| C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
|||s |s ore reasor W|y |e Was read oy |a|er Wr||ers.
1
e| Cyr|| se|dor s|rays
lar lror ||e |arguage ol ||e 8|o|e, ard ever W|er |e uses rore |ec|r|ca|
||eo|og|ca| |arguage, || |s ||e o|o||ca| |ragery ard |arguage ||a| s|apes ||s
|||r||rg. 0re carro| d|sergage Cyr||'s ||eo|ogy lror ||e 8|o|e as ||oug|
|| cou|d s|ard or ||s oWr as a ||eo|og|ca| sys|er.
lr ||s correr|ary or Jo|r Cyr|| ra|es lrequer| relererce |o ||e Ar|ar
|r|erpre|a||or ol spec|l| c |ex|s. lor exarp|e, |r ||s expos|||or ol ||e 8ap||sr
ol Jesus, |e as|s W|e||er ||e descer| ol ||e 3p|r|| or Jesus |rp||es ||a| C|r|s|
d|d ro| |ave ||e 3p|r|| oelore ||a| ||re. 0oes ||e cor|rg ol ||e 3p|r|| or
C|r|s| rear ||a| |e rece|ves `sarc||l|ca||or as sore|||rg |rpor|ed as ||oug|
|e does ro| possess ||?'
1|
Cyr||'s resporse |s ||a| ore rus| d|s||rgu|s| |Wo
s|ages |r ||e career ol ||e logos, ||e ||re oelore ||e lrcarra||or, ard ||e
||re al|er ||e lrcarra||or. `8elore ||e lrcarra||or |e Was |r ||e lorr ard
equa|||y ol ||e la||er, ou| |r ||e ||re ol ||e lrcarra||or |e rece|ved ||e 3p|r||
lror |eaver ard Was sarc||l|ed |||e o||ers.'
1
lr|or |o ||e lrcara||or ore
cou|d ro| ascr|oe |urar exper|erces |o ||e sor, ou| W|er |e oecare rar
|e exper|erced suller|rg, |urger, ard lor ||a| reasor |e car oe sa|d |o |ave
rece|ved ||e lo|y 3p|r|| as d|d o||er rer. 0l course, Cyr|| ||er goes or |o
s|oW, W||| ||e use ol ||e Adar |ragery, ||a| ||ere Was a reasor W|y ||e
3p|r|| descerded or C|r|s|. le Was ||e l|rs| rar |r W|or |e cou|d orce
aga|r |a|e roo| ard rera|r arorg |urar oe|rgs.
0re |as| ||er ol Cyr||'s exeges|s ol ||e r| Was |o prov|de a cors|s|er|
|r|erpre|a||or ol ||e rary |ex|s ||a| |ad oeer d|spu|ed |r ||e decades ||a|
||e doc|r|re ol ||e Tr|r||y Was oe|rg deoa|ed across ||e C|urc|. 8y ||e ||re
Cyr|| Was Wr|||rg ros| ol ||e ||eo|og|ca| |ssues corcerr|rg ||e doc|r|re ol
||e Tr|r||y |ad oeer se|||ed ard ||e o|o||ca| oas|s lor ||e C|urc|'s |eac||rg Was
We|| es|ao||s|ed. e| ||e 8|o|e |s ro| a co||ec||or ol arc|er| |ex|s
s|ored |r a ||orary. l| |s a ooo| ||a| Was read |r ||e c|urc|es ard ||e la|||lu|
cor||rued |o |ear ard read ||ose |ex|s ||a| |ad oeer d|spu|ed |r prev|ous
gerera||ors. T| us ||ere Was a cor||ru|rg reed lor o|s|ops |o s|oW |oW ||e
C|urc|'s |eac||rg Was roo|ed |r ||e 3cr|p|ures, |oW spec|l|c |ex|s Were |o oe
491
urders|ood |r ||g|| ol ||e Creed ard ||e sacrarer|s, |o s|oW |oW passages
|r ore ooo| ol ||e 8|o|e Were re|a|ed |o passages |r o||er ooo|s. Cyr||'s
correr|ary or ||e 0ospe| ol Jo|r |s ol erorrous s|gr|l|carce |r ||e ||s|ory
1. 3ee l. beraud|r, `le ||eo|og|e de sa|r| Cyr|||e d'A|exardr|e d'aprs sa|r|
T|oras,' bT|or ( ). - , ( ). - . 1811o1;18|z1111zo
1|. Corr. |r loarr. . - (lusey, . ). 1z 11;o
1. Corr. |r loarr. . - (lusey, . ). 11z 11;
Cyr|| ol A|exardr|a 8o
ol exeges|s oecause || |s ||e l|rs| ||oroug|go|rg Tr|r||ar|ar |r|erpre|a||or
ol ||e er||re 0ospe|.
lr Cyr||'s day, |oWever, a reW d|spu|e |ad ar|ser corcerr|rg ||e doc|r|re
ol C|r|s|, lr |||s cor|roversy |oo appears very ruc| ||e exege|e (as We||
as po|er|c|s|), ard ||s c||el cor|r|ou||or |o ||e deoa|es Was |o preser| ar
overa|| |r|erpre|a||or ol ||e r| accour| ol C|r|s|, par||cu|ar|y ||e |||rgs sa|d
aoou| ||r |r ||e gospe|s. T| e ros| |rpor|ar| s|a|erer| ol Cyr||'s pr|rc|p|e
occurs |r ||e lour|| ara||era |r ||s |||rd |e||er |o Nes|or|us. Cyr|| Wr||es.
`w|oever a||oca|es ||e |errs cor|a|red |r ||e gospe|s ard apos|o||c Wr|||rgs ard
app||ed |o C|r|s| oy ||e sa|r|s or used ol ||rse|l oy ||rse|l |o |Wo
persors or suojec|s ard a||ac|es sore |o ||e rar cors|dered separa|e|y lror
||e word ol 0od, sore as d|v|re |o ||e word ol 0od ||e la||er a|ore, s|a||
oe ara||era.
1o
w|a| |s a| |ssue |ere |s |oW ore |s |o urders|ard passages
suc| as lu|e . , |a|| . , Jo|r . , or leo . ll. Are ||ey |o oe zz z;|o 1|z8 1
urders|ood a relerr|rg |o ||e d|v|re word W|o |as oecore rar or does ore
|r|erpre| ||er as relerr|rg so|e|y |o ||e |urar ra|ure ol C|r|s|?
Cyr|| |rs|s|ed ||a| ore cou|d ro| urders|ard ||e gospe|s W|||ou| recogr|z|rg ||a|
a|| ||e |||rgs sa|d ol C|r|s| are spo|er aoou| ||e d|v|re word
|rcarra|e. T| e 3cr|p|ures a|Ways corce|ve ol C|r|s|, W|e||er dep|c|ed as
word or 3or or |ess|a| or lord or Jesus, as ore persor ard ore suojec| ol
pred|ca||or. w|e||er ||e gospe|s are spea||rg aoou| d|v|re ac|s, e.g., |ea||rg ||e
s|c| or s|||||rg a s|orr, or |urar ac|s, groW|rg |r W|sdor or lee||rg
lorsa|er oy 0od, a|| are a||r|ou|ed |o ||e sare suojec|, ||e d|v|re word W|o
||ved arorg |urar oe|rgs. lr Cyr||'s Words. `A|| ||e say|rgs cor|a|red |r ||e
0ospe|s rus| oe relerred |o a s|rg|e persor, |o ||e ore |rcarra|e suojec| ol
||e word. lor accord|rg |o ||e 8|o|e ||ere |s ore |ord, Jesus C|r|s|.'
1;
A good |||us|ra||or ol |oW |||s pr|rc|p|e Wor|s ou| car oe seer |r ||e
|r|erpre|a||or ol leo , |r par||cu|ar ||e p|rase `rade ||r.'
18
Ar|ar exege|es
|oo| ||ese Words |o rear ||a| ||e `sor |s crea|ed,' |erce ||ey saW leo as
ar argurer| aga|rs| ||e d|v|r||y ol C|r|s|. lr a serror preac|ed or |||s
|ex| Nes|or|us soug|| |o ree| ||e Ar|ar exeges|s oy argu|rg ||a| ||a| |ex|
does ro| reler |o ||e d|v|re word ou| |o ||e rar Jesus. lrred|a|e|y pr|or |o
|||s passage 3|. lau| |ad sa|d ||a| C|r|s| |s `rade |||e ||s ore||rer |r every
respec|.' Accord|rg |o Nes|or|us, |||s |rd|ca|es ||a| ||e |ex| relers |o Jesus.
1o. Fp. (T| |rd le||er |o Nes|or|us) |r l|ore| b. w|c||ar, Cyr|| ol A|exardr|a. 1;
3e|ec| le||ers(0xlord. ), - . 18o1
1;. w|c||ar, - . z|z
18. 0r |||s |ex|, see booer| l. w|||er, `Trad|||or, Fxeges|s ard ||e
C|r|s|o|og|ca|
Cor|rovers|es,' C|l( ). - . 1o1z
8o|N|re T| e lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury 0ree| C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
0oes ro| lau| say ||a| || |s `ro| W||| arge|s ||a| |e |s corcerred ou| W||| ||e
descerdar|s ol Aora|ar'? T| e `god|ead' |s ro| ||e seed ol Aora|ar W|o
sullers. T| |s passage |s |o oe urders|ood |r ||e Way ore |r|erpre|s lu|e . . zz
T| ere We read. `Jesus |rcreased |r W|sdor ard s|a|ure.' T| erelore, corc|udes
Nes|or|us. `lurar||y Was aro|r|ed . . . ro| ||e d|v|r||y. T| |s ore [Jesus| |s |e
W|o |s rade a la|||lu| pr|es| |o 0od lor |e oecare a pr|es| ard d|d ro| ex|s|
as suc| lror e|err||y.'
1
Cyr|| ||oug|| ||a| Nes|or|us' exeges|s corlourded ||e o|o||ca| accour|
ol C|r|s|. lor Cyr|| || |s esser||a| ||a| ||e |r|erpre|a||or ol ||e 8|o|e oe cors|s|er|,
ard || car oe cors|s|er| or|y |l ore reads ||e 8|o|e |r ||e ||g|| ol ||s
overa|| s|opos. w||| respec| |o ||e 0ospe|s |||s rears ||a| ||ey dep|c| ||e
d|v|re word urder ||e cord|||ors ol |urar ||le ard exper|erce. T| e persor
preser|ed |r ||e gospe|s |s a |urar oe|rg, ou| ro| a rere |urar oe|rg.
C|r|s|, accord|rg |oCyr||'s |r|erpre|a||or, |s ||e e|erra| 3or ser| lror 0od.
w|er ||e 3cr|p|ures spea| aoou| ||e |urar exper|erces ol Jesus || |s ||e
||e logos W|o |s suojec| ol ||e exper|erces. To say, |oWever, ||a| C|r|s|
sullered, ||a| |e greW |r W|sdor, ||a| |e Was aoardored oy ||e la||er carro|
rear ||e sare |||rg ||a| suc| exper|erces rear lor o||er |urar oe|rgs.
T| |s |s W|y ||e secord Adar Was suc| a corger|a| Way ol spea||rg aoou|
492
C|r|s|. ||e rar W|ose ||le |s dep|c|ed |r ||e gospe|s |s a |urar oe|rg |||e
o||ers, lor |e |s Adar, ou| |e |s rore ||ar Adar, lor |e |s ||e secord Adar,
a ur|que rar arorg rer, ore W|o d|d W|a| ro o||er rar cou|d do. le
Was ||e rar lror |eaver.
Corc|us|or
Cyr||'s exeges|s |s se|dor |d|osyrcra||c. w|e||er |e |s expourd|rg a s|ory
aoou| |oses or ore ol ||e pa|r|arc|s, ar orac|e lror ||e prop|e|s, a ||eo|og|ca|
|ex| lror 3|. lau|, or ar |rc|der| |r ||e ||le ol Jesus lror ||e gospe|s,
||s ||ere rera|rs ||e sare. ||e res|ora||or ol la||er |urar||y |r C|r|s|.
0re carro| read |org |r ary ol Cyr||'s correr|ar|es W|||ou| cor|rg across
sore lorr ol ||e s|a|erer| lourd a| ||e erd ol ||s expos|||or ol ||e `roc|
||a| Was s|ruc|'. `lr C|r|s| We o|oor aga|r |o reWress ol ||le.' lor Cyr|| ||e
rereWa| ol a|| |||rgs |r C|r|s| |s ||e cer|ra| s|opos ol ||e 8|o|e.
3|. lau| prov|ded Cyr|| W||| ||e |ey |o ||e |r|erpre|a||or ol ||e 8|o|e. 8u|
||s lau| Was ro| ||e lau| ol 3|. Augus||re, ||e lau| ol bor or bor (ror ;
||e lau| ol jus||l|ca||or oy la|||), || Was ||e lau| ol bor , ol Cor ard ol 1 1
1. 3ee lr|edr|c| lools, Nes|or|ara(la||e. ), - . 1ozzo
Cyr|| ol A|exardr|a 8o
zCor . lror lau| Cyr|| |earred |o spea| ol ||e secord Adar, ||e |eaver|y
rar, a reW crea||or ard, ros| ol a||, ||e cer|ra|||y ol ||e besurrec||or |r
||e o|o||ca| rarra||ve. A| ||e sare ||re, ||e gospe|s, par||cu|ar|y ||e 0ospe|
ol Jo|r, ollered ||r a corcre|e ard ruarced por|ra|| ol W|a| || rear| lor
||e e|erra| 3or ol 0od, C|r|s| ||e secord Adar, |o ||ve a |urar ||le. As
werrer F|er| orce ooserved, `Cyr||'s dep|c||or ol C|r|s| (C|r|s|uso||d) |s as
||s|or|ca| or ur||s|or|ca| as ||a| ol ||e 0ospe| ol Jo|r.'
zoo
lor Cyr|| ||e secord Adar |s ||eo|og|ca| rea|||y as We|| as ar exege||ca|
|oo|. T| e suojec| ol Cyr||'s exeges|s |s rever s|rp|y ||e |ex| ||a| |s oelore ||r,
|| |s a|Ways ||e rys|ery ol C|r|s|. le |s |ess |r|eres|ed |r urders|ard|rg W|a|
|oses or Zec|ar|a| or lau| or |a|||eW `rear|' ||ar |e |s |r urders|ard|rg
W|a| C|r|s| rears. Fxeges|s |s ar occas|or |o d|scuss C|r|s| as |aug|| |r ||e
c|urc|'s creeds ard Wors||pped |r ||e c|urc|'s |||urgy.
C|r|s| |s Cyr||'s |rue suojec| ra||er. e| W|||ou| ||e 8|o|e ||ere |s ro |a||
ol C|r|s|. Cyr|| |reW ro Way |o spea| ol C|r|s| ||ar |r ||e Words ol ||e
8|o|e, ard ro Way |o |r|erpre| ||e Words ol ||e 8|o|e ||ar ||roug| C|r|s|.
l|s o|o||ca| Wr|||rgs are correr|ar|es or C|r|s| ard or|y |l ore reads ||er
|r ||a| sp|r|| car ore apprec|a|e ||s s|gr|l|carce as |r|erpre|er ol ||e 8|o|e.
Fd|||ors
l0 - = l0 . g|ap|., 0r.-0|, lr. Kgs, ls., lr. 3g., l0 . ls., lr. Jer., lg. 8ar., o;; o ;o
lr. Fz., lr. 0r., l0 . lr. ||., l0 ard . lr. l|. ;z ;z ;;
|or. l| - . J. 8. C|aoo|, C3C0 (3yr|ac), b. |. Torreau, C3C0 18o ;o 1|o
(la||r).
l0 , - |or. d|v. ;;81111o
C|r. ur.. 0. |. de 0urard, 3C ( ). ;1o|
d|a|. Tr|r. - . 0. |. de 0urard, 3C ( ), ( ), ( ). 1; z11;oz;1;;z|o1;8
ep.. l. b. w|c||ar, 3e|ec| le||ers. lordor . 18
Trars|a||ors
Frg||s|
C|r. ur.. J. A. |c0uc||r, NeW or| . 1|
0|od.. l. F. lusey, lordor . 1881
Nes|.. l. F. lusey, lordor . 1881
ep.. w|c||ar. aoove. J. l. |cFrerrey, was||rg|or . J. A. |c0uc||r, 18;
le|der (W||| exp|. Xll cap., sc|o|. |rc.) 1|
zoo. werrer F|er|, 0er Ausgarg der a||||rc|||c|er C|r|s|o|og|e(8er||r. ), . 1;z
8ooN|re T| e lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury 0ree| C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
Jr . - . T. barde||, lordor . o11z 188
sc|o|. |rc.. C. Coryoeare, lordor . 1o;
cor. lc. b. layre 3r|||, lordor = . 18 18
lrerc|
0. |. de 0urard. aoove.
l|a||ar
d|a|. Tr|r.. A. Ca|a|do, bore . 1z
Jr. l. leore, vo|s., bore . 1|
bor., v. uger||, bore . 11
|aes|r|, 0. ard v. 3axer, C|r|||o e 0|ovarr| d| 0erusa|erre. Ca|ec|es|
preoa||es|ra|| e r|s|agog|c|e. lr|roduc||or ard No|es oy v. 3axer. |||ar
1|.
3|ud|es
A||a, w. l. `0|scours pour |a le|e de |a cro|x a||r|oue 3. Cyr|||e d'A|exardr|e.
Tex|e
correr|e, ed||e e| |radu||.' 0C ( ). - . ;111oo;
Arrerdr|z, l. |. F| Nuevo |o|ses. 0|rr|ca cr|s|ocer|r|ca er |a ||po|og|a de C|r.
A|ej. Fs|ud|os 0r|erses , , . 1o
493
Auo|reau, |. `Frprur|s de lroc|us de Cors|ar||rop|e Cyr|||e d'A|exardr|e,
dars
sor lore||e XXll, lr |||ud 'F| pos|quar corsurra|| sur| d|es oc|o . . .' (lc
z. ).' lr ls. A. var boey, Al|er C|a|cedor, - , . zz1 z|18
. `les 'Ca|erae |r lucar' de J. beuss e| Cyr|||e d'A|exardr|e.' 8yZ ( ). 8o18;
- z|;.
8ou|ro|s, |.-0. le paradoxe |r|r||a|re c|ez Cyr|||e d'A|exardr|e. lerrereu||que,
ara|yses p|||osop||ques e| argurer|a||or ||eo|og|que. Co||ec||or des F|udes
Augus||r|erres. 3er|e Ar||qu||e . lar|s, . 1| 1|
8rouWer, A. de. `l'|eure de |a parla||e corra|ssarce. Traduc||or du Correr|a|re
de
3. Cyr|||e d'A|exardr|e sur Jear . - .' 8vC ( ). - . 1ozz| z18|1||
8urg|ard|, w. T| e lrage ol 0od |r |ar accord|rg |o Cyr|| ol A|exardr|a.
woods|oc|.
woods|oc| Co||ege, . 1;
Carores, A. la do||r|ra esege||ca d| C|r|||o d'A|essardr|a. 0|ss., |||ar. ur|v.
Ca||o||ca, . 18|
Cyr|||us A|ex. `lor|||a de |e|c||sedec|.' lr 0esc||c||e der lurrer, vo|. , - 1|8
, z
1oz.
0o|er|y, J. J. 3cr|p|ure ard 3o|er|o|ogy |r ||e C|r|s|o|og|ca| 3ys|er ol 3|. Cyr|| ol
A|exardr|a.0|ss., lord|ar ur|vers||y, . 1z
0r|esser, w. C. l. `ur correr|a|re arrer|er d'Fzec||e| lausserer| a||r|oue
3a|r| Cyr|||e d'A|exardr|e.'b8 ( ). - . o81o1z1o1
0upre |a Tour, A. 0oxa dars |es correr|a|res exege||ques de Cyr|||e
d'A|exardr|e.
0|ss., 0regor|ara, . 18
Cyr|| ol A|exardr|a 8o;
. `la doxa du C|r|s| dars |es oeuvres exege||ques de 3. Cyr|||e d'A|exardr|e.'
b3b
|8( ). - , ( ). - . 1ooz1||1o1o8|
la||ca, l. l Correr|ar| a 0|ovarr| d| Teodoro d| |opsues||a e d| C|r|||o d| A|es
sardr|a. Corlror|o lra re|od| esege||c| e |eo|og|c|. 3|ud|a Fp|erer|d|s
Augus||r|arur . bore. lrs|||u|ur la|r|s||cur 'Augus||r|arur,' . z 188
lerraro, 0. lo 3p|r||o 3ar|o re| uar|o varge|o. l correr|| d| 0r|gere, 0|ovarr|
Cr|sos|oro, Teodoro d| |opsues||a e C|r|||o d| A|essardr|a. 0CA . bore. z|o
lor||l|c|o ls|||u|o 0r|er|a|e, . 1
0eorerd||r, F. l|le-0|v|rg 8|ess|rg. Ar lrqu|ry |r|o ||e Fuc|ar|s||c 0oc|r|re ol
Cyr||
ol A|exardr|a.0|ss., uppsa|a, . 1;;
0reer, b. A. `T| e use ol 3cr|p|ure |r ||e Nes|or|ar Cor|roversy.' 3JT| zo
( ). 1o;
- |1zz.
. T| e Cap|a|r ol 0ur 3a|va||or. A 3|udy |r ||e la|r|s||c Fxeges|s ol leoreWs
(0r|ger's use, Ar|ar Cor|rov., A||aras|us, Cappadoc|ars, T| eodore's T| eo|.
ard
Fxeges|s, C|rysos|oros & T| eodore|, Cyr|| & Nes|or|us). 8e||r0esc|8|o|Fxeg.
1` . Tuo|rger. |o|r, . 1;
0u|ro|, J.-N. `l'exegse du oouc er|ssa|re c|ez Cyr|||e d'A|exardr|e e|
T|eodore| de
Cyr.' Aug ( ). - . z8188ooo
lardy, F. b. TbF . - , o|o||ograp|y. 8z|oo
Jouassard, 0. bAC . - , o|o||ograp|y. |1o
Ka|osy, l. `A C|r|s||ar |r|erpre|a||or ol ||e sur-d|s| (Cyr|| A. |r a Cop||c |or||y).'
lr ls. J. Zardee, - , . ;z;18z
Kerr|gar, A. 3. Cyr|||us A|exardr|rus, lr|erpre|er ol ||e 0|d Tes|arer|. 0|ss.,
lor|.
lrs|. 8|o|., . 1|
. 3|. Cyr|| ol A|exardr|a lr|erpre|er ol ||e 0|d Tes|arer|. Ara|ec|a o|o||ca . z
bore.
lor||l|c|o ls|||u|o 8|o||co, . 1z
. `T| e oojec|s ol ||e |||era| ard sp|r||ua| serses ol ||e NT accord|rg |o 3|. Cyr||
ol A|exardr|a.' 3|la|r ( ). - . 11;|;|
Koer, l. T| e 3av|rg lass|or. lrcarra||ora| ard 3o|er|o|og|ca| T| oug|| |r Cyr||
ol
A|exardr|a's Correr|ary or ||e 0ospe| accord|rg |o 3|. Jo|r. Ac|a ur|vers||a||s
upsa||ers|s, 3|ud|a 0oc|r|rae C|r|s||arae upsa||ersa . uppsa|a. A|rqv|s| & 1
w|s|e||, . 11
. `lar||||ve Fxeges|s |r Cyr|| ol A|exardr|a's Correr|ary or ||e 0ospe|
accord|rg |o 3|. Jo|r.' 3|la|r ( ). - . z111z1
largev|r, 0. `le ||re de |'|rcorrup||o||||e dars |e correr|a|re de 3. Cyr|||e
d'A|ex. sur |'Fv. se|or 3. Jear.' 3cFc ( ). - . 81oz1o
les|rs||, |. `'w|e oesc|aller |s| der 8o|e 0o||es?' Cyr||| vor A|exardr|er zur
lersor des lrop|e|er |a|eac||.' lr lor|zor|e der C|r|s|er|e||. ls. lur lr|edr|c|
494
leyer zu se|rer , 0eour|s|ag. Fd||ed oy |. Ko||oac|er ard |. les|rs||. 8
0||oror|a . le|rs|u|| lur 0esc||c||e urd T| eo|og|e des c|r|s|||c|er 0s|ers, |
Fr|arger, - , . 1z|1|
8o8N|re T| e lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury 0ree| C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
lev|r, 3. `[|| . | A care| or a cao|e ||roug| a reed|e's eye?' lr lacus lorur, 1z|
- |oo1, - . 18;188
loul, A. `Caper er|ssar|us (lev ) u| |ypus bederp|or|s apud la|res (ls. 8arr., 1o
Jus|., Ter|., 0r|g., Cyr. A|.).' v0 ( ). - . 81oozoz;;
lyorre|, 3. `3. Cyr|||us A|exardr|rus e| Cor . .' 8|o ( ). - . z 1; z11z1
|aro|r, l. du. `la scre de Cara correr|ee par 3. Cyr|||e d'A|exardr|e.' lr 0e
pr|rord||s cu||us rar|ar|, vo|. , - . lor|. Acad. |ar., . 1oz 1;o
. `les lrer|ers verse|s du qua|r|re Fv. correr|es par Cyr|||e d'A|exardr|e.'
Ar|or|arur( ). 1;1
|arzore, A. la do||r|ra de||o 3p|r||o 3ar|o re||'lr Jo. d| 3. C|r|||o d| A|essardr|a.
0|ss., lor|. ur|v. 0regor|ara, - . 1o1;o
|arger|e, 8. de. `l'exegse c|r|s|o|og|que de sa|r| Cyr|||e d'A|exardr|e.' NbT|
| 11z
1oz| ( ). - . 18o|ooz
|azas, J. `la ra|er|a |rcardescer|e, ura |rager cr|s|o|og|ca er 3ar C|r||o de
A|ejardr|a.' le|r ( ). - . |1z1z8
|erca||, 0. 0sservaz|or| a lroer| de| 3a||er|o d| 0r|geres, lppo|||o, Fuseo|o,
C|r|||o
A|essardr|ro e a||r|. 3Tes||, . 1|8
. 0sservaz|or| a lroer| de| 3a||er|o d| 0r|geres, lppo|||o, Fuseo|o, C|r|||o
A|essardr|ro e a||r| cor lrarrer|| |red|||. 8|o||o|eca Apos|o||ca va||cara . 1|z
3|ud| e Tes||, . 18
|eyerdorll, J. `F E(bor . ) c|ez Cyr|||e d'A|exardr|e e| T| eodore|.' 1z
3|la|r
lv ( ). - . 1o11;o1
|urc|-laoac|er, 0. Na|ur|al|es urd gesc||c||||c|es 0er|er oe| Cyr||| vor
A|exardr|er. 0|e versc||ederer 8e|rac||urgsWe|ser der le||sverW|r|||c|urg |r
se|rer
Jo|arres-Korrer|ar. lered||as. 3|ud|er zur A||er K|rc|ergesc||c||e, . 8orr. 1o
8orergasser, . 1o
larv|s, l. |. `T| e Correr|ary or leoreWs ard ||e Cor|ra T| eodorur ol Cyr||
ol
A|exardr|a.' JT| 3 ( ). - . zo1;|11
lazz|r|, 0. `l| lro|ogo d| 0|ovarr| |r 0r|gere e C|r|||o A||esardr|ro. ur corlror|o.'
lr 0r|ger|ara 3ex|a. 0r|gre e| |a 8|o|e|0r|ger ard ||e 8|o|e. Ac|es
du Co||oqu|ur 0r|ger|arur 3ex|ur. C|ar||||y, aou| - sep|erore , o 1
- o1;z. Fd||ed oy 0. 0or|va| ard A. le 8ou||uec, W||| ||e co||aoora||or ol
|. A|exardre, |. ledou, A. lour||er, ard J. wo||rs||. louva|r. lee|ers, . 1
. l| pro|ogo d| 0|ovarr| |r C|r|||o d| A|essardr|a. 3|ud| o|o||c| . 8resc|a. 11o
la|de|a,
1;.
lerra, A. `la |e||era a| Co|osses| re| d|a|og|| cr|s|o|og|c| d| 3. C|r|||o
d'A|essardr|a.'
lr Cr|s|o|og|a |r 3ar lao|o. A||| de||a XXlll 3e|||rara 8|o||ca, - . 8resc|a, z8
1;o.
lerracc||o, |. C. `'uas| ursa rap||s ca|u||s.' 0s . re||'eseges| d| 0ero|aro e 18
C|r|||o d| A|essardr|a.' ve|C|r ( ). - . z11|oz
l|||||ps, J. F. `Frasrus, Cyr||, ard ||e Arro|a||ores or Jo|r.' 8lb ( ). o188
- . 81|
b|c|ard, |. `les |ra||es de 3. Cyr|||us A|exardr|rus, cor|re 0|odore de Tarse e|
Cyr|| ol A|exardr|a 8o
T| eodore de |opsues|e e| |es lragrer|s dogra||ques de 0|odore de Tarse.'
lages - |r |e|arges ded|es |a rero|re de l. 0ra|l. lar|s, . 11o 1|o
bosa, l. 0|| occ|| de| corpo e g|| occ|| de||a rer|e. C|r|||o A|essardr|ro. |es||
errereu||c|. Fp|lar|a de||a laro|a . 8o|ogra. F08, . 1
boss|, |. A. `0sservaz|or| su| correr|o a| 3a|r| d| C|r|||o ed||o da Arge|a |a|.'
0rp| ( ). - . |1811oz|
. `Arcora su| 'Correr|o a| 3a|r|' d| C|r|||o. A propos||o d| ur recer|e |avoro
su|
correr|ar| pa|r|s||c| a| sa||er|o.'A3F ( ). - . 118||1
buc|er, A., 0|e lu|as-lor|||er des Cyr|||s vor A|exardr|er. 8res|au . 111
3auer, J. 0|e Fxegese des Cyr||| vor A|ex. rac| se|rer Correr|ar zur Jo|.-Fv.
0|ss.,
lre|ourg, . 1o
3auge|, J.-|. `Nouve||es |ore||es duCorr. sur |'Fv. de 3. luc de Cyr|||e d'A|ex.
dars |eur |raduc||or syr|aque.' 0CA ( ). - . 1;1;||o
3axer, v. `Cyr||| vor Jerusa|er urd d|e le|||ge 3c|r|l|. was er vor ||r |e|r| urd
W|e er s|e georauc||,' pages - |r Fxegese urd ||re lerrereu||| |r Ar|||e ||o
urd C|r|s|er|ur, les|sc|r|l|lur Frrs| 0assrar (Ja|rouc| lur Ar|||e urd
C|r|s|er|ur. Frgarzurgsoard ). Fds. 0. 3c|o||ger urd C. 3c|o||er. |urs|er. z
495
Asc|erdorllsc|e ver|agsouc||ard|urg, . 1o
3r|||, b. l. 3a|r| Cyr|| ol A|exardr|a, (3yr|ac) correr|ary or ||e gospe| ol 3a|r|
lu|e. As|or|a N... 3|ud|or, = . 18 118
3pa|aro, b. `la les|a de||'lrcarraz|ore. Fseges| d| C|r|||o d'A||essardr|a a luca
. - |1o
z1.' lr Fseges| e ca|ec|es| re| ladr| (secc. lv-vll). Corvegro d| s|ud|o e
agg|orrarer|o, laco|| d| le||ere cr|s||are e c|ass|c|e (lor|. lrs|. A|||or|s
la||r||a||s), bora
- zz;rarzo , - . Fd||ed oy 3. le||c|. 83be| . bore. lA3, . 1;8z 11z 1|
v|ar, 0. |. `l'|r|roduz|ore d| C|r|||o d'A|essardr|a a| correr|o de| sa|ro
o,' pages - |r 3cr|||| C|ass|c| e cr|s||ar| oller|| a lrarcesco Corsaroed. ;|;
Carre|o Cur|| e Carre|o Cr|r|. Car|ar|a. laco|| d| le||ere e l||osol|a,
ur|vers||a deg|| 3|ud| d| Car|ar|a, . 1|
vog|, l. J. `Fxegese der A|exardr|rer urd der Ar||oc|erer'. ls. F. 0assrarr,
JAC.
F. ( ) - . z1o;o
vooous, A., 0|scover|es or ||e Correr|ary ol lu|e oy Cyr||. 3|oc||o|r . 1;
we|sc|er, F. `0|e a|||op|sc|er lsa|rer- urd er|oslragrer|e |r Frevar,
Arrer|er
(er|os = Cyr|||us A|ex.) (ls . - . ).' 0rC|r ( ). - . 8oo88; 1o118
w|c||ar, l. b. `T| e 3ors ol 0od ard ||e 0aug||ers ol |er. 0er . |r Far|y oz
C|r|s||ar Fxeges|s.' 0T3 ( ). - . 11;|1|;
w|||er, b. l. `Fxeges|s ard ||e l|s|ory ol T|eo|ogy. bel|ec||ors or ||e
AdarC|r|s| Typo|ogy |r Cyr|| ol A|exardr|a.' C|l ( ). - . 1oo1o
. Juda|sr ard ||e Far|y C|r|s||ar ||rd. A 3|udy ol Cyr|| ol A|exardr|a's
Fxeges|s
ard T| eo|ogy. a|e luo||ca||ors |r be||g|or . NeW laver. a|e ur|vers||y 1
lress, . 1;1
w|||erspoor, l. l. T| e 0ospe| Tex| ol Cyr|| ol A|exardr|a. 0|ss, 8os|or
ur|vers||y,
1oz.
8;oN|re T| e lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury 0ree| C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
Xlll
l3l00bF 0l lFlu3lu| CA. 355CA. 435
ls|dore rece|ved a lu|| r|e|or|ca| |ra|r|rg |r le|us|ur, |r ||e N||e 0e||a. very
poss|o|y, |e ||ved lor sore ||re |r A|exardr|a W|ere || |s a|so poss|o|e ||a| |e
oe|orged |o ||e c|rc|e ol ||e p|||osop|er lypa||a oelore es|ao||s||rg ||rse|l
|r le|us|ur W||| rary s|uder|s as a proless|ora| sop||s|. l|s l| rs| roras||c
exper|erce |ed ||r |o ||e deser| ol N||r|a W|ere ||e |egacy ol 0r|ger s||||
cor||rued |o los|er |earred lorrs ol sp|r||ua| exeges|s |r cor|ras| W||| ||e
|||era||s|c |rerd ol 3ce|e. Nared asd|das|a|os, ||e oll| c|a| |eac|er |r ||e
|oca| c|urc| ol le|us|ur, ls|dore Was prooao|y orda|red pr|es| oy 8|s|op
Arror|os. 3oor al|er , a corl||c| W||| 8|s|op Fuseo|us, ||e successor |1
ol Arror|os, drove ||r |r|o a roras|ery rear le|us|ur W|ere lor over
lor|y years |e ded|ca|ed ||e res| ol ||s ||le |o prayer ard |r|e||ec|ua| Wor|.
lor |rs|arce |e cop|ed ||e W|o|e ol ||e 8|o|e, as We|| as ore |urdred ard
l|l|y-s|x Wr|||rgs ol Jo|r C|rysos|or, W|or |e |e|d |r grea| adr|ra||or.
le Was |r|erse|y |rvo|ved as a course|or |r sp|r||ua| ard e|||ca| ra||ers, ard
||s corresporderce cors|||u|es a corpus ol |Wo ||ousard |e||ers |r 0ree|,
|rarsr|||ed |r ruroered co||ec||ors.
As ar exege|e, ls|dore d|d ro| Wr||e ary correr|ar|es, ou| |e |aug||
scr|p|ure as d|das|a|osarsWer|rg rurerous exege||ca| ques||ors |r ||s |e||ers.
le d|s||rgu|s|ed oe|Weer ||e oov|ous or |||era| rear|rg (W||c| d|d
ro| exc|ude |rad|||ora| |ypo|ogy) ard ||e deeper rear|rg ol scr|p|ure, ||e
rys||ca| ||eor|a, ||dder |r ||e |ex|, or|y ava||ao|e lor rys||c |r|erpre|ers, ard
occas|ora||y ca|||rg lor a||egor|es. T| e e|erer|s ol ||a| exeges|s, d|verse ard
|r|erse|y pas|ora|, Wereco||ec|ed lor ||e l|rs| ||re oy l. Fv|eux ( ), lror 1;
W|ose researc| ||e preser| ro||ce der|ves (see a|so Fv|eux , - ). 1o;
T| e lo||oW|rg quo|a||ors revea| sore|||rg ol ls|dore's s|y|e ard corcerrs.
le| us d|scerr |r ||e prop|e|s W|a| |s sa|d aoou| C|r|s| ard 3o|oror . . . We
s|ou|d ro| lorce ||e prop|ec|es . . . |e| us urders|ard W|a|
|as oeer sa|d accord|rg |o ||e ||s|or|aard adr|| W|a| |as oeer
prop|es|ed accord|rg |o ||e ||eor|aW|||ou| press|rg W|a| |as c|ear|y
oeer sa|d ||s|or|ca||y, |r order |o see |r || a ||eor|a, ou| a|so W|||ou|
reduc|rg |o ar ||s|or|ca| rear|rg W|a| oov|ous|y reeds |o oe 'cor|erp|a|ed.''
( = , cl. ) 1;| |zo 11
Aryore W|o |r|es |o |r|erpre| ||e rear|rg ol ||e sacred scr|p|ures |s
|r reed ol a roo|e ard pere|ra||rg |arguage, a p|ous ard |o|y |||r||rg. 0re rus|
lo||oW ||e scr|p|ures, ro| precede ||er, ror press ||e|r
rear|rg, |r accordarce W||| ||e|r oWr W|||. lor ||ose W|o dare |o
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| la|s|ly ||er or |o |r|erpre| ||er 8;1
Wrorg|y expose ||erse|ves |o a darger ||e rore rea| as || corcerrs ||e|r very
sou|s. ( ) 1oz
Fd|||ors
496
l0 . ;8
Fv|eux, l.. 3C ( ). |zz1;
Trars|a||ors
Fv|eux, aoove.
3|ud|es
8ar|e||r|, 0. J. |. `0os\o e| ses syroryres c|ez ls|dore de le|use.'
v|gC|r 1z
( ). - . 18zz;1
. `0oserva||ors s|y||s||ques e| ||rgu|s||ques c|ez ls|dore de le|use'. v|gC|r 18
( ). - . 1o|1o8o
8ooer. l., 0e ar|e |errereu||ca. ls|dor| le|us|o|ae. CracoW . 18;8
Fv|eux, l., ed.,ls|dore de le|use(T| l ). lar|s . 1
. ls|dore de le|use. le||res, l. le||res - . lr|roduc||or gerera|e, |ex|e 1z1|1|1
cr|||que, |raduc||or e| ro|es (3C ). lar|s . |zz 1;
lerre|ro, A. `'l|rguarur d|vers||a|e'. 8aoe| ard ler|ecos| |r learder's |or||y a|
||e
|||rd courc|| ol To|edo.' lr Xlv Cer|erar|o de| corc|||o lll de To|edo - , 818
- z;|8. To|edo. Arzoo|spado de To|edo, . 11
lous|as, C., `3|. ls|dore ol le|us|ur ard ||e r|'. T|eo| | ( - ) - , ;81oo1o;;1
- zoz, - , = |r ore vo|ure, A||ers (a|| r| quo|a||ors ||s|ed |r |;zoo; 1o;
0ree|).
lr|c|e|, J. `l|ppo|y| vor bor. a|s lred|ger ver|arr|.' lr 3||ru||, ls. F.
0assrarr,
ed||ed oy 0. 3c|o||ger ard C. 3c|o||er, - . |urs|er. Asc|erdorll, . 1z|o 1o
le|d, 3. `ls|dor vor le|us|ur urd d|e 3c|r|l|'uoer das lr|es|er|ur' des Jo|arres
C|rysos|oros'. lKT| ( ). ;11
Joasap|, `3|. ls|dore Correr|a|or ol lo|y 3cr|p|ure' (|r buss|ar). 8ogo|ovs||j
vrer
l ( ) - , - . 11o1;z;8|
Ker|sc|, |. `No||zer zur lorru||er|urs| des Jo|arres C|rysos|oros urd ||rer
Nac|W|r|er oe| ls|dor vor le|us|or urd Ne||os vor Ar|yra, das voro||d der
(W||der) T|ere lur ra|urgerasses, |orre||es ver|a||er.' J08 ( ). - . |z1zz8
la Cava, l., `ura |e||era d| sar|' ls|doro le|us|o|a. Nuove cors|deraz|or| su||o
scopo
de||e paraoo|e'. 0T ( ) - (= le||er ). 1ozz ;;o
la|||, 0. a|. `l| 'sargue' |r 3. lrereo (lppo|||o, Fuseo|o, Fp|lar|o, 8as|||o, N|ssero,
ls|dore ol le|us|ur 8;1
8;zN|re T| e lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury 0ree| C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
Arroo|o, l|ar|o, Cr|so|ogo, ls|doro, Flrer).' lages - |r 3argue pa|r|s||ca e o|
ar||ropo|og|a o|o||ca re||a pa|r|s||ca. Fd||ed oy l. va|||or|. bore. l|a ur|ore l.
3argue, . 18z
|a|saro, b., `l'eseges| ve|ero|es|arer|ar|a d| ls|doro le|us|a|o. | ||or|
sap|erz|a||'.
Ko|ror|a (Napo||, ) - . | 18o;
|erca||, 0., `0ue suppos|e |e||ere d| 0|or|g| A|essardr|ro. No|e d| |e||era|ura
o|o||ca e cr|s||ara ar||ca'. 3|T . bore , - (= le||ers ard ). 1o18z8o 1o1
baros-l|ssor, 0. `0er F|rl|uss der so|er|o|og|sc|er Typo|og|e des 0r|geres |r
wer| ls|dors vor 3ev|||a ur|er oesorderer 8eruc|s|c|||gurg der 'uaes||ores
|r ve|us Tes|arer|ur.'' lr Typus, - , . 1o8o18z
b|ed|rger, u. `Neue lypo|yposer-lragrer|e oe| lseudo-Caesar|us (ca. |ca. o
) urd ls|dor vor le|us|ur.' ZNw ( ). - . 11oo1|o
b|||er, A. |., `3a|r| ls|dore de le|use'. 03p , ( ) - . ;z1;1zo;z1o
bur|a, 0. T., `l|||o ol A|exardr|a |r l|ve le||ers ol ls|dore ol le|us|ur'. 3|l|||or
( ) - . 11z1
. `'w|ere, |e|| re, |s ||e JeW . . .?,' 8as||, l|||o ard ls|dore ol le|us|ur'.
v|gC|r |o
( ) - . 1z1;z8
3c|r|d, A. 0|e C|r|s|o|og|e ls|dors vor le|us|ur. lre|ourg. lau|us-ver|ag, . 1|8
ve|azquez, A. J. `las c||as o|o||cas de| 0e |rs|||u||ore v|rg|rur de sar leardro de
3ev|||a.' lr Ac|es de| lXe s|rpos| de |a 3ecc|o Ca|a|ara de |a 3FFC, 3|. le||u de
0u|xo|s, - d'aor|| de . |reoa||s er |oror de v|rg|||o 8ejararo, ll, ed. per 11o 188
lerreres laroer|. Aurea saecu|a No. & , - . 8arce|ora. 3.F.F.C. 1 z;811
3ecc|o
Ca|a|ara & luo|. ur|vers||a| de 8arce|ora, . 11
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| Xlv 8;
lb0Clu3 0l C0N3TANTlN0llF 0. 44o
8|s|op ol Cors|ar||rop|e |r , lroc|us `rar|s arorg ||e oes| preac|ers ||
ol ||e 0ree| c|urc| |r ||e l|l|| cer|ury' (ou| |e r|ssed ||s er|ry |r ||e
TbF). T| e |der||l|ca||or ol ||s |or|||es |s s|||| |r process, ||e|r oes| |rver|ory
|av|rg oeer secured oy A. 3o||grac ( ). |os| ol ||e |or|||es Were 18o
de||vered or |||urg|ca| leas|s ol C|r|s|, W|||e0r. , , ard are ded|ca|ed |o 1 o
|ary, ||e l|rs| or ||e T|eo|o|os|av|rg oeer de||vered |r or |r ||e |z8 |z
preserce ol Nes|or|us. 0||er serrors, suc| as 0r. , , , are paregyr|cs. 181zoz
lroc|us's use ol scr|p|ure |s loreros| a dogra||c cor|r|ou||or |o ||e
497
creeda| del|r|||or ol Fp|esus , W|ose recep||or |e proro|ed W|||ou| |1
oecor|rg |oo |rvo|ved |r ||e c|r|s|o|og|ca| cor|roversy (0r|||re|er ). 1;
lr ||s C|urc| l|s|ory3ocra|es ce|eora|ed ||r as a peacera|er (vll , l0 |1
o;, c- a). 8z z
Cl0ll, - , cr|||ca| ed|||ors ard arc|er| vers|ors. 8oo1
Fd|||ors
l0 , - , , - , , - , , - . 11;1z1o81881oz;z;ooo8o8o
Arard, 0.. b8er ( ) - . 81|8zzo
Auo|reau, |.. 3C ( ) - . 18;1;z1818o
leroy, l. J., l'|or||e||que de lroc|us. bore . 1o;
budoerg, 3. ., `l'|ore||e pseudo-oas|||erre corso|a|or|a ad aegro|ur'.
|useor ( ) - . ;z1o1zz
Arr.. l0 , - . o8o;
ep. ad Jo|arrer Ar||oc|erur. l0 , - . J. |. C|erer| ard b. varder o8;;;
l|ae|se. CCl A ( ) . o 1;|z1
ep. ad |ax|rur deacorur. l0 , - . J. |. C|erer| ard b. varder o8;8o
l|ae|se. CCl A ( ) - . o 1;|zz
ep. ad 0orrur Ar||oc|erur. l0 , - . o8818|
3|ud|es
Auo|reau, |., `8||ar d'ure erque|e sur |es |ore||es de lroc|us de
Cors|ar||rop|e'.
bF0 ( ) - . 81;z;zo
. `C||a||ors de |'|ore||e de lroc|us, lr Na||v||a|er 3a|va|or|s(Cl0 ), dars oo8
ur l|or||ge c|r|s|o|og|que des lv
ee| v
e
s.' vC ( ). - . |11zozz
8;|N|re T| e lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury 0ree| C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
Caro, b., la |or||e||ca rar|ara er e| s|g|o v. vo|s., 0ay|or, 0||o. - . 1;11;
Frss||r, w., `lro||os, 8|sc|ol vor Kors|ar||rope|, - .' lbF . - . ||||o z1818o
0r|||re|er, A. Jesus C|r|s|us |r 0|auoer der K|rc|e, l ( ) - . 1;;z;o
3auge|, J. |., `ure |ore||e de lroc|us sur |'Ascers|or de No|re- 3e|greur'.
|useor
8z( ) - . 1o
3o||grac, A., `lroc|us'. 03p , ( ) - . 1zz18oz;|81
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| Xv 8;
lA0blAN 0. 440|450
ladr|ar |as oeer |der||l|ed W||| a 3yr|ar ror| ard pr|es|, ore ol ||e
corresporder|s ol N||us ol Arcyra, Cl0lll, , Fp|s|. ll, |x, lll, cxv|||, cc|xx|. oo|
l0 . . , J. 0r|ooror|, `la |rad|||or raruscr||e de sa|r| N||, l. la 8zz|;1o
correspordarce'. 3||or ( ) - , A. Careror, `T| e Au||er||c||y 111oz1zo;
ol ||e le||ers ol 3. N||us ol Arcyra'. 0b83 ( ) - . wr|||rg |r 1;1;o1811o
0ree|, ladr|ar's |errereu||cs |s rar|ed oy Ar||oc|ere |rl|uerce. le expresses
||s ||oug|| W||| a s|y||s||c prec|s|or ard a cors|s|er| c|ass|l|ca||or
ol exege||ca| da|a, as |s derors|ra|ed oy ||s s|or| |rea||se (W||| ||s
roderrsourd|rg ||||e). lr|roduc||or |o 0|v|re 3cr|p|uresF'd" '
9d
d (l0 , - ). T| e We||-preserved |ex| Was l|rs| puo||s|ed oy 81z;11z
0. loesc|e| |r Augsourg, , ard repr|r|ed oy J. learsor |r , Cr|||c| 1ooz 18oo
sacr|vlll. A cr|||ca| ed|||or oy l. 0oess||rg appeared |r 8er||r . 188;
Cass|odorus rer||ors ladr|ar |oge||er W||| Tycor|us, Augus||re,
Fuc|er|us, ard Jur|||us, as ore ol ||e oes| |r|roduc|ores scr|p|orae d|v|rae
(ll ). l|s |errereu||c |s rar|ed oy Ar||oc|ere ||eory |||e ||a| ol ;o11zz
||s cor|erporary, T| eodore| ol Cyrus. `T| e d|s||rc||ve lea|ures ol leoreW
|arguage (o# ;Fpdso ddso 'iv) are ol ||ree sor|s, as
lourd |r ||oug||s (ivoid), Words (\), ard corpos|||or (v9).'
ladr|ar's spec|a| |r|eres| |r leoreW 'i$dd ||r|s ||r W||| ||e Ar||oc|ere
exege||ca| |rad|||or. `Fvery ||re ol Adr|ar car oe |||us|ra|ed lror T| eodore ol
|opsues|r|a or T| eodore|' (8a|e , ). l|s ||reelo|d d|v|s|or ol leoreW 1zoo
|errs |s `Ar|s|o|e||ar' |r ||e Ar||oc|ere s|y|e.
l. `T| e lr|rc|p|e ol ||e 0|s||rc||ve lea|ures |r T| oug||s.'
`w|a| resu||s lror ||oug||s |s due |o 0od's ac||rg as Wor|ed ou| oy
us, |r good or oad, l spea| aoou| ( ) reroers, ( ) serses, ( ) sp|r||ua| 1 z
ro||ors, ( ) ood||y roverer|s, ( ) ood||y pass|ors, ( ) d|spos|||ors, or | o
aoou| ( ) |ao||s, ( ) p|aces, ( ) dresses, ( ) oe|av|or, ( ) appeararce, or ; 8 1o 11
aoou| ( ) oe|rg a||ve (W||| l|es| ard sou|)' ( a). T| e |||r|eer poss|o|e 1z 1z;
ar||ropororp||c a||r|ou||ors are ||er |||us|ra|ed oy rurerous scr|p|ura|
quo|a||ors ( o- d). 1z; ;;
ll. `0|s||rc||ve lea|ures due |o words ard 3|y|e'
T| e sare procedure |s app||ed |o ||e use ol re|ap|ors (`Words') c|ass|l|ed |r
`spec|l|c p|rases'v p9vv idi (a |yp|ca| Ar|s|o|e||ar
d|s||rc||or. |e|ap|ys|cs , , ), as ore spea|s ol 0od's |roW|edge oy us|rg |o1o
8;oN|re T| e lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury 0ree| C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
||e |rages ol `eyes' or `v|s|or', ol 0od's corpass|or oy rer||or|rg ||s `ears',
498
ol ||s W||| oy ca|||rg || ||s `rou||,' e|c. ( d- c). a de|a||ed survey ol 1z;; 8|
ar||ropororp||c |rages lourd esser||a||y |r ||e lsa|rs. To ||ese `spec|l|c
p|rases' are added s|r||ar exarp|es oe|org|rg |o `s|y|e' ( \)
W|er 0od |s sa|d |o `|roW,' or |o `erjoy,' |o `s|oW,' |o `say,' |o `|ove' sore|||rg
or soreore, or aga|r W|er 0od `||des ||rse|l,' `s|eeps,' lee|s `arger,'
`pur|s|es,' e|c. ( c- a). 1z8| 1oo
lll. T| e 0|s||rc||ve lea|ures |r Corpos|||or
T| ese d|s||rc||ve lea|ures are due |o `e|||pse' (sd )\\iiv) |o ||e
repe ||||or ol ||e sare |||rg |r d|llerer| Words (do\od) |o `|rvers|or'
(vio), `|rvers|ors ard |rarspos|||ors' (:pd sd :9i(),
`ex|ers|or' (di), or `p|eorasre' (sd iddv). `lr us|rg ||ese
oas|c d|s||rc||ors (od) ||e s|uder|s (od+oi) s|ou|d l|rd |r ||e|r
|ove lor |earr|rg a Way ard a door gu|d|rg ||er |r ||e|r urders|ard|rg ol
||e sacred scr|p|ures' ( c). 1o1
Corc|us|or
T| e |rea||se erds oy erurera||rg |Wer|y-|Wo l|gures ol speec| (|ropa|).
re|ap|or, parao|e, corpar|sor, syrecdoc|e, exarp|e, re|oryry, ar||p|rase,
per|p|rase, recap||u|a||or (vdsd\di) or re|urr |o ||e oeg|rr|rg,
decep||or (pi), prosopopoe|a, l|gura||or, a||egory, |ypooo|e,
reprool, |rory, sarcasr, er|gra, rerace, exp|ara||or, re||cerce, correc||or.
Aga|r o|o||ca| c||a||ors |||us|ra|e ||e use ol a|| ol ||ese l|gures ol speec|
( c- o). 1o1 o
lr ||e corc|us|or ol ||e |rea||se ( o- o) readers W|o lo||oW ||e 1o 1z
gu|darce ollered |o ||er |r ||e |r|roduc||or are pror|sed |o ac||eve a
rorprejud|ced ard We||-locused |r|erpre|a||or ol scr|p|ure. T| e|r care lor ||e
|||era| cor|er|, ara|yzed |r a|| ||s |og|ca| correc||ors ard |rp||ca||ors, W|||
||g|||g|| ||s orgar|c ur||y as a sora, a `oody' ol d|scourse W|ose d|s||rc||ve
ra|ure ||ey Wou|d del|re accord|rg |o ||e |||erary gerre |o W||c| || oe|orgs,
oe || ||e prop|e||c gerre or ||a| ol lsa|rs, or aga|r ||e |||erary gerre ol ||e
ler|a|euc| ( ao). 11z
Cl0lll, . oz;
Fd|||ors
l0 , - . 81z;11z
0oss||rg, l., Adr|ars F'd" ' 9d d. 8er||r . 188;
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| Trars|a||ors 8;;
0errar
0oss||rg, aoove.
3|ud|es
8a|e, l. N., `3ore Tec|r|ca| Terrs ol 0ree| Fxeges|s'. JT| 3 ( ) - . z|1zoo
|erca||, 0., `lro Adr|aro'. b8 ( ) - (= 0pere ||rorelll, 3|T , 1111|z|o ;8
bore
1;, - , W||| lragrer|s ol a ca|era |r loo). 8z
l||ra, J. 8., Ara|ec|a sacrall. Tuscu|| , - , W||| add|||ora| lragrer|s 188|1oz
lror a
`c|a|r' or lsa|rs.
3c|aler, K. T., `F|sagoge'. bAC ( ) l. |1oo
3c||urer, K. l., `Zu Adr|aros'. JlT| ( ) - . 1188;1o
ladr|ar 8;;
8;8N|re T| e lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury 0ree| C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
Xvl
lF3Cllu3 0l JFbu3AlF|
0. 3l0bTl AlTFb 450
A ror| ard pr|es| ol Jerusa|er, a preac|er ard ||eo|og|ar, lesyc||us a|so
oecare larous as a correr|a|or or scr|p|ure. le Wro|e a Correr|ary or
lev|||cuspreserved |r a s|x|| cer|ury la||r |rars|a||or, ard a Correr|ary or
Joo|arded doWr |r ar Arrer|ar vers|or. lor lesyc||us, Joo Was ||s|or|ca|,
ou| ||e 8oo| ol Joo lores|adoWed a||egor|ca||y C|r|s| ard ||e c|urc|. 0r
lsa|a|, lesyc||us produced g|osses, or ||e r|ror lrop|e|s, a se| ol zo8o
sc|o||a, ard ex|erded correr|ar|es or ||e lsa|rs (|r par||cu|ar, see
lseudoA||aras|us, l0 , - , ard l0 , - , |o oe jo|red W||| l0 z;o|1|| ;11;8|
, - ), a|| oe|rg preserved as lragrer|s |r ca|erae. Add|||ora| se|s 11;1|o
ol lesyc||us's sc|o||aare |rarsr|||ed or ||e car||c|es ol o| ard r|, or ||e
0ospe|s, Ac|s, ard ||e Ca||o||c le||ers. To ||ese rus| oe added a `Co||ec||or
ol 0ojec||ors ard 3o|u||ors' W||c| prooao|y ep||or|zes lesyc||us's |os|
0ospe| larrory.
3|rorg|y |rl|uerced oy 0r|ger |r ||s o|o||ca| |errereu||cs, lesyc||us
|ep| c|ose |o A|exardr|ar c|r|s|o|ogy W||| a scr|p|ura| r|rdse|. |. Auo|reau
( ) s|e|c|es a l|re p|c|ure ol ||s exeges|s. lesyc||us c||es scr|p|ure lror 1;8
rerory W|||ou| lu|| cors|s|ercy, as ro|ed oy 0evos (Auo|reau , ). 1;8oo
le produces c|oser o|o||ca| passages lor apo|oge||c v|rd|ca||or aga|rs| ||e
JeWs (Auo|reau , - ). le scru||r|zes ||e rear|rg ol sore scr|p|ura| 1;8z
p|rases W||| |rs|s|er| ques||ors ard g|osses, ||s `correr|ary' |a||rg
or a ques||rg |eror s|r||ar |o W|a| ore ray ooserve |r ||e cor|erporary
0e 0eres| ad ||||eraroy Augus||re. Cus|orar||y, lesyc||us ara|yzes W|o|e
499
scr|p|ura| prop|ec|es oy lo||oW|rg ||e |ex| verse al|er verse, sore||res lror
ore Word |o aro||er, erd|ess|y as||rg r|ru|e ques||ors. lere ard ||ere |e
|||es |o coup|e |Wo verses |oge||er oy v|r|ue ol a corror |rage or a sare
Word|rg. `T|a| 'corca|era||o' ard ||e progress, s|ep oy s|ep |r ||e exp|ora||or ol
a o|o||ca| passage, are a|| |oo oov|ous |r ||e paregyr|c ol 3|ep|er
ard |r ||e W|o|e oody ol lesyc||us's Wr|||rgs, ard ||us serve as cr||er|a
ol au||er||c||y' (Auo|reau , ). l| Wou|d oe Wor|| descr|o|rg rore 1;8o8
||oroug||y ||e ora|or|ca| s||||s app||ed oy lesyc||us |r ||s ac|ua||z|rg ol
o| l|gures, |e |der||l|es ||er W||| r| ard |a|er C|r|s||ar |eroes, suc| as
lazarus, ||e rar|yr 3|ep|er, or Ar|ory ||e lerr||.
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| Fd|||ors 8;
l0 , - . 1z1oo
0ree| |ero|ogy. l0 , . 11;;
uas|er lll ( ) - . 1o|88|o
3|ud|es
Auoer|, b., `lesyc||us de Jerusa|er'. 0l0F ( ) - . z|1z8
Auo|reau, |., lesyc||us de Jerusa|er, 8as||e de 3e|euc|e, Jear de 8ery|e,
leorce de
Cors|ar||rop|e. lore||es lasca|es(C|rq |ore||es |red||es), 3C . lar|s . 18; 1;z
. les lore||es les|a|es d'lesyc||us de Jerusa|er. vo|. l. les |ore||es l-Xv
(3uos.
lag., ). 8russe|s , vo|. ll. les |ore||es Xvl-XXl (apocryp|a| or ol duo|ous 1;8
au||er||c||y) . 18o
. lrdex veroorur lor|||arur les|a||ur lesyc||| l|eroso|yr||ar|.
l||des|e|rZur|c| . 18
. `'lesyc||us red|v|vus,' ur pred|ca|eur ||eroso|yr||a|r de |a prer|re ro|||e
du
ve
s|c|e.'lZl|T| ( ). - . z8181z;o
8ardy, 0., `la ||||era|ure pa|r|s||que des uaes||ores e| respors|oressur |'Fcr||ure
3a|r|. lesyc||us de Jerusa|er'. b8 ( ) - . |z1zzoz
0e|e|aye, l., `lesyc||| l|eroso|yrorur presoy|er| |auda||o 3. lrocop|| lersae'.
Ar8o|| ( ) - . z|1o|;8z
0evos, l., `le paregyr|que de sa|r| F||erre par lesyc||us de Jerusa|er'.
Ar8o|| 8o
( ) - . 1o811;
0uva|, .-|., ed., 0|oses sur |e prop||e Joras. le l|vre de Joras dars |a
||||era|ure
grecque e| |a||re, ll. lar|s , - . 1;oz|
lau||aoer, |., ed., lesyc||| l|eroso|yr||ar| |r|erpre|a||o lsa|ae prop|e|ae.
lre|ourg
1oo.
. `F|re Wer|vo||e 0xlorder lardsc|r|l|'. T| ( ) - . 81o1z18z
0ar|||e, 0.,`l'|ore||e georg|erre d'lesyc||us de Jerusa|er sur |'lypapar|e'.
|useor ( ) - . 8|1;1;z
Jag|c, v., F|r ured|er|er gr|ec||sc|er lsa|rer|orrer|ar. v|erra 1oo
(a||r|ou||or
urcer|a|r).
Jug|e, |., l'lrracu|ee Corcep||or dars |'Fcr||ure 3a|r|e e| dars |a Trad|||or
or|er|a|e.
bore . 1z
Jusser, K., 0|e dogra||sc|er Arsc|auurger des lesyc||us vor Jerusa|er, l.
|urs|er|
w. . 11
K|rc|reyer, J., `lesyc||us de Jerusa|er'. 03p ( ) - . ;1o8|oo
|ar||r, C., `lragrer|s er orc|a|e d'|ore||es grecques sur |a v|erge a||r|ouees
Fp|p|ar| de C|ypre e| lesyc||us de Jerusa|er'. blF ( ) - . 11o
lesyc||us ol Jerusa|er 8;
88oN|re T| e lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury 0ree| C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
. `|e|arges d'|or||e||que oyzar||re l lesyc||us e| C|rys|ppe de Jerusa|er'.
blF ( ) - . 1|oo
|erres, b., lesyc||us var Jerusa|er. lrver|ar|s var de 0r|e|se
|ardsc|r|l|e||j|e over|ever|rg. 0|ss. 0ard (pp. - . ed. lor|||es or lss 1;1 ;o88
- ol ||e 0rea| 1oo1oz
Correr|ary).
|erca||, 0., No|e d| |e||era|ura o|o||ca e cr|s||ara ar||ca(3T ). bore , - 1o11|
. ;
. `3u||' au|ore de| 0e |||u||s lsa|rorurlra |e opere d| 3. A|aras|o'. 0Cl 1o
( ) 1||
- ;zz.
. `ur 3a||er|o greco e ura ca|era greca de| 3a||er|o possedu|| da| 3ado|e|o'.
ls.
l. lasc||r|. bore , - . 1|zoo|
500
Na|ape||ar, C., `l| correr|ar|o a 0|oooe d| Fs|c||o'. 8ess ( ) - . 111|zo
lerrore, l., `v|e re||g|euse e| ||eo|og|e er la|es||re durar| |a prer|re p|ase
des
cor|rovers|es c|r|s|o|og|ques'. l0C ( ) - . z;1;;z1z|
l|||rar, b. 3., T| e |ar|ar lor|||es ol lesyc||us ol Jerusa|er. 0|ss. Ca|| ur|v.
ol
Arer|ca. was||rg|or, 0.C. . 1;|
beroux, C.,ed., v|rg|-qua|re |ore||es sur |e l|vre de Joo (c|ap| l-XX), vo|s., z
l0 . |z
Turr|ou|, . 18
beuss, J., `3|ud|er zur lu|as-Fr||arurg des lresoy|ers lesyc||us vor
Jerusa|er'.
8|o ( ). - . 1;8oz;1
3ar||la||er, l., `0as A||errourger urz|a|lragrer| des lev||||us|orrer|ars vor
lesyc||us aus der ers|er la|l|e des . Ja|r|urder|s'. Z8w ( ) - . 8 oo1|z|1oo
3avor, l., `les 'lore||es les|a|es' d'lesyc||us de Jerusa|er'. blb ( ). 1;18o
- |zo.
Tarpe|||r|, 3. `l'eseges| de| lev|||co d| Fs|c||o d| 0erusa|erre. 0sservaz|or|
|r|rodu|||ve e sordagg| pre||r|rar|.'A3F ( ). - . 11ozo1
Tc|era||ar, C., T| e Correr|ary or Joo oy lesyc||us, lresoy|er ol Jerusa|er.
(|r
Arrer|ar). ver|ce . 11
vaccar|, A. `Fs|c||o d| 0erusa|erre e || suo 'Correr|ar|us |r lev|||cur'.' lr
3cr||||
d| Frud|z|ore e|c, - . bore, . 1ozoo 1z
. `3. lesyc||| presoy|er| l|eroso|yrorur |r lev|||cur ||or| vll (No|u|ae
la|r|s||cae ).' 0reg ( ). ll. |z1o1;1
var Fsoroec|, |., `l'|ore||e georg|erre d'lesyc||us de Jerusa|er sur |a
resurrec||or des ror|s'. |useor ( ) - . 8;1;|1z1
werger, A., `lesyc||us de Jerusa|er. No|es sur |es d|scours |red||s e| sur |e
|ex|e
grec du correr|a|re lr lev|||cur'. bFAug ( ) - . z1o|;;o
Zerlass, b., 0|e 3c|r|l||esurg |r Ka||edraoll| z|ur
Jerusa|ers(l||urg|eW|ssersc|al|||c|e ue||er u. lorsc|urger ) |urs|er|w. |8
. 1o8
Zocca, F. `la |eoora e |a sua pur|l|caz|ore re| Correr|ar|o a| lev|||cod| Fs|c||o.
ur |er|av|ro d| corlror|o cor |a |rad|z|ore esege||ca preceder|e e
cor|erporarea.' A3F ( ). - . 11o1;
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| Xvll 881
N0NN03 0l lAN0l0ll3
CA. 400AlTFb 450
Norros, or|g|ra||y lror laropo||s |r upper Fgyp| Was a poe| ard C|r|s||ar
exege|e. l|s ep|c poer |r lor|y- e|g|| ooo|s! (`||e |orges| ex|ar| 0ree| ep|c,'
uas|er lll, ), 0|orys|aca, Was Wr|||er |r A|exardr|a oe|Weer ard 11 ||o
|1. 3oor al|er, Norros corposed a larap|rase ol 3|. Jo|r's 0ospe|, aga|r
|r ar ep|c lorr, repea|ed|y ca|||rg |ary ||e T|eo|o|osW||| |orop|ys||e
over|ores, ard quo||rg 0r|ger, 0regory Naz|arzus, Jo|r C|rysos|or, ard
Cyr|| ol A|exardr|a. l|s prooao|e goa| Was |o rea||ze a syr||es|s ol c|ass|ca|
so|er|o|ogy, as erood|ed oy 0|orys|us, ard ol C|r|s||ar so|er|o|ogy, cer|ered
or ||e A|exardr|ar l|gure ol logos-C|r|s| W||| s||g|| |races ol Neop|a|or|sr.
l|vrea ( ) |der||l|ed ||e poe| W||| ||e o|s|op ol Fdessa, a s|rorg delerder 18;
ol or||odoxy a| ||e Courc|| ol C|a|cedor |r , ard ||e ra|r lorce oe||rd |1
||e corvers|or ol le|ag|a. T|a| |der||l|ca||or seers ||g||y |rprooao|e.
Fd|||ors
l0 , - . |;|1zz8
Keyde||, b.. 8er||r . 1
v|ar, l., a|., Culr, lar|s . 1;o
par. Jo.. l|vrea, F., laralras| de| varge|o d| 3. 0|ovarr|, Car|o Xvlll. Nap|es
188. 3c|e|rd|er, A.. 8|o. Teuo., le|pz|g . 1881
Trars|a||ors
lrerc|
v|ar, aoove.
0errar
par. Jo.. 0. Foerer, 8er||r . 18
l|a||ar
l|vrea, aoove.
3|ud|es
Ararr, F., 0TC , ( ) - . 11111;
0o|ega, J., 3|ud|er uoer d|e Fvarge||erd|c||urg des Norros vor laropo||s. F|r
8e||rag
zur 0esc||c||e der 8|oe|d|c||urg |r A||er|ur. 8res|au . 1o
88zN|re T| e lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury 0ree| C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
Jarsser, b., Tu , ( ). z|1o
501
Keyde||, b., lwK ( ) - . 1;1;1;zo
l|vrea, F., `l| poe|a ed || vescovo. la ques||ore rorr|ara e |a s|or|a'.
lrore||eus 1
( ) - . 18;;1z
3ro|a|, K., `|e|aoo|e'. J08 ( ) - . |18|11|
Traede, K., `Fpos'. bAC ( ) - . 1oz1oo1o
w|||ers, 0., `0|orysos urd C|r|s|os'. |l ( ) - . |1z1|11
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| Xvlll 88
AFllA Fu00ClA CA. 400-4o0
Aoou| |||r|y raruscr|p|s |rarsr|| lorer|c Cer|oresurder ||e rares
la|r|||os, Ae||a Fudoc|a, 0p||rus, ard Cosras ol Jerusa|er. la|r|||os rera|rs
ur|roWr. l|s cor|r|ou||or ray |ave preceeded ||a| ol Fudoc|a, W|o
rarr|ed Frperor T| eodos|us ll |r . lr or , s|e |el| Cors|ar||rop|e |z1 ||o ||1
|r d|sgrace ard s|e sper| ||e res| ol |er ||le |r Jerusa|er W|ere s|e d|ed |r
|oo. lr add|||or |o a vas| ou||d|rg prograrre, |er |rper|a| pa|rorage resu||ed |r
||e |||erary produc||or ol sra|| `cer|ores' prooao|y Wr|||er dur|rg
||e decade oelore ||e Courc|| ol C|a|cedor |r . ler C|r|s||ar poers, |1
parap|ras|rg 0ospe| rarra||ves Were exc|us|ve|y corposed W||| vers|l|ed
e|erer|s ol lorer|c poe|ry. `l| |s sale |o say ||a| ro ore Wou|d ever |ave |eard
ol so r|ror a poe| as Fudoc|a |l s|e |ad ro| oecore Frpress' (Careror
18z, ). 0r ||e o||er |ard, l|o||us (cod. ) adr|red |er Wor| lor ||s z; 18
c|ar||y ard ||s pedagog|ca| va|ue. lr ||e ecc|es|as||ca| |urro|| arourd ||e
cor|rover|ed |eac||rg ol Nes|or|us ard Fu|yc|es, Fudoc|a, s||l||rg lror ore
par|y |o aro||er, locused |r |er poe|ry or popu|ar educa||or ard or lree|rg
||e educa||or ol c|||drer lror pagar rode|s. Aro||er au||or rer||ored
|r ore ol ||e raruscr|p|s ol Cer|ores, 0p||rus ||e l|||osop|er, escapes
|der||l|ca||or. T| e lour|| au||or |r ||e ||||e ol ||e rs. lar|s|rus supp|. gr
88, Cosras `ol Jerusa|er,' ray |ave ||ved as |a|e as ||e e|g||| cer|ury (bey
18, - ).
T|e lorerocer|radeve|op ||e ecorory ol sa|va||or as a cer|ra| ||ere,
ar ecorory lu|l|||ed ||roug| ||e |rcarra||or ol C|r|s| W|ose ||le ard pass|or
are rarra|ed ur||| ||e Asers|or, W|er |e re|urrs |o ||e |eavers |r W||c|
|e Was W||| ||e la||er dur|rg ||e oper|rg d|a|ogue ol ||e Wor|. lerce
||e |ex| cor|a|rs esser||a||y |op|cs lror ||e 0ospe|s (W||| a corp|erer|
lror ||e lro|o-0ospe| ol Jares), ro| lror Ac|s, ror lror ||e Fp|s||es or ||e
Apoca|ypse. 8eyord ||e caror|ca| rode|s, sore ||r|s W||| sore apocryp|a|
sources ray oe guessed, |r par||cu|ar aoou| C|r|s|'s descer| |r|o 3|oe|
(bey , ). 18o|
Fd|||or
A. ludW|c|, Fudoc|ae, lroc||, l. C|aud|r| carr|rur graecorur re||qu|ae.
lordor , - . 18;111|
88|N|re T| e lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury 0ree| C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
3|ud|es
Careror, A|., `T| e Frpress ard ||e loe|. lagar|sr ard lo||||cs a| ||e Cour| ol
T|eodos|us ll'. C3 ( ) - . z;18zz1;8
lo|ur, K., T|eodos|ar Frpresses. worer ard lrper|a| 0or|r|or |r la|e
Ar||qu||y. 8er|e|ey, los Arge|es, lordor . 18z
l|grar|, A., `l| rode||o orer|co e |a lor|e o|o||ca re| cer|ore d| Fudoc|a
|rpera|r|ce.' Ko|r ( ). - . 18|1
bey, A.-l., la|r|c|us, Fudoc|e, 0p||rus, Core de Jerusa|er. Cer|ors
|orer|ques
(lorerocer|ra). lr|roduc||or, |ex|e cr|||que, |raduc||or, ro|es e| |rdex. 3C . |;
lar|s . 18
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| XlX 88
TlF000bFT 0l Cbu3 CA. 393-458
a spec|a| cor|r|ou||or
oy Jear-Noe| 0u|ro|
|. T|eodore| ard 3cr|p|ure
1. lorra||ve ears
a) lror |rlarcy |o adu|||ood ( - ).T| eodore| Was prooao|y oorr |r |1o
, |r ||e v|c|r||y ol Ar||oc|, ol a C|r|s||ar lar||y ol Wea|||y |ardoWrers.
Corsecra|ed |o 0od ever oelore ||s o|r||, W||c| care aoou| r|racu|ous|y,
as |e |e||s us ||rse|l |r ||e l|||o||ea l|s|ory, ||ar|s |o ||e prayers ol ||e
lerr|| |acedor|os, |e rece|ved urdouo|ed|y lror ||s ro||er oelore ||s
l|rs| C|r|s||ar educa||or, ar ear|y |r|||a||or |r|o 3cr|p|ure, ol W||c| We car
ge| ar |dea lror Jo|r C|rysos|or's |rea||se, 0r va|rg|ory ard ||e Fduca||or
ol ou||.
zo1
lror ||s ear||es| years |e accorpar|ed |||s very p|ous ro||er |r
lrequer| v|s||s s|e rade |o ||e so|||ar|es arourd Ar||oc|, ol W|ose ||ves |e
W||| |a|er core |o Wr||e (be|. l|s|.lX, ). 0l ||ese urusua| rer scr|p|ure Was |
very ol|er ||e or|y ooo| ard ||e W|o|e ol ||e|r cu||ure. ll ||ey sore||res
|oo| ||e c|||d or ||e|r |rees W|||e g|v|rg ||r oread or grapes |o ea| (l|s|.
l|||. lX, ), We car |rag|re ||e|r recour||rg |o ||r |||s or ||a| o|o||ca| s|ory, |
502
|o |rs|ruc| or de||g|| ||r, ard ra||rg ||r |as|e a|ready ||e oeau|y ol ||e
psa|rs. T| e |||urgy, |r W||c| |e par||c|pa|ed W||| ||s parer|s, rus| |ave
rade ||r lar|||ar |||||e oy |||||e W||| rary scr|p|ura| |ex|s, ard |l |e d|d ro|
urders|ard every|||rg |r ||e |or|||es exp|a|r|rg ||er |e cou|d cour| or
||s ro||er's or la||er's exp|ara||ors orce ||ey |ad a|| re|urred |ore. lr ary
case, very ear|y, arourd ||e age ol s|x|eer, |e exerc|sed ||e lurc||ors ol |ec|or,
a lac| ||a| Wou|d |erd |o prove ||a| |e a|ready |ad a good |roW|edge ol ||e
scr|p|ures (l|s|. l|||. Xll, ). T| |s rar W|o ra|es or|y rare d|sc|osures aoou| |
||s secu|ar ard re||g|ous upor|rg|rg rever||e|ess dec|ares |r ||e prelace ol
||s Correr|ary or 0ar|e|||a| |e |as oeer rour|s|ed or scr|p|ure lror ||s
zo1. lr |||s |rea||se (3C ), ||e au||or espec|a||y urges parer|s |o |e|| ||e|r 188
c|||drer ed|ly|rg s|or|es draWr lror 3cr|p|ure ard adap|ed |o ||e|r capao|||||es
(# ),
ard |o or|rg ||er |o c|urc| W|ere ||ey car |ear ||ese s|or|es areW ard
recogr|ze
||er (# ), |r |||s Way 3cr|p|ure W||| oecore lar|||ar |o ||er. |1
88oN|re T| e lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury 0ree| C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
ear|y you|| (pa|do||er) ard |as er|ered |r|o ||s rear|rg W||| ||e |e|p ol
||e correr|ar|es ol ||e la||ers ||a| |e Was ao|e |o read (l0 , A). 811z;
0r |||s po|r| We s|ou|d oe |rc||red |o |rus| ||r.
o) T| e |oras||c Fxper|erce ( - ).T| eodore|'s |roW|edge ol scr|p|ure ard |1o|z
|ra|r|rg as a lu|ure exege|e, due |o ||e read|rg ol pa|r|s||c correr|ar|es, Were
urdouoed|y acqu|red dur|rg ||e e|g|| or |er years W||c|
|e sper| |r a roras|ery ol Aparere a| N||er|a| (ep. , p. ard , p. ). 8o o 81 1o
l| Was ||ere ||a| |e W|||dreW a| ||e dea|| ol ||s parer|s, al|er |e |ad so|d
a|| ||s goods ard rerourced ||e Wor|d (ep. , p. ), ard || Was ||ere ||a| 11 oo
|e W||| W|s| |o re|urr a| ||e ||re ol ||s ex||e al|er ||s depos|||or (ep. , p. 11
8o). ll rary |err||s ard ror|s Were ur|earred, ||e read|rg ard exp|ara||or ol
scr|p|ure cors|||u|ed lor o||ers ar |rpor|ar| ac||v||y.
zozT||s seers
|o |ave oeer ||e case |r ||e roras|ery W|ere T| eodore| s|ayed oelore ||s
access|or |o ||e ep|scopa|e.
zo
|oreover, ||e s|or| d|s|arce oe|Weer N||er|a|
ard Aparea a||oWed lrequer| ercour|ers dur|rg ||ose years W||| ||e
o|s|op ol ||e p|ace, lo|yc|ror|os (d. oelore ), ||e oro||er ol T| eodore |1
ol |opsues||a, ard |||e ||r ar exege|e ol reroWr. w|||ou| go|rg so lar as
|o say ||a| T| eodore| oWes ||r ||s voca||or as ar exege|e, We r|g|| ver|ure
||a| |e cou|d |ave lourd |r |||s represer|a||ve ol ||e exeges|s ol Ar||oc| a
l|rs| `ras|er.' we are reduced |o suppos|||ors aoou| |||s, ou| T| eodore|'s s|ay
|r ||s roras|ery ol N||er|a| Was urdouo|ed|y a per|od ol |r|erse |r|e||ec|ua|
ac||v||y W||c| |e|ped ||r |o acqu|re ||e vas| cu||ure ard erud|||or |o W||c|
ros| ol ||s Wor|s g|ve W||ress. T| |s very |||e|y exp|a|rs ||s ror|ra||or as
o|s|op ol Cyrus |r a| ||e age ol |||r|y. |z
z. T|e Fxege||ca| wor|
T|e l|rs| years ol ||s ep|scopa|e Were, || seers, espec|a||y devo|ed |o l|g|||rg
aga|rs| ||e rurerous |ere||cs ol ||s d|ocese, Ar|ars lor ||e ros| par|, ou|
a|so |arc|or||es ard |ar|c|ears. 8y preac||rg, cor|roversy, ard ||e Wr||- . zoz
Cer|a|r ror|s Were corp|e|e|y W|||ou| |earr|rg ard ever seer ro| |o |ave
ary|||rg ou| ||e s||g||es| acqua|r|arce W||| ||e 3cr|p|ures, suc| as ||a| |ace
dor|os
W|or T| eodore| lrequer||y v|s||ed W||| ||s ro||er (l|s|. l|||. Xlll, ). 0||ers, |r 8
cor|ras|, sper| a grea| por||or ol ||e|r ||re |r rec|||rg ||e psa|rs (|o|d., ll, Xvll, ), o
|r read|rg ||e 3cr|p|ures, ever a| r|g|| (|o|d. lll, ), ever |r cor rer||rg or o
ooscure
passages |r ||er (|o|d., lv, ). Cer|a|r ores Were |earred eroug| |o oe ao|e |o o
exc|arge W||| T| eodore| `|org corversa||ors aoou| p|||osop|y' (|o|d., XX, ) or,
as
Jares |o ass|s| a| a courc|| (|o|d., l, ). 1o
zo. Cl. l|s|. l|||. lll, . 0r |||s see l. Car|ve|, |3T # , p. ard pass|rlor | z; oo
every |||rg ||a| corcerrs ||a| per|od ol ||e ||le ol T| eodore|.
T| eodore| ol Cyrus 88;
|rg ol rurerous po|er|ca| |rea||ses, roW |os|, T| eodore| dec|ares ||a| |e
|as succeeded |r a leW years |r or|rg|rg a|| ||ese C|r|s||ars |o or||odoxy
(ep. , ll .). 8|o||ca| exeges|s rus| cer|a|r|y |ave |ad a |arge p|ace |r ||ese 1oz
dogra||c cor|rovers|es, eac| ore |||e|y us|rg scr|p|ura| l|or||eg|a ard |ry|rg
|o prove |o ||e o||er ||e la|seress ol ||s |r|erpre|a||or. lr ary case, ||e
correr|ar|es ol T| edore| a||es| ||a| ||e |ere||cs ||erse|ves ca||ed or a cer|a|r
ruroer ol scr|p|ura| passages or W||c| |o oase ||e|r corcep||ors. Ard ||
|s aoove a|| |o ||ese cor|es|ed verses ||a| ||e exege|e |s so||c||ous |o g|ve ar
or||odox |r|erpre|a||or, e|||er |r des|roy|rg |r advarce ary o||er |r|erpre|a||or, or
|r a rore oper|y po|er|ca| rarrer |r s|oW|rg ||a| ||e read|rg
rade oy ||e |ere||cs |s ||rged W||| d|s|ores|y or la||ac|ousress. T|e odds
are s|rorg|y |r lavor ||a| |r ||ese l|rs| |rea||ses aga|rs| Ar|ar, |acedor|ar,
503
or Apo|||rar|ar |ere||cs, |e |rv||ed ||s adversar|es |o a c|ose exar|ra||or
ol ||e |rsp|red |ex|, ||e c|o|ce ol |errs or ||e order ol ||e Words, exac||y as
|e does |r ||s correr|ar|es.
3|or||y al|er ||ese var|ous po|er|ca| Wr|||rgs, T| eodore| Wro|e ar |rpor|ar|
|rea||se or ||e Tr|r||y ard ||e lrcarra||or,
zo|
a sers|||ve suojec| or
||e eve ol ||e Nes|or|ar cr|s|s ard ol ||e corlror|a||or ol ||e Fas|errers
W||| Cyr|| ol A|exardr|a a| ||e courc|| ol Fp|esus ( ). T| ere a|so ||e |1
argurer|a||or passes ||roug| a c|ose exar|ra||or ol a cer|a|r ruroer
ol scr|p|ura| |ex|s, espec|a||y ol ||e 0ospe| ol lu|e ard ||e Fp|s||e |o ||e
leoreWs. up |o ||e Ac| ol ur|or ( ), ol W||c| |e Was ore ol ||e pr|rc|pa| |
arc|||ec|s a|org W||| ArdreW ol 3arosa|a, T| eodore| |s roo|||zed
oy |||s corl||c|. T| |s |s ore ol ||e reasors |ead|rg |o ass|gr|rg |o al| er |1
||e redac||or ol a|| ||s exege||ca| correr|ar|es. T| |s |s ro| |o say ||a| |e
d|d ro| co||ec| oelore |||s da|e ||e ra|er|a| lor cer|a|r ol ||e|r ruroer. le
cou|d lor sore ||redur|rg ||e years sper| a| N||er|a||ave accuru|a|ed
ro|es, pu| |oge||er docurer|a||or, assero|ed `l||es.' 3||||, || |s douo|lu| ||a|
ary ol ||ese correr|ar|es |ad seer ||e ||g|| ol day oelore ||e courc|| ol
Fp|esus. T| e c||el argurer| |r lavor ol a da|e |a|er ||a| |s draWr lror |1
|r|erra| cr|||c|sr ard res|s or ar exar|ra||or ol ||e C|r|s|o|og|ca| vocaou|ary. al|
er ||e courc|| ol Fp|esus, as |as oeer We|| s|oWr oy |. b|c|ard,
zo
zo|. lorg a||r|ou|ed |o Cyr|| ol A|exardr|a ard puo||s|ed arorg ||s Wor|s oy
Card|ra| A. |a|, ard reproduced oy ||gre (l0 ), |||s |rea||se |as oeer ;
res|ored
|o T| eodore| |r a del|r|||ve Way oy F. 3c|War|z, Zur 3c|r|l|s|e||ere| T| eodore|s,
|ur|c|, , see |. b|c|ard, `les c||a||ors de T| eodore| corservees dars |a 1zz
c|aire de N|ce|as sur |'evarg||e se|or sa|r| luc,' b8 ( ). - (= 0pera |1|88o
||rorall, r. ). |
zo. |. b|c|ard, `No|es sur |'evo|u||or doc|r|ra|e.'
888N|re T| e lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury 0ree| C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
T| eodore| seers, |r lac|, |o |ave g|ver up us|rg a corcre|e vocaou|ary |o
des|gra|e ||e |Wo ra|ures ol C|r|s|, W||c| cou|d |erd cred|| |o ||e |dea ||a|
|e d|s||rgu|s|ed |Wo persors |r ||r. 0od ard rar. T| us ||e doc|r|ra| deoa|e |r
W||c| |e Was ergaged W||| Cyr|| Wou|d |ave progress|ve|y |ed ||r
|o recogr|ze ||e aro|gu||y ol |||s lorru|a||or ard aoardor || |r exc|us|ve
lavor ol aos|rac| lorru|as, W||c| Were ||erse|ves We|| lar|||ar |o ||r s|rce
oelore ||e courc|| ol Fp|esus.
lror ||e |rd|ca||ors draWr lror ||s correr|ar|es, || appears ||a| |e exp|a|red
success|ve|y ||e 3org ol 3orgs, ||e prop|ec|es ol 0ar|e|, Fze||e|, ard
||e |We|ve r|ror prop|e|s, ||e lsa||erard ||e prop|e|s lsa|a| ard Jerer|a|.
le Wou|d |||e |o |ave oegur ||s exege||ca| career W||| ar exp|ara||or ol ||e
lsa||er, |e corlesses |r ||e prelace |o ||s correr|ary, lor ||e very reasor
ol ||e p|ace |e|d oy ||e psa|rs |r ||e C|r|s||ar ||le, ||a| ol |aypeop|e as
||a| ol ror|s. T| |s Wou|d |ave oeer |o lo||oW |r |||s ||e exarp|e ol
T| eodore ol |opsues||a,
zoo
ard per|aps ||a| ol 0|odore. 8u|, |l We are |o
oe||eve ||r, var|ous reques|s or lr|erd|y pressures oo||ged ||r |o pu| oll|||s
projec| ard |o devo|e ||rse|l l|rs| |o o||er correr|ar|es ol ||e o|.
l |ad ||e W|s| |o |r|erpre| ||e prop|ecy ol ||e grea| 0av|d oelore ||e
o||er d|v|re orac|es, lor ||e c|||drer ol p|e|y, W|e||er ||ey ||ve |r ||e
c||y or ||e cour|ry, are espec|a||y a||er||ve |o |||s prop|ecy. Fspec|a||y
||ose W|o |ave eroraced ||e roras||c ||le |ave || day ard r|g|| or
||e|r ||ps. . . . 8u| |||s W|s| ||a| Was ours d|d ro| l|rd ||s ac||everer|.
||ose W|o as|ed us aoou| ||e |r|erpre|a||or ol ||e o||er d|v|re scr|p|ures d|d ro|
a||oW ||. lr lac|, sore er|rea|ed lor ar exp|ara||or ol
||e 3org ol 3orgs, o||ers des|red |o |roW ||e prop|ecy ol `||e rar
ol des|res,' o||ers erdeavored |o |ave preser|ed |o ||er c|ear|y ard
||rp|d|y ||e pred|c||ors ol ||e |rsp|red Fze||e|, ard o||ers ||ose ol
||e |We|ve prop|e|s, W||c| are Wrapped |r ooscur||y. Ard roW ||a|
||e 0od ol ||e ur|verse . . . |as a||oWed us |o corp|e|e |r lu|| ||e |r|erpre|a||or ol
||ese d|v|re ooo|s W|ose au||or |e |s, |e| us proceed! le|
us ca|| or ||e d|v|re grace . . . ard approac| as We|| |||s prop|ecy W|||
corl|derce! (l0 , A8) 8o8oo
T| e lour correr|ar|es corposed oelore ||a| ol ||e lsa||er, relerred |o |r
|||s prelace, Were |||e|y corposed |r ||e order rer||ored. l| |s cer|a|r, |r
|urr, ||a| ||e Correr|ary or 0ar|e|Was ||e l|rs| ol a|| T| eodore|'s correr|ar|es
or ||e prop|e|s, s|rce ||s prelace jus||l|es a c|o|ce W||c| r|g||
zoo. we |roW lror T| eodore ||rse|l ||a| ||s correr|ary or ||e psa|rs Was
||s
l|rs| Wor| ol exeges|s, cl. lacurdus ol lerr|are, lro delers|ore |r|ur
cap||u|orur
504
lll, , # - (CC3l A, p. ). o 11| o o
T| eodore| ol Cyrus 88
oe surpr|s|rg, |r ||e reasure ||a| || Was ||e ru|e |r ||e eas| |o oeg|r W||| ar
exp|ara||or ol ||e r|ror prop|e|s ard ||er |o lo||oW ||e order ol ||e 0ree|
8|o|e (l0 , 0- A). we a|so |roW lor sure ||a| ||s Correr|ary 811z; 1zoo
or Jerer|a|corp|e|es ||s exeges|s ol ||e prop|e||c Wr|||rgs (l0 , 8), 818o
ard Was preceded oy ||e Correr|ary or lsa|a|(lr ls. prael., - ). o
ll ||e prelace ol ||e lr lsa|. |s |o oe oe||eved, T| eodore| Wou|d |ave Wr|||er
||e rajor||y ol ||ese correr|ar|es |o arsWer ||e reques|s addressed |o ||r
oy lr|erds des|rous ol pere|ra||rg ||e rear|rg ol ||e scr|p|ures. Cer|a|r|y
||e reasor advarced Was ro| pure|y r|e|or|ca|, s|rce ||e Correr|ary or ||e
Car||c|eWas |r lac| reques|ed oy 8|s|op Jo|r ol 0errar|c|a (l0 , A8), 81z8
ard ||e uaes||oresoy a cer|a|r lypa||os (l| l, p. , s., l| ll, p. , ll.), | ;
ou| || Wou|d rever||e|ess oe |rpruder| |o ra|e |||s ||e or|y jus||l|ca||or
lor ||s urder|a||rg. 3|ou|d We rea||y oe||eve T| eodore| W|er |e s|a|es ||a|
|e |ad ro |r|er||or ol correr||rg or ||e prop|ecy ol Jerer|a| oecause
ol ||s c|ar||y, ard or|y y|e|ded |r ||e erd |o ||e express derards ol sore
lr|erds (l0 , A)? we are a||oWed |o douo| ||a| |||s Was ||e or|y reasor 81|o
||a| pus|ed ||r |o urder|a|e |||s Wor|. A| ||e erd ol ||e prelace ol ||e
Correr|ary or lsa|a|, W|||e ro||rg ||a| |e |as up |o ||a| po|r| exp|a|red
a|| ||e prop|e|s W||| ||e excep||or ol Jerer|a|, does |e ro| |rd|ca|e, |r lac|,
||a| ||s |r|er||or |s |o corp|e|e |||s cyc|e ol prop|e||c correr|ar|es (lr
ls. prael., - )? Ard does |e ro| |ave ary sa||slac||or |r oe|rg ao|e |o say, o
a| ||e erd ol ||e lr ler., ||a| W||| |||s Wor| |e `|el| ro prop|ecy W|||ou| a
correr|ary' (l0 , 8)? T| us |r ||e rarrer ol rary o||er exege|es 818o
W|o preceded ||r, ||ere |s scarce|y ary douo| ||a| T| eodore| War|ed |o
g|ve a corp|e|e |r|erpre|a||or ol ||e prop|e||c cyc|e.
0l ||e o||er o| ooo|s |e |as g|ver ro lorra| correr|ar|es, ou| |r
||e |as| years ol ||s ||le, per|aps al|er ||e courc|| ol C|a|cedor ( ), a| ||e |1
reques| ol ||s `very dear sor lypa||os,' |e dreW up a ser|es ol ues||ors or
3cr|p|ure, |r|erd|rg |o exp|a|r cer|a|r d|ll| cu|| passages ol ||e 0c|a|euc|,
||er K|rgsard C|ror|c|es. T| |s Wor| |s ||e or|y ore ol ||s exege||ca| Wr|||rgs
|o rer||or ||s Correr|ary or ||e Fp|s||es ol lau|(uaes|. |r lev. , l|l, 1
p. , - ), cors|dered lor ||a| reasor as suosequer| |o ||s correr|ar|es 11|
or ||e o|. l| |s very regre||ao|e ||a| We carro| da|e W||| rore exac|ress ||e
|Wo |e||ers |e addresses |o ar aroryrous corresporder| |o W|or |e |ad
ser| ||s correr|ary or lau| |o |oo| over ard W|or |e ||ar|s lor |av|rg
lourd sore rer|| |r ||s Wor| (ep. ard ). 0r ||e o||er |ard, |Wo o||er 1 z
|e||ers ol ||e sare co||ec||or (ep. ard ), W||c| car oe da|ed W||| 8z 11
grea|er cer|||ude, a||oW us |o all| rr ||a| a| ||e erd ol ||e year , T| eodore| ||8
|ad l|r|s|ed ||e redac||or ol a|| ||s correr|ar|es, W||| ||e excep||or ol
||e uaes||ores. 3o ||a| |e r|g|| preser| ||er as rar|les| prool ol ar
8oN|re T| e lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury 0ree| C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
or||odoxy W||c| |s ro| occas|ora| or d|c|a|ed oy lear, ||ese correr|ar|es,
|rc|ud|rg ||e ore or ||e ep|s||es ol lau|, |ad |o oe |r c|rcu|a||or lor sore
||re. 8e|Weer ard | , T| eodore| prooao|y corposed ||e grea|er |1 ||;||8
par| ol ||s exege||ca| Wor|. we carro| oe rore prec|se ||ar |||s. T| e |rd|ca||ors
prov|ded oy corresporderce are |ard |o |r|erpre|. lr ||s le||er 8z
|o Fuseo|us ol Arcyra, T| eodore| car very We|| ||s| ||s Wor|s oy dec|ar|rg
||a| sore Were Wr|||er oelore ||e courc|| ol Fp|esus ard o||ers al|er, `up |o
|We|ve years,' ard |o |ry |r ||s le||er |o lope leo |o spec|ly ||e ruroer 11
ol years e|apsed s|rce ||e|r redac||or, ou| every a||erp| |o es|ao||s| ar exac|
correspordarce oe|Weer ||e Wor|s rer||ored ard ||ese o||s ol c|roro|ogy
car oe very c|arcy. ||e order ard cor|er| ol ||e erurera||or var|es lror
ore |e||er |o aro||er, ard ||e rer||or ol ||e ruroer ol years a|rs aoove
a|| |o es|ao||s| ||e ar||qu||y ol ||s or||odoxy. l| does ro| seer ||a| We car
accord ary rore cred|o||||y |o ||e ruroered es||ra|e g|ver oy |Wo
correr|ar|eszo;
ol ||e ||re e|apsed s|rce ||e des|ruc||or ol ||e Terp|e up |o
||e|r redac||or. ||e da|es We arr|ve a| Wou|d cor|rad|c| ||e |es||rory ol ||e
corresporderce ard oo||ge us |o ex|erd |oo lar ||e ||le ol T| eodore, W|o d|ed
prooao|y |r - . ||oo
zo8
0r ||e o||er |ard, We ray rece|ve rore |e|p lror
||e prooao|e a||us|ors, |r ||s Correr|ary or Fze||e|(l0 , 8C), |o ||e 811zo|
a||ac| ol ||e lurs aga|rs| ||e erp|re |r , ard |r ||s Correr|ary or ||e ||
lsa|rs(l0 , 8C), |o ||e |rvas|or ol ||e lers|ars |r . 8o;; ||1
zo
ll We accep|
|||s ou||oo|, ||ese correr|ar|es Wou|d ||us oe respec||ve|y suosequer| |o
||ese |Wo da|es. Corsequer||y, ||e |r|erpre|a||or ol ||e Car||c|e, ||e prop|ec|es
ol 0ar|e|, Fze||e|, ard ||e r|ror prop|e|s Wou|d l|| |r oe|Weer |1
ard , ||a| ol ||e lsa||er, lsa|a|, Jerer|a|, ard ||e ep|s||es ol lau|, Wou|d ||1
lorr oe|Weer ard a secord group ol correr|ar|es, ||e exege|e's ||1 ||8
505
career l|r|s||rg ollW||| ||e uaes||oresal|er , a| a ||re W|er |e dec|ares |1
||rse|l |o oe Wea|ered oy s|c|ress ard age (l| l, p. , - ). o
Na|ura||y, ||e p|ace accorded oy T| eodore| |o scr|p|ure carro| oe ||r||ed
|o ||s exege||ca| Wor|s a|ore. lr lac|, |e rever ceases |o |rvo|e ||s au||or||y
zo;. lr ls. , - ard uaes|. |r 0eu|. (l| l, p. , ), aro||er es||ra|e ol 1zz| z;o
||e sare |ype |s lourd |r lr 0ar. (l0 , A ard 8). Fac| ol ||ese 811|;z 1|8
da||rgs Wou|d |ead us |o p|ace ||e dea|| ol T| eodore| arourd . |;o
zo8. 3ee . Azera, `3ur |a da|e de |a ror| de T| eodore| de Cyr,' la||as 1
( ). 18|
- 1;.
zo. 3ee or |||s ra||er J.-N. 0u|ro|, l'Fxegse de T| eodore|, - , |. 8ro|, |;
`Touc|ar| |a da|e du Correr|a|re sur |e lsau||erde T| eodore| de Cyr,' blF ||
( ). - . 1|zo
T| eodore| ol Cyrus 81
ard |o oase ||s argurer|a||or or ||, W|e||er as apo|og|s| W||| ||s T|erapeu||c
lor 0ree| l||ressesor as ||eo|og|ar W||| ||s |rea||se 0r ||e Tr|r||y ard ||e
lrcarra||oror as po|er|c|s| W||| ||e Frar|s|es.
||. T|e Fxege||ca| ler||age ol T|eodore|
l||e ||s cor|erporary Cyr|| ol A|exardr|a, T| eodore| |s ore ol ||e |as| grea|
exege|es ol ||e 0ree| |arguage, al|er ||er cores ||e ||re ol corp||ers ard
ra|ers ol ca|eras. 0r ||e oas|s ol ||a| lac| |e |s ||e |e|r ol a |org |rad|||or
ol scr|p|ura| |r|erpre|a||or, ard ||s correr|ar|es oWe ruc| |o ||ose ol ||s
predecessors. lr gerera| |e does ro| see| |o ||de ||s oorroW|rgs, |rs|ead,
|e |ays c|a|r |o ||a| pa|r|s||c |er||age as ||s oWr, oo|| |o s||erce ||ose
W|o Wou|d reproac| ||r lor ||e |||||e persora| |rver||veress |e s|oWs, or
W|o Wou|d accuse ||r ol p|ag|ar|sr, ard oy ||e sare |o|er |o s||ua|e ||s
exeges|s |r ||e gra|r ol a pa|r|s||c |rad|||or W||c| corlers |eg|||racy (lr
Car|., l0 , C). w|||ou| ary douo| |e or|rgs |r a good o|| ol r|e|or|c |r 81|8
||e |ur||||y ol ||s prela|ory dec|ara||ors, ard lor |av|rg lorgo||er || ra||er
qu|c||y, cer|a|r peop|e |ave seer |r T| eodore| or|y a pa|||d |r||a|or ol ||e
exege|es W|o preceded ||r. 3||||, ever |r ||e prelaces W||c| cor|r|ou|e ||e
ros| |o lorWard |||s |dea, ||s correr|ar|es or ||e |We|ve r|ror prop|e|s
or ||e Fp|s||esol lau|, T| eodore| s|r|ves |o jus||ly ||s urder|a||rg ard |o
g|ve reasors W||c| |ed ||r |o oller ar exp|ara||or ol ||ese |ex|s al|er so
rary o||ers |ad dore so.z1o
le does |||s W||| a|| ||e rore reasor ard W|||
grea|er po|er|ca| lorce |r ||e prelace ol ||s correr|ar|es or ||e Car||c|e
ard ||e lsa||er.
z11
Na|ura||y, as W||| a|| ||e arc|er|s, |e rever oper|y d|sc|oses
||s sources, ard |l |e |s dea||rg W||| ||e |r|erpre|a||or ol o||er exege|es |o
cor|es| || or |o |a|e || up lor ||s oWr purposes |e a|Ways uses ||e |rdel|r||e
prorour ||res(`cer|a|r ores,' `sore'). T| |s corver||ora| p|ura| s|ou|d ro|
dece|ve us. eac| ||resord|rar||y relers |o a s|rg|e exege|e. |oreover, ||ese
z1o. Cl. l0 , 8- 0 ard l0 , A- 8. eac| ore |as |o or|rg ||s 811| 1|8 8zo ;
s|ore |r ||e cors|ruc||or ol ||e ou||d|rg ard oerel||s lror ||e ||g|| ol ||e 3p|r|| lor
|||s, ||e W|s| |o g|ve |r a s|rg|e ooo| ||e correr|ary or a|| ||e r|ror prop|e|s
ard ol ||e Apos||e, |r ||e reasure W|ere orev||y car seduce ever ||e ros|
|rdo|er|
readers.
z11. lr ||e prelace ol lr Car|.(l0 , - ) |e |r|erds |o cor|es| ||e op|r|or ol 81zz
T| eodore ol |opsues||a ard ol ||ose |||e ||r W|o reluse ary |rsp|red c|arac|er
|o
||e Car||c|e, ard |r ||e prelace ol lr lsa|. (l0 , C) |e opposes ||e 8o8oo
exc|us|ve|y
o| |r|erpre|a||or ol 0|odore ard ol T|eodore.
8zN|re T| e lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury 0ree| C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
rode|s car a|so ra|e ||r |roW ||e |r|erpre|a||or ol o||er exege|es ard
d|sperse ||r lror |av|rg recourse |o ||e or|g|ra|. ||e ||res||er |s ro|||rg
ou| a secord-|ard relererce. As |||s |ype ol relererce |s re|a||ve|y lrequer| |r
||s correr|ar|es ard || |s poss|o|e |r rary cases |o |der||ly W||| cer|||ude
||e exege|e W|ose |r|erpre|a||or T| eodore| |s repor||rg, We car arr|ve a| a
ra||er exac| |dea ol ||s read|rgs ard ol ||s re||od ol Wor|.
1. T| e ler||age ol ||e 0|d Ar||oc||ars
lror ||e ev|derce |e rus| |ave corsu||ed l|rs| ol a|| ||e correr|ar|es ol
||e grea| exege|es ol Ar||oc| ard |o |ave lorred ||rse|l |r ||e|r sc|oo|. l|s
roras|ery ol N||er|a| prooao|y possessed ||e Wor|s ol 0|odore ol Tarsus,
||e ras|er ol T| eodore ol |opsues||a ard Jo|r C|rysos|or, ard || Wou|d
oe surpr|s|rg |l lo|yc|ror|os ol Aparea d|d ro| spea| ol ||r, |l |r lac|
||ey Were |r cor|ac| dur|rg |||s per|od. 0|d |e ever ree| T| eodore, W|ose
repu|a||or as ar exege|e Was so grea| |r ||e eas| ||a| |e Was surrared `T| e
lr|erpre|er?' l| |s ro| cer|a|r, ever |l ||e c|roro|ogy preser|s ro proo|er.
8u| ooo|s c|rcu|a|ed, ard grea| care Was |a|er very ear|y |o preserve ||e
Wor| ol ||ese ras|ers ol Ar||oc||ar exeges|s.
506
we |ave or|y |o corpare ||e prelace ol ||e correr|ary ol T|eodore|
0r ||e lsa|rsW||| ||a| ol 0|odore |o rea||ze ||a| |e |as ||e |a||er's correr|ary
oelore ||s eyes ard ||a| ||s exege||ca| c|o|ces proceed |r par| lror
||e cr|||ca| read|rg ||a| |e |s ra||rg ol ||.
z1z
w||| regard |o ||e ras|er's |r|erpre|a||or ||s deperderce |s |r ary case ruc|
|ess ||ar ||a| ol T| eodore,
W|ose correr|ary |e ray We|| a|so |ave corsu||ed, ever |l as ||e au||or
adr||s |||s you||lu| Wor| Was s|||| very |rperlec|,
z1
or ||e o||er |ard, ||
|s cer|a|r ||a| |e |s us|rg T| eodore's correr|ary W|er |e pu|s |oge||er
||s oWr or ||e |We|ve r|ror prop|e|s, s|rce |e cor|es|s rary ol ||s o|
|r|erpre|a||ors. Cer|a|r |rd|ca||ors ol ||e sare ra|ure a||oW us |o |||r| ||a|
|e a|so read ||s correr|ar|es or ||e lour grea| prop|e|s, ou| ||e|r
d|sappeararce prever|s us |oday lror |av|rg |rd|spu|ao|e prool ol |||s.
z1|
8u| We
z1z. 3ee our ar||c|e, `l'lr lsa|rosde T| eodore|.'
z1. T| e judgrer| ol T| eodore ol |opsues||a or |||s l|rs| correr|ary |s
|roWr
|o us ||roug| lacurdus ol lerr|are (see r. ), cl. le Correr|a|re de T|eodore o
de
|opsues|e sur |es lsaures (l-lXXX), va||car C||y , ed. b. 0evreesse, p. 1
lX.
z1|. lr ||e sare Way, We |||r|, ||ere |s ar ev|der| ||rs||p oe|Weer ||s rejec||or
ol
||e Juda|z|rg |r|erpre|a||ors ol T| eodore |r ||s lr Xll prop|. ard a|so ol ||e
sare
|ype ol |r|erpre|a||or |r ||s lr ls., see our s|udy, `la cr|s|a|||sa||or d'ur d|ll ererd,'
- |z|.
T| eodore| ol Cyrus 8
car es|ao||s| lor sure ||a| ||s Correr|ary or ||e Fp|s||es ol lau||s |arge|y
deperder| or ||e |r|erpre|a||ors ol T| eodore ard ol Jo|r C|rysos|or,
z1
ol W|or |e rodes||y ca||s ||rse|l a pa|e eru|a|or ard W|or |e deers
W||| adr|ra||or, `||e |orc|es ol ||e ur|verse.'
l |roW ||a| l W||| ro| escape s|arderous |orgues W|er l urder|a|e
|o |r|erpre| ||e |eac||rg ol ||e d|v|re lau|, ra||er l ray oe accused
ol corce|| ard oo|dress W|er l dare |o approac| |r ||e Wa|e ol ||e
|orc|es ol ||e ur|verse ||e |r|erpre|a||or ol ||e Apos||e. 3||||, l W||| se|
ou|, ro| |rus||rg |r ry oWr s|rerg|| ou| |rp|or|rg ||e |e|p ol d|v|re
grace, |o or|rg ou| ||e dep|| ol ||e Apos||e's W|sdor ard |o s|r|p
aWay ||e ve||s ol ||e |e||er lror || |r order |o oller |o ||ose W|o W|s|
|o |ave a s|are |r || ||e oerel| | W||c| |s a|ready ||ere. . . . T| us ||ere
|s ro|||rg |rcorgruous lor us |oo, |||e rosqu||oes |r corpary W|||
||ose Worderlu| oees, |o ra|e ||e apos|o||c readoWs ec|o W||| ouzz|rg. (l0
, A- A) 8zo ;
l|ra||y, ever ||oug| ||e prelace ol ||s ues||ors or 3cr|p|ureac|roW|edges
ro oorroW|rg, || |s c|ear ||a| ||e ues||orsol 0|odore are |ere ||s ra|r
source ol |rlorra||or, as ||ose ol Fuseo|us ol Fresa Were lor ||e |a||er. T| e
Ar||oc||ar arc|orage ol T| eodore|'s exeges|s |s ||us rar|les|. ll ||e Way |r
W||c| |e cor|es|s or cer|a|r po|r|s ||e exeges|s ol ||s predecessors |s ol|er
||e ros| ev|der| s|gr ||a| |e |ad read ||e|r correr|ar|es, We reasure as
We||, eac| ||re ||e corpar|sor |s poss|o|e, every|||rg ||s |r|erpre|a||or oWes
|o ||e|rs, ard espec|a||y ||roug| ||er ||e |roW|edge ol o||er exegeses.
z. T| e |er||age ol 0r|ger ard Fuseo|us ol Caesarea
Never||e|ess, T| eodore| Was ro| cor|er| W||| secord-|ard |rlorra||or
prov|ded |o ||r oy Ar||oc||ar correr|ar|es |o W||c| |e |ad access. lr ||e
prelace |o ||s Correr|ary or ||e lsa|rs|e dec|ares, |r lac|, ||a| |e soug|| |o
|roW d|llerer| lorrs ol exeges|s ard read, oes|des ||e |oo rarroW|y ||s|or|ca|
correr|ar|es ol ||s Ar||oc||ar ras|ers, o||er correr|ar|es excess|ve|y
g|ver over |o a||egory (l0 , C). T| ose ol 0r|ger core |rred|a|e|y 8o8oo
|o r|rd. 8u| |s || very reasorao|e |o |||r| ||a| soreore W|o |s Ar||oc||ar
|r |ra|r|rg, Warred aga|rs| A|exardr|ar a||egory, ard 0r|ger's |r par||cu|ar,
cou|d |ave succeeded al|er rary d|ll| cu|||es |r procur|rg ||e vo|ur|rous
z1. T| |s deperderce ol T| eodore| or T| eodore ard Jo|r C|rysos|or |s
We||
prover oy ||e rurerous correc||ors oroug|| ou| oy l. 8. 3We|e |r ||s ed|||or ol
T| eodore's correr|ar|es or ||e lau||re |e||ers (lr ep|s|o|as o. lau||
correr|ar||,
Caror|dge, - ), see a|so our s|udy, l'Fxegse de T| edore|, p. ll . 188o188z o||
8|N|re T| e lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury 0ree| C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
correr|ar|es ol 0r|ger or ||e lsa||eror ||e prop|e|s? we do ro| oe||eve
507
|||s. T| e s|rg|e case W|ere We car ver|ly a c|ose correc||or oe|Weer 0r|ger's
|r|erpre|a||or ard T| eodore|'s |s ||a| ol ||e 3org ol 3orgs.
z1o
ard |ere We
car erp|as|ze ||a| T| eodore| corp|e|e|y separa|es lror 0r|ger oy relus|rg
|o recogr|ze ary |||era| serse W|a|ever |o ||e 3org, sure|y ar |rory lor ar
Ar||oc||ar. 8u| ||e case ol ||e 3org|s per|aps a spec|a| ore |o ||e ex|er|
||a| 0r|ger's exeges|s se|||ed lor suosequer| pa|r|s||c |rad|||or a syroo||c ard
rys||ca| |r|erpre|a||or W||c| cou|d oe c|a||erged or|y oy as |rdeperder| a
r|rd as T| eodore ol |opsues||a |reW |oW |o oe. lr ary case, |r W|a| corcerrs
||e o||er correr|ar|es, ro poss|o|e corpar|sors W||| 0r|ger a||oW us
|o oe||eve ||a| T| eodore| ever |e|d |r ||s |ards ||e lorrer's correr|ar|es
or |or|||es.
z1;
ll |e ec|oes ar |r|erpre|a||or ol 0r|ger |e prooao|y |roWs
|| or|y |rd|rec||y, ||ar|s sore||res |o ||s Ar||oc||ar rode|s W|o ros|
ol|er cor|es| ||, ou| espec|a||y |o Fuseo|us ol Caesarea, W|ose correr|ar|es
seer |o |ave exer|ed a grea| |rl|uerce or ||r, ard |o a cer|a|r ex|er| as a
cour|eroa|arce |o ||e|rs.
T||s |rl|uerce ol Fuseo|us |s ver|l|ed espec|a||y |r ||e correr|ar|es
0r lsa|a|ard 0r ||e lsa|rs. l| |s a good oe| ||a| ||e correr|ar|es or ||e
lsa||er, W||c| T| eodore| c|a|rs |o |ave read ard W|ose excess|ve a||egory |e
dep|ores, car oe |raced |o ||a| ol Fuseo|us ard W|a| |e ra|es ||r |earr ol
0r|ger's |r|erpre|a||or. 0l ro |rpor|arce |s ||e lac| ||a| |r |||s correr|ary
||e p|ace accorded oy Fuseo|us |o ||e a||egor|ca| read|rg |s ro| a| a|| excess|ve
ard ||a| ||e a||er||or locused or ||e |e||er ol ||e |ex| |s ever grea|er
||ar |r ||s prev|ous exege||ca| Wor|s.
z18
Ar exege|e W|o cores lror ||e
oro|| ol Ar||oc| |s expec|ed |o derource ||e a||egory ol ||e A|exardr|ars,
espec|a||y |l |e |r|erds, |||e T| eodore|, |o cor|es| aoove a|| ||e o| exeges|s
ol ||e lsa||erg|ver oy ||e grea| represer|a||ves ol Ar||oc||ar exeges|s.
3uc| dec|ara||ors carro| ra|e us douo| ||e deo| |e oWes Fuseo|us, W|ose
Correr|ary or lsa|a||e a|so rade use ol, ever |l ||e prelace ol ||s
correr|ary ra|es ro rer||or ol ||e exeges|s ol ||s predecessors. NoW |r |||s
case aga|r, Fuseo|us |s a|ded oy 0r|ger's correr|ary |o corpose ||s oWr,
as |s proved oy rary exac| relererces |o ||e A|exardr|ar's Wor|.
z1
l|ra||y, ||
z1o. 3ee |. 3|rore|||, `Teodore|o e 0r|gere su| Car||co de| Car||c|.'
z1;. 3ee our ar||c|e, `T| eodore| a-|-|| |u |es |ore||es d'0r|gre sur |'Arc|er
Tes|arer|?' ard our s|udy, l' F x e g s e d e T| eodore|, ll . zo;
z18. 0r |||s po|r| see C. Cur||, `la |err|ro|og|a esege||ca re| Correr|ar|| |r
lsa|rosd| Fuseo|o d| Cesarea,' |r la Terr|ro|og|a esege||ca re||'ar||c|||, 8ar|
, 18;
- ;.
z1. lr relererce |o ||e |ex| ol lsa|a| Fuseo|us rer||ors |r par||cu|ar ||e p|ace
T| eodore| ol Cyrus 8
|s a|so lror Fuseo|us ard ||s 0erors|ra||o evarge||ca||a| T| eodore| ros|
cer|a|r|y oorroWs a |arge par| ol ||s argurer|a||or ard ||s |rlorra||or |o
exp|a|r ||e prop|ecy ol ||e ` Wee|s' (0r , - ) |r ||s Correr|ary or ;o z|z;
0ar|e|.
zzo
le a|so urdouo|ed|y l|rds |r ||s C|ror|c|eard ||s 0roras||cor
rore ||ar ore prec|ous o|| ol |rlorra||or lor ||e exp||ca||or ol ||e scr|p|ura| |ex|.
T| us ||s lrequer| resor||rg |o ||e Wor| ol Fuseo|us seers |o |ave
p|ayed ar |rpor|ar| ro|e |r ||s |errereu||ca| prac||ce ard rore oroad|y |r
||e Wor||rg ou| ol ||e |arger or|er|a||ors ol ||s exeges|s.
. 0||er sources
8eyord ||e correr|ar|es ol Fuseo|us ard ||ose ol ||s ras|ers ol Ar||oc||ar
exeges|s, espec|a||y 0|odore ol Tarsus ard T| eodore ol |op sues||a, ou| a|so
Jo|r C|rysos|or, || |s poss|o|e ||a| T| eodore| Wer| lror ||re |o ||re |o
draW lror o||er We||s. T| us ||s corresporderce (ep. ) lurr|s|es us W||| 8
||e prool ||a| |e read ||e Wr|||rg ol Cyr|| 0r ||e 3capegoa|, ard ||a| ||s
oWr |r|erpre|a||or ol ||e r||e |r ||s uaes||oresoears ||e |race ol |||s read|rg.
zz1T| e Nes|or|ar cr|s|s, |rduc|rg ||e |Wo pro|agor|s|s |o a rec|proca|
exar|ra||or ol ||e|r Wr|||rgs or ||e doc|r|ra| |eve|, a||oWs us |o |||r| ||a|
||s cor|ac| W||| Cyr||'s exeges|s cou|d |ave oeer very oroad. loWever, ||e
||r|s ol deperderce ||a| car oe g||rpsed oe|Weer ||e|r correr|ar|es or
lsa|a| or ||e r|ror prop|e|s are re|||er very rurerous ror very c|ose. T| e
lu||ress ol Cyr||'s correr|ar|es, ro|ao|y or ||e r|ror prop|e|s, Was very
|||e|y |||||e su||ed |o T| eodore|'s |as|e. 0r ||e o||er |ard W|||e ||s |r|erpre|a||or
sore||res seers |o approac| ||a| ol 0|dyrus ||e 8||rd, Fuseo|us ol
Fresa, 3ever|ar ol 0aoa|a, or ever ||a| ol Jerore, || |s d|ll|cu|| |o oe||eve
508
|r d|rec| oorroW|rgs. l|ra||y We car add ||a| |e cou|d |ave rade use ol
l|av|us Josep|us' JeW|s| Ar||qu|||es, ro|ao|y a| ||e ||re ol ||e redac||or ol ||s
uaes||ores. T| |s carro| oe s|a|ed lor cer|a|r lor |r ||s Correr|ary or 0ar|e|
every|||rg seers |o |rd|ca|e ||a| ||s relererces |o ||e Wor| ol Josep|us are
secord |ard, oorroWed lror ||e 0erors|ra||orol Fuseo|us.
zzz
lr ||e rajor||y ol cases T| eodore| |||e|y uses or|y ore or |Wo rode|s.
a correr|ary ol 0|odore or T| eodore, or aro||er ol Fuseo|us ol Caesarea.
l| |s ||roug| ||er ||a| |e cores |o |roW o||er exegeses W||c| d|sperse
W|ere ||e d|llerer| |ores ol 0r|ger's correr|ary |el|oll, see Fuseo|us, 0er
Jesaja|orrer|ar, ed. J. Z|eg|er, Fus. wer|e lX, , lr|rod., XXXll-XXXlv. 1;
zzo. 3ee our ar||c|e, `T| eodore| |r||a|eur d'Fusoe.'
zz1. 3ee our ar||c|e, `l'exegse du oouc er|ssa|re.'
zzz. 3ee our ar||c|e, `T| eodore| |r||a|eur d'Fusoe,' ll. oz
8oN|re T| e lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury 0ree| C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
||r lror |av|rg |o corsu|| rurerous correr|ar|es, a process oo|| d|ll|cu|| ard
orerous.
|||. Ara|ys|s ol ||e Fxege||ca| |e||od
1. T| e re||od |r opera||or
lr ||e l|l|| cer|ury, T| eodore| cer|a|r|y d|d ro| |ave |o |rver| ar exege||ca|
re||od. To exp|a|r scr|p|ure oy scr|p|ure, as |o exp|a|r lorer oy lorer,
|ad |org oeer a recogr|zed |errereu||ca| pr|rc|p|e all|rred lror Ar||oc|
|o A|exardr|a.
zz
w||| 0r|ger ard a|| ||e exege|es or ||e s|rorg au||or||y ol
lau| ( Tr . ), T| eodore| cors|ders scr|p|ure as W|o||y |rsp|red. every|||rg |r z 1o
|| |as a rear|rg, ro|||rg |r || |s W|||ou| uselu|ress, every|||rg |s
rora| ard oearer ol a sa|u|ary |eac||rg, every|||rg |r || |s co|erer| oeyord
apparer| cor|rad|c||ors. w||||r ||e correr|ary ||e ro|e ol ||e quo|a||ors |s
prec|se|y |o or|rg ou| |||s co|ererce`||e syrp|ory ol ||e scr|p|ures'as
We|| as |o exp|a|r a d|ll|cu|| verse W||| ||e |e|p ol |||ur|ra||rg para||e|s. As
||e Wor| ol a s|rg|e 3p|r|| ||e ur||y ol scr|p|ure, 0|d ard NeW Tes|arer|s,
|s ||erelore a presuppos|||or W||c| goverrs ||s W|o|e |r|erpre|a||or. le
|s ro |ess aWare ||a| ||e se|||rg up ol ||e prop|e||c co||ec||ors |as sore||res
upse| ||e pr|r|||ve order ol ||e orac|es ard scraro|ed ||e c|roro|ogy. T| |s |s
espec|a||y |rue |r ||e case ol ||e lsa||er(l0 , A) or ||e 8o8o
Fp|s||esol lau|.
T| e o|essed lau| Wro|e lour|eer ep|s||es, ou| ||e order ||ey |a|e up
|r ||e ooo|s Was ro| de|err|red oy ||r, |r ry op|r|or. lr ||e sare
Way, ||e d|v|re 0av|d corposed ||e |o|y psa|rs urder ||e sWay ol
||e |rsp|ra||or |e |ad rece|ved lror ||e ros| |o|y 3p|r||, ou| || Was
o||er persors W|o pu| ||er |oge||er |a|er or as ||ey saW l||. T| ey
sure|y g|ve ou| ||e good sp|r||ua| odor, ou| do ro| respec| c|roro|og|ca| order. lr
||e sare Way |s |||s ||e case, as We car see, ||a| ||e
ep|s||es ol ||e Apos||e |r ques||or Were co||ec|ed. (l0 , 8) 8z;
T| us || |s ||e |as| ol ||e exege|e |o |a|e |r|o accour| |||s Wor| ol ||e `ed||ors'
|o or|rg ou|, oeyord ar apparer| d|sorder, ||e a|o|ou|||aol scr|p|ure ard |r
|||s Way |o s|u| ||e rou||s ol ||s de|rac|ors W|o erp|as|ze ||s |rco|ererces.
zz. 3ee A. v|c|aro, `loreror ex lorerou sap|er|ze|r. lr|rc|p|os
|errereu||cos
de Teodore|o de C|ro er su corer|ar|o a |as ep|s|o|as pau||ras,' 3crT| z1
( ), 18
- 1o1, C. 3c|auo||r, ur|ersuc|urger zu |e||ode urd ler|url|der
ar||oc|er|sc|er
Fxegese, Co|ogre ard 8orr , - . 1;|1oo
T| eodore| ol Cyrus 8;
T| |s sa|d, W|||e recogr|z|rg ||a| ||e l|oW ol |deas |r ||e prop|e||c d|scourse
does ro| a|Ways adop| a |og|ca| order ard ||a| ||s s|ruc|ure |s lreer ||ar ary
rarra||ve |ex|, |e gerera||y reluses |o |ay |||s |ac| ol |og|c |o ||e prop|e|'s
accour| or see| |o jus||ly ||e order adop|ed. w|er |Wo prop|ec|es do ro|
seer |o |ave ary ||r| oe|Weer ||er desp||e ||e|r prox|r||y, as |r ls . - 1|1o
||e arrourcerer| ol ||e reW |aW, ||e 0ospe|, |rred|a|e|y lo||oWed oy ||e
pred|c||or ol ||e re|urr |o 8aoy|or, ||e respors|o||||y lor |||s |rcorgru||y
la||s or ||e ed||ors ol lsa|a| ard ro| or ||e prop|e|.
we s|ou|d |roW ||a| ||ese arrourcerer|s Were ro| rade a| ||e
sare ||re, ou| ||a| ||e lorrer da|e lror a cer|a|r ||re ard ||e |a||er
lror aro||er, ard ||ey Were oroug|| |oge||er |a|er or |o lorr a s|rg|e
ooo|. (lr ls. , - ) 1oz|8z1
Correspord|rg|y, We s|ou|d ro| oe surpr|sed ol ||e preserce |r ls . ol a z1
secord prearo|e W||c| seers |o repea| ||e ore |r ls . , || |s or|y ||e s|gr 11
||a| ||e |Wo reve|a||ors |apperded a| |Wo d|llerer| ||res (lr ls , - ). lr ||e zo
sare Way, We s|ou|d ro| cors|der c|ap|ers - ol lsa|a|as adver||||ous o
or ||e oas|s ||a| ||e accour| ol 3errac|er|o's |rvas|or ard ||e r|racu|ous
de||verarce ol Jerusa|er car a|so oe read |r ||e lour|| ooo| ol K|rgs. 8y
509
|rc|ud|rg |||s rarra||or ol ever|s |r ||s prop|ecy, ||e prop|e| War|s |o
urderscore ||e |ru||lu| c|arac|er ol a|| ||s orac|es. `Jus| as ||e dec|ara||ors
re|a|ed |o 3errac|er|o erded |r oe|rg lu|l|||ed, a|| ||e o||er prop|ec|es
||a| |e u||ered W||| oe equa||y oroug|| |o ||e|r rea||za||or' (lr ls , - ). 111;
T||s del|r|||ve|y corveys a prolourd|y ur||ary corcep||or ol scr|p|ure
W||c| T| eodore| s|ares |r lac| W||| ||e W|o|e ol ||e pa|r|s||c |rad|||or ard
W||c| oov|ous|y loro|ds ||r lror |rag|r|rg ||a| lsa|a| carro| |e|p ou|
oe ||e s|rg|e au||or ol ||e prop|ecy ||a| oears ||s rare, or |oses ||a| ol
||e ler|a|euc|. l||eW|se, 0av|d's ascr|p||or ol a|| ||e psa|rs |s |r ||s eyes
||e ros| |||e|y |ypo||es|s, W|a|ever 0r|ger or Fuseo|us ray |ave sa|d, ou|
|l |e s|oWs ||rse|l |o oe |ess ca|egor|ca| or |||s po|r| ||ar 0|odore || |s oecause
|e judges suc| a d|scuss|or as dec|ded|y secordary, s|rce ||e|r ore ard
ver||ao|e au||or |s ||e lo|y 3p|r|| (l0 , C). T| |s exp|a|rs ||e respec| 8o8o1
|e |as lor ||e |ex| ol scr|p|ure |r ||e |xx |rars|a||or, W||c| |e regards as
|rsp|red as |s ||e or|g|ra|. Cer|a|r|y || |appers ||a| |e ro||ces sore aW|Ward
rerder|rgs ol ||e leoreW, ||e corsequerce ol ||e |rars|a|ors' |oo scrupu|ous
l|de|||y |o ||e|r rode|, or r|s|a|es due |o copy|s|s.
zz|
8u| W|er ||s vers|or
zz|. 0r ||ese rerder|rgs ol ||e leoreW as a source ol ooscur||y cl. lr Car|.,
l0 , A8), uaes|. |r beg., prael., l|ll, p. , - . 0r|y or ||ree 811zo 811
occas|ors
does T| eodore| or|rg ou| or presure ra|er|a| r|s|a|es due |o ||e reg||gerce ol
copy|s|s. lr lor. l0 , C0, uaes|. |r l beg. ard |r ll beg. , l|ll, p. 811; z
,
- ;1z, , - . 8|11;
88N|re T| e lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury 0ree| C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
ol ||e |xx preser|s ar ooscure or perp|ex|rg |ex|, ever d|llerer| lror ||a|
ol o||er vers|ors, |e |r|es every ||re |o jus||ly ||, |o exp|a|r || ard s|oW ||s
co|ererce W||| ||e se|||rg |r W||c| || l||s. A|so, |e judges as o|asp|erous
||e a||||ude ol ||ose W|o Wou|d dare |o add or suo|rac| ary|||rg a| a|| |o
or lror ||, ever |o correc| ||. lor ||e sare reasor, |o cor|es| ||e |rsp|red
c|arac|er ol ||e 3orgurder ||e pre|ex| ||a| || ra|es use ol a prolare ard
ero||c vocaou|ary |s |o ||s eyes `|o g|ve ev|derce ol audac||y' W||| regard
|o ||e lo|y 3p|r||, W|o |s ||s |rsp|rer (l0 , A). l| seers a|ros| equa||y 81z
|ererar|ous |o suspec| ||e va||d||y ol ||e ||||es ol ||e psa|rs, lor |||s |s |o
ca|| |r|o ques||or ||e s|a|us ol ||e |rsp|r|red |ex| W||c| ||e |xx erjoys.
8u| s|rce cer|a|r ores |ave ever dec|ared dece||lu| ||e ||||es ol ||e
psa|rs, l |||r| || |s recessary |o express ryse|l or|el|y or |||s suojec|
as We||. lor ry par| l |||r| || |s |ererar|ous |o rejec| ||e ||||es, W||c|
go oac| |o ||e or|g|r, |o ||e ||re ol l|o|ery, W|o re|gred over Fgyp|
al|er A|exarder, ard ||a| a|| ||e sever|y arc|er|s |rars|a|ed |r|o 0ree|
as ||ey d|d a|so lor ||e res| ol d|v|re 3cr|p|ure. |oreover, ore |urdred ard l|l|y
years oelore ||e|r |rars|a||or ||e adr|rao|e Fzra, l|||ed
W||| d|v|re grace, reWor|ed ||e |o|y ooo|s ol W||c| ||e care|essress
ol ||e JeWs ard ||e |rp|e|y ol ||e 8aoy|or|ars |ad prev|ous|y carr|ed aWay |r|o
d|sappeararce. NoW |l |||s |a||er, urder ||e ros| |o|y
3p|r||'s Wor||rg, res|ored ||ese |o rerory, ard |l ||e lorrer, sure|y
erjoy|rg d|v|re |rsp|ra||or, rerdered ||er |r|o 0ree| ard a|so |rars|a|ed ||e ||||es
as We|| as ||e res| ol ||e d|v|re scr|p|ures, l |||r| || |s |o
prove ore's |erer||y ard ex|rere audac||y |o dec|are ||er |o oe cour|erle|| ard
|o presure ||a| ore's oWr op|r|ors |ave rore ol W|sdor
||ar ||e ac||ve poWer ol ||e 3p|r||. (l0 , 0- 8) 8o8o1 8o|
To recogr|ze |r scr|p|ure ||e s|a|us ol |rsp|red |ex| |r eac| ol ||s par|s |rp||es
||erelore a cer|a|r ruroer ol presuppos|||ors ol read|rg ||a| T| eodore|
s|ares W||| ||e W|o|e ol ||e pa|r|s||c |rad|||or, ou| W||c| ye| |ead ||r
sore||res |o cor|es| |r|erpre|a||ors W||c| |erd, |r ||s v|eW, |o ca|| |||s
|rsp|ra|or |r|o ques||or.
T| e pr|racy g|ver |o ||e |||era| serse
T| |s sa|d, ||e Ar||oc||ar r|||eu W|ere ||s lorra||or |oo| p|ace rade ||r
par||cu|ar|y a||er||ve |o ||e |e||er ol ||e |ex| ard |o ||s ||s|or|ca| d|rers|or, ard oy
||e sare |o|er cau||ored ||r aWay lror ||e a||egory ol ||e
A|exardr|ars. ll |e corderrs ||s aouse |r cer|a|r exege|es, espec|a||y |r ||e
prelace |o ||s lr lsa|., |e ye| does || W||| |ess v|ru|erce ||ar a 0|odore ol
Tarsus ard espec|a||y, || seers, |o erp|as|ze ||a| |e oe|orgs |o ||e `sc|oo| ol
T| eodore| ol Cyrus 8
Ar||oc|,' a| ||e very rorer| W|ere |e |s c|a||erg|rg ||e exeges|s, |oo |||era|
|r ||s eyes, ol ||s Ar||oc||ar ras|ers.
zz
Never||e|ess, |e rera|rs oas|ca||y
la|||lu| |o ||e ||s|or|ca|-|||era| re||od W||c| gu|des ||e|r |r|erpre|a||or.
l||e ||er, |e locuses l|rs| ol a|| or ||e |e||er ol ||e |ex|, |o ||e purc|ua||or,
sore||res ever |o ||e accer|ua||or, a| ||e Way ol arrarg|rg ||e verses, or
jo|r|rg ||e s||c|s, ard gerera||y ol every|||rg ||a| cors|||u|es ||e sc|era ol
510
||e |ex|, ||a| |s, ||s |||erary s|ruc|ure, ||e |ype ol d|scourse used, ||e s|y|e or
|ore adop|ed oy ||e sacred au||or. w|a| are We dea||rg W|||, ar orgar|zed
||s|or|ca| accour| or a prop|e||c orac|e, W||| ||e orea|s ard ||e r|x|ure ol
perspec||ves proper |o ||? 0ug|| We |o read |||s verse |r ||e dec|ara||ve or
|r ||e |r|erroga||ve rode, |r|erpre| |||s aro|guous grarra||ca| par||c|e
(r) as ||e rar| ol rega||or or |r|erroga||or? ls ||e prop|e| express|rg
||rse|l |r ||e |ore ol |rory, or reproac|, or ol ex|or|a||or? T| ese are so
rary ques||ors ||a| ||e exege|e a||erp|s |o reso|ve |o gu|de ||s reader |r
||e dec|p|er|rg ol a sore||res d|ll| cu|| or ooscure |ex|.
To arr|ve a| ||a| po|r|, |e |as |o proceed |o a re||cu|ous grarra||ca|
exar|ra||or ol ||e |ex|, appea| |o e|yro|ogy or serar||cs |o ra|| doWr ||e
exac| rear|rg ol a Word, d|s||rgu|s| |ororyrs, g|ve ||e del|r|||or ol rare
or |ec|r|ca| |errs ard a|so ||ose W||c| |ave dropped ou| ol currer| usage. le
a|so |as |o ca|| a||er||or |o ard exp|a|r a cer|a|r ruroer ol |W|s|s
proper |o ||e |arguage ol ||e |xx or ol lau|, cors|dered as `|d|ors' (|d|ora)||a|
|s, leora|srs rerdered |r|o 0ree| oy ||e |rars|a|orsor s|rp|y
as a s|y||s||c `|ao||' (e||os). T| us |||s |s ||e case, lor exarp|e, |r ||e |xx W|||
||e era||age ol veroa| |erses oy v|r|ue ol W||c| a pas| car |ave ||e va|ue ol
a lu|ure or, |ess lrequer||y, a lu|ure ||a| ol a pas|, or e|se ol ||e par||cu|ar
va|ue ||a| allec|s cer|a|r |erpora| or l|ra| corjurc||ors |r lau|. Ar urusua|
syr|ac||ca| |urr, a d|ll| cu|| cors|ruc||or, ar aorup| c|arge ol suojec|, a ru|e
ol agreerer| ro| respec|ed, a repe||||or, ar apparer| cor|rad|c||ora||
|o|d ||e exege|e's a||er||or, ro| or|y oecause |e see|s |o rerder rore
|rred|a|e|y |r|e|||g|o|e ||e |ex| or W||c| |e |s correr||rg, ou| oecause |||s
ara|ys|s ol ||e |e||er a||oWs ||r rore ||ar orce |o de|err|re ||e purpose
(s|opos) ol ||e scr|p|ura| |ex|, |o draW argurer| lror || aga|rs| |ere||cs, or
|o oase a dogra||c s|a|erer| or ||. Ard so || |s ro| W|||ou| |r|eres| |r order
|o coroa| Ar|ar pos|||ors |o draW a||er||or |o ||e use lau| ra|es ol ||e
prepos|||ors d|aard ex.
|oreover |e (lau|) |eac|es us a| ||e sare ||re ||a| |e |s ra||rg ar
|rd|s||rc| use ol ||e prepos|||ors. lere (l Cor . ), |r lac|, |e |s us|rg 11
|r spea||rg ol ||e la||er ||e prepos|||or `oy W|or' (d|'|ou), ||a| ||e
zz. 3ee our ar||c|e, `l'lr lsa|rosde T| eodore|,' - . 1o|
ooN|re T| e lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury 0ree| C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
par||sars ol Ar|us ard Furor|us reler |o ||e 3or. NoW |e Wou|d ro|
|ave dore |||s |l, prec|se|y, |e |ad ||oug|| ||a| ||e prepos|s||or `oy
W|or' |rp||ed a |esser s|a|us ||ar ||e prepos|||or `lror W|or' (ex
|ou). (l0 , A) 8zzz
0r ever or ||e order ol ||e Words a|ore.
lr |||s Way a|so ( T| es . ) |e derources ||e o|asp|ery ol Ar|us z z1o
ard Furor|us ard c|ear|y |eac|es ||a| ever ||e p|ac|rg ol ||e Words
does ro| |rd|ca|e a d|llererce |r d|gr||y. lor |ere |e |as p|aced ||e
3or oelore ||e la||er, ro| |o |eac| ||a| ||e 3or |s grea|er ||ar ||e
la||er ou| |o s|oW oy |||s c|arge ol p|ace ||e|r equa|||y ol rar|. (l0
8z, A) oo
T| |s ara|ys|s ol ||e |e||er a|so p|ays a de|err|r|rg ro|e |r ||e ol| er de||ca|e
|der||l|ca||or ol ||e spea|ers (prosopa), espec|a||y |r ||e case ol a d|a|ogue
|ex| as ||e 3orgor ||e psa|rs, |o ||e ex|er| ||a| 0av|d car spea| |r ||s oWr
rare ou| a|so |a|e ||e ro|e ol aro||er oy |erd|rg ||r ||s vo|ce (e| prosopou).
T| us |||s psa|r ol 0av|d W||| oe p|aced |r ||e rou|| ol ||e JeW|s| peop|e
depor|ed |o 8aoy|or, |||s o||er ore |r ||a| ol K|rg leze||a| or C|r|s| or
ye| aro||er persorage, s|rce 0av|d's prop|ecy, |||e ||a| ol |oses, eroraces
|r T| eodore|'s v|eW ||e W|o|e ||s|ory ol lsrae|, lror ||s oeg|rr|rgs |o ress|ar|c
||res.
zzoT| e es|ao||s||rg ol ||e |||era| serse, ||er, presures oeyord
||e proper|y p|||o|og|ca| |as| recourse |o rurerous d|sc|p||res, ||s|ory ard
geograp|y |rc|uded, W||c| p|ay |r |||s |ype ol exeges|s a preporderar| ro|e.
To do |||s ||e exege|e uses var|ous |rs|rurer|s. T| us a| rurerous po|r|s
|e rer||ors, espec|a||y |r ||s ues||ors or K|rgs ard C|ror|c|es, a |ype
ol g|ossary ol leoreW Words (lerrere|a |or |eora||or orora|or),
zz;
ard
prooao|y searc|es lror corparao|e Wor|s ||e rear|rg ol a rare Word or a
prec|se del|r|||or, ever as or |||s po|r| |e draWs ruc| |rlorra||or lror
||e correr|ar|es a| ||s d|sposa|. l|s Wor| as a ||s|or|ar |s W|||ou| douo|
rade eas|er oy corsu|||rg l|s|or|es, ard ||a| as geograp|er oy ||e ex|s|erce
ol 0roras||ca. T| e |rlorra||or |e oorroWs lror ||er |o es|ao||s| da||rg,
dyras||c success|or, ||e c|roro|ogy ol ever|s, ||e care |e uses |o |der||ly
p|aces rer||ored oy 3cr|p|ure, espec|a||y |l ||e|r rare |as c|arged s|rce
o|o||ca| days, does ro| proceed so ruc| lror a |as|e lor erud|||or as lror
||e des|re |o s|oW, Wr|||er |r|o ||e lac|s or |r a very rea| geograp|y, ||e
verac||y ol ||e scr|p|ura| |ex|.
zzo. 0r ||e ro|e ol ||e exp|ara||or e| prosopou|r ||e exeges|s ol ||e
Ar||oc||ars
511
see |.-J. bordeau, les Correr|a|res pa|r|s||ques du lsau||er (ll
e-v
e
s|c|es), vo|. ll,
Fxegse prosopo|og|que e| ||eo|og|que, 0CA , bore , - , - . zzo 188;zz;z1
zz;. lr ls. , - , uaes|., l| ll, , - , , - , , - , , - , z;oz;1 ||18z1|oz1o1;1o;1z
, zo
- zzz, , - , , - . z|o1z|8111
T| eodore| ol Cyrus o1
Aro||er very lrequer| Way |o saleguard ||e |e||er ol ||e |ex| |s ar appea|
|o `cus|or' (e||os), |o ||e ex|er| ||a| ||e d|v|re|y |rsp|red 3cr|p|ure |s expressed
|r |urar |arguage ard relers |o very corcre|e |urar oe|av|or, sore
ol W||c| oe|orgs |o oygore ages or a par||cu|ar soc|e|y, ard sore |s ur|versa|,
oe|org|rg |o a|| ||re. T| us ||e ru|r ol N|r|ve| |r Zep| . |s prop|es|ed |r z1
|errs ||a| T| eodore| Wou|d urders|ard |r ||e proper serse.
`Fvery rar ||a| W||| pass oy |er W||| ||ss ard s|a|e ||s l|s|s.' l r l a c | ,
ros| peop|e are |r ||e |ao|| ol ||ss|rg ard s|a||rg l|s|s W|er |rouo|esore |||rgs
urexpec|ed|y |apper. (l0 , C) 8118z
T| e lac| ||a| |r ||s day || Was ||e cus|or |o address |rpor|ar| persorages
W||| ||e ||||e lord a||oWs ||r |o |o|d ||a| 0ar|e| urders|ards ||e ore W|o
appears |o ||r or|y |r ||a| serse (0r . ). || |s ro| recessary |o corc|ude 1o1o
||a| |e |as seer 0od (l0 , C). lr ||e sare Way, Jacoo's ac||or |r 811oo
aro|r||rg W||| o|| ||e roc| W||c| |e used as a p|||oW ard W||c| |e |ad
jus| se| up as a reror|a| s|ore (0er . ) |s exp|a|red W||| relererce |o a z818
prac||ce s|||| |r lorce |r 3yr|a |r T| eodore|'s ||re.
Fver |oday We car see |||s dore oy rary Worer W|o oe||eve |r ||e
lord. lr lac|, ||ey |ave ||e |ao|| |r ||e d|v|re sarc|uar|es ol aro|r||rg
W||| o|| ||e ra|||rg ol ||e erc|osures ard |oros ol ||e |o|y rar|yrs.
(l|l, , ll.) ;oz|
Jus| as ||ere are s|y||s||c pa||errs proper |o scr|p|ure ||a| ||e exege|e rus|
exp|a|r |o |a|e accour| ol ||e |ex| |r ||s |||era|||y, ||e recourse |o `cus|or,'
||a| |s, |o prac||ces or oe|av|or sa|d |o oe |ao||ua| |o |urar oe|rgs |r gerera|
or |r a g|ver r|||eu, ||us oecores a ver||ao|e |errereu||ca| re||od lror
||e very lac| ol ||s lrequercy. As W||| grarrar or ||s|ory, || rore ol|er ||ar
ro| |as ro o||er lurc||or ||ar |o preserve or jus||ly ||e |e||er ol ||e |ex|.
l|s Ar||oc||ar lorra||or ros| cer|a|r|y cor|r|ou|ed |r re|rlorc|rg ||e
a||er||or T| eodore| gave |o ||e |e||er, ou| ||s |errereu||ca| re||od a|so
proceeds rore oroad|y lror ||a| oroug|| ou| oy ||e A|exardr|ar grarrar|ars.
Al|er ||e|r exarp|e, ||s exp|ara||ors ro| or|y |rc|ude r|e|or|c,
grarrar, ||s|ory, ard o||er d|sc|p||res capao|e ol c|ear|rg up ||e rear|rg
ol a g|ver passage, ||ey are a|so oased or a cr|||ca| ara|ys|s ol ||e |ex| ol
||e |xx, jus| as ||e|r correr|ar|es or lorer presured ||e `l|xa||or' ol a
lorer|c |ex|, accorpar|ed oy cr|||ca| rar|s ard rarg|ra| arro|a||ors. 0r
|||s po|r| T| eodore| c|ear|y separa|es ||rse|l lror ||s Ar||oc||ar ras|ers,
W|o are |r gerera| |||||e |r|eres|ed |r |ex|ua| cr|||c|sr. T| e lac| ||a| |e zz8
zz8. lr ||s Correr|ary or ||e lsa|rs, 0|odore ol Tarsus ra|es or|y very
ep|sod|c relererce |o ||e vers|ors (CC30 , XClX-C, ed. J.-|. 0||v|er), T| o
eodore
ol |opsues||a, W|o accords ||er ar |rpor|ar| p|ace |r ||s Correr|ary or ||e
lsa|rs(3T , va||car C||y , ed. b. 0evreesse), |a|es ro suosequer| 1
|r|eres|
ozN|re T| e lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury 0ree| C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
cors|dered ||e |xx as ar |rsp|red |ex| W|ose au||or||y preva||s over o||er
|rars|a||ors lror ||e leoreW d|d ro| prever| ||r lror corsu|||rg, or a
re|a||ve|y regu|ar oas|s, ||e vers|ors ol Aqu||a, 3yrrac|us, ard T| eodo||or,
ard a|so |o |a|e |r|o accour| ||e o|d 3yr|ac vers|or ||e les||||a, oecause ol
||s c|ose ||rs||p W||| ||e leoreW |ex|. le does ro| |ave ||e d|sda|r ||a|
T| eodore ol |opsues||a expressed lor || ror ary rea| susp|c|or ol o||er
|rars|a|ors ever |l sore||res |e does accuse ||er, W||| ||e W|o|e ol pa|r|s||c
|rad|||or, ol |av|rg vo|or|ar||y dera|ured ||e rear|rg ol ||e leoreW
|ex| |o prever| C|r|s||ars lror |ay|rg c|a|r |o ||.
zz
|os| ol ||e ||re ||e|r
vers|ors, espec|a||y ||a| ol 3yrrac|us, larous lor ||s c|ar||y, are oroug|| |r
|o s|ed ||g|| or ||e |xx, lor W|or ||ey prov|ded a sor| ol parap|rase, or
|o prove ||s correc|ress, |o ||e ex|er| ||a| a|| ||e |rars|a|ors sa|d ||e sare
|||rg, sore||res W||| d|llerer| Words. T| ey are so |o spea| a l|rs| |eve| ol
||s exeges|s. T| |s corlror|a||or ol vers|ors W||| ||e |xx does ro| a|r, |r
lac|, |o l|rd ||e |ex|ua| lorr c|oses| |o ||e or|g|ra| leoreW |ex|||ere |s
ro |eora|ca ver||aslor T| eodore| as lor Jeroreou| |o exp|a|r, |||us|ra|e,
or jus||ly ||e |rars|a||or |r use |r ||e C|urc|es. T| |s |s W|y, al| er |av|rg
ro|ed ||e var|a||ors ||a| car ex|s| oe|Weer ||s Ar||oc||ar |ex| ard ||e o||er
|rars|a||ors, or ever ||e |xx |r ||e lexap|a ed|||or, |e a|ros| a|Ways s|r|ves
|o s|oW ||a| ||ere |s ro cor|rad|c||or or d|vergerce oe|Weer ||ese d|llerer|
512
|ex|ua| lorrs, ou| ra||er a oas|c |arrory. lr ary case, ||e |xx a|Ways |as ||e
|as| Word, ard W|||e ||e exege|e rus| corpare ||s severa| cop|es (ar||grap|a)
W||| eac| o||er, |e gerera||y accords prelererce |o ||e ore |e |s correr||rg
or, ||e |ex| |r use |r ||e C|urc| ol ||e reg|or arourd Ar||oc|.
zo
0esp||e ||e
W|a|ever |r ||s exege||ca| Wor|s. T|e Correr|ary or lsa|a|ol Jo|r C|rysos|or
preserved |r 0ree| (3C ) ollers ro relererce |o vers|ors (as cor|ras|ed |o ||e o|
par| |arded or |r Arrer|ar urder ||s rare), ||s lor|||es or ||e lsa|rs, or ||e
o||er |ard, ra|e cors|ar| appea| |o ||e vers|ors ou| W|||ou| des|gra||rg ||e|r
au||ors o||er ||ar oy |rdel|r||e prorours (a||os, a||o|, |e|eros).
zz. T| eodore |erds |o |||r| ||a| 3yrrac|us' c|ar||y |s acqu|red a| ||e pr|ce ol
a
|esser l| de|||y |o ||e leoreW (lr lsa|., 3T , , - , ), ard |r ||s lr Xll o|zoo
prop|.
|e expresses lor ||e `3yr|ar' a prolourd d|sda|r (lr lao. , , lr 3op|. , . ed. z11 1
l. N. 3prerger, w|esoader , , - ard , - , ). l||e a|| ||e 1;;z;ozzzo z8oz8|1
la||ers, T| eodore| car cor|es| ||e `Juda|z|rg' |rars|a||ors ol Aqu||a,
3yrrac|us,
ard T| eodo||or |r ls . (lr ls. , - ) or |r ls . (|o|d., , - ), ;1| oo8 8|;81
W|||ou|
ever rar|les||rg ary d|s|rus| or scorr |oWard ||er.
zo. T| us |r ls . (lr ls. , - ), W|||e T| eodore| rerar|s ||a| `cer|a|r oo8 111o
cop|es'
do ro| |rc|ude ||e Words `l| |s Z|or,' ard ||a| ||ese Words are a|so aoser| lror
||e
lexap|a |ex|, ||e vers|ors ol Aqu||a, 3yrrac|us, T| eodo||or, ard ever ||e
leoreW,
|e rever||e|ess cor||rues or W||| ||e |r|erpre|a||or ol ||e |ex| |e |as |r |ard.
T| eodore| ol Cyrus o
rer||or ol ||e lexap|a, W||c| ra|es ol ||r a d|s|ar| |e|r ol 0r|ger, ||e
esserce ol ||s |ex|ua| cr|||c|sr seers |o s|er lror ||e correr|ar|es ol ||s
predecessors, ro|ao|y ||ose ol Fuseo|us ol Caesarea.
z1
8u| |o exp|a|r ||a|
|e |s lor us ||e or|y ore |o |rarsr|| cer|a|r read|rgs ol `o||er |rars|a|ors,' |s
|| per|aps recessary |o adr|| ||a| |e |ad a| ||s d|sposa|, a| |eas| lor cer|a|r
ooo|s, a copy ol ||e lexap|a 3ep|uag|r|? lr ary case || seers ||a| |e d|d
|ave a g|ossed 8|o|e W||c| a||oWed ||r or rary occas|ors |o corpare ||e
|ex| ol ||e |xx W||| o||er vers|ors.
T| e recogr|zed |rpor|arce ol ||e l| gura||ve serse
ll ar ara|ys|s ol ||e |e||er (grarra) gerera||y |eads |o ar |r|erpre|a||or
accord|rg |o ||e |||era| serse, || requ|res us a|so, |r rurerous cases, |o pass
oeyord ||e `oov|ous serse,' |o ||l|||e `ve||' W||c| covers || |o reac| ||e `||dder
serse,' ro| |o de|ay a| ||e `surlace' ol ||e |ex|, ou| |o pere|ra|e ||e dep||s
ol a rear|rg W||c| corcea|s ||e ders||y ol ||e Words. l| |s |r proceed|rg
|o a prec|se ara|ys|s ol ||e scr|p|ura| d|scourse, ol ||s sc|era, ol ||s s|y||s||c
par||cu|ar|||es (|d|ora|a), ol ||s r|e|or|ca| s|ruc|ure ||a| We car acqu|re ||e
corv|c||or ||a| scr|p|ure |s ol|er expressed `|r re|ap|or' (e| re|ap|oras)
ard spea|s `a ru||||ude ol |||rgs |r a l|gura||ve rarrer' (po||a |rop||os).
T| eodore| arp|y deve|ops ||ese v|eWs |r ||e prelace ol ||s Correr|ary
or ||e 3org ol 3orgs, |o relu|e ||e ro||or ol ||ose W|o reluse ary |rsp|red
c|arac|er |o |||s |ex| ard cors|der || as a prolare ard d|sso|u|e Wr|||rg.
lr ry read|rg ol |||s Wor| ard ||s cor|er|perlures, ||sses, |||g|s,
s|orac|, rave|, c|ee|s, eyes, ||||es, app|es, rard, s|ac|er, ryrr|, ard
every|||rg ol |||s ra|ureoecause ol ||e|r |grorarce ol ||e rodes
ol express|or proper |o d|v|re scr|p|ure, ||ey d|d ro| W|s| |o go |o
||e oo||or ol |||rgs, |o go oeyord ||e ve|| ol ||e |e||er |o reac| ||e
sp|r|| ard |r|er|or ard, as |r a r|rror, |o cor|erp|a|e ||e lord's g|ory
W||| urve||ed laces, ou| lor |av|rg urders|ood ||ese Words |r a carra|
rarrer ||ey Were |ed |r|o |||s d|scred|||rg. (l0 , 0- A) 81z
w|a| seers |o ||r |o oe oeyord ques||or |ere |e sees as ver|l|ed everyW|ere
e|se |r scr|p|ure |r d|llerer| degrees. T| us |o ||e exp|ara||or accord|rg |o ||e
|||era| serse (|a|a r|e|or) ||ere |s ol|er added ar exp|ara||or
accord|rg |o ||e l|gura||ve serse, |r W||c| case ||e exege|e c|ear|y po|r|s
ou| ||e pass|rg lror ore rode ol |r|erpre|a||or |o ||e rex|. lrdeed, W|||e
||e ||s|or|co-cr|||ca| serse |s c|ear|y We|g||y |r ||s oWr r|g||, recourse |o ||e
z1. 0r ||e sources ol ||s |ex|ua| cr|||c|sr see our s|udy, l'Fxegse de T|
eodore|,
zo;ll.
o|N|re T| e lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury 0ree| C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
zz. No|ao|y Fz . ll., cl. lr ls , - , , - . 1; 1o|oz|o81zoz1o
l|gura||ve serse derards |o oe ro|ed ard sore||res jus||l|ed. lor T| eodore|
|| |s ||e advero |rop||osW||c| gerera||y |rd|ca|es ||, ou| |e draWs a||er||or
513
|o || oy |rd|ca||rg ||a| `||e |ex| |as a|so aro||er rear|rg,' or `We s|ou|d
ro| s|ray lror ||e |ru||' |r urders|ard|rg || d|llerer||y, or ever We s|ou|d
urders|ard || d|llerer||y `|l We War| |o urders|ard ||e exac| rear|rg ol ||e
Words.' 0rce ||e pr|rc|p|e |s es|ao||s|ed ||a| scr|p|ure ol|er ra|es use ol a
l|gura||ve |arguage ard aga|r ||a| ||ere are |r |||s area scr|p|ura| `|ao||s,' ||
oe|ooves ||e exege|e |o or|rg |||s |o ||g||. T| |s |s ||e reasor lor ||e rurerous
re|ap|or|ca| equ|va|erces prov|ded oy correr|ar|es. 0od's `|ard' or `arr'
s|gr|ly ||s r|g||, ||e `||or' or `eag|e' des|gra|e ||e ||rg, ||e `oa|' or `cedar'
or `cypress' ||ose W|o are r|g||y, ||e `re|rs' secre| ||oug||s, ||e `cup' or
||e `W|re' pur|s|rer|, ard so lor||. ll a|ros| a|| ||e Words car, deperd|rg
or ||e|r cor|ex|, oe g|ver a re|ap|or|ca| va|ue, ros| ol ||ese equ|va|erc|es
are cod|l|ed ard corsecra|ed oy |rad|||or. T| e exege|e, ||er, |as or|y |o d|g
|r|o a ||rd ol reper|ory |o prov|de ||rse|l W||| a |ey |o ||e read|rg, as d|llerer|
g|ossar|es |e|p ||r |o l|rd ||e exac| del|r|||or or e|yro|ogy. T||s a|so
guarar|ees lor ||s |r|erpre|a||or a rea| ur||y, lor eac| |err gerera||y adr||s
|o or|y ore re|ap|or|ca| va|ue. lr ||e oppos||e case, ||e exege|e rus| jus||ly
||s c|o|ce. T| us, do We ord|rar||y urders|ard `leoaror' |o oe ||e ra||ors ard
|do|-Wors||p, or ever sore||res Jerusa|er, as a cer|a|r ruroer ol scr|p|ura|
relererces a||es|?
zz
As |||s exarp|e s|oWs, o|o||ca| geograp|y, W|ose rea|||y
||e exege|e War|s |o saleguard, |s ol|er pa|red W||| a syroo||c geograp|y.
8e|Weer leoaror or ||e deser| or ||e s|er||e Woods, syroo|s ol ||e ra||ors
ard |do|a|ry, ard ||e o||er, Carre| or Wa|ered ard lru||lu| ||||s, syroo|s ol
lsrae| a| ||e ||re ol ||e lror|se, ||ere cores aoou| W||| ||e |rcarra||or a
corp|e|e c|arge W||c| ra|es ol ||e ra||ors a reW lsrae|.
T| e occas|ors ||e exege|e |as lor recourse |o ||e l|gura||ve serse are
||us rary, ou| ||s exp|ara||ors do ro| a|Ways |ave ||e sare |rpor|. Fvery
||re |e po|r|s ou| |r ||s |ex| ||e use ol a re|ap|or, |rage, parao|e, |yperoo|e, |e
a||erp|s |o qua||ly ||e passage as |rop||osas opposed |o ||e |||era|
serse, |e ros| ol|er does ro|||rg ou| or|rg ou| ||e l|rs| serse ol ||e |ex|,
ard ||s or|y rea| rear|rg. T| e case |s very d|llerer| W|er. rex| |o a l|rs|
||s|or|co-|||era| rear|rg |e adds a secord, preser|ed e|||er as aro||er poss|o|e
read|rg W||c| |s ro| opposed oy ary|||rg, as a deeper or rore exac|
rear|rg W||c| |as ||s prelererce, or as ||e rear|rg ||a| |as |o oe adop|ed
(roe|eor) |l ||e |ex| |s |o oe correc||y urders|ood. T| |s secord serse car oe
a sp|r||ua| serse (preura|||os) as opposed |o a `carra|' or `ra|er|a|' serse
(sar|||os, sora|||os), a|||oug| |||s |err|ro|ogy does ro| appear ruc| ou|-
T| eodore| ol Cyrus o
s|de ||e 3orrer|ary or ||e 3org. l| |s very ol| er a|so a rora| serse. 8u| |l
T| eodore| lrequer||y |rv||es ||s reader |o pass oeyord ||e |e||er ol ||e |ex|,
|e prac||ca||y rever spea|s ol `aragogy,' or|y excep||ora||y ol a `rys||ca|'
serse (rys|||os), ever |ess ol `a||egory.' T| |s |s ro| a| a|| surpr|s|rg lor ar
Ar||oc||ar, espec|a||y s|rce a| ||a| per|od, as Cyr||'s correr|ar|es prove,
||e Word a||egory |s scarce|y used ever |r ||e A|exardr|ar r|||eu.
z
Ac|ua||y,
||e |err |rop||os|as lor T| eodore| d|llerer| |ypes ol |r|erpre|a||or,sore ol
W||c| Wou|d We|| rer|| ||e rare a||egory. T| us ||s specu|a||or or ruroers
|r ||e 3org(l0 , A, 8C, C- ) or ||e prec|ous s|ores |r ls . 811z| 1o 1;z 1; |
- 111z(lr ls. , - ), ard ||e C|r|s|o|og|ca| |r|erpre|a||or oased or a 1;ooz|
syroo||sr ol co|ors. red lor ||e l|es| ard |urar ra|ure ol C|r|s|, |ur|rous
W|||e ||s d|v|re ra|ure (lr Car|. l0 , 0- 8), or perlures, |rcerse 811o 1;
ard ryrr| (|o|d., C, 80, A), or ||e rear|rg g|ver ||e |err 1zo 1 1||
`||g|| c|oud' |r ls . (lr ls. , - ) or |o ||e Word `qu|ver' |r ls . 11 ozozoo |z
(|o|d., , - ) |o rear ||e |urar ra|ure ol C|r|s|, W|||e ||e `sWord' 1zzozo
Wou|d rear ||s d|v|re ra|ure, Wou|d ro| oe surpr|s|rg |r 0r|ger ard ||ere
||ey Wou|d oe cer|a|r|y ca||ed a||egory. lr T| eodore|'s case, ||er, || oecores
ar||l|c|a| |o a||erp| |o oppose ||e |||era| exeges|s ol ||e Ar||oc||ars |o ||e
a||egor|ca| exeges|s ol ||e A|exardr|ars, as |as |oo ol|er oeer dore.
T| e ro|e ol |ypo|ogy
T| e s|rargeress, pover|y, or |rcorgruousress ol ||e |||era| serse are usua||y ||e
s|gra| urg|rg us |o go oeyord || |r lavor ol a l|gura||ve serse W||c|
|s r|c|er or rore |r ||re W||| ||e |r|erra| |og|c ol ||e scr|p|ura| rarra||ve.
8u| ar exar|ra||or ol ||e |e||er ol ||e |ex|, suojec| |o ||e |es| ol ||s|ory
ard |ard lac|s |s a| ||e or|g|r ol ye| aro||er lorr ol |r|erpre|a||or. ||e
|ypo|og|ca| exp|ara||or. T| e |dea |s s|||| |o go oeyord ||e l|rs| rear|rg,
ro| oecause || |s ord|rary or urWor||y ol 0od, ou| oecause || exar|res ||e
scr|p|ura| |e||er or|y |r a par||a| ol |rperlec| rarrer. 8ased or ||e lau||re
corcep||or W||c| ra|es ||e 0|d Tes|arer| a l|gure ol ||e NeW (0a| . ), |z|
||e |ypo|og|ca| exp|ara||or ollers ||e advar|age, |o ||e eyes ol Ar||oc||ar
exege|es, ol preserv|rg ||e rea|||y ard ||s|or|ca| d|rers|or ol ||e scr|p|ura|
|ex|. ur|||e a||egory, || does ro| propose a secord rear|rg W||c| Wou|d
sore|oW core a|org |o oe suos||u|ed lor ||e l|rs|, ard |r ||e erd |o erp|y
514
|| ol rear|rg, ou| || oll ers || ra||er as a Way ol pro|orga||or ard lu|l|||rer|.
Fvery prop|ecy W||c| sees |r ||e ||s|ory ol ||e JeW|s| peop|e |r ||e o| ou|
z. 3ee A. Kerr|gar, 3|. Cyr|| ol A|exardr|a. lr|erpre|er ol ||e 0|d Tes|arer|
(Ar8|o ), bore , - . z 1z11|1
ooN|re T| e lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury 0ree| C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
a par||a| lu|l|||rer|, rus| recessar||y l| rd |r C|r|s|, |r ||e rys|ery ol ||e
C|urc| or ever a| ||e erd ol ||re, a secord lu|l|||rer| W||c| W||| or|rg
|| |o corp|e|e lu|l| ||rer| ard revea| ||s |o|a| |ru||. T| us || |s esser||a| lor
||e exege|e |o de|err|re prec|se|y ||e `|err' (|e|os, peras, e|oas|s) ol eac|
prop|ecy, |o suojec| ||s |ex| |o a r|gorous grarra||ca| ard ||s|or|ca| cr|||que,
s|rce or ||e ac|roW|edged `|err' ||e recourse |o a |ypo|og|ca| exp|ara||or
deperds or ro|. w|||e ||e recogr|||or ol a |||era| serse, |r corpe||||or W|||
a l|gura||ve serse |s sore||res or|y corceded, ||a| ol `|ype' or `l|gure' |s
|ere |rd|spersao|e, o||erW|se We cou|d ro| spea| ol |ypo|ogy ou| ol a||egory. `To
c||ro lror l|gure |o |ru||' ||us assures |Wo success|ve s|eps ol
||e sare ra|ure a|r|rg |o es|ao||s| ||a| ore ard ||e sare prop|ecy Was
lu|l|||ed l| rs| ol a|| |rperlec||y |r ||e o| ard aga|r corp|e|e|y |r ||e NeW.
|||s cores aoou| oy reasor ol prec|se ru|es. 8e|Weer ||e `l|gure' or `|ype'
ard ||e `|ru||' or `ar|||ype' ||ere rus| ex|s| a sull| c|er||y oroad s|r||ar||y
|o jus||ly ||e pass|rg lror ore |o ||e o||er, ou| a|so a d|llererce ol ra|ure or
degree. ||e `ar|||ype' a|Ways goes oeyord ||e `|ype,' ||a| ||ere |s es|ao||s|ed
||e re|a||or ol ||e sra||es| |o ||e o|gges|, ||e par||cu|ar |o ||e gerera|, ||e
ra|er|a| |o ||e sp|r||ua|.z|
T| e o|rary s|ruc|ure or W||c| |||s |ype ol |r|erpre|a||or res|s |s gerera||y
erp|as|zed oy |err|ro|ogy. To ||e lu|l|||rer| ol ||e prop|ecy `|r
l|gure' (|yp||os, er |ypo, |a|a |ypos) ||ere |s cor|ras|ed lu|l|||rer| `|r |ru||'
(a|e||os, er a|e||e|a, |a|a |er a|e||e|ar). 0l|er as We|| ||e exege|e par||a||y
aoardors |||s para||e||sr ol |errs |o |rd|ca|e |r ar ever rore |rs|s|er| Way
||a| || lu|l|||s ||e prop|ecy `|ru|y ard exac||y' (a|e||os |a| |ur|os, a|r|oos)
or |r a `|ruer' or `rore exac|' Way (a|e||es|eror, a|r|oes|eror). w||| |esser
lrequercy ||ar ||e rour |yposor ||e advero |yp||os, ||e |errs `|rage' (e||or) or
`s|adoW' (s||a) are cor|ras|ed W||| |ru|| or `arc|e|ype' (arc|e|ypor).
T| e p|c|or|a| corpar|sor, |r lac|, |s ol|er used oy exege|es |o jus||ly |||s
|ype ol |r|erpre|a||or. Jus| as ||e s|e|c| (s||ograp||a) a||oWs ||e pa|r|er a
la|r| g||rpse ol ||e rea|||y |e see|s |o grasp ou| rus| aWa|| ||e lu|| rea|||y
ol ||e carvas ard ||e |r|erp|ay ol co|ors |o |ave a c|ear v|eW ol ||, ||e l|gure
a||oWs us or|y a g||rpse ol ||e u|||ra|e |ru|| ol ||e prop|ecy. 0r aga|r,
|o see |||rgs lror ||e prop|e|'s po|r| ol v|eW, We car say ||a| |e proceeds
|||e a pa|r|er W|o Wou|d |grore perspec||ve ard represer| d|ll erer| sceres
or ||e sare |eve|.
lere aga|r (ls . ), ||e pred|c||or |rc|udes ||ree suojec|s a| ||e sare oo1
||re. || prop|es|es, as |r a s|e|c|, ||e recors|ruc||or ol Jerusa|er
W||c| |oo| p|ace urder Cyrus ard 0ar|us, ||er as |r a pa|r||rg W||c|
z|. 3ee our ar||c|e, `la |ypo|og|e corre sys|re |errereu||que,' - . 18z
T| eodore| ol Cyrus o;
||g|||g||s a ra||er |arge ruroer ol co|ors || a|so s|oWs ||e rore exac|
cor|ours ol |ru||, ||e sp|erdor ol |o|y C|urc|, a| ||e sare ||re ||
ra|es us a|so see |r advarce ||e pa|r||rg's very or|g|ra|, ||a| |s, ||e
lu|ure ex|s|erce ol ||e |eaver|y c||y. (lr ls , - ) 11|z1
T| us W|a| ||e prop|e| cor|erp|a|es s|ru||areous|y (|a|a |au|or), urder ||e
|rl| uerce ol prop|e||c grace, `sp|r||ua| cor|erp|a||or' (preura|||e ||eor|a),
rus| oe rep|aced oy ||e exege|e |r a o|o||ca| perspec||ve |o or|rg ou| ||e
d|llerer| |eve|s. l| |s |r |||s serse ||a| T| eodore| cores |o spea| ol `douo|e
prop|ecy' or `douo|e rear|rg' |o des|gra|e ||e |Wo success|ve lu|l|||rer|s
ol ||e sare prorourcerer|. we a|so recogr|ze a |ypo|og|ca| |r|erpre|a||or
W|er ||e exege|e cor|ras|s ||e oov|ous serse ol ||e |ex| (|o proc|e|ror roera,
|o p|a|roreror), represer|ed oy ar o| rea|||y W||| a serse W||c| |s `rore
exac| ard |ruer' (|ur|o|eror |a| a|e||es|eror) d|scovered |r ||e rarra||ve ol
||e r|. 3ore||res |e ro|es ||a| a prop|ecy `app||es oe||er' (ra||or |arro||e|) or
`l||s oe||er' (d|ap|eror|os prose|e|) |o |||s r| rea|||y, so ||a| ||e l|rs|
exp|ara||or W||c| a||ac|es |o ||e o| |s |rred|a|e|y seer as a l|gure. l||e ||e
recourse |o ||e l|gura||ve serse, ||e |ypo|og|ca| exp|ara||or a||oWs us |o go
oeyord ||e `surlace ol ||e |e||er,' ou| W|||e |r ||e l|rs| case ||ere |s a suos|||u||or
ol ore rear|rg lor aro||er, ever |l ||e l|gura||ve serse |s sore||res
||e or|y |rue serse ol ||e |ex|, || |s |rd|spersao|e |o recogr|ze ||e rea|||y ard
||e |ru||, |oWever par||a|, ol ||e `|ype,' s|rce or|y |||s e|erer| au||or|zes ||e
searc| ard d|scovery ol ar `ar|||ype,' W||c| represer|s ||e geru|re lu|l|||rer|
(|e|os) ol ||e prop|ecy, ard ||us ol ar ever `|ruer' rear|rg.
z. T| e oroad or|er|a||ors ol T| eodore|'s exeges|s
lror ||e po|r| ol v|eW ol re||od ard ||e pr|rc|p|es ||a| goverr ||, T| eodore|'s
exeges|s rera|rs la|||lu| |o ||e W|de op||ors ol Ar||oc||ar |errereu||cs. T| e
a||er||or |e or|rgs |o ||e |e||er ol ||e |ex|, a|ded oy grarra||ca|
ard r|e|or|ca| ara|ys|s, ||e Way |r W||c| |e suojec|s || |o ||e cor|ro| ol ||s|ory or
corcre|e rea||||es s|err|rg lror geograp|y or ary o||er d|sc|p||re,
515
spec|l|c or ur|versa| |urar oe|av|or, are a prool ol |||s. 0r |||s po|r| |e
car ever oe seer |o oe rore derard|rg ||ar T| eodore ol |opsues||a. lor
exarp|e, W|||ou| relus|rg |o see |r ||e |ocus|s spo|er ol oy Joe| (J| . ard 1|
z. - ), a l|gura||ve Way ol |rd|ca||rg ||e Assyr|ar |rvader ard ||s cava|ry, |
|e cors|ders ||a| || |s poss|o|e |o urders|ard ||e |ex| |r a |||era| serse ol
ar |rvas|or ol |ocus|s, |r ||e reasure W|ere ||e rorp|o|ogy ol |||s |rsec|
evo|es |r r|r|a|ure ||a| ol ||e |orse.
NoW W|oever |oo|s carelu||y a| a grass|opper's |ead W||| see ||a| ||
grea||y resero|es ||a| ol a |orse. |oreover, || |s eua||y poss|o|e |o see
o8N|re T| e lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury 0ree| C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
|| l| y W|||ou| oW|rg ary|||rg |o ||e sW|l|ress ol |orses ard eas||y
|eap|rg over rour|a|rs ard p|a|rs. ard espec|a||y jurp|rg or s|a||s
|||e a l| are W||c| devours s|uoo|e. lur||errore, ore Wou|d say ||ey
Were ar arry se| up |o go |o War, W|e||er oy l|y|rg or rov|rg a|ead
or |ardlor every|||rg ||ey do ||ey do co|er|rg |o eac| o||erard
||ey resero|e a |roop ol advarc|rg so|d|ers oy |oc||rg ||e|r s||e|ds |o
eac| o||er |r a ||re ol oa|||e. (l0 , 8C) 811o||
Aro||er exarp|e. |l ||e |der||l|ca||or ol ||e c||y ol Tars||s|, W|ere Jora|
|r|es |o go, |s |r ||e erd ol very |||||e |r|eres| |o T| eodore || |as or ||e cor|rary a
grea| |r|eres| lor T| eodore|, lor ||ere |s or|y ore so|u||or lor ||r
W||c| a||oWs ||e |ex| |o |eep ||s co|ererce ard jus||l|es a depar|ure lror
||e por| ol Joppa, ard ||a| |s ||a| Tars||s| |as |o oe a Way ol des|gra||rg
Car||age (l0 , 8C). T| e d|scuss|ors ol a ||s|or|ca| ra|ure, W|e||er 811z;|
|o s||ua|e ar ever|, |der||ly a persorage, or es|ao||s| a c|roro|ogy, espec|a||y
|l |||s |eads |o ||e recogr|||or ol a ress|ar|c d|rers|or |r ||e |ex|, as |r 0r
. - , assures |r ||s eyes ar equa| |rpor|arce. z|z;
zT| |s des|re |o exp|a|r
ard preserve ||e |e||er ol ||e |ex| does ro| draW ||r a|org ||e road ol a
rarroW ard reduc||or|s| |||era||sr or ||s|or|c|sr, as |s ol|er ||e case W|||
0|odore or T|eodore.
Nor does || |ead ||r |o res|ra|r |r ||s correr|ar|es ||e s|are ol l|gura||ve
|r|erpre|a||or. ll Jo|r C|rysos|or or|y recogr|zes ||s |eg|||racy |o ||e
degree ||a| ||e scr|p|ura| |ex| prov|des a pos|er|or|ar |rd|spu|ao|e prool ol
||, oy ||e |rars|a||or |r|o c|ear |arguage ol W|a| |as jus| oeer erurc|a|ed |r
a l|gura||ve rarrer, as |r ls . - , T| eodore| or |||s po|r| s|oWs ||rse|l |o 1;
oe |ess lorra|.
zoT| us, |o |||us|ra|e ||e|r d|vergerces ol |r|erpre|a||or oy a
s|rg|e exarp|e, |e reluses |o urders|ard |r ||s proper serse ||e accusa||or
|ur|ed oy lsa|a| (ls . ) aga|rs| ||e |averr-|eepers W|o Wa|er doWr ||e|r 1zz
W|re. ||e prop|e||s corcerred, |e |||r|s, W||| ||ose W|o dera|ure ||e laW
oy |r|rud|rg ||e|r oWr v|eWs or|o || (lr ls. , - ). No| ||a| T| eodore| 1zoz8
preceeds |o ||e exar|ra||or ol ||e |ex| W||| |ess r|gor, or ||e cor|rary, or
rary occas|ors || |s |||s exar|ra||or W||c| proves ||e |rposs|o||||y ol
||e |||era| serse ard |rv||es ||r |o c|oose ||e l|gura||ve serse. T| us |r ||e
orac|e ol lsa|a| aga|rs| 8aoy|or, ||e geograp||ca| s||ua||or ol ||a| c||y oe||es
||e |||era| |r|erpre|a|or ol ls . (lr ls. , - ) g|ver oy cer|a|r exege|es. 1z 1
0erera||y corcerred W||| preserv|rg ||e |||era| serseas ||e exarp|e ol
z. 3ee our ar||c|e, `T| eodore| |r||a|eur d'Fusoe.'
zo. Cl. Jo|r C|rysos|or, lr ls. v, , - (3C ). T| |s |s W|y T| eodore| o|o; o|
ol|er
ro|es oy a sap|osor sap|es|erora re|urr |o ||e oov|ous serse al|er a l|gura||ve
|r|erpre|a||or.
T| eodore| ol Cyrus o
J| . proves|e ye| sore||res g|ves ||e |rpress|or ol do|rg || as a corcess|or, 1|
ard |o accord |o ||e l|gura||ve serse |l ro| a|Ways a pr|or||y |r ||e
order ol preser|a||or ol ||e d|llerer| poss|o|e serses ol ||e |ex|, a| |eas| a
c|ear prelererce. T| e |ear|rg |oWard |||s rode ol |r|erpre|a||or, s|rorger
W||| ||r ||ar W||| o||er Ar||oc||ars, l|rds par||cu|ar express|or |r ||s
Correr|ary or ||e 3org. No douo| |||s p|ea |r lavor ol ||e l| gura||ve serse
ol 3cr|p|ure |s a|so v|gorous oecause ||e exege|e War|s |o cor|es| ||e v|eW
ol ||ose W|o, W||| T| eodore ol |opsues||a, reluse |o ||e 3org||e s|a|us ol
ar |rsp|red |ex|. 8u| |||s |s prooao|y ro| eroug| |o exp|a|r W|y T| eodore|
|r |urr der|es || ary prolare or ||s|or|ca| rea|||y, W|||e 0r|ger ||rse|l |oo|
pa|rs |r ||s |r|erpre|a||or |o saleguard ||e rea|||y ol ||e laou|a. lor ||r
||e |ex| |as ou| ore serse, |r ||e sare Was as ||e a||egory ol ||e eag|e |r Fz
1;. jus| as ro ore |es||a|es |o see |r |||s eag|e Neouc|adrezzar sWoop|rg
or Jerusa|er, ||e |ove d|a|ogue ol ||e 8r|degroor ard 8r|de car or|y oe
urders|ood ol C|r|s| ard ||s C|urc| or ||e oe||ev|rg sou|. T| |s |s ||e l|rs|
rear|rg ol ||e |ex|, ||s or|y rear|rg oo|| ||s|or|ca| ard rys||ca|.
l|ra||y, |r cor|ras| W||| o||er Ar||oc||ars, W|o or|y |ave recourse |o
|ypo|og|ca| |r|erpre|a||or |r a very ||r||ed ruroer ol cases, T| eodore|
||roWs ||s exeges|s W|de oper |o |||s |ype ol |r|erpre|a||or. l| |s ro| ||a|
|e ooserves |ess ||ar ||ey do, or |ess scrupu|ous|y, ||e |aWs ol lurc||or|rg.
0r ||e cor|rary, || |s ol|er a rore r|gorous ara|ys|s ol ||e |e||er ol ||e |ex|
516
or ol ||e ||s|or|ca| rea|||y ||a| corrards |||s c|o|ce. T| us |s || |rposs|o|e
|o reler Zec| . |o Zeruooaoe|, as T| eodore does, s|rce |e rever oore ||e
||||e ol ||rg, ard ro ||s|or|ca| source a||es|s ||a| |e care rour|ed or ar
`ass,' W||| C|r|s|, or ||e cor|rary, ||e |e||er ol ||e prop|ecy |s lourd ver|l|ed
(l0 , A8). 8o|| |r ||e correr|ary or ||e lsa||erard |r ||a| ol ||e 811z|
|We|ve r|ror prop|e|s, |ypo|ogy p|ays a cors|derao|e ro|e |r T| eodore|, |l We
corpare || |o ||s pos|||or |r 0|odore or T| eodore.
z;T| |s |e|ps |o re|rlorce
lur||er ||e ress|ar|c ard NeW |es|arer| c|arac|er ol ||s exeges|s, W|||e ||e
exege||ca| purpose ol ||e o|d Ar||oc||ars or|y excep||ora||y |rarscerds ||e
||s|or|ca| lrareWor| ol ||e o| ard ||e |accaoear per|od.
T| |s |s W|ere We l|rd ||e rea| d|llererce oe|Weer ||s exeges|s ard ||e|rs.
||e re||od used |s ||e sare, ou| ||e or|er|a||or |s d|llerer|. lr reduc|rg as
||ey do ||e ruroer ol ress|ar|c prop|ec|es or l|gures ||ey core |o |rdu|ge
|r a `Juda|z|rg' exeges|s ard |o do v|o|erce |o |ex|s, as ||e a||egor|zers do
|r ||e|r oWr Way. respec| lor ||e |e||er |eads ||er |o a rarroW ard |r ||e
erd decep||ve |||era||sr. T| eodore| c|ooses a rore oper Way, ro douo|
z;. 0r |||s po|r| see ||e corpara||ve |ao|es |r `la cr|s|a|||sa||or d'ur d|llererd,'
|;ard `l'lr lsa|rosde T| eodore|,' . 11
1oN|re T| e lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury 0ree| C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
sugges|ed |o ||r oy ||e exeges|s ol Fuseo|us. Ta||rg |r|o accour| ||e |e||er
ol ||e |ex| |s ro |orger lor ||r ar |ror co||ar |rposed or exeges|s, || |s or
||e cor|rary ol|er a| ||e or|g|r ol a l|gura||ve or |ypo|og|ca| |r|erpre|a||or.
8u| W|a|ever |r|erpre|a||or |s |ep|, || lrequer||y |eads ||r |o recogr|ze ||e
ress|ar|c or r| c|arac|er ol a prop|ecy. lr |||s ra||er T| eodore| |eeps a
del|r||e d|s|arce lror ||e o||er Ar||oc||ars W|ose o| exeges|s |e rore ||ar
orce cor|es|s. |e W||| ro| |ave ||ese `ras|ers ol p|e|y' urdu|y prov|de arrs
|o ||e JeWs.
z8
3o rary ol ||e prop|ec|es relerred oy ||er |o Zeruooaoe| ard
|o ||e re|urr lror ex||e, or aga|r |o ||e |accaoees, are lor ||r d|rec||y or
l|gura||ve|y corcerred W||| C|r|s| or ||e C|urc|. lr ||s lr Xll prop|., ||ere
|s ever sore|||rg ra||er sys|era||c |r ||e rarrer |r W||c| |e |r|erpre|s
|r ||e |yp|ca| serse ||e prop|ec|es ||a| T| eodore relers |o Zeruooaoe|, ard
as ress|ar|c |r a |||era| serse ||ose |e cors|ders as l|gures.
z
8es|des ||e |rl|uerce ol Fuseo|us ol Caesarea, || |s ro| |rposs|o|e |o |||r|
||a| ||e doc|r|ra| deoa|e ||ed |o ||e Nes|or|ar cr|s|s cor|r|ou|ed |r sore
reasure |o accer|ua|e ||e r| c|arac|er ol T| eodore|'s exeges|s, ard |ed ||r
|o a rore C|r|s||c read|rg ol scr|p|ure ||ar ||a| ol ||s Ar||oc||ar predecessors.
Aga|rs| ||e oac|grourd ol a ra||er |rad|||ora| po|er|c d|rec|ed aga|rs|
pagars, JeWs, ard |ere||cs, |e s|r|ves |o se| lor|| ||e scr|p|ura| oas|s ol ||e
dyop|ys||e C|r|s|o|ogy delerded oy ||e Fas| aga|rs| Cyr|| ol A|exardr|a ard
||e suppor|ers ol ||e `ore ra|ure ol ||e logos-0od' al|er ||e |rcarra||or. To
do |||s, |e |ears as ruc| or ||e |||era| serse ol ||e |ex| as or ||s re|ap|or|ca|
serse. 8u| |||s |e does W|||ou| ever ergag|rg |r po|er|cs W||| aryore
e|se ou| Ar|ars,
z|o
W|o oase ||e|r ||eory ol a crea|ed ard |rler|or 0od or
verses ol 3cr|p|ure W||c| seer |o d|r|r|s| ||e 3or's d|v|r||y oy g|v|rg ||r
||e rare ol `servar|' or `s|ave,' |r s|oW|rg ||r suojec| |o la||gue, suller|rg, ard
dejec||or. To relu|e ||e Ar|ar |eresy, ore |ad or|y |o s|oW ||a| a||
||ese verses |ave relererce |o C|r|s|'s |urar||y, as ||ose or|rg|rg ou| ||s
orr|po|erce or orr|sc|erce rus| oe urders|ood ol ||s d|v|r||y.
T| |s recessar||y |eads |o a recogr|||or |r C|r|s| ol ||e ex|s|erce ol |Wo
d|s||rc| ye| c|ose|y jo|red ra|ures. w|a|ever ||s erer|es ray |ave sa|d,
|||s d|s||rc||or ol ra|ures does ro| or|rg |r lor T| eodore| a d|s||rc||or ol
persors, or ||e ac|roW|edgerer| ol `|Wo 3ors.' ll lor a per|od |e used a
corcre|e vocaou|ary||e rar ard ||e 0od|o erp|as|ze |||s dyop|ys|sr,
z8. Cl. lr 0ar., l0 , 8, lr Fz., |o|d., 8, A, lr ||c|., l0 , 811|o 11o8 1z1; 81
1;oo
0- A, A. 1;o1 1;o|
z. 3ee our ar||c|e, `la cr|s|||||sa||or d'ur d|llererce,' . o
z|o. Cur|ous|y, ||e C|r|s|o|og|ca| ||eor|es ol Apo|||rar|us are prac||ca||y rever
urder a||ac| |r ||s correr|ar|es, cl. our ar||c|e, `lreserce d'Apo|||ra|re.'
T| eodore| ol Cyrus 11
oy d|s||rgu|s||rg c|ear|y oe|Weer `assur|rg word' ard `assured rar' |e
seers |o |ave |a|er s|oc| ol ||s aro|gu||y ard aoardored || al|er ||e courc||
ol Fp|esus. lr ary case, |e does ro| ever use || |r ||s correr|ar|es, ard
|||s as We |ave sa|d |s ar argurer| W||c| |eads us |o p|ace ||e|r redac||or
al|er . lr ||e sare Way, ||e ur|or ol ||e ra|ures |s ||ere dero|ed oy ||e |1
|err |eros|s, W||| ro lur||er prec|s|or, ra||er ||ar syrap|e|a, W||c| cou|d
ra|e ore |||r| ol a rere corjurc||or ard |oose ur|or. 8u| We |ave or|y
|o ro|e ||a| severa| ||res, espec|a||y |r correr||rg or ||e |ex|s W||c| reler
517
|o C|r|s|'s pass|or, |e all| rrs ||a| ||e d|v|re ra|ure `appropr|a|es lor ||se|l '
(o||e|ous||a|) ||e suller|rgs ol ||e |urar ra|ure,
z|1
or ||a| `ore s|rg|e persor' (|er prosopor) resus||s lror ||e ur|or ol |Wo ra|ures,
z|z
so ||a| We car
ro |orger W||| good la||| suspec| ||s C|r|s|o|ogy ol Nes|or|ar|sr. T| |s |s
W|y, ever |l ||e |err ||eo|o|os|s prac||ca||y aoser| lror ||s correr|ar|es,
T| eodore| cou|d derard |o oe exar|red or || (ep. ard ) |o prove 8z 11
aga|rs| ||ose W|o Were ca|urr|a||rg ||r ard |ad oo|a|red ||s depos|||or
||a| |e |ad rever prolessed a separa||s| C|r|s|o|ogy. l|s exeges|s, |r ary
case, seers ra||er lorcelu||y rar|ed oy ||e doc|r|ra| pos|||ors ol a corr|||ed
||eo|og|ar ||a| |e rever ceased |o oe lror ||e ||re ol ||e courc||
ol Fp|esus.
|v. T|eodore| |r ||e l|s|ory ol Fxeges|s
T| e ruroer|ess c||a||ors oorroWed lror ||e correr|ar|es ol T| eodore|
lror ||e corpos|||or ol ||e l|rs| exege||ca| C|a|rs seer |o a||es| ||a| lror ar
ear|y per|od |e erjoyed a grea| repu|a||or as ar exege|e. lr ||e r|r|| cer|ury
||e pa|r|arc| l|o||us cors|ders ||r as ore ol ||e grea|es| exege|es ol ||e
0ree| |arguage ard a d|ll|cu|| rode| |o equa|, |e judges ||r as super|or |o
l|ppo|y|us |r ||s Correr|ary or 0ar|e|, ard l| rds |r ||s s|y|e a c|ar||y ard
corc|s|or |ac||rg |r a T| eodore ol |opsues||a or a lrocop|us ol 0aza.
z|T|e
lac| ||a| prac||ca||y ||e W|o|e ol ||s exege||ca| Wor| |as reac|ed us a||oWs
us |o |||r| ||a| ||e judgrer| ol l|o||us |as oeer W|de|y s|ared lor a |org
||re. 0r ||e o||er |ard, roderr cr|||c|sr |as gerera||y s|oWr ||se|l rore
z|1. Cl. lr ls. , - (ls . ), uaes|. |r lev||. l |l, , - ). 1;o8 1 1;o1o1;
z|z. lr ls. , - , lr lsa|. l0 , A, lr ep|s|. lau||, l0 , 0, 1z;81 8o1;o8 8zo;
uaes|.
|r 0er. (l |l, , - ). 1 zzzz|
z|. l|o||us, 8|o|., cod. - , ed. b. lerry, Co||. 8yz., |. , lar|s , - , zo 1oz1oz|
cl. or
lrocop|us ol 0aza |o|d., cod. (p. ) ard or T| eodore ol |opsues||a, |o|d., zoo 1o|
cod.
8(|. , p. ). 1 z
1zN|re T| e lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury 0ree| C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
severe |oWard ||r ard |as sore||res adr|||ed |o see|rg ||r as |||||e rore
||ar a corp||er. ler|aps |e |as oeer ||| served oy ||s oWr dec|ara||ors |r ||e
prelaces W|ere |e |ays c|a|r |o ||e |er||age ol ||s predecessors, espec|a||y
|r ||a| ol ||s lr Xll prop|..
Jus| |||e ||ose Worer W|o spur ard Wove ||e ||rers W||c| o||ers
|ad oroug|| |o produce ||e adorrrer|s ol ||e Taoerrac|e, so a|so
|ave We co||ec|ed lror |ere ard ||ere W|a| Was le||c||ous|y expressed
|o Weave lror a|| |||s, W||| 0od's |e|p, a s|rg|e Wor|. (l0 , 8) 811|8
Ta||rg ||ese dec|ara||ors |||era||y Wou|d |r lac| oe |o recogr|ze ||a| |||s |s
||e Wor| re||od ol a corp||er. e| We |ave or|y |o read ||s correr|ar|es
|o We|g| |oW exaggera|ed |s |||s judgrer|. Cer|a|r|y |l We Were |o corpare
||r |o 0r|ger, T| eodore| |s ro| ar |rsp|red exege|e ard seers, |r lac|, |o
|ac| ary grea| persora| |rver||veress. As ruc| cou|d oe sa|d ol ||e apo|og|s|
ard c|urc| ||s|or|ar ||a| |e Was, or ever as a ||eo|og|ar ol ||e s|a|ure ol
Cyr||. 8u| orce We adr|| ||a| |e |s ro| a r|rd ol ||e l|rs| rar|, ||a| |e |as
re|||er ||e |a|er| ror ||e |ol||ress ol v|eWs ol ar 0r|ger, ror does |e |ave
||e |rdeperderce ol c|arac|er ol a T| eodore ol |opsues||a, |ess carelu|
||ar |e ol pu|||rg ||s exege||ca| c|o|ces |r ||re W||| ||e W|o|e ol pa|r|s||c
|rad|||or, We rus| recogr|ze lor ||r ar |rpor|ar| p|ace |r ||e ||s|ory ol
exeges|s W|er ||e era ol ||e grea| correr|a|ors ol scr|p|ure |s c|os|rg ard
||ere |s oper|rg ||a| ol ||e c|a|r-ra|ers ard corp||ers. A| ||e erd ol ||e
douo|e |rad|||or ol Ar||oc| ard A|exardr|a W||c| |e or|rgs |oge||er ard
ra|es ||s oWr, |e |r|erds desp||e every|||rg |o ex|erd |r ||s Way ard lor
||s ||re ||e read|rg ol scr|p|ure rade oy ||s loreoears.
8ecause ol ||e a||er||or |e or|rgs |o |ex|ua| cr|||c|sr |r corpar|rg ||e
|xx W||| ||e o||er 0ree| vers|ors ol ||e leoreW |ex| ard |r corpar|rg ||e|r
cop|es, ||s correr|ar|es cors|||u|e ar esser||a| lea|ure lor ||e |roW|edge ol
||e ||s|ory ol ||ese |ex|s, |r par||cu|ar ||a| ol ||e `Ar||oc||ar |ex|' or W||c|
||ey are oased. T| ey a|so |e|p us |roW ||e |r|erpre|a||ors ol o||er exege|es
W|ose correr|ar|es |ave s|rce d|sappeared ard ol W||c| We Wou|d |roW
ro|||rg |l |||s |er||age |ad ro| oeer co||ec|ed ard |rarsr|||ed, e|||er lor
purposes ol suppor| or cor|es|a||or. l|ara||y, oes|des ||e|r proper|y exege||ca|
|r|eres|, ||ey a||oW us |o |||ur|ra|e ||e C|r|s|o|og|ca| deoa|e ol ||e l|l||
cer|ury ard |o We|g| ||e p|ace |e|d |r || oy ||e recourse |o scr|p|ure, W||c|
a|ore cou|d g|ve || a sure oas|s ard au||or|ze ||s lorru|as. lr |||s respec|
We ray dec|are ||a| lor T| eodore| as lor Cyr|| exeges|s a|rs |ess a| de||ver|rg a
rora| or sp|r||ua| |eac||rg ||ar a dogra||c |eac||rg, espec|a||y |l We
corpare || W||| ||a| ol Jo|r C|rysos|or |r ||e prev|ous cer|ury.
518
lror ||e po|r| ol v|eW ol ||e ||s|ory ol exeges|s, ||e c||el |r|eres|
ol ||s Wor| as ar |r|erpre|er res|des espec|a||y |r ||a| || ollers a v|gorous
T| eodore| ol Cyrus 1
syr||es|s ol ||e exege||ca| |rad|||ors ol Ar||oc| ard A|exardr|a. lr |||s ||
serves as sore|||rg ol a corc|us|or ard lu|l|||rer|. T| |s exeges|s, |rdeed, |s
s||ua|ed equ|d|s|ar| lror ||e excesses ol ar |rrodera|e |as|e lor a||egory,
or ||e A|exardr|ar s|de, ard a |oo exc|us|ve a||ac|rer| |o ||e |e||er or ||e
Ar||oc||ar.
l |ave |ad occas|or |o read var|ous correr|ar|es ard |ave lourd
||a| sore |ad recourse |o a||egory W||| |||||e rodera||or, ard ||a|
o||ers p|aced prop|ec|es |r ||re W||| cer|a|r ||s|or|ca| ever|s |r suc|
a Way ||a| ||e prop|ecy spo|e |r lavor ol ||e JeWs ra||er ||ar |r
lavor ol ||e c|||drer ol la|||. Ard l ||oug|| ||a| l Wou|d oe We|| adv|sed |o avo|d
||e War| ol reasure or oo|| s|des. Fvery|||rg ||a| |s
appropr|a|e lor ||e ever|s ol arc|er| ||s|ory |as |o oe repor|ed ever
roW, ou| ||e pred|c||ors corcerr|rg our |as|er C|r|s|, ||e C|urc|
lorred lror ||e ra||ors, ||e rarrer ol ||e evarge||ca| ||le ard ||e
apos|o||c ressage, rus| ro| oe ass|gred |o o||ers, as ||e JeWs |||e |o
do. . . . l||eW|se, ||e W||ress ol ||e lac|s |s sull|c|er| |o gu|de |oWards
||e |ru|| ol ||e |r|erpre|a||or ||e lee| ol ||ose W|o W|s| |o d|scover
||. (lr lsa|., prael.,l0 , C- A) 8o8oo 8o1
T| eodore|'s |r|erpre|a||or, ||er, preserves W|a| |o our eyes |s sourdes| |r
Ar||oc||ar exeges|s, ||s des|re |o |eep ||e ||s|or|ca| rea|||y ol ||e |ex| ard
|o g|ve ||s |e||er a ra||ora|, ever `sc|er||l|c' exp|ara||or. 8u| || |s rore oper
||ar ||a| ol ||e o|d Ar||oc||ars, ro douo| urder ||e |rl|uerce ol Fuseo|us
ard W|a| |e |eac|es ||r ol 0r|ger's exeges|s, |o o||er Ways ol read|rg W||c|
|r ||e erd g|ve ||r a gerera| or|er|a||or very d|ll erer| lror ||e|rs. w|||e
||ese s|oW ||erse|ves very re||cer| |r see|rg ||e prop|ec|es lu|l|||ed oeyord
||e |or|zor ol ||e o|, T| eodore| does ro| |es||a|e |o go oeyord ||e lrare
ol |||s `Juda|z|rg' exeges|s |o urderscore ||e|r ress|ar|c ard r| cor|er|.
T| e recourse |o |ypo|ogy p|ays |r |||s respec| a cap||a| ro|e, jus| as ||e appea| |o
||e l|gura||ve serse. 8u| |r rary cases || |s ar ara|ys|s ol ||e |e||er,
rore r|gorous or oe||er urder|a|er ||ar ||a| ol ||e o|d Ar||oc||ars ||a|
a||oWs T| eodore| |o es|ao||s| ||e ress|ar|c or C|r|s|o|og|ca| d|rers|or ol
3cr|p|ure.
l|ra||y, ||e c|ar||y ol |arguage, ||e c|earress ol urs|ud|ed s|y|e, ard ||e
re|a||ve orev||y ol ||e correr|ar|es, |l We corpare ||er |o 0r|ger or ever
Cyr||, |ave W|||ou| douo| cor|r|ou|ed |o ||e surv|va| ol ||s exege||ca| Wor|.
l|s |r|erpre|a||or |s |r s|or| |o ||e |rage ol ||e rar ||a| |e Was. || |as
sore|||rg reasured ard oa|arced, ard so||d rore ||ar or||||ar|. b|c| W|||
||e W|o|e pa|r|s||c |er||age || |s a|so a persora| red||a||or or ||e rys|ery
ol C|r|s| a|ready |rcarra|e |r scr|p|ure.
1|N|re T| e lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury 0ree| C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
Fd|||ors
a) Fxege||ca| wor|s
T| e esser||a| exege||ca| Wor| ol T| eodore| |s |rc|uded |r ||gre, l0 8o
(uaes||oresard lr lsa|ros), (lr Car||cur, |r Fsa|ar, lr Jerer|ar, lr 81
Fze||e|er, lr 0ar|e|er, lr Xll prop|e|as), ard (lr ep|s|o|as 3, lau||). 8z
3o lar cr|||ca| ed|||ors are ava||ao|e or|y lor ||e Correr|ary or lsa|a|.
A. |o||e, T| eodore| vor Kyros, Korrer|ar zu Jesa|a, ||||e||urger des
3ep|uag|r|a ur|erre|rers . 8er||r , J.-N. 0u|ro|, Correr|a|re 1z
sur lsaie, 3C (sec||ors - ), lar|s - , ard lor uaes||ores |r z;o 1 18o18|
0c|a|euc|ur, ed. N. lerrardez |arcos-A. 3aerz 8ad|||os. |adr|d (= 1;
l| l), uaes||ores |r l|oros begrorur e| lara||porera, ed. N. lerrardez
|arcos ard J. b. 8us|o 3a|z, |adr|d (= l| ll). lr prepara||or lor ||e 18|
3C ser|es ar ed|||or ol ||e correr|ar|es 0r Car||c|eard 0r ||e TWe|ve
||ror lrop|e|s.
o) 0||er wor|s.
Corresporderce, ed. . Azera, 3C (ep. - ), (ep. - ) ard (ep |o 1z8 111
- o1|;), lar|s , rd ed. , ard , a |as| vo|ure |rc|ud|rg ||e 1z 18z1o| 1o
|e||ers ol ||e syroda| co||ec||or |s |r prepara||or.
Frar|s|es, ed. 0. l. F||||rger, 0xlord . 1;
Fcc|es|as||ca| l|s|ory. ed. l. larrer||er, 0C3 , 8er||r . || 1|
l|s|or|a l|||o||ea. l|s|o|re des ro|res de 3yr|e, ed. l. Car|ve| ard A.
leroy|o||rg|er, 3C ard , lar|s ard . z| z; 1;; 1;
T| erapeu||que des ra|ad|es |e||er|ques, ed. l. Car|ve|, 3C , lar|s . ; 18
0erera| 3|ud|es
AoraroWs||, l. `bes|e vor T| eodore|'s Apo|og|e lur 0|odor urd T| eodor oe|
lacurdus.' 3|la|r ( ). - . 11;o1o
Adrs, A., ard l. Car|ve|. `0uer|sors r|racu|euses e| exorc|sres dars |''l|s|o|re
l|||o||ee' de T| eodore| de Cyr.' blb ( ). - , - . 1;11o;18o1|;
As|oy, 0. w. T| eodore| ol Cyrr|us as Fxege|e ol ||e 0|d Tes|arer|.
0ra|ars|oWr, 3.
Alr|ca. luo||ca||or 0epar|rer| ol b|odes ur|v., . 1;z
519
. `T| e lerrereu||c Approac| |o ||e 0|d Tes|arer| ol T| eodore| ol Cyrr|us
W||| spec|a| relererce |o cer|a|r lrop|e|s.' 0Tw3A( ). 1;
. `T| e |errereu||c approac| ol T| eodore| ol Cyrr|us |o ||e 0|d Tes|arer|.'
3|la|r ( | ). - . 11;8|11
Auo|reau, |. `ure |ore||e greque |red||e, a||r|ouee T| eodore d'Arcyre, sur |e
oap|ere du 3e|greur.' lr 0|a|or|a p|s|eos. |e|arges J. A. de A|dara, - , z8
1o.
T| eodore| ol Cyrus 1
8ao|c, |. `8ozja 3|||a u Teodore|a C|rs|og | lvara 0o|uoa.' lr l|oro |rago e|
ar|cus 0e|, ls. l. 0o|uo, ed||ed oy b. ler|c, - . bore, . 11|o 11
8erg|ar, 3.-l. T| eodore| vor Cyrus urd der Neur|zar|srus, Aspe||e der
a||||rc|||c|er
Tr|r||a|s|e|re.0|ss., |ur|c|, s. 11
. `0|e dogra||sc|e lur|||ora||s|erurg der Fxegese rac| T| eodore| vor
Cyrus.'
lr C|r|s|||c|e Fxegese zW|sc|er N|caea urd C|a|cedor, ed||ed oy J. var 0or|
ard
u. w|c|er|, - . Karper. Ko| l|aros, . z|8 1z
8r|r||r|re, J. `0er 0o||esrareoe| T| eodore| vor Cyrus.' 8|o ( ). - o1|zo
. z
8ro|, |. `Touc|ar| |a da|e du correr|a|re sur |e lsau||er de T|eodore|us
Cyrers|s.' blF ( ). - . ||1|zo
. `ur so|-d|sar| lragrer| du |ra||e cor|re |es ju|ls de T|eodore|us Cyrers|s.'
blF ( ). - . |1o|8;oo
C|ay|or, l. 8. T| eodore|, o|s|op ol Cyrus, ard ||e rys|ery ol ||e lrcarra||or |r
|a|e
Ar||oc|ere C|r|s|o|ogy.0|ss., ur|or T| eo|og|ca| 3er|rary (NeW or|), . 18
Cocc||r|, l. `l'eseges| pao||ra d| Teodore|o d| C|rro.' A3F ( ). - . 111|11z
. `0r|gere e Teodore|o su||a le||era a| borar|. 0ue |r|erpre|az|or| a
corlror|o.'
lr A||| de| lll 3|rpos|o d| Tarso su 3. lao|o Apos|o|o, ed||ed oy l. ladovese
(Turc||a. |a C||esa e |a sua s|or|a ), - . bore. ls|||u|o lrarcescaro d| 1o1
3p|r||ua|||, lor||l|c|o A|ereo 'Ar|or|arur,' . 1
. `l correr|ar| d| 0r|gere e d| Teodore|o d| C|rro a||a le||era a| borar|.
Cor ||ru|| e rov|| re||a s|or|a de||a recez|ore d| lao|o.' Aug ( ). o1o
- 1o.
Coo|sor, l. |. beve|a||or, 3cr|p|ure ard Trad|||or acc. |o T|eodore| ol Cyrr|us.
A 3|udy |r ||e 3ource ard Norr ol 0r||odox 0oc|r|re.0|ss., lor|. ur|v.
0regor|arae, s. 1o8
Cro|e, 8. `0a||rg T| eodore|'s C|urc| l|s|ory ard Correr|ary or ||e lsa|rs.'
8yz ( ). - . |18|;|
Cur||, C. `Fuseo|ara ., lr lsa|ros.' Ca|ar|a. ur|v., . 1 18
lerrrdez |arcos, N. `la ed|c|or de |as 'uaes||ores |r beges e| lara||porera'
de
Teo dore| o.' 3el ( ). - . |o18oz
. `Teodore|o de C|ro y |a |ergua |eorea.' leroc| ( ). - . 18;
lerrrdez |arcos, N., ard A. 3erz 8ad|||os. `lr searc| ol ar Ar||oc||ar |ex| ol
||e
3ep|uag|r|. T| eodore|'s uaes||ores |r 0c|a|euc|ur.' lr || Corgress JeW|s| o
3|ud|es, - , | . ;oz1;;;
0reer, b. A. T| e Cap|a|r ol our 3a|va||or. A 3|udy |r ||e la|r|s||c Fxeges|s ol
leoreWs.
8e||r0esc|8|o|Fxeg . Tuo|rger. J. C. 8. |o|r, . 1 1;
0u|ro|, J.-N. `le Correr|a|re de T| eodore| de Cyr 3ur |e Car||quees|-|| ur
opus
rys||cur?' lages - |r le||ure Cr|s||are de| l|or| 3ap|erz|a||, 3FAug , |; ;
bore, . 1z
. `lreserce d'Apo|||ra|re dars |'oeuvre exege||que de T| eodore|,' pages - 1oo
;z
3|l|r . louva|r. lee|ers, . 1 18
1oN|re T| e lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury 0ree| C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
. `la cr|s|a|||sa||or d'ur d|llererd, Zorooaoe| dars |'exegse de T| eodore de
|opsues|e e| de T| eodore| de Cyr.' Aug ( ). - . z|18|z;|;
. `ur evque exeg|e, T| eodore| de Cyr.' lr le rorde grec (8TT ), ed||ed oy 1
C. |ordeser|, - . lar|s. 8eauc|esre, . oo 18|
. `l'|rpor|arce de |a de||e de T| eodore| de Cyr |'egard de |'exegse de T|
eodore de |opsues|e.' 0rp| , ( ). - . 118|o81o
. `T| eodore| a-|-|| |u |es |ore||es d'0r|gre sur |'Arc|er Tes|arer|?' ve|C|rz1
( ). - . 18|z81z
. `la c|r|s|o|og|e de T| eodore| de Cyr dars sor correr|a|re sur |e
Car||que.'
v|gC|r ( - ). zo;z18
. `T| eodore| |r||a|eur d'Fusoe, |'exegse de |a prop|e||e des 'so|xar|e-d|x
sera|res' (0ar . - ).' 0rp| ( ). - . z|z; 818;z8o
520
. `l'exegse du oouc er|ssa|re c|ez Cyr|||e d'A|exardr|e e| T| eodore| de
Cyr.'
Aug ( ). - . z8188ooo
. `[lv | l'exegse du oouc er|ssa|re c|ez Cyr|||e d'A|exardr|e e| T|eodore| 1o
de
Cyr.' Aug ( ). - . z8188ooo
. `u| es| '|e 3yr|er' dars |es correr|a|res de T| eodore| de Cyr.' 3|la|r z
( ). - . 1oo;1
. `les sources de |'exegse de T| eodore| de Cyr.' 3|la|r ( ). - . z1;z|
. `l' lr lsa|rosde T| eodore|. ure re|ec|ure cr|||que du correr|a|re de
0|odore de Tarse,' - . 3|rasoourg. Cer|re d'Ara|yse e| de 0ocurer|a||or ;1|
la|r|s||que, . 1|
. l'e x e g s e d e T| eodore| de Cyr. T| l . lar|s. 8eauc|esre, . 1oo 1
. `begard sur |'u||||sa||or du l|vre de Joo dars |'oeuvre de T| eodore| de Cyr.'
lr
le ||vre de Joo c|ez |es lres(Ca||ers de 8|o||a la|r|s||ca ), - . 111|o
3|rasoourg.
Cer|re d'Ara|yse e| de 0ocurer|a||or la|r|s||que, . 1o
. `les lorderer|s scr|p|ura|res de |a po|er|que er|re Ju|ls e| c|re||ers dars
|es
correr|a|res de T| eodore| de Cyr.' A3F ( ). - . 1|1;1;8
laard|, b. `|ar|c|a|srus.' 3| ( ). . 1ozo|
lar|, |. ` a-|-|| ure |rl|uerce du 'grec o|o||que' sur |a |argue sp|r||ue||e des
c|re||ers? Fxerp|es ||res du ls e| de ses correr|a|eurs, d'0r|gre 118
T|eodore|.' lr la 8|o|e e| |es lres.Fd||ed oy A. 8eroi|, e| a|., . 1;1
lar|, |., ard 0. 0or|va|. `la c|aire pa|es||r|erre sur |e ls (0r|gre, 118
Fusoe,
0|dyre, Apo|||ra|re, A||arase, T|eodore|).' lr 3C, - , . 18o1;
l|da|, 3. `Apoca|ypse, lersecu||or ard Fxeges|s. l|ppo|y|us ard T|eodore| ol
C|rr|us or ||e 8oo| ol 0ar|e|.' lr lr ||e |as| 0ays. 0r JeW|s| ard C|r|s||ar
Apoca|yp||c ard ||s ler|od (l3 8. 0|zer), ed||ed oy K. Jeppeser, K. N|e|ser, ard
8. boeserda|, - . Aar|us. Aar|us ur|vers||y lress, . | 1|
Karrerg|esser, C. `la 8|o|e e| |a cr|se ar|erre.' lr le rorde grec (8TT ), ed||ed 1
oy
C. |ordeser|, - . lar|s. 8eauc|esre, . o11z 18|
T| eodore| ol Cyrus 1;
Koc|, 0. `3|ru||urer urd 0esc||c||e des le||s |r der T| eo|og|e des T| eodore|
vor
Kyros.' lr lT|3| , . 1;1;
lep|ss|er, J. les Correr|a|res des lsaures de T| eodore|, vers|or s|ave.
F|erer|s
d'ed|||or cr|||que. T| se corp|erer|a|re. lar|s. T| se Fc. lra|. des lau|es
F|udes,
1o8.
. les Correr|a|res des lsaures de T| eodore|, vers|or s|ave. F|ude
||rgu|s||que e|
p|||o|og|que. lar|s. T| se Fc. lra|. des lau|es F|udes, . 1o
l|er|ard, J. T. `T| e exeges|s ol Cor . - lror |arce||us ol Arcyra |o 1 1z|z8
T| eodore| ol Cyrus.' v|gC|r ( ). - . ;18|o
lopez 3||or|s, b. `T| e 'l|le ol |oses' oy 0regory ol Nyssa, ar exarp|e ol
rega||ve ||eo|ogy |r ||e C|urc| ol ||e lour|| cer|ury.' Ka|Ker||Ca|3|To|yo | zz||
( ). - = - . 1811o| z8;oo
|a|us|ov|c, v. 8|azerryj leodor||, Fp|s|op K|rs||j |a| e|zege| 3v. l|sarja vZ.
0|ss.,
ler|rgrad. Acader|ae Fcc|es|as||cae, . 1
|cCo||oug|, C. T. `A C|r|s||ar||y lor ar age ol cr|s|s, T| eodore| ol Cyrus's
Correr|ary or 0ar|e|.' 3ys|er|c ( ). - . z181;;|
|eyerdorll, J. `F E(bor . ) c|ez Cyr|||e d'A|exardr|e e| T| eodore|.' 1z
3|la|r
lv ( ). - . 1o11;o1
0u|||er, 8. `la vers|or arrer|erre du correr|a|re des lsaures de T|eodore|,
rouveaux |ero|rs de |a |rad|||or d|rec|e.' bFArr ( ). - . 1;18z|1|8
larrer||er, |. `A |e||er lror T| eodore| ol Cyrus |o ||e ex||ed Nes|or|us (Cl0
oz;o) |r a 3yr|ac vers|or.' 8|jdr ( ). - . 11oz||
le|||, l. `la |rad|||or de T| eodore| de Cyr, dars |es c|aires sur |a 0erse. vues
rouve||es sur |e c|asserer| de ces c|aires.' |useor ( ). - . z1;z81o
lra|o, 0. `l| roraco Fp|rer e |a sua scr|||ura, a propos||o d| ur ruovo cod|ce
so||oscr|||o (A||er. ).' 3crC|v ( ). - . 1 o18z11
bordeau, |.-J. `les correr|a|res pa|r|s||ques du lsau||er ll.' lr 0CA . zzo
bore.
lor|. lrs|. 3|ud. 0r|er|a||ur, . 18
boss||er, l. |ess|ar|c lrop|ecy Accord|rg |o T| eodore| ol Cyrus ard ||e
Ar||oc|ere
521
'T| eor|a'.0|ss., bore. 0regor|ara, s. 1o
3arra, l. `3p|r||o e graz|a re| 'Correr|o a||a |e||era a| borar|' d| Teodore|o d|
C|ro e sua d|perderza, |r ques|'opera, da 0|ovarr| Cr|sos|oro e Teodoro d|
|opsues||a.' la| ( ). - . |818zz8o1
3axer, v. `le 'jus|e cruc|l|e' de l|a|or T| eodore|.' b3lb ( ). - . 11818z1
3|rore|||, |. `le uaes||ores d| Teodore|o su 0eres| e Fsodo.' A3Fs ( ). 188
- . o
3|eWardsor, J. l. T| e C|r|s|o|ogy ol T| eod. ol Cyrus acc. |o ||s
Frar|s|es.0|ss., Nor||Wes|err ur|vers||y, . 1;z
v|c|aro, A. `; so- \p9d. T| eodore| de Cyr e| ses pr|rc|pes
|errereu||ques dars |e pro|ogue du Correr|a|re du Car||que des Car||ques,'
pages
- |1|r le||ure Cr|s||are de| l|or| 3ap|erz|a||, 3FAug , bore, . ; 1z
18N|re T| e lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury 0ree| C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
. `'loreror ex lorerou sap|er||ze|r.' lr|rc|p|os |errereu||cos de Teodore|o
de C|ro er su Corer|ar|o a |as Fp|s|o|as lau||ras.' 3crT| ( ). - . z1181o1
. `C|r|s|o|og|sc|e 0eu|urg vor bor . - oe| 0regor vor Nyssa urd 81zz
T| eodore| vor Kyros.' lr 3|ud|er zu 0regor vor Nyssa urd der c|r|s|||c|er
3pa|ar|||e, ed||ed oy l. b. 0roorer ard C. K|oc|, - . le|der. 8r|||, . 11zo| 1o
. Cr|s|o e| Au|or de rues|ra 3a|vac|or. Fs|ud|o soore e| Corer|ar|o de
Teodore|o
de C|ro a |as Fp|s|o|as lau||ras(Co|ecc|or Teo|og|ca ). larp|ora. Fd|c|ores ;z
ur|vers|dad de Navarra, . 1o
. `T| eodore| vor Kyros a|s lr|erpre| des Apos|e|s lau|us.' T|0| ( ). 8o1o
- z;
1.
. `0as 8||d des Apos|e|s lau|us |r Korrer|ar zu der pau||r|sc|er 8r|eler
des
T| eodore| vor Kyros.' ZNw ( ). - . 81z18|8
. `0as 8||d des Apos|e|s lau|us |r Korrer|ar zu der pau||r|sc|er 8r|eler
des
T| eodore| vor Kyros.' 3|la|r ( ). - . z11;o88
. `Fxeges|s ar||gua vs cor|erporrea. F| corer|ar|o de Teodore|o de C|ro a
0a|
1. .' Aruar|o de l|s|or|a de |a lg|es|a ( ). - . 1 1|1o;;
vo|l, J. |. lau| ard perseverarce. s|ay|rg |r ard la|||rg aWay. wuNT | . z;
Tuo|rger. J. C. 8. |o|r, . 1o
vrare, A. C. `T| eodore|, o|s|op ol Kyros as ar exege|e ol lsa|a|, . A 1
Trars|a||or ol
||s Correr|ary, W||| ar lr|roduc||or.' 00Tb ( ). - . |181z;|;
we vers , J. w. ` T| eodore|'s uaes| ard ||e 8yzar||re |ex|.' leroc| ( ). 111
- . zo|
Z|rcore, 3. `l| |era de||'uoro|dorra |rrag|re d| 0|o re| correr|| pao||r| e a
0r d| area ar||oc|era (0|odoro, Cr|sos|oro, Teodoro, Teodore|o).' A3Fs z
( ). - . 181o1
. 3|ud| su||a v|s|ore de||'uoro |r aro||o ar||oc|ero (0|odoro, Cr|sos|oro,
Teodoro,
Teodore| o). 3|3b uad N3 . l'Aqu||a. Japadre, . 1 188
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| XX 1
8A3ll 0l 3FlFuClA 0. CA. 4o8
8as|| Was arc|o|s|op ol 3e|euc|a |r ||e rour|a|rs ol lsaur|a lror aoou| . ||o
le c|arged carps severa| ||res |r ||e c|r|s|o|og|ca| cor|rovers|es |ead|rg
|o ||e Courc|| ol C|a|cedor ol ard |r ||s al|erra||. l|o||us (cod. ) |1 1o8
lourd ||s exeges|s deep|y |rl|uerced oy 8as|| ol Caesarea ard C|rysos|or,
ou| ||s |||erary |egacy |oo ruc| ol a s|oWp|ece ol c|ass|ca| r|e|or|c. T| ree ol
||s lor|y-ore |or|||es pr|r|ed |r l0 (|or. , , , Cl0 ) are poss|o|y 8 8|1 ooo
apocryp|a|. T| e au||er||c |or|||es preser| drara||c lea|ures proper |o
8as||, |r par||cu|ar ||ey |rc|ude o|o||ca| c|arac|ers spea||rg |r roro|ogues or
d|a|ogues, sore ol W|or ore Wou|d ree| aga|r |r ||e |or|a||aol boraros
|e|od|s|. 3|x lseudo-A||aras|ar serrors (l0 , - , - ) are z81o|;o11o;11o8
a|so a||r|ou|ed |o 8as||, as We|| as o||er serrors, sore puo||s|ed (Care|o|,
bo|ar-C|aoo|), o||ers s|||| ured||ed.
Cl0lll, - . oo;
Fd|||ors
l0 , - . 8z;|;|
Auo|reau, |., 8as||e de 3e|euc|e. lor|||a |r 3. lasc|a. Cr|||ca| |ex|, lrerc|
|rars|a||or, correr|ary, |r. lore||es lasca|es, 3C . lar|s , 18; 1;z
- 1o;z;;.
8aurs|ar|, A., `ZWe| syr|sc|e we||rac||s||eder'. 0Cr.s. ( ) - 11111
zo.
Care|o|, T. l., `ure |ore||e |red||e de 8as||e de 3e|euc|e'. |e|arges A. |.
0esrousseaux. lar|s , - . 1;|8
Trars|a||ors
lrerc|
522
Auo|reau. aoove.
3|ud|es
le|rer, l., 0e 8as|||o 3e|euc|ers| quaes||ores se|ec|ae. 0|ss. |arourg . 11z
la|||r, l., `lag|ograp||e grecque e| pa|ro|og|e'. 3|la|rll (Tu ). 8er||r , o| 1;
- |oo;.
zoN|re T| e lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury 0ree| C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
|aas, l., `0as Kor|a||or'. 8Z ( ) - . 111oz8oo
|arx, 8. lroc||ara. |urs|er|w. , - = lor|||a , lr ler|ecos|er(Cl0 1|o8|8
ooo).
. `0er lor||e||sc|e Nac||ass des 8as|||os vor 3e|eu|e|a'. 0Cl ( ) - ;1|1z
. o
bo|ar-C|aoo|, C. de, `Fxegse de Joo . dars ure |ore||e |red||e de 8as||e zo
de
3e|euc|e'. 3|la|r , ( | ). - . 18z18881;zo1
var larys, |., `l'evo|u||or de |a doc|r|re c|r|s|o|og|que de 8as||e de 3e|euc|e'.
lrer
||( ) - . 1;1|1|
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| z1
ClAlTFb TFN
3lXTl- T0 Fl0lTl-CFNTub 0bFFK
Clbl3TlAN llTFbATubF
cor|er|s
l. 3everus ol Ar||oc| 924
ll. lseudo-0|orys|us 928
lll. Arror|us ol A|exardr|a 931
lv. boraros ||e |e|od|s| 932
v. 0ecurer|us 937
vl. ArdreW ol Caesarea 938
vll. 0eorge l|s|des 940
vlll. |ax|rus Corlessor. T| eo|og|ar ol ||e word 942
oy 0. C. 8er||o|d
lX. 0errarus ol Cors|ar||rop|e 972
X. Jo|r ol 0arascus 974
Xl. Ca|erae. `C|a|rs' ol 8|o||ca| lr|erpre|a||or 978
z1
v| A|p|aoe||ca| l|s| ol lr|rc|pa| Au||ors & Aroryrous wor|s 0|scussed
T||s page |r|er||ora||y|el|o|ar|
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| T| e ur|versa||s| drear ol ||e z
borar Frp|re Was ra|er|a||zed lor ||e very
|as| ||re urder ||e re|gr ol Jus||r|ar l ( - ). 8e|Weer ard , z;o |
oy ||s expars|or|s| po||||cs |r ||e wes|, Jus||r|ar succeeded |r des|roy|rg
||e varda| ||rgdor |r Alr|ca, ||e 0s|rogo|||c ||rgdor |r l|a|y, ard ||e
v|s|go|||c |r 3pa|r. 8u| |e ac||eved ||s s|or|-||ved v|c|or|es a| ||e cos|
ol a||oW|rg ||e 3|avs |o occupy ||e 8a||ars, ard lers|a |o |rpose ||s oWr
cord|||ors lor peace or ||e eas|err oorder. lror Jus||r ll ( - ) |o o;8
lerac||us ( - ), ||s |rred|a|e successors rever rega|red eroug| poWer o1oo|1
lor lac|rg ||e dec|s|ve c|a||erge ol ||e lu|ure, ||e Arao|c corques| W||c|
lror |o sWep| over ||e or|er|a| prov|rces ol ||e 8yzar||re erp|re. o o|z
urder ||e goverrrer| ol Cors|ar||re lv ( - ) ||e la||ed Arao s|ege oo8o8
ol Cors|ar||rop|e ( - ) s|opped ||e ls|ar|c grourdsWe||. Aga|r |r ||e o;|;8
e|g||| cer|ury, leo lll ( - ) rescued ||e Frp|re lror |error ard c|aos, ;1;;|1
|e l|ra||y |r|urp|ed over ||e Araos ou| |e a|so |r|||a|ed ||e la|elu| cr|s|s ol
|coroc|asr, ||e source ol a v|o|er| ard |org-|as||rg urres| |r c|urc| ard
soc|e|y.
z|Ter 3|x||- |o F|g|||-Cer|ury 0ree| C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
l
3FvFbu3 0l ANTl0Cl CA.4o5-538
8orr |r 3ozopo||s |r ||e prov|rce ol l|s|d|a, 3everus rece|ved ||s r|e|or|ca|
|ra|r|rg |r A|exardr|a ard s|ud|ed |aW |r 8ery| (8eyrou||) oelore as||rg
lor oap||sr |r . le oecare a ror| |r ||e area ol 0aza ard Was soor |88
orda|red a pr|es| oy Fp|p|ar|us, a |orop|ys||e o|s|op ol |agydos |r larp|y||a.
3er| or a r|ss|or |o Cors|ar||rop|e |r , |e ergaged |r a ||ve|y o
cor|roversy |r lavor ol ||s |orop|ys||e la|||, W||c| resu||ed |r ||e rerova|
ol la|r|arc| |acedor|us. l|s par|y erg|reered ||s e|ec||or as la|r|arc| ol
Ar||oc| |r Noveroer . w|er ||e pro-C|a|cedor|ar Jus||r rep|aced 1z
Aras|as|us as Frperor |r , 3everus l|ed |o Fgyp| W|ere, escap|rg a po||ce 18
searc|, |e deve|oped a s|rorg carpa|gr ol |e||ers ard parp||e|s |r delerce
ol ||s cause. Al|er ||e dea|| ol Jus||r |r ard ||s rep|acerer| oy ||s z;
rep|eW Jus||r|ar, Frpress T| eodora secre||y suppor|ed ||e |orop|ys||es
ard p|aced ore ol ||er, Ar|||r|us, or ||e see ol ||e cap||a|. 3everus Was
|rv||ed |o Cors|ar||rop|e W|ere |e successlu||y rego||a|ed a ur|or oe|Weer
Ar|||r|us, 8|s|op T| eodore ol A|exardr|a, ard ||rse|l, ur||| Agap||, o|s|op
ol bore, arr|ved or a v|s|| W||c| occas|ored derurc|a||ors as We|| as a syrod
|r corl|rr|rg ||e ear||er corderra||or ol 3everus. Jus||r|ar approved o
523
||e syroda| dec|s|or, expe||ed 3everus ard ||s par||sars lror ||e cap||a|,
ard proscr|oed 3everus's puo||ca||ors. 8ac| |r ||e deser|s ol Fgyp|, 3everus
s|ar|ed ||s propagarda aga|r, ou| |e d|ed or leoruary , . 88
3everus's |||erary |egacy surv|ves or|y |r ca|eraeor |r 3yr|ac ard |r
o||er ror-0ree| vers|ors. l| cors|s|s |r ( ) dogra||c essays, ( ) |or|||es, 1 z
( ) |e||ers, ( ) |||urg|ca| Wr|||rgs, ard ( ) |yrrs. |
( ) 0ogra||cs. 1
- TWo Trea||ses |o Nep|a||usWr|||er ca. . o8
- l|ve |rea||ses aga|rs| Ju||ar ol la||carrassus.
- T| e l|||a|e||es, correr||rg or a dyop|ys||e co||ec||or ol quo|a||ors lror
z||c|ap|ers ol Cyr|| ol A|exardr|a des||red |o corluse 3everus.
- T| ree |rea||ses Aga|rs| Jo|r ||e 0rarrar|ar, a pro-C|a|cedor|ar.
- lour |e||ers Aga|rs| ||e 0rarrar|ar 3erg|us, W|o Was a |orop|ys||e, a
par||sar ol Fu|yc|es.
l|g|||rg or |Wo lror|s, ||e rodera|e 3everus p|eaded pass|ora|e|y lor ||s
r|dd|e-ol-||e-road s|arce |r ||e c|r|s|o|og|ca| cor|roversy. l|s or||||ar|
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| ard easy s|y|e lac||||a|ed ||e access z
|o ||s Wr|||rgs lor a oroad readers||p. lr
3yr|ac ard Arrer|ar vers|ors a|so, ||s Wr|||rgs oecare very popu|ar.
( ) Ca||edra| lor|||es z
T|e Ca||edra| lor|||esol 3everus are serrors rea||y de||vered |r
Ar||oc| oe|Weer ard . T| ey lorr a co||ec||or ol serrors, |ep| 1z 18 1z
|r ||e|r c|roro|og|ca| order. T| ey Were l|rs| |rars|a|ed |r|o 3yr|ac ca. o
oy lau| ol Ka|||re|e, a cor|erporary ol 3everus, ard a secord ||re ca. ;oo
c.e. oy Jares ol Fdessa (lrerc| |rars|a||or |r l0). Arorg ||er a se| ol
exege||ca| |or|||es ollers correr|s or 3urday read|rgs. T| e|r ed|||or |r
l0 |rc|udes.
lor. - l0 , . 11; 8z1;o
- 18z;, . 11;
- zo1o, . |1;|
- zo, . 1;z
- |o|o, . 11;1
- |o1, . 1
- z;|, . 11oo
- 8o8, = . z111 1;z
- ;o;o1z, . z11
;;1o, . 1zz
(lor. Was a|so |rarsr|||ed urder ||e rares ol 0regory ol Nyssa ard ;;
lesyc||us ol Jerusa|er, ard Were ||ereoy preserved |r 0ree|. l0 , |o
- oz8z).
lor. - l0 , = . ;88 zoz1z; 1;z
- 8|oz, = . 111 1;|
- 18z, . 11
- , . 1ozzz1o
- 1o|11zz, . |1|
- 1111zo, . 1|;
- 1zo1zz, . 11oo
(lor rore |rlorra||or. Cl0 - ). A gerera| |r|roduc||or Was prov|ded ;oo
oy |. 8r|re. l0 , . A s|udy ol ||e o|o||ca| exeges|s ard |errereu||c ol z1
3everus oased or ||e Ca||edra| lor|||esWou|d oe a reWard|rg |op|c lor a
l|.0. d|sser|a||or.
( ) le||ers
T|e le||ersol 3everus are |arded doWr |r ||e|r c|roro|og|ca| order,
preserved |r |Wer|y-||ree 8oo|s |rc|ud|rg approx|ra|e|y lour ||ousard
3everus ol Ar||oc| z
zoTer 3|x||- |o F|g|||-Cer|ury 0ree| C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
p|eces ol corresporderce. A se|ec||or ol sever |urdred ol ||er Was a|so
d|v|ded |r|o `8oo|s,' ol W||c| 8oo| vl, cour||rg le||ers Was |rars|a|ed 1z
lror 0ree| |r|o 3yr|ac ca. c.e., ard lror 3yr|ac |r|o Frg||s| oy F. w. oo
8roo|s |r - . 1oz1o|
( ) l||urg|ca| wr|||rgs |
A oap||sra| r||ua| ard a euc|ar|s||c |||urgy are a||r|ou|ed |o 3everus.
( ) loers
F. w. 8roo|s, Jares ol Fdessa. T| e lyrrs ol 3everus ol Ar||oc| ard o||ers.
3yr|ac ard Frg||s|. l0 , ( ), , ( ), Jar|r e| luyade, l' 0 c | o e c | o111o;111
o s
syr|er. 0r|ers C|r|s||arus, r.s., ( ) - , - . 118z1o|z;;z8
lro||x ard vo|a|||e as |e Was, 3everus a|Ways s|oWed a deep |roW|edge
ol scr|p|ure ard ol ||e Wr|||rgs ol ||e la||ers.
3|ud|es
Auo|reau, |., `3evre d'Ar||oc|e, |ore||e ca||edra|e XXlv, lr Ascers|orer. ur
lragrer| syr|aque |der||l|e (Cl0 ) e| deux lragrer|s grecs re|rouves.' ;o;
b3lb ( ). - . z|18881z
8ardy, 0., 0TC , ( ). - . 1|z1|1188zooo
524
8reydy, |., `les |ero|grages de 3evre d'Ar||oc|e dars |'Fxpose de |a lo| de
Jear
|aror.' |useor ( ). - . 1o1oz1
Carrara, l., `l lrarrer|| grec| cor|ra add|||ores Ju||ar| d| 3evero d' Ar||oc||a'.
lrore||eus ( ). - . 11188z
Crarer, J. A., ed., Ca|era |r evarge||ur securdur lucar, vo|. . 0xlord, , z 18||
- 1o8
;1(l| . - ). z|1|
0a|ra|s, l. l., `3ource oap||sra|e e| rys|re pasca|'. laro|e d'0r|er| - , ls. o;
l. 0r all| r ( - ). - . 1;1;o|o
0evreesse, b., les arc|ers correr|eurs grecs de |'0c|a|euque e| des bo|s
( lragrer|s
||res de c|aires), - ard r. . C||| de| va||caro. 8|o||o|eca apos|o||ca 18; ;o8o
va||cara, . 1
0e vr|es, w., `0|e Fsc|a|o|og|e des 3everus vor Ar||oc||er'. 0Cl ( ). z1;
- o8o.
0or|va|, 0., `Nouveaux lragrer|s grecs de 3evre d'Ar||oc|e' |r Ar||doror.
|u|de
aar 0r. |aur||s 0eerard oy de vo||oo||rg var de C|av|s pa|rur 0raecorur,
- 1o1z1. we||erer. Cu||ura, . 18|
0rall|r, l., `la ca|ec|se de 3evre d'Ar||oc|e'. 0r3yr ( ). - . 1oo|;|
. `Jacques d'Fdesse rev|seur des |ore||es de 3evre d'Ar||oc|e'. 0CA zo
( ). - . 1;8z|
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| . 03p ( ). - . z; 1|1o;|81
0r|ooror|, J., `la ca|ec|se de 3evre d'Ar||oc|e e| |e Credo'. lar0r - , ls. o;
l. 0r all| r ( - ). - . 1;1;o1z8
lespe|, b., 3evre d'Ar||oc|e. la po|er|que ar||ju||ar|s|el. C3C0 , p. z|| z;|
|ex|,
ard |rars|a||or ol ||e |or||y `0r ||e Ascers|or ol 0ur lord,' W||| a lragrer| z;
|r 3yr|ac.
Karrerg|esser, C., `Jerer|e c|ez |es lres de |'Fg||se, . 3evre d'Ar||oc|e'. |
03p 8
( ). - . 1;|ooo1
leoor, J., le rorop|ys|sre sever|er. louva|r . 1o
lucc|es|, F. `ur lragrer| cop|e |red|| de |'|ore||e Clll sur |'Fp|p|ar|e de 3evre
d'Ar||oc|e.' JT| 3 ( ). - . o1;1;zo1
. `l'|ore||e de 3evre d'Ar||oc|e dars ur papyrus cop|e de v|erre.' JT| z|
3
( ). s. 18z18z
Nau, l., `ue|ques rouveaux |ex|es grecs de 3evre d'Ar||oc|e, |'occass|or
d'ure
recer|e puo||ca||or'. b0C ( ). - . z;1zo
lerrore, l., `l| d|a|ogo cor|ra g|| al|ar|odoce|| d| leorz|o d| 8|zarz|o e 3evero d|
Ar||oc||a'. Cr|s||ares|ro re||a s|or|a ( ). - . 118o|11|
lorc|er, F., `la prer|re |ore||e ca||edra|e de 3evre d'Ar||oc|e, ed||ee e|
|radu||e
d'aprs |e rs. cop|e | , lo|. - '. b0C ( ). - , - . 111 o8; 111|o;81|z
. `ur d|scours sur |a sa|r|e v|erge par 3evre d'Ar||oc|e'. b0C ( ). zo11;
- |1oz.
3auge|, J.-|. `ure decouver|e |resperee. l'|ore||e de 3evre d'Ar||oc|e z
( - |o
8), sur |'Arrorc|a||or de |a T| eo|o|os.' lr A Tr|ou|e |o A. vooous, - , oz
1;;.
Torrarce, F. b.. TbF ( ). - . z1118|8o
Torrarce, l. b. C|r|s|o|ogy al|er C|a|cedor. 3erv|us ol Ar||oc| ard 3erg|us ||e
|orop|ys||e. NorW|c|. Car|eroury, . 188
3everus ol Ar||oc| z;
z8Ter 3|x||- |o F|g|||-Cer|ury 0ree| C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
ll
l3Fu000l0N3lu3 FAbl oTl C.
lour 0ree| |rea||ses or |||urg|ca| ard rys||ca| ||eo|ogy appeared a| ||e
oeg|rr|rg ol ||e s|x|| cer|ury urder ||e pseudoryr 0|orys|us ||e Areopag||e.
T| ey Were l|rs| rer||ored |r ||e l|rs| or secord decade ol ||e s|x|| cer|ury
oy 3everus ol Ar||oc| |r ||s |||rd le||er |o Jo|r l|gourer, ||er quo|ed
|r a co||oquy |e|d oy 3ever|ar ard o||er ||eo|og|ars |r Cors|ar||rop|e |r
. T| ey Were |rred|a|e|y c|a||erged oy lypa||us ol Fp|esus as ur|roWr
|o Cyr|| ol A|exardr|a ard A||aras|us. T| e|r or|g|ra| se|||rg Was re|||er
|orop|ys||e ror C|a|cedor|ar, ||e au||or c|ear|y relus|rg |o ge| |rvo|ved
|r cor|erporary po|er|cs. `0|orys|us seers |o |ave de||oera|e|y d|s|arced
||rse|l lror ary d|v|s|ve area ol deoa|e |r ||e C|r|s||ar corrur||y, oller|rg ||s
suppor| or|y |o C|r|s||ar (ard Neop|a|or|c) ||eres lavorao|e |o
ur||y' (boques , ). 1ooz;
525
Trars|a|ed |r|o 3yr|ac, ||e lour |rea||ses |rsp|red ar ear|y s|x|| cer|ury
correr|ary oy Jo|r ol 3cy||opo||s. Neop|a|or|c |r s|y|e, vocaou|ary
ard argurer|, ||ey oecare oroad|y |rl|uer||a| |r ||e la||r wes|, ra|r|y
||roug| ||e |rars|a||or oy Jo|r 3co|us Fr|ugera. T| e rea| |der|||y ol
lseudo0|orys|us rera|rs ur|roWr. le |s ||e pa|r|s||c au||or||y ros| ol|er
quo|ed
oy T| oras Aqu|ras.
T| e 0|v|re Naresdea|s W||| ||e |roW|edge ol 0od revea|ed ||roug|
||e rar|rg ol 0od |r scr|p|ure. Accord|rg |o lroc|us, |ys||ca| T|eo|ogy
|r|roduces ||e reader |r|o `||e d|v|re dar|ress' oper|rg ||ereoy ||e W|o|e
d|rers|or ol `rega||ve ||eo|ogy.' T|e Ce|es||a| l|erarc|ys|a|es ||a| scr|p|ure
|s our or|y sure gu|de lror sers|o|e |o superra|ura| rea||||es (c|ap. ). l|s 1
syroo||c |arguage requ|res rary c|ar|l|ca||ors, W||c| ray ca|| upor ||g||y
corp|ex sp|r||ua| |r|erpre|a||ors. lr 0|orys|us' urders|ard|rg ce|es||a| rea||||es
Were d|scussed ||roug| aos|rac| specu|a||ors W||c| rera|red arc|ored
|r scr|p|ure.
T| e Fcc|es|as||ca| l|erarc|yexp|a|rs ||a| |urar |roW|edge ol ear|||y
|rs|||u||ors |s, oy recess||y, lragrer|ary ard par||a|. la||| |s requ|red lor
ar adequa|e ard corpre|ers|ve v|eW ol ||e c|urc|. `8u| ||e d|v|re g|l|,
|r|erded |o rour|s| ||e r|rd sp|r||ua||y ard so |o sarc||ly ||, |s g|ver exc|us|ve|y
||roug| scr|p|ure, a scr|p|ure preser|ed, exp|a|red, ard corp|e|ed oy
||e pr|es||y ||erarc|y W|ose goa| |s a|Ways |o |eep a||ve ard ura||ered ||e
'|rad|||or ol ||e or|g|rs' (arc|a|a parados|s, Fl a)' (boques , ). o8 1ooz8
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| 3|ud|es z
Ard|a, . de. `l'ascers|or de |oise e| |'er|ree dars |a |erore.' lr l|||osop||a
ar||qua . saoe| de Ard|a, leros|s. l'ur|or 0|eu c|ez 0erys |'Areopag||e, ;1
- o;. le|der. 8r|||, . 1o
T| e Arrer|ar vers|or ol ||e Wor|s a||r|ou|ed |o 0|orys|us ||e Areopag||e.lr
3C0r
|88s. Fd||ed ard |rars|a|ed oy b. w. T| orsor. Arrer.. lee|ers, . 18;
8ec|, l. `Tr|ad|sc|e Frge|-0rdrurger, lruc|r|s|||c|er urd r|||e|a||er||c|er
Arsa|z, |. 0as 0|auoersrys|er|ur des dre|-e|rer 0o||es a|s arc|e|yp|sc|es
0rdrurgspr|rz|p urd d|e Argeresser|e|| se|rer verr||||urg durc| Frge|, ||.
0|orys|us, |||. 8oraver|ura.' T|l| ( ). - . o;1zz1
8e|||r|, F. `ur eserp|o d| appe||o a||'uraro re||a c||esa ar||ca, |o pseudo-0|or|g|
areopag||a.' lr l'appe||o a||'uraro re||a pred|caz|ore, ed||ed oy 0. Co|oroo,
- ;8|, . 18o
. `Teo|og|a e |eurg|a |r 0|or|g| Areopag||a.' ve|C|r ( ). - . 1;18o1z1o
8ror|es|, A. `l ror| o|o||c| d| 0|o re| ||rguagg|o l||osol| co-|eo|og|co de||o
pseudo0|or|s|o.' lav| ( ). - . 11o8|o118
Carao|re, 0. `A 0ar| C|oud. le||er|s||c lrl|uerces or ||e 3cr|p|ura| Fxeges|s ol
C|erer| ol A|exardr|a ard ||e lseudo-0|orys|us.' lr 3cr|p|ura| lr|erpre|a||or
|r ||e la||ers. le||er ard 3p|r||, ed||ed oy T. l|rar ard v. TWorey, - . o1;|
0uo||r. lour Cour|s lress, . 1
Coro|r, |. `Nega||or e| |rarscerderce dars |'oeuvre de 0erys.' b3l|T| o
( ). 18
- |1;.
0rgu||r, 0. `T| e Fcc|es|o|ogy ol ||e Areopag||e |rea||ses ard ||e|r |rpor|arce
lor cor|erporary ecurer|sr.' 0|ss., 8uc|ares|, . 1;
Jaeger, w. `0er reuerdec||e Korrer|ar zur Jo|arresevarge||ur urd
0|orys|us
Areopag||es.' lr w. Jaeger, 3cr|p|a ||rora, vo|. , - . bore, . zo; 1oo
JaroW||z, N. `T| eor|es ol d|v|re rares |r 0r|ger ard lseudo-0|oys|us.' lb o
( s). - . 1o ;z
Ju||c|er, A. `0as lu|as-Fv. (l|a|a lll).' T3 ( ). - . 1;1o;
laoa|e, A. `l| recupero de| `Correr|ar|o a||'Fcc|es|as|e' d| 0|or|g| A|essardr|ro
a||raverso |e ca|ere o|zar||re.' Ko|ror|a ( ). - . 1o1z;|
|urp|y, l. X, `lseudo-0|orys|us' NCF ( ). - . 11zoooooz
lseudo-0|orys|us, ||e corp|e|e Wor|s. Fd||ed oy l. borer. C|asw3p|r, . 18;
luec|, l.-C., `la |erore rys||que c|ez |e ls.-0erys |'Arepag||e e| dars |a
|rad|||or
pa|r|s||que'. F|Carr , ( ). - . zz18
b|s|, J. |. `A No|e or Fros ard Agape |r lseudo-0|orys|us.' v|gC|r ( ). zo1oo
- z|.
boques, b., l'ur|vers d|orys|er.3|ruc|ure ||erarc||que du rorde se|or |e
lseudo0erys. lar|s . 1|
lseudo-0|orys|us z
oTer 3|x||- |o F|g|||-Cer|ury 0ree| C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
. bAC ( ). - . 1;1o;11z1
. 0l0F ( ). - (o|o||ograp|y). 1|1oozoo
borer, l. 8|o||ca| ard |||urg|ca| syroo|s W||||r ||e lseudo-0|orys|ar syr||es|s.
3|ud|es ard Tex|s . Toror|o. lor||l|ca| lrs|||u|e ol |ed|aeva| 3|ud|es, . ;1 18|
. `T| e o|o||ca| a||us|ors ard over|oo|ed quo|a||ors |r ||e lseudo-0|orys|ar
corpus.' 3|la|r ( ). - . z18o1
526
. `|oses as ||e larad|gr lor ||e l||urg|ca| 3p|r||ua|||y ol lseudo-0|orys|us.' lr
3|ud|a pa|r|s||ca . . Cr|||ca, C|ass|ca, Asce||ca, l||urg|ca. lapers ol ||e || 18z
|r|erra||ora| Corlererce or pa|r|s||c s|ud|es, 0xlord , ed||ed oy F. A. 18
l|v|rgs|ore,
- z;;. Ka|arazoo, ||c|.. C|s|erc|ar luo||ca||ors, . 18
bu|, K. 0|e rys||c|e 0o||es|e|re des 0|orys|us Areopag||a.lr 3zo p||| | . 18;z
|ur|c|. 8ayer|sc|e A|ader|e, . 18;
3cazzoso, l. `l rappor|| de||o lseudo-0|or|g| cor |a 3acra 3cr|||ura e cor 3.
lao|o.'
Aev ( ). - . |z1o81z8
3c|rarre|, J. `0|e |ys||| des lseudo-0|orys|us Areopag||a |r verg|e|c| zur
Fv.
des ||. Jo|arres.' 0|ss., v|erra, . 1|8
3erre|ro||, 0., `0|e ||eo|og|a syroo|||des ls.-0|orys|us Areopag||as'.
3c|o| z;
( ). - . 1z111
3uc||a, 8. b. `0|e uoer||elerurg des lro|ogs des Jo|arres vor 3|y||opo||s zur
gr|ec||sc|er Corpus 0|orys|acur Areopag|||cur.' lr N0w0, - , . 1;;8818|
. `F|re beda|||or des gr|ec||sc|er Corpus 0|orys|acur Areopag|||cur
|r ur|re|s des Jo|arres vor 3cy||opo||s, des verlassers vor lro|og urd
3c|o||er, e|r dr|||er 8e||rag zur uoer||elerurgsgesc||c||e des C0.' lr N0w0,
- 1;8|. 0o|||rger. varder|oec| & buprec||, | . 18|
Toras|c, T. |. `T| e |og|ca| lurc||or ol re|ap|or ard oppos|||ora| co|rc|derce |r
||e lseudo-0|orys|us ard Jo|arres 3co||us Fr|ugera.' Jb ( ). - . o8188o1;o
wesc|e, K. l. `C|r|s|o|og|ca| doc|r|re ard |||urg|ca| |r|erpre|a||or |r
lseudo0|orys|us.' 3vT ( ). - . z18;
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| lll 1
A||0Nlu3 0l AlFXAN0blA
ll. FAbl oTl C.
A cor||ruous Correr|ary or Jo|r, a Correr|ary or Ac|s, exege||ca| sc|o||a
or ls , ar exp|ara||or ol ||e 8oo| ol 0ar|e| ard a correr| or le|er 1
1.l., oy a presoy|er, Arror|us ol A|exardr|a, are |roWr or|y ||roug|
excerp|s |r ca|erae, puo||s|ed oy 8. Corder|us ( ) ard J. A. Crarer, vo|. ll 1oo
( , l0 , - , - , - ). A Correr|ary or |a|||eW|s 18|| 81o1811z1oo18zzo
|rau||er||c. J. beuss ( ) cou|d add ore-|urdred o||er lragrer|s |o ||ose 1|1
a|ready puo||s|ed |r Corder|us-||gre, ||us a|ros| er||re|y corp|e||rg ||e
surv|v|rg |ex| ol ||e Correr|ary or Jo|r(J. beuss, Jo|arres Korrer|are
aus der gr|ec||sc|er K|rc|e).
lr |||s Wor| Arror|us relers |o Fp|esus ard C|a|cedor . le || |1
rer||ors ||e `la|r|arc| 3everus,' ard quo|es Jo|r C|rysos|or, Cyr|| ol
A|exardr|a, T| eodore ol |opsues||a, T| eodore ol lerac|ea, Apo|||rar|us
ol laod|cea ard 0|dyrus ||e 8||rd. l|s ||eo|og|ca| exeges|s, cer|ered or
||e ||eo|og|ca| |ssues ol ||e ||re. le a|so express|y opposes |arc|or, ||e
|ar|c|ees, lau| ol 3arosa|a, ||e Ar|ars, |essa||ars ard 3aoe|||ars. le l|g||s
aga|rs| |orop|ys|sr. le rares Nes|or|us |W|ce |r ||s correr|s or Ac|s
1o. ard . - . T| e |der||l|ca||or ol Arror|us rera|rs ques||orao|e. 1; zozo
ls |e ||e lresoy|er ard Fcoror Arror|us W|o |r s|gred a parp||e| |;
aga|rs| T|ro||y Ae|urus addressed |o leo l, or ||e Arror|us ol A|exardr|a,
||e adversary ol |orop|ys|sr, W|ose Wor| |s |roWr ||roug| Aras|as|us
3|ra||a?
3|ud|es
J. beuss, `0er lresoy|er Arror|us vor A|exardr|er urd se|r Korrer|ar zur
Jo|arres-Fvarge||ur'. 8|o ( ). - . ||11;o
zTer 3|x||- |o F|g|||-Cer|ury 0ree| C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
lv
b0|AN03 TlF |Fl00l3T 0. 555|5o5
8orr rear ||e erd ol ||e l|l|| cer|ury |r Fresa (lors), 3yr|a, ol JeW|s|
parer|s (0rosd|d|er , ), boraros er|ered ||e order ol ||e d|acora|e 1;;18o
|r 8ery| (8eyrou||) oelore ded|ca||rg ||rse|l |o ||e c|urc| ol ||e T| eo|o|os |r
Cors|ar||rop|e rear ||e erd ol ||e re|gr ol Frperor Aras|as|us l
(d. ). As a deacor, |e rera|red ||ere ur||| ||s dea||. 3oor al|er ||s arr|va| |r 18
Cors|ar||rop|e |e s|ar|ed |o Wr||e poe|ry oy ar express order ol ||e
|o||er ol 0od, ||oug| a| ||a| da|e |e rus| a|ready |ave oeer ar exper|erced
poe|. l|s l|rs| |or|a||or(a vers|l|ed serror surg oy ||e deacor, ||e relra|r
oe|rg repea|ed oy ||e corgrega||or), l par||eros sereror, Was occas|ored
oy a C|r|s|ras ce|eora||or. l| cors|s|ed ol a s|or| proo|r|orard |Wer|y-lour
s|rop|es (s|rop|e seers |o oe a |a|er add|||or), parap|ras|rg ||e gospe| 1
rarra||ves or ||e o|r|| ol Jesus, W||| ||e |rc|us|or ol re|evar| o| prop|ec|es.
T| e serror Was purc|ua|ed W||| cors|ar| d|a|ogues oe|Weer |ary ard
o||ers. T| e easy r|y||r ol cour|ed sy||ao|es ard accer|s gave ||e poer a
|as||rg popu|ar||y. lor cer|ur|es, || Was |o rera|r ||e or|y |or|a||or adr|||ed
lor ||e C|r|s|ras |||urgy. T| e sare ||ere W|||ou| d|a|ogues, ou| W||| ar||s||c
|rvoca||ors r|c| |r o|o||ca| syroo||sr, |s deve|oped |r |||r|y-||ree s|rop|es
spread over ||e oll| ce ol C|r|s|ras. T| ese s|rop|es do ro| lorr a |or|a||or,
527
||ey are a ser|es ol |rdeperder| vers|l|ca||ors, eac| erd|rg W||| ||e sare
acc|ara||or. `8|essed oe ||e reW-oorr'F\opvo 9, ard a|| ol
||er |oge||er ou||d|rg up ar acros||c W||| ||e |r|||a|s ol ||e|r l|rs| verses.
AlN0Z TAlFlN0 l0|AN0 FlZ TA FNF0llA`3org ol |uro|e
boraros lor ||e 8|r||' (3C , - ). 11o181oo
Aro||er acros||c coord|ra|es ||e e|g||eer s|rop|es ol ||e |or|a||orlor
||e lreser|a||or ol ||e C|||d Jesus (lu|e . - ), ce|eora|ed or leoruary zzz
z(' "v :ddvv o# so, |||era||y `or ||e ree||rg ol ||e lord').
T0T0 b0|AN0 T0 Fl0Z`T| |s (|s) ||e |yrr ol boraros.' 0re ol
||e poe|'s ros| popu|ar Wor|s, ||oug| a p|ece ol popu|ar|zed dogra d|c|a|ed
oy ||e re||g|ous po||||cs ol Jus||r|ar (erperor - ), ||e poer arp||l|es |r z;o
e|g||eer s|rop|es ||e prop|e||c o|ess|rg ol o|d 3|reor. 0ov|ous|y
|rsp|red oy a |or||y ol Cyr|| ol Jerusa|er (l0 , a- a) ard a 1188 1zo|
pseudo-a||aras|ar |or||y (l0 a- d), 3|reor's |yr|cs as corposed z8;| 1ooo
oy boraros, a|so ca|| or a le||er |o 8|s|op 0p||rus(le||er ) oy 8as|| ol zoo
Caesarea (l0 , c- o), |r order |o g|or|ly ||e rad|ca| |rarscerdercy z o;
ol ||e d|v|re logos ard ||s perlec| ur|or W||| |urar||y |r ||e reW-oorr
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| Jesus. Corce|ved as address|rg
l|rs| ||e ro||er ol Jesus, ||er ||e c|||d, ||e
very e|oquerce ol 3|reor evo|es ||e W|o|e ecorory ol sa|va||or oy relerr|rg |o
rary o| ard r| passages.
lor ||e leas| ol Fp|p|ary, boraros corposed severa| |or|a||a, regu|ar|y
s|gred W||| ||e acros||c T0 TAlFlN0 l0|AN0`0l ||e |uro|e
boraros.' 0re ol ||er arp||l|es || . - , express|rg ||e re|uc|arce ol 11
Jo|r ||e 8ap||s| |o oap||ze Jesus |r ||e Jordar b|ver. T| e poe| |r|roduces a
drara||c susperse |r|o ||e s|or| exc|arge ol Words oe|Weer ||e |Wo
pro|agor|s|s, ||ereoy ||g|||g|||rg ||e doc|r|ra| |r|er||ors ol ||e |||urg|ca| leas|
ol Fp|p|ary (3C , - ). 11ozo8
boraros Wro|e a poer |r |Wer|y-||ree s|rop|es W||| ||e acros||c
T0 Fl0Z l0|AN0 TAlFlN0 or ||e wedd|rg |r Cara, apparer||y
W|||ou| us|rg ary serror or ||e |op|c as a source. l|s correr|ary l|rr|y
s|a|es ||e d|gr||y ol C|r|s||ar rarr|age |r corlorr||y W||| `||e grea| lau|.'
le d|sperses lror ||e use ol a||egor|sr ard locuses upor apo|oge||cs lac|rg
ques||ors ol scep||ca| ou|s|ders. loW d|d |ary |roW ||a| |er sor cou|d
do r|rac|es? w|y does Jesus Wa|| lor ||s |our, W|er |e |s |r cor|ro| ol a||
c|rcurs|arces? ard so lor||. l|s exeges|s |eac|es ||e r|g|| arsWers |o suc|
ques||ors |r |e|||rg |ary, |erse|l |rs|ruc|ed oy |er sor, exp|a|r ||e rys|ery
ol d|v|re lrcarra||or (3C , - ). 11oozzo
0||er |or|a||adea| W||| Jesus ard ||e 3arar||ar Worar (Jr . - ), |1|z
||e |ea||rg ol ||e |eper (|| . - , || . , l| . ), ard W||| rary o||er 81z 1|o 1z
gospe| ep|sodes. T| ey err|c|ed ||e ce|eora||or ol a|| rajor leas|s ol ||e
|||urg|ca| year. lr a|| cases ||ey Were pervaded oy evoca||ve parap|rases ol
||e gospe| rarra||ves. NeW Tes|arer| quo|a||ors ru|||p||ed |r ||er, rev|v|rg
||e o|o||ca| s|or|es W||| a v|v|d |rag|ra||or ard a doWr-|o-ear|| psyc|o|ogy.
No a||egor|sr Was reeded lor |||s poe||c ac|ua||z|rg W|ose purpose Was |o
rove ard |rpress ||e la|||lu|, ruc| |r ||e Way a g|l|ed rov|e d|rec|or does
|oday. A |rue ar||s|, boraros exerc|sed a geru|re ard d|s||rc||ve serse lor
|urar |rarscerdercy. ||s |rsp|ra||or Was cord|||ored oy |||urg|ca| ru|es
as We|| as oe|rg suor|||ed |o ||e severe re|r|ca| sys|er ol ||s poe|ry, ou|
|e cors|ar||y ac||eved ar expars|ve ce|eora||or ol ||e d|v|re rys|er|es |o
erc|ar| ||s aud||ors.
0r o| ||eres, boraros corposed |or|a||adea||rg W||| Adar ard Fve,
Noa|, Aora|ar, lsaac, Josep|, F||ja|, ||e ||ree c|||drer |r ||e lurrace, ard
ore |r sever|eer s|rop|es or N|reve|, eac| s|rop|e erd|rg accord|rg |o o|d
|||urg|ca| |rad|||ors W||| ||e Word re|aro|a, `reperarce' (a|| |r 3C ). `le
corposed a ||ousard, or ever rore ||ar a ||ousard ol ||er (|or|a||a),
ore car see ros| ol ||er Wr|||er oy ||s oWr |ard |r ||e c|urc| W|ere |e
boraros ||e |e|od|s|
|Ter 3|x||- |o F|g|||-Cer|ury 0ree| C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
Was deacor. le d|ed ard Was our|ed |r ||a| c|urc| ol ||e d|s|r|c| ol Kyro,
W|ere ||s leas| day |s ce|eora|ed' (0rosd|d|er , ). lr rea|||y, e|g||y 1;;1o
|or|a||a(sever|y-r|re W||| acros||cs) |ave oeer |arded doWr |o us.
`lr sp||e ol ||e arp|e deo| ol boraros |o ||s (pa|r|s||c) predecessors
(|r par||cu|ar Fp|rer), ore carro| corpare || W||| ||e deo| W||c| |e
oWed |o ||e 8|o|e. Fver |r ||s se|l-urders|ard|rg as a preac|er, ||s cors|ar|
prox|r||y |o o|o||ca| sources |s W|a| seers ||e ros| c|arac|er|s||c. w|er
oy ary c|arce |e ver|ures |o |ard|e a |op|c ro| d|rec||y deperder| or ar
o| or r| s|ory, ||s corpos|||or lo||oWs a l|rr ard easy ||re oy |eep|rg |r
s|g|| ||e o|o||ca| oac|grourd W|ere |e cou|d exp|o|| a reper|ory ol |ypes
ard ser|erces ao|e |o rour|s| ||s |eac||rg' (0rosd|d|er , ). As ar 1;;z
|||us|ra||or ol ||s aourdar| use ol scr|p|ure, `sull| ce || |o rer||or ||a| |r
||e e|g||eer poers or ||e puo||c ||le ol C|r|s| ard or ||s lass|or lror ||e
l|rs| |yrr lor Fp|p|ary ur||| ||e |yrr or ||e verera||or ol ||e Cross, We
|ave cour|ed quo|a||ors rore or |ess |||era|, |o W||c| are added zz 1o
528
a||us|ors . . . or|y |r ol ||e quo|a||ors does ore l|rd ar |r|roduc|ory 1 zz
lorru|a arrourc|rg a scr|p|ura| c||a||or' ( ). z;
Cl0 , ;;o
Fd|||ors
|aas, l.|C. A. Trypar|s, eds., 3arc|| borar| |e|od| car||ca. l. Car||ca geru|ra.
0xlord . ll. Car||ca duo|a. 8er||r (l| rs| corp|e|e cr|||ca| 1o 1;o
ed|||or).
Trars|a||ors
Frg||s|
Carper|er, |., Kor|a||a ol boraros, 8yzar||re |e|od|s|, vo|s., Co|uro|a z
- 1;o1;.
las|, F., Kor|a||a or ||e l|le ol C|r|s|, 3|. boraros ||e |e|od|s|. lordor
1o.
Trypar|s, C. A., lour|eer Far|y 8yzar||re Car||ca(w|er. 8yz. 3|., v). v|erra
1o8.
lrerc|
J. 0rosd|d|er de |a|ors, boraros |e |e|ode. lyrres.lr|roduc||or, |ex|e
cr|||que, |raduc||or. 3C , , , , . lar|s , , , 11o11|1z8z8 1o|1o1o;
181.
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| 0errar
0. lerr|rg 8u||rarr, boraros der |e|ode. les|gesarge. Aul C|r|s|geour|,
aul T| eop|ar|e, aul der 0s|ersorr|ag.Zur|c| . 1oo
J. Koder, ||| der 3ee|e Auger sa| er de|res l|c||es Ze|c|er, lerr. lyrrer des
or||odoxer K|rc|erja|res vor boraros der |e|oder. v|erra . 1o
l|a||ar
0|ar|o, 0., boraro || |e|ode. lrr|(lC0 Tes|| ). . 1181
3|ud|es
Arrarz, |., `boraros |e |e|ode'. 03p ( ). - . 118888o8
8ar||u|zer, J. l. `Assoc|a||or ol |deas as a pr|rc|p|e ol corpos|||or |r boraros
(||e poe|).' F|||r||a ( ). - . 18818z|
. `boraros |e|odos, Kor|a||or (0xl.). '0r ||e s|rlu| Worar.'' AC| 1o
( ). - . 1oz
. `boraros' ercor|ur or Josep|. lor|ra|| ol ar a|||e|e.' J08 ( ). - |o1o1
. 1oo
. `boraros |e|odos. '0r ||e |er v|rg|rs' ( 0xl. = sc).' AC| ( ). |8 1 11
- |.
Ca|alyg|o|ou Topp|rg, F.`|ary a| ||e Cross, 3|. boraros' Kor|a||or lor lo|y
lr|day.' 8yZ ( ). - . |1;;18;
Corca, l. `0u|seppe e |a rog||e d| lu||larre (boraro d| |e|ode, cor|ac|o ||
|-T).' lr Cor|r|ou|| d| l||o|og|a greca, ed||ed oy l|a|o 0a||o (uaderr| de| 0|p.
d| 3c|erze de||'Ar||c||| de| |'ur|v. deg|| 3|ud| d| 3a|erro ), - . Napo||. o1||8
Ar|e T|pogral|ca, . 1o
0a|ra|s, l.-l. `lrager|e syr|erre e| syroo||sre |e||er|que dars |es |yrres
o|o||ques de borarus |e |e|ode.' 3|la|r , ( ). - . 11z1;zzzzo
lurger, l. `0as |eoerssperderde wasser. boraros |e|odos, Kor|a||or (0xl.
=
13C). Jesus urd d|e 3arar||er|r.' J08 ( ). - . 81881z;
|aas, l., `0as Kor|a||or'. 8Z ( ). - . 111oz8oo
|||sa||s, K. `T| e vocaou|ary ol boraros ||e |e|od|s|.' 0|o||a ( ). - |1o1;1
. ;
. T| e larguage ol boraros ||e |e|od|s|(8yz. Arc||v. ). |ur|c| . 11 1o;
le|erser, w. l. `T| e 0|a|essaror ard Fp|rer 3yrus as sources ol boraros ||e
|e|od|s|.' 0|ss, . 18
. `T| e deperderce ol boraros ||e |e|od|s| upor ||e 3yr|ac Fp|rer, ||s
|rpor|arce lor ||e or|g|r ol ||e Kor|a||or.' v|gC|r ( ). - . 181;18;
. `T| e 0|as|essaror ard Fp|rer 3yrus as sources ol boraros ||e |e|od|s|.'
lr
C3C0 , 3uos. , . |oo ;18
3c|or|, b. J. `(boraros ||e |e|od|s|) 3urg serrors, re|od|es, rora|s ard
o|o||ca|
|r|erpre|a||ors |r 8yzar||ur.' 8b , ( ). - , . ;z11zoz;|8
boraros ||e |e|od|s|
oTer 3|x||- |o F|g|||-Cer|ury 0ree| C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
3|c|er, l. var. `l'|yrre sur Noe de boraros |e |e|ode. Cor|r|ou||or |'e|ude
des
sources,' FF83 ( ). - . o1o8z;o
Z|rcore, 3.-A. lou||. TbF ( ). - . z18o|oo
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| v ;
0FCu|FNlu3 oTl C.
Cour| ol lsaur|a, or ||e As|a ||ror coas| oppos||e ||e |s|ard ol Cyprus,
p|||osop|er ard r|e|or, Was a |orop|ys||e |r ||re W||| 3everus ol Ar||oc|.
le Wro|e ||s Correr|ary or ||e Apoca|ypse`l|ve |urdred years' al|er ||s
corpos|||or. T| e corp|e|e Wor| Was puo||s|ed oy los||er |r , a s|||| 1z8
va|uao|e ed|||or W||| corp|erer|ary par|s ed||ed oy 0|e|arp ( ) ard 1z
529
J. 3c|r|d ( ). lersora| g|ossaeol 0ecurer|us |o a ca|eraor ||e lau||re 11
le||ers, corposed oy soreore e|se, are pr|r|ed |r 3|aao , - . 1|zzo
T|e Correr|ary or ||e Apoca|ypseWas rass|ve|y quo|ed oy Ardreas ol
Caesarea ( - ) W|||ou| ||e au||or's rare (oecause 0ecurer|us Was ozo;
a |orop|ys||e).
T| e Correr|ary |s ||e l|rs| cor||ruous exp|ara||or ol ||e 8oo| ol
beve|a||or |r 0ree| pa|r|s||cs. T| e au||or |r|erds |o es|ao||s| a co|erer|
progress|or |r ||e v|s|ors ard ||e W|o|e s|ruc|ure ol ||e o|o||ca| Wor|, au||ored
(|r ||s v|eW) oy ||e Apos||e Jo|r. le preser|s sore or|g|ra| |r|erpre|a||ors.
||e lour ar|ra|s are ||e lour e|erer|s, ||e sea|ed ooo| |s 0od's rerory,
e|c. 0u|aey corc|udes ||a| ||e Wor| reprer|s ar or|g|ra| corpos|||or, || |s
ro| a ca|era.
Cl0 ( ). - , ( ) C . 1;;|;o;|18o 1o
3|ud|es
0e 0oo|e, |., 0ecurer| Correr|ar|us |r Apoca|yps|r(Trad|||o Fxege||ca
0raeca
8). leuver . 18
0u|aey, |., `0ecurer|us'. 03p ( ) - . 1118zo81o8z
los||er, l. C., T| e Corp|e|e Correr|ary ol 0ecurer|us or ||e Apoca|ypse
roW
pr|r|ed lor ||e l|rs| ||re lror raruscr|p|s a| |ess|ra, bore, 3a|or|||, ard A||os
(lurar|s||c 3er|es XXlll). Arr Aroor, ||c|. . 1z8
|orac| Cas|agro, A., l| proo|era de||a da|az|ore de| correr|| a||' Apoca||sse d|
Fcurer|o e d| Ardre d| Caesarea'. A||| de||a Accader|a de||e 3c|erze d| Tor|ro.
C|asse d| 3c|erze rora||, s|or|c|e e l||o|og|c|e ( ). - . 11|18ozz|o
3c|r|d, J., `0|e gr|ec||sc|er Apo|a|ypse-Korrer|are'. 8Z ( ). - . 111zz8|
. `0||eurer|os'. lT| K ( ). - W||| ear||er o|o||ograp|y, add ;1oz11zzz
0veroec|, l., `0|e 3c|o||er des 0e|urer|us zur Apo|a|ypse'. ZwT| ( ). ;18o|
- 1zzo1.
8Ter 3|x||- |o F|g|||-Cer|ury 0ree| C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
vl
AN0bFw 0l CAF3AbFA
lATF oTl C.FAbl 7Tl C.
w|er arc|o|s|op ol Caesarea |r Cappadoc|a oe|Weer ard , ArdreW o o1|
Wro|e a Correr|ary or ||e Apoca|ypse|r sever|y-|Wo c|ap|ers l||||rg 1zo
co|urrs ol 0ree| |ex| |r l0 ( ). `we |ave d|v|ded ||e preser| Wor| 1oo18o
|r s|x `serrors' (\oi), oecause ol ||e ||reelo|d lourda||or (:div)
ol |Wer|y-lour e|ders' ( o). Fac| `serror' erds W||| a doxo|ogy. T| oug| zzo
rever rer||ored oy cor|erporar|es, ArdreW's Wor| erdured ||e |es| ol
||re. T| e Correr|ary or ||e Apoca|ypseoy Are|as ol Caesarea (ca. ) |s a 8
lree adap|a||or ol |||s Wor|. |oderr sc|o|ars lourd |r || va|uao|e |rlorra||or or
ore ol ||e |Wo |a|er recers|ors ol ||e 0ree| |ex| ol ||e Apoca|ypse
(3c|r|d). Ar Arrer|ar vers|or |s a|so We|| |rarsr|||ed, || Was puo||s|ed |r
Jerusa|er |r . 0||er vers|ors c|rcu|a|ed |r 0eorg|ar ard 0|d 3|avor|c. 18
A l|rs| pr|r|ed ed|||or ol ||e 0ree| |ex| appeared |r le|de|oerg |r . 1o
lr ||s lrelace, a |e||er addressed |o a cer|a|r |acar|us, ArdreW arrources
a corc|se correr|ary oecause ruc| |as oeer Wr|||er or ||e Apoca|ypse
oy `0regory ||e T| eo|og|ar' (ol Naz|arzus), Cyr|| (ol A|exardr|a), as We||
as oy ||e o|der lap|as, lreraeus ard |e||od|us' ( o). le ol|er c||es ||ese zzo
au||or|||es (lor |rs|arce |r c|ap. ). le a|so lrequer||y quo|es 0ecurer|us, o|
||e T| essa||ar o|s|op W|o, a leW decades ear||er, |ad Wr|||er ||e very l|rs|
0ree| Correr|ary or ||e Apoca|ypse.
w|||ou| ever rar|rg ||s predecessor, ArdreW argues aga|rs| ||r
W|erever |e l|rds 0ecurer|us's v|eWs expressed W||| ar 0r|ger|s||c l|avor.
ArdreW ||rse|l reproduces 0r|ger's oas|c |errereu||ca| sc|ere |r ler|
Arc|or, accord|rg |o W||c| ||e d|v|re |rsp|ra||or ol scr|p|ure adjus|s |o ||e
||ree corporer|s ol ||e |urar oe|rg, ||e oody (d), ||e sou| (), ard
||e |r|e||ec| (v#d). ||e |e||er ol scr|p|ure |s ||s `oody,' W|a| |s perce|ved
oy ood||y serses (sd d=9piv), ||e `sou|' ol scr|p|ure |s ||s sp|r||ua| rear|rg
(1oo\od), ca|||rg or ||e serses || |eads ||e readers |o |r|e||ec|ua|
rea||||es ( d'9pv vop). As `sp|r||' (v#d), || asser|s ||e ||l||rg
up (vd) ard ||e corpre|ers|or (9d) ol |||rgs |o core ard ||ose
oeyord' ( c) T| e correr|a|or |r|erds |o expose ||e rear|rg ol scr|p|ure z1;
or a|| ||ree |eve|s s|oW|rg |oW ||e sacred |ex| addresses ||ree ca|egor|es ol
readers, ||ose W|o s|||| reed ||e laW as ar e|erer|ary |eac|er, ||ose W|o
||ve |r grace, ard l| ra||y ||ose goverred so|e|y oy ||e 3p|r|| ( cd). 8y ||s z1;
erp|as|s or ||e d|v|re |rsp|ra||or ol a||scr|p|ure (/d 9vo d
z1;c, add as ar |rc|us|or |r c|ap. , a ;z|>d sd 9vo) ard ||s
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| ||oug||lu| recap||u|a||rg ol pa|r|s||c
au||or|||es, ArdreW l|rr|y s|a|ed ||e
caror|ca| va|ue ol ||e Apoca|ypse W||c| Was s|||| a ra||er ol cor|roversy
|r ||e |a|er 0ree| |rad|||or. lr par||cu|ar, ||s pa|r|s||c argurer|, adjus|ed
as || |s |o ||e c|r|s|o-ecc|es|o|og|ca| locus ol ||s oWr expos|||or, carelu||y
lo||oWs |rad|||ora| ||res ol syroo||c |r|erpre|a||or. loss|o|y || cou|d prov|de
530
ar |rsp|r|rg |op|c lor a d|sser|a||or.
T| e ser|es ol |Wer|y-lour Wr|||er `serrors' erds |r c|ap. W||| a surrary ol ;z
||e ra|r |eac||rgs lourd oy ArdreW |r ||e Jo|arr|re Apoca|ypse.
ba||er ||ar evo||rg a |||urg|ca| corgrega||or assero|ed |o ||s|er |o a |or||y,
||e Correr|arypreser|s ||e s|y|e ol ar address |o e|||er a roras||c or a
secu|ar aud|erce ga||er|rg |r a corlererce |a||.
Cl0lll . ;|;
3|ud|es
3c|r|d, J., 3|ud|er zur 0esc||c||e des gr|ec||sc|er Apo|a|ypse-Tex|es. l 0er
Apo|a|ypse-Korrer|ar des Ardreas vor Ka|sare|a. Tex| (|urc|erer T|eo|.
3|ud.) |ur|c| . 1
3|rore|||, |., 0lACl . 11
ArdreW ol Caesarea
|oTer 3|x||- |o F|g|||-Cer|ury 0ree| C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
vll
0F0b0F ll3l0F3 llb3T lAll 7Tl C.
0eorge Was relererdar|usard s|euop|y|ax`deacor ard |eeper ol ecc|es|as||ca|
vesse|s' or arc||v|s| ol lag|a 3op||a.le Wro|e |aud||ory poe|ry |r
|oror ol Frperor lerac||us ( - ). Arourd |e ollered a poe||c o1oo|1 oz;
ex|or|a||or |o lerac||us's sor, l|av|us Cors|ar||us, urder ||e ||||e 0r ||e
lo|y besurrec||or ol C|r|s| 0ur 0od.
l|s lexaereror, or Kosrourg|va (l0 , - ), a|so corposed z1|z1;8
|r ||e ear|y 's urder ||e re|gr ol lerac||us ard dur|rg ||e |erure ol oo
la|r|arc| 3erg|us ( - ), cour|s o1oo8
18|||res |r correc| |aro|c |r|re|er. . . . l| ec|oes rary c|ass|ca| Wr||ers,
|rc|ud|rg l|a|o, lorer, lorace, C|cero ard 3ereca, ard || lrequer||y relers |o
ep|sodes |r 0ree| ry||o|ogy. l| ever uses |ec|r|ca|
vocaou|ary lror arc|er| red|c|re ard o|o|ogy |o a degree ol spec|l||y
ro| reac|ed |r ||e sc|er||l|c |ardooo|s. l| a|so cor|a|rs aourdar|
||eore||ca| d|scuss|or ol as|rorory, preser||rg ||e Ar|s|o|e||arl|o|era|c ||eory ol
||e s|ape ol |eavers, lor exarp|e, |r a lavorao|e
||g|| a|org s|de ||e o|o||ca| rode|. . . . lr add|||or, desp||e ||s lreedor
lror ||e rarra||ve sequerce ol 0eres|s, o|o||ca| passages p|ay a |eyro|e |r ||s
s|ruc|ure (Nodes, ). z;|
0||er poe||c produc||ors ol 0eorge |rc|ude ar Frcor|ur ol Aras|a||us
|ar|yr.
Cl0lll - . ;8z;
0xlord 0|c||orary ol 8yzar||ur.
3|ud|es
8|arc||, 0., `No|e su||a cu||ura a 8|sarz|o a||' |r|||o de| vll seco|o |r rappor|o
a||' Fsarerore d| 0|org|o d| l|s|d|a'. b|v d| 3|ud| oyzar||r| e reo|e||er|c| - z
( - ). - . 1ooo1;|
. `3u||a cu||ura as|roror|ca d| 0|org|o d| l|s|d|a'. Aev ( ). - . |o1ooz
lerreg||a, 0., `3|ud| su| |es|o de||a due vers|or| (s|ava e arrera) de||o
lexaereror
d| 0|org|o l|s|da'. |eror|e de||' ls|||u|o loroardo. Accader|a d| 3c|erze e
le||ere, C|. le||ere , ( ). - . zz1o|zz|
lrerdo, J. 0. C., `T| e loe||c Ac||everer| ol 0eorge ol l|s|d|a' . |a|s|or.
C|ass|ca|,
8yzar||re ard bera|ssarce 3|ud|es lor booer| 8roWr|rg. Caroerra . 18|
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| Nodes, 0. J., `b|e|or|c ard Cu||ura| |1
3yr||es|s |r ||e lexaererorol 0eorge ol
l|s|d|a.' v|gC|r ( ). - . o1oz;|8;
ler|us|, A., `l'ercor|o d| s. Aras|as|o rar||re lers|aro'. Ar8o|| ( ). - . ;o18o
. 0|org|o d| l|s|d|a. loer|, l. lareg|r|c| ep|c|(3|ud. la|r. e| 8yz. ). F||a| . ; 1oo
badosev|c, N., T| e `lexaereror' ol 0eorge l|s|des ard l|s 3|avor|c
Trars|a||or.
8e|grade. Acad. des 3c., . 1;
0eorge l|s|des |1
|zTer 3|x||- |o F|g|||-Cer|ury 0ree| C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
vlll
|AXl|u3 C0NlF330b 580-oo2
rax|rus corlessor. ||eo|og|ar ol ||e Word
a spec|a| cor|r|ou||or
oy 0eorge C. 8er||o|d
|. A |oras||c Fxeges|s
KroWr as a or||||ar| ard crea||ve ||eo|og|ar, ar |r|rep|d delerder ol ||e
lu|| rea|||y ol C|r|s|'s |urar erergy ard W||| |r ||e |oro||e|||e cr|s|s ol
||e sever|| cer|ury, ||e |e|r ard syr||es|zer ol W|de|y d|verger| sp|r||ua|
|rad|||ors as ||ose ol 0r|ger ard Fvagr|us or ||e ore |ard ard lseudo0|orys|us
or ||e o||er,1
|ax|rus ||e Corlessor prelers |o |der||ly ||rse|l
s|rp|y as, `a ror|.' T| e uaes||ores ad T|a|ass|ur, ||s rag|s|er|a| |rea|rer|
ol `var|ous d|ll| cu|||es cor|a|red |r lo|y 3cr|p|ure' ser| |o ||r oy a l|oyar
531
aooo|, oeg|rs, `lror |ax|rus, |or|, |o T| a|ass|us, ros| |o|y lr|es| ard
Aooo| (||gourer).'z
lr ||e ||s| ol s|gra|ures apperded |o ||e la|erar 3yrod
ol , W|ose ac|a|ave recer||y oeer s|oWr |o oe ||e d|rec| corpos|||or, o|
|r la||r re|rovers|or, ol |ax|rus ||rse|l,

||e rare |ax|rus rorac|us

appears W||| ||s corpar|or ard d|sc|p|e Aras|as|us.
|
Never a pr|es|, o|s|op,
or ever aooo| (a|||oug| ||e |as| |err |s used ol ||r |oror|l|ca||y), |ax|rus
|ed a ||le ol roras||c corr||rer| lror aoou| ||e age ol |||r|y, W|er |e |el|
1. lars urs vor 8a|||asar urderscores ||e rary-s|ded ger|us ol |ax|rus as
||e
ree||rg p|ace ol d|verger| currer|s ol ||oug|| |r ||s |rl|uer||a| Kosr|sc|e
l||urg|e,
0as we||o||d |ax|rus' des 8e|errers, rd ed|||or F|rs|ede|r. Jo|arres ver|ag, z
, 1o1
esp. , - . 1|8|
z. Corpus C|r|s||arorur, 3er|es 0raeca , |ax|rus Corlessor, uaes||ores ad ;
T|a|ass|ur l-lv, edd. Car| laga e| Car|os 3|ee|, leuver, , . T| |s |s ||e 18o1;
cr|||ca| ed|||or ol ||e ros| s|gr|l|car| exege||ca| Wor| ol |ax|rus. T| e secord
ard
l|ra| vo|ure ol ||e Wor| |s vo|ure ol ||e sare ser|es ( ). T| |s |ex| W||| oe zz 1o
relerred |o |r |||s c|ap|er as CC30 or . ; zz
. Cl. budo|l b|ed|rger, `0|e la|erarsyrode vor urd |ax|ros der o|
8e|errer,'
|r le||x le|rzer e| C|r|s|op| 3c|oroorr (eds.), |ax|rus Corlessor. Ac|es du
3yrpos|ur sur |ax|re |e Corlesseur, - sep|erore, , larados|s , z 18o z;
lr|oourg,
18z, - . A|so ||s va|uao|e ed|||or, Corc|||ur la|erarerse a. 111z1 o|
Ce|eora|ur|r
Ac|a Corc|||orur 0ecurer|corur, secord ser|es, vo|. , 8er||r, . 1 18|
|. l|s |s ||e || ol s|gra|ures a| ||e secord sess|or ol ||e courc||. budo|l | o
b|ed|rger, ed. Corc|||ur la|erarerse a. Ce|eora|ur, . o| ;
|ax|rus Corlessor |
||e g||||er|rg |rper|a| cour| |r Cors|ar||rop|e, |o ||s dea|| over l|l|y years
|a|er |r |ore|y ex||e.
lr |||s W|o|e per|od ||s res|derce Was a ser|es ol 8yzar||re roras|er|es |r oo||
eas| ard Wes| lror C|rysopo||s, rear ||e |rper|a| cap||a|, |o
Cyz|cus, Cyprus, Cre|e, (per|aps la|es||re), Car||age, 3|c||y, ard bore. l|s
luga rurd|cer|a|r|y |rp||ed ro geograp||ca| s|ao||||y ard ro aoardorrer|
ol ac||v||y |r lavor ol a so|||ary ||le ou| ra||er ar |r|erse ard |o|a| corr||rer| |o
C|r|s||ar d|sc|p|es||p. Fver as a ror| |ax|rus |s |rrersed |r
||e rae|s|ror ol re||g|ous (ard ||erelore po||||ca|) alla|rs. w|a|ever ray
|ave oeer ||s cour| du||es oelore ||s roras||c ca|||rg |e pu| ||er as|de |o
devo|e ||rse|l s|rg|e-|ear|ed|y |o ||e pursu|| ol C|r|s||ar perlec||or. As
ever|s deve|oped, |oWever, |e lourd ||rse|l |r ||e |||c| ol ||e ros| vex|rg
||eo|og|ca| cor|rovers|es |rvo|v|rg popes, pa|r|arc|s, ard erperors or ||ree
cor||rer|s. A| ||e c||rax ol ||s corless|or |e |s cors|dered oy ||e erperor |o
oe ||e so|e cause ol ||e po||||ca| ard re||g|ous |uru|| eroro|||rg prac||ca||y
||e W|o|e ol oo|| eas| ard Wes|.

e| |||s ro|e |rvo|ved ro aoardorrer| ol

||s roras||c voca||or. lor |ax|rus, roras||c|sr Was a rad|ca| ca|| |o lo||oW
C|r|s|. l| rear| |o pursue ||e cruc|l|ed ard r|ser 3av|or |r s|rg|e-|ear|ed
l|de|||y |r W|a|ever c|rcurs|arces ||a| preser|ed ||erse|ves.
o
l| |s prec|se|y |r ||e cor|ex| ol |rad|||ora| roras||c exeges|s ||a| |ax|rus
approac|es ||e sacred |ex|. lor ||e ror| ||e 8|o|e Was ||e |ex|ooo| ol ||e
ded|ca|ed C|r|s||ar ||le. lr || We read ol ||e rys|er|es ol ||e ||le ol la||| |o
W||c| ||e ooed|er| C|r|s||ar |s ca||ed, as We|| as ||e re||ods ol a||a|r|rg
C|r|s||ar perlec||or, W||c| |s ur|or W||| 0od |r de|l|ca||or. T| us ||ere |s
a s|ar| |o ||e |r|erpre|a||or ol scr|p|ure, W||c| |s ro| a| a|| |o oe cors|dered
as rere|y ar oojec||ve ooo| |r ||se|l, W||| a rear|rg ol ||s oWr. No| or|y
|s || 0od's reve|a||or ol ||rse|l ard ||s Ways. l| |s ||s reve|a||or |o us. T| e
|as| ol ||e reader (or |earer) ol scr|p|ure correspords |o ||e |as| ol read|rg
|||s Wor|d |r W||c| We are p|aced. l| |s ||e |as| ol dec|p|er|rg ||e spec|l|c
ressage 0od W|s|es ||r |o rece|ve as We|| as |o l|rd ||s proper p|ace |r |||s
vas| crea|ed ur|verse. we ourse|ves are |rc|uded |r ||e urders|ard|rg ol ||e
o|o||ca| rarra||ve, |ax|rus s|a|es. belerr|rg |o o|o||ca| persorages |e Wr||es,
. v||a ac Cer|arer , l.0. , 8, be|a||o |or|||or|s , A, , 0. zz o1o1 111z 111z|
o. lope Jo|r lau| ll |as recer||y ca||ed a||er||or |o |||s del|r|rg aspec| ol
eas|err
532
roras||c|sr |r ||s Apos|o||c le||er 0r|er|a|e lurer(r. ). `|oreover, |r ||e Fas|,
roras||c|sr Was ro| seer rere|y as a separa|e cord|||or, proper |o a prec|se
ca|egory ol C|r|s||ars, ou| ra||er as a relererce po|r| lor a|| ||e oap||zed,
accord|rg
|o ||e g|l|s ollered |o eac| oy ||e lord, || Was preser|ed as a syroo||c syr||es|s
ol
C|r|s||ar||y.'
||Ter 3|x||- |o F|g|||-Cer|ury 0ree| C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
`ll ary|||rg |appered |o ||er |r a ||s|or|ca| serse |||s Was Wr|||er lor us
|r a l|gura||ve serse as a sp|r||ua| |essor.'
;
0r oo|| |eve|s, ||e cosro|og|ca|
ard ||e scr|p|ura|, ||e |ey |s C|r|s|, W|o |s ||e pr|rc|p|e oo|| ol ||e sp|r||ua|
ques| ard ol ||e scr|p|ura| |ex|.
8
T| us roras||c exeges|s, as exerp||l|ed |r |ax|rus ard o||er Wr||ers,
|s ol a very spec|a| |ype. lr lac|, as lo|ycarp 3|erWood ro|es, |||s use ol
scr|p|ure car oe ca||ed exeges|s or|y |r a very ex|erded serse.

lr ||s reques|
||a| spurred ||e corpos|||or ol ||s ros| larous scr|p|ura| Wor|, T| a|ass|us
|ad as|ed |ax|rus |o spea| aoou| ||e pass|ors. ||e|r ruroer, ra|ure ard
purpose, lror W||c| ood||y reroer or lacu||y ol sou| ||ey ar|se, |oW ard
W|ere ||ey ex|s| |r us, ||e|r order ard arrargerer|, |oW We l|rd re||el lror
||er, e|c.
1oT| |s seers a s|rarge reques| |o accorpary ar exege||ca| |as|, ou|
lor ||e ror| devo|ed |o ||e pursu|| ol perlec||or || Was reasorao|e |o ||r|
asce||ca| progress W||| scr|p|ura| s|udy. T| e read|rg, or ra||er cor|erp|a||or
ol scr|p|ure Was supposed |o oe a |rarslorra||ve process, ar up||l||rg, a sp|r||ua|
progress|or, a jourrey |r rys||ca| |rs|g||. l| Was ar aragogy. bur|ra||rg
or ||e Word ol scr|p|ure Was a leed|rg or ||e oread oroug|| oy ||e arge|s.
11
ll ||e roras||c ||le Was a l||g|| lror ||e Wor|d, ||er suc| a l||g|| Was |a|er
lror a Wor|d ol |rs|ao||||y, ol d|s|rac||ors, ard ol aro|gu||y. T| e purpose
ol ||e roras||c l||g|| Was |o respord |o a ser|ous ca||, |o se| orese|l c|ear|y
ard W||| de|err|ra||or or ||e road |ead|rg |o sp|r||ua| perlec||or. T| us ||e
roras||c Way Was a jourrey, a se|l-ex||e lror ||e Fgyp| ol serv||ude |o ||e
pass|ors
1z
|o ||e arduous road |ead|rg |o ||e pror|sed |ard ol er||g||errer|
ard lu|l|||rer|. 0re rade progress a|org |||s |reac|erous rou|e ||red W|||
|erp||rg srares or|y W||| ||e a|d ol sp|r||ua| |eac|ers ard la||ers, W|ose
course|s Were va|ued ard lo||oWed c|ose|y. T| e|r say|rgs, or apo|||egra|a,
;. u. T|a|. , CC30 , . z ;|z
8. u. T|a|. , CC30 , - . To ||r are a||r|ou|ed ||e ||ree |aWs, ra|ura|, o ;;81
Wr|||er, ard sp|r||ua|. u. T|a|. , CC30 , . A|so ues||ors ard . 0r 1 ;11 o| o
||e
para||e||sr ol |eve|s see lau| |. 8|oWers, `T| e Ara|ogy ol 3cr|p|ure ard
Cosros |r
|ax|rus ||e Corlessor,' |r 3|ud|a la|r|s||ca , leuver. lee|ers, , - . z; 11||
. Cl. lo|ycarp 3|erWood, `Fxpos|||or ard use ol 3cr|p|ure |r 3|. |ax|rus as
|ar|les| |r ||e uaes||ores ad T|a|ass|ur,' 0Cl ( ). . 3ee lor |||s z|18z|
Wor|
||e |rpor|ar| s|udy ol lau| |. 8|oWers, Fxeges|s ard 3p|r||ua| ledagogy |r
|ax|rus
||e Corlessor, C|r|s||ar||y ard Juda|sr |r Ar||qu||y , No|re 0are, lN. ur|vers||y ;
ol No|re 0are lress, . 11
1o. u.T|a|. lro|., CC30 , - . ;zz;
11. u. T|a|. , CC30 , . lor Fvagr|us ||e oread ol arge|s |s ||e |ogo| ol o zzz;
ear|||y |||rgs. Kep|a|a|a 0ros||cal, (ed. 0u|||auror|). z
1z. Cl. u. T|a|. , CC30 , - . 1; ;1111|
|ax|rus Corlessor |
Were d|s||||a||ors ol W|sdor Wor|ed ou| |r ||e exper|erce ol ||e roras||c
deser|. 0l|er ||ese say|rgs Were co||ec|ed |r groups ol ore |urdred, ca||ed
cer|ur|es, W||c| |er| ||erse|ves |o reror|za||or ard regu|ar repe||||or
oy ooservar| ror|s. |ax|rus' oWr co||ec||or ol cer|ur|es |ad erdur|rg
|rl| uerce |r roras|er|es ol ||e 8yzar||re |rad|||or.
1
lr |||s correc||or ||e say|rgs ol Fvagr|us ol lor|us (d. ) erjoyed
par||cu|ar success oy reasor ol ||e|r po|r|edress ard prac||ca|||y. A s|uder|
ol ||e Cappadoc|ars ard grea||y |rl|uerced oy ||e |||r||rg ol 0r|ger, |||s
ror| ol ||e N||r|ar deser| |r Fgyp| Was ao|e |o coro|re |rad|||ora| deser|
W|sdor W||| oo|d specu|a||ors expressed |r ar |rvo|ved po|yc|ror|c s|y|e.1|
T| |s coro|ra||or ol ||e prac||ca| ard ||e specu|a||ve, ||e asce||ca| ard ||e
533
gros||c, |as assured Fvagr|us a very ourpy r|de |r ||e apprec|a||or ol pos|er||y.
va|ued lor ||e|r prac||ca| |rs|g||, ||s asce||ca| Wor|s surv|ved W||||r
||e corl|res ol ||e erp|re oy oe|rg |rarsr|||ed urder o||er rares.
1
Jo|r
Cass|ar red|a|ed ||s doc|r|re |r ||e Wes| W|||e |r ||e eas| ||s |rs|g||s Were
spread oy Jo|r C||racus ard espec|a||y oy |ax|rus ||rse|l,
1o
W|o sa|vages
1. |ax|rus ||rse|l ascr|oes ||s cer|ur|es or |ove ro| |o ||s oWr red||a||or.
`lrs|ead, l Wer| ||roug| ||e Wr|||rgs ol ||e |o|y la||ers ard se|ec|ed lror ||er
W|a|ever |ad relererce |o ry suojec|, surrar|z|rg rary |||rgs |r leW Words so
||a| ||ey car oe seer a| a g|arce |o oe eas||y reror|zed.' C|ap|ers or love,
lro|.,
|r. 0eorge C. 8er||o|d, |ax|rus Corlessor, 3e|ec|ed wr|||rgs(C|ass|cs ol
wes|err
3p|r||ua|||y), NeW or|. lau||s|, , . T| |s |rars|a||or W||| |ere|ral|er oe 18
relerred |o as Cw3.
1|. l|s lra|||cosard |rea||se or prayer Wou|d oe exarp|es ol s|ra|g||lorWard
asce||ca| Wor|s lror ||s per. Cl. ||e ed|||or ol A. ard C. 0u|||auror| |r 3ources
C|re||erres - (lar|s, ), a|so T| e lra|||cos, C|ap|ers or lrayer, |r. J. 1;o;1 1;1
F.
8aroerger, Ka|arazoo, ||c|.. C|s|erc|ar, . T| ese Wor|s are cer|a|r|y 1;8
||eo|og|ca||y sourd ard |rad|||ora|. T| e rore specu|a||ve Wor|s, |oWever,
preser| proo|ers. T| e Kep|a|a|a 0ros||ca, recer||y puo||s|ed |r 3yr|ac ard
Arrer|ar vers|ors,
|erd ||erse|ves |o ar |r|erpre|a||or W||c| |s lavorao|e |o 0r|ger|s| pos|||ors as
||ey are ou|||red, lor exarp|e, |r ||e syroda| |e||er ol T| eop|||us ol A|exardr|a
Wr|||er |r , ||e year lo||oW|rg Fvagr|us' dea||. T| |s |s lourd |r la||r |oo
|rars|a||or
as le||er ol Jerore, l.l. , - . Cl. a|so Jerore's o|||rg relererce |r z zz;;o
le||er
1, . l| rus| oe recogr|zed ||a| Jerore car |ard|y oe |rea|ed as ar uro|ased
ard
oojec||ve source |r |||s ra||er. T| e ecc|es|as||ca| ||s|or|ars 3ocra|es ( , ) ard |z
3ozorer ( , ) pra|se oo|| ||e rar ard ||s Wor|. lor la||ad|us |e |s `||e oo
|||us|r|ous,' laus|ac l|s|ory (ed. 8u||er), vo|. , Caror|dge, , . 8 z 1o|11o
1. lor exarp|e, ||a| ol 3|. N||us ||e Asce||c, ||e l|l|| cer|ury lourder ol a
roras|ery rear Arcyra. l|s Wor|s are |r l.0. . ;
1o. Cl. ||e s|udy ol |aur|ce v|||er, `Aux 3ources de |a 3p|r||ua|||e de 3. |ax|re,
les
0euvres d'Fvagre |e lor||que,' bA|( ). - , - , - . 1o1o8|zo81o
|oTer 3|x||- |o F|g|||-Cer|ury 0ree| C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
||er oy p|ac|rg ||er |r ar or||odox cor|ex|. Coup|ed W||| ||ese va|uao|e
rax|rs ard psyc|o|og|ca| |rs|g||s, |oWever, Was a rore specu|a||ve oody ol
Wor|s, represer|ed oy ||e de||oera|e|y ooscure Kep|a|a|a 0ros||ca, |r W||c|
Were read ||e |rad|||ora| doc|r|ra| pos|||ors assoc|a|ed W||| 0r|ger|sr ard
W||c| Were ||e oas|s ol ||e corderra||ors ol ard . | 1;
8ecause ol ||s
ro|or|e|y |r ||e 0r|ger|s| cor|roversy |||s Wor| d|sappeared |r ||s or|g|ra|
lorr ou| Was preserved |r 3yr|ac |rars|a||ors.
18
||. Aragogy
A| roo| ||e errors perce|ved oy opporer|s ol Fvagr|us (ard ol 0r|ger oelore ||r)
are exege||ca| errors, ard ever |errereu||ca| ores. 0r|ger ard
||s var|ous d|sc|p|es Were reroWred lor ||e|r a||egor|z|rg ol ||e o|o||ca|
rarra||ves, ard Fvagr|us |r par||cu|ar lourd |||s re||od |o oe very serv|ceao|e. T|
e Fas|er |e||er ol T| eop|||us ol A|exardr|a po|r|s |o |||s re||od as
do|rg aWay W||| ||e |ru|| ol ||e scr|p|ura| Word.
1
|ax|rus |s very ruc|
aWare ol ||e proo|ers ra|sed oy a read|rg ol Fvagr|us, ard does ro| War|
1;. Cl. lele|e-lec|ercq, l|s|o|re des Corc||es, ll. , (lar|s, ), - . A|so z 1o8118z8
l. 0|e|arp, 0|e or|ger|s||sc|er 3|re|||g|e||er |r sec|s|er Ja|r|urder|, |urs|er,
, 18
espec|a||y - , Ar|o|re 0u|||auror|, les 'Kep|a|a|a 0ros||ca' d'Fvagre |e o;
lor||que,
lar|s, . T| e rares 0r|ger ard Fvagr|us are opproor|ous|y repea|ed |r ||e 1oz
s|x|| ard e|g||| courc||s, see Corc|||orur 0ecurer|corur 0ecre|a, rd ed|||or, z
8ase|, e|c., , ard , a|so . Fver ||e la|erar 3yrod ol |rc|udes 1oz1o1 111 1; o|
||e|r rares |r caror arorg ||ose corderred. b|ed|rger, ed., Corc|||orur 18
0ecurer|corur a. Ce|eora|ur, . o| 8o
18. Corpare ||e lrerc| |rars|a||or oy A. 0u|||auror| ol ||e |Wo 3yr|ac vers|ors
534
|r la|ro|og|a 3yr|aca . , Turr|ou|, , ard a|so ||e cr|||ca| ed|||or ol ||e z81 18|
0ree|
lragrer|s |r 3C ( ). 0r |||s corsu|| 0av|d 8urdy, `T| e l|||osop||ca| o18
3|ruc|ures ol 0r|ger|sr. T| e Case ol ||e Fxpurga|ed 3yr|ac vers|or (3 ) ol ||e 1
Kep|a|a|a 0ros||caol Fvagr|us,' |r booer| J. 0a|y, ed., 0r|ger|ara u|r|a,
leuver,
1z, - . 3ee a|so ||c|ae| 0'laug|||r, `T| e Ar||ropo|ogy ol Fvagr|us ;;8|
lor||cus ard l|s 3ources,' |r C|ar|es Karrerg|esser ard w||||ar l. le|erser,
eds.,
0r|ger ol A|exardr|a,l|s wor|d ard ||s legacy, No|re 0are, lrd.. ur|vers||y ol
No|re 0are lress, , - . lor a d|llerer| perspec||ve see 0aor|e| 8urge, 188;;
`0r|ger|srus-0ros||z|srus, Zur 0e|s|esgesc||c||||c|er 3|ardor| des Fvagr|os
lor|||os,' v|gC|r ( ). - , ard ||s 0e|s|||c|e va|ersc|al|, C|r|s|||c|e |o18oz||
0ros|s
oe| Fvagr|os lor|||os, begersourg. lus|e|, . 188
1. T| |s |ex| |s lourd as |e||er ol ||e |e||ers ol Jerore. 8
|ax|rus Corlessor |;
|o corpror|se ||e poWer ol ||e Wr|||er Words.
zo
w|||e us|rg rary ol ||s
|ec|r|ques ard |r|erpre|a||ors |e |s so||c||ous |o avo|d ||e 0r|ger|s| |deas
W||c| corpror|sed ||e or||odoxy ol sore Fgyp||ar ard la|es||r|ar roras|er|es
ol ||e lour|| |o ||e s|x|| cer|ur|es ard resu||ed |r ||e corderra||ors
ol ||e l|l|| courc||.
0regory ol Nyssa, W|ose |rl|uerce or |ax|rus |s c|ear|y d|scerr|o|e
|r severa| areas ol ||oug||, delerded ||e searc| lor a sp|r||ua| serse ol
3cr|p|ure |r ||e prelace |o ||s correr|ary or ||e 3org ol 3orgs. 8as|rg
||rse|l or ||e NeW Tes|arer| ||se|l |e saW aragogy, W|e||er |ropo|ogy or
a||egory, as requ|red oy ||e la|||lu| |r|erpre|er ol ||e r|rd ol ||e sacred |ex|.
ll 3|. lau| s|a|es ||a| ||e laW |s sp|r||ua| (bor . ), |e rus| oe |rc|ud|rg ;1|
a|| ||e o|o||ca| rarra||ves a|org W||| ||e e|||ca| |aWs, lor oo|| precep|s ard
rarra||ves `|ead |o a |roW|edge ol ||e rys|er|es ard |o a pure Way ol ||le
lor ||ose W|o |ave d|||ger| r|rds.'
z1
0regory oases ||s argurer| or ||e
prac||ce ol lau| (0a| . , Cor . , . , Cor . , . ) ard or C|r|s| |z|1 1o1111zz 1oo
||rse|l, W|o |aug|| |r parao|es, |rages, ard ooscure Words, ruc| |o ||e
cors|erra||or ol ||s apos||es.
|ax|rus sees aragogy as derarded oy ||e ra|ure ol ||e |urar corpos||e
||se|l. 8ecause ol our dua| c|arac|er |e |ays |||s doWr as a pr|rc|p|e
ol scr|p|ura| |r|erpre|a||or.
w|er ||ose W|o are |ru|y gros||c |eac| ||e pr|rc|p|es ol ||e rys|er|es |r ||e
scr|p|ures, ||ey use l|gures as pa||errs ol ||e |||rgs ||a| are
||s|or|ca||y rarra|ed lor ||e up||l||rg (vdpv) ol ||e|r s|uder|s,
adap||rg ||e sp|r|| ol cor|erp|a||or |o ||e |e||er ol ||e rarra||ve. lr
|||s Way ||ere |s preserved oo|| ||e l|gure ||roug| ||e serse ard ||e
rear|rg ||roug| ||e r|rd lor rar W|o |s corposed ol oo|| sou|
ard oody. 8o|| ||e |||era| ard ||e sp|r||ua| serses are addressed |o ||e
ore corp|e|e rar.
zz
lr ||e uaes||ores e| 0uo|a, espec|a||y, |e uses |||s |err |o |rd|ca|e W|a| sor|
ol exege||ca| re||od |e |s us|rg.
z
lr ||e |ys|agogy||e |err |s |||eW|se used
zo. Cl. 3c|o|. |r 0|or., l.0. , A8, . lor a corpara||ve exege||ca| s|udy see |1; ;o
ry ar||c|e, `l|s|ory ard Fxeges|s |r Fvagr|us ard |ax|rus,' |r lo||ar l|es, ed.,
0r|ger|ara uar|a, lrrsoruc|, , - . 18;o|o|
z1. 0regory ol Nyssa, car|., pro|., werrer Jaeger ard lerrarr largeroec|
(eds.),
0regor|| Nysser| |r Car||cur Car||corur, le|der, , W||c| |s vo|ure ol ||e 1oo o
co||ec|ed Wor|s. A |rars|a||or ol |||s Wor| |as oeer rade oy Cas|r|r |cCaro|ey,
0.C.3.0. ard puo||s|ed oy le||er|c Co||ege lress, 8roo|||re, |ass. |r . 18;
zz. u. T|a|. , 3c|o||or , CC30 , . z ;1
z. 3ee u. duo. , , , , , , , , l. , CC30 , pp. , , , 8zo8||;;1oz1;8 1o ;z|zo
, , , 1;8
11, , . 1zz11
|8Ter 3|x||- |o F|g|||-Cer|ury 0ree| C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
|o re|a|e |e||er ard sp|r|| ol ||e scr|p|ura| |ex|s. `. . . ||e ||s|or|ca| |e||er ol ||e
er||re lo|y 3cr|p|ure, 0|d Tes|arer| ard NeW, |s a oody W|||e ||e rear|rg
ol ||e |e||er ard ||e purpose |o W||c| || |s d|rec|ed |s ||e sou|.' lr order |o
oe proper|y urders|ood, |o|y scr|p|ure rus| c|rcurc|se ||s oWr |e||er.
z|
|||. logos ard logo|
Accord|rg |o lars urs vor 8a|||asar, `||e |dea ol oa|arce ard rec|proc||y
535
oe|Weer ||e ur|versa| ard ||e par||cu|ar |s per|aps ||e ros| |rpor|ar|
po|r| |r |ax|rus' er||re p|||osop|y.'
zT| |s |s seer |r ||s v|s|or ol crea|ed
rea|||y as oourd |oge||er |r 0od's logos, ||e secord persor ol ||e Tr|r||y.
zo
lrdeed, |ax|rus car oe ca||ed a ||eo|og|ar ol ||e word, s|rce |||s |err car
oe used |o ercorpass oo|| ||e par||cu|ar||y ard d|vers||y ol crea|ed rea|||y
or ||e ore |ard ard ||s s|rgu|ar||y or ||e o||er. lror ||e lour|| 0ospe| |e
car l|x upor ||e or|y-oego||er 3or as 0od's e|erra| word ||roug| W|or a||
|||rgs |ave core |o oe. T| e r|c|ress ol ||e |err logos a||oWs ||r |o preser|
Jesus as ro| or|y ||e wordol 0od ard ||e l|es||y Fxpress|orol ||s ra|ure,
ou| a|so as ||e lr|rc|p|eol a|| crea|ed rea||||es ard ||e esser||a| |ear|rgol
lo|y wr||. `T| e word ol 0od rade l|es|' |s ar express|or cor|rg regu|ar|y
lror ||s per, as do s|r||ar |errs, |o reler |o C|r|s|.
Corre|a|ed |o |||s cer|ra| |dea ol ||e crea||ve word |s ||e W|o|e ur|verse
ol crea|ed rea||||es W||c| |ax|rus relers |o as |ogo|, W|o |ave ||e|r oe|rg
|r ||r.
z;
Crea||or, |r lac|, |s a Wordrous |arrory ol oe|rgs, eac| W||| ||s
oWr d|s||rc|ress, ou| a|| |oge||er ra||rg up a g|or|ous ur|versa| W|o|e oy
reasor ol ||e|r grourd|rg |r ||e logos.
z8
z|. |ys|. , l.0. , , Cw3 - . o oo8| 1o
z. Kosr|sc|e l||urg|e(= Kl), . 18
zo. Cl. Aro. lo. , l.0. , A8. l||e 0regory ol Nyssa, |ax|rus |1 111z
erp|as|zes
||e crea|ed c|arac|er ol a|| oe|rgs apar| lror 0od. T| e|r crea|edress |s a
pos|||ve
re|a||ors||p |o ||r.
z;. Cl. Aro. lo. , l.0. , Cll . T| |s aro|guur |s a ver||ao|e |rea||se ; 11o;;
aga|rs| ||e
0r|ger|s| ro||or ol ||e la|| ol a pr|r|||ve |erad |r|o d|vers||y ard ro||or. 0r ||e
ro||or ol ||e |ogo| cl. l.-l. 0a|ra|s, 0.l., `la T| eor|e des 'logo|' des crea|ures
c|ez
3. |ax|re |e Corlesseur,' b3lT ( ). - . o1zz|||
z8. |ax|rus |s |eav||y |rl|uerced |r |||s |||r||rg oy lseudo-0|orys|us ||e
Areopag||e, a|||oug| ||e |dea Was a lavor||e ol ||e 3|o|cs. C|r|s||ar Wr||ers
lo||oWed
||e exarp|e ol 3|. lau| |r ||s appropr|a||or ol ||e ro||or ol `oody' |o descr|oe ||e
C|urc|. Cl., lor exarp|e, A||aras|us. `T| e |o|y word ol ||e la||er, ||er,
a|r|g||y
ard a||-perlec|, ur|||rg W||| ||e ur|verse ard |av|rg everyW|ere urlo|ded ||s oWr
|ax|rus Corlessor |
lor 0od W|o rade ard oroug|| |r|o ex|s|erce a|| |||rgs oy ||s |rl|r||e poWer
cor|a|rs, ga||ers, ard ||r||s ||er ard |r ||s lrov|derce
o|rds oo|| |r|e|||g|o|e ard sers|o|e oe|rgs |o ||rse|l ard |o ore
aro||er. |a|r|a|r|rg aoou| ||rse|l as cause, oeg|rr|rg, ard erd a||
oe|rgs W||c| are oy ra|ure d|s|ar| lror ore aro||er, |e ra|es ||er
corverge |r eac| o||er oy ||e s|rgu|ar lorce ol ||e|r re|a||ors||p |o
||r as or|g|r. T| roug| |||s lorce |e |eads a|| oe|rgs |o a corror ard
urcorlused |der|||y ol roverer| ard ex|s|erce. . . .
z
T|e |ogosol a oe|rg |s ||s esser||a| pr|rc|p|e or reasor, W|a| del|res ||
lurdarer|a||y ard c|arac|er|zes || as suc|. T| e logos cor|a|rs a|| ||ese |ogo|
|r ||rse|l, ard ||ey suos|s| |r ||r lor a|| e|err||y as rar|les|a||ors ol 0od's
crea||ve W|||. As|ed |o recorc||e ||e s|a|erer| |r 0eres|s ||a| |av|rg crea|ed
||e Wor|d |r s|x days 0od res|ed lror ||s Wor| W||| C|r|s|'s arsWer |o ||e
JeWs |r Jo|r . ||a| ||s la||er Wor|s up |||| roW ard ||a| |e ||rse|l |s a| 1;
Wor|, |ax|rus rep||es oy relerr|rg |o |||s `|og|ca|' c|arac|er ol crea||or. 0od
|s a| Wor| or|rg|rg ou| ||e po|erc|es ol oe|rgs |r|o ac|, rea||z|rg ||roug|
prov|derce ard judgrer| (ca|egor|es lrequer||y used oy Fvagr|us) ||e grea|
p|ar ol ||s crea||ve ard ur|ly|rg W|||.
oT| |s, as |ax|rus ra|es c|ear, |s a
Wor| ol ||e |o|y Tr|r||y.
As ar |||us|ra||or ol |||s po|r| |ax|rus ollers ar |r|erpre|a||or ol le|er's
exper|erce |r Ac|s as a c|a||erge |o a C|r|s||ar aWa|er|rg. Al|er ||s v|s|or ol 1o
||e ar|ra|s ol every ||rd ||e apos||e puzz|es over ||e s|gr|l|carce
ol ||e corrard |o s|aug||er ard ea|. lr|erpre|ed a||egor|ca||y ||e passage
rears ||a| ||e v|s|o|e Wor|d |s se|zed |r ||s |ogo| oy ||e |rv|s|o|e Wor|d. T|e
corrard |o `b|se, le|er, |||| ard ea|' |s a ca|| |o r|se lror sersua| |ao|| ard
||e r|g||eousress accord|rg |o ||e laW. 8y do|rg aWay W||| sersua| |rages
We are |rv||ed |o apprec|a|e Wor|d|y rea||||es |r recogr|z|rg ||er as |ypes
536
ol sp|r||ua| rea|||y. No crea|ed |||rg |s |rpure, ou| ra||er `corrup||or res|des
poWers, ard |av|rg |||ur|red a||, oo|| |||rgs seer ard |||rgs |rv|s|o|e, |o|ds
|||rgs
|oge||er ard o|rds ||er |o ||rse|l, |av|rg |el|ro|||rg vo|d ol l|s oWr poWer, ou|
or ||e cor|rary qu|c|er|rg ard sus|a|r|rg a|| |||rgs everyW|ere, eac| severa||y
ard
a|| co||ec||ve|y, W|||e |e r|rg|es |r ore ||e pr|rc|p|es ol a|| sers|o|e ex|s|erce,
|ea|
rare|y ard co|d ard We| ard dry, ard causes ||er ro| |o corl||c|, ou| |o ra|e up
ore corcordar| |arrory.' Cor|ra 0er|es , NlNl rd ser|es, lv, . T| e |z z zo
w|sdor
ol 0od, A||aras|us s|a|es, |ard|es ||e ur|verse as a rus|c|ar |ard|es a |yre,
produc|rg |r ||e erd a rarve|ous ard d|v|re |arrory.
z. |ys|agogy , Cw3, . Cl. C|ap|ers or KroW|edgell, , Cw3, . cl. Aro. 1 18o | z
lo. . 1o
l0 , A. 111zo
o. Cl. u. T|a|. , CC30 , . z ;1
oTer 3|x||- |o F|g|||-Cer|ury 0ree| C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
|r ||e serses ard |r ||e War ol oe|rgs arorg ||erse|ves, ou| ||ere |s ro
oppos|||or a| a|| arorg ||e|r |ogo|.'
1
0race does ro| se| as|de ||e capac||y
ol ra|ure, |ax|rus s|a|es c|ear|y. ba||er, ra|ure's lorce |s |a|er aWay oy ||e
r|suse ol oe|av|or (|ropo|) |r |arrory W||| ra|ure.z
w|||e oe|rgs are s|ao|e
|r ||e|r lurdarer|a| pr|rc|p|es, ||ey are rever||e|ess |r a l| uc|ua||rg s|a|e
|r ||e Wor||rg ou| ol ||e|r re|a||ors||ps.

T|e d|s||rc||or |ogos-|ropos|s used very ol| er oy |ax|rus |o or|rg ou|

||e lurdarer|a| d|s||rc||or oe|Weer pr|rc|p|eroo|ed |r ra|ure ard rode,
W||c| |s a d|spos|||or oroug|| aoou| oy lree W|||. Aga|rs| ||e or|g|ra| |erad
ol 0r|ger|s| specu|a||or |ax|rus |s Wor| |o s|ress ||e d|s||rc||veress ol oe|rgs,
eac| W||| ||s oWr |ogoss|err|rg lror 0od's crea||ve W|||. |u|||p||c||y
|s ro| a s|gr ol s|r ou| ra||er a rel|ec||or ol ||e oerevo|erce ard poWer ol
||e Crea|or. T| e 0od ol 0eres|s |oo|s upor ||e |||rgs |e |as rade ard
ca||s ||er good. Fac| crea|ed rea|||y d|sp|ays roverer| as a rar| ol ||s
crea|ed c|arac|er,
|
ard ||e grardeur ol crea||or |s ||a| |r 0od's r|rd a||
||ese |ogo|, so d|llerer| |r ra|ure, ur|versa||y |erd |oWard eac| o||er |r a
ur||y ||a| does ro| corpror|se ||e d|s||rc||veress ol eac|.

No| or|y do |||rgs corverge, ou| ||ey ru|ua||y revea| ||erse|ves |o

||ose W|o cor|erp|a|e ||er |r ||e|r |ogo|. T| e|r re|a||or |o eac| o||er |s
ore ol |rarsparercy, a doc|r|re ||a| |ax|rus grourds |r Fze||e|'s |rage ol
||e W|ee| W||||r a W|ee|
o
as We|| as |r ||e lau||re |ex| ||a| |rv|s|o|e |||rgs
are perce|ved ard recogr|zed ||roug| |||rgs crea|ed.
;
1. u. T|a|. , CC30 , . `lor ro|||rg ||a| cores lror ra|ure |s |rpure z; ;1
oecause || |s 0od W|o |s ||e cause ol ||s ex|s|erce.' lo|d., . zo1
z. u. T|a|. , CC30 , . Cl. C|ar. . . `l| |s ro| lood W||c| |s ev|| ou| zz1 |
g|u||ory, ro| ||e oege|||rg ol c|||drer ou| lorr|ca||or, ro| possess|ors ou| greed,
ro|
repu|a||or ou| va|rg|ory. Ard |l |||s |s so, ||ere |s ro|||rg ev|| |r crea|ures excep|
r|suse, W||c| s|ers lror ||e r|rd's reg||gerce |r ||s ra|ura| cu|||va||or.' Cw3,
, oz
a|so . , Cw3 . o1
. Aro. lo. , l.0. , 8C. 1; 11zz8
|. Cl. Aro. lo. , l.0. , 0ll ., , . zz 11zo ;1o8o
. `0od |r ||s lrov|derce ellec|s ||e groW|rg ass|r||a||or ol par||cu|ar |||rgs |o
ur|versa| |||rgs |o ||e po|r| ol co|rc|d|rg ||e roverer|s ol par||cu|ar lreedor,
oy ||e roverer| ol par|s |o We||-oe|rg W||| ||e ur|versa| ra|ura| reasor ol
sp|r||ua| oe|rg, |o |arror|ze |r |||s Way par||cu|ar sp|r||s arorg ||erse|ves ard
|r ||e
W|o|e ard |o g|ve ||er ar |der|||y ol roverer|, so ||a| ||e|r W||| does ro| ro|e
||e d|llererce W||c| opposes ||e par| |o ||e W|o|e, ou| ra||er ||a| a s|rg|e
|der||ca|
pr|rc|p|e r|g|| re|gr over ||e W|o|e.' u. T|a|. , CC30 , . z ;1
o. Fz . , , . - . 11zz1o1;
;. Cl. bor . . T| e |arguage |ere oWes ruc| |o lseudo-0|orys|us. 3ee ||s 1zo
Fcc|es|as||ca| l|erarc|y , ard , . 1z 1
|ax|rus Corlessor 1
537
|v. Tropo|ogy
As|ed aoou| ||e d|llererce oe|Weer a||egory ard |ropo|ogy |ax|rus rep||es ||a|
W|||e a||egory |s corcerred W||| |rar|ra|e |||rgs, |ropo|ogy |s
corcerred W||| ||e ood||y reroers. |ead, eyes, e|c.
T| e |err |s roo|ed |r ||e vero 9di, |o oe |urred, corver|ed.
8T|e
rora| d|rers|or ol scr|p|ure |s oas|c |o ||s ressage. l| |rs|ruc|s, res|ra|rs,
ard correc|s us.

|ax|rus lrequer||y c||es passages lror oo|| o| ard r|

W|ere rora| |rs|ruc||ors ard adror|||ors are g|ver. w|er our lord |e||s us
||a| W|er We las| We are |o aro|r| our |ead ard Was| our lace (|| . ) We o1;
are |o urders|ard |||s as a douo|e prescr|p||or |o c|earse our ||le ol v|ce ard
aro|r| our r|rd W||| d|v|re gros|s.
|o
3cr|p|ure's Word |s a cor||ruous ca|| |o
rora| corvers|or. Aga|rs| ary ro||or ||a| ||e roras||c s|a|e Was |r|erded
|o oe a s|a||c erjoyrer| ol ||e oerel||s ol d|v|re |r||racy |ax|rus erjo|rs
cors|arcy ard v|g||arce |r ||e ooservarce ol ||e corrardrer|s.
0o ro| say, as ||e d|v|re Jerer|a| |e||s us, ||a| you are ||e lord's |erp|e.
Ard do ro| say ||a| `rere la||| |r our lord Jesus C|r|s| car save re.' lor
|||s |s |rposs|o|e ur|ess you acqu|re |ove lor ||r ||roug| Wor|s. lor |r W|a|
corcerrs rere oe||ev|rg, `ever ||e dev||s oe||eve ard |rero|e'(Jas . ). z1
|1
T| e |adder |ead|rg |o roe||c cor|erp|a||or |s ol ro use |l || |s ro| l|rr|y
arc|ored |r ||e so||d oase ol |urar Wor|s. love, ||e c|ap|er says, |as |o
oe acqu|red ||roug| Wor|s. 3cr|p|ure ca||s v|r|ues Ways, We are rer|rded,
ard ||e ros| exce||er| ol ||ese Ways |s |ove, as ||e Apos||e |rs|ruc|s us.
|z
lor |ax|rus, s|rorg|y |rl|uerced |r |||s oy ||e ar||ropo|ogy ol 0regory ol
Nyssa,|
||e o|o||ca| doc|r|re ol crea||or |r 0od's |rage |rvo|ves ro rere|y
s|a||c erdoWrer| W||| a lacu||y or|er|ed |o a sp|r||ua| goa|. 8y v|r|ue ol
crea||or We |ave ar |rra|e des|re ard |ove, 9o sd ), g|ver |o us oy
0od as We|| as a lacu||y, ||e W|||, or|rg|rg ||er |o lu|l|||rer|.
T| a| rar |s rade |o ||e |rage ard |||eress ol 0od rears ||a| |e
proceeds lror 0od's W||| ard oears ||e |rage ol |||s or|g|r oy ||s oe|rg
8. uaes||ores e| 0uo|al, , CC30 , . 8 1o1|1
. C|ar. . , Cw3 . |oo 8z
|o. u. 0. , CC30 , . Cl. C|ar. . . `8y rears ol ||e corrardrer|s ;o 1o| 1;;
||e
lord rerders de|ac|ed ||ose W|o carry ||er ou|, oy rears ol ||e d|v|re
doc|r|res
|e oes|oWs or ||er ||e er||g||errer| ol |roW|edge.' Cw3 . |
|1. C|ar. . , Cw3 . 1
|z. lr Cor . . Cl. C|ar. . , Cw3 . 1 1z1 |;| 8
|. Fspec|a||y |r ||e l|le ol |oses, ed. w. Jaeger. 3ee b. leys, l'lrage de 0|eu
se|or
3. 0rego|re de Nysse, lar|s-8ruxe||es, . 11
zTer 3|x||- |o F|g|||-Cer|ury 0ree| C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
se|l-rov|rg ard se|l-ru||rg.
||T| roug| |||s ||oer|y ol oe|rg |e |s lree |o or|rg
aoou| ||e ac||va||or ol ||e |rra|e des|re lor 0od W||c| dr|ves ||s oe|rg.
|
l|
|s |o |||us|ra|e |||s dyrar|sr ||a| |ax|rus |ao||ua||y, ||oug| ro| a|Ways,
d|s||rgu|s|es oe|Weer |rage ard |||eress, corpar|rg ||er as ||e |ogos ol
ra|ure ard ||e |ropos ol v|r|ue.
|o
lr crea||rg |urar ra||ora| crea|ures 0od
corrur|ca|es |o ||er lour d|v|re a||r|ou|es. le grar|s oe|rg ard e|erra|
oe|rg |o ||e esserce ol |urar||y, ard ||er goodress ard W|sdor |e oes|oWs or
||e vo||||ve lacu||y. |ax|rus g|ves |||s ||eo|og|ca| reasor as ||e
exp|ara||or ol ||e o|o||ca| s|a|erer| ||a| rar |s crea|ed |o ||e |rage ard
|||eress ol 0od, `|o ||e |rage ol ||s oe|rg oy our oe|rg, |o ||e |rage ol ||s
e|erra| oe|rg oy our e|erra| oe|rg (ever ||oug| ro| W|||ou| a oeg|rr|rg, ||
|s ye| W|||ou| erd), |o ||e |||eress ol ||s goodress oy our goodress, |o ||e
|||eress ol ||s W|sdor oy our W|sdor. T| e l|rs| |s oy ra|ure, ||e secord oy
grace. Fvery ra||ora| ra|ure |rdeed |s rade |o ||e |rage ol 0od, ou| or|y
||ose W|o are good ard W|se are rade |o ||s |||eress.'
|;
T| |s d|s||rc||or oe|Weer |rage ard |||eress p|aces ||e rora| ellor|
square|y or ||e |urar ager|, W||| due regard lor ||e exp||c|| rea|||y ol
grace, ard spec|l|ca||y or |urar lreedor. w|er |e |s ro| quo||rg ||e rora|
538
adror|||ors ol scr|p|ure, espec|a||y ol 3|. lau|, |o ||e ror| |r lu|| asce||ca|
s|r|v|rg, |ax|rus ca||s lor a |ropo|og|ca| |r|erpre|a||or ol ||e o|o||ca|
rarra||ves.
lr |||s asce||ca| cor|ex|, ||erelore, |ax|rus l|rds || recessary |o locus
upor ||e |urar W||| as ||e reura|g|c cer|er ol ||e C|r|s||ar e|||ca| c|a||erge. `To
s|are |r ||s goodress ard W|sdor or ro| |o s|are deperds or
||e W||| ol ra||ora| oe|rgs.'
|8
|ar Was rade |o ||e |rage ol ||e suprere|y
lree 0od oy proceed|rg lror ||s W||| ard oy oear|rg ||e |rage ol ||s or|g|r
||. Aro. lo. , l.0. , 0, cl. C|ap|ers or KroW|edge . , l.0. , A, |z 11| 111 o1o88
Cw3 . 1o
|. lo|d.
|o. lr do|rg |||s |e lo||oWs ar o|d |rad|||or. lreraeus, Adv. laer. ll, , l.0. , 1| ;
;18C, C|er. A|ex., la|dag., l, , l.0. , A8, 3|ror. ll, , C, Co|. ad | 8zoo zz1ooo
0er|es,
1o, 8, 0r|ger, 0e lr. . , |or. lev. , l.0. , . Cl. T| . 0|sd|er, `les z1 o | 1z|o
lorderer|s dogra||ques de |a sp|r||ua|||e de 3. |ax|re |e Corlesseur,' F0 z
( ). 1o
- zo1, ard J. |eyerdorll, le C|r|s| dars |a T|eo|og|e 8yzar||re, lar|s, , 1o
1o- . Jo|r 0arascere W||| lo||oW |r |||s |rad|||or. 0e l|de 0r||odoxa , , 1o z1z
l.0. , 8. |zo
|;. C|ar. . , Cw3 (W|ere a r|sp|aced |err |s correc|ed |r ||e preser| z o|
|rars|a||or).
|8. C|ar. . , Cw3 , . , Cw3 - . z; o|1 ;o;;
|ax|rus Corlessor
||roug| ||s oe|rg se|l-rov|rg ard se|l-ru||rg.
|T| roug| |||s ||oer|y grar|ed
oy 0od's crea||ve ac| |e |s lree |o or|rg aoou| ||e ererg|z|rg ol ||e |rra|e
des|re lor 0od W||c| dr|ves ||s oe|rg. lor |||s |e lourd || |e|plu| |o s|ress
||e d|s||rc||or oe|Weer |rage ard |||eress. lr ||e ce|eora|ed d|spu|e W|||
lyrr|us a| Car||age |e |s as|ed |o exp|a|r ||e re|a||ors||p oe|Weer ||e
lacu||y ol ||e W||| ard |urar ra|ure. |ax|rus relers |o ||e o|o||ca| |ex| ol
0eres|s . ard says, `T| us |l rar |s ar |rage ol ||e d|v|re ra|ure, ard 1zo
||e d|v|re ra|ure |s lree, ||er so a|so rus| oe ||e |rage. ll || preserves ||s
|||eress |o ||e arc|e|ype || rea||zes ||s |rdeperderce ol ra|ure.'
o
w|a| |s pr|rary |r our ac||ors, ||er, |s ||e |r|er||or W||| W||c| ||ey
are perlorred.
1T| e pures| |urar lreedor, ur|a|r|ed oy ary aro|guous
ro||ve, Was rea||zed oy C|r|s|. |ax|rus' secure pos|||or |r C|r|s||ar ||s|ory
as ||e delerder ol ||e |r|egr||y ol C|r|s|'s |urar W||| |r ||e |rcarra||or
aga|rs| ||e |oro||e|||es Was prepared lor oy ||s delerse ol ||e cer|ra| ro|e
ol ||e |urar W||| |r ||e process ol de|l|ca||or.
lr |||s ||g|| ||e 8|o|e ollered, or ||e |eve| ol |ropo|ogy, a Wea||| ol exarp|es |o
|||us|ra|e ||e lreedor ol ||e v|r|ues or ||e serv||ude |o ||e pass|ors.
lr eac| o|o||ca| persorage cou|d oe seer ||e dyrar|c ol good ard ev|| a|
Wor| |r sa|va||or ||s|ory. w|||e ro| a| a|| ||roW|rg ou| ||e |||era| serse ol
||e rarra||ves, We car d|scerr a process ol groW|| |r or rejec||or ol grace
|r ||e grea| l|gures ol ||e 8|o|e. 3usarra's erdurarce |r ||e lace ol s|arder,
Joo's courage, Josep|'s c|as|||y, lau|'s |ur||||y, C|r|s|'s perlec| exarp|e, a||
|es||ly |o ||e 3p|r||'s Wor||rg |r ||e drara ol |urar asce||c|sr.
z
0r ||e
o||er |ard, l||a|e's va|rg|ory, lerod's sp|r|| ol lorr|ca||or, Judas' |reac|ery,
e|c., Were Warr|rgs |o ||e ror| W|o a||oWed ||rse|l |o oe |a|er over oy
||s pass|ors. A|| ||ese o|o||ca| persorages prov|ded ||e reader ol scr|p|ure
W||| v|v|d exarp|es ol oo|| sp|r||ua| |r|urp| ard |ragedy.
|. Cl. Aro. lo. , , 0. A|so. `T| ere |s ro ra||ora| sou| W||c| |s oy |z11|
esserce
rore va|uao|e ||ar aro||er ra||ora| sou|. lrdeed, 0od |r ||s goodress, crea||rg
every sou| |o ||s |rage,or|rgs || |r|o oe|rg |o oe se|l-rov|rg. Fac| ore, ||er,
de||oera|e|y e|||er c|ooses |oror or accep|s d|s|oror oy ||s oWr deeds.'
C|ap|ers or
KroW|edge . , Cw3 . 111 1o
o. 0|sp., l.0. , 0. 1z|
1. Cl. C|ar. . , , , Cw3 , - . |8;;; o;;1;z
z. T| ese ard o||er exarp|es are d|scussed |r ry `leve|s ol 3cr|p|ura|
|ear|rg |r
|ax|rus ||e Corlessor,' 3l XXvll, - . 11
|Ter 3|x||- |o F|g|||-Cer|ury 0ree| C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
v. C|r|s| ||e Cer|er
w|a| car oe ||e rear|rg ol ||e s|r|||rg s|a|erer| ||a| `ol a|| ||e d|v|re
rys|er|es, ||e rys|ery ol C|r|s| |s ||e ros| rys|er|ous?'
539
As ||e logos |s (oy del|r|||or) ||e pr|rc|p|e ol crea||or, a doc|r|re ||a|
|ax|rus |a|es lror Jo|r . , Co| . - , Cor . ard ||e r| |r gerera| 1 111;1 81o
rore ||ar lror Neop|a|or|sr, so |s |e ||e pr|rc|p|e ol reve|a||or ard a|so
ol rederp||or, or de|l|ca||or, prec|se|y ||roug| ||e ac| ol ||e |rcarra||or.
8u| |r |eep|rg W||| ||s sc|ere |ax|rus sees ||e |rcarra||or as |apper|rg
or rore |eve|s ||ar ||e rere|y ||s|or|ca|. As ore a|so sees |r 0r|ger ard
||s |rad|||or, ||e Words ol scr|p|ure are a |ype ol |rcarra||or ol ||e logos.
|ax|rus Wr||es.
T| e word ol 0od |s ca||ed l|es| ro| or|y as |av|rg oecore |rcarra|e
ou| as 0od ||e word urders|ood s|rp|y |r ||e oeg|rr|rg W||| 0od
||e la||er, W|o possesses ||e c|ear ard ra|ed lorrs ol ||e |ru|| ol
a|| |||rgs ard does ro| |rc|ude r|dd|es or er|gras or reed a||egor|ca|
s|or|es. 8u| W|er |e |s preser| |o rer W|o carro| W||| ||e|r ra|ed
r|rd reac| ra|ed sp|r||ua| rea||||es, ard corverses |r a Way lar|||ar
|o ||er |r a W|de var|e|y [po|||||va) ar Fvagr|ar Word |o correc|
Fvagr|us| ol s|or|es, er|gras, parao|es, ard dar| say|rgs, ||er |e oecores
l|es|. 0ur r|rd does ro| |r |||s l|rs| ercour|er |o|d corverse
W||| ||e ra|ed word, ou| W||| ||e word rade l|es|, cer|a|r|y |r a
var|e|y ol |arguages, ||oug| |e |s ||e word oy ra|ure |e |s l|es| |o
||e s|g||, so ||a| rary |||r| ||ey see l|es| ard ro| ||e word ever |l
|e |s |ru|y ||e word. lor ||e urders|ard|rg ol 3cr|p|ure |s ro| W|a|
appears |o ||e rary ou| |s o||erW|se ||ar || appears. lor ||e word
oecores l|es| ||roug| eac| recorded Word.
|
T| e d|v|re logos preser|s ||rse|l |o us |r ||e aro|guous Wor|d ol serse ard
var|e|y ||a| c|arac|er|zes our ||le |r ||e l|es|. As ||e |ogo| ol ra|ure po|r|
|o ||e|r or|o|og|ca| source |r ||e logos, so do ||e |ogo| ol 3cr|p|ure po|r|
|o ard |rcarra|e |||s sare logos.
T| e rys|ery ol ||e |rcarra||or ol ||e word oears ||e poWer ol a|| ||e
||dder rear|rgs ard l|gures ol 3cr|p|ure as We|| as ||e |roW|edge ol v|s|o|e
ard |rv|s|o|e crea|ures. T| e ore W|o |roWs ||e rys|ery ol ||e cross ard ||e
. Aro. lo , l.0. , C. |z 11z
|. Cap. ||eo|. (C|ap|ers or KroW|edge) ll, (Cw3, ). T| e sare |dea |s oo 1oo
expressed |r Aro. lo. , l.0. , C- A. Cl. T| e ex|ers|ve syroo||c | 11z8 1z88
|r|erpre|a||ors ol |oses, F||ja|, ard Aora|ar |r Aro. lo .C|ap|ers or 1o
KroW|edgel, , ;
Cw3 . 1|o
|ax|rus Corlessor
|oro |roWs ||e pr|rc|p|es ol ||ese crea|ures. Ard ||e ore W|o |as oeer
|r|||a|ed |r|o ||e |rell ao|e poWer ol ||e besurrec||or |roWs ||e purpose lor
W||c| 0od or|g|ra||y rade a|| |||rgs.
8u| ||e ve|| ol ||e |e||er |as |o oe p|erced lor us |o recogr|ze ||e 3av|or.
0||erW|se We oecore s|aves |o ||e |e||er ard |o ||e |ega||sr ol JeW|s| prac||ce.
|ax|rus |r|erpre|s c|rcurc|s|or as ar exarp|e ol a |aW r|surders|ood
oecause |a|er or|y or ||e |eve| ol ||e |e||er. T| e r|surders|ard|rg ol ||e
scr|p|ura| corrardrer| |as ||s para||e| |r a r|surders|ard|rg ol ||e |r|egr||y ol
crea||or, W||c| |ax|rus judges |o oe |rpugred oy ||e p|ys|ca| ac|
ol c|rcurc|s|or.
o
As s|oWr oy 3|. lau| ||rse|l,;
C|r|s| rus| oecore ||e
|errereu||ca| |ey |o ||e C|r|s||ar exeges|s ol oo|| Tes|arer|s. |ax|rus'
exeges|s ol ||e |rarsl|gura||or accour| preser|s || as a |rarslorra||or ol
||e apos||es' sers|o|e ererg|es ard a ||oera||or ol ||e|r |r|e||ec|ua| lacu||y
lror ||e ve||s ol ||e pass|ors. 0r|y ||er cou|d ||ey perce|ve C|r|s|'s d|v|re
|der|||y |r ||e rad|ar| ||g|| oear|rg lror ||s persor. T| e W|||ered garrer|s
are a l|gure ol ||e Words ol scr|p|ure, W||c| ro |orger oear ary er|gra or
s|adoW orce ||e logos |s or||||ar||y d|sp|ayed.
8
`No|||rg ol W|a| |s Wr|||er |r scr|p|ure, persors, p|aces, or o||er |||rgs
W|e||er ar|ra|e or |rar|ra|e, sers|o|e or |r|e|||g|o|e, |s a|Ways |o oe urders|ood
|r ||e sare rarrer e|||er or ||e ||s|or|ca| or ||e cor|erp|a||ve
|eve|.'

l||e ||e grea| 0r|ger ard |r ||s ||re |ax|rus sees ||e vas| sWeep
ol ||s|ory as 0od's reve|a||or |o ||e la|||lu| sou| |o oe a||erded |o |r v|eW
ol ||s sp|r||ua| progress. uselu|ress ard prol||, D\id, |s ||e ru|e |o lo||oW
|r ||e urders|ard|rg ol 3cr|p|ure. A||er||veress |o ||e |rsp|red Words ard
rarra||ves |s requ|red lor sp|r||ua| prol||, s|rce `|r ||e r|c|ress ol grace, ary
sy||ao|e ol ||e d|v|re 3cr|p|ure car oe |a|er |r ary ruroer ol Ways lor ||e
uselu|ress (D\idv) ol ||ose W|o are des|rous ol v|r|ue ard |roW|edge.'
oo
. C|ap|ers or KroW|edge, l, , Cw3 - . oo 11|o
o. u. T|a|. , CC30 , . ues||ors ard ol ||e sare Wor| locus or o zzz; o| o
540
||e JeWs as a peop|e W|o syroo||ze ||e carra| |r|erpre|a||or ol scr|p|ure.
|ax|rus
sees |||s s|uooorr res|s|arce |o ||e sp|r|| as |rcarra|ed |r K|rg 3au|, W|o a|so
represer|s ||e re|gr ol corcup|scerce, a re|gr |e cor|ras|s W||| 0av|d's.
|ax|rus |s
`a|ded' |r ||s exeges|s ol 3au| ard ||s assoc|a|es oy ||e use ol e|yro|ogy. u.
T|a|.
o, CC30 , ll. zzz
;. lr ||s |ypo|og|ca| exeges|s ol ||e Fxodus Warder|rg. `. . . ard ||e roc| Was
C|r|s|.' l Cor . . 1o|
8. Cl. Aro. lo. , l.0. , 0- 0. 1o 111z 11z8
. u. T|a|. , CC30 , . o| zz18;
oo. u. T|a|. , CC30 , . lror |||s perspec||ve |ax|rus does ro| seer |o |; ;1
d|s||rgu|s| oe|Weer 0|d ard NeW Tes|arer|s. 8o|| preser| ||erse|ves |o ||e
oTer 3|x||- |o F|g|||-Cer|ury 0ree| C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
|ax|rus rears lor |||s |errereu||ca| pr|rc|p|e |o oe |a|er |r ||s lu||es|
serse. T| us 3cr|p|ure |s rep|e|e W||| |reasures |r oo|| ||s oread||ard dep||.
T| e |org ||s|ory ol lsrae| prov|des us W||| ar aourdarce ol exarp|es ol
v|r|ues ard v|ces, ol |ypes, |rages, ard syroo|s, a|| ol W||c| are grac|ous|y
prov|ded |o us oy ||e revea||rg logos so ||a| We r|g|| cor|erp|a|e ||e|r
rear|rg lor us. w|o |s ||e vo|ce cry|rg ou| |r ||e deser|, |ax|rus |s as|ed?
Ary sa|r|, |e rep||es, ard proceeds |o draW up a |org ||s| ol persorages |r
a ||re go|rg lror Adar |o Jo|r ||e 8ap||s|.
o1
lrdeed, ||e lau||re say|rg
|s |o oe |a|er ser|ous|y. `A|| scr|p|ure |s |rsp|red oy 0od ard prol||ao|e
(D\io) lor |eac||rg, lor reprov|rg, lor correc||or, ard lor |ra|r|rg |r
r|g||eousress.'
oz
As vas| as |s ||e |or|zor|a| sWeep ol scr|p|ure, || |s ra|c|ed oy ||s ver||ca|
dep||. As |ax|rus g|ves exarp|e al|er exarp|e ol prol||es |r v|r|ue ard v|ce,
so does |e g|ve correspord|rg |eve|s ol |r|erpre|a||or.
o
le W||| regu|ar|y
oller ar e|aoora|e |r|erpre|a||or oased or a||egory, e|yro|ogy, rurero|ogy,
e|c., ||er lo||oW || W||| aro||er ore W||c| |s corp|e|e|y d|llerer| oecause
|| v|eWs ||e suojec| lror a d|ll erer| arg|e. 3ore||res ||e secord (or |||rd)
exp|ara||or W||| oe exp||c|||y d|rec|ed |o ||ose des|rous ol a rore rys||ca|
|r|erpre|a||or. 0|ll erer| |eve|s are preser| lor ||e asce||ca| ard cor|erp|a||ve
reeds ol d|llerer| r|rds. l| Wou|d per|aps |ave seered s|rarge |o |ax|rus
or ||s corresporder|s |o |ave |o arsWer ||e ques||or ||a| Wou|d occur |o
|oday's reader aoou| W||c| Wou|d oe ||ecorrec| |r|erpre|a||or ol ||e |ex|.
T|ecorrec| |r|erpre|a||or |s ||e ore ||a| succeeds |r rov|rg ||e reader ol
3cr|p|ure |o advarce |r v|r|ue or |o deeper ||s cor|erp|a||or, |o see ard |o
oe aosoroed oy ||e rys|ery revea|ed |r ||e sav|rg Words ||a| ra|e preser|
||e 3av|or word. lo|y wr|| |s ro| a sc|er||l|c proo|er |o oe so|ved ou| a
ca|| lror ||e logos |o our persora| se|ves W||c| derards a rep|y ol rora|
or cor|erp|a||ve corr||rer|. w|||e our cor|erporary sc|o|ar|y corcerr
|s |o rarroW doWr ||e op||ors ol |r|erpre|a||or |r ar ell or| |o d|scover ||e
correc| ore, ||e corcerr ol |ax|rus |s jus| ||e oppos||e. |o oper up ||e
poss|o|||||es ol |r|erpre|a||or, |o deeper ||e |eve|s ol corpre|ers|or, |o
ru|||p|y ||e l|e|ds ol app||cao||||y.
oe||ever as 0od's Word ard oo|| revea| 0od's sav|rg W||| |r C|r|s|. Na|ura||y, ||ey
are |o oe d|s||rgu|s|ed as prop|ecy ard lu|l|||rer|.
o1. u. T|a|. , CC30 , - . |; ;11
oz. T|r . . z 1o
o. Cl. ry `leve|s ol 3cr|p|ura| |ear|rg |r |ax|rus ||e Corlessor,'
3|la|rXXvll,
- 1z||.
|ax|rus Corlessor ;
T| e logos oecores |rcarra|e |r a ||reelo|d rarrer. |r ||e l|es|, |r ||e
|ogo| ol crea|ed oe|rgs, ard |r ||e |e||ers, sy||ao|es, ard sourds ol scr|p|ure.
As|ed |o c|ar|ly a |ex| ol 0regory ol Naz|arzus ||a| ||e word oecores
corcer|ra|ed, or corporea|,
o|
|ax|rus rep||es ||a| W||| due regard lor our ood||y
cord|||or ||e logos adap|s ||rse|l |o our percep||or |r |||s ser|es ol Ways
so ||a| |e car oe geru|re|y preser| |o us.
o
lr ||e prayer lor er||g||errer|
||a| oeg|rs ues||or We see |ax|rus' urders|ard|rg ol ||e cor|erp|a||ve |8
process oy W||c| ||e ressage ol scr|p|ure |s appropr|a|ed.
Core logos ol 0od, Wor||y ol a|| pra|se. 0|ve us ol your |ogo| |r
proper reasure ard urders|ard|rg, ard oy |ear|rg aWay ||e|r |||c|
541
erve|ope s|oW us, 0 C|r|s|, ||e oeau|y ol your ||oug||s. Ta|e us oy
||e r|g|| |ard, ||e |r|e||ec|ua| poWer |r us, ard gu|de us a|org ||e
Way ol your corrardrer|s, ard '|ead us |o ||e p|ace ol your Worderlu|
|aoerrac|e a|| ||e Way |o 0od's dWe|||rg W||| cr|es ol joy ard
||ar|sg|v|rg ard ol ||e sourd ol ||ose W|o |eep les||va|' (ls . , |1
|xx), so ||a| We a|so, g|v|rg ||ar|s |r ||e corless|or ||roug| ac||or
ard |r ||e joy ol cor|erp|a||or, |av|rg oeer judged Wor||y |o er|er
||e p|ace ol your leas||rg, ray a|so ourse|ves leas| W||| ||ose W|o are
leas||rg |r ce|eora||rg W||| our vo|ces rever qu|e| ||e |roW|edge ol
||e |rellao|e.
oo
T| e prayer cor||rues or lor aro||er ser|erce, ou| ar ara|ys|s ol |||s sec||or
c||ed y|e|ds ||e |ey e|erer|s ol |ax|rus' exeges|s.
1. l| |s ||e la||er's logos, |ypos|a||ca||y d|s||rc| lror ||r, W|o |s addressed |r
persora| prayer. 3|rce reve|a||or o|rds |oge||er |Wo par||es, revea|er ard
rece|ver ol reve|a||or, || lo||oWs ||a|, `T| e Word ol |o|y 3cr|p|ure,
ever |l |r ||e |e||erol ever|s || rarra|es |a|es p|ace |r a de|err|red ||re,
rera|rs a|Ways urde|err|red accord|rg |o ||e sp|r||W|er cors|der|rg ||ese
lror a sp|r||ua| po|r| ol v|eW.'
o;
w|||e We as rece|vers ol ||e reve|a||or are
c|rcurscr|oed, re|||er 0od as revea|er ror ||e word |e u||ers |s c|rcurscr|oed.
o8T| e lo|y 3p|r|| as au||or ol lo|y wr|| `se|s doWr ar urders|ard|rg ol ||e
scr|p|ura| |ex| |r |arrory W||| ard |r ||e reac| ol eac| ore W|o
o|. dd99di, a Word a|so used |r ar |rcarra||ora| serse oy |ax|rus'
rer|or 3op|ror|us |r ||s |or||y or ||e Arrurc|a||or. or. . , l.0. ( ), z1 8;
C. lr z
0regory || |s |r or. (0r ||e T| eop|ary), l.0. , 8. 8 o1
o. Aro. lo. , l.0. , C- A. 11z8 1z88
oo. u T|a|. , CC30 , . |8 ;1
o;. u. T|a|. , CC30 , . o ;;
o8. lo|d.
8Ter 3|x||- |o F|g|||-Cer|ury 0ree| C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
s|ares |urar ra|ure,'
o
so ||a| `eac| ore ol us car oecore a leze||a| or
lsa|a| or ||e sp|r||ua| |eve|' (cl. C|r . ll.). z zzo
z. T| e c|ear |rl|uerce ol 0r|ger |s ev|der| |r |Wo |deas ||a| are exp||c|||y
s|a|ed. we as| lor er||g||errer| `|r proper reasure ard urders|ard|rg.' lr
rary p|aces, |r lac|, |ax|rus s|oWs ||rse|l ||e |e|r ol ||e grea| |eac|er
ol A|exardr|a ard Caesarea |r s|ress|rg ||e adap|ao||||y ol ||e Word |o ||e
reader||earer. we eac| prol|| lror 3cr|p|ure accord|rg |o our persora| capac||y
ard our |rd|v|dua| reed. T| e Word |s reasured ou| |o ||e sp|r||ua| d|rers|ors ol
||e oe||ever. 3ecord|y, our reques| |r urders|ard|rg ||e scr|p|ures
|s |o go oeyord ||e |e||er, |o |ear aWay ||e erve|ope, ||e |us| ol scr|p|ure |o
reac| ||s |erre|. T| a| |s, We see| |o p|erce ||e |||c| Wa|| ol appeararces |o
reac| ||e lu|| rea|||y ol ||e |ru|| ol ||e Wor|d, ol ||e Words, ol grace.
. T| e Way ol ||e corrardrer|s |s ||e sure Way |o reac| 0od's dWe|||rg
W||c| |s reserved lor ||e pure ol |ear|. T| e purpose ol |urar roverer|
ard ac||or |s |o |ead upWards |o ||e d|v|re rea|r. 3|rce our ra|e-up |s |Wolo|d so
rus| oe our ce|eora||or. we corless our la||| ||roug| ||e ac||or ol
asce||c d|sc|p||re ard ||e acqu|s|||or ol v|r|ues. A| ||e sare ||re We express
our cor|erp|a||ve |rpera||ve |r ||e joy ol rys||ca| |rs|g||. T| roug| oo||
ol ||ese ac||ors We express our ||ar|s |o 0od, |.e., We respord gra|elu||y |o
||s |rv|||rg ard sav|rg word.
|. l|ra||y, ||e goa| ol 0od's reve|a||or |o us |s a leas||rg a| ||s |ao|e, a
|appy ercour|er ol Crea|or ard crea|ure |r ||e rys||ca| ur|or ol a lree|y
c|oser corror ||le. A| |||s leas| our vo|ces are ever ac||ve ard W||| spea|
||e |rellao|e rea|||y ol 0od |r ar erd|ess ur|or ol |ove.
T| e darger, ol course, |r us|rg C|r|s| as ||e cer|ra| rys|ery ol a corcep|ua|
sc|ere |s ||a| |e ||rse|l W||| oe reduced (or upgraded) lror a
corcre|e rea|||y |o ar |dea. T| |s darger |s ollse| |r |ax|rus oy ||e corcre|e
|arguage W||c| |e erp|oys lor ||e ||s|or|ca| Jesus ol ||e gospe|s. loWever
poWerlu| |s ||e syr||es|s ||a| |e cors|ruc|s W||| C|r|s| a| ||s cer|er, We are
ro| a||oWed |o lorge| ||a| Jesus C|r|s| |s ||e rea| Jesus W|o re| o|asp|ery,
suller|rg, ard |a|e W||| |org-suller|rg pa||erce ard |ove. l|s ooed|erce |o
||e la||er a|| ||e Way |o dea|| lor our sa|e proved ||a| |e |ep| ||e
corrardrer| ol |ove. T| e ore W|o |r||a|es ||r |s ||e ore W|o |eeps ||e ;o
corrardrer|s ol 0od.
;1
Jesus C|r|s| |s ro| or|y |urar, |ax|rus |rs|s|s,
ou| |urar |r every Way, |av|rg |urar esserce |r ||e lu|| urders|ard|rg
o. lo|d.
;o. Cl. l|o. asc. , l.0. , , - , A-C. 1 o1z1z1z1
542
;1. lo|d., , 8. 1
|ax|rus Corlessor
ol ||a| |err, ard ro| as corpror|sed oy |ar|c|ears ard Apo|||rar|ars.
;z
le orea||ed, Wa||ed, spo|e, roved ||s |ards, used ||s serses, |urgered ard
|||rs|ed, a|e, s|ep|, Was Wear|ed, Wep|, Was sad |r a rea| ard ro| ar |rag|rary
Way, lor ||e purpose ol lu|l||||rg ||e ecorory lor our sa|e.
;
lr ||s exp|ara||or ol ||e |ypos|a||c ur|or ol d|v|re ard |urar ra|ures
|r C|r|s|, |ax|rus rera|rs s|eadlas||y la|||lu| |o ||e lu|| C|a|cedor|ar
lorru|a, |o W||c| |e |ao||ua||y re|urrs. lr ||e years ol oper cr|s|s |r ||e
|oro||e|||e deoa|e, W|er ||e rea|||y ol ||e lu|| ard lurc||or|rg |urar W|||
ol Jesus |s oe|rg sacr|l|ced |o serve ||e po||||ca| erd ol reur|or W||| ||e
|orop|ys||es, |ax|rus |s c|ear ard adarar| |r spe|||rg ou| ||e uravo|dao|e
corsequerces ol C|a|cedor|ar or||odoxy. 8u| |org oelore ||a| per|od,
|ax|rus |as a|ready |r p|ace ||e co|erer| s|ruc|ure ol a C|r|s|-cer|ered
cosro|og|ca| ard so|er|o|og|ca| sys|er.
;|
0re reasor lor |||s |s ||a| aga|rs|
||e oac|grourd ol ||s logos-|ogo| doc|r|re |ax|rus cou|d apprec|a|e ||e
|og|c ol lope leo ard C|a|cedor |r corless|rg ||e |r||ra|e ur||y ol |Wo
vas||y d|verse ra|ures W|||ou| ary corlus|or, c|arge, d|v|s|or, or separa||or.
T| e rys|ery ol prolourd ur|or does ro| oo|||era|e or corpror|se or|o|og|ca|
d|vers||y. 8u| per|aps aro||er reasor lor |||s |s ||a| |r ||s roras||c
cor|ex| |e cou|d see ||e dargers ol ro| p|ac|rg C|r|s|, ||e lu|| C|r|s| as
corlessed oy Ca||o||c or||odoxy, a| ||e cer|er ol C|r|s||ar asce||ca| ard
cor|erp|a||ve exper|erce. |oras||c exper|rer|s |ad, |r lac|, core |o gr|el
oy reasor ol ||e |oss ol |||s cor|ro|||rg doc|r|ra| pr|rc|p|e. T| e corderra||ors ol
||e l|l|| Fcurer|ca| Courc|| Were d|rec|ed a| W|despread ard
ser|ous errors ol ||e 0r|ger|s| ror|s ol la|es||re ard Fgyp|. lr |arge par|,
||e oas|s ol 0r|ger|s| errors Was c|r|s|o|og|ca|. T| |s cer|ra| l|aW allec|ed
a|ros| every par| ol ||e|r sore||res e|aoora|e sys|er, lror ||e pr|r|||ve
|erad |o l|ra| apoca|as|as|s.
|ax|rus' corderra||or ol ||e 0r|ger|s| sc|ere |r Aro|guur a||erp|s |o se| ;
||e rary good |rs|g||s ol 0r|ger ard Fvagr|us |r ar or||odox
c|r|s|o|og|ca| cor|ex|. T| |s cor|ex| |rlorrs ||e W|o|e ol ||s ||eo|ogy, ou| ||
|s s|a|ed succ|rc||y |r u. T| a|. , |o W||c| We ray devo|e sore a||er||or. oo
lar lror oe|rg |rc|der|a| |o crea||or or ar al|er||oug|| ol ||, ||e |rcarra||or ol
C|r|s| |s ||e very purpose ol 0od's crea||ve ac|. l| |s `||e o|essed erd
;z. Aro. T| . , l.0. , . 11o|8
;. lo|d., C0. opusc. l0 , C-A. 1o| ; 18|
;|. As ear|y as |ax|rus Wr||es ol ||e 3or as `||e la||er's r|g|| |ard,' our ozo
sav|or ard ||e oes|oWer ol ||e 3p|r||'s g|l| s. T| e |rcarra|e lord |s, |r lau|'s
p|rase, `||e
d|v|re purpose W||c| Was ||dder lror a|| ages ard gerera||ors oy rears ol ||e
p|ar ol sa|va||or |rcarra|e |r ||rse|l ' (Co|. . ), Fxp|. ls , CC30 , . 1zo z1z
ooTer 3|x||- |o F|g|||-Cer|ury 0ree| C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
lor W||c| a|| |||rgs Were es|ao||s|ed,'
;
||e very reasor W|y oe|rgs ex|s|.
us|rg ||e lreraear |err |r ||e cor|ex| ol crea||or ard prov|derce |ax|rus
all| rrs ||e recap||u|a||or |r 0od ol a|| |||rgs ||a| |e crea|ed.
T| e |rcarra||or |s ||e rys|ery erve|op|rg ||e ages ol ||s|ory oy W||c|
||e e|erra| logos revea|s ||e lourda||or ol ||e la||er's goodress |r s|oW|rg ||e
erd lor W||c| every crea|ed rea|||y |o|ds ||e |ogos ol ||s oWr oe|rg.
`lor ||roug| C|r|s|, |.e., |r accordarce W||| ||e rys|ery ol C|r|s|, a|| ||e
ages ard every|||rg |r ||er l|rd |r C|r|s| ||e pr|rc|p|e ard erd ol ||e|r
oe|rg.'
;oT| e ur|or ol ||e l|r||e W||| ||e |rl|r||e ard ||e crea|ed W||| ||e
Crea|or Was de|err|red oelore |urar ||s|ory oegar. l| Was l||||rg, |r lac|,
||a| ||e Crea|or ol esserces ||rse|l oecore ||e au||or ol de|l|ca||or oy
grace, ||a| ||e oes|oWer ol ex|s|erce oe seer as ||e d|sperser ol ever|as||rg
We||-oe|rg.;;
No| |av|rg carra| p|easure a| ||e roo| ol ||s |urar or|g|r, ||e
d|v|re logos crea|es aro||er pr|rc|p|e ol a secord o|r|| oy ||e lo|y 3p|r||
ard W||||rg|y accep|s Adar's deserved dea||. lr ||us e||r|ra||rg ||e |Wo
ex|reres ol ||e l|aWed oeg|rr|rg ard erd ol ||le ||e 3av|or gerera|es a reW
ard e|erra| ||le.
;8
`loW grea|, |oW |ru|y aWesore |s ||e rys|ery ol our sa|va||or,' exc|a|rs
|ax|rus.;
l|s |org delerse ol C|a|cedor|ar or||odoxy, cu|r|ra||rg |r ||e
persora| W||ress ol del|arce, corless|or, ard ru|||a||or, |s We|| |roWr. l| |s
par||cu|ar|y |r ||s c|ear ard l|rr expos|||ors ol ||e |urar lreedor ol C|r|s|
543
||a| ||s reroWr |as oeer earred. lor ||r, ||e |oro||e|||e accorroda||or
;. u. T|a| , CC30 , . |ax|rus |ere |s correr||rg or le| . ard oo zz; 1 1zo
Co|
1. . zo
;o. u. T|a|. , CC30 , . Cl. 0or|r|c J. urger, 0.l.|.Cap., `C|r|s| Jesus, oo zz;
Cer|er ard l|ra| 3cope ol a|| Crea||or Accord|rg |o 3|. |ax|rus Corlessor,'
lrarc|scar 3|ud|es ( ). - . 3||||, |ax|rus uses ||e |rad|||ora| |arguage 1|ooz
ol so|er|o|ogy, as |r Aro. T| . , l.0. , 8, , 0. T| e l|oer 11o|o |1o||
Asce||cusoeg|rs W||| ||e ror|'s ques||or |o ar e|der aoou| ||e purpose ol ||e
|rcarra||or.
3urpr|sed a| ||e e|erer|ary ra|ure ol ||e query, ||e o|d rar rep||es ||a| `||e
purpose ol ||e lord's oecor|rg rar Was our sa|va||or.' l.0. , , lo|ycarp o1z
3|erWood, 3|. |ax|rus ||e Corlessor, T| e Asce||c l|le, T| e lour Cer|ur|es
or
C|ar||y, wes|r|rs|er, |d.. NeWrar, , . T| |s arsWer, ard ||e 11o
exp|ara||or
||a| lo||oWs, ray We|| oe a so|er|o|og|ca| correc||ve |o a rys||c|sr |r darger ol
oe|rg cu| |oose lror ||s c|r|s|o|og|ca| roor|rgs |r sa|va||or ||s|ory.
;;. lr accordarce W||| ||e |r|ad oe|rg, We||-oe|rg, e|erra| We||-oe|rg lrequer||y
used oy |ax|rus. Cl. u. T|a|. , CC30 , , C|ar. . ard , Cw3 , oo zz; z z| o|
. , |11
Cw3 , 0|sp., , 0- A. ;o 1z| z
;8. Cl. u. T|a|. , CC30 , . o1 zz1
;. Aro. T| . , l.0. , 8. | 11o|
|ax|rus Corlessor o1
||rea|ered |o urdo ||e rys|ery expressed a| C|a|cedor ard opera||ve |r ||e
c|urc|'s la||| ard |||urgy. T| |s doc|r|re ol ||e rea|||y ol ||e ex|s|erce ard
lurc||or|rg ol oo|| ||e d|v|re ard ||e |urar W|||s ol ||e word rade l|es|
|ad |o oe accep|ed as ||e c|ear rear|rg ol ||e gospe| |ex|s. lr ||e 0|spu|e
W||| lyrr|usard |r var|ous o||er Wor|s |e oases ||e c|urc|'s dyo||e|||e
doc|r|re or ||e W||ress ol ||e gospe| accour|s, c|||rg ||e passages W|ere
W||||rg or oe|rg urW||||rg |s app||ed |o C|r|s|.8o
8u| ||e cer|ra| gospe| passage regard|rg C|r|s|'s lreedor Was ||e prayer ol
C|r|s| |r ||e garder ol
0e||serare. T| |s Was a passage ||a| lyrr|us ard o||er |oro||e|||e |eaders
Were advarc|rg |o prove ||e |oro||e|||e c|a|r ||a| Jesus' |urar W||| Was
so |a|er over oy ||e d|v|re as |o oe |ropera||ve. 8u| || |s prec|se|y |||s passage
||a| |ax|rus uses |o s|oW ||e rys|ery ol ||e prolourd ur||y ol |Wo
d|spara|e rea||||es, ||e |urar ard ||e d|v|re, ac||rg |oge||er |r ||e ros|
|r||ra|e syrergy or ||e |eve| ol |ove. l| serves, |r lac|, as a pr|re exarp|e ol
||e |ey |dea ol |ax|rus. ||e recorc|||a||or ol a|| crea|ed rea|||y W||| 0od
|r ||e |ypos|a||c ur|or ol ||e word rade l|es|.
|ax|rus sees |||s cer|ra| rys|ery ol la||| revea|ed |r surdry p|aces
|r ||e 0|d Tes|arer|, ever |r ||e ros| surpr|s|rg ores. we car perce|ve ||,
lor exarp|e, |r ||e v|s|or ol ||e prop|e| Zec|ar|a| ol a l|y|rg s|c||e W||c|
oecores `a curse ||a| goes over ||e lace ol ||e W|o|e ear||'
81
||a| ||e lord
serds ou| |o pur|s| ||e ev||doer. lr rea|||y || |s ||e curse W||c| |r |urr all||c|s
||e curse or |urar ra|ure oroug|| oy Adar's |rarsgress|or. |ax|rus arr|ves a|
|||s |r|erpre|a||or oy ||r||rg |||s curse |o ||e say|rg |r 0a|a||ars
||a| C|r|s| |as ||rse|l oecore a curse lor us (0a| . ), des|roy|rg ||e 1
curse ol ||e laW.
8z
3|r||ar|y, C|r|s| |s ||e |arp ol ||e sare prop|e|'s v|s|or er||g||er|rg
every|||rg ol ||e |ouse|o|d ol ||e Wor|d, as ||e lord ||rse|l says.
8
lor
||e lord |s ||e ||oera|or lror |grorarce ard v|ce, ||e des|royer ol r|g||, as
|ax|rus exp|a|rs ||roug| ||e e|yro|ogy ol \vo, ||e Word lor |arp.8|
T| |s a||egor|ca| exeges|s ol Zec|ar|a| |s cor||rued as |ax|rus exp|a|rs ||e
c|urc| as ||e |arps|ard re|eas|rg ||e ererg|es ol ||e lo|y 3p|r|| ||roug|
||s sever g|l|s, e|c.
8
8u| ||e a||egor|za||or |s urder ||e ||g|| cor|ro| ol ||e
dr|v|rg |dea ol |ax|rus, ||e process ol de|l|ca||or rerdered poss|o|e oy ||e
8o. 0|sp., l.0. , 0- C. T| |s ||s| cores a| ||e d|rec| reques| ol lyrr|us. 1zo z|
81. Zec| . |xx.
8z. u. T|a|. , CC30 , . oz zz1z
8. Cl. || . . 1
8|. u. T|a|. , CC30 , . o zz1|
8. lo|d., . Cl. l|o. Asc. , l.0. , 8. 1 | o
ozTer 3|x||- |o F|g|||-Cer|ury 0ree| C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
544
|rcarra||or ol ||e logos. T| e ||rus| |s persora|. `l| |s |r lac| lor re ||a| ||e
logos oecare rar, lor re ||a| |e Wor|ed ou| ry W|o|e sa|va||or, ||a| |e
oes|oWed or re W|a| Was ||s oy ra|ure, oy rears ol W|a| Was r|re.'
8o
v|. A||egory
w|er ore cors|ders ||e |rad|||or lror W||c| |e cores, || s|ou|d ro| oe
surpr|s|rg ||a| |ax|rus pays |||||e a||er||or |o ||e ||s|or|ca| se|||rg ol ||e
scr|p|ura| rarra||ve ard |o ||s |||era| serse. l| |s ro| a ques||or ol ||s oe|rg
uracqua|r|ed or ||| a| ease W||| ||e 8|o||ca| |ex|s, |r lac|, |e derors|ra|es a
W|de lar|||ar||y W||| ||er. 8u| |e War|s |o p|erce ||roug| ||e |e||er ol ||e
8|o|e, or ||e s|rp|e ||s|or|ca| rarra||ve |r order |o d|scover ||s sp|r||ua| (aragog|c)
rear|rg.
8;T| us |e W||| |rdu|ge |r rurero|ogy (e.g., |r ues||ors , |
, ard |o T| a|ass|us) ard see| |o d|scover or|o|og|ca| rear|rgs ||roug| o|
sore||res rear accura|e ou| ol|er larc|lu| e|yro|og|es (e.g., ues||ors , o
|, , , , ). oo|o
88
8u| espec|a||y W||| |ax|rus |rdu|ge |r ||e a||egor|ca| l||g||s ||a| Were
a lar|||ar rar| ol roras|er|es |r ||e |rad|||or ol 0r|ger ard Fvagr|us. T| e
8|o|e preser|ed a vas| array ol peop|e, p|aces, ard ever|s ||a| reeded |o
oe |r|erpre|ed |r a rear|rglu| Way |l ||ey Were |o cor|r|ou|e |o sp|r||ua|
progress. lr ||e |rad|||or ol 0r|ger |e regu|ar|y c|a||erges ||e readers ol
scr|p|ure |o go oeyord ||e |e||er ol ||e |ex| W||| a v|eW |o pere|ra||rg |o ||s
rear|rg. A||egory Was ore suc| re||od oy W||c| seer|rg|y |rs|gr|l|car|
suojec|s cou|d oe |r|erpre|ed |o y|e|d sp|r||ua| prol||. l| |s rerdered recessary,
|r lac|, oy ||e d|v|re pedagogy ||se|l. T| e word ol 0od, urao|e |o preser| ||e
p|a|r |ru|| W||c| cou|d ro| oe grasped oy a |urar ra|ure oesr|rc|ed oy
|grorarce ol ard a||era||or lror d|v|re |||rgs, W|se|y c|ose |o corrur|ca|e
8o. u. T|a|. , CC30 , . T| a| |s, |e oes|oWed d|v|r||y or re oy |a||rg o zz1
or
ry |urar||y. A |||||e |a|er |r ||e sare ques||or |ax|rus ollers ar |r|erpre|a||or
or aro||er |eve|, see|rg ||e |arps|ard as ||e |rd|v|dua| sou| ard Wor||rg ou|
aro||er sc|ere or ||e persora| |eve|, cl. ll. 1o
8;. 3ee ||e d|scuss|or ol |||s re||od |r lau| 8|oWers, Fxeges|s ard 3p|r||ua|
ledagogy, - . 18z|8
88. Ar|oor 3c|oors |as ara|yzed ||e e|yro|og|ca| usages ol |ax|rus W||| ar
a||erp| |o |race ||e|r sources |r `8|o||ca| 0roras||cs |r |ax|rus Corlessor's
uaes||ores ad T|a|ass|ur,' |r A. 3c|oors ard l. var 0eur, eds.,
llll0ll3T0b,
||sce||area |r lororer Caro|| laga 3ep|uagerar||(0r|er|a||a lovar|ers|a
Ara|ec|a
oo) leuver. lee|ers, , - . 1|z;;z
|ax|rus Corlessor o
||ese urder ||e ve|| ol |ypes ard l|gures.
8
Fv|| sp|r||s |ave ||e|r poWer ||dder |r ||e ra|ura| pass|ors ard oec|oud our
sp|r||ua| urders|ard|rg.
o
lor
|||s reasor We rus| pay |eed |o ||e Apos||e's say|rg ||a| ||e |e||er ||||s, ou|
||e sp|r|| g|ves ||le.
1
T| us |r ues||or |o T| a|ass|us |ax|rus |s as|ed aoou| ||e lord's serd|rg
le|er ard Jo|r |r|o ||e c||y |o prepare ||e lassover rea|. T| e d|sc|p|es
are |o|d |o ree| a rar carry|rg a jar ol Wa|er, W|or ||ey are |o lo||oW |o a
|ouse. T| ere ||ey W||| oe s|oWr oy ||e |ouse|o|der ||e |arge upper roor
W|ere ||ey are |o prepare ||e passover.z
lor |ax|rus ||e rys||ca| rear|rg
ol |||s passage |s ||dder oe||rd ||e |||era| s|ory ard |s |o oe read ||roug|
||e |ers ol a||egory. le|er ard Jo|r are syroo|s ol ac||or ard cor|erp|a||or,
respec||ve|y. T| ey are recogr|zed oy ||e rar carry|rg ||e Wa|er jar, W|o
represer|s ||ose W|o carry ||e grace ol ||e 3p|r|| or ||e s|ou|ders ol ||e
v|r|ues oy ||e ror||l|ca||or ol ||e reroers. T| e |ouse|o|der represer|s
||ose W|o ||roug| sp|r||ua| cor|erp|a||or lurr|s| a roor or a super|or
|eve| W||c| W||| oe l| | |o ercour|er ||e logos. T| e |ouse |s ||e s|a|e ol p|e|y
W||c| |s ||e goa| ol ar |rd|v|dua| W|o pu|s v|r|ue |r|o prac||ce. T|e ras|er
ol ||e |ouse |s ||e sou| er||g||ered oy ||e d|v|re ||g|| ol rys||ca| |roW|edge.
3uc| ar |r|erpre|a||or a||oWs |ax|rus |o |eac| ||e psyc|o|og|ca|
ard sp|r||ua| |ru|| ||a| rar |s |Wolo|d, as represer|ed |r ||e |Wo c|arac|ers
descr|oed. |e |s ore |r ||e ore |urar ra|ure, ou| |Wo |r ||a| |||s ra|ure
|s d|v|ded |r a|| p|e|y |r|o ac||ve ard cor|erp|a||ve. l| |s ||roug| ||e 3p|r||
||a| ||e logos ra|es ||e |Wo ore.
lass|rg |o ||e persora| |eve|, |ax|rus ra|es ||s a||egory spec|l|c. T| e
c||y represer|s ||e |rd|v|dua| sou| |o W||c| are regu|ar|y ser| as d|sc|p|es
545
||e |ogo| ol v|r|ue ard rys||ca| |roW|edge (gros|s). T| e Wa|er carr|er |s ||e
a||||ude ol pa||erce oear|rg or ||e s|ou|ders ol se|l-ras|ery ar urs|a|er
la||| rece|ved oy grace a| oap||sr. T| e |ouse |s ||e s|a|e ol v|r|ues ou|||
s|ore oy s|ore ol good ||oug||s ard ac||ors. T| e upper roor |s ||e spac|ous
|r|e|||gerce lurr|s|ed W||| rys||ca| v|s|ors ard |ru||s. T| e |ouse|o|der
|s ||e vo#(s||r|rg gros||ca||y |r ||e |ouse ol v|r|ue, |o W|or ||e logos
cores ard g|ves ||rse|l. T| e |rvo|ved a||egory corc|udes W||| a sp|r||ua|
ard a||egor|ca| |ru||.
8. Cl. u. T|a|. , CC30 , . zo ;1z1
o. Cl. u. T|a|. , CC30 , . z1 ;1z;
1. Cl. ll Cor . . |ax|rus uses |||s quo|a||or as We|| as Jo|r . (ador|rg o |z|
0od
|r sp|r|| ard |r |ru||) as scr|p|ura| Warrar| lor ||s re||od. Cl. u. T|a|. , W||c| o
|s a |org |rea|rer| ol |e||er versus sp|r||.
z. Cl. l| . - . zz81
o|Ter 3|x||- |o F|g|||-Cer|ury 0ree| C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
lor ||e passover |s rea||y ||e passage ol ||e logos |o ||e |urar r|rd
(vo#v), ||roug| W||c| ||e logos ol 0od |r ||s rys||ca| cor|rg oes|oWs lu||ress
or a|| ||s e|ec| oy s|ar|rg W||| ||er ||s oWr o|ess|rgs.

T| e Fxodus ever| Was a lavor||e |opos ol pa|r|s||c exege|es. ues||or 1o

descr|oes ||e a||egor|ca| rear|rg ol ||e go|der ca|l. lr ues||or |ax|rus |s 1;
as|ed aoou| ||e s|rarge ever|s surrourd|rg ||e c|rcurc|s|or ol |oses' sor.
|
le exp|a|rs ||a| ||e deser| W|erce |oses |s ser| |o ||oera|e ||e c|||drer ol
lsrae| represer|s |urar ra|ure, or ||e Wor|d, ol ||e s|a|e W|||ou| s|r W|ere|r
||e vo# |earrs ||e gros|s ol oe|rgs ard rece|ves ||e r|ss|or |o |ead ou| ol
||e Fgyp| ol serses ard ||e l|es| ||e lsrae|||es (= d|v|re ||oug||s ol oe|rgs)
W|o |aoor |r ||e c|ay ol ||e pass|ors. T| e vo#, ||r|ed |o W|sdor, |a|es ||e
rou|e ol ||e v|r|ues, W||c| does ro| a||oW lor ary s|opp|rg, `lor s|opp|rg |r
v|r|ue |s ||e oeg|rr|rg ol ev||.'

8u| de|ay|rg over ||e edges ol ra|er|a|||y

|eads |o ar |rc|||rg ol pass|ors ard a rerder|rg urc|rcurc|sed ard prolare
||e oe|av|or ard ||oug||s. l| |s ||er ||a| ||e logos preser|s ||rse|l |o ||s
corsc|erce |||e ar arge| ||rea|er|rg ||r W||| dea|| oecause ol ||s |arry|rg |r ||e
pa|| ol v|r|ue. T| er |||e a Z|ppora|, ||e W|sdor accorpary|rg
||e r|rd cu|s aWay every oase ||oug|| lror ||s |||r||rg (= ||s c|||d). T| e
sp|r||ua| ard ||eo|og|ca| corc|us|or |o |||s a||egory lo||oWs.
lor ||e Way ol ||e v|r|ues |s ver||ao|y l|||ed W||| rary |o|y arge|s, |.e.,
|r pr|rc|p|es ard rodes (|ogo| ard |ropo|) |o ell ec| every |ype ol v|r|ue as suc|,
as We|| as |r |rv|s|o|e arge|s coopera||rg |r ||e good W|||
us ard arous|rg |r us suc| ||oug||s.
o
|ax|rus ro|es ||a| ||e arge|'s ||rea| does ro| core aoou| a| ary ||re dur|rg ||e
jourrey, |.e., W|||e progress |s oe|rg rade, ou| ra||er W|er |oses
ard ||s lar||y are s|opp|rg a| ar |rr.
v||. word ard l|s|ory
T| e grea| per|| ol a sp|r||ua| exeges|s ol scr|p|ure |s a oypass|rg ol ||s |e||er,
ard ||us a reu|ra||z|rg ol ||s|or|ca| ever|s. T| e roderr cr|||ca| approac|es
|ave |r|roduced a rereWed apprec|a||or ol ||e |||era| serse ol o|o||ca| |ex|s
oy locus|rg or ||e 3||z-|r-leoer ol ||e|r au||ors. NeW cr|||ca| re||ods
|ave g|ver us a |eerer |rs|g|| |r|o a var|e|y ol |||erary lorrs |r W||c| o|o- . u.
T|a|. , CC30 , . cl. Aro. lo. ard ||s `cor|erp|a||ors.' ; 1o
|. Cl. 0er . . |z|
. u. T|a|. , CC30 , . 1; ;11
o. lo|d.
|ax|rus Corlessor o
||ca| rarra||ves are couc|ed. 3uc| a sers|||v||y |o ||s|or|ca| deve|oprer|s
Was c|arac|er|s||c re|||er ol ||e pa|r|s||c per|od |r gerera| ror ol ||a| ol
|ax|rus |r par||cu|ar.
To say |||s, |oWever, |s ro| |o say ||a| |ax|rus Was urcorcerred W|||
||s|ory or ||a| |e Was deal |o ary ressage || r|g|| corvey. l|s|ory lor ||r
|s ro |Wo-d|rers|ora| surlace ou| ra||er ar|lu||y oeve|ed |o revea| a d|v|re
p|ar.
;
lr lac|, |ax|rus car d|scerr |r ||s|ory a |Wolo|d process ol ||e
|rcarra||or ol 0od ard ||e de|l|ca||or ol rar.
8
le regards cor|erporary
||s|ory as ||e arera |r W||c| ||ere |s oe|rg Wor|ed ou| ||e grea| drara ol
persora| rederp||or. |oras||c corr||rer|, ||erelore, |s ||e W|o|e|ear|ed
erorac|rg ol |||s ca|| |o perlec||or. |od|e, s| vocer e|us aud|er|||s. . . . l| rears
|o |r|erpre| ||e ever|s ol ||le urder ||e |Wolo|d ruor|c ol prov|derce ard
546
judgrer|, a v|s||a||or lror 0od lor our sarc||l| ca||or.

ll vor 8a|||asar |s r|g|| |r see|rg |ax|rus as ||e 0ree| pa|r|s||c |||r|er

ros| oper |o ||e Wor|d,1oo
||s urders|ard|rg ol roras||c|sr |ad |o oe ro|
a l||g|| aWay lror || ou| ra||er a re|urr |o ||s cer|er, |o ||s logos. l| Was a
corr||rer| |o ||e red|rec||rg ol |urar ererg|es |r accordarce W||| ||e ore
|rcarra|e logos W|o c|ears up ||e er|gras ol ra|ure ard 3cr|p|ure ard W|o
se|s us urder ||e |aW ol grace. 0ur or|g|ra| roverer| Was ro| doWrWards
|r sore pre-cosr|c la||, as 0r|ger|s| specu|a||or Wou|d |ave ||, ou| ra||er
upWards |o ur|or W||| ||e Crea|or, |r |ax|rus' correc||or ol ||e sc|ere.
T| e |ogos ol ra|ure |s ca||ed oy 0od |o a reW |ropos, a d|rers|or ol |urar
ex|s|erce W|ere|r rar's lreedor W||| ree| 0od's |r |ove. |ax|rus |s
|r|er|, ||er, |o relocus ||e ror|'s v|s|or ol ||s sp|r||ua| s|r|v|rg aWay lror
a sequer||a| ascer| lror asce||c prax|s |o rys||ca| cor|erp|a||or as |l lror a
|esser ||le |o a ||g|er ore. T| |s Wou|d deva|ue a par| ol ||e |urar corpos||e.
lrs|ead, as ||s ||eory ol scr|p|ura| |r|erpre|a||or ra|es rar|les|, |e War|s |o
|rcu|ca|e a rore |r|egra|ed ard rea||s||c v|s|or ol prax|s ard cor|erp|a||or
as jo|red |oge||er ard s|ru||areous|y ac||ve.
1o1
la|||lu| ooservarce ol ||e
;. 3ee, lor exarp|e, ||e s|ages |r|o W||c| ||s|ory car oe d|v|ded |r u.
T|a|. , |1
CC30 - . z;z81
8. Cl. u. T|a|. . zz
. Cl. ||e |rea|rer| |r `l|s|ory ard Fxeges|s |r Fvagr|us ard |ax|rus,'
0r|ger|ara uar|a, - . 0r prov|derce ard judgerer|, cl. Aroo. lo. , 8 1o
0- 11
11oA, C0, C- C. 11o8 1188 11
1oo. `|ax|rus |arr a|s der We||ollers|e ur|er a||er 0er|err der gr|ec||sc|er
la|r|s||| ge||er, er uoer|r|ll||r se|rer grurdsa|z||c|er pos|||ver wer|urg der Na|ur
se|os| der Nysserer.' Kl, . z
1o1. T| |s po|r| |s We|| expressed oy lau| |. 8|oWers W|er |e says ||a| prax|s,
cor|erp|a||or, v|r|ue, ard |roW|edge `s|ard |r a cors|ar|, ru|ua||y co|r|erer|
ooTer 3|x||- |o F|g|||-Cer|ury 0ree| C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
corrardrer|s |s ||e exerc|se ol ||e lreedor ||a| ||e Crea|or or|g|ra||y
oes|oWed or |r|e|||ger| persors.
1oz
To ||e ror| W|o War|s |o |eave oll||e prac||ce ol ||e v|r|ues as rere
|ra|r|rg lor oeg|rrers ard corcer|ra|e or ||e ||g|er s|a|es, |ax|rus erp|as|zes
||roug| aourdar| scr|p|ura| exarp|es ard ||e Words ol 3|. lau|
||a| ||e |eaver|y ||le cors|s|s ol ||e sare.
T| erelore, |e| us |o ||e oes| ol our ao||||y ro| oe care|ess |r ooey|rg
0od W|o ca||s us |o e|erra| ||le ard |o a o|essed erd ||roug| ||e ooservarce ol
||s d|v|re ard sav|rg corrardrer|s '|o rece|ve rercy
ard l|rd grace as ar a|d |r ||re ol reed' (leo . ). 'lor grace,' says |1o
||e d|v|re Apos||e, |s W||| a|| W|o |ove our lord Jesus C|r|s| |r |rcorrup||o||||y'
(Fp| . ), ||a| |s, ||ose W|o |ove our lord W||| ||e oz|
|rcorrup||o||||y ol v|r|ue ard ||e pure ard s|rcere d|gr||y ol ||le, or |o
spea| rore c|ear|y, ||ose W|o |ove ||e lord oy do|rg ||s W||| ard ro|
oy |rarsgress|rg ary ol ||s corrards.
1o
To ||ose W|ose des|re lor cor|erp|a||ve so|||ude |eads ||er |o desp|se ever
||e euc|ar|s||c ga||er|rg |ax|rus g|ves ||e Warr|rg ||a| ||e arge|s are ||ere
ard |a|e ro|e ol W|o |s preser| a| ||e serv|ces, ard ||ey a|so ra|e supp||ca||ors
lor ||er.
1o|
l| |s |r ||e c|urc| ard a| ||e |||urgy, says |ax|rus, ||a|
We are |rarslorred ard rero|ded oy ||e grace ol ||e lo|y 3p|r|| |rv|s|o|y
preser| ou| a| Wor| |r eac| oe||ever. To ||e ror| |r pursu|| ol a roe||c ard
|rra|er|a| gros|s |ax|rus reca||s ||e d|v|re logos W|o erdured ||e ra||s,
cross, ard grave, W|||ou| la|||rg |r |ove lor ||s persecu|ors.
1o
|oras||c|sr
|s a ca|| |o jourrey |o ||e |ear| ol ||e C|urc| W|ere ||e sav|rg corless|or
ol C|r|s| |a|es p|ace.
To oe||eve |r ||e scr|p|ura| Word |s |o see ||s poWer ard |ru|| opera||ve
|r |urar ||s|ory ard |r ||e urlo|d|rg ol cor|erporary ever|s. T| e Arao
re|a||or.' 3ee `T| e logo|ogy ol |ax|rus ||e Corlessor |r l|s Cr|||c|sr ol
0r|ger|sr,' |r booer| J. 0a|y, ed., 0r|ger|ara u|r|a, . ;|
1oz. v|r|ue ard gros|s, says 0a|ra|s, g|ve r|se |oge||er |o ore W|sdor. `|a garde
des corrarderer|s se p|ace au cer|re de ce||e ror|ee vers |a d|v|r|sa||or qu|
a
547
pr|s sor lorderer| dars |a lo| e| |a cra|r|e.' l. l. 0a|ra|s, `la doc|r|re asce||que
de
3. |ax|re |e Corlesseur d'aprs |e l|oer Asce||cus,' lrer ( ). . zo1z
1o. |ys|. , Cw3 . z| z1
1o|. lo|d., Cw3 . T| e arge|s (represer|ed oy ||e s||rr|rgs ol our corsc|erce. zoo
bor . ) a|so Wa|c| over our ac||ors ard e|||er accuse or excuse us oo|| roW z1
ard or ||e day ol judgrer|. u. T|a|. , CC30 , . T| e |arguage |s |a|er z ;1o;
lror
||e lau||re verse. T| e arge|s |||eW|se rove us |o perlorr good deeds. C|ar.
. , zz
Cw3 , . , Cw3 . 1zo o
1o. l|o. asc. ard , l.0. , A-C. Cl. C|ap|ers or KroW|edge , . 1z 1 oz1 1oo
|ax|rus Corlessor o;
corques|s ol C|r|s||ar |ards, ol W||c| |ax|rus' d|sp|acerer|s are a W||ress,
Were seer oy ||r as 0od's judgrer| or a C|r|s||ar peop|e W|o |ad dr|l|ed
aWay lror a sav|rg corless|or ol ||e |rcarra|e logos ||roug| ar erorac|rg
ol ||e |oro||e|||e |eresy, a corpror|se la|||. l||e ||s ras|er 3op|ror|us
|e |r|erpre|ed ||e |us||r corques|s as ||e lu|l|||rer| ol ||e prop|e||c
Words ol lo|y wr||. T| e ore W|o saW ||e aoor|ra||or ol deso|a||or s|ard|rg |r
||e |o|y p|ace |ad |o urders|ard ||e esc|a|o|og|ca| s|gr|l|carce ol
|||s ever|.
1oo
lr a las||or ||a| |s rer|r|scer| ol 3|. Augus||re, |ax|rus sees
||e grea| drara ol rederp||or oe|rg p|ayed ou| or |Wo |eve|s, ||erelore,
|r ||e |rd|v|dua| sou| ard or ||e |eve| ol Wor|d ever|s. C|||rg ||e very |ex|
corcerr|rg ||e aoor|ra||or ol deso|a||or |e ||r|s ||e |Wo |eve|s.
|ar's r|rd |s a |o|y p|ace ard a |erp|e ol 0od |r W||c| ||e derors
|ave |a|d Was|e ||e sou| ||roug| pass|ora|e ||oug||s ard se| up ||e
|do| ol s|r. T| a| ||ese |||rgs |ave a|ready |appered |r ||s|ory ro ore
W|o |as read Josep|us car, l |||r|, douo|, ||oug| sore say ||a| ||ese
|||rgs W||| a|so |apper W|er ||e Ar||c|r|s| cores.
1o;
Froro||ed as a rajor l|gure |r ||e cor|rovers|es ol ||e day, |ax|rus |s a|
pa|rs |o s|ress ||e |urar rea|||y ol ||e |rcarra|e logos |r ||s lu|| rear|rg.
w|a| |s ro| assured |s ro| saved, |ax|rus Wou|d agree W||| 0regory ol
Naz|arzus. 8u| || |s prec|se|y |r ourse|ves ||a| ||e grea| drara ol rederp||or ard
de|l|ca||or |s |a||rg p|ace. l| |s |r |||s Wor|d ol l|ux ard aro|gu||y
||a| ||e Word ol ra|ure rus| c|ear|y oe read, ||e Word ol 3cr|p|ure l|rr|y
grasped, ||e |a|rosol grace lree|y ard corp|e|e|y accep|ed. T| e Wor|d |s
apoca|ypse, ard We are ||e graced. To as rary as rece|ve ||e word |e g|ves
||e poWer |o oecore c|||drer ol 0od.
8|o||ograp|y
var 0eur, l., `|ax|re |e Corlesseur. F|a| de |a ques||or e| o|o||ograp||e
ex|aus||ve'. |eror|a| 0e||ers - . T| e o|o||ograp|y ol er|r|es |r |8; 111;
c|roro|og|ca| order |s lo||oWed oy ar lrdex |r W||c| `3cr|p|ure' (Fcr||ure) cour|s
lor
or|y |Wer|y-l|ve ||||es, s|ar||rg |r (l. 3|erWood, 0Cl ) ard erd|rg |r 1o z|
1(N. |adder). Ar |rdex ol au||ors Wou|d oe |e|plu|.
1oo. Cl. 0ar . , || . , || . . lor 3op|ror|us see T| eop|ares, 111 z|1 11|
C|rorograp||a, ed. de 8oor (le|pz|g, ), l, . lor |ax|rus see opusc. 188 1
(l.0.
1, C0), Fp. (l.0. , A- C). l |ave |rea|ed |||s suojec| |r `leve|s 181 1| 1|o ||
ol
3cr|p|ura| |ear|rg |r |ax|rus ||e Corlessor,' 3l , - . z;1|z||
1o;. C|ar. . , Cw3 . z1 1
o8Ter 3|x||- |o F|g|||-Cer|ury 0ree| C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
3|ud|es
8er||o|d, 0. C. `leve|s ol 3cr|p|ura| |ear|rg |r |ax|rus ||e Corlessor.'
3|la|r z;
( ). - . 11z||
8|oWers, l. |. `Fxeges|s ard sp|r||ua| pedagogy |r |ax|rus ||e Corlessor. Ar
|rves||ga||or ol ||e 'uaes||ores ad T| a|ass|ur' (C|r|s||ar||y ard Juda|sr |r
Ar||qu||y,
;).'' 0|ss., ur|vers||y ol No|re 0are, . 1z
. `|ax|rus ||e Corlessor, 0regory ol Nyssa, ard ||e corcep| ol 'perpe|ua|
progress.'' v|gC|r ( ). - . |o1z11;1
. `T| e Ara|ogy ol 3cr|p|ure ard Cosros |r |ax|rus Corlessor.' 3|la|r z;
( ). - . 11||
. `T| e Aragog|ca| lrag|ra||or. |ax|rus ||e Corlessor ard ||e legacy ol
0r|ger|ar lerrereu||cs.' lr 0r|ger|ara 3ex|a. 0r|gre e| |a 8|o|e | 0r|ger ard
||e
8|o|e. Ac|es du Co||oqu|ur 0r|ger|arur 3ex|ur. C|ar||||y, aou|- sep|erore o
, ed||ed oy 0. 0or|va| ard A. le 8ou||uec, W||| ||e co||aoora||or ol 1
|. A|exardre, |. ledou, A. lour||er, ard J. wo||rs||, - . leuver. lee|ers, o|
548
1.
8oojarra, J. `0r|g|ra| 3|r Accord|rg |o 3|. |ax|rus ||e Corlessor.' vT zo
( ). 1;o
- 1o.
8orrer|, b. `Fxp||ca||or de |a |||urg|e e| |r|erpre|a||or de |'Fcr||ure c|ez |ax|re |e
Corlesseur.' 3|la|r ( ). - . 1o1;ozz;
Ceresa-0as|a|do, A. `|ar|a d| Nazare| re||e opere d| |ass|ro Corlessore.' lr
lo|yar||era. 3|ud| d| ||||era|ura cr|s||ara ar||ca oller|| 3a|va|ore Cos|arza
(3|ud| |ardoar||c|| ), vo|. , - . |ess|ra. Fd. 3|car|a, . ; z;;8 18
Cerve|||r, l. `'ler 3cr|p|urae secre|ur' (3err. XXXlX, ). l'|r|erpre|az|ore de||a |
3cr|||ura re| 3error|d| |ass|ro d| Tor|ro.' 3a| ( ). - . |1z;o;
0a|ra|s, l.-l. `le vocaou|a|re des ac||v||es |r|e||ec|ue||es, vo|or|a|res e|
sp|r||ue||es
dars |'ar||ropo|og|e de 3. |ax|re |e Corlesseur.' lr |e|. 0. C|eru, - . 18zoz
lar|s. vr|r, . 1o;
. `la rar|les|a||or du logos dars |'|orre e| dars |'Fg||se, |ypo|og|e
ar||ropo|og|que e| |ypo|og|e ecc|es|a|e d'aprs u(aes||ores ad) T|a|(ass|ur),'
|r |ax|rus Corlessor, Ac|es du 3yrpos|ur lre|ourg|3c|We|z - 3ep|eroer z
18o, - . larados|s . lre|ourg, . 1z z; 18z
0ouce|, |. `la vo|or|e |ura|re du C|r|s|, spec|a|erer| er sor agor|e, |ax|re
|e
Corlesseur, |r|erpr|e de |'Fcr||ure.' 3cFs ( ). - . ;181z
0upor|, v. l. `le dyrar|sre de |'ac||or |||urg|que, ure e|ude de |a |ys|agog|e de
sa|r| |ax|re |e Corlesseur.' bev3b ( ). - . o11o88
larre|, J. l. lree c|o|ce |r 3|. |ax|rus ||e Corlessor. 3ou|| Caraar la.. 3|.
T|||or., . 18
0asparro, 0. 3. `Aspe||| d| 'dopp|a creaz|ore' re||'ar|ropo|og|a d| |ass|ro ||
Corlessore.' 3l ( ). - . 1818o1z;|
|ax|rus Corlessor o
0a|||, |. l. |ass|ro || Corlessore, sagg|o d| o|o||ogral|a gerera|e rag|ora|a e
cor|r|ou|| per ura r|cos|ruz|ore sc|er||l|ca de| suo pers|ero re|al|s|co e re||g|oso.
ur|v. Ca||o||ca Cer|ro b|cerc|e |e|al|s|ca 3cT . |||ar. v|le, . z 18;
0regor|, 0. |. 0e. l|gure o|o||c|e rar|are ve|ero|es|arer|ar|e |r 3. |ass|ro,
vescovo
d| Tor|ro. 0|ss., bore. ls|. d| |ar|o|og|a, | . 1o8o
0ys|ers, 3. `les |raduc||ors |a||res du l|oer Asce||cus(Cl0 ) de 3. |ax|re ;oz
|e
Corlesseur.' Aug ( ). - . |o1o118
laus|err, l. l|||au||e. 0e |a |erdresse pour so| |a c|ar||e se|or 3. |ax|re |e
Corlesseur. 0CA . bore. lor||l. lrs|. 0r|er|a|, . 1; 1z
legge|oac|er, 0. `8ez|e|urger zW|sc|er Aroros|as|er urd |ax|rus vor
Tur|r?'
lZl|T| ( ). - . |11|||
le|rzer, l. `0o||es 3o|r a|s |ersc|. 0|e 3|ru||ur des |ersc|se|rs C|r|s|| oe|
|ax|rus Corlessor.' lr lar . lr3. ur|v., . zo 18o
K|rc|reyer, J. `ur correr|a|re de |ax|re |e Corlesseur sur |e Car||que?'
3|la|r
8( ). - . 1oo|oo1
laga, C. `Juda|sr ard ||e JeWs |r |ax|rus Corlessor's Wor|s, ||eore||ca|
cor|roversy ard prac||ca| a||||udes.' 8y3| ( ). - . 11o1;;88
larc|e|, J.-C|. `le oap|ere se|or 3a|r| |ax|re |e Corlesseur.' bev3b ( ). o11
- 1;o.
larc|e|, J.-C|., F. lorsoye, ard 0. 3|ar||oae. 3. |ax|re |e Corlesseur,
Aro|gua.
lr|roduc||or par J.-C|. l. Avar|-propos, |raduc||or e| ro|es par F. l. Correr|a|re
par 0. 3. (l'Arore de Jesse). lar|s. 3uresres, les Fd|||ors de |'Arcre,
1|.
larc|e|, J.-C|., ard F. lorsoye. 3. |ax|re |e Corlesseur, ues||ors T|
a|ass|os.
lr|roduc||or par J.-C|. l. Traduc||or e| ro|es par F. l. (l'arore de Jesse).
3uresres.
les Fd|||ors de |'Arcre, . 1z
le||e|, l.-|. `T| eo|og|e de |'agor|e du C|r|s|, |a ||oer|e |ura|re du l||s de 0|eu
e| sor |rpor|arce so|er|o|og|que r|ses er |ur|re par 3a|r| |ax|re |e
Corlesseur.' T|l ( ). z1;
lou||, A. `lagar ||eurgy ard C|r|s||ar sacrarer|a||sr |r 0erys ||e Areopag||e.'
JT| 3 ( ). - . ;18o|z8
|adder, N. `T| e correr|ary or ||e la|er Nos|er, ar exarp|e ol ||e s|ruc|ura|
re||odo|ogy ol |ax|rus ||e Corlessor.' lr |ax|rus Corlessor (larados|s ), z;
ed||ed oy l. le|rzer, - . lr|oourg, . 1|; 18z
0| e ror arcora. vo|. , |ass|ro || Corlessore, l| 0|o-uoro, duecer|o oo
pers|er|
su||a coroscerza d| 0|o e su||'|rcarraz|ore d|Cr|s|o. Fd||ed ard |rars|a|ed oy
A. Ceresa-Cas|a|do. |||ar. Jaca, . 18o
549
Co||ara d| |es|| pa|r|s||c|. vo|. , |ass|ro || Corlessore, urar|| e d|v|r|| d| 1
Cr|s|o,
|r. |r|r. ro|e. Fd||ed ard |rars|a|ed oy A. Ceresa-Cas|a|do. bore. C||| Nuova,
1;.
;oTer 3|x||- |o F|g|||-Cer|ury 0ree| C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
`|ax|rus Corlessor, Ac|es du 3yrpos|ur lr3 - sep|. .' lar ( ), z 18o z;18z
ed||ed oy l. le|rzer ard C. 3c|oroorr. lr3. ur|v.
|ax|rus Corlessor, se|ec|ed Wr|||rgs (0ree|). lr C|ass|cs ol wes|err 3p|r||ua|||y.
Fd||ed ard |rars|a|ed oy 0. C. 8er||o|d. |a|Wa|, N.J.. lau||s|, . 18
|ax|rus Corlessor, ver||ar|rg var |e| 0rze vader (Ker|vader|e|s|er re|
correr|aar ). 8or|e|der. Aod|j 8e|||e|er, . 1o 1
|ax|rus ||e Corlessor, T| e 0|spu|a||or W||| lyrr|us (C|r|s|o|ogy). Fd||ed ard
|rars|a|ed oy J. l. larre|. 3ou|| Caraar la.. 3|. T|||or, . 1o
|o|dovar, l. 0. `Teo|og|a |rv|er|| (besurrec||or|s) |r opera sl. |ax|r |ar|ur|s||oru|
(Corlessor|s).' 3|ud|| Teo|. ( ). - . o1o81zz;
le|||ar, J. `'Courc|| or la||er or 3cr|p|ure'. T| e Corcep| ol Au||or||y |r ||e
T| eo|ogy ol |ax|rus ||e Corlessor.' 0CA ( ). - . 11;z;;88
l|re|, l. `le C|r|s| e| |a Tr|r||e se|or |ax|re |e Corlesseur.' 0|ss., lar|s. lrs|.
Ca||.,
181.
. le C|r|s| e| |a Tr|r||e se|or |ax|re |e Corlesseur. Tl|s| . lar|s. o
8eauc|esre,
18.
borer, l. `8|o||ca| ard |||urg|ca| syroo|s W||||r ||e lseudo-0|orys|ar syr||es|s.'
3|T ( ). ;118|
3c|oors, A. `8|o||ca| 0roras||cs |r |ax|rus Corlessor's uaes||ores ad
T|a|ass|ur.' l r l|||o||s|or. ||sce||area |r |ororer Car|o laga sep|uagerar||
(0r|er|a||a lovar|ers|a Ara|ec|a, ), ed||ed oy A. 3c|oors ard l. var 0eur, oo
- z;;z. louva|r. lee|ers, . 1|
3c|Wager, b. `0as |ys|er|ur der uoerra|ur||c|er Na|ur-le|re, zur
Fr|osurgs|e|re
des |ax|rus Corlessor.' ZKT ( ). - . 1o18z;
3|erWood, l. `Fxpos|||or ard use ol 3cr|p|ure |r 3|. |ax|rus as rar|les| |r ||e
uaes||ores ad T|a|ass|ur.' 0Cl ( ). - . |18zoz;
3|dorov, A. l. `lrerodoory| |a|s|r lspovedr||, To||ovar|e ra psa|or (=
|ax|ros loro|oge|es, Korrer|ar zu lsa|r . uoerse|zurg urd
Korrer|ar).'
3|rvo| ( ). - . zz1818;8
3|rore|||, |. `No|e su ar||c|| correr|| a||e 8ered|z|or| de| la|r|arc||.' lr Arra||
de||a lac. d| le||ere, l||osol|a e |ag|s|ero de||'ur|vers|| d| Cag||ar|, vo|. , z8
- |o;. Cag||ar|, . 1oo
3|r||oae, 0. `la C|r|s|o|og|e de sa|r| |ax|re |e Corlesseur.' Cor|ac|s |o
( ). 188
- 11zzo.
3|ee|, C. `'F|erer|a||o evarge||ca.' A propos de |ax|re |e Corlesseur, Aro|gua
ad
lo|. Xvll.' l r T| e lour 0ospe|s . ls. lrars Ne|ryrc|, vo|. lll, ed||ed oy l. 1z
var
3egoroec|, C. |. Tuc|e||, e| a|., - . louva|r. lee|ers, . z|1z 1z
Te|eprell, 0. T| e corcep| ol ||e persor (|urar lree W|||) |r ||e C|r|s||ar
le||er|sr ol ||e 0ree| C|urc| la||ers, a s|udy ol 0r|ger, 3|. 0regory ||e T|
eo|o g|ar,
ard 3|. |ax|rus ||e Corlessor.0|ss., 0radua|e T| eo|og|ca| ur|or, . 11
|ax|rus Corlessor ;1
T| eop|are pre. `le rys|re de |a ||oer|e dars |'|orre de|l|e, se|or 3a|r|
|ax|re
|e Corlesseur.' Cor|ac|s ( ). - . z1o|1
T|uroerg, l. |ar ard ||e cosros, ||e v|s|or ol |ax|rus ||e Corlessor.
Cres|Wood,
N... 3|. v|ad|r|r, . 18
urger, 0. J. `C|r|s| Jesus, Cer|er ard l|ra| 3cope ol A|| Crea||or, accord|rg |o
|ax|rus Corlessor.' lr ( ). - . 1|ooz
var 0eur, l. `0eux |ex|es a||r|oues |or| |ax|re |e Corlesseur.' 3cr |o
( ). 1z
8;.
. `les ex|ra||s de |ax|re |e Corlesseur cor|erus dars |es c|aires sur |e
Nouveau
Tes|arer|.' 0ll ( ). - . z1zzo1;
. `les ex|ra||s de |ax|re |e Corlesseur cor|erus dars |es c|aires sur
|'Fvarg||e
de |arc.' 0ll ( ). - . z1|1o;
. `les ex|ra||s de |ax|re |e Corlesseur cor|erus dars |es c|aires sur
|'Fvarg||e
de |a||||eu.' lr l|||o||s|or, ed||ed oy A. 3c|oors ard l. var 0eur, - . zz8
550
0r.lov.Ar. . louva|r. lee|ers, . oo 1|
Z|rr|e|d, C.-A. `le douo|e v|sage de |a pass|or, ra|ed|c||or due au pec|e e||ou
dyrar|sre de |a v|e. uaes||ores ad T|a|ass|urde 3. |ax|re |e Corlesseur
XXl, XXll FT Xlll.' lr l|||o||s|or, ed||ed oy A. 3c|oors ard l. var 0eur, - o1
8o. 0r.lov.Ar. . louva|r. lee|ers, . oo 1|

;zTer 3|x||- |o F|g|||-Cer|ury 0ree| C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
lX
0Fb|ANu3 0l C0N3TANTlN0llF
CA. o34CA. 733
la|r|arc| ol Cors|ar||rop|e, ||s |ore|oWr, |r - , 0errarus Was ||e ;1;z
sor ol a roo|e lar||y. l|s la||er, a lavor||e ol Frperor lerac||us ( - ), o1oo|1
Was execu|ed lor corsp|racy |r . 0errarus ||rse|l Was rade a euruc| oo8
a| ||e age ol |Wer|y ard |r|egra|ed oy lorce |r|o ||e c|ergy ol lag|a 3op||a.
urder Frperor Cors|ar||re lv |e oecare |rs|rurer|a| |r corvo||rg
||e Fcurer|ca| Courc|| ol Cors|ar||rop|e lll ( ) W||c| corderred o81
|oro||e||sr, ard |e lourd ||rse|l ror|ra|ed re|ropo|||ar o|s|op ol
Cyz|cus. A| ||e |oca| syrod ol , |e d|soWred ||e dec|s|ors ol , ou| ;1z o81
as soor as corsecra|ed la|r|arc| ol Cors|ar||rop|e Augus| , , oy 11;1
Frperor Aras|as|us ll, |e ara||er|zed |oro||e||sr lor good. le Was deposed
Jaruary , lor oppos|rg ar ed|c| ol Frperor leo lll, ||e lsaur|ar, 1;;o
W||c| lavored |coroc|asr. le d|ed soor al|er, a|ros| a |urdred years o|d |r
||s re|rea| a| l|a|ar|or, rear ||e cap||a|. l|s Fxp|ara||or ol lo|y l||urgy(l0
8, - ) ard ||e |a|er 0e |aeres|ous e| syrod|sare ||s or|y ex|ar| Wor|s, 8||
|oge||er W||| |e||ers quo|ed |r ||e e|g||| Fcurer|ca| Courc|| ard r|re
|or|||es ol W||c| sever W||ress |o ||e deve|oprer| ol |ar|ar doc|r|res.
lr ore ol ||s |e||ers (ll. l0 , - ) 0errarus surrar|zes ||s argurer|s |r 81o1o1
lavor ol |cors oy correr||rg or Fx . . l|s sourd erp|as|s zo|
or d|v|re |rarscerdercy ard ||s locus or d|v|re |rcarra||or a||oW ||r
|o delerd p|c|or|a| represer|a||ors ol C|r|s| ard |ary W|||ou| a ||r| ol
supers||||or. lr ||s |ar|ar |or|||es 0errarus correr|s ra|r|y or ||e
lreser|a||or ol |ary |r ||e Terp|e, ||e Arrurc|a||or, ard ||e 0orr|||or.
le s|resses |ary's |r|egra| pur||y ard ur|versa| |r|ercess|or ever rore
e|oquer||y ||ar ||s cor|erporary Ardreas ol Cre|e, ard |r ar||c|pa||rg ||e
red|eva| |yr|c|sr ol 8errard ol C|a|rvaux. bare|y |ad ||e ac|ua||z|rg ol r|
da|a oeer pus|ed |o suc| a degree ol persora| p|e|y. (see lor |rs|arce lor||y
ll or ||e 0orr|||or. l0 , ). 0errarus |s a|so cred||ed W||| |urdreds 8|
ol |or|a||aard |yrrs d|sser|ra|ed |r ||e 8yz|ar||re |||urgy.
Fd|||ors
l0 , - . 0ogra||c le||ers, - . lor|||es `0r ||e l|le-0|v|rg 81|8zz1 z18|
Cross,' `0r ||e 8ur|ed lord' (lor lo|y 3a|urday), `0r ||e T|eo|o|os'
(lor|||es - , co|. - , oe|org |o ||e |egacy ol 0errerus ll ol 1z zz1z8
Cors|ar||rop|e).
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| 3|ud|es ;
Auoer|, l., 0l0F ( ). - . zo18|ooo;
Cayre, l., 0TC , ( ). - . oz11|1ooo
Cu||o de||e |rrag|r| e cr|s| |coroc|as|a. A||| de| Corvegro d| s|ud| (Ca|ar|a - 1o1;
|agg|o (uaderr| d| 3yrax|s ). la|erro . 18| z 18o
lazzo, v., `Ag|| |r|z| de||' |coroc|asro. Argorer|az|ore scr|||ur|s||ca e d|lesa de||e
|corepresso || pa|r|arca 0erraro d| Cors|ar||ropo||'. laro|a e 3p|r||o. ls.
3. C|pr|ar|, l. 8resc|a. la|e|a, . 18z
0arrouzs, J., 03p ( ). - . o1o;o11
werger, A., l'Assorp||or de |a T. 3. v|erge dars |a |rad|||or oyzar||re du vl
e
au X
e
s|c|e. lar|s . 1
0errarus ol Cors|ar||rop|e ;
;|Ter 3|x||- |o F|g|||-Cer|ury 0ree| C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
X
J0lN 0l 0A|A3Cu3 CA. o75743|754
8orr |r 0arascus, |r a lar||y ol ||g|-rar||rg c|v|| servar|s (ore ol ||er
|ad opered ||e doors ol 0arascus |o ||e Araos |r ), Jo|r Was educa|ed o
W||| ||e |e|p ol a |eac|er, pr|sorer ol War, lror sou||err l|a|y. l|s o|der
lr|erd Was ||e Arao|c poe| A||a|, a yourger ore Was ||e lu|ure ca||l Jaz|d
( - ). l||e ||s la||er Jo|r served a| ||e cour| ur||| Aode| |a|e| ( - o8oo8 o8
;o) ard 0rar ll ( - ) |raugura|ed a reg|re |r|o|erar| ol C|r|s||ars. ;1;;zo
le re||red |o ||e roras||c so|||ude ol |ar 3aoa rear Jerusa|er, ded|ca||rg
||rse|l |o asce||c|sr, ard s|udy|rg scr|p|ure ard ||e la||ers. le Was a|so
ce|eora|ed as a re||g|ous poe|. Jo|r v ol Jerusa|er ( - ) orda|red ||r ;oo;z;
a pr|es| ard |e ol|er preac|ed |r Jerusa|er. 0ur|rg ||e cor|roversy aoou|
||e use ol pa|r|ed |rages |r ||e c|urc|, |e suppor|ed ||e|r cu||. 8elore ||s
dea||, |e rev|sed a|| ||s Wr|||rgs. Al|er |av|rg erdured pos||urous sarc||ors oy
||e |coroc|as|s, Jo|r's rerory Was so|err|y re|ao||||a|ed a| ||e
551
3ecord Courc|| ol N|caea |r (Ko||er, ). ;8; 1z;
Jo|r ol 0arascus produced rerar|ao|e dogra||c Wr|||rgs, sys|era||ca||y
orgar|zed as corp||a||ors ol ear||er C|r|s||ar |||era|ure W||| or|g|ra|
correr|s.
1) ||e 3ource ol KroW|edge(l0 , - , ed. l. la||aray C|ase, NeW |z11zz8
or| ), |rc|ud|rg a ded|ca|ory |e||er, a l|rs| par| ol cap||a p|||osop||ca, 18
`p|||osop||ca| c|ap|ers,' a secord par| W||| a ||s|ory ol ore |urdred
|eres|es (||e e|g||y erurera|ed oy Fp|p|ar|us ol 3a|ar|s |r larar|or
ard |Wer|y o||ers), a|so |roWr as c|ap|er ol ||e ca|era 0oc|r|ra |
pa|rur de |rcarra||ore veroe(ed. l. 0|e|arp, |urs|er|w. ), ard 1o;
a |||rd par|, T| e Fxpos|||or ol 0r||odox la|||(ed. 0. l. 3a|rord, NeW
or| , 0. 3||eler|oler, |ur|c| , F. lorsoye, lar|s .), W||| 18 1z 1oz
aro||er |urdred c|ap|ers or 0od, crea||or, |urar||rd, |rcarra||or,
esc|a|o|ogy ard asce||c|sr.
z) ||e F|erer|ary lrs|ruc||or(l0 , - ). 11z
) lroless|ors ol la|||.
|) lo|er|ca| |rea||ses aga|rs| ||e Nes|or|ars (l0 , - ), ard o||er 18ozz
|rea||ses.
) 0ra||or aga|rs| ||e lcoroc|as|s(l0 , - ). |1zz1|;o
As ar |r|erpre|er ol scr|p|ure Jo|r e|aoora|ed a Correr|ary or lu||re
le||ers(l0 , - ), oased or ||e Wr|||rgs ol Jo|r C|yrsos|or ard ||11o|
o||ers. T| e au||er||c||y ol ||e |or|||es or ||e lexarerorrera|rs d|spu|ed.
Cer|a|r|y au||er||c are ||ree serrors 0r ||e 0orr|||or ol ||e lo|y v|rg|r
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| (l0 , - , ed. l. vou|e|, 3C ; o;oo;oz
, lar|s ), a serror 0r ||e Na||v||y 8o 1o1
ol ||e v|rg|r(l0 , - ), 0r ||e Trarsl|gura||or(l0 , - ), ooo1o8o o|;o
lr 3aooa|ur sarc|ur(l0 , - ), lr l|cur arelac|ar( - ). l|s ooo1o|| ;88
vo|ur|rous ar||o|ogy 3acra lara||e|a(K. lo||, Tu , , , , le|pz|g - 8er||r 1o1zoz
- 18z, see |. b|c|ard, 03p , - ) a|so |rc|udes rary o|o||ca|- |;|8o
pa|r|s||c quo|a||ors. l|s 0|spu|a||ooe|Weer a |us||r ard a C|r|s||ar (l0
|, - , ed. b. le Coz, 3C , lar|s ) ard o||er ar||-ls|ar|c 18o 8 1z
parp||e|s s|oW |oW Jo|r exp|a|red ||e l|gura||ve rear|rg ol scr|p|ure |r ||s
resporse |o ls|ar. las|, ou| ro| |eas|, Jo|r oecare larous lor ||s |||urg|ca|
poe|ry, ||oug| || |s roW d|ll|cu|| |o de|err|re ||e lu|| ex|er| ol ||s cor|r|ou||or (l.
0. 8ec|).
T|e |or|||es 0r ||e Na||v||yard 0r ||e 0orr|||orol |ary oller ar easy
access |o Jo|r's correr|s or o| ard r| passages app||ed |o ||e ro||er ol
Jesus. le a||egor|zes ary o|o||ca| da|a sWep| |r|o ||e exuoerar| s|rear ol ||s
ora|ory. le Warrs ||s readers ||a| |e |r|erds |o |eep a s|r|c| cor|ro| (`we
s|a|| |eep |r r|rd ||e corc|seress ol ||e address,' 0orr|||or , ), ou| |r 1|
||s preac||rg |e rever re|rs |r ||s er||us|as||c excesses. `lerce l ar exu|||rg, l
|e| exp|ode ry pr|de ard joy, cor|rg oac| |o ||e source ol rarve|s.
lreor|a|ed oy ||e |orrer| ol ry |app|ress, aga|r l p|ay or ||e |arp ol ||e
3p|r|| ard s|rg ||e |yrrs ol d|v|re Na||v||y' (Na||v||y, ).
l|s |ypo|og|ca| read|rg ol scr|p|ure |s We|| |||us|ra|ed oy ||e |||ary ol
|ar|ar `|ypes' proc|a|red |r 0orr|||or , - . Arorg ||ose |ypes ||e `|adder ol 18
Jacoo' rece|ves a spec|a| |rea|rer| (Na||v||y, , 0orr|||or , , , ). 18z
0orr|||or g|ves ||r ar oppor|ur||y |o reca|| ||e sWeep ol ||e ecorory ol z
sa|va||or. Jo|r s|ar|s oy locus|rg or ||e para||e|s oe|Weer Fve ard |ary, |e
erds oy g|or|ly|rg ||e Jerusa|er ol ||e Jo|arr|re Apoca|ypse, ||e ur|versa|
c|o|r ol sa|r|s lror Adar ard Fve |o ||e apos||es ol Jesus, c|ar||rg |ary's
pra|ses, ard |er sor add|rg ||s oWr use ol ||e Car||c|e W|er |e We|cores
|er |r|o |eaver al|er |er dea|| (0orr|||or , ). |ary's dead oody |s ||e z1o
|ocus ol r|rac|es, || |s ||e reW `ar|' carr|ed |r process|or up |o |eaver ( , z
1z). Jo|r's argurer|s lor ||a| `assurp||or' are lrared |r ||e ra||ora|e ol ||e
argurer|s aoou| d|v|re |rcarra||or. 0r ||e |op ol ||e `rys||c rour|a|r' ol
Fxodus , a|| a|org ||e `roe||c ard ||v|rg' |adder ol |rcarra||ora| sa|va||or z|
(0orr|||or , ), |ary c||ros |o ||e |eaver|y Jerusa|er, ||e `c|urc| ol ||e z
l|rs|-oorr. (lo . ), |eav|rg |er |oro |o oecore a reW `|aoerrac|e.' T| e 1zz
|yrr ol Fxodus roW resourds aga|rs| Nes|or|ars. |ary's ur|or W||| |er sor
|r ||e |r|urp|ar| juo||a||or ol |eaver |s |r ||e cer|er ol Jo|r's resp|erder|
esc|a|o|og|ca| v|s|or (0orr|||or , ).
Jo|r ol 0arascus ;
;oTer 3|x||- |o F|g|||-Cer|ury 0ree| C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
l0
Cl0
Ko||er, 8., ed. 0|e 3c|r|l|er des Jo|arres vor 0aras|os. 8yzar||r|sc|es lrs|||u|
der Ao|e| 3c|eyerr. lTA - . 1o188
lTA , l. lrs|||u||o e|erer|ar|s. Cap||a l|||osop||ca (0|a|ec||ca) . ; 1o
lTA , ll. Fxpos|||o l|de| . 1z 1;
lTA , lll. Cor|ra |rag|rur ca|urr|a|ores ora||ores |res . 1; 1;
lTA , lv. l|oer de |aeres|ous. 0pera po|er|ca . zz 181
lTA , v. 0pera |or||e||ca e| |ag|ograp||ca . z 188
3|ud|es
552
Aragros|opu|os, 8. `|ys|er|or|r ||e 3acrarer|a| Teac||rg ol Jo|r ol
0arascus.'
3|la|r. ( ). - . 1;1o;;1
Arra|dez, A. |., les |ro|s d|scours de Jear 0arascre sur |es |rages. 0|ss.
lar|s . 1oz
8arrard, l. w. `T| e use ol ||e 8|o|e |r ||e 8yzar||re lcoroc|as||c Cor|roversy.'
TZ
1| ( ). - . z1;;88
8asarao, |. `3l|r|a 3cr|p|ur| |r|erpre|area e| |a 3|rodu| vll ecurer|c.'
|||r8ar ;
( | ). - . 18;|1oz|
8ec|, l. 0., K|rc|e urd ||eo|og|sc|e l||era|ur |r oyzar||r|sc|er be|c|. |ur|c|
. 1
- |;o8o(o|o||ograp|y).
lor||ro, F. l. `b|corc|||az|ore e de|l|caz|ore re| pers|ero o|zar||ro.'
Nuovaur , ;8
( ). - . 181o|
loec|, J. |., `3|ard urd Aulgaoer der 0aras|us-lorsc|urg'. 0Cl ( ). 1;11
- oo.
Jarrers, F., 0|e jaro|sc|er Karors des Jo|arres vor 0aras|us. F|re
pa|aograp||sc|e urd s||||s||sc|e 3|ud|e. 8err-|ur|c| . 1o
Ka|||s, A. `lrago e| s|r||||udo 0e|, 0rurdzuge pa|r|s||sc|-os|||rc|||c|er
Ar||ropo|og|e
(Jo|arres vor 0aras|os).' 0|ss., |urs|er, . 1;8
Ko||er, 8., TbF ( ). - (o|o||ograp|y). 1;1881z;z
lalor|a|re-0osogre, J. `l'|||us|ra||or du cyc|e des |ages su|var| |'|ore||e sur |a
Na||v||e a||r|ouee Jear 0arascre.' |useor ( ). - . 1oo18;z11z|
|or|ara, l. `0a| g|ossar|o a||'eseges|, |'appara|o errereu||co a| carore
per|ecos|a|e a||r|ou||o a 0|ovarr| 0arascero re| rs. 0||oo. 0r. .' 3C0 z|8 |z
( ). 1z
- 1|;, - |es|o greco. 1|o|
0dor|co, l. `la cu||ura de||a sy||og, ) l| cos|dde||o erc|c|oped|sro o|zar||ro, ) 1 z
le |avo|e de| sapere d| 0|ovarr| 0arascero.' 8yZ ( ). - . 81o1z1
0roar, A. l. `0|e |a|e|r|sc|e uoerse|zurg vor zWe| lred|g|er des Jorres
0aras|eros aul d|e Ko|res|s |ar|a, F|rlu|rurg, Ausgaoe urd Arrer|urger.'
8yz ( ). - . oo1ozz1
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| 0'bour|e 8oy|e, |., `C|r|s| ||e lcor ;;
|r ||e Apo|og|es ol lo|y lrages ol Jo|r ol
0arascus'. 00Tb ( ). - . 11;o1;8o
l|cc|r|||o, |. `la |oroa de||a verg|re a| 0e|serar| (ore||a de| 0arascero).' T3.
(l)
o( ). - . 18;1|;
3c|u||ze, 8., `0as 8e|er Jesu rac| Jo|arres vor 0aras|us'. 0rC|r ( ). z1;1
- 1o1o.
. 03p ( ). - (o|o||ograp|y). 81;||zoo
. `Jo|arres vor 0aras|us, Jo|arres C|rysos|orus, Fuseo|us vor Casarea
uoer
8e|err|r|s urd la|| des le|rus.' 0Cl ( ). - . |z1;o;;
3pec|, l. `F|re lr|erpo|a||or |r der 8||derreder des Jo|arres vor 0aras|us,'
8yZ
8z( ). - . 1811|1;
3|uder, 8., 0|e ||eo|og|sc|e Aroe||sWe|se des Jo|arres vor 0aras|us(3| la|r e|
8yz
z). F||a| . 1o
wea||eroy, l. l. `lor||y or ||e Trarsl|gura||or ol our lord Jesus C|r|s| oy
3|. Jo|r ol 0arascus.' 00Tb ( ). - . z18;1z
wo||, 0. `0|e lrop|e|erz||a|e der 3acra lara||e|a (adscr|p|a Jo|. 0arascero) |r
||rer ver|a||r|s zur 3ep|uag|r|auoer||elerurg.' 3TA . |ur|c|. Kose|, . 1 1o
Jo|r ol 0arascus ;;
;8Ter 3|x||- |o F|g|||-Cer|ury 0ree| C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
Xl
CATFNAF`ClAlN3' 0l
8l8llCAl lNTFblbFTATl0N
lror ||e s|x|| cer|ury c.e., co||ec||ors ol c||a||ors (ca|erae) cop|ed Word
lor Word lror ear||er 8|o|e correr|ar|es ru|||p||ed |r 0ree|-spea||rg
c|urc|es. T| ese Were a C|r|s||ar dup||ca||or ol ||e c|ass|ca| gerre ol
`ar||o|og|es,' co||ec||ors ol c||a||ors lror arc|er| poe|s used |r ||e sc|oo|s
s|rce ||e ||re ol l|a|o (leg A) ard ol o||er co||ec||ors ol quo|a||ors 811
used |r secu|ar sc|oo|s ol ||e|r ||re. T| e popu|ar||y ol pa|r|s||c ca|erae
rever dec||red |r ||e 0ree|-spea||rg Fas| W|||e |r ||e wes| || pers|s|ed
ur||| ||e belorra||or.
8orroWed lror a ||r||ed ruroer ol correr|ar|es, |||era| quo|a||ors
ol arc|er| C|r|s||ar Wr||ers Were ||r|ed ore |o aro||er, W||| ||e spec|l|c
553
|der||l|ca||or ol ||e c||ed au||ors. T| ese pa|r|s||c quo|a||ors, p|aced s|de
oy s|de W||| ||e scr|p|ura| verses (|erra|a) quo|ed |r ||e|r ra|ura| order,
Were p|aced e|||er or ||e |el|s|de or |r ||e r|dd|e ol ||e pages. No add|||ora|
correr|s, g|ossae, Were |r|roduced oy corp||ers ol ||e ca|eraeas
||e quo|ed pa|r|s||c au||or|||es supposed|y corl|rred ard c|ar|l|ed eac|
o||er's s|a|erer|s.
3oor quo|a||ors lror ror-exege||ca| Wr|||rgs Were added, ra|r|y |a|er
lror |or|||es. T| ese sc|o||ae, |r ros| cases dea||rg W||| ||e |ex| ol o| |r
sore lexap|a ed|||ors der|ved lror 0r|ger, |r|erded |o ass|s| |r ||e
urders|ard|rg ol ||e o|o||ca| |ex|, ard oy corsequerce, ||s arc|er| correr|a|ors.
3oor a|so ||e produc||or ol ca|erae(||e |ec|r|ca| |err ||se|l da|es or|y
lror ||e lour|eer|| cer|ury. Ca|era aurea, || c. 0ree| ||||es. o ppisd
s\od`exege||ca| ex|rac|s,' vd" v ppisv s\ov
`co||ec||or ol exege||ca| ex|rac|s') prospered |r a c|osed c|rcu||, as ||e o|der
ores gerera|ed reW se|s ol suc| `c|a|rs.' lr ||e process, ex|s||rg co||ec||ors
||erse|ves Were aoorev|a|ed, or r|xed W||| o||ers, spec|l|c quo|a||ors Were
ex|erded or reduced, or |r sore cases, Were e||r|ra|ed. 0ccas|ora||y, o||ers
s||l|ed lror se| |o se|. lerce up |o ||e preser| day, s|udy|rg ||e gerea|ogy
ol ca|erae|as oecore a oeW||der|rg |as|, a lorr|dao|e c|a||erge lor reW
gerera||ors ol exper|s. 0. 0or|va| o|ur||y s|a|es. `Currer||y ||ere are ro
spec|a||s|s ol ca|erae, ou| or|y spec|a||s|s ol ||e ca|eraeor lsa|rs or spec|a||s|s
ol ||e ca|eraeor lroveros ard so lor||' (0or|va| , v|||). 18o
T| e very |dea ol suc| ca|eraeray |ave oeer s|ared W||| secu|ar sc|o|ars
ol 8yzar||ur (w||sor ), ou| ||e sys|era||c use ol ||e ca|eralor educa||ora| 18
ard apo|oge||c purposes urdouo|ed|y addressed ar ecc|es|as||ca|
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| readers||p, ||e o|r||p|ace ol ||a| ;
reW exege||ca| |||era|ure oe|rg 0aza, rear
||e sou||eas| correr ol ||e |ed||errarear (F. |u||eroerg , |rd|spersao|e 18
lor ||e ||s|ory ol researc| ard re||odo|ogy, W||| o|o||ograp|y). lr ||e
ear|y s|x|| cer|ury, a C|r|s||ar sc|oo| ol ||g| |earr|rg |r 0aza cour|ed ||ree
larous sc|o|ars, lrocop|us (ca. - ), Aereas ard Zac|ar|as b|e|or. |oozo
Accord|rg |o arc|er| W||resses, lrocop|us au||ored ca|eraeor Car||c|es,
lroveros ard o|e|e|, a|so or ||e l|rs| e|g|| ooo|s ol ||e 8|o|e, ||e 0c|a|euc|,
ard lsa|a|. lor exarp|e, see lrocop|us's ca|eraor o|e|e| |r CC30 . T| e |
Ca|era ol ||e T|ree la||ersor o|e|e| |r CC30 ( ) deperds d|rec||y 1118
or lrocop|us. l|o||us, 8|o|. , Was s|||| ao|e |o read lrocop|us's `exege||ca| zoo
sc|o||a' |o ||e 0c|a|euc|. A||eas| lour raruscr|p|s Wr|||er |r urc|a|
c|arac|ers are a W||ress |o ||e ex|s|erce ol ca|erae|r ||e s|x|| cer|ury.
cod. la|r|us , ||- || c. ard va|. gr. , || c., or Joo, cod. Taur. 8 l 1;1; 8 ;|
1o, || c., or ||e lsa|rs, cod. Zacyr|||us, poss|o|y || c. or lu|e. Arorg 8 o
||e ear||es| au||ors or ed||ors ol ca|eraeore |roWs or|y a leW rares.
Jo|r 0rurgar|us (lar. gr. , || c.), Ardreas ||e lresoy|er (lar. gr. , 11 1o
1o|| c.) |r a ca|eraor lsa|a|, a|so see ||e suoscr|p||ool ||e ca|eraCo|s||r
z, || c., or Ac|s ard or ||e Ca||o||c le||ers, v|c|or ol Ar||oc|, le|er 1o
ol load|cea, leo la|r|c|us ard l|||o||eus. (0|yrp|odore's Correr|ary or
Fcc|es|as|es || c., l0 , - , |s ro| a |rue ca|era, c|ec| aoove, c|ap|er o |;;oz8
11, urder 0|yrp|odore).
N|ce|as ol lerac|e|a, l|rs| a |ec|urer |r Cors|ar||rop|e, occup|ed ||e re|ropo|||ar
see ol lerac|e|a lror ur||| ||s dea|| (da|e ur|roWr). l|s |||erary |egacy, 111;
cors|s||rg ra|r|y |r ||e |as| exege||ca| ca|eraeol ||e 8yzar||re
age, da|es lror oelore ||s ep|scopa| e|ec||or. lr ||s ca|eraeN|ce|as pr|v||eged
`||e Wor|s ol Jo|r C|rysos|or ard, W||| ever decreas|rg lrequercy, ||ose
ol Cyr|| ol A|exardr|a, ||e Cappadoc|ars, T| eodore|, A||aras|us, ls|dore ol
le|us|ur, T||us ol 8osra, |ax|rus Corlessor, e|c.' (3||error , ). w||| 18zz1
a ca|eraor lsa|rs, a reW ed|||or ol aro||er or Joo, poss|o|y ore or lsa|a|,
o||ers or |a|||eW, lu|e, Jo|r ard leoreWs, N|ce|as grea||y cor|r|ou|ed
|o a oe||er |roW|edge ol pa|r|s||c exeges|s ||roug|ou| ||e ||dd|e Ages.
T| oras Aqu|ras ordered a la||r |rars|a||or ol ||s ca|eraor ||e 0ospe|s
(Ca|era aurea. pro|.).
T| e ques| lor ||e o|des| co||ec||ors, spec|a||y ||e ores W||c| |a|er or
gerera|ed r|xed `c|a|rs,' |ed 0. Karo ard l. l|e|zrarr, |rsp|red oy l.
werd|ard, |o d|s||rgu|s| oas|c `|ypes' ol ca|erae|r ||e|r ca|a|ogue puo||s|ed
|r , ard s|||| |rd|spersao|e. lrdeed, b. 0evreesse successlu||y derors|ra|ed 1oz
||e ex|s|erce ol suc| a `|ype' lor ||e ca|eraeor lsa|rs, lo||oWed
oy |. b|c|ard W|o |rder||l|ed |Wo`|ypes' accord|rg |o W||c| quo|a||ors
ol lsa|r correr|ar|es Were cop|ed lror ||e|r sources. T| e Way Was oper
Ca|erae`C|a|rs' ol 8|o||ca| lr|erpre|a||or ;
8oTer 3|x||- |o F|g|||-Cer|ury 0ree| C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
lor lur||er exp|ora||ors or |rd|v|dua| lsa|rs (lar| ), or or |rd|v|dua| 1;z
sources |||e 0|dyrus or Apo|||rar|us quo|ed |r psa|r|c ca|erae(|u||eroerg
- 1;1;8). 3|r||ar derors|ra||ors ol g|ver `|ypes' |ad a|so oeer preser|ed
oy K. 3|aao ( ) lor lau||re ca|erae, ard oy J. beuss ( , , , 1zo 1|11;1oo
18|) lor ca|eraeor ||e 0ospe|s. 3|||| aro||er ||re ol researc| Was |raugura|ed
oy |. lau||aoer ( ). l| cors|s|ed |r ||e ed|||rg ol g|ver ca|erae|r 1oz
554
lu|| |erg|| ard lor ||e|r oWr sa|e |r order |o s|oW ||e W|o|e spec|rur ol
arc|er| |r|erpre|a||ors W||ressed oy ||er.
lr a s|udy ol ||e lragrer|s or 0eres|s |rarsr|||ed oy c|a|rs or lsa|rs,
b. 0evreesse ( ) |der||l|ed ex|rac|s lror |||r|y-||ree pa|r|s||c au||ors, 1
ros| ol W|ose Wr|||rgs (correr|ar|es, |or|||es, or |e||ers) oe|rg o||erW|se
ur|roWr. |. 0eer|ard ( ) erurera|es exege||ca| ca|erae|r ||e order 18o
ol ||e o|o||ca| ooo|s. or 0c|a|euc| ard K|rgs, or lsa|rs, 0des, Joo, lsa|a|,
Jerer|a|, Fze||e|, 0ar|e|, Car||c|es, lroveros, Fcc|es|as|es, |a|||eW, |ar|,
lu|e, Jo|r, Ac|s, lau||re le||ers, ard ||e Ca||o||c Fp|s||es. lor eac| ca|era
|e a|so d|sp|ays ||e `|ypes' |der||l|ed accord|rg |o Karo - l|e|zrarr, ||e|r
||s| ol pa|r|s||c au||ors, ard ||e appropr|a|e o|o||ograp|y.
As a W|o|e, ||e spec|acu|ar ac||everer| ol |Wer||e|| cer|ury sc|o|ars||p
corcerr|rg ca|eraepror|ses |o secure a l|rr lourda||or lor a oroader
access |o ||e|r |||erary gerre, ||us a||oW|rg a rore lru||lu| re|r|va| ol ||e
o|o||ca| |roW|edge proper |o 8yzar||ur, We|| oeyord ||e pa|r|s||c era.
0. 0or|va|'s researc| ( - ) preser|s a rerar|ao|e |||us|ra||or ol W|a| 18oz
||a| lourda||or rears |r ||e case ol ||e ca|eraeor lsa|rs, ||e ros| popu|ar
||roug| a|| ||e cer|ur|es, ard ||e ros| s|ud|ed oy roderr sc|o|ars. 8elore
||r, |. lar| ( ) |ad ded|ca|ed a spec|a| s|udy |o ||e `la|es||r|ar c|a|r 1;z
or ls ', s|e ollers a ros| va|uao|e ard pedagog|ca| |r|roduc||or |o suc| 118
a researc|.
lror ||e|r s|x||-cer|ury or|g|rs ur||| ca. - , W|er a|| ||e ||orar|es ooo|o
|r la|es||re, |r par||cu|ar 0r|ger's Caesarear ||orary, Were des|royed dur|rg
||e |rvas|or ol ||e Araos, ca|eraeseered |o |ave l|our|s|ed exc|us|ve|y |r
la|es||re. lror ||e ear|y e|g||| cer|ury, Cors|ar||rop|e oecare aro||er
|rpor|ar| cer|re W|||e ca|eraeWere rever produced |r Fgyp|. 0or|va|
( ) proposes a recors|||u||or ol ||e W|o|e ca|era| ||s|ory oased or ||e 181
d|s||rc||or oe|Weer ca|eraeca|||rg or Correr|ar|es (|yporrera|a) or
lor|||es, ard ca|eraecorp||ed or ||e oas|s ol sc|o||a' ( ). l|s |r|||a| c|ap|er, z
`Correr| ecr|re |'||s|o|re des c|aires,' `loW |o wr||e ||e l|s|ory ol
ca|erae' ( - ), |s ros| |e|plu|. T| e au||or re|races oo|| ||e Wor| ol arc|er| 18
`ca|er|s|s' lror lrocop|us |o ||e || cer|ury, as We|| as ||e pas| cer|ury 8
ol researc| oy roderr exper|s. ll sore ooo|s ol ||e o| d|d ro| er|er ||e
prograrre ol arc|er| `ca|er|s|s' || Was oecause appropr|a|e Correr|ar|es
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| or sc|o||aWere |ac||rg, as Was ||e 81
case lor ||s|or|ca| ooo|s al|er Fsdras, or
lor w|sdor ard 3|rac|, ||e sare cour|s lor ||e 0ospe| ol |ar| |r ||e r|.
lor a lu|| ard recer| ||s|or|ca| survey ol pa|r|s||c-exege||ca| ca|erae, see
u||erarr ( ). 1o
8|o||ograp|y
8e||e|, l., `Caderas exege||cas'. Frc8|o ( ). - . z1o1ozo
Cauoe| l|uroe, l. J., `ura cadera pa|r|s||ca, corservada er raoe, de| Fvarge||o
de
3ar |a|eo (va| . arao. )'. Fs|8 ( ). - = 3|T - . va||car, |z z|1o11 z|
1;o.
. `la cadera cop|o-araoe de |os Fvarge||os y 3evero de Ar||oqu|a.' lages
- |z1z
|r lor. a J. lrado.Fd||ed oy l. A|varez verdes, e| a|. |adr|d, . 1;
Crarer, J. A., Ca|erae 0raecorur la|rur |r r|(0xlord - ). bepr|r| 18;18|| 8
vo|s.
l||des|e|r. 0|rs, . 1o;
0evreesse, b., `Arc|ers correr|a|eurs grecs de |'0c|a|euque'. b8 ( ). ||1
- 1oo
1, ( ). - , - . |1ozo1zoo|8|
. les arc|ers correr|a|eurs grecs de |'0c|a|euque e| des bo|s(lragrer|s
||res de
C|aires). va||car. 8|o||o|eca Apos|o||ca va||cara, . 1
0u|aey, |., `0ecurer|us'. 03p ( ). - . 1118zo818z
0e||r, l., Fvagre |e lor||que. 3c|o||es |'Fcc|es|as|e3C . lar|s, . ; 1
|erca||, 0., A |a r|cerca de| ror| deg|| 'a||r|' |radu||or| re||e or|||e su| 3a|r| d|
3. 0|ovarr| Cr|sos|oro e var|az|or| su a|cure ca|ere de| 3a||er|, Tes|| e 3|ud|.
va||car, 8|o||o|eca Apos|o||ca va||cara, . 1z
|u||eroerg, F., `l|or||eg|er.l. 0r|ec||sc|e l|or||eg|er'. TbF ( ). - . 1118z1z1
. `Ka|erer'. TbF ( ). - . 18181|z1
le|||, l., uaes||ores |r 0eres|r e| |r Fxodur. lragrer|a graeca (les 0euvres
de
l|||or d'A|exardr|e) lar|s, ( - . les c|aires exege||ques, e|c.). 1;81o|
beuss, J., `0|e Fvarge||er|a|erer |r Cod. Arc||v|o d| 3. l|e|ro gr. 8 '. 8|o
( ). - . 1|zo;1o
. `F|r uroe|arr|er Korrer|ar zur . Kap||e| des lu|asevarge||urs'. 8|o 1 8
( ). - . 1;;zz|o
b|c|ard, |., `ue|ques raruscr||s peu corrus des c|aires exege||ques e| des
correr|a|res grecs sur |e lsau||er'. 8llblT ( ). - . 1|8;1oo
. `les prer|res c|aires sur |e lsaures'. 8llblT ( , puo|. ). - . 1 1o8;8
555
3|oare, C. 0'C., `Ca|erae, 8|o||ca|'. NeW Ca|| Frc ( ). - . 1o;z|||o
3||error, 0., `N|ce|as d' lerac|ea'. 03p ( ). - . 1118zz1z1
u||erarr, K.-l., `was verra|er Ka|erer uoer d|e Fxegese ||rer Ze||? F|r
8e||rag
zur 0esc||c||e der Fxegese |r 8yzarz'. 0. 3c|o||ger urd C. 3c|e||er, eds.,
3||ru||. ls. F. 0assrarr, - . JAC . |urs|er|w., . z8|zo z 1o
Ca|erae`C|a|rs' ol 8|o||ca| lr|erpre|a||or 81
8zTer 3|x||- |o F|g|||-Cer|ury 0ree| C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
3upp|erer|ary 8|o||ograp|y
Ca|erae
0|e a||erer gr|ec||sc|er Ka|erer zur 8uc| l|oo. lerausgegeoer vor 0.
3c|euerrarr urd 0. lagedorr, l. F|r|e||urg, lro|oge urd Fp||oge, lragrerr|e
zu
l|oo , - , (lT3, ), pp. 8er||r - NeW or|. 0e 0ruy|er, . 118zz |o|; 1|
8er||r|, u. `la ca|era greca |r 0|oooe.' 8|o ( ). - . |1z1z|z
Cad|ou, b. Correr|a|res |red||s des psaures. F|udes sur |es |ex|es d'0r|gre
cor|erus
dars |e raruscr|| v|rdooorers|s . lar|s, . 8 1o
Cauoe| l|uroe, l. J. `la cadera pa|r|s||ca de| Fvarge||o de 3. |a|eo er e| Cod|ce
va| |caro `araoe .' 0|ss., bore. lor|. Cor. 8|o|., . |z 1o|
. `la cadera raoe de| Fvarge||o de 3ar |a|eo. l. Tex|o. ll. vers|or.'
3|T( ). 1;o
la c|aire sur |a 0erlse. Fd|||or |r|egra|e. ll. C|ap||res 8 . Tex|e e|ao|| par | 11
l. le|||
(Trad|||o exege||ca graeca, ), pp. louva|r. lee|ers, . zz 1
Cur||, C. 0ue ar||co|| euseo|ar|, No|o. Jor|ca, . 1;1
. `l| va|ore de| cod|c| Aroros|aro l. sup. e la|ros per |a r|cos|ruz|ore 1zo z1
de||a ca|era pa|es||rerse au 3a|r|.' b3lb ( ). - . 1o1;||z
. `Tre lrarrer|| esege||c| su ls. re| rss. poz|or| de||a ca|era 1z|
pa|es||rese.' lr
Arruar|o sco|as||co de| rovar|err|o, - , ed||ed oy 3a|va|ore |ar|orara. 18;18;
No|o (prov. d| 3|racusa), - . l|ceo-0|rras|o 3|a|a|e A. d| bud|r|, . ;1; 188
. `Arcora su||a |ecr|ca d| aoorev|az|ore de| corp||a|ore de||a Ca|era
pa|es||rese.'
lr Fuseo|ara l. Correr|ar|o |r lsa|ros, e ed. r|vedu|a & accres|u|a. 3agg| & z
|es|| c|ass. cr|s|. & red|ev. No , - . Ca|ar|a Cer|ro d| s|ud| su||'ar||co 1z|;1
cr|s||ares|ro, . 18
. `la |rad|z|ore ca|erar|a e || r|cupero de| correr|| grec| a||a 8|oo|a. va||d||
e ||r|||.' lr Fuseo|ara l. Correr|ar|o |r lsa|ros, e ed. r|vedu|a & accres|u|a. z
3agg| & |es|| c|ass. cr|s|. & red|ev. No , - . Ca|ar|a Cer|ro d| s|ud| 1z;8z
su||'ar||co cr|s||ares|ro, . 18
. `la ca|era pa|es||rese su| 3a|r| gradua||.' la|de|a ( ). - . |1o1o1
. `Arcora su||a |ecr|ca d| aoorev|az|ore de| corp||a|ore de||a Ca|era
pa|es||rese.'
lr 3|ud| 0. |oraco. l, - . la|erro, . |;1 11
0e 0roo|e, |. `0|e voi o\is aus der Korrer|ar des 0ecurer|us zur
Apo|a|ypse.' 3F ( ). - . z111o;1
. `0|e |ardsc|r|l|||c|e uoer||elerurg des Fcurer|us-Korrer|ars zur
Apo|a|ypse.' 3F ( ). - . 1z
. `0|e 3c|o||er aus der Fcurer|us-Korrer|ars zur Apo|a|ypse.' 3F
( ). 1
- 1|.
0e||ers, F. `les lres grecs e| or|er|aux dars |es l|or||ges pa|r|s||ques |a||rs.'
lr l|||o||s|or, ed||ed oy A. 3c|oors ard l. var 0eur, - . 0r.lov.Ar. . o;o oo
louva|r. lee|ers, . 1|
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| 0evreesse, b. `la c|aire sur |es 8
psaures de 0ar|e|e 8aroaro.' b8 ( ). - | 1z|o81
- |81z1.
. `Ar|. C|aires exege||ques grecques.' 083 ( ). - . 11z81o8|z
. `les arc|ers correr|a|eurs grecs des psaures.' 3|T ( ). zo|1;o
0or|va|, 0. `l'appor| des c|aires exege||ques grecques ure reed|||or des
lexap|es
d'0r|gre ( propos du psaure ).' blT ( ). - . 118 |1;||;|
. `0r|gre dars |es c|aires sur |es psaures. 0eux ser|es |red||es de
lragrer|s.'
0r|ger|ara( ) uaderr| d| ve|era C|r|s||arorur . 1; 1z
. `A||arase ou lseudo-A||arase?' b3lb ( ). - . 1o18o8o8
. `Aperu sur |'||s|o|re des c|aires exege||ques grecques sur |e psau||er (ve-
Xlv
e
s|c|es).' 3|la|r ( ). - . 118|1|o|
. `0es correr|a|res de |'Fcr||ure aux c|aires.' lr le rorde grec arc|er e|
|a 8|o|e. 8|o|e de |ous |es |erps l, ed||ed oy C. l. |ordeser|, - . lar|s. o18o
8eauc|esre, . 18|
556
. `Nouveaux lragrer|s grecs de 3evre d'Ar||oc|e.' lr ANTlL0l0N.l0
|. 0eerard, - . 8russe|, . 1o1z1 18|
. `la recors|||u||or du correr|a|re sur |es psaures d'Fusoe de Cesaree
grce
aux c|aires exege||ques grecques, er par||cu||er |a c|aire de N|ce|as.' 3|la|r 1
( ). - . 18|1o;
. `le pos|er||e ||||era|re des c|aires exege||ques grecques.' bF8 ( ). |18
- zozo.
. les c|aires exege||ques grecques sur |es psaures. Cor|r|ou||or |'e|ude
d'ure
lorre ||||era|re . lr 33l , . 1 |18o
. les c|aires exege||ques grecques sur |es lsaures. cor|r|ou||or |'e|ude
d'ure
lorre ||||era|re. vo|. [3p|c |, pp. louva|r. lee|ers, . z ||8 18
. `'ur as|re se |vera de Jacoo.' l'|r|erpre|a||or arc|erre de Norores , .' z|1;
A3F
1( ). - . 1ozz
F||ers, 8. `F|re Ka|ere zur Jo|arres-Fvarge||ur |r |os|au, aul der A||os
(0|orys|u), |r A||er u. |r 0xlord.' ANTT ( ). - . 1oo1
lau||aoer, |. `0|e lrop|e|er-Ca|erer rac| ror. ls.' 00A ( ). - . 1o1888
. `lesyc||| l|eroso|yr||ar| lr|erpre|a||o lsa|ae lrop|e|ae rurc pr|rur |r
|ucer
ed||a, pro|egorer|s, correr|ar|o cr|||co, |rd|ce adauc|a.' lre|ourg |. 8r., . 1oo
. `F|re Wer|vo||e 0xlorder ls. Aus der |appe e|rer 3|ud|erre|se.' T| 8
( ). 1o1
- z18z.
. `lo|e||ed-, lrovero|er- u. lred|ger-Ca|erer.' T|3l0 ( ). |1oz
. 0|e Ka|erer|ss. der spar. 8|o||o||e|er. 8Z , . 11o
. `Ka|erer u. Ka|erlorsc|urg.' 8yZ ( ). - . 181o8
l|or||eg|a o|o||ca alr|cara saec. v. lseudo-v|g|||| T| apers|s 0pus Cor|ra
var|radur. lr CCla| . Fd||ed oy 8. 3c|War|. Turr|ou|. 8repo|s, . o 1o1
0eerard, |. Corc|||a Ca|erae. lr Cl0 lv, . 18o
Ca|erae`C|a|rs' ol 8|o||ca| lr|erpre|a||or 8
8|Ter 3|x||- |o F|g|||-Cer|ury 0ree| C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
0reer|ee, J. l. `T| e Ca|era ol Codex Zacyr|||us.' 8|o ( ). - . |o1z1oo1
lagedorr, 0. `0er l|oo|orrer|ar des Ar|arers Ju||ar.' lT3 ( ). 1|1;
lagedorr, 0., ard u. lagedorr. `0|yrp|odor 0|a|or v. A|exardr|a. Korrer|ar
zu
l|oo.' lT3 ( ). z|18|
lar|, |. `la c|aire pa|es||r|erre sur |e psaure .' 3C . ( ). 118 181o1;z
lar|, |., ard 0. 0or|va|. `la c|aire pa|es||r|erre sur |e ls (0r|gre, 118
Fusoe,
0|dyre, Apo|||ra|re, A||arase, T| eodore|). Tore l. lr|ro., |ex|e grec cr|||que
e| |raduc||or. Tore ll. Ca|a|ogue des lragrer|s, ro|es e| |rd|ces.' lr 3C.lar|s.
Cerl., . 1;z
le|rr|c|, 0. 0es le|rus v. laod|cea Fr||arurg des |a|||ausevarge||ur zur
ers|er
|a|e |g. u. ur|ers. lr 8e||r. zur 0esc|. u. Fr||arurg des r| . le|pz|g, . 1o8
le||||rger, A. `0er `Codex Cusarus ' d|e vor|age|ardsc|r|l|der 18
`Corder|usKa|ere' zur Jo|arresevarge||ur.' 8|o ( ). - . |z1o1|||
lopprarr, 0. `0|e Ca|ere des va||carus gr. zu der lrovero|er ara|ys|er|.' 18oz
lr
Ca|erers|ud|er . le|pz|g, . z 11z
lr|go|r, J. `le l|vre de Joo correr|e.' lr A propos du rs. ver|se, 8|o|. |arc|ara,
|arc. gr. ( ), ooserva||ors sur |a d|spos|||or du |ex|e dars |es rss grecs 8|o
de |a 8|o|e pourvus de c|aires exege||ques, - . lar|s. Fd. du Cerc|e de |a oo;1
l|ora|r|e-lrorod|s, . 1o
Jer||rs, C. `T| e 0r|ger C||a||ors |r Crarer's Ca|era or Cor|r|||ars.' JT| 3 1 o
( ). - . 1o111o
. `0r|ger or Cor|r|||ars.' JT| 3 ( ). - . 1 1o8z1|;
Karo, 0., ard l. l|e|zrarr. Ca|erarur 0raecarur Ca|a|ogus. N0w0. ll,
. 1oz
Ker|sc|, |. `0as Ka|ererlragrer| des N|ce|as zu ljoo . urd se|re 0uo|e||e 1z1
oe| C|rysos|oros. 'Ad eos qu| ragr| aes|urar| opes' (l0 , 8- 0).' o||o |;
Arlarge der T|eo|og|e.
Kuss|, b. `0|e |e|arorp|oser des 'lu||os vor la|ra|' . ur|ersuc|urger zu l|o|.
8|o|. .' b|| ( ). - . 1z 11o;88
laoa|e, A. `Nuov| cod|c| de||a ca|era su||'Fcc|es|as|e d| lo||cror|o.' Aug ( ). 181;8
- 1.
. `la ca|era su||'Fcc|es|as|e de| Cod. 8aro. 0r. .' Aug ( ). - . 88 11;
. `Nuove ca|ere esege||c|e su||'Fcc|es|as|e ANTlL0l0N l.|. 0eerard,'
- z|1o. 8russe|, . 18|
. `3u||a Ca|era a||'Fcc|es|as|e d| lo||cror|o.' lr 3|ud|a pa|r|s||ca . . Cr|||ca, 18z
557
C|ass|ca, Asce||ca, l||urg|ca. lapers ol ||e || |r|erra||ora| Corlererce or
pa|r|s||c s|ud|es, 0xlord , - . Ka|arazoo, ||c|.. C|s|erc|ar luo||ca||ors, 18z1
. 18
larg, 0. 0|e Ca|ere des va||carus gr. zur ers|er Kor|r||eror|el ara|ys|er|. ;oz
lr
Ca|erers|ud. . le|pz|g, . 1 1o
learza, 3. `lroo|er| d| ecdo||ca ca|erar|a.' lr |e||odo|og|e de||a r|cerca su||a
|arda
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| ar||c|||. A||| de| pr|ro corvergo 8
de||'Assoc|az|ore d| |ardoar||c||, - . z|;oo
Fd||ed oy A. 0arzya. Napo||. d'Aur|a, . 1
. `la ca|era a||'Fcc|es|as|e d| lrocop|o d| 0aza de| Cod. |arc. 0r. .' Tu zz 1z|
( ). - . 1;;z;88
. `le ca|ere esege||c|e su||'Fcc|es|as|e.' Aug ( ). - . 1;1;;|z
. `Fcc|. . - . l'|r|erpre|az|ore esca|o|og|ca de| ladr| e deg|| esege|| 1z1;
red|eva||.'
Aug ( ). - . 181;811zo;
. lrocop|| 0azae| Ca|era |r Fcc|es|as|er recror lseudoc|rysos|or|
Correr|ar|us |r eurder Fcc|es|as|er. lr CC|r. 30 , . |1;8
. `l'a||egg|arer|o de||a p|j ar||ca eseges| cr|s||ara d|rarz| a||'ep|cure|sro ed
edor|sro d| o|e|e|.' 0rp| ( ). - . 18z;o
. ur ruovo |es||rore de||a Ca|era su||'Fcc|es|as|e d| lrocop|o d| 0aza, || Cod.
v|rdoo. T| eo|. 0r. . lr CC30 3upp|., . 1|; | 18
. `l cord|z|orarer|| de||'eseges| pa|r|s||ca.' b|ccerc|e 3|or|co-o|o||c|e ( ). z1o
- z|.
. `uro sco||as|e de| v seco|o. Fs||c||o d| 0erusa|erre.' A3F ( ). - 8111
.
. `l'eseges| pa|r|s||ca d| o|e|e|, da |e|||ore d| 3ard| a||e corp||az|or|
ca|erar|e.'
lr le||ure c|r|s||are de| l|or| 3ap, vo|. , ed||ed oy l. 8o|g|ar|, - . 3|. Fp|. ; z;o
Aug. bore. Augus||r|arur, . 1z
. `l'eseges| de| lev|||core||a |rad|z|ore ca|erar|a.' A3F ( ). - . 11oz11z;
. `la |e||era|ura esege||ca |r lrarrer||. la |rad|z|ore ca|erar|a.' Aug ;
( ). 1;
- zo.
l|e|zrarr, l. Ca|erer. ||||. uoer ||re 0esc|. u. |s. uoer||elerurg. ||| e|rer
8e||r. v.
lerrarr userer. lre|ourg|le|pz|g|Tuo|rger, . 18;
luc8, 3. `la Ca|era de| ladr| su||'Fcc|es|as|e.' lr ls. Ar||os Ard|zzor| (CC|r.
30 |
3upp|.), . 1;8
|a|||aus-Korrer|are aus der gr|ec||sc|er K|rc|e, aus Ka|erer|ardsc|r|l|er
gesar.
& |rsg. vor beuss J.vo|. lXl. 8er||r. A|ader|e, . 1;
|erca||, 0. `l'u|||ra par|e perdu|a de| correr|ar|o d'Fuseo|o a| 3a|r|.' 3|T ;;
( ). - . 1888oo
. `l| correr|ar|o d'Fs|c||o 0eroso||r||aro su| 3a|r|.' 3|T ( ). - . 1o11|;
. `3u||'au|ore de| `0e |||u||s lsa|rorur' s|arpa|o lra |e opere d| 3. A|aras|o.'
0Cl ( ). - . 1o1||;zz
. `3u||'au|ore de| `0e |||u||s lsa|rorur' s|arpa|o lra |e opere d| 3. A|aras|o.'
3|T
zo( ). - . 18|1|;
|u||eroerg, |. la|r|s||sc|e Tex|e urd 3|ud|er. vo|. , lsa|rer|orrer|are aus 1
der Ka|ereruoer||elerurg, 8d. . 0|dyrus der 8||rde u. Apo|||rar|s vor laod|cer 1
(ed|||o + appara|us cr||.). 8er||r. 0e 0ruy|er.
0||v|er, J.-|. `0|odor| Tarsers|s Correr|ar|| |r lsa|ros l. Correr|ar|| |r
lsa|ros l-l.' CC30 ( ). o18o
Ca|erae`C|a|rs' ol 8|o||ca| lr|erpre|a||or 8
8oTer 3|x||- |o F|g|||-Cer|ury 0ree| C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
le|||, l. Ca|eras 0raecae |r 0eres|r e| |r Fxodur . Ca|era 3|ra|||ca (CC30 1
), . z1;;
. `ure c|aire exege||que peu corrue, 3|ra| 0r. , 0escr|p||or e| ara|yse.' z
Tu 1z|
( ). - . 1;;|1o
. `le doss|er de |a c|aire de |oscou sur |a 0erse. lroo|res d'a||r|ou||or e|
de
douo|e redac||or.' |useor ( ). - . z1;;11o|
. `la |rad|||or de T| eodore| de Cyr dars |es c|aires sur |a 0erse. vues
rouve||es sur |e c|asserer| de ces c|aires.' |useor ( ). - . z1;z818o
. la c|aire sur |a 0erse. Fd|||or |r|egra|e. vo| . C|ap||res 8 . Trad|||o 1 1
exege||ca graeca, vo|. . louva|r. lee|ers, . 1 11
. `la c|aire grecque sur |a 0erse, r|ro|r de |'exegse arc|erre.' lr 3||ru||.
Fxegese urd ||re lerrereu||| |r Ar|||e urd C|r|s|er|ur. les|sc|r|l| lur Frrs|
0assrarr, ed. 0. 3c|o||ger - C. 3c|o||er (JAC|e, 8., ), - . |urs|er. zz|
558
Asc|erdorllsc|e ver|agsouc|a|rd|urg, . 1o
. la c|aire sur |a 0erse. Fd|||or |r|egra|e. vo| . C|ap||res 8 . Trad|||o | z o
exege||ca graeca . louva|r. lee|ers, . | 1o
bauer, |. `0er der le|rus v. laod|cea zugesc|r|eoere lu|as|orrer|ar.'
NTA | ;z
( ). 1zo
beroux, A. `la c|aire arrer|erre sur |es Fp||res ca||o||ques. l. la c|aire sur
|'Fp||re de Jacques'. lr la|ro|og|a 0r|er|a||s. Tore las|cu|e No . | 1 1
Turr|ou|, . 18
beroux, C|. `l'Assorp||or de |oise. 0'0r|gre |a c|aire arrer|erre sur |es
Fpi|res Ca||o||ques.' lr bec|erc|es e| |rad|||or. |e|arges pa|r|s||ques oller|s
lerr| Crouze|, 3.J. sous |a d|rec||or d'A. 0up|e|x (T| eo|og|e ||s|or|que, ), - 88z
|. lar|s. 8eauc|esre, . 1z
beuss, J. `|a|||aus-, |ar|us- u. Jo|arres-Ka|erer rac| der |s. ue||er
ur|ers.'
NTA ( ). - . 181|1|
. |a|||aus-Korrer|are aus der gr|ec||sc|er K|rc|e. Aus
Ka|erer|ardsc|r|l|er
euss J. vo| lXl. 8er||r. A|ader|e - ver|ag, . 1;
. `|a|||aus|orr. aus der gr|ec|. K|rc|e. Aus Ka|erer|s. gesarre||. u. |g.'
Tu
o1( ). 1;
. `Jo|arres-Korr. aus der gr|ec|. K|rc|e. Aus Ka|erer|s. ges. u. |g.' Tu 8
( ). 1oo
. Jo|arres-Korrer|are aus der gr|ec||sc|er K|rc|e. Aus
Ka|erer|ardsc|r|l|er
gesarre|| urd |rg. vor J. beuss (Tu ).8er||r. A|ader|e, . 8 1oo
. `lu|as|orr. aus der gr|ec|. K|rc|e. Aus Ka|erer|s. ges. u. |g.' Tu 1o
( ). 18|
b|c|ard, |. `0pera ll.' Nr. . z;
. `les c||a||ors de T| eodore| corservees dars |a c|aire de N|ce|as sur
|'Fvarg||e
se|or sa|r| luc.' b8 ( ). - . |1|88o
. `ue|ques raruscr||s peu corrus des c|aires exege||ques e| des
correr|a|res
grecs sur |e lsau||er.' 8llb|T ( ). - . 1|8;1oo
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| . `les lragrer|s du correr|a|re 8;
de 3. l|ppo|y|e sur |es lroveroes de 3a|oror.'
|useor | | ( | | ). - | - | - . ;8;8o1oooo;z;oo1|z;o|
. `les lragrer|s d'0r|gre sur lrov . - .' lr Fpe||as|s, ls. J. 0ar|e|ou, o11
- 8
|. lar|s, . 1;z
. `le correr|a|re du codex |arc|arus 0r. sur lrov. . - .' lr z o1
|ed|oevo e
urares|ro. vo|. , ||sce||area |arc|ara d| 3|ud| 8essar|ore|, - . ladua, z| ;;o
1;o.
. 0pera ||rora, 8de.louva|r. Turr|ou|, | . 1;o;;
bordeau, |.-J. `le correr|a|re sur |es psaures d'Fvagre |e lor||que.'
0rC|r zo
( ). - . 1ooo;|8
. `ure rouve||e preuve de |'|rl|uerce ||||era|re d'Fusoe de Cesaree sur
A||arase.
|'|r|erpre|a||or des psaures.' b3b ( ). - . o1o88||
bopes, J.l. `T| e 0ree| Ca|era |o ||e Ca||o||c Fp|s||es.' lT|b ( ). - 11zozo
.
3|c|eroerger, J. `T||us v. 8os|ra. 3|ud. zu desser lu|as|or|||er.' Tu | ( ). z111o1
. `0|e lu|as|a|ere des N||e|as v. lera||e|a ur|ers.' Tu | ( ). zz|1oz
3|oare, C. 0'C. `Ca|erae, 8|o||ca|.' lr NeW Ca||. Frc., vo|. , - . NeW or|, z|||o
. 1o;
3|aao, K. `0|e gr|ec|. Ka|erer|orr. zu der |a||. 8r|eler.' 8|o ( ). - 1z|zo
.
. 0|e lau|us|a|erer rac| der |s. ue||er ur|ers.bore, . 1zo
. lau|us|orr. aus der gr|ec|. K|rc|e. Aus Ka|erer|s. ges. u. |g. lr NTA - 1
, 18|
1.
. ` Kor . |r l|c||e der Fxegese der gr|ec||sc|er K|rc|e.' 3lClCl ( ). 1 1z 1o1
- ||o.
Tc|era||ar, C. `C|aires exege||ques des Fpi|res Ca||o||ques (arrer.).'
lazr 11|
( ). - . 1o1||8
. `C|aires exege||ques des Fpi|res Ca||o||ques. lr|roduc||or (arrer.).' lazr
1zo| | ( | | ). - , - | - , - | - . 1z11zz1ozoo|oo;z1zo1181o1o8118
v|ar, 0. |. `l cod|c| va||car| de| `Correr|o a| 3a|r|' d| A|aras|o.' ve|C|r 1
559
( ). - . 1;o11;z8
. `Tes|| |red||| da| correr|o a| sa|r| d| A|aras|o.' 3FAug ( ). 1|1;8
. `Arcora su||'ar|o|og|a esege||ca a| 3a|r|de| laud|aro greco .' A3F |z 8
( ). 11
- 8;.
. `l| '0e psa|rorur |||u||s'. |'eseges| d| A|aras|o |ra Fuseo|o e C|r|||o.' 0rp|
N3 1z
( ). - . 111z
voc||, C. de. `0eux raruscr||s perdus de||a Ca|era Tr|ur la|rur |r
Fcc|es|as|er
(Cl0 C ).' 8yz ( ). - . 1oo 18zo|oo
vora, C. `le due oraz|or| d| Ar||pa|ro d| 8os|ra (su lc - ). lor|| e soprav|verza 1z
re||'or||e||ca o|zar||ra e re||e Ca|ere evarge||c|e.' la| ( ). - . |1o81z1z
Z|eg|er, J. Fuseo|us, Jesaja|orr. lr 0C3 Fuseo|us . 8d., . 1;
Ca|erae`C|a|rs' ol 8|o||ca| lr|erpre|a||or 8;
v| A|p|aoe||ca| l|s| ol lr|rc|pa| Au||ors & Aroryrous wor|s 0|scussed
T||s page |r|er||ora||y|el|o|ar|
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| 8
ClAlTFb FlFvFN
l0ubTl- AN0 lllTl-CFNTub
lATlN Clbl3TlAN llTFbATubF
cor|er|s
l. lr|roduc||or 991
ll. lac|ar||us 993
lll. T| e Ar|ar Cr|s|s |r ||e wes| 997
| l||ary ol lo|||ers 997 v |ar|us v|c|or|rus 1014
|| u|l||a 1011 v| lo|ar|us ol l|soor 101o
||| luc|ler ol Cag||ar| 1012 v|| 0regory ol F|v|ra 1017
|v Zero ol verora 1013
lv. la||r C|r|s||ar loe|ry 1019
| Juvercus 1019 v 3edu||us 1027
|| lrooa 1021 v| C|aud|us |ar|us v|c|or|us 1029
||| lruder||us 1023 v|| 0racor||us 1030
|v Cypr|ar ||e loe| 1025
v. lor|ura||arus ol Aqu||e|a 1035
vl. l|||as|er ol 8resc|a 1037
vll. 0auder||us ol 8resc|a 1039
vlll. lac|ar ol 8arce|ora 1041
lX. lr|sc||||ar ol Av||a 1043
X. Arorose ol |||ar 1045
Xl. Aroros|as|er 1081
Xll. C|rora||us ol Aqu||e|a 1088
Xlll. Jerore 1094
oy l|erre Jay
8
oF|ever lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
Xlv. bul|rus ol Aqu||e|a 1134
Xv. 0p|a|us ol |||ev|s 1137
Xvl. Tycor|us 1139
Xvll. Augus||re ol l|ppo 1149
Augus||re. T| e lerrereu||cs ol Corvers|or (oy lare|a 8r|g||) 1219
Xvlll. le|ag|us 1234
XlX. lau||rus ol No|a 1241
XX. Fu|rop|us 1245
XXl. Fvod|us ol uza||s 1247
XXll. |ax|rus ol Tur|r 1248
XXlll. uodvu||deus 1251
XXlv. Ju||ar ol Fc|arur 1253
XXv. 0pus |rperlec|ur |r |a|||aeur1258
XXvl. le|er ol baverra, C|ryso|ogus 12o1
XXvll. Jo|r Cass|ar 1272
XXvlll. Appor|us 1278
XXlX. lrosper ol Aqu||a|re 1281
XXX. va|er|ar ol C|re||ur 1282
XXXl. Fuc|er|us ol lyor 1283
XXXll. 3a|or|us ol 0ereva 1285
XXXlll. Arroo|us ||e ourger 128o
XXXlv. leo l, ||e 0rea| 1287
XXXv. laus|us ol b|ez 1290
XXXvl. la|r|c| ard Far|y lr|s| l||era|ure 1292
| la|r|c|us (la|r|c|) 1292
|| la||cer 1293
||| T| e `lr|s| Augus||re' 1294
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| l 1
560
lNTb00uCTl0N
T| e |as| per|od dur|rg W||c| |rper|a| |rs|||u||ors oo|a|red |r ||e wes|
aga|rs| ||e 8aroar|ar |rvas|ors lror W|||ou| ard ||e d|s|r|egra||or lror
W||||r Was ||e ||re W|er ||e C|r|s||ar |r|erpre|a||or ol ||e 8|o|e reac|ed
a cu|r|ra||or |r ||s cor|r|ou||or |o la||r |||era|ure ard la||r ||oug||. T| e
g|ooa| arour| ol ||a| |||erary |egacy surpasses a|| o||er ood|es ol |orogereous
Wr|||rgs ol la|e Ar||qu||y |r ||e Wes|err par| ol ||e Frp|re. T| e
po|er|ca| reac||or aga|rs| Ar|ar|sr Was ol scar| s|gr|l|carce, (oe|rg |r
esserce a 0ree| d|spu|e), W|ereas ||e |||erary or|g|ra|||y ol ||e la||r approac| |o
scr|p|ure |erded |o express ||se|l |r aro||er rodea poe||c ore.
v|rg|| Was uo|qu||ous |r ||e |rver||veress ol C|r|s||ar la||r poe|s, ol W||c|
lor over a cer|ury eac| gerera||or |r ||e c|urc| Wou|d produce a lres|
represer|a||ve.
A |ol|y surr|| ol ||g| cu||ure, paradox|ca||y, Arorose ol |||ar Was
g|l|ed W||| ||e corror |ouc| |r ||s pas|ora| corpos|||or ol o|o||ca| |or|||es. le
dor|ra|ed ||e secord |a|l ol ||e cer|ury prepar|rg ||e Way lor ||e
prod|g|ous perlorrarce ol Augus||re ol l|ppo as ar |r|erpre|er ol scr|p|ure.
lr Augus||re's parad|gra||c case a|| ||e c|a||erges |o oe laced oy ||e la||r
exeges|s ol ||e 8|o|e care dec|s|ve|y |o ||e lore. T| a| exeges|s |ad |o lree
||se|l lror ||e go|der c|a|rs ol c|ass|ca| |a||r||y, |r order |o d|scover ||e
||dder |reasures ol scr|p|ure our|ed urder poor o|d |rars|a||ors ol ||e |xx.
l| a|so |ad |o |rluse |r|o o|o||ca| |r|erpre|a||ors a |ru|y la||r se|l-aWareress,
or|g|ra||y roo|ed |r a psyc|o|og|ca| ard soc|a| appre|ers|or ol ||e se|l |r ||s
corcre|e rea|||y. l||ary ol lo|||ers, a gerera||or oelore Augus||re, |r|roduced
||s 0e |r|r||a|eoy s|a||rg |r a persora| ou|||re ol ||s |rrer jourrey ||s reW
|der|||y as a oe||ever. Augus||re sper| over a decade s|rugg||rg W||| ||e ru|es
ard re||ods ol exeges|s, ur||| |e lourd |r Wr|||rg 0e 0eres| ad ||||erara
|errereu||c l||||rg ||s persora| requ|rerer|s. 3oor al| er ||s re|urr |o Alr|ca
ar urexpec|ed ercour|er W||| a rore arc|er| ard geru|re|y Alr|car lorr ol
o|o||ca| |r|erpre|a||or |r ||e Wor| ol Tycor|us |ad |rposed or ||r a |urd|e
W||c| |e cou|d ro| |eap a| orce dur|rg ||s |org apprer||ces||p as a o|o||ca|
|r|erpre|er. lav|rg reac|ed a ra|ure exper||se |r ||s pas|ora| |ard||rg ol
scr|p|ure, aro||er urexpec|ed |urd|e |e re|uc|ar||y laced Was ||e sc|er||l|c
produc||or ol Jerore. l|s o|der cor|erporary |ad a so||d repu|a||or as ar
asce||c ard a |earred exege|e, ou| ||e pas|or Augus||re Was urW||||rg |o g|ve
up ||e 0|d la||r |ex| ol ||e 8|o|e lar|||ar |o ||s par|s||orers, ard |e relused
zF|ever lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
|o d|sr|ss ||e |rsp|red vers|or ol ||e |xx, as Jerore's d|rec| |rars|a||or ol
||e or|g|ra| leoreW |r|o la||r requ|red.
No| or|y d|d Augus||re exper|erce cu||ura| s||l|s ol a pr|rord|a| |rpor|arce |r ||e
|||era| recep||or ol sacred scr|p|ure ou| |e ac||eved a ur|que
osros|s oe|Weer ||e o|o||ca| ressage ard ||s C|ceror|ar educa||or. le
|rarscerded ||s oWr c|ass|ca| oac|grourd W||| a crea||ve lreedor W||c|
v|ora|ed |r ||s exege||ca| prose ard |ep| ||r c|ose |o ||e esser||a| |ru|| ol
scr|p|ure desp||e ||s propers||y |o po|er|ca| excesses.
Al|er Augus||re, wes|err |errereu||cs Wou|d |r |arge par| rera|r
Augus||r|ar. No| surpr|s|rg|y, ||e ||s|ory ol pa|r|s||c exeges|s dur|rg ||e
l|l|| cer|ury Wou|d c|ose W||| ||e or||||ar| perlorrarce ol ||e so-ca||ed
`lr|s| Augus||re,' jus| as ||e |Wer||e|| cer|ury erded W||| a corlererce
|e|d a| ||e Augus||r|arur, ||e la|r|s||c lrs|||u|e ol bore ard locuss|rg or
`||e exeges|s ol ||e la||r la||ers lror ||e or|g|rs ur||| 0regory ||e 0rea|'.
||e pr|racy ol Augus||re's urders|ard|rg ol ||e 8|o|e seers |o |ave pu| ar
|rde||o|e rar| or wes|err C|r|s||ar||y.
3|ud|es
Augus||r|arur, l'eseges| de| ladr| |a||r| da||e or|g|r| a 0regor|o |agro.
XXvlll lrcor|ro d| 3|ud|os| de||'Ar||c||| Cr|s||ara, |ay - . bore . o8 1
0o|oeau, l., `0ecouver|es recer|es d'oeuvres |a||res |rcorrues (l|r lll
e
-deou| vlll
e
s.)'. |eror|a| 0or F||g|us 0e||ers, 038= 3acr|s Frud|r|XXXvlll ( - 18
1), leuver, - . 1o1|z
Frrao||, l., Car||age. ure re|ropo|e c|re||erre du lv
e
|a l|r du vll
e
s|c|e. lar|s
CNb3 Fd|||ors, . 1;
lerzog, b., ed., bes|aura||or urd Frreuerurg. 0|e |a|e|r|sc|e l||era|ur vor z8|
o|s r. C|r.(lardo. der |a|. l||. der Ar|||e, ) |ur|c| = lrerc| ;| 1o
ed. bes|aura||or e| rerouveau. la ||||era|ure |a||re de aprs J.-C. z8| ;|
(Nouve||e ||s|o|re de |a ||||era|ure |a||re, ) Turr|ou| . 1
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| ll
lACTANTlu3 CA. zoz
561
8orr |r Alr|ca, a s|uder| ol ||e r|e|or Arroo|us oelore |eac||rg r|e|or|cs
||rse|l, l. Cae||us l|rr|arus lac|ar||us resporded |o a ca|| ol Frperor
0|oc|e||ar oe|Weer ard c.e. |o s|ar| a career as a prolessor ol la||r zo oo
a| ||e cour| ol N|cored|a. T| e yourg Cors|ar||re Was prooao|y ore ol ||s
pup||s. lr leoruary , |e W||ressed ||e ou|orea| ol ||e persecu||or. No| o
ye| a C|r|s||ar ||rse|l, |e |oo| a |eave lror ||s |eac||rg pos|||or W||| ||e
purpose ol Wr|||rg |r delerse ol ||e persecu|ed re||g|or. l|s precar|ous
s|a|us d|d ro| ||rder ||r lror puo||s||rg a l|rs| cryp|o-C|r|s||ar essay, 0e
op|l|c|o de|, 0r 0od's wor| ol Crea||or, |r | , ard a cryp|o-C|r|s||ar oo|
poer 0e ave l|oer|ce, 0r ||e 8|rd l|oer|x( | ). A rajor apo|ogy, 0|v|re oo|
lrs|ruc||ors, lo||oWed oe|Weer ard . Al| er ||e v|c|ory ol l|c|r|us o| 11
over |ax|r|rus 0a|a, ard ||e ed|c| ol |o|erarce s|gred oy l|c|r|us ard
Cors|ar||re |r |||ar, lac|ar||us produced soor al|er ||e ve|erer| 0e 1
ror||ous persecu|orur, 0r ||e 0ea|| ol lersecu|ors, W||c| |e Wro|e |r Tr|er,
W|ere Cors|ar||re |ad appo|r|ed ||r as |eac|er ol ||s sor Cr|spus. lr ||s
rega|red acader|c pos|||or, lac|ar||us s|||| puo||s|ed, al|er , ar essay 1
0e |ra de|, 0r ||e wra|| ol 0od, ard ar Fp||ore, or surrary, ol ||s 0|v|re
lrs|ruc||ors, reWor|ed ard prov|ded W||| ded|ca|ory |e||ers |o Cors|ar||re.
0ea|| |r|errup|ed ||s |aoours |r . z
lac|ar||us |s ac|roW|edged lor ||s |rrova||ve C|r|s||ar re|r|ev|rg ol
c|ass|ca| au||ors, ||e loreros| oe|rg C|cero. le corce|ved ||s apo|oge||c
cors|ruc| as oased or ||e |arrory oe|Weer o|o||ca| |eac||rgs ard borar
va|ues, oe|Weer |rue re||g|or ard W|sdor, |r oo|| cases resu|||rg lror d|v|re
reve|a||or. T| e sever 8oo|s ol lrs|||u||oresoller a re||od|ca| ca|ec|es|s
lor ||e jourrey lror `la|se re||g|or' (8oo| ) |o `|rue W|sdor ard re||g|or' 1
(8oo| ), `jus||ce' (8oo| ), `|rue verera||or ol 0od' (8oo| ), ard ||e '|appy | o
||le,' de v||a oea|a(8oo| ). l|s represer|a||or ol 0od as pa|er e| dor|rus ;
ex|rapo|a|es ||e |rad|||ora| borar ro||or ol ||e pa|er lar|||as. l|s delerse
ol `0od's Wra||' respords |o ||e pagar accusa||or aga|rs| C|r|s||ars as
respors|o|e lor puo||c ca|ar|||es.
l|s use ol ||e 8|o|e |s ||r||ed |o quo|a||ors (|ora| cour|s ) as prools z
ol ||s apo|oge||c v|eWs. |os| ol ||e quo|a||ors are |a|er |||era||y, sore er|a|||rg
|ypo|og|ca| or ever a||egor|ca| sugges||ors |r corlorr||y W||| |rad|||or
(|ora| l, - ). T| e o|o||ca| quo|a||ors ol laca|ar||us |||us|ra|e ||s access 1z8
|o ve|us la||ra |rad|||ors.
As a Wor| addressed |o a ror-C|r|s||ar readers||p, ||e lrs|||u||ores
|F|ever lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
represer| ||e l|rs| apo|oge||c surra ol C|r|s||ar ||oug|| Wr|||er |r la||r.
T| e ||||e ol ||e Wor| |s oorroWed lror u|r|||||ar's lrs|||u||o ora|or|aard
lror ||e lrs|||u||ores |ur|s c|v|||s, oe|org|rg |o ||e |eac||rg ol jur|spruderce.
T| e au||or or||s relererces |o scr|p|ure, ur||| 8oo| produces ||e prools ol |
`True w|sdor ard be||g|or,' W||| a se| ol prop|e||c |es||ror|acors|s||rg |r
;quo|a||ors ard a| |eas| passages ol scr|p|ure a||uded |o severa| ||res oo
(0r . a|ore a||rac||rg suc| a||us|ors). becer| researc| |as es|ao||s|ed z; ;
||a| lac|ar||us used a co||ec||or ol |es||ror|alourd |r ||e 0|a|ogue ol Jasor
ard lap|scus, a |os| Wor| ol Ar|s|or ol le||a (secord cer|ury), ||e sare
co||ec||or or W||c| Cypr|ar deperded |r ||s l|oer |es||ror|orur(|ora|, l,
- z;zz;). lr o||er Words, lac|ar||us's c|oseress |o Cypr|ar, ro|ed oy rary
cr|||cs, |s or|y |rd|rec|, ||e Wor| ol oo|| au||ors der|v|rg lror ||e sare
source ol |es||ror|a, Ar|s|or's co||ec||or, |rars|a|ed lror 0ree| |r|o la||r
a| a very ear|y da|e.
8o|| |r 0e |raard |r 0e ror||ous, lac|ar||us |ep| a ||re ol pruder|
d|scre||or |r quo||rg scr|p|ure, ||s o|o||ca| relererces oe|rg s|r|c||y reduced
|o scar| a||us|ors. loWever suc| a||us|ors, spec|a||y |o ||e 8oo|s ol ||e
|accaoees |r 0e ror||ous, are very s|gr|l| car| (bouge). Al|er lreraeus,
lac|ar||us |s ||e ros| exp||c|| advoca|e ol r|||erar|sr |r ||e wes|.
Fd|||ors
8|a|erey, F. l., lac|ar||us. Fp||ore ol ||e 0|v|re lrs|||u|es. lordor . 1o
8rard|, 3.. C3Fl , ( - ). 1z;18o18;
Creed, J. l., lac|ar||us. 0e ror||ous persecu|orur. 0xlord . 18|
lec|, F. ard A. w|oso|, Fp||ore d|v|rarur |rs|||u||orur. 3|u||gar| . 1|
lrgrereau, C.. 3C ( ), la Co|re de 0|eu. z818z
|ora|, l.. 3C , , , , ( - ), lac|ar||us. lrs|||u||ors zo|zozo;;;1;z
d|v|res.
|oreau, J.. 3C ( ), 0e |a |or| des persecu|eurs. 1|
lerr|r, |.. 3C ( ), Fp||ore des |rs|||u||ors d|v|res. 18;
. 3C , ( ), l'0uvrage du 0|eu crea|eur. z1z1|1;|
Trars|a||ors
Frg||s|
8|a|erey. aoove.
Creed. aoove.
|c0ora|d, |. l., lac|ar||us. T|e 0|v|re lrs|||u|es 8oo|s - . laC| 1; |
( ). 1o|
562
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| . lac|ar||us. T|e ||ror wor|s.
laC| ( ). |1o
lrerc|
(see 3C ed|||ors aoove).
0errar
Kral|, l., ard A. w|oso|, Tex|e zur lorsc|urg. 0arrs|ad| , || ed. 1;|
18.
3|ud|es
8erder, A. 0|e ra|ur||c|e 0o||eser|err|r|s oe| la||arz urd se|rer
apo|oge||sc|er
vorgarger r. Furl3 , . 8err. l. larg, . 1zo 18
0o|gror, J. `la scre evarge||que du oap|ere de Jesus correr|ee par
lac|arce
(0|v|rae |rs|||u||ores . ) e| l||a|re de lo|||ers (lr |a|||aeur . - ).' lr |1 zo
Fpe||as|s. |e|arges pa|r|s||ques oller|s au Card|ra| Jear 0ar|e|ou, ed||ed oy
J. lor|a|re, e| a|., - . lar|s. 8eauc|esre, . o; 1;z
0raper, J. `lac|ar||us ard ||e Jesus |rad|||or |r ||e 0|dac|e.' JT| 3 ( ). |o18
- 11z1o.
l|sc|er, J. `0|e F|r|e|| der oe|der Tes|arer|e oe| la||arz, v|||or|r vor le||au
urd
derer ue||er.' |T|Z , ( ). - . 11oo1o1
la||rar, J. |. `T| e ru|ao||||y ol 0od. Ter|u|||ar |o lac|ar||us.' T3 ( ). |z181
- ;.
lopperorouWers, l. A. |. bec|erc|es sur |a |err|ro|og|e du rar|yre de
Ter|u|||er
lac|arce. la||r||as C|r|s||arorur lr|raeva . 0e||er & var de veg|, . 1 1o1
lrgrereau, C. `lac|arce e| |e sacre, |'l|s|o|re 3a|r|e racor|ee aux paiers par |es
paiers.' 8A08( ) - . 18||
Koe|||rg, 8. `Frdze||progroser zW|sc|er lac|ar||us urd Augus||rus (de 0ar
. , 1z
zT| ess . ).' lJ ( ). - . z8 ;;181z
lo|, v. `ler |a s|or|a de| vocaou|o 'sacrarer|ur'. 'sacrarer|ur' |r la||arz|o.'
v|gC|r
18( ). - . 1oo81o;
. `Cr|s|o|og|a e so|er|o|og|a re||a do||r|ra d| la||arz|o.' b3lb ( ). - . |1o8z;8;
. la||arz|o re||a s|or|a de| ||rguagg|o e de| pers|ero ||eo|og|co pre-N|cero.
Zur|c|
1;o.
. `l'|r|erpre|az|ore g|ur|d|ca de| Tes|arer|urd|v|ro re||a s|or|a de||a sa|vezza
(0a||a ve|us la||raa la||arz|o).' Aug ( ). - . 1o1;o|1z
|a|||o||, u. `l' |r r o c e r | | a |r la||arz|o. oas| c|ass|c|e e o|o||c|e.' lr
Trad|z|ore
de||'ar||co re||e ar|| d'0cc|der|e. 3|ud| |r reror|a d| |. 8e|||rc|or| 3carpa|.
bore. 8u|zor|, . 1o
|c0uc||r, l. `T| e C|r|s|o|ogy ol lac|ar||us'. 3|la|r , ( ) - . 1;z18z81zo
. `T| e ror-Cypr|ar|c 3cr|p|ure |ex|s |r lac|ar||us' 0|v|re lrs|||u||ors.'
v|gC|r o
( ). - . 18z1|o
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| lac|ar||us
oF|ever lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
. `3p|r|| C|r|s|o|ogy, lac|ar||us ard ||s sources.' leyJ ( ). - . z|181|1|8
. `lac|ar||us as ||eo|og|ar, ar arge||c C|r|s|o|ogy or ||e eve ol N|caea.'
b3lb zz
( ). - . 18o|z;
|ora|, l. lac|arce e| |'Fcr||ure. 0|ss., 3oroorre, . 1;
. `F|ude sur |e |ex|e des c||a||ors o|o||ques dars |es lrs|||u||ors d|v|res. |a
p|ace de
lac|arce parr| |es |ero|rs des 'v|e|||es la||res.'' bFAug ( ). - . z818z1z
. lac|arce e| |a 8|o|e, ure propedeu||que |a||re |a |ec|ure de |a 8|o|e dars
|'0cc|der| cors|ar||r|er. vo|s. lar|s, . z 18z
N|c|o|sor, 0. `l||g|| lror persecu||or as |r||a||or ol C|r|s|, lac|ar||us' 0|v|re
lrs|||u|es lv, . - .' JT| 3 ( ). - . 181z |o18|8o|
Nu|ze|, J. |. `Zur 3c||c|sa| der esc|a|o|og|sc|er lrop|e|er.' 8Z ( ). - zo1;o
. |
0g||v|e, b. |., T| e l|orary ol lac|ar||us. 0xlord . 1;8
lerr|r, |. l'|orre ar||que e| c|re||er, |'ar||ropo|og|e de lac|arce - . zoz
T| eo|og|e ||s|or|que . lar|s. 8eauc|esre, . (see F. lec|, 0roror , 181 ;
18, - ). zzo
. `ue|ques ooserva||ors sur |a corcep||or de |a ror| e| de |'esc|a|o|og|e c|ez
lac|arce ( - aprs J.C.).' 88udl - ( ). zoz 1zz|18;
borcoror|, A. `3u| 0e pass|ore dor|r| pseudo|a||arz|aro.' v|gC|r ( ). z1;
- zo8z1.
bouge, J. `le de ror||ous persecu|orur, e ||vre des |acc|aoees.' 3|la|r 1z
( ). 1;
563
- 1|.
3erg, l. `Ap| . - |r Zusarrer|arg der Jo|arresapo|a|ypse. Aulsc||uss 1111|
aus
lac|ar||us urd l|ppo|y|os.' ve|C|r ( ). - . z;1o111z1
3|r|sca|co, l. `Frre|e Tr|sreg|s|o, prole|a pagaro de||a r|ve|az|ore cr|s||ara. la
lor|ura d| ur passo erre||co (Asc|ep|us ) re||'|r|erpre|az|ore d| scr|||or| cr|s||ar|.' 8
AA3T, 3c|or ( s). - . 1o11oo 811o
wa||a, |. 0er voge| l|oer|x |r der ar|||er l||era|ur urd der 0|c||urg des
la||arz.
0|ss., v|erra, . 1o
w|oso|, A. la||arz urd d|e p|||osop||sc|e 0ros|s. ur|ersuc|urger zu
0esc||c||e urd
Terr|ro|og|e der gros||sc|er Fr|osurgsvors|e||urg. Ao|le|de|oerg , . z1oo
. `N|c||cypr|ar|sc|e 8|oe|z||a|e oe| la||arz.' 3|la|r ( ). - . |1o1z|o
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| lll ;
TlF AblAN Cbl3l3 lN TlF wF3T
w|er wes|err o|s|ops oecare aWare ol Ar|ar|sr as a d|rec| ||rea| |o ||e|r
pas|ora| s|ra|eg|es, Ar|us Was a|ready dead (|r ), ||s |eresy |av|rg oeer o
lorra||y corderred a| ||e Courc|| ol N|caea oy ||e ||g|es| au||or|||es z
ol C|urc| ard 3|a|e urder Cors|ar||re's ru||rg. T| erelore ||e W|o|e expars|or
ol Ar|ar |deas |r ||e la||r wes| appears |||e a s|de ellec| ol ||e rore
ag||a|ed deoa|e W||c| ||ese sare |deas occas|ored |r ||e 0ree|-spea||rg
c|urc|es ol ||e Fas|. Never||e|ess ||e so-ca||ed Ar|ar cr|s|s prolourd|y
rod|l|ed ||e cu||ura| ard |r|e||ec|ua| s|a|us ol wes|err c|urc| |eaders, ro|
||e |eas| oy |rpos|rg or sore ol ||er lorced per|ods ol res|derce arorg
||e|r 0ree| le||oW o|s|ops.
8eyord sec|ar|ar |rl|g|||rg, a rar |||e l||ary ol lo|||ers used ||s ex||e
|r l|ryg|a lor |earr|rg 0ree|, ard so acqu|r|rg a l|rs| |ard |roW|edge ol
0r|ger ol A|exardr|a's exege||ca| |egacy. 0r ||e ||rgu|s||c oorder||re oe|Weer
la||rop|ore ard le||erop|ore areas, lor |rs|arce |r l||yr|cur, Ar|ar doc|r|re
cou|d eas||y s||l|lror Fas|err po|er|cs |r|o wes|err preac||rg, as ||
|s exerp||l| ed |r ||e araz|rg 0pus |rperlec|ur |r |a|||aeur. lopu|a||or
c|arges, due |o r||||ary opera||ors ard rass|ve r|gra||ors, p|ayed ar
|rpor|ar| ro|e |r ||e los|er|rg ol wes|err Ar|ar|sr. 0o|||c ard varda|
||rdors all| rred ||e|r pecu||ar lorr ol C|r|s||ar||y deep |r|o ||e l|l||
cer|ury.
3|ud|es
F|a|x, b., `3errors ar|ers |red||s'. bec|Aug ( ) - . zo1z1|;
0rysor, b., `les serrors ar|ers du Codex |a||rus roracers|s . F|ude oz
cr|||que'.
bFAug ( ) - . 18
|. l||ary ol lo|||ers (d. ) o;
3|or||y al|er ||e Courc|| ol |||ar |r , W||c| saW ||e wes|err o|s|ops
W||||rg |o corderr A||aras|us ol A|exardr|a or ||e reques| ol Frperor
Cors|ar||us, a syrod Was |e|d |r 8ez|ers or ||e |r|||a||ve ol 3a|urr|rus
ol Ar|es ard o||er o|s|ops W||| W|or 8|s|op l||ary ol lo||ers |ad oro|er
corrur|or al|er ||e |||arese ga||er|rg. Toge||er W||| bodar|us ol
Tou|ouse, l||ary Was ex||ed |o l|ryg|a. T| ere |e corp|e|ed ar |rpor|ar|
8F|ever lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
aspec| ol ||s ||eo|og|ca| educa||or. |e |ad rever |eard ary|||rg aoou| ||e
N|cere Creed ur||| ||e days preced|rg ||s depar|ure |o ||e Fas|, ||oug| |e
|ad a|ready oeer corsecra|ed as o|s|op lor prooao|y s|x years. lr l|yrg|a, |e
Was We|cored |r|o ||e ||ve|y group ol rodera|e pro-N|cere o|s|ops ca||ed
`loro|ous|ars,' oecause ||ey suppor|ed |oro|ous|osover |oroous|osW|er
del|r|rg ||e re|a||or ol ||e 3or |o ||e la||er |r d|v|re Tr|r||y. le jo|red W|||
||er |r |rave|||rg |o 3e|euc|a |r lor ||e courc|| W||c| Was supposed |o
rar| ||e erd ol ||e Ar|ar cr|s|s, a courc|| W||c| Was corvered s|ru||areou|y W|||
aro||er courc|| ol wes|err o|s|ops |e|d a| b|r|r| |r ror||err
l|a|y. Fver|ua||y, ||e peace p|ar la||ed. lr Cors|ar||rop|e, rear ||e erd ol
, W|er o|s|ops lror Fas| ard wes| corverged or ||e erperor's cour|,
l||ary Was arorg ||ose ready lor a puo||c corlror|a||or W||| 3a|urr|rus
ol Ar|es. T| e |rper|a| oll| c|a|s lourd || rore s|ra|eg|c |o serd ||r oac| |o
0au|, W|ere |e rece|ved a |ero's We|core ard secured ||e lu|| |r|urp| ol
ar||-Ar|ar or||odoxy. Accord|rg |o Jerore |e d|ed |r . o;
wor|s
1. 0r |a|||eW (lr |a|||aeur), l||ary's ear||es| Wor| Wr|||er oe|Weer
ard |s ||e l|rs| cor||ruous 0ospe| correr|ary |r la||r |arded doWrlror
Ar||qu||y. Ac|ua||y, || represer|s a cor||ruous `read|rg' ol ||e |ex| |o
a sra|| c|rc|e ol |ra|red ||s|erers, ||e correr|s lo||oW|rg ||e |a|||aear
verses |r ||e|r order, jus| as poe|s Were read ard correr|ed or |r ||e
c|ass|ca| sc|oo|. T| e ordo rarra||or|s, ||e |rrer |og|c ol ||e rarra||or, Was
erp|as|zed, par||cu|ar|y |r r|rac|e s|or|es. l||ary de||oera|e|y or||s ||e
exp|ara||ors g|ver oy ||e 0ospe| Wr||er (|| . - , - , . - , . 118z||11zo1
- o11ard . - ), ard a|so exc|udes correr|ary or ||e lord's prayer, z18zz
564
ra||er, |e d|rec|s ||s ||s|erers |o Ter|u|||ar ard Cypr|ar. Cor|rary |o W|a| |as
sore||res oeer sugges|ed, ro `prearo|e' |o ||e Wor| seers |o oe r|ss|rg.
T| e correr|ary lo||oWs ||e 0ospe| |ex| as lar as || . . z81
lr ||s exeges|s or |a|||eW, l||ary's locus |s or W|a| |e ca||s ||e ra||o
|yp|caol ||e 0ospe| rarra||ve ( , , , , , , , , - , , , , , , z11o8|z1zz|1z11|1o1;8
, , , ). T| e |a||er's `syroo||c re|evarce' |s scru||r|zed or ||e |eve| ol 1o
grarra||ca| da|a, ||roug| |ex|ca| c|ar|l|ca||ors ard ||roug| ever|s or say|rgs pu|
|r sequerce |r order |o ||g|||g|| ||e 0ospe|'s orgo|rg s|gr|l|carce
(Karrerg|esser, 03p - , 0o|gror, 3ur || - ). l||ary ca||s or lau|'s |o;o z;o
1Cor|r|||ars rore ||ar or ary o||er au||or||y lor ||s oWr re||odo|ogy,
|e |urrs |o Ter|u|||ar lor po|er|ca| s|a|erer|s, ard |o Cypr|ar lor o|o||ca|
Tes||ror|aard |||urg|ca| ord|rarces. le Was oov|ous|y s|||| uraWare ol
A|exardr|ar a||egor|sr as a re||od lor o|o||ca| exeges|s, popu|ar|zed oy
T| e Ar|ar Cr|s|s |r ||e wes|
0r|ger over a cer|ury oelore. A| ||e ||re ol ||s lr |a|||aeur|e ra||er g|ves
||s Wor| ||e spec|a| va|ue ol W||ress|rg ||e arc|a|c lourda||ors proper |o
la||r cu||ure |r ||e ||s|ory ol lour|| cer|ury exeges|s.
T| roug|ou| ||s correr|ary 0r |a|||eW, l||ary rev|s||s ear||er exege||ca|
|rad|||ors. `||e appar|||or ol ||e s|ar, perce|ved a| orce oy ||e |ag|, sugges|s ||a|
||e ra||ors W||| soor oe||eve |r C|r|s|, ard ||a| peop|e W|o preler
|o oe lar a||er |o ||e sc|erce ol |roW|rg 0od W||| |rred|a|e|y recogr|ze
||e ||g|| oourd |o ||s o|r||' (|| . . , , - ), |s oased or lreraeus's Aga|rs| z1111|
leres|es , , , ou| W||| l||ary's oWr c|r|s|o|og|ca| o|as. l|s |deas aoou|
Adar's u|||ra|e sa|va||or, ec|o|rg lreraeus ard Ter|u|||ar, or aoou| ||e s|r
`aga|rs| ||e lo|y 3p|r||' (|| . ), or ||e |os| s|eep ol || . , are s|r|c||y 1zz 181z
c|r|s|ocer|r|c (Karrerg|esser, 03p - ). |;|;|
lr 0r |a|||eW, ||e |rpor|arce g|ver oy l||ary |o doc|r|ra| expos|||ors |s suc|
||a| sore ol ||er oe|org |o ||e correr|ary lor ro o||er
reasor ou| ||e `|rs|ruc||or' ol ||e reader. `0re s|ou|d a|Ways rereroer
||a| ros| ol ||e ||re ||ey s|ar| W||| a |rac|a|usor ||e proper rear|rg ol
||e Words used |r ||e 0ospe|. lrdeed ||e procedures ol a |rac|a|us|rvo|ve
||e sor||rg ou| ol corparao|e da|a, accord|rg |o a pa||err lar|||ar |o la||r
apo|oge||cs (syroo||sr ol e|erer|s, ar|ra|s, ||e |urar oody, ruroers), or
a cors|dera||or ol o|o||ca| `exerp|a' s|gra|ed |r ||e 0ospe| oy We||-|roWr
l|gures (pa|r|arc|s, prop|e|s) or aroryrous groups (||e poor, c|||drer, ||e
s|c|). |os| ol ||ese exerp|a|ave a|ready oeer exp|a|red oy Ter|u|||ar ard
Cypr|ar as s|grs ol ||e laW's ooso|e|e s|a|us ard ||e 0er|||es' proro||or'
(0o|gror, l||a|re, ). 1|
z. T| e l|oer adversus va|er|er e| ursac|urlror - , ollered docurer|ary o;
ev|derce |o l||ary's le||oW o|s|ops |r 0au|, corcerr|rg ||e ac||v|||es
ol `Ar|ar' co||eagues arourd ||e |rlarous syrod ol |||ar |r . T| e sare
urge |o |rs|ruc|, ro|ed |r 0r |a|||eW, pervades ||e l|oer, W|ose praela||o
ca||s or Cor . lor |r|roduc|rg ||e au||or's Corless|o l|de|. As |r 0r 1 11
|a|||eW , , l||ary arrources a c|ass|ca| ru|e lor ||e |rp|erer|a||or 1|o
ol |ex|s, o|o||ca| or corc|||ary. 0rr|a er|r sur| e| separardo |erpor|ous e|
d|s||rguerda jud|c||s e| secerrerda persor|s e| veroorur d||ud|carda v|r|u||ous,
`A|| da|a reed |o oe cors|dered separa|e|y |r ||re, ard eva|ua|ed lor
||erse|ves, |r |der||ly|rg ||e peop|e |rvo|ved ard de|err|r|rg ||e serse
ol ||e|r s|a|erer|s. (A. leder, Co||ec|area ar||ar|ara lar|s|ra, 3er|es 8 -ll, 1
C3Fl, , , , - ). lr 0e Tr|r||a|e, 8oo| l, l||ary's use ol scr|p|ure o11o1oz18zo
|s ruc| rore exp||c|| ard c|rcurs|ar||a| ||ar |r ||e l|oer adv. va|. e| urs.,
rare|y as ar au|oo|ograp||ca| repor| or l||ary's ques| lor |ru||. w||| |errs
ard ru|es a|ready ro|ed |r 0r |a|||eW, l||ary |r|erds |o reac| ||e aoso|u|a
s|gr|l|ca||o, ||e `lu|| s|gr|l| ca||or' ol scr|p|ure (c|ap. ) ard |o exp|ore ||s
T| e Ar|ar Cr|s|s |r ||e wes|
1oooF|ever lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
|rexp||cao|||s |r|e|||ger||a, `urla||orao|e rear|rg,' s|ud|o |r|er||ore, W|||
`re|er||ess ellor|,' (c|ap. ). le |e|s ||s ar|rusourr doWr |r ||e lervor ol ;
la||| (c|ap. ), ur|||, urged oy scr|p|ure, || ours|s lor|| |r|o a puo||c corless|o 1o
0e|(c|ap. ). T| e ca|egor|z|rg ol ar |rrer jourrey ca||s |ere or scr|p|ure 1;
as ||e locus ol sp|r||ua| dyrar|c, as W||| oe ||e case or a rore sop||s||ca|ed
|eve| |r Augus||re's Corless|ors. T| e puo||c corless|o, |r 8oo| ll, re||es or ||
z. - ard derources ||e d|llerer| |eres|es aoou| ||e corrardrer| |o 1zo
go ard oap||ze a|| ra||ors (c|ap. - ), oelore e|aoora||rg or ||e |rad|||ora| 1
ca|ec|es|s or la||er, 3or ard 3p|r|| (c|ap. - ). 8oo| lll adds a c|r|s|o|og|ca| o
essay, |r resporse |o ||e Ar|ar cor|roversy, W||| a dogra||c ara|ys|s ol
Jr . ard . - . T| e corc|us|or ol 8oo| lll |r c|ap - , used Cor 1|11 1;1o z|zo 1
1. - lor |urr|rg oac| |o ||e exper|er||a| s|y|e ol ||e sp|r||ua| ascers|or 1;1
descr|oed |r 8oo| l, corl|rr|rg ||e |||erary ard ||era||c ur||y ol ||e ||ree
ooo|s as cors|||u||rg l||ary's 0e l|de. uo|a||ors lror |a|||eW preva||
||roug|ou| |r ||ese ||ree ooo|s.
As a reWcorer lac|rg ||e r|g||y r|e|or|c ol 0ree| Ar|ar|sr |r 0e
Tr|r||a|elv-vl, l||ary s|ar|s oy Wor||rg ou| ar argurer| oorroWed lror
lreraeus, l|rs| |r ca|||rg or o| exerp|a, suc| as Aora|ar (lv, - , v z1
565
- 1118), Jacoo (v, - ), |oses (lv, - , v, - ), ||e prop|e|s (lv, 1zo z| z1z
- , v, - ), secord|y, |r res||rg ||s case or ||e 0ospe|s (vl, - ) ard zo z1
or apos|o||c |es||ror|es. Arorg ||e corp|erer|ary ques||ors d|scussed
|r 8oo| Xl-Xll, |e cors|ders ||e rear|rg ol lrv . , ore ol ||e ros| 8zz
cor|rover|ed verses dur|rg ||e Ar|ar cr|s|s (Xll, ). T| e corc|us|or ol ||e ||
W|o|e Wor|, g|ver |r 8oo| Xll, , , |r ||e lorr ol a prayer ard W||| ||e z;
`l' speec| |r|||a||y used ur||| ||e r|dd|e ol 8oo| v, recap||u|a|es ||s ra|r
corc|us|ors |r ||s s|rugg|es W||| Ar|ar|sr, or|y |o erd W||| a de|ac|ed
ro|e. Neque s|| r||| |ru||||s pugra veroorur, sed |rcurc|ar||s l|de| cors|ars
proless|o, `l ar ro| |r|eres|ed |r a va|r l| g|| W||| Words, ou| or|y |r a l|rr
proless|or ol urs|a|ao|e la|||' (ll , A), W||c| |urrs orce rore ||e 1o|;1
reader's a||er||or oac| |o ||e au|oo|ograp||ca| pro|ogue ol 8oo| . 1
. T| e Trac|a|us super lsa|rosproceeds lror ||e sare oas|c ro||va||or W||c|
|ad a|ready |rsp|red l||ary |r ||e |aoor|ous corpos|||or ol 0e
Tr|r||a|e. |e cors|dered || as ||s pas|ora| du|y |o corvey ||e doc|r|ra| ard
exege||ca| r|c|es ol ||e 0ree|-spea||rg c|urc|es over |o ||s oWr c|urc|
corrur||y |r 0au|, W||c| Was s|||| |r ||e |rlarcy ol oare|y educa|ed sra||
groups spread over a leW ra|r |oWrs. T| e Trac|a|usWere corposed dur|rg
l||ary's |as| years |r - , as a |or||e||c expos|||or ol ||e W|o|e lsa||er, o|o;
c|ose|y deperder| or 0r|ger's |os| Correr|ary or ||e lsa|rs, as car oe seer
oy corpar|sor ||e pro|ogue ard ||e correr|s or ||e l|rs| l|ve lsa|rs |r
oo|| au||ors (F. 0oll| re|, |. ||||au, - ). l||ary rera|rs s||er| aoou| oo
T| e Ar|ar Cr|s|s |r ||e wes| 1oo1
|||s source, apparer||y ||s or|y cr|||ca| parad|gr lor ||e exege||ca| |as| |e
urder|oo|. T| e lac| |s ||a| ||e Trac|a|usrepreser|s ||e l|rs| |||erary produc||ve
ercour|er oe|Weer ar exeges|s oased or ||e 3ep|uag|r| ard a wes|err
r|rd W||c| |ad oeer s|aped |r C|r|s||ar |rad|||ors oy ||e ve|us la||ra,
||e 0|d la||r vers|ors ol ||e 8|o|e.
|. Al|er ||e (ur||re|y?) dea|| ol l||ary, par|s ol ||e Wor| d|sappeared.
Jerore reads or|y ||e Trac|a|usor ls - , - , - , ard Augus||re 1z1z1181o
|reW ro o||ers. Trarsr|||ed Were a|so ||e |rac|a|usor ls , , , - 11|oo|
ard (Z|rger|e), W||c| g|ves a |o|a| ol Trac|a|us, |r|roduced oy ar 1 8
lrs|ruc||o lsa|rorur. lr ||e loo|s|eps ol 0r|ger, ou| a|so |r corlorr||y W|||
||e ru|es ol ||e erarra||o|aug|| oy la||r r|e|ors, l||ary cors|ders l|rs| ||e
|||era| cor|ex| ol psa|r|c verses, |e rer||ors a var|e|y ol 0ree| vers|ors
lror ||e leoreW or|g|ra| (|e ||rse|l |reW ro leoreW), |e |rc|udes rurerous
correr|s or o|o||ca| ||s|ory ard geograp|y, or c|roro|og|es ard
e|yro|og|es, oelore ergag|rg |r|o a||egor|ca| |r|erpre|a||or. ll ||ere Were
ary |races ol sys|era||c 0r|ger|sr |r ||s source, |e oo|||era|ed ||er a||
|oge||er, lor ||s oWr correr|ary a|rs exc|us|ve|y a| ||e rora| ed|l|ca||or
ol ||s le||oW C|r|s||ars, ro| W|||ou| add|rg |o || rary ar||ropo|og|ca| ard
c|r|s|o|og|ca| |rs|g||s oroug|| oac| lror ||s ex||e arorg ||e 0ree|s or
d|rec||y cop|ed lror 0r|ger.
`T| e exege|e arrources ||s exp|ara|ory re||od |r ||e lrs|ruc||o psa|rorur.
'T| ere |s ro douo| ||a| ore |ad |o expourd W|a| |s sa|d |r ||e lsa|rs
accord|rg |o ||e |eac||rg ol ||e 0ospe|s' (par. ). . . . 'T| e 0ospe|s, W|ere
||e secre|s ol ||e laW ard ||e rys|er|es ol prop|ec|es are urve||ed |r ||e
|rcarra|e lord' (|r ls , . ). . . . lr corpar|rg prop|e||c say|rgs W||| 1181;|
s|a|erer|s read |r ||e 0ospe|s or ||e Fp|s||es, ||e exege|e s|oWs a|so |oW
|| |s poss|o|e |o go oeyord a s|r|c||y |||era||s||c |r|erpre|a||or ol ||e verses,
ard |o app|y ||er, ro| |o 0av|d a|ore, ou| as We|| |o C|r|s|, or ||e Apos||e.
T| us, ||e verse 'l |ave oeer corp|e|e|y |ur|||a|ed, lord' arrources C|r|s|'s
|eac||rg or |ur||||y |r || . - ( , - ). w|er 0av|d evo|es dec|s|ors 11z8z1|8
ol ||s oWr W||| ard ro| prescr|oed oy ||e laW, |e 'arrources' lau| ra||rg
||s s|a|erer| aoou| v|rg|rs ( Cor . ) W|||ou| ||e oac||rg ol a precep| 1 ;z
oy ||e lord ( , - ). As |e |rvo|es 0od's rercy, ||e prop|e| ar||c|pa|es 1|11|
lau|'s vo|ce |r Cor . - , ||e|r corror dec|ara||or res|s or ||e |rsurarce ||a| z 1|
C|r|s| rever aoardors ||ose W|o are persecu|ed (|| . - , 1o1zo
1o, )' (||||au, ). 1| |
. T| e Trac|a|us rys|er|orur, Wr|||er W|er l||ary reac|ed ||e erd
ol ||s Trac|a|us super psa|ros, s|ar|s W||| ||e sare p|ras|rg, a| |eas| |r
||s lorr, |l ro| |r ||s cor|er|, as ||e lrs|ruc||ooper|rg ||e correr|ary or
||e lsa|rs. `|u|||p|ex .(|acura)' (Tr. |ys|. l, ). 0|versas es| p|ur|rorur |r 1
1oozF|ever lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
psa|rour ||oro op|r|ores, `lr ||e 8oo| ol lsa|rs ||ere ex|s|s lor ros| ol ||er
a var|e|y ol op|r|ors' (lrs|r. ). lrdeed, |||e ||e Fxp|ara||or or ||e lsa|rs, 1
||e Fxp|ara||or or ||e |ys|er|es|s d|rec||y |rsp|red oy 0r|ger, ard |r oo||
cases l||ary assures ||e 0r|ger|ar |egacy W||| a s|rorg ard |rdeperder|
se|l-aWareress. le locuses ||s correr|s aoou| `rys|er|es' exc|us|ve|y or
||e ro||or ol |ypus. lr o||er Words, |e adds |o ||e lorra| ro||or ol ||e ra||o
|yp|ca, |r|er||ed lror la||r r|e|or|cs ard app||ed |o 0r |a|||eW, a rore
o|o||ca| ard ||eo|og|ca| corcep| ol |ypus, r|c| W||| 0r|ger|ar resorarce ard
||s oWr devo||ora| ra|ur||y. T| e `rys|er|es' are o| l|gures, urders|ood |r
566
||e|r syroo||c re|evarce, oy W||c| ||ey prel|gure ||e ||le ard la||| exper|erces ol
C|r|s||ars roW ard ever. Adar ard Fve (c|ap. - ), Ca|r ard Aoe| z
( - ), larec| ard 3e|| ( - ), Noa| ( - ), Aora|ar ( - ), lsaac ( ), o8 11 1z1; 1;18 1
Jacoo ard Fsau ( - ), |r 8oo| ll, W||c| erds W||| a |org corc|us|or, as We 1o
ro|ed ore a|ready |r l||ary's 0r Tr|r||y. lr ||a| corc|us|or, ||e reed lor, as
We|| as ||e corver|erce ol, |ypo|ogy are |rs|s|er||y recorrerded lor ||e
W|o|e ol o|, g|v|rg ||e essay ||e pedagog|ca| s|ape ol a s|or| |r|roduc||or
|o o|o||ca| |errereu||cs. T| e Wor| Was a|ros| cer|a|r|y addressed |o preac|ers
(8r|ssor). lere |||e |r 0e |r|r||a|el, l||ary rodes||y ar||c|pa|es ore ol
Augus||re's ros| ce|eora|ed |r|||a||ves, 0e doc|r|ra c|r|s||ara.
o. lyrr|. l||ary's poe|ry |s We|g|ed doWr urder ||e ourder ol ||s
doc|r|ra| ro||va||or. As a poe|, |e rever ac||eved popu|ar||y ard soor
Was overs|adoWed oy Arorose ol |||ar's |yr|ca| perlorrarce. Never||e|ess
||s lyrrscorl|rr ||r as a C|r|s||ar |||r|er deep|y roo|ed |r scr|p|ure.
T| ey Were corposed a| ||e sare ||re as ||e Trac|a|us rys|er|orur, |r a
poe||c re|er ass|r||a|ed dur|rg l||ary's ex||e (3|rore|||, 3|ud|). lr rary
Ways, ||ey recap||u|a|e ard corderse W|a| l||ary |ad Wr|||er |r prose lor
||e exper|s.
A 'prooer|ur,' s|or| |r|roduc||or |r a douo|e |aro|c verse, p|aces ||e
W|o|e ooo| ol lyrrsurder ||e pa|rorage ol 0av|d. le||x prop|e|a 0av|d
pr|rus orgar|||r carre C|r|s|ur |yrr|s rurdo rur||ars, `8|essed ||e prop|e|
0av|d, W|o l|rs| arrourced |r |yrrs C|r|s| |r ||e l|es| |o ||e Wor|d' (leder,
C3Fl , , ). 0av|d |s ca||ed `prop|e|,' as au||or ol ||e lsa|rs, o11ozo
|erce ||e c|ose correc||or ol ||e lyrrs|o l||ary's Trac|a|us super psa|ros
(Karrerg|esser, 03p, - ). |8|8;
l||ary |s ||e l|rs| la||r o|s|op W|o corce|ved ||s pas|ora| |eac||rg |r ||e
lorr ol a cor||ruous correr|ary ol o|o||ca| |ex|s. Fver ||s rajor doc|r|ra|
Wor|, 0r Tr|r||ys|ar|s oy s|e|c||rg ||s persora| corr||rer| |o scr|p|ure
as ||e source ol ||s corless|o l|de|. l|s 0r |a|||eW, Trac|a|us super psa|ros
ard |os| lor|||es or Joo, crea|ed |r la||r ||e gerre ol suc| exeges|s, ||ey
Were apparer||y corposed ard ed||ed W||| grea| care. 0ver ore |urdred ard
T| e Ar|ar Cr|s|s |r ||e wes| 1oo
l|l|y |ec|r|ca| |errs c|arac|er|ze l||ary's a||||ude |oWard ||e lsa||er |r ||e
Trac|a|us(0as|a|d|). T| ree ra|r cors|dera||ors d|rec| ||s exege||ca| |r|||a||ve.
1) le corce|ves ||e d|v|re |rsp|ra||or ol scr|p|ure as a persora| g|l|ol ||e
3p|r|| g|ver |o ||e au||ors ol ||e 8|o|e, a||oW|rg ||erlrop|e||ae sc|er||a
es| pro gererd|s ges|a rerorare, `|o correrora|e pas| ac||ors |r prev|s|or
ol ||ose |o core' (lr ls. , , leder, , ll , 8), a |ypo|ogy oased or ||e oz| z18 |o
presuppos|||or ||a| o|o||ca| au||ors a|Ways |ep| |r ||e|r Wr|||rg a d|spos|||or
locused oy ||e 0ospe| - lu|us qu|der evarge||cae d|spos|||or|s |eru||
e| prop|e|a ra||orer(lr ls. , , leder, , ll , 8). lor orres sarc|os zz zoo
e| prop|e|as cae|es|| des|der|o evarge||cae oeau|||ud|r|s |erpus op|asse, `a||
sa|r|s ard prop|e|s Were |org|rg W||| |eaver|y des|re lor ||e ||re ol 0ospe|
o|essedress' (lr ls. , , leder, , l , C). T| e sever|y |rars|a|ors o;z o| z||o
ol ||e 3ep|uag|r| Were ro| or|y lar|||ar W||| leoreW |arguage, ||ey |ad
a|so oerel||ed lror ||e secre| |eac||rgs ol |oses (lr ls ). l| exp|a|rs W|y z
||e|r vers|or ol ||e leoreW 8|o|e |s ||e oes| ol a||. T| e|r order|rg ol o|o||ca|
|ex|s, |r par||cu|ar ||e lsa|rs, arrources |org |r advarce ||e ever|s ol Jesus.
w|||e l||ary Was aWare ol ear||er |r|erpre|ers, |e rares or|y Ter|u|||ar ard
Cypr|ar, ou| ||s pr|rary a|r Was |o upda|e |rad|||ora| |r|erpre|a||ors |r
||e cor|ex| ol ||e Ar|ar cor|roversy (lr ls , , - ). l|s use ol a||egory 11zo1
Was |erpered oy sourd rea||sr. `0re |as |o searc| lor ||e correc| rear|rg
ol W|a| |s sa|d |r |a||rg |r|o accour| ||e lurc||or ol apos||es as We|| as ||e
proper ra|ure ol sa||' (lr || , ). |1o
Fd|||ors
ll
C3Fl
3ru|ders, l., 3C ( ), ( ), |rars|. ard ro|es oy J. 0o|gror, ||1||8zooo
0. |. de 0urard, |. l|guras, C. |ore|, ard 0. le||ard.
3|ud|es
Arersloor|, J. var. `3ore lrl|uerce ol ||e 0|a|essaror ol Ta||ar or ||e 0ospe|
Tex|
ol l||ary ol lo|||ers.' 3|la|r ( ). - . 118|zooo
Aryara, A. 0. 3. `T| e C|r|s|o|og|ca| ar||ropo|ogy |r 3| l||ary ol lo|||ers'
Trac|a|es or
||e lsa|rs.' 0|ss., bore. lor|. ur|v. 3a|es|ara, . 18
Arrs|rorg, 0. T. `T| e 0eres|s T| eop|ar|es ol l||ary ol lo|||ers.' 3|la|r 1o
( ). 1;o
- zoo;.
8as|||, A. `Corcep||or du Correr|a|re e| |rad|||or exege||que dars |es lr
|a|||aeurd'0r|gre e| d'l||a|re de lo|||ers.' lages - |r 0r|ger|ara 3ex|a. o;z
1oo|F|ever lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
0r|gre e| |a 8|o|e|0r|ger ard ||e 8|o|e. Ac|es du Co||oqu|ur 0r|ger|a rur
3ex|ur. C|ar||||y, aou|- sep|erore . Fd||ed oy 0. 0or|va| ard A. le o 1
567
8ou||uec, W||| ||e co||aoora||or ol |. A|exardre, |. ledou, A. lour||er, ard
J. wo||rs||. louva|r. lee|ers, . 1
8erd|re|||, 0. `ur corlror|o. l correr|ar| a |a||eo d| 0r|gere e l|ar|o d|
lo|||ers.'
0T ( ). - . o1z1|;
8|as|c|, 0. `la r|surrez|ore de| corp| re||'opera esege||ca d| 3. l|ar|o d| lo|||ers.'
0T
o( ). - . 1oo;zo
8resard, l. `l||a|re de lo|||ers (0e Tr|r||a|e) e| |e rys|re de |a ra|ssarce.'
8lF 8o
( ). - . 1881oo
8urrs, l. C. T| e C|r|s|o|ogy |r l||ary ol lo|||ers' Correr|ary or |a|||eW.
3FAug . 1o
bore. Augus||r|arur, . 181
Carp|ro, l. `0r|gere, Fuseo|o e l|ar|o su| 3a|ro .' A3Fs ( ). - . 118 18o;o|
Caruara, F.|. `3. l||ar|us l|c|av|ers|s |es||s Fp|s|u|ae ad leoraeos.' |el| 1
( ). 1|8
- zo.
Casarassa, A. `Appur|| per |o s|ud|o de| Trac|a|us super lsa|rosd| 3. l|ar|o.'
3|Ars
z;s ( ). - . 11z18
Cava|car||, F. `l|||p. . - re| 0e Tr|r. d| l|ar|o (0e Tr|r. vlll, - , X - ).' zo11 ||; zzo
lages - |r l|erora. 3a|us carr|s. loreraje a Ar|or|o 0roe.Fd||ed |z1|1
oy F. borero lose, J. b|us-Carps, ard J. |or|serra| Torrer|s. 3ar||ago de
Corpos|e|a. Corpes|e||arur, . 1o
C||a|va, l. `Corlror|o |ra || 'Cor. ||' d| 3. l|ar|o e |''Fxpos. |r lc' d| Arorog|o.'
0|ss,.
Tur|r, s. 1
0ar|e|ou, J. `l||a|re e| ses sources ju|ves.' lr l||a|re e| sor |erps, Ac|es du
co||oque
de lo|||ers, - . lar|s, . 1||; 1o8
0ar|e|ou, J., l. l. |arrou, e| a|. l||a|re de lo|||ers. F|udes Augus||r|erres. lar|s.
F|udes Augus||r|erres, . 1o8
0o|gror, J. `la delec||or er rorore des d|sc|p|es de Jesus (Jear . ) e| ooo
|'apos|ase
de |a lo| c|ez l||a|re de lo|||ers,' lr lurar||as c|ass|ca e 3ap|er||a cr|s||ara.
3cr|||| 0ller|| a booer|o lacoarge||, - . Fd||ed oy l. bodr|guez. 3cr|p|a 1111|
T| eo|og|ca . bore. lA3, . z 1z
. `l||a|re de lo|||ers correr|a|eur de lroveroes . - ,' lr le||ure cr|s||are 8zoo
de|
l|or| 3ap|erza||, XX |rcor|ro d| s|ud|os| de||a ar||c|||a cr|s||ara, - ragg|o 11
11, - . bore. lrs|. la|r|s||cur Augus||r|arur, . zo1o; 1z
. `leu|-or cors|derer avec Jerore (Fp|s|. . ) qu'l||a|re s'es| lourvoye au |
suje| du verse| du lsaure ?' lr Jerore er|re |'0cc|der| e| |'0r|er|, - . z 1z; 1o;1
Fd||ed oy .-|. 0uva|. lar|s. F|udes Augus||erres, . 18
. `b|e|or|que e| Fxegse la|r|s||que. la '0elers|o' de |'Apo|re l|erre c|ez
l||a|re
de lo|||ers,' lr la r|e|or|que bore. Co||oque des - decerore , lar|s, 1o11 1;;
- 1|1z. lar|s. les 8e||es le||res, . 1;
. `'Apeure par |a cord|||or |ura|re' (l||a|re de lo|||ers, lr lsa|rur , , ). 1181
lorderer|s c|ass|ques e| pa|r|s||ques d'ure |op|que.' lr 3|la|r . - . z11zo
T| e Ar|ar Cr|s|s |r ||e wes| 1oo
. l||a|re de lo|||ers avar| |'ex||. bec|erc|es sur |a ra|ssarce, |'erse|grerer| e|
|'epreuve d'ure lo| ep|scopa|e er 0au|e au r|||eu du lv
e
s|c|e. lar|s. F|udes
Augus||r|erres, . 1;1
. `la scre evarge||que du oap|ere de Jesus correr|ee par lac|arce
(0|v|rae
lrs|||u||ores . ) e| l||a|re de lo|||ers (lr |a|||aeur . - ).' lr Fpe||as|s. |1 zo
|e|arges pa|r|s||ques oller|s au Card|ra| Jear 0ar|e|ou, ed||ed oy J. lor|a|re
e.a., - . lar|s. 8eauc|esre, . o; 1;z
. `C||a||ors s|rgu||res e| |eors rares du |ex|e |a||r de |'Fv. de |a|||eu dars
|''lr
|a|||aeur' d'l||a|re de lo|||ers.' 8lF ( ). - . ;o1;18;o
. `ure add|||or ep|erre au |ex|e de |'0ra|sor dor|r|ca|e c|ez p|us|eurs
lres
|a||rs. bec|erc|es sur sor or|g|re e| sor ||s|o|re (z
e
ro|||e du e |
s.deou| du

e
s.).' 8lF ( ). - . ;81;;1o18o
568
. `les var|a||ors des c||a||ors de |'epi|re aux bora|rs dars |'oeuvre d'l||a|re
de
lo|||ers.' b8er ( ). - . 881;818zo|
. `le l|oe||e s|rgu||er de ll Cor|r|||ers . c|ez l||a|re de lo|||ers. Fssa| 18
d'exp||ca||or.' NT3 ( s). - . zo1; 118zo
. `le d|a|ogue de Jesus e| lau|. Ac|es . - . 3a `po|r|e' dars |'exegse |a||re |o
|a
p|us arc|erre (l||a|re, Aroro|se, Augus||r).' b3lT ( ). - . o|18o|;;8
. `le |ex|e du ls. lXlv, e| sor app||ca||or dars |a pr|re c|ez l||a|re de
lo|||ers, propos d'ure e|ude recer|e.' b3lb ( ). - . 1o18o|18z8
. `verse|s add|||ore|s du NT perus ou reus par l||a|re de lo|||ers.' ve|C|r 1;
( ). - . 18oz|;
. `la corpara|sor de || , s|cu| ga|||ra. . . suo a|as suasdars |'exegse z;
d'l||a|re de lo|||ers, ure r|se au po|r| propos de |a so|||c||ude du C|r|s|.'
lTl ( ). - . 18z1zo
. `le sers d'ure lorru|e re|a||ve Jear-8ap||s|e dars |'lr |a|||aeurd'l||a|re
de
lo|||ers.' ve|C|r ( ). - . z118|z;z
. `l'exegse |a||re de |a paraoo|e des deux l||s (|| . - ), l||a|re de z1z81
lo|||ers
devar| |e proo|re de |'ooe|ssarce 0|eu.' bll|b ( ). - . o18
. `l||a|re |ec|eur du correr|a|re d'0r|gre sur |e Car||que des Car||ques?
A propos de |'|rage psa|r|que du l||e| |erdu |'re.' lr. l' 0 r | g e r | s r o ,
apo|og|e e po|er|c|e |r|orro a 0r|gere, - . bore. Augus||r|arur, z1oo
18o.
. `0eux approc|es de |a besurrec||or dars |'exegse d'l||a|re de lo|||ers.'
bTA|
|( ). - . 18;1z
. `l'|apax sap|er||l|coc|ez l||a|re de lo|||ers (|r lsa|r . ), ur ves||ge des 1|8
'v|e|||es la||res' du lsau||er ou ur ca|que de |a 3ep|ar|e d'0r|gre?' lr.
lec|ures arc., - , . zoo18;
. `No|es cr|||ques pour ure ed|||or are||oree des c||a||ors du lsau|||er dars
|es
Trac|a|us super lsa|ros 8 d'l||a|re de lo|||ers.' lr. |eror|a| 0or Jear 1 o
0r|ooror| ( - ). vo|. , 3|ud|a Fp|er. Augus||r|arur, - . bore. 1zo18o z; 18;
lrs|. la|r|s|. Augus||r|arur, . 188
1oooF|ever lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
. `leu|-or cors|derer avec Jerore (Fp|s|. , ) qu'l||a|re s'es| lourvoye au |
suje|
du verse| du lsaure ?' lr. Jerore er|re |'0cc|der| e| |'0r|er|. Xvl|re z 1z;
cer|era|re du depar| de sa|r| Jerore de bore e| de sor |rs|a||a||or 8e|||eer.
Ac|es
du co||oque de C|ar||||y (sep|erore ). luo|. par .-|. 0uva|, - . lar|s. 18o 1o;1
F|udes Augus||r|erres, . 188
. `Correr| l||a|re de lo|||ers a-|-|| |u e| corpr|s |e verse| de lau|, l||||pp|ers
. ?' v|gC|r ( ). - . z1 |181z;;
. `ur |ero|rage |red|| des 'Trac|a|us super lsa|ros' d'l||a|re de lo|||ers
cor|re
|'|yrrod|e paierre.' b8er ( ). - . 18|o
. `ure p|ce de |a |rad|||or parere||que rora|re dars |e 'd|scours exege||que'
d'l||a|re de lo|||ers. |'ad|or|a||o.' la|orus ( ). - . |1o88
. `ur proveroe de 3a|oror re|ouc|e par l||ar|us de lo|||ers pour |es oeso|rs
de |a 'correx|or' des deux Tes|arer|s.' lr lorrage bere 8raur, ll. Au|our
de Ter|u|||er, ed||ed oy J. 0rararo|a ard |. 8|raud, - . lar|s. les 8e||es 1zo1
le||res, . 1o
. `3ur |a descer|e du C|r|s| er ce rorde c|ez l||a|re de lo|||ers.' blb zo;
( ). - . 1oo;
. `var|a||ors |rsp|rees d'0r|gre sur |e 'pr|rce de |'a|r' (Fp| . ) c|ez l||a|re de zz
lo|||ers.' ZNw ( ). - . 811o1||8
. `l||a|re de lo|||ers |ero|r |a||r |e p|us arc|er d'ur |ex|e rare du |og|or
`|a||||eu' . .' b8er ( ). - . 1o8 1o111z81
. `l'|r|erpre|a||or rora|re de |a lorru|e |r |||u|| |rscr|p||oredars |es Tra||es
sur |es lsauresd'l||a|re de lo|||ers.' lr Aevur |r|er u|rurque. |e|arges oller|s
0aor|e| 3arders, prol. erer||e |'ur|vers||e de 0ard, puo||es par |. var
uy|larg|e e| b. 0ereu|eraere, 3|. l|e|ersaod|j-N|j|olllr|erra||ora|, - . 1z1z
3|eerorugge, . 11
. `l'or|g|re de |'|apax praed|s||rguodars |a |ec|ure de br . par l||a|re de 8z
lo|||ers.' lr Fu|og|a. |e|arges oller|s Ar|oor A. b. 8as||aerser |'occas|or de
sor so|xar|e-c|rqu|re arr|versa|re, puo||es par 0. J. |. 8ar|e||r|, A. l|||ors|,
C. l. Kreep||rs, 3|. l|e|ersaod|j-N|j|olllr|erra||ora|, - . 3|eerorugge, 8|
11.
. `l||a|re de lo|||ers correr|a|eur de lroveroes . - .' lr le||ure cr|s||are 8zoo
de| l|or| 3ap|erz|a||, - . bore. Augus||r|arur, . zo1o; 1z
569
. `l'lrcarra||or , |a vra|e v|see du ls . sur |'orc||or du C|r|s| c|ez l||a|re ||8
de
lo|||ers.' bTl ( ). - . z1z1;z;
. `la correx|or du sp|r||ue| e| du c|arre| dars |a re||odo|og|e exege||que
d'l||a|re de lo|||ers. A propos d'ur |ex|e ra|rere d' lr lsa|rur . .' ve|C|r 11;
o( ). - . 1zoo
. `0'0r|gre l||a|re sur Jear 'exp||ca|eur des ra|sors |au|erer| sp|r||ue||es'
(l||. Tr|r. , ).' lr Cr|s||ares|ro la||ro e cu||ura 0reca s|ro a| sec. lv. XXl 1o|z
lrcor|ro d| s|ud|os| de||'ar||c||| cr|s||ara, bora, - ragg|o (3|ud|a ; 1z
T| e Ar|ar Cr|s|s |r ||e wes| 1oo;
ep|erer|d|s 'Augus||r|arur,' ), - . bore. lrs|||u|ur la|r|s||cur |z1|;z
'Augus||r|arur,' . 1
. `Fr rarge de ls , . |a 'lo| prer|re' e| |a lo| oap||sra|e se|or l||a|re de z;
lo|||ers.' Ca|. de 8|o||a la|r|s||ca ( ). - . |1z;1;
. `Touc|es d'|rsp|ra||or or|ger|erre dars |'erse|grerer| |rad|||orre| d'l||a|re
de lo|||ers sur bor . - .' bev3b ( ). - . ;z1z o;1
. `Touc|es or|ger|erres dars |'erse|grerer| d'l||a|re de lo|||ers sur bora|rs
. ;
z.' bev3b ( ). - . o;1
. `la c|a|r du C|r|s| corre depou|||e |r|orp|a|e. ure |ec|ure deCo|. ||, par 1
l||a|re de lo|||ers.' bev3b ( ). - . o81|||;z
. `Fr rarge de ls . . |a `lo| prer|re' e| |a lo| oap||sra|e se|or l||a|re de z;
lo|||ers.' lr le lsau||er c|ez |es lres (Ca||ers de 8|o||a la|r|s||ca, ), - . |z;1;
lre|ourg |. 8r.. Cer|re d'Ara|yse e| de 0ocurer|a||or la|r|s||que, . 1|
. `le gou| de |'equ|||ore dars |a cu||ure rora|e, exege||que e| ||eo|og|que
d'l||a|re de lo|||ers.' JAC ( ). - . 81o;;|
. `ur |erre d|ll|c||e de Co| . ec|a|re par l||a|re de lo|||ers. corpora|||er.' z
b8er
1o( ). - . 18
. `0e |'aoserce |a preserce d'0r|gre dars |'exegse d'l||a|re de lo|||ers.
0eux cas |yp|ques.' lr 3||ru||. Fxegese urd ||re lerrereu||| |r Ar|||e urd
C|r|s|er|ur. les|sc|r|l| lur Frrs| 0assrarr, ed. 0. 3c|o||ger ard C. 3c|o||er,
(JAC.F, 8., ), - . |urs|er. Asc|erdorll, . zo 1o
. `verse|s de Joo sur |e pec|e de ro|re or|g|re se|or l||a|re de lo|||ers.' lr le
||vre de Joo c|ez |es lres (Ca||ers de 8|o||a la|r|s||ca, ), - . 3|rasoourg. 1z1
Cer|re d'Ara|yse e| de 0ocurer|a||or la|r|s||que, . 1o
. `'berga|res' or|ger|erres dars |es lore||es sur Jood'l||a|re de lo|||ers.' lr
le ||vre de Joo c|ez |es lres (Ca||ers de 8|o||a la|r|s||ca, ), - . 3|rasoourg. ;11
Cer|re d'Ara|yse e| de 0ocurer|a||or la|r|s||que, . 1o
0urs|, |. 0|e Fsc|a|o|og|e des l||ar|us vor lo|||ers, e|r 8e||rag zur
0ogrergesc||c||e des v|er|er Ja|r|urder|s, lered||as . 8orr. 8orergasser, 1
. 18;
. `lr red|os |ud|c|ur es|, zu e|rer Aspe|| der vors|e||urg vor we||ger|c||
oe| l||ar|us vor lo|||ers urd |r der |a||r|sc|er la|r|s|||.' JAC ( ). - . o18;z;
l|erro, A. `3oore |a g|or|a er 3. l||ar|o. ura s|r|es|s doc|r|ra| soore |a roc|or
o|o||ca
de 'doxa.'' 0|ss., bore. lor|. ur|v. 0regor|ara, s. 1oz
. 3oore |a g|or|a er 3. l||ar|o. ura s|r|es|s doc|r|ra| soore |a roc|or o|o||ca de
'doxa.'
Ara|0reg . Fd||r|ce de||'ur|v. 0reg., . 1|| 1o|
l|gura, |. 0as K|rc|ervers|ardr|s des l||ar|us vor lo|||ers. lT| 3| . 1z;
lre|ourg.
lerder, . 18|
lo|||e|, 0. `le lragrer| d'l||a|re 'uod Joo ||||eras.' 3or |r|erpre|a||or d'aprs
l||a|re, le|age, Augus||r.' lr l||a|re e| sor |erps, - , . 1|81o
0a|||er, l. `lalorra 0e|e| |alorra serv|(l||| . s) se|or 3. l||a|re de lo|||ers.' zo
b3b
|8( ). - . 1oo1o118
1oo8F|ever lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
0ar|g||o, A. `l| correr|o a| 3a|ro |r 3. l|ar|o e 3 Arorog|o.' lr AA3T, vo|. 118
o, , - , s. zo;o1
0|ro|aro, 3. Correr|o a 0ar|e|e. lr l|eroryrus. Trars|a|ed oy 3. Co|a. bore.
C||| Nuova Fd., . 1o;
0oll|re|, F. `l'u||||sa||or d'0r|gre dars |e 'Correr|a|re des psaures' de 3.
l||a|re
de lo|||ers.' 3|le|| ( ). 1|1o
. `Kr|||sc|-l||o|og|sc| e|erer| |r de lsa|rercorrer|aar var de l. l||a r|us
var
lo|||ers.' b8ll ( ). - . 81ooo||
. l'u||||sa||or d'0r|gre dars |e correr|a|re des lsaures de 3. l||a|re de
lo|||ers.
3|ud|a le||er|s||ca . lv. luo||c. ur|vers||a|res de lyor, . 1| 1o
`l||a|re de lo|||ers, Aroro|se de |||ar, Aroros|as|er.' lr 8|o||a pa|r|s||ca. lrdex
des c||a||ors e| a||us|ors o|o||ques dars |a ||||era|ure pa|r|s||que, vo|. . lar|s. o
570
Fd|||ors du C.N.b.3., Cer|re d'ara|yse e| de docurer|a||or pa|r|s||ques,
1.
Ka|ser, C. `T| e 0eve|oprer| ol Jo|arr|re |o||ls |r l||ary's 0oc|r|re ol ||e
Tr|r|| y.' 3JT| | ( ). - . z1;oz;|;
Karrerg|esser, C. `l||a|re de lo|||ers ( | - ).' 03p , s ( ). - . 1ozoo; ;|| 1o8|oo
. `l'exegse d'l||a|re.' lr l||a|re e| sor |erps, Ac|es du co||oque de lo|||ers,
- 1z;|z. lar|s, . 1o8
ladar|a, l. l. `'0|spersa||o' er 3. l||ar|o de lo|||ers.' 0regor|arur ( ). oo18
- |z.
. `(|| . - ) F| oau||sro y |a urc|or de Jess er l||ar|o de lo|||ers.' 11;
0regor|arur ( ). - . ;o18z;;o
. `la cr|s|o|og|a de l||ar|o de lo|||ers.' Ar0reg . bore. lor|. ur|v. z
0regor|ara, . 18
. `Adr y Cr|s|o. ur ro||vo so|er|o|og|co de| lr |a|||aeur de l||ar|o de
lo|||ers.' lages - |r l|erora. 3a|us carr|s. loreraje a Ar|or|o 0roe, 1|oz
ed||ed
oy F. borero lose, J. b|us-Carps, ard J. |or|serra| Torrer|s. 3ar||ago de
Corpos|e|a. Corpes|e||arur, . 1o
. `0|os coro padre er l||ar|o de lo|||ers.' Fs|Tr|r ( ). - . z|1o||;
. `Adr y Cr|s|o er |os Trac|a|us super lsa|rosde 3ar l||ar|o de lo|||ers.'
0regor|arur | ( ). - . ;11z;1zz
lera|re, J.-l. `l|s|o|re e| exegse dars |'lr |a|||aeurd'l||a|re de lo|||ers.' lr
lerser |a lo|. bec|erc|es er ||eo|og|e aujourd'|u|. |e|arges oller|s Josep|
|o|rg|, ed||ed oy J. 0ore ard C. T| eooa|d, - . lar|s. Cerl, . |;|; 1
lu|z, 0. 0as lsa|rervers|ardr|s des l||ar|us vor lo|||ers.0|ss., larourg, . 1o
|ar||rez 3|erra, A. `l|or||eg|o de Fscr||ura arr|ara er |as ooras de 3. l||ar|o de
lo|||ers.' 0|ss., bore. lor|. ur|v. 0regor|ara, . 1o1
. la prueoa escr||ur|s||ca de |os Ar|aros segr 3. l||ar|o de lo|||ers.
|Cor | |zz
( ). - . 1o1|11
T| e Ar|ar Cr|s|s |r ||e wes| 1oo
. la prueoa escr||ur|s||ca de |os Ar|aros segr 3. l||ar|o de lo|||ers.0|ss.,
bore.
lor|. ur|v. 0regor|ara, . 1o1
|c0erro||, J. |. `l||ary ol lo|||ers. T|e lrl|r||e Na|ure ol 0od (&Cor. ||).'
v|gC|r ( ). - . z;1;1;zzoz
||||au, |. `ur |ex|e d'l||a|re de lo|||ers sur |es 3ep|ar|e, |eur |raduc||or e| |es
au|res `|raduc|eurs' (lr psa|r. . - ).' Augus||r|arur ( ). - . zz z1181o;z
. `l||a|re de lo|||ers, Correr|a|re sur |e lsaure , |r|r., |ex|e cr., |r., ro|es.' 118
0|ss., 8esaror, . 18z
. `le grec, ure c|e pour |'|r|e|||gerce des psaures. e|ude sur |es c||a||ors
grecques du lsau|||er cor|erues dars |es Trac|a|us super psa|ros d'l||a|re de
lo|||ers.' bFA ( ). - . o1oo;;
. `0|llerer|es vers|ors de |||res ou de verse|s de lsaures rappor|ees par
l||a|re
de lo|||ers, 'Trac|a|us super lsa|ros.'' b8er ( ). - . 1oz1zz||
. `berarques sur |'all|rra||or de |'ed||eur Cors|ar|. 'l||a|re de lo|||ers a
correr|e |ou| |e lsau||er'.' lr 3|ud|a la|r|s||ca. vo|. XXvlll. lapers preser|ed a|
||e
F|ever|| lr|erra||ora| Corlererce or la|r|s||c 3|ud|es |e|d |r 0xlord . la||r 11
Au||ors (o||er ||ar Augus||re ard ||s 0pporer|s), Nac||eoer ol ||e la||ers,
ed||ed oy F. A. l|v|rgs|ore, - . louva|r. lee|ers, . o1o| 1
. `'Ta |o| es| ra red||a||or' (ls , , , , ), d'0r|gre l||a|re de 118;;z;1;|
lo|||ers.' lr Cr|s||ares|ro la||ro e cu||ura 0reca s|ro a| sec. lv. XXl lrcor|ro
d| s|ud|os| de||'ar||c||| cr|s||ara, bora, - ragg|o (3|ud|a ep|erer|d|s ; 1z
'Augus||r|arur,' ), - . bore. lrs|||u|ur la|r|s||cur 'Augus||r|arur,' |z1o|
1.
. `Corpara|sor er|re |a vers|or grecque du lsaure CXvlll par 0r|gre e| sa
vers|or |a||re par l||a|re de lo|||ers.' lr 0r|ger|ara 3ex|a. 0r|gre e| |a 8|o|e|
0r|ger ard ||e 8|o|e. Ac|es du Co||oqu|ur 0r|ger|arur 3ex|ur. C|ar||||y,
oaou| - sep|erore , ed||ed oy 0. 0or|va| ard A. le 8ou||uec, W||| ||e 1
co||aoora||or ol |. A|exardre, |. ledou, A. lour||er, ard J. wo||rs||, - . ;o1o;
louva|r. lee|ers, . 1
NeW|ards, 0. |. Fxeges|s ard |e||od |r l||ary ol lo|||ers. 0|ss., Fd|rourg|,
1o| . ;
. l||ary ol lo|||ers. a s|udy |r ||eo|og|ca| re||od. Furl3.8err. larg, . 1;
0razzo, A. `l|ar|o d| lo|||ers e |a ur|versa caroassur|a da| veroo re| Trac|a|us
super
lsa|ros.' Aug ( ). - . z18|1
. la sa|vezza |r l|ar|o d| lo|||ers, Cr|s|o sa|va|ore de||'uoro re| `Trac|a|us super
lsa|ros.'Nap|es. 0'Aur|a, . 18o
le||ard, 0. `le ||re o|o||que du bgre c|ez 3. l||a|re de lo|||ers.'
0regor|arur oo
( ). - . 1;o;|
571
. `( Cor . ) la 'suojec||o' du C|r|s| c|ez sa|r| l||a|re.' 0regor|arur 1 1z8 o|
( ). - . 18|zz
1o1oF|ever lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
. `ure exegse de 0r . - c|ez 3. l||a|re (Trac|.rys|. , , |r.ps. , ).' zz1z| 1 z1o
3cFs
| ( ). - . 1881oz
. `0|or|ar ex corspec|u g|or|ae (l||a|re, Tr. ps. , |e|| ).' 0regor|arur 118 8 ;z
( ). - . 11;;o
. `la |o| dars |e |r.ps. de 3. l||a|re.' 0regor|arurlXXvl ( ). - . 118 1;8
learar|a (de l|aro), A. `Fxeges|s a|egor|ca y s|gr|l|cados de l|deser 3. l||ar|o
de
lo|||ers.' |Cor ( ). - . o1;zo1
. la sa|vac|or por |a le. la roc|or de `l|des' er l||ar|o de lo|||ers. Fs|ud|o
l||osol| co-|eo|og|co. luo||cac|ores de |a lacu||ad de Teo|oga de| Nor|e de
Fspaa, 3ede de 8urgos . 8urgos. Fd|c|ores A|decoa, . |; 181
boreo, l. `0|ude| e pagar| re||a s|or|a d| sa|vezza secordo || Correr|o a
|a||eo
d| l|ar|o d| lo|||ers.' 3|3b ( ). - . 118|1z
bordeau, |.-J. `berarques sur |'ar||ropo|og|e de 3. l||a|re.' 3|la|r ( ). o1oz
- . 1;z1o
. `l'arr|re-p|ar scr|p|ura|re d'l||a|re, lyrre ll, - .' b3b | ( ). - 11| ;1o|8
. o
3ar l||ar|o de lo|||ers, Tra|ado de |os |ys|er|os.Traducc|or de| |a|r,
|r|roducc|or y
ro|as de J. J. Ayr Ca|vo (8|o||o|eca de la|rs||ca, ). |adr|d. Fd||or|a| C|udad zo
Nueva, . 1
3|rore|||, |. `3u ura recer|e ed|z|ore de| Correr|o a |a||eod| l|ar|o d|
lo|||ers.'
Aug ( - ). 1z;o1;
. `lr|erpre|az|ore s|or|ca e cr|s|o|og|ca re| Trac|a|us super lsa|ros d| l|ar|o.'
lr
ls 3. Cors|arza, lo|yar||era, ed||ed oy 3. Ca|derore, - . |ess|ra, . 11 18
3ru|ders, l. `l||ar|us var lo||ers a|s exegee| var |a|||eus, o|j de |r|||sc|e
u||gave
(0o|gror J. s).' 8|jdrager ( ). - . 1;8 ||1881
. `Fr rarge de |'lr |a|||aeur de 3. l||a|re de lo|||ers, pr|rc|pes e| re||odes
|errereu||ques.' lr lec|ures arc|erres de |a 8|o|e. Ca|. 8|o||a la|r. , ed||ed oy 1
l. |arava|, - . 3|rasoourg, . z1;1 18;
3|aru|a, F. `C|rys|ocer|ryzr duc|oWej |r|erpre|acj| l|sra 3W||ego W ujc|u W.
l||arego z lo|||ers.' 3b(w) , ( ). - , s. zz18z1;zz
. `les lac|eurs qu| laorrer| |e sers o|o||que d'aprs sa|r| l||a|re de lo|||ers
(e|ude pa|r|s||co-exege||que),' - . 8|rlwsz, , . 1|1; 18
. `'3|o| 3|oWa 8ozego' Wed|uug Tra||a|u do lsa|ru W. l||arego z lo|||ers' 1
(=
`la |ao|e de |a paro|e de 0|eu' d'aprs |e |ra||e sur |e 1
re
lsaure de
3. l||a|re de lo|||ers). voxl ( ). l. | , - . ;18; 1z1;o
`3ur |a d|v|s|or |r|par|||e du lsau||er (l||a|re de lo|||ers, |r. ps. |rs|r. ll).' lr le
lsau||er c|ez |es lres (Ca||ers de 8|o||a la|r|s||ca, ), - . lre|ourg |. 8r.. |;z
Cer|re d'Ara|yse e| de 0ocurer|a||or la|r|s||que, . 1|
v|||egas, |. 8. `Cua|ro padres ar|e ur 3a|ro. F| 3a|ro corer|ado por o1
l||ar|o,
Aroros|o, Jeror|ro y Agus||r.' Tyv ( ). - . zo1;o;
w|||e, w. 3|ud|er zur |a|||aus|orrer|ar des l||ar|us vor lo|||ers. 0|ss.,
larourg,
1o8.
T| e Ar|ar Cr|s|s |r ||e wes| 1o11
||. u|l||a (ca. - ) 118
u|l||a, ||e Apos||e ol ||e 0o||s, Was oorr ca. (3|var ) ol parer|s 11 1
W|o |ad oeer depor|ed lror Cappadoc|a |o a |err||ory ol ||e 0o||s, ror||
ol ||e 0aruoe. lav|rg served as a |ec|or |r a 0o|||c corrur||y, |e |oo|
par| |r ar eroassy |o Cors|ar||rop|e |r . T| ere |e Was corsecra|ed as ;
a r|ss|orary o|s|op oy Fuseo|us ol N|cored|a. 0ur|rg ||s sever years ol
pas|ora| ac||v||y, ror|| ol ||e 0aruoe (ca. - ), |e |rars|a|ed ||e 8|o|e, |1|8
a| |eas| ||e r|, |r|o 0o|||c |arguage. w|er ||e c||el|a|r, A||arar|c, s|ar|ed
persecu||rg ||e C|r|s||ars, |e lourd reluge W||| ||s corgrega||or sou|| ol
||e 0aruoe |r ||e borar Frp|re. le cor||rued serv|rg ||s corrur||y
lor |||r|y years, oo|| as a c|v|| ard a sp|r||ua| |eader. lr |e s|gred ||e oo
loro|ous|ar (||e 3or s|r||ar|o ||e la||er) syroo| ol Cors|ar||rop|e,
|erce |e Was |rs|rurer|a| |r spead|rg C|r|s||ar la||| |r 0errar|c ard
0o|||c C|r|s||ar||y W||| Ar|ar over|ores. 3urrored oy T| eodos|us l |o a
syrod, |e d|ed |r Cors|ar||rop|e |r Jure . 8
becer| sc|o|ars||p (|. |es||r) |as |r|ed |o r|r|r|ze ||e |rl|uerce ol
572
u|l||a |o ||e oerel| | ol |ax|r|rus, ou| ||e ||es|s Was rejec|ed as |rcors|s|er|.
`0re cors|ders u|l||a as rore or |ess d|rec||y ||e ras|er-r|rd ard ||e
|rsp|ra||or ol a|| (la||r) Ar|ar docurer|s ol a doc|r|ra| va|ue |arded doWr
|o us' (A.-0. larrar. uas|er lv, ). 1|z
Fd|||ors
ll3 , - . 1o1;z8
8erre||, w. l. T| e 0o|||c Correr|ary or ||e 0ospe| ol Jo|r. NeW or|,
1oo.
0r|eper|rog, w., 3yropse der go||sc|er Fvarge||er|ex|e. |ur|c| . 188
0rysor, b.. 3C ( ), lr|roduc||or. zo;18o
Kaulrarr, 0., Aus der 3c|u|e des wu|l||a, Auxer||, 0oros|orers|s Fp|s|o|a de
l|de, v||a e| oo||u wu|l||ae. 3|rasoourg , cl. b. 0rysor, 3cr|p|a Arr|ara 18
la||ra, l. CCl ( ). 8;18z
3|re||oerg, w., 0|e go||sc|e 8|oe|. le|de|oerg, || ed. . o 1;1
3|ud|es
lr|edr|c|ser, 0. w. 3., T| e 0o|||c vers|or ol ||e 0ospe|s. 0xlord . 1zo
. T| e 0o|||c vers|or ol ||e Fp|s||es. 0xlord . 1
Kary, b.. lACl rd ed. , . z 1o|
1o1zF|ever lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
|es||r, |., les Ar|ers d'0cc|der|. lar|s . bev|eWs oy |. 3|rore|||, b3lb 1o; |
( ) - , l. Nau||r, blb ( ) - . 1o8o;1 1;;1;o;o8
|e|zger, 8., T| e Far|y vers|ors ol ||e NeW Tes|arer|. 0xlord , - . 1;;;
3|var, l., `T| e |a||rg ol ar Ar|ar 0o||. u|l||a becors|dered'. b8er ( ) 1o1
- z8oz.
3|u|z, F., 0o||sc|e l||era|urder|ra|er. 3|u||gar| . 1oo
. `0as NT |r go||sc|er 3prac|e'. K. A|ard, 0|e a||erer uoerse|zurger des r|.
8er||r , - . 1;z;|oz
T|orpsor, F. A., T| e v|s|go||s |r ||e T|re ol u|l| |a. 0xlord . 1oo
|||. luc|ler ol Cag||ar| (d. ca. ) ;o
T| e urcorpror|s|rg o|s|op ol 3ard|r|a delerded ||e |e||er ra||er ||ar ||e
sp|r|| ol N|caea l ( ). le au||ored l|ve o|||er|y po|er|ca| |rea||ses. le |s z
ro|eWor||y lor ||s aourdar| quo|a||ors lror 0|d la||r vers|ors ol scr|p|ure
|r ||ese parp||e|s.
Fd|||ors
0|erc|s, 0. l.. CCl ( ) = lar|e|, w., C3Fl ( ). 81;8 1|188o
3|ud|es
A||ge|er, A. `0er Tex| e|r|ger K|e|rer lrop|e|er oe| luc|ler vor Ca|ar|s.' 3|Ars s z;
( ). - . 11z8ooo
Co|erar, A. |. T| e 8|o||ca| Tex| ol luc|ler ol Cag||ar|. vo|s. we|Wyr . 1z;
0xlord
- 1|o1|;.
l|arr|r|, l. `0sservaz|or| cr|||c|e su| 0e ror corver|erdo cur |aere||c|sd|
luc|lero d| Cag||ar| (|ex|us vl).' bCC| ( ). - . |1ozo||
0pe||, l. `lorrer der lo|er|| oe| luc|ler vor Ca|ar|s.' v|gC|r | ( ). - zo1;zzoo
. zo
voge|s, l. J. `lu|as-Z||a|e urd Jo|arres-Z||a|e oe| luc|ler vor Ca|ar|s'. T| 1o
( ) - , - . 1zzz;18zoo
|v. Zero ol verora (d. | ) ;1;z
Accord|rg |o |rad|||or, Zero Was ||e e|g||| o|s|op ol verora. lr a |e||er
Wr|||er ca. , Arorose rer||ors ||r |r ||e pas|. 0r|y ||e co||ec||ors ol 8o
||s serrors, es|ao||s|ed soor al|er ||s dea|| secures ||r a rare |r la||r
T| e Ar|ar Cr|s|s |r ||e wes| 1o1
pa|r|s||cs. loss|o|y |e or|g|ra|ed lror borar Alr|ca, as ||e lass|ool a
rar|yr lror |aur||ar|a Was |rc|uded |r ||e co||ec||or ol Zero's serrors
(lols|ed|, , ). T| e lass|oard ||e serrors seer |o oe|org |o ore ard 1o;11o
||e sare au||or (lols|ed|, ). 3ore rer|r|scerces lror Apu|e|us, Cypr|ar ;
ard lac|ar||us, or |ex|ua| cor|ac|s W||| Ter|u|||ar, are ro| corc|us|ve. Zero's
|ex| ol ||e 8|o|e |s very c|ose |o ||e ore used oy Cypr|ar, ou| ever ||a| ev|derce
Wou|d ro| prove ||a| Zero Was ar Alr|car (vo|es). le ra|es good
use |r ||s serrors ol l||ary ol lo|||ers's Correr|ar|es or ||e psa|rs,
da||rg lror . 0||erW|se ||e |erure ol ||s pas|ora| r|r|s|ry rera|rs oo
ur|roWr. bepea|ed Fas|er |or|||es ard oap||sra| |rs|ruc||ors po|r| |o ar
urde|err|red ruroer ol years |r ||e esp|scopa| oll|ce.
N|re|y-|Wo serrors ol Zero are |rarsr|||ed |r |Wo 8oo|s, ||e l|rs| |rc|ud|rg s|x|y-
|Wo, ||e secord, |||r|y |or|||es. A sra|| ruroer ol ||e |or|||es
preser| a lu|| |ex|, rary are |rcorp|e|e, or lragrer|ary, sore are reduced
|o very s|or| dral|s ol |ess ||ar |er ||res |r roderr ed|||ors. l| seers la|r|y
sure ||a| ||e ra|er|a| Was co||ec|ed, ard ed||ed as || Was, lor ||e so|e oerel||
ol |oca| |||urg|es, soor al|er ||e dea|| ol ||e o|s|op. |oderr sc|o|ars||p
locussed ra|r|y or ||e vocaou|ary ard ||e syr|ax ol Zero. l|s ar||-Ar|ar
s|arce ard o||er doc|r|ra| c|arac|er|s||cs suc| as ||s ar||-Juda|sr, |ave
a|so oeer ||g|||g||ed, ou|, W||| ore excep||or (0uva|), ||s pas|ora| use ol
scr|p|ure ard ||s a||||ude as ar |r|erpre|er ol ||e 8|o|e rera|r a ra||er |o
oe exp|ored.
573
Fd|||ors
ll , - . 11;oo
8ar|er|e, 0.. |||ar . 18;
Fder|e, 0., vo|s. verora - . | 11oo
0|u||ar|, 0. 8.. verora . 1o
lols|ed|, 8.. CC3l ( ), rev|eW, 0rWerlors. 0roror , , - . zz1;1 |o1;|o;
Trars|a||ors
0errar
8|ge|ra|r, A.. 8Kv rd ed., . |ur|c| . z 1o 1|
||c|e|s, T., 0es |e|||ger Zero vor veroras os|er||c|e Arsprac|er. 8er||r
1z;.
l|a||ar
Fder|e, 0.. - . 1oo
8ar|er|e, 0.. . 18;
1o1|F|ever lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
3|ud|es
Apo||, 0. de, `l'|r|z|az|ore cr|s||ara re| 3error| d| 3. Zero d| verora'. b|vl| |
( ) - . 1o;|o;1;
8occard|, v., `l'eseges| d| Zerore d| verora'. Augus||r|arur ( ) - . z18|8
0o|ger, l., `8e||rage zur 0esc||c||e des Kreuzze|c|ers. vl. . Tu|e|a sa|u||s'. 11
JAC o
( ) . 1o8
0uva|, .-|. `les sources grecques de |'exegse de Joras c|ez Zeror de
verore.'
v|gC|r | ( ). - . zoz1oo811
Jeares, 0. l. T| e day |as core! Fas|er ard 8ap||sr |r Zero ol verora. A|cu|r
C|uo
Co||ec||or . Co||egev|||e. l||urg|ca| lress, . ; 1
|arava|, l. `Joo dars |'oeuvre de Zeror de verore.' lages - |r le ||vre de zo
Joo
c|ez |es lres. Ca||ers de 8|o||a la|r|s||ca . 3|rasoourg. Cer|re d'Ara|yse e| de
0ocurer|a||or la|r|s||que, . 1o
bas|r|, b., `l| pr|ra|o d| Cr|s|o secordo 3. Zero, vescovo d| verora'. 3|la|r 1o
( ) - . 1oo
3|epar|c|, |., T| e C|r|s|o|ogy ol Zero ol verora. was||rg|or 0C . 1|8
Truzz|, C., Zero, 0auderz|o e| Croraz|o. Tes|| e cor|eru|| de||a pred|caz|ore
cr|s||ara
per |e c||ese d| verora e Aqu||e|a ( - ca.). 8resc|a . oo|1o 18
vo|es, l. F., `Zero ol verora, Apu|e|us ard Alr|ca'. 3|la|r (Tu , ) - 8 1oo1o
. |
v. |ar|us v|c|or|rus (ca. | - | ) z8oz8oo
v|c|or|rus care |o bore lror Alr|ca as a rarr|ed prolessor ol r|e|or|cs
ca. . le Was so larous ||a| |r ||s s|a|ue Was erec|ed or ||e lorur |o |
ol Trajar. le corver|ed |o C|r|s||ar||y ard Was oap||sed |r . lr pro|es|
aga|rs| Frperor Ju||ar's ed|c| ol , exc|ud|rg C|r|s||ars lror puo||c oz
|eac||rg, |e gave up ||s c|a|r. le prooao|y d|ed soor al|er . lr , ||s o 8o
lr|erd 3|rp||c|arus |o|d ||e s|ory ol ||s corvers|or |o Augus||re |r |||ar
(Corl. , , - ). ;z|
v|c|or|rus's |||erary Wor|s lror oelore ||s corvers|or are ol a grarra||ca| ard
p|||osop||ca| ra|ure, ||ey a||es| |o ||g| |earr|rg W||| a spec|a|
exper||se |r Neop|a|or|sr. Al|er ||s corvers|or, v|c|or|rus ru|||p||ed ||s
|||erary ou|pu| |r ||e lorr ol ||eo|og|ca| |e||ers, parp||e|s ard (|||e l||ary)
|yrrs aga|rs| ||e Ar|ar cor|es|a||or ol ||e N|cere Creed |r ||s day. 8y ||s
exege||ca| Wor|s, |e |raugura|ed |r la||r ||e |rad|||or ol correr|ar|es or
lau||re le||ers. True |o ||s proless|ora| pas|, || Was as a grarrar|ar ||a| |e
exp|a|red ||e Fp|s||es ol lau|. |r a s|or| |r|roduc||or, prov|ded lor eac| |e||er
T| e Ar|ar Cr|s|s |r ||e wes| 1o1
(|os| lor l||||pp|ars), |e gave ||e reasor W|y lau| Wro|e || |oge||er W||| a
corc|se surrary. A cor||ruous exp|ara||or lo||oWs or a s|r|c||y |||era| oas|s,
a||er||ve |o |ex|ca| ard syr|ax|c pecu||ar|||es, s|oW|rg or|y a scar| |roW|edge
ol ||e o| ard ro syrpa||y a| a|| lor JeWs (3|rore|||. uas|er lv, ). ;;
v|c|or|rus ||rse|l relers severa| ||res |o ||s |os| Correr|ar|es or
borars ard - Cor|r|||ars, W|er expourd|rg (|r ||s order) Fp|es|ars, 1z
0a|a||ars, l||||pp|ars (0or|, vll-lX). l|s c|r|s|ocer|r|c |r|erpre|a||or ol
lau| d|sperses a|ros| er||re|y lror relererces |o ||e o|. or|y approx|ra|e|y
|Wer|y suc| relererces are ro|ed oy ||e ed||or, l. 0or|, || res|s or a ||oroug|
ara|ys|s ol lau|'s s|a|erer|s, ||e |rrer |og|c ard ||eo|og|ca| |rp||ca||ors ol
W||c| v|c|or|rus rever ||res ol e|uc|da||rg. 3ore verses cap|ure ||s a||er||or
rore ||ar o||ers, lor |rs|arce, Fp| . , - , . , . - , 0a| . - , 11;1z18|zzo 111|
|. - , l||| . - , - , . T| roug|ou| ||s exege||ca| erdeavour, v|c|or|rus | zzo8
urders|ards ||s |as| as ||e ros| s|rp|e ard corc|se expos|||or ol lau|'s
||oug||. s|rp||c||er adrorerd| rodo |s|a orev||erque d|cerus(Ad Fp|. l|oer
ll, prooer|ur, 0or|, ). oo
Fd|||ors
574
0or|, l.. C3Fl | ( ). |r Fp|., 0a|., l|||. 8z18o
lerry, l. ard l. lado|. C3Fl | ( ). adv. Arr|ur, |orous., ger. d|v. 811;1
vero., |yrr.
. 3C - ( ). o8o1oo
loc|er, A., |ar|| v|c|or|r| Alr| Correr|ar|| |r Fp|s|u|as lau||. . . 0pera ||eo|og|ca,
vo|s., Teuorer. le|pz|g , . z 1;z1;o
Trars|a||ors
Frg||s|
C|ar|, |. T.,. laC| ( ), rev|eW 3. 0ers|. vC ( ) l. o181 818|oz
lrerc|
lerry. aoove.
0errar
lado|, l. ard K. 8rer|e, C|r|s|||c|er l|a|or|srus. Zur|c| . 1o;
3|ud|es
8ruce, l. l. `T| e 0ospe| Tex| ol |ar|us v|c|or|rus.' lr Tex| ard lr|erpre|a||or. ls.
|. 8|ac|, - , . o;81;
1o1oF|ever lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
C|ar|, |. T.. TbF ( ) - . zz1z1oo
Cooper, 3. A. `|e|ap|ys|cs ard |ora|s |r |ar|us v|c|or|rus' Correr|ary or ||e
le||er |o ||e Fp|es|ars.' 0|ss., Co|uro|a ur|vers||y, . 1z
. |e|ap|ys|cs ard |ora|s |r |ar|us v|c|or|rus' Correr|ary or ||e le||er |o
||e Fp|es|ars. A Cor|r|ou||or |o ||e l|s|ory ol Neop|a|or|sr ard C|r|s||ar||y
(Aru3|.l ). NeW or|. l. larg, . 1 1
Frd|, w. |ar|us v|c|or|rus, der ers|e |a|e|r|sc|e lau|us|orrer|a|or. lrar|lur|
. 18o
lado|, l. |ar|us v|c|or|rus. rec|erc|es sur sa v|e e| ses uvres. lar|s. F|udes
Augus||erres, . 1;1
. lorp|yre e| v|c|or|rus. lar|s. F|udes Augus||erres, . 1o8
lore|, l. l. `3|ud|er zur A|e|||ades |ar|us v|c|or|rus 0. (poera de 0er - 1
).' 1
0|ss., 8orr, . 1;z
lov|rg|, l. l. `C|aud|us |ar|us v|c|or, A|e|||a l (0er . ss).' v|gC|r 188 zz 1
( ). 1
18;ll.
lo|se, 8. `8eooac||urger zur lau|us-Korrer|ar des |ar|us v|c|or|rus urd
zur w|ederer|dec|urg des lau|us |r der |a|e|r|sc|er T| eo|og|e des v|er|er
Ja|r|urder|s.' lr Kerygra urd logos. ls. Car| Ardreser, ed||ed oy A. |. b|||er,
- 1oo. 0o|||rger, . 1;
l|aces, F des. `|ar|us v|c|or|rus 0. correr|a|eur de sa|r| lau|. les c||a||ors
o|o||ques dars |e 0e |rcarra||ore de sa|r| A||arase.' 8|o ( ). - . 1;|88;
3c|aler, K. T. `|ar|us v|c|or|rus urd d|e rarc|or|||sc|er lro|oge'. b8er 8o
( ) 1;o
- ;1o.
3ou|er, A., T| e Far||es| la||r Correr|ar|es or ||e Fp|s||es ol 3|. lau|. 0xlord
. 1z;
w|sc|reyer, w. K. `8erer|urger zu der lau|usor|el| orrer|arer des C.
|ar|us
v|c|or|rus.' ZNw ( ). - . o1;z1o8zo
Z|egeraus, A. 0|e |r|r||ar|sc|e Auspragurg der go||||c|er 3e|rslu||e rac| |ar|us
v|c|or|rus. |ur|c| . 1;z
. lACl rd ed. ( ), l. z 1|z;
v|. lo|ar|us ol l|soor (r|d- || c.) |
lo|ar|us suppor|ed ||e Ar|ar lorru|a ol 3|rr|ur ol , ard rodera|e ;
Ar|ar|sr a| b|r|r| |r . Arorg lour |roWr Wr|||rgs are ||e |or|||es 0e
lazaro resusc||a|oard 0e rar|yr|o Fsa|ae prop|e|ae, |rarsr|||ed |r a la||r
lseudo-C|rysos|or lror W||c| Augus||re quo|ed 0e lazaroas ear|y as
|z1. `T| e |r|eres| ol ||e au||or does ro| ||e s|r|c||y |r ||e |r|erpre|a||or ol
||e |Wo passages |r e|||er a |||era| or ar a||egor|ca| rarrer ou| exc|us|ve|y
|r ||e|r (|or||e||c) descr|p||or, |r|erded |o preser| ||e |Wo ep|sodes |r ||e
ros| ellec||ve Way poss|o|e lor ||s ||s|erers' (3|rore|||. uas|er lv, ). 81
A. w||rar|, ed||or ol 0e lazaro, s||gra||zes lo|ar|us's |egacy as `sore pages
ol la||r |ex| arorg ||e ros| puzz||rg ol arc|er| C|r|s||ar |||era|ure, W||| a
T| e Ar|ar Cr|s|s |r ||e wes| 1o1;
oad |as|e, ar ooscur||y ard a se|l-corp|acercy rare|y ro||ceao|e e|seW|ere'
(JT| 3 , , ). 1118z8
Fd|||ors
ll , l.. 0e |ar|. lsa|ae lrop|., ll3 , - . 81|1 1zoz1o
vega, A. C., 0puscu|a orr|a lo|ar||. Fscor|a| . 1|
w||rar|, A., b8er ( ) - . ep. ad A||ar. o11z8o8
. JT| 3 ( ) - . 0e lazaro. 1118z8o|
v||. 0regory ol F|v|ra (ca. - ) o|o
`T| e ros| |rpor|ar| ard oes|-|roWr 3par|s| au||or pr|or |o ls|dore ol
3ev|||e' (3|rore|||. uas|er lv, ), 0regory au||ored sore exege||ca| 8
|or|||es.
575
1) T| e Trac|a|us de ||or|s sarc|orur scr|p|urarur, r|re|eer |or|||es W|||
a||egor|ca| |||us|ra||ors ol passages lror 0eres|s |o Zac|ar|a|. Aro||er
|or||y or ||e lo|y 3p|r|| correr|s or Ac|s . - . T| e |||rd Trac|. |s z1z
oorroWed lror bul|rus's |rars|a||or ol 0r|ger's lor. 0er. , - . ;z
z) T| e Trac|a|us de arca Noeas a prel|gura||or ol ||e C|urc| ard ol C|r|s|.
) T| e Trac|a|us |r Car||ca car||corur, W||| ||e sare l| gura||ve rear|rg.
|) A s|or| Fxpos|||o de psa|ro XCl, ard
) lragrer|a |rac|a|us |r 0r . e| . - . zz 111
lr ||s er||us|as||c recep||or ol 0r|ger's a||egor|sr, 0regory s|oWed ro
serv||||y. `le |roWs |oW |o d|s||rgu|s| |r ||e o| a |r|p||cer s|gr|l|car||ar
(Trac|, scr|p|. , ) |s es| prop|e||ae, ||s|or|ae e| l| gurae, W|ere ||e prop|ecy ||es 1
|r praesc|er||a lu|urorur, ||e ||s|or|a(|.e. |||era| |r|erpre|a||or) |r re|a||ore
ges|orur, ard ||e l|gura(|.e. |ypo|og|ca| |r|erpre|a||or) |r s|r||||ud|re rerur,
|o presc|rd lror ||ose passages W||c| are ol va|ue or|y lor ex|or|a||or or
ed|l|ca||or.' le |r|erded `W||| ||e a|d ol ||e sare 3p|r|| W|o |rsp|red ||e
sacred Wr||er, |o d|scover ||e sp|r||ua| serse ol scr|p|ure W||c| |s ||dder
urder ||e ve|| ol ||e |e||er ard ol|er escapes ||e s|rp||c|ores(Trac|. , , , 8111
z, , - , , , , )' (3|rore|||. uas|er lv, - ). 1o81;11z 8;88
Fd|||ors
8u||ar|, v. ard J. lra|por|. CCl ( ). ll3 , - . o1o; 18z1
3c|u|z-l|uge|, F., 0regor|| F||oerr||ar| Fp|||a|ar|ur s|ve Fxp|ara||o |r
Car||c|s Car||corur. lre|ourg . 1|
3|rore|||, |.. Cl3. l Tur|r . 0e l|de. 1;
vega, A.. Fsp3ag | ( ) - . o1;1z1o
1o18F|ever lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
3|ud|es
Ayuso |arazue|a, T., `F| 3a|er|o de 0regor|o de F|v|ra y |a ve|us la||ra l|spara'.
8|o ( ) - . |o11
8aca|a |uroz, A., `3oore |as c||as oo||cas de 0regor|a de F|v|ra'. bFT ( ) ;1;;
- 1|;1.
8uc||ey, l. J., C|r|s| ard ||e C|urc| accord|rg |o 0regory ol F|v|ra. bore . 1o|
. `C|r|s| ard ||e C|urc| accord|rg |o 0regory ol F|v|ra.' 0regor|ar ur|vers||y
lress ( ). - . bore. 11o|11o
Cava|car||, F., `l'aqu||a, || serper|e, |a rave, || g|ovare'. 3FAug ( ) - ;1z18;
. zoo
0orrguez de| va|, u., `lererc|a |||erar|a de 0regor|o de F|v|ra'. le|r ( ) z|1;
- z81;.
0u|aey, |. `0rego|re d'F|v|re e| |e Correr|a|re sur |a 0ersede v|c|or|r de
loe|ov|o.' Augus||rus ( ). - . 81zo1
0|aro|||, 0., `0regor|o de F|v|ra, |r|erpre|e de| Car||co'. Aug ( ) - . z|18||z1
3c|u|z-l|uge|, F. 0regor|us F||oer||arus. Fp|||a|ar|ur s|ve exp|ara||o |r Car||c|s
car||corur. A0l8 . lre|ourg. lerder, . zo 1|
. lACl, rd ed. ( ) l. z 1z;
Torro, J. lascua|. 0regor|o de F|v|ra, Tra|ados soore |os ||oros de |as 3ar|as
Fscr||uras.
lr|roducc|or, |raducc|or y ro|as. luer|es la|r|s||cas . |adr|d. C|udad Nueva,
1;.
vora, C. 0regor|o d| F|v|ra l. Trac|a|us de ||or|s sacrarur 3cr|p|urarur. lor|| e
sopravv|verza red|eva|e. bore. lor|. ur|v. la|erarerse, . 1;o
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| lv 1o1
lATlN Clbl3TlAN l0FTb
|. Juvercus (ear|y || c.) |
`A 3par|ard ol roo|e o|r|| ard a pr|es|, Juvercus, corposed lour 8oo|s, |r
|exare|ers, |r W||c| |e |rarscr|oed ||e lour 0ospe|s a|ros| |||era||y, ard
cer|a|r o||er |||rgs |r ||e sare verse re|a||rg |o ||e order ol sacrarer|s.
le ||ved a| ||e ||re ol Frperor Cors|ar||re,' Jerore, 0e v|r|s |r|us|r|ous,
8|(ll , ), ||e or|y o|ograp||ca| |rlorra||or ava||ao|e or |||s p|oreer z;o
ol C|r|s||ar poe|ry. A rarg|ra| g|oss |r ore ol ||e o|des| raruscr|p|s sugges|s
||a| ||e ar|s|ocra||c C. ve|||us Aqu|||rus Juvercus Was lror F|v|ra, |r
roderr Arda|uc|a (lor|a|re, ). ;1
T|e Fvarge||orur ||or||s `a poer d|v|ded |r|o lour 8oo|s W||| |Wo pro|ogues ard
corpr|s|rg , |exare|ers . . . ||e l| rs| 8oo| dea|s W||| ||e ever|s z1
corcerr|rg Jo|r ||e 8ap||s|, ||e Arrurc|a||or ard ||e oeg|rr|rg ol C|r|s|'s
ac||v||y up |o ||e cure ol le|er's ro||er-|r-|aW ( verses), ||e secord 8oo| ;;o
corcerrs Jesus's r|rac|es ard sore parao|es . . . up |o c|ap|er ol |a|||eW 1z
( verses), ||e |||rd 8oo| |rc|udes r|rac|es, parao|es ard d|scourses draWr 81
or|y lror |a|||eW (|a|||eW - , verses), ard ||e lour|| 8oo| |rea|s 1z1;;
ol Jesus' d|spu|es W||| ||e JeWs, ||e parao|es ol ||e |er v|rg|rs ard ol ||e
|a|er|s, ||e dea|| ard ra|s|rg ol lazarus, ard ||e pass|or, dea|| ard resurrec||or
ol C|r|s| ( verses)' (A. 0| 8erard|ro. uas|er lv, l.). 81z zoo
Juvercus Was ||oroug||y lar|||ar W||| ||e Wor|s ol la||r poe|s suc| as
l|au|us, va|er|us, l|accus, 3|a||us ard 0v|d. v|rg|| Was ||s pr|re rode| lor
s|y|e ard |arguage, |e |r|ed |o recrea|e ||e v|rg|||ar a|rosp|ere ard r|y||r
|r ||s ra||er porpus ep|c parap|rase ol ||e 0ospe|s. le `ad|eres as c|ose|y
576
as poss|o|e |o ||e |ex| W||c| |e se|s |o verse oy rears ol a parap|ras|c
|ec|r|que accord|rg |o W||c| |e arp||l|es ard c|ar|l|es ooscure passages,
expresses ||s lee||rgs ard judgrer|s ard descr|oes cer|a|r sceres. le erjoys
grea|er success W||| ||s descr|p||ve passages. ||e |ag| (l, - ), ||e |erpes| zz|z|
(ll, - ), ard sore r|rac|es (ll, - )' (A. 0| 8erard|ro, ). z|z ;|o; zo;
Juvercus's o|o||ca| |ex| |s read |r ||e ve|us la||ra, `W||c| (|e) lo||oWs
la|||lu||y, ad|er|rg |o ||e |||era| serse ard c|ar|ly|rg or|y sore ooscure
passages. Juvercus oas|ca||y |eeps |o ||e |ex| ol |a|||eW ard draWs or|y
sore de|a||s lror |ar|. lror lu|e |e |a|es c||el|y |rlorra||or per|a|r|rg
|o ||e 8ap||s| ard ||e |rlarcy ol Jesus. . . . lror Jo|r |e |a|es ||e wedd|rg
ol Cara, ||e corversa||or W||| N|coderus ard W||| ||e 3arar||ar Worar,
||e voca||or ol l||||p ard Na||arae|, lazarus ard sore o||er ep|sode. . . . le
produces sore|||rg s|r||ar |o a corcordarce ol ||e 0ospe|s' ( ). zo8
1ozoF|ever lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
`|y sorg W||| oe ol C|r|s|'s ||le-g|v|rg deeds,' r||| carrer er|| C|r|s||
v||a||a ges|a. (prael. ). w||| ||a| purpose Juvercus |r|roduced |r|o ||s poe||c
reWr|||rg ol ||e 0ospe|, ||e lorer|c ques| ol pererr|a| va|ues, as We|| as
v|rg||'s e|egar| ce|eora||or ol ra|ure, ou| |r oo|| cases |r|er|or|zed |r ||e
||g|| ol ||e C|r|s||ar ressage. l||e Fp|rer ol Fdessa |r ||e 3yr|ac-spea||rg
0r|er| ore gerera||or al| er ||r, ||e 3par|s| pr|es| exerc|sed a| orce, a
r|r|s|ry ol ca|ec|es|s ard a proper g|l|lor poe|ry. `lr Juvercus ||ere |s ro
gap oe|Weer ||e pr|es| ard ||e poe|. lor ||ere ex|s|s a lurc||ora| re|a||ors||p
oe|Weer ||e poe|ry ard ||e ressage (ol ||e 0ospe|)' (lor|a|re, ). ;
Fd|||ors
ll , - . 1|o
luerer, J.. C3Fl ( ). z|181
3|ud|es
8orre||, F., luvercus Fvarge||orur corcordar||ae securdur J. luerer
ed|||orer.
8as|e . 1o
l||eger, |., lr|erpre|a||orer zur 8|oe|d|c||er luvercus. 3|u||gar| . 1
lor|a|re, J., Na|ssarce de |a poes|e dars |'0cc|der| c|re||er, lar|s, . 181
. `Fs||e||que e| lo| d'aprs |a poes|e |a||re c|re||erre des prer|ers s|c|es.
les
lres de |'Fg||se au XX
re
s|c|e, lar|s , - . 1;1|8
lerzog b., 0|e 8|oe|ep|| |r der |a|e|r|sc|er 3pa|ar|||e. lorrgesc||c||e e|rer
eroau||c|er 0a||urg l, |urc|er, (bev|eW J. lor|a|re. la|orus ( ) 1; 81;
l.). ;z|
l|||ors|, A. `T| e C|ear|rg ol ||e Terp|e (Jo|r . - ) |r Juvercus ard z1z
Norrus.'
lages - |r Far|y C|r|s||ar loe|ry. A Co||ec||or ol Fssays, Fd||ed oy J. der o1;o
8oel|ard A. l|||ors|.3v|gC|r . le|der. 8r|||, . zz 1
Kar|sc|o|e, 0. 8|oe|d|c||urg. 3|ud|er zur 0esc||c||e der 8|oe|parap|rase vor
Juvercus o|s 0|lr|d vor we|sserourg, |urc|er, . 1;
K|ev||s, l. l., Ad luverc| evarge||orur ||orur pr|rur correr|ar|us exege||cus.
0|ss. 0ror|rger . 1|o
lagar, l, 0|overco, Ca|ar|a, . 1|;
Na|, l. 0. var der, `0|e lraela||o der Fvarge||erparap|rase des luvercus'. w.
der
8oer, e| a|., borar||as e| C|r|s||ar||as. Ars|erdar , - . 1;z|;
lo|rso||e, J. |., Juvercus e| lsrae|. la represer|a||or des Ju|ls dars |e prer|er
pore
|a||r c|re||er, lar|s, . 1;
booer|s, |. J., 8|o||ca| Fp|c. l|verpoo| . 18
T|raede, K., `Fpos'. bAC ( ) - , `Juvercus.' 1oz1ozzz|
la||r C|r|s||ar loe|ry T| raede, K. `Fp|p|ar|er oe| Juvercus. 1oz1
Ausgargs|ex|. Fvarge||orur l|or| , | .' 11zo
lages - |r 3||ru||, ls. F. 0assrarrFd||ed oy 0. 3c|o||ger ard C. |11
3c|o||er. |urs|er. Asc|erdorll, . 1o
wac||, |., Corcordar||a |r luvercus Fvarge||orur ||oros. l||des|e|r . 1o
||. lrooa (d. ca. ) ;o
la||or|a 8e||||a lrooa, daug||er, s|s|er, ard ro||er ol corsu|s, W|le ol
C|od|us Ce|s|rus Ade|p||us, ||e lrelec| ol ||e c||y ol bore |r , Was 1
a descerder| ol ||e |||us|r|ous borar gers ol ||e le|or||. 3|e Was ore ol
||e ear||es| reroers ol ||e borar ar|s|ocracy |o corver| ard oe oap||zed.
Near , s|e corposed a v|rg|||ar cer|o(`pa|c|Wor|,' lror ||e 0ree| oo
svv) |rsp|red oy ||e scr|p|ures. ler |dea Was |o |ave d|v|re reve|a||or
ce|eora|ed oy v|rg|||ar p|ras|rg. verses - dea| W||| o| ever|s, ra|r|y 1z
lror ||e crea||or ol |urar||rd |o ||e l|ood, verses - descr|oe o|
ever|s |rc|uded |r ||e r|. T| e v|rg|||ar poe|ry Was ro| a|Ways adequa|e
lor a correc| lorru|a||or ol c|r|s|o|ogy (l. 0ppe||), ou|, desp||e a rega||ve
reac||or ol Jerore (ep|s| , |o lau||rus ol No|a), lrooa's Wor| erjoyed a
577
||g| popu|ar||y ur||| ||e bera|ssarce, as s|oWr lor |rs|arce oy ||s rary
ed|||ors dur|rg ||e e|ever|| cer|ury.
`T| e v|r|uoso perlorrarce |r d|spos|rg ol sra||es| e|erer|s oy ||e
C|r|s||ar appropr|a||or ol v|rg||'s d|scourse |s pa|red W||| a s|rorg serse
lor corpos|||or. T| e s|ruc|ur|rg ol ||e sceres s|oWs ||e sare cors|s|er|
|a|er| as does ||e c|oser vocaou|ary . . . ||e la|| ( - ) preser|s ar 1oz;;
ex|erded, co|erer| ur||. l| lo||oWs a rer||or ol ||e crea||or lror c|ay ( ) 11o
ol ||e pro|oparer| |r ||e |||eress ol 0od |rue |o ||e o|o||ca| rarra||ve ( ), 1zo
ard aro||er rer||or ol ||e Worar oorr lror Adar's s|de ( ). 3peec|es 1z;
urder||re ||e drara||c crescerdo, |r par||cu|ar ||e |Wo lrar|rg speec|es
ol 0od ||e la||er, ore |r|roduc|rg ||e |urar crea|ures |r|o larad|se ( - 1
1o), ||e o||er ||e|r expu|s|or ( - ). T| e speec| ol |erp|a||or oy ||e z|zo8
serper| ol larad|se, a r|x|ure ol sore ry||o|og|ca| lury ard a serper| ol
laocoor ( - ) para||e|s ||e |ope|ess apo|ogy ol Adar ( - ). T|e 181o zz|
|uxur|ous larad|se ||se|l oll ers a g||||er|rg rel|ec||or ol Fc|oguesard 0eorg|cs.
T| e s|age |s se| lor a drara||c rove. ||e l||g|| ol ||e |urar crea|ures aWay
lror 0od ||e la||er, W||c| |eads ||er ou| ol ||e |ur|rous larad|se ard
|r|o ||e dar| lores|, p|ay|rg ||ereoy W||| |rpress|ve c|arges |r co|ours ard
a|rosp|ere' (0pe||, ). 1o8
Correr||rg or lrooa's poe|ry, J. lor|a|re ro|es. `A||er||or |as recer||y
1ozzF|ever lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
oeer draWr |o ||e s|rgu|ar||y ol a poe||c projec| W|ose locus |s ro| ||e
s|rp|e vers|l|ca||or ol scr|p|ure. lor ||a| 'vers|or' |s persora| lor rore ||ar
ore reasor. Aga|rs| ||e s|rear ol o|o||ca| ep|c, ard W||| or|y Juvercus |o
lo||oW, || |erds |o sugges| ||a| v|rg|| Was poe| ard prop|e|, ard |o g|ve ||e
|ey lor a C|r|s||ar re|r|erpre|a||or ol ||s Wor|. 'l s|a|| say |oW v|rg|| sarg
||e |o|y g|l| s ol C|r|s|,' verg|||ur cec|r|sse |oquar p|a rurera C|r|s||(v. ). lr z
o||er Words || Was a |ey lor v|rg|| as ruc| as lor scr|p|ure' (lor|a|re, ). C. 1o|
3c|er||, W|o |der||l|es |r ||e appara|us ol ||s ed|||or ||e e|erer|s ol v|rg||
used oy lrooa lor eac| ol |er |exare|ers, s|gra|s ||e a||us|ors or |ac|| o|
scr|p|ura| quo|a||ors |r |er Wor|. s|e relers |||r|y-||ree ||res |o 0eres|s
ard |W|ce |o Fxodus oelore rer||or|rg ||e gospe|s |||r|y-ore ||res.
Fd|||ors
ll , - . 18o818
C|ar|, F. A., ard 0. l. la|c|, T| e 0o|der 8oug|. Arr Aroor (|ex|, |rars|., 181
correr|ary).
3c|er||, C.. C3Fl , ( ), - . 1o118881oo
Trars|a||ors
Car|o|d|, C., ( ). 1;1
C|ar|, F. A.. aoove.
3|ud|es
Cac|o||, |. b., `Ada||arer|| serar||c| e s|r|a|||c| re| Cer|ore v|rg|||aro d| lrooa'.
3llC ( ) - . |11o188z|o
Cource||e, l., `les exegses c|re||erres de |a qua|r|re Fg|ogue'. bFA
( ) 1;
- z|1.
Frr|r|, l., l| cer|ore d| lrooa e |a poes|a cer|orar|a |a||ra. bore . 1o
lor|a|re, J., Na|ssarce de |a poes|e dars |'0cc|der| c|re||er. lar|s , - . 1811oz
0reer, b. l. l., `lrooa's Cer|o'. C ( ) - . |11o
lerzog, b. ed., lardouc| der |a|e|r|sc|er l||era|urv. |urc|er , . 18oz
Kyr|a||das, 3., `Fve ard |ary'. |0 ( ) - . z1z1z1
0pe||, l., `0er zurrerde C|r|s|us |r Cer|o der lrooa'. JAC ( ) - . ;1o|1oo1o
3|ar|s|aus, A., `T| e 3cr|p|ures |r lexare|er'. C|ass. wee||y ( ) - . z181oo
Tu|||er, A., `la da|a||or e| |'a||r|ou||or du Xi- v e| |'ar| du cer|or'.
Ac|es
du Corgrs |r|erra||ora| d'F|udes oyzar||res. lar|s, - . l, - . 1o1 |o
la||r C|r|s||ar loe|ry |||. lruder||us ( -al|er ) 1oz |8 |o
Aure||us lruder||us C|erers Was oorr |r ||e reg|or ol Tarragore, 3pa|r. le
succeeded |r a career ol c|v|| serv|ce ur||| a r|d||le cr|s|s rade ||r rejec|
Wor|d|y |orours ard c|oose poe|ry as a lu||-||re sp|r||ua| exerc|se. A |r|p |o
bore oe|Weer ard gerera|ed |r ||r a poWerlu| poe||c |rsp|ra||or |o1 |o
aga|rs| pagar|sr. Ar||c|pa||rg Augus||re, |e carelu||y arrarged a del|r|||ve
ed|||or W||| prelace ard ep||ogue ol ||s ra|r Wor|s, eac| ol ||er oe|rg
prov|ded W||| a las||orao|e ||||e |r 0ree|. Ca||erer|ror, prayers `lor day||re,' or
|We|ve |yrrs lor spec|l|c |ours ard c|rcurs|arces, Apo||eos|s, ar
expos|||or ard delerse ol Tr|r||ar|ar ||eo|ogy, oe|rg a poer ol over 1ooo
|exare|ers, larar||ger|a, `0r ||e 0r|g|r ol Fv||,' a v|gorous po|er|c aga|rs|
|arc|or, lsyc|orac||a, ||e ep|c ard a||egor|ca| s|ory ol sp|r||ua| Warlare lor
||e corques| ol ore's oWr sou|, exerp||l|ed oy rary o|o||ca|c|arac|ers, lror
Aora|ar |o ||e v|rg|r |ary, ler|s|ep|aror, lour|eer |yrrs ce|eora||rg
C|r|s||ar rar|yrs, 0|||oc|aeor, descr|o|rg a pa|r||rg, o||erW|se ur|roWr,
|r s|rop|es, lor o| ard lor r| c|arac|ers. | z| z
lruder||us's lar|||ar||y W||| scr|p|ure resu||ed ra|r|y lror ||s ||s|er|rg
|o |||urg|ca| read|rgs, ||s relererces ec|o|rg ||e |or||e||c |||era|ure ol ||s
578
||re. le read ||e scr|p|ures ||rse|l |r a ve|us la||ra (||spara)vers|or, c|ose
|o ||e Alr|car |ex| ard poss|o|y ||roug| ||e roras||c |rad|||or ol ||e |ec||o
d|v|ra. le a|so |reW sore exege||ca| Wor|s, suc| as l||ary's Correr|ar|es
or ||e lsa|rs, or Arorose's 0e le||a e| |e|ur|oard Fxpos|||o Fvarge|||
securdar lucar, per|aps a|so Ter|u|||ar's Cor|ra |arc|orerard Jerore's
0r Joras. |os||y ||roug| Arorose, |e |ad oeer |rlorred aoou| cer|a|r
op|r|ors ol 0r|ger ard |e |ad erjoyed Juvercus's parap|rase ard sore
poers ol lau||rus ol No|a, ou| ||e |||urgy Was oy lar ||s ra|r resource lor
o|o||ca| |roW|edge. Ar |rd|rec| access |o scr|p|ure Was a|so g|ver |o ||r oy
C|r|s||ar |corograp|y (C|ar|e|, `lruderce e| |a 8|o|e').
Fd|||ors
8ergrar, J.. C3Fl , ( ). o11zo
Curr|rg|ar, |. l.. CC3l ( ). 1zo1oo
0r|ega, A.-l. bodr|guez. |adr|d . 181
T| orsor, l. J., lruder||us vo|s. loeo (vo|. . , , vo|. . , z 11|1oz z1
1o1).
1oz|F|ever lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
Trars|a||ors
Frg||s|
Fagar, |. C., T| e loers ol lruder||usCl , ( , ). |z1oz1o
3|av|||, 0. b., lyrrs ol lruder||us8a|||rore, |0 18
T| orsor, l. J.. lordor 1oz
3|ud|es
8uc||e||, v., `besurrec||o carr|s oe| lruder||us'. vC ( ) - (or Ca||. |o18ozo1z8
, - ). 18ozo
. `lruder||us uoer C|r|s|os a|s dup|ex gerusurd cord||or(ca||. . - ).' 111z|
w3|
1o1( ). - . 188z;1z
. `0o||||c|er le||sp|ar oe| lruder||us (Ca||. ll, - ).' v|gC|r ( ). z|8 ||1o
- zzz.
C|ar|e|, J.-l., lruderce po|e o|o||que. bec|erc|e sur |a crea||or poe||que dars
|e
Ca||erer|ror. lar|s . 181
. la crea||or poe||que dars |e Ca||erer|ror de lruderce. lar|s . 18z
. `lruderce e| |a 8|o|e'. bec|Aug ( ) - . 18181|
. `lr|re e| poes|e. la sarc||l|ca||or du |erps dars |e 'Ca||erer|ror' de
lruderce'. le |erps c|re||er de |a l|r de |'Ar||qu||e au |oyer-Age lll
e
-Xlll
e
s|c|e. Co||oques lr|erra||oraux du CNb3, r. . lar|s , - . oo| 18|1;
. `la |erpe|e apa|see e| |a rarc|e sur |'eau dars |a poes|e de lruderce.' lr
ls.
3. Cos|arza, lo|yar||era, ed||ed oy 3. Ca|derore, - . |ess|ra. 3|car|a, zz;|;
18.
Cos|arza, 3., `le corcez|or| poe||c|e d| lruderz|o e || carre Xvlll d| lao||ro d|
No|a'. 3|c0yr ( ) - . z1;o1z|
0opp, 3.. lACl rd. ed. , - . z 1zzz
Fverepoe|, w. `T| e ear|y C|r|s||ar poe|s 0regory Naz|arzer ard lruder||us.'
lr l|||o||s|or, ed||ed oy A. 3c|oors ard l. var 0eur, - . 0r.lov.Ar. . 8;1o1 oo
louva|r. lee|ers, . 1|
lor|a|re, J., Na|ssarce de |a poes|e dars |'0cc|der| c|re||er. lar|s . 181
lor|ar|er, J.-|. `C|r|s|us |rago 0e|, ar| e| c|r|s|o|og|e dars |'oeuvre de
lruderce.'
bec|Aug ( ). - . z118o11;;
0r|||a, C., `Fxege||sc|e 8erer|urger zu lruder||us larar||ger|a'. lerres 111
( ) - . 188oz
. `F|re |r|erpo|a|or|sc|e F|rerre||urg 0av|ds (lruder||us).' v|var|ur, - , 1o|
18|.
. `F|re 3pur a|||a|e|r|sc|er 8|oe|vers|or oe| lruder||us.' v|gC|r ( ). |z188
- 1|;.
la||r C|r|s||ar loe|ry . `la|es|raoe| lruder||us.' l|uC|e ( ). - 1oz 1|18o
. 8z
0rasso, N. `lruderz|o e |a 8|oo|a.' 0rp| ( ). - . 11;;1|
larr|s, b. b. A||egory |r ||e Ca||erer|ror ol lruder||us. 0|ss., ur|vers||y ol
Nor||
Caro||ra, . 1o1
lerzog, b. 0|e a||egor|sc|e 0|c|||urs| des lruder||us. Ze|era|a . |ur|c|. |z
8ec|,
1oo.
Ka|, |. `0|e we|| der borer r|| der 3ee|e suc|erd.', d|e be||g|os||a| des
lruder||us
|r 3parrurgsle|d zW|sc|er `p|e|as c|r|s||ara' urd `p|e|as rorara.'lered||as .
8orr. 8orergasser, . 1o
579
lara, l., 0ue cap||o|| pruderz|ar|. bore . 1;z
||cae|||, C., `lroo|er| esege||c| de||' |rro Xl de| ca||erer|ror d| lruder||o'. 3C0
( ) - . 181;18|
|orero, J. l. `l|guras de |a cruz er e| Ar||guo Tes|arer|o segr Aure||o
lruderc|o.' lr 8|o||a Fxeges|s y Cu||ura. Fs|ud|os er |oror de| lrol. J. |.
Casc|aro,
ed||ed oy 0. Ararda, C. 8asev|, ard J. C|apa (lacu||ad de Teo|oga, ur|vers|dad
de Navarra. Co|ecc|or |eo|og|ca ), - . larp|ora. FuN3A, . 8|;1o 1|
ladovese, l. `la cr|s|o|og|a d| Aure||o C|erer|e lruderz|o.' Ar0reg . bore. z1
lor|. ur|v. 0regor|ara, . 18o
lascua| Torro, J. `la ar|||es|s Fva-|ar|a er lruderc|o.' Corpos|e||arur
( ). 1o
- zzo8.
l|||orer|o, |. `lruderce e| |e lsaure (0|||oc|aeor XlX).' lr le lsau||er 11
c|ez
|es lres (Ca||ers de 8|o||a la|r|s||ca ), - . lre|ourg. Cer|re d'Ara|yse e| |z1o
de 0ocurer|a||or la|r|s||que, . 1|
bap|sarda, F. `0|| apos|o|| l|e|ro e lao|o e |a rave de||a C||esa |r lruderz|o.' lr
0||ourere, - , . oz11o|
bodrguez lerrera, l., loe|a c|r|s||arus. lruder||us Aullassurg vor der Aulgaoe
des
c|r|s|||c|er 0|c||ers. 0|ss. |ur|c| . 1o
3ro|a|, K. `0|e Ka|as|rop|e ar l|rre|. F|re Ara|yse vor lruder||us,
Apo||eos|s
o11| .' l r larc|a|a. ls. l. K. T|raede, ed||ed oy |. wac|| (JAC.F ), - o8 zz1
. zo;
|urs|er. Asc|erdorll, . 1
|v. Cypr|ar ||e loe| (l|. ca. ) |oo
Jerore Wro|e le||er |o a |earred pr|es| rared Cypr|ar, W|o Was ar 1|o
exper| |r scr|p|ure. Accord|rg |o larrac|, ||e sare Cypr|ar Wro|e ||e
lep|a|euc|osard ||e Cera Cypr|ar|, ||e |a||er |av|rg oeer corposed rear
||e erd ol ||e lour|| cer|ury |r ||e area ol 8resc|a ard verora. lerce ||e
|earred pr|es|, addressed oy Jerore, Wou|d |ave ||ved |r ror||err l|a|y, ard
cors|dered ||s ar| lorr as a resource lor re||g|ous educa||or.
1ozoF|ever lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
`T| e W|o|e lep|a|euc|os('3ever 8oo|s') |s ||e Wor| ol a s|rg|e au||or
rared Cypr|ar ard W|o ||ved ca. c.e. lor |||s poe| |reW Ausor|us |oo
(|ose||a = Cypr. 0er. Nave ) ard C|aud|ar (lareg.lll cors. lor. - |; 8 ;;o
= Fx. ll., Jg , lareg.lv cors. lor. = Fx. ), as We|| as luvercus, |;| 11 118 1z
lruder||us ard lau||rus ol No|a. C|aud|us |. v|c|or|us, W|o d|ed oelore
|oc.e., Was lar|||ar W||| Cypr|ar's 0eres|s(Cypr. 0er. = v|c|. A|e||. , 1o 1
1|, 0er. = A|e||. , , 0er. = A|e||. , , 0er. ll. = A|e||. z8 zo| z z|oz |8o
, , 0er. = A|e||. ). lr add|||or, Cypr|ar used a o|o||ca| |ex| lror | 8 oo;
oelore Jerore, or sore occas|ors, |e |urrs |o ||e 0ree| |ex|' (0| 8erard|ro,
|o|).
T|e lep|a|euc|os|s a Wor| ol a| |eas| verses, a|ros| a|| |r |exare|ers, zo
||ree car||c|es are decasy||ao|c (Fx , Nr , 0| ). T| e ooo|s ol 1 z1 z
||e 8|o|e ca|| lor d|llerer| quar||||es ol verses. 0eres|s , Fxodus , 1|8 18
lev|||cus , Nuroers , 0eu|erorory , Jos|ua| , Judges . o ;;; z88 8 ;oo
usua||y, Cypr|ar rerders ||e o|o||ca| |ex| |r verses W|||ou| ary add|||ors,
|e or||s sore sec||ors, suc| as Fx - or Fx - . lr gerera|, |e avo|ds zo1 |o
|o arp||ly ||e |ex| as |e does lor Fx = Cypr. Fx = (le|per), Fx. 1| |18 o;
1o. = Cypr. Fx - , Fx = Cypr. Fx - , Nr . - = Cypr. ;; z 11|1z|o 1oz|
Nr - . le rerders a|| o|o||ca| rares |r a la||r lorr, Noa| oe|rg zoz8
spe||ed `Noe|us,' l a re c | `larec|us,' e|c. le c||es or uses c|ass|ca| au||ors,
suc| as v|rg||, lucre||us, lorace, 0v|d, lerseus, Ca|u||us, ard |e |roWs
C|r|s||ar Wr||ers We||. luvercus, lruder||us, lau||rus ol No|a (0| 8erard|ro
- |o|oo).
T|e Cera Cypr|ar|, a o|o||ca| `cer|or,' or co||ec||or ol o|o||ca| quo|a||ors
da||rg lror ||e |a|e lour|| cer|ury, assero|es larous l|gures ol o| ard r| a|
ar |rag|rary oarque| ollered oy K|rg Joe|, W|o suspec|s ||s gues|s |o |ave
roooed ||r. l| |s a parody, ar||c|pa||rg red|eva| larces, rar|ed oy vu|gar||y, ard
W|||ou| ary respec| lor sacred scr|p|ure. T| e |xx |ex| seers |o oe
||e or|y d|rec| vers|or used oy ||e au||or. Apocryp|a|s, suc| as ||e Ac|s
ol lau|, are a|so exp|o||ed. lr|sc||||ar rece|ves a rer||or. T| e au||or cou|d
|ave oeer a cer|a|r ror| rared 8ac||ar|us, lror 3pa|r |r ||e |a|e lour||
cer|ury, a syrpa|||zer ol lr|sc||||ar|sr (lapo|re. 8ardy).
Fd|||ors
lep|a|euc|os. ll , , , - (urder ||e rare ol luvercus). ll3 z1o1z|8o
, - . 1111z|
Cera. ll3 , - . |zz
le|per, b.. C3Fl ( ). z181
la||r C|r|s||ar loe|ry K. 3|rec|er. |0l. ll | , - , `0|e Cera 1oz; |z8;z8
Cypr|ar| urd ||r 8|oe||ex|'.
580
ZwT ( ). |
larrac|, A. vor, 0re| Wer|g oeac||e|e Cypr|ar|sc|e 3c|r|l|er.le|pz|g . 18
|oes|o, C.. 3|ud|er zur Cera Cypr|ar|. Tuo|rger . 1z
3|ud|es
8ardy, 0., `la Cera Cypr|ar|e| ses er|gres'. b8 ( ) - . 1111|11;z1
0| 8erard|ro, A.. uas|er, lv.
0uva|, l.-|., la 0au|e jusqu'au r|||eu du ve s|c|e. l, . lar|s , . z 1;18o
laas, w., 3|ud|er zur lep|a|euc|d|c||er Cypr|ar r|| 8e||rager zu der
vor||eroryr|ar|sc|er 8|oe|uoerse|zurger. 8er||r . 11z
larrac|, A., 0|e Cypr|ar|sc|e 3c|r|l|er urd d|e Ac|a lau||. Tu , 8. le|pz|g 1
. 18
Kar|sc|o|e, 0., 8|oe|d|c||urg. |ur|c| . 1;
Kres|ar, l., `Cypr|arus lll (ga|||sc|er 0|c||er)'. bAC ( ) - . 1;|;;81
lapo|re, A.. b3b ( ) - . 11z|;o
|a|soary, 0., `Fp|c Fxeges|s ard ||e uses ol verg|| |r ||e Far|y 8|o||ca| loe|s'.
l|or||eg|ur ( ) - . ;188
le|r|rga, |. b., `l 'se| g|orr| de||a creaz|ore' re||a paralras| o|o||ca d| Cypr|aro'.
3||ero ( ) - . 181z1o
lo||rar, K., `0er sogerarr|e lep|a|euc|d|c||er urd d|e A|e|||ades C|aud|us
|ar|us v|c|or|us'. lerres ( ) - . 1zo1z|oo1
Nodes, 0. J., 0oc|r|re ard Fxeges|s |r 8|o||ca| la||r loe|ry. leeds . 1
3ro|a|, 3., `la|e|r|sc|e urd|c||urger des o|o||sc|er 3c|oplurgsoer|c||es'.
3|la|r
1z( ) - (Tu ). 1;ooo 11
3|rec|er, K., `0|e Cera Cypr|ar|urd ||r 8|oe||ex|'. ZwT ( ) - . |11zo1o8
v. 3edu||us (l|. - ) |zo|o
3edu||us corposed ||s poer, lasc|a|e carrer, prooao|y |r l|a|y oe|Weer
|zoard (0| 8erard|ro, uas|er lv, ). le Was a r|e|or, |ra|red |r |o |1o
p|||osop|y accord|rg |o arc|er| raruscr|p|s, a presoy|er accord|rg |o
ls|dore ol 3ev|||e. le served as a car|or |r |||urg|ca| ce|eora||ors (Carrer
l, - ). l|s poer |s d|v|ded |r|o lour 8oo|s ol ||ree |urdred |o lour zzo
|urdred verses eac|, W||| ar |r|roduc||or. |oderr ed|||ors cour| ||e |r|roduc||or
as a l|l|| 8oo|. Al|er |av|rg ce|eora|ed 0od's r|rao|||aas Crea|or
ard 0|v|re lrov|derce (l), ||e Carrerevo|es ||e c|||d|ood ol Jesus, ||s
oap||sr, ard ||e c|o|ce ol ||e |We|ve apos||es, |r add|rg a |org correr|ary
1oz8F|ever lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
or ||e lord's prayer (ll, - ). 8oo|s lll ard lv descr|oe ||e r|rac|es z1oo
ol C|r|s|, ra|r|y accord|rg |o |a|||eW, v cor||rues ||e parap|rase ol ||e
gospe| rarra||ve lror ||e las| 3upper |o ||e Ascers|or. 3edu||us ||rse|l
produced a |rars|a||o|r prose ol ||s poer, ||e 0pus, as a sc|o|ar|y exerc|se
las||orao|e |r ||s ||re.
lr oo|| Wor|s ||s Way ol quo||rg scr|p|ure rera|rs ex|rere|y lree,
W||| rary a||egor|ca| correr|s. `Cors|ar||y, W||| ar ap| corc|seress, ||e
poe| expresses ||e ||eo|og|ca| ard sp|r||ua| rear|rg ol g|ver rarra||ves.
3ore||res, lor exarp|e aoou| ||e lass|or, |e |rs|s|s or r|ru|e de|a||s ol
a||egor|sr, a|ready rore red|eva| ||ar pa|r|s||c |r |ore. 3uc| excep||ors
corl|rr ||s poe||c rorr ca|||rg lor ar orra|e ard ||g||-|ear|ed devo||or.
loe||c procedures serve |ere re||g|ous ser||rer| rore ||ar ||eo|og|ca|
exeges|s' (lor|a|re, ). z1
3edu||us's vers|l|ed s|y|e ard syr|ax derors|ra|e a c|ass|ca| correc|ress,
W||c| exp|a|rs ||e popu|ar||y ol ||e Carrer|r red|eva| sc|oo|s, |||us|ra|ed
oy sever|y-l|ve ed|||ors ur||| . 188o
Fd|||ors
ll , - . 1|;z
luerer. J., C3Fl ( ) - . 1o1881o1
wa|po|e, A. 3., Far|y la||r lyrrs. Caror|dge , - . 1zz118
Trars|a||ors
0u|c|
3c|els, N., 3edu||us lasc|a|e Carrer, l-ll. 0e|l| . 18
Frg||s|
Ku|rruerc|, A. J. 0. J., Far|y C|r|s||ar la||r loe|s. C||cago, , - . 1zzz;z
l|a||ar
Corsaro, l., l'opera poe||ca d| 3edu||o. Ca|ar|a . 1|8
. 3edu||o poe|aCa|ar|a . 1o
3|ud|es
Cos|arza, 3., `0a J|overco a 3edu||o'. CC|Cr ( ) - . o18z8o
0opp, 3.. lACl, rd ed. - . z 1o1
lor|a|re, J., Na|ssarce de |a poes|e dars |'0cc|der| c|re||er.lar|s , - 181z|;
. z
lerzog, b., 0|e 8|oe|ep|| |r der |a|e|r|sc|er 3pa|ar|||e.|ur|c| , Xlll. lll- 1;
llv.
laar, l. w. A. T| . var der, `lr||a||or crea||ve dars |e 'Carrer pasc|a|e' de
3edu||us'.
581
la||r C|r|s||ar loe|ry J. der 8oel| ard A. l|||ors| eds., Far|y C|r|s||ar 1oz
loe|ry. A Co||ec||or ol Fssays.
le|der , - . 11oo
|ayr, l. T|., 3|ud|er zur der lasc|a|e Carrer des c|r|s|||c|er 0|c||ers
3edu||us.
|ur|c| . 11o
|ore||| l|er|, 0., `3u||e lor|| evarge||ce d| 3edu||o'. A|AT , rs. . l|orerce | zo
1o, - . 1zz|
0pe||, l., larade|gra|a loe||ca C|r|s||ara. 0usse|dorl , - . 188o;
3ra||, C. 0., `b|e|or|c ard Fxeges|s |r 3edu||us's Carrer lasc|a|e'. C| ;
( ) 18o
- zz||.
3pr|rger, C. l. F., T| e 0ospe| as Fp|c |r la|e Ar||qu||y.le|der . 188
v|. C|aud|us |ar|us v|c|or|us (d. | ). |z|o
Ca. , 0errad|us (d. | ) Wro|e. `v|c|or|(r)us, a r|e|or ol |arse|||es, |8o |zo
corposed |r a |rue ard p|ous C|r|s||ar sp|r|| lor ||s sor, F||er|us, a correr|ary
|r lour 8oo|s |r verse or 0eres|s, lror ||e 8eg|rr|rg up |o ||e
dea|| ol la|r|arc| Aora|ar. 8u| s|rce ||e au||or Was accus|ored |o Wor||rg
W||| |||era|ure ard |ad ro| oeer |rs|ruc|ed oy ary |eac|er |r ||e d|v|re
scr|p|ures, |e expresses ||oug||s ol |||||e va|ue |r ||s poe|ry. le d|ed urder
||e re|gr ol T| eodos|us (ll) ard va|er||ar (lll)' (0e scr|p|or|ous ecc|es|as||c|s,
lX. ll , ). 81o|
T|e A|e|||a, ||e pr|rc|pa| Wor| ol |||s rarr|ed |ayrar ard proless|ora|
r|e|or da|es oe|Weer ard (oes| ed|||or, lov|rg|). l| oeg|rs W||| a |zo ||o
lerver| prayer ol a |urdred ard |Wer|y-s|x verses ard |s d|v|ded |r|o ||ree
8oo|s. 8oo| l ( verses) dea|s W||| ||e l|rs| ||ree c|ap|ers ol 0eres|s, z
8oo|s ll ( verses) W||| c|ap|er - , ard 8oo| lll ( verses) W||| |; |; ;|1
c|ap|ers - . lr add|||or |o vers|ly|rg ||e o|o||ca| |ex|, v|c|or|us |r|roduces 81
cors|dera||ors ard d|gress|ors ol ||s oWr, suc| as |r 8oo| ll, a descr|p||or
ol rar's cord|||or al|er ||s expu|s|or lror larad|se, |rsp|red |r par| oy
lucre||us's ||eory ol c|v|||za||or. 0||er sources ol v|c|or|us's poe|ry are 0v|d
ard v|rg||. 0r ||e C|r|s||ar s|de ore l|rds lac|ar||us, lruder||us, Arorose,
Augus||re as We|| as ||e au||or ol ||e cor|erporary Carrer de prov|der||a
d|v|ra, le|ag|ar |r corp|ex|or, roW a||r|ou|ed |o l||ary ol Ar|es (0a||o).
Fd|||ors
ll , - . 0agry. o1;;z
lov|rg|, l. l. CCl ( ). 1z81oo
3c|er||, C., C3Fl ( ). 1o1888
1ooF|ever lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
3|ud|es
0| 8erard|ro, A.. uas|er lv, - (o|o||ograp|y ur||| ). 1z1 1;
lov|rg|, l. l., |ar|| v|c|or|s C|aud|| A|e|||a. la pr|re e| |es vers - du ||vre . 11;o 1
0ror|rger . 1
Nodes, 0. J. `T| e sever|| day ol crea||or |r A|e|||a ol C|aud|us |ar|us v|c|or'.
vC
|z( ) - . 188;|
lo|rarr, K., `0er sogerrar|e lep|a|euc|d|c||er urd d|e A|e|||ades
C|aud|us |ar|us v|c|or|us. Arrer|urger zur 0a||erurgslrage urd zur
lr||a||orslorsuc|erg'. lerres ( ) - . 1z1111z
v||. 0racor||us (secord |a|l ol || c.)
8|ossus Fr|||us 0racor||us, a poe| ard r|e|or|c|ar ol Car||age a| ||e ||re ol
||e varda| |rvas|or ol Nor|| Alr|ca, Was ||e au||or ol ar aourdar| secu|ar
|||era|ure erp|oy|rg ry||o|og|ca| ||eres. 0ur|rg a |erg||y |rpr|sorrer|
oy ||e varda| au||or|||es, |e corposed |Wo poers ol W||c| ore, 0e |aud|ous
0e|, 8oo| l, Was rece|ved as ar lexareror dur|rg ||e ||dd|e Ages.
Fd|||ors
8resra|ar, F., 0|ss. l|||adep||a . 1|
lrW|r, J. l., l|oer l, 0racor||| de |aud|ous 0e|0|ss. l|||ade|p||a . 1|z
|oussy, C. ard C. Carus. lar|s , . 18188
Trars|a||ors
Frg||s|
8resra|ar ard lrW|r. aoove.
lrerc|
|oussy. aoove.
3|ud|es
8r|g||, 0. l., A ||r|a|ure Fp|c |r varda| Alr|ca. 0||a|ora, . 18;
0ev|re, l. C., A 3|udy ol ||e laudes 0e| ol 0racor||us. 0|ss. NeW or| . 1|
Fverepoe|, w. `0racor||us, 0e |aud|ous de|, l, | , Adar ard Fve oelore ||e z|8
la||.' lages - |r larc|a|a. ls. l. K. T|raede. Fd||ed oy |. wac||. JAC.F 11o1
zz. |urs|er. Asc|erdorll, . 1
la||r C|r|s||ar loe|ry Nodes, 0. J., 0oc|r|re ard Fxeges|s |r 8|o||ca| la||r 1o1
loe|ry. leeds , - , - . 1|1o818
3ro|a|, K., `0|e 3|e||urg der lexarerord|c||urg des 0racor||us (|aud. de| , 1
- 118|zo). lrrer|a|o der |a|e|r|sc|er 0eres|spoes|e'. l3 w. Kraus. v|erra , 1;z
582
- 81;.
3peyer, w., `Kosr|sc|e |ac||e |r 8|oe|epos des 0racor||us'. l||| ( ) 1z188
- z;z8.
. `0er 8|oe|d|c||er 0racor||us a|s Fxege| des 3ec|s|ageWer|es 0o||es.'
lages
- |o|8||r 3||ru||. ls. F. 0assrarr. Fd||ed oy 0. 3c|||ger ard C. 3c|o||er.
JAC.F . |urs|er. Asc|erdorll, . z 1o
No| repor|ed |ere |s l||ar|us. b. le|per, ed. C3Fl ( ), W|ose |der|||y, z181
desp||e ||e ed||or's sugges||or, rera|rs ur|roWr. |Wo ep|c poers,
lr 0eres|r( - ), 0e rar|yr|o |accaoaeorur( - ). 3ee |ar|||us, zo z|o|
- 188z, 3c|arz , , , 8arder|eWer , l. |1zz8 8
C|r|s||ar loe|ry
gerera| o|o||ograp|y
lor|a|re, J., Na|ssarce de |a poes|e dars |'0cc|der| c|re||er. lar|s . 181
0aroer, 3., le ||vre de |a 0erse dars |a poes|e |a||re au v
e
s|c|e. lar|s . 18
lerzog, b., 0|e 8|oe|ep|| |r der |a|e|r|sc|er 3pa|ar|||e. |urc|er. l|r|, . 1;
Kar|sc|o|e, 0., 8|oe|d|c||urg. 3|ud|er zur 0esc||c||e der ep|sc|er
8|oe|parap|rase
vor Juvercus o|s 0|lr|d vor we|sserourg. |urc|er. l|r|, . 1;
Kro||, w., 3|ud|er zur vers|ardr|s der ror|s|er l||era|ur. 3|u||gar| = 1z|
0arrs|ad| . 1o|
lu|||||u|zer, 0. l., `T| e loe||c C|arac|er ol beve|a||or ard .' lr Far|y |
C|r|s||ar
loe|ry. A Co||ec||or ol Fssays.Fd||ed oy J. der 8oel|ard A. l|||ors|. 3v|gC|r
zz. le|der. 8r|||, . 1
|ar|||us, |., 0esc||c||e der c|r|s|||c| |a|e|r|sc|er loes|e. 3|u||gar| . 181
|arrou, l. l., l|s|o|re de |'educa||or dars |'Ar||qu||e, || ed., lar|s . 1oo
baoy, l. J. F., A l|s|ory ol C|r|s||ar la||r loe|ry, rd ed. 0xlord . z 1
3c|arz, |. ard los|us, C., 0esc||c||e der ror|sc|er l||era|urvo|. , , . |1
|ur|c|,
11|.
3ro|a|, K., `0er dre|lac|e Zusarrer||arg'. w3 ( ) - . 8|1;11o
. `la|e|r|sc|e urd|c||urger des o|o||sc|er 3c|oplurgsoer|c||es'. 3|la|r , 1z
Tu
11( ) - . 1;ooo
T| raede, K., `ur|ersuc|urger zur ursprurg urd zur 0esc||c||e der c|r|s|||c|er
loes|e'. JAC ( ). |1o1
. `Fpos. C|r|s|||c|'. bAC ( ) - . 1oz;1o|z
weyrar, C., 8e||rage zur 0esc||c||e der c|r|s|||c| |a|e|r|sc|er loes|e. |ur|c|
. 1zo
1ozF|ever lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
3upp|erer|ary 8|o||ograp|y
la||r loe|ry
8ureau, 8. `la corcord|a des apo|res l|erre e| lau| dars |'l|s|or|a apos|o||ca
d'Ara|or. lrages e| ||res ep|ques.' C8|la ( ). - . 111o
. le||re e| sers rys||que dars |'l|s|or|a Apos|o||cad'Ara|or. Fxegse e|
epopee.
Co||. des F|udes Augus||r|erres, 3er. Ar||qu||e . lar|s. lrs|||u| dF|udes 1
Augus||r|erres, . 1;
Carruooa, b. w. `T| e lrelace |o Juvercus' 8|o||ca| Fp|c. A 3|ruc|ura| 3|udy.' AJl.
11|( ). - . 1o1z
Croc|ar|, l. |. `l| recupero d| a|cure |ez|or| de| |es|o de||e Fxp|ara||ores |r
Car||cur Car||corurd| Appor|o per |a r|cos|ruz|ore de||a sua do||r|ra su||a
|adre d| 0|o, |r v|rgo l|oer vero|.' lages - |r ||sce||area d| s|ud| |r 1;1
orore d| l. 0|useppe |. 8esu|||, 0.3.|.Fd||ed oy l. |. Ca|ou|g. bore. Fd|z|or|
'|ar|arur,' . 11
0eproos|, l.-A. `les lorc||ors apos|o||ques du sacre dars |e pore d'Ara|or.'
8A08
|8( ). - . 18;o
0eproos|, l.-A., ard J. C. lae|eWyc|. `le |ex|e o|o||que des Ac|es e| |'au||er||c||e
des sorra|res er prose dars |'l|s|or|a apos|o||cad'Ara|or, ll.' lages - 8oo|
|r l|||o|og|a 3acra. 8|o||sc|e urd pa|r|s||c|e 3|ud|er lur lerrarr J. lrede urd
wa|| er T| |e|e zu ||rer s|eoz|gs|er 0eour|s|ag, l. A||es urd Neues Tes|arer|, ll.
Apocryp|er, K|rc|erva|er, versc||ederes. Fd||ed oy b. 0rysor. lre|ourg. lerder,
1.
0eproos|, l. A. `la ror| de Judas dars |'l|s|or|a apos|o||ca d'Ara|or (l, - ).' 81oz
bFA ( ). - . 181o
. l'apo|re l|erre dars ure epopee du vl
e
s|c|e. |'l|s|or|a apos|o||ca d'Ara|or.
Co||ec||or des e|udes Augus||r|erres. 3er|e ar||qu||e . lar|s. lrs|||u| 1zo
d'F|udes Augus||r|erres, . 1o
583
0erro|| 3ra||, C. `Typo|ogy |r 3edu||us' Carrer pasc|a|e.' lages - |r 1zooo
3|ud|a pa|r|s||ca , . Augus||re, ||e pos|-N|cere la||r la||ers, or|er|a| |ex|s, 18|
Nac||eoer ol ||e la||ers. Ka|arazoo, ||c|.. C|s|erc|ar luo||ca||ors, . 1o
0| Ter||zz|, l. `lr|erpre|az|or| e prospe|||ve d| r|cera reg|| s|ud| recer|| su| poe|a
0|overco.' 3|la|r ( ). - . ;1o;
le||ers, J. l. `l'u||||sa||or de |a 8|o|e dars |'oeuvre d'Fvod|us.' bFAug ( ). 1z1oo
- |1o|.
l|c||rer, b. Taule urd versuc|urg Jesu |r der Fvarge||orur ||or| qua||uor des
8|oe|d|c||ers Juvercus ( , - ). 8e||r. z. A||er|urs|urde. le|pz|g. Teuorer, 1|o|8
. 1|
l||eger, b. lr|erpre|a||orer zur 8|oe|d|c||er Juvercus. 0e||serare, les|ra|re
Jesu urd Ka|p|asproze( , - ). 8e||rage z. A||eryurs|urde . le|pz|g. ||;8o |o
Teuorer, . 1
la||r C|r|s||ar loe|ry l|||ors|, A. `T| e C|ear|rg ol ||e Terp|e (Jo|r 1o
. - ) |r Juvercus ard Norrus.' z1z
lages - |r Far|y C|r|s||ar loe|ry. A Co||ec||or ol Fssays. Fd||ed oy J. der o1;o
8oel|ard A. l|||ors|. 3v|gC|r . le|der. 8r|||, . zz 1
l||||er, b. Ara|or or ||e Ac|s ol ||e Apos||es. A 8ap||sra| Correr|ary. 0xlord
Far|y
C|r|s||ar 3|ud|es. 0xlord. C|arerdor, . 1
Kor|g, l. `'ves||g|a ar||quorur rag|s|rorur sequ|.' w|e ||es| Appor|us
0r|geres?'
T| ( ). - . 1;o1o1zo
l|vrea, F. `ToWards a reW ed|||or ol Norrus' larap|rase ol 3|. Jo|r's 0ospe|.'
|r
|1( ). - . 18818z|
. Norro d| laropo||. laralras| de| varge|o d| 3. 0|ovarr|, Car|o Xvlll.
lr|roduz|ore, |es|o cr|||co, |raduz|ore e| correr|ar|o. 3pecu|ur. Cor|r|ou|| d|
l||o|og|a c|ass|ca . Nap|es. 0'Aur|a, . 18
. `Norro paralras|e de| varge|o g|ovarreo ( . - , . - ).' bA|| |811||| 1;
( ). - . 1zz8o8
l|vrea, F., ard 0. Accor|r||. `Norro e |a Croc|l|ss|ore.' 3llC ( ). - . o188zoz;8
|aro||a |arr|ro, 8. `0|| lrs|||u|ad| 0|ur|||o. a|cur| aspe||| esege||c|.' A3F 8
( ). - . 11|o1
|azzega, |. 3edu||us, Carrer pasc|a|e, 8uc| lll. Cbl3l3 0|e |e||ode der
K|rc|erva|er |r urgarg r|| der ar|||er Ku||ur . 8ase|. 3c|Waoe & Co, . 1o
|cNe|||, 8. `Av|rc|us ard ||e 3org ol 3orgs.' v|gC|r ( ). - . 11;;z|
Nodes, 0.J. `T| e sever|| day ol crea||or |r A|e|||a ol C|aud|us |ar|us v|c|or.'
v|gC|r ( ). - . |z188;|
Norro d| laropo||, laralras| de| varge|o d| 3. 0|ovarr|. Car|o . Fd||ed oy zo
0. Accor|r||. l|sa. 3cuo|a Norra|e 3uper|ore, . 1o
Norro d| laropo||, laralras| de| varge|o d| 3. 0|ovarr|. Car|o Xvlll. Tes|o
cr|||co, |r|roduz|ore e correr|ar|o. Fd||ed oy F. l|vrea (3pecu|ur). Nap|es. |.
0'Aur|a
Fd||ore, . 18
0ror, A. l. `0|e vers|l||a||or vor l| . - |r der Fuarge||orur ||or| qua||uor 18o
des Juvercus. F|re Ara|yse vor Juverc. l - , - .' ZNw ( ). 11zz|zz 81z
- zz|||.
. `Juvercus a|s 8|oe|exege| urd a|s Zeuge der `alr||ar|sc|er' ve|us-la||ra
Trad|||or. ur|ersuc|urger der 8ergpred|g| (|| . - ) |r der ve|us la||ra 1|8
urd |r der vers|l||a||or des Juvercus (l - ).' v|gC|r ( ). - . |z;z |1|z
barr|rger, J. `Zu Tex| urd lr|erpre|a||or vor A|c|rus Av||us' 0e sp|r||a||s
||s|or|ae ges||s.' w3| ( ). - . 1o11881z
3c|W|rd, J. `0r|geres urd der 0|c||er Ara|or. F|r 8e||rag zur 0esc||c||e der
0r|geresrezep||or |r wes|er.' bFAug ( ). - . |1111z
3|ea, 0. w. T| e poers ol A|c|rus Fcd|c|us Av||us. Trars|a||or ard |r|roduc||or.
|ed|eva| ard bera|ssarce |ex|s ard s|ud|es . Terpe, Ar|z.. |ed|eva| ard 1;z
bera|ssarce Tex|s ard 3|udues, . 1;
1o|F|ever lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
3|erry, l. l. `T| e larap|rase ol 3|. Jo|ra||r|ou|ed |o Norrus.' 8yzar||or oo
( ). 1o
- |oo.
3pr|rger, C. l. F. T| e 0ospe| as Fp|c |r la|e Ar||qu||y. ||e lasc|a|e Carrer ol
3edu||us. 3v|gC|r . le|der. 8r|||, . z 188
3|uoerrauc|, 8. 0er le|||ge 0e|s| oe| Appor|us. Zur ||eo|og|sc|er 0e|a|| e|rer
spa|ar|||er lo|e||edaus|egurg. bor|sc|e uar|a|sc|r|l|. 3upp|. l., . bore. |o
lerder, . 11
T| raede, K. `0|e Arlargsverse der Fvarge||erd|c||urg des Juvercus.' lr
l|||ar||rop|a (= r ), - . o|;81
. `Fp|p|ar|er oe| Juvercus. Fvarge||orur ||or| , | ,' lr 3||ru||. Fxegese 11zo
urd
||re lerrereu||| |r Ar|||e urd C|r|s|er|ur, les|sc|r|l| lur Frrs| 0assrarr.
Fd||ed oy 0. 3c|o||ger ard C. 3c|o||er, - . |urs|er. Asc|erdorll, . |11 1o
584
var der laar, l. w. A. T. `lr||a||or crea||ve dars |e Carrer lasc|a|e de
3edu||us.'
lages - |r Far|y C|r|s||ar loe|ry. A Co||ec||or ol Fssays. Fd||ed oy J. der 1oo
8oel|ard A. l|||ors|. 3v|gC|r . le|der. 8r|||, . zz 1
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| v 1o
l0bTuNATlANu3 0l AullFlA |l04Tl C.
Ar Alr|car, o|s|op ol Aqu||e|a a| ||e ||re Frperor Cors|ar||us ard lope
l|oer|us (Jerore, 0e v|r. |r|. ), lor|ura||arus |oo| par| |r ||e syrod ol ;
3erd|ca |r as ar a||y ol A||aras|us ard |arce||us ol Arcyra. Al|er |
||e syrod |e Was |os|ed lor severa| ror||s oy A||aras|us ard los|us
ol Cordooa, W||| W|or |e ce|eora|ed Fas|er |r Aqu||e|a. urder po||||ca| |
pressure ol Frperor Cors|ar||us ll, |e s|gred ||e corderra||or ol
A||aras|us |r .
Jerore descr|oes lor|ura||arus's Correr|ary or ||e 0ospe|s as a rargar||a de
evarge||o`a pear| as a 0ospe| correr|ary,' |r a |e||er |o lau| ol
Corcord|a (Fp. , ), |av|rg read || |r prepara||or lor ||s oWr Correr|ary 1o
or ||e 0ospe| ol |a|||eW (prael.. ll , C), W|ereas |r 0e v|r. |r|. |e zozo
r|r|r|zes ||e sare correr|a|or's rer||s. orev| ac rus||co serrore scr|ps||
correr|ar|a, `|e Wro|e correr|ar|es |r a s|or| ard urcu|||va|ed s|y|e.'
lr ||s ro||ce, Jerore (0e v|r. |r|. ) ooserved a|so ||a| lor|ura||arus's ;
Correr|ary or ||e 0ospe|s Was Wr|||er |||u||s ord|ra||s, W||c| rears
corposed |r ||e order ol |||urg|ca| read|rgs |r Aqu||e|a oy group|rg severa| verses
|r a ur||y. Cer|a|r|y W||| a pedagog|ca| purpose, |e de||vered
a |eac||rg address|rg ||e s|rp||ces, lor W||c| a rus||cus serroWas er||re|y
appropr|a|e (lerar|e). lrdeed, ||e s|y|e ol ||e surv|v|rg lragrer|s cou|d
|ard|y oe rore e|erer|ary. `lr Aaror's ves|rer| lour roWs W||| prec|ous
s|ores (cl. Fx . ) prel|gure ||e lour 0ospe|s. T| e ||ree s|ores rear ||e z81;
perlec| Tr|r||y, oecause ||ese lour 0ospe|s s|oW us ||e perlec| Tr|r||y |rc|uded |r
||er. As ||e lord ||rse|l sa|d |o ||s d|sc|p|es '0o lor||, preac| |o
a|| crea|ures, oap||ze ||er |r ||e rare ol ||e la||er, ||e 3or ard ||e lo|y
3p|r||' (|a|||eW . ), ou| Aaror's s|all(Nr . ), W||c| orce oudded z81 1;1o
|r ||e |os| lo|y (cl. leo . - ), car oe rece|ved |r ||e l|oWer ard ever ||e |
lru|| ol ||e s|allas ar |rage ol ||e lord, |r |ypur dor|r|. T| e s|all||se|l
|s |o oe seer as prel|gur|rg |ary, ||e ro||er ol ||e lord Jesus C|r|s|, ||e
l|oWer, ||e lord ||rse|l. As 3cr|p|ure says 'A s|oo| s|a|| groW lror ||e s|oc|
ol Jesse' (ls . ). lerce 3o|oror sa|d, spea||rg |r ||e rare ol ||e lord, 'l 111
ar a l|oWer ol ||e l|e|d, a |||y groW|rg |r ||e va||ey' (3g . ). Ard ||e lourpar|ed z1
lru|| ol ||e ru| car oe rece|ved as ||e 0ospe|s . . .' (CCl , ). No o;
douo| ||e s|y|e |s rus||c, ou| ||e o|o||ca| |ex|ure ol ||e |or||y rera|rs apparer| |r
eac| ser|erce. T| e use ol scr|p|ure |s er||re|y a||egor|ca|, ou| W|||
rora||s||c over|ores (w||rar| , ). 1zo1oz
1ooF|ever lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
Fd|||ors
ll3 . ( ) - , . 1z18z1;1z
w||rar|, A., - 8. 8|sc|oll. CCl ( ) - . 1;o;o
3|ud|es
8|sc|oll, 8., `werdepur||e |r der 0esc||c||e der |a|e|r|sc|er Fxegese |r
lru|r|||e|a||er'. 3Fvl ( ) - . 1|z8|o
0aroer, K., `0|e a||es|e aoerd|ard|sc|e Fvarge||er-ler||oper||s|e, verru|||c|
vor
8|sc|ol lor|ura||rus vor Aqu||e|a'. |T|Z ( ) - . 11oz18ozo1
w||rar|, A., `la ques||or du pape l|ore'. b8er ( ) - . z81o81;8
. `0eux expos|||ors d'ur eveque lor|ura| sur |'Fvarg||e'. b8er ( ) - z1zo1oo
. ;|
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| vl 1o;
llllA3TFb 0l 8bF3ClA 0. AlTFb 390
Ar |||rerar| preac|er ard cor|rovers|a||s| oelore oe|rg corsecra|ed o|s|op
ol 8resc|a, |r ror||err l|a|y, as ||s successor, 0auder||us, |rlorrs us |r a
eu|ogy (C3Fl , , , | ), l|||as|er |oo| par| |r ||e Courc|| ol o81o18o;o
Aqu||e|a |r . le re| Augus||re dur|rg ||s s|ay |r |||ar oe|Weer 81 8
ard (Augus||re, le||er , |o uodvu||deus, C3Fl , , , 8; zzzz ;11||o
1). l|s 0|versarur |aereseor ||oer, Wr|||er oe|Weer ard |s |eav||y 8o o
deperder| or Wor|s ol lreraeus ard Fuseo|us ol Caesarea.
3evere|y eva|ua|ed oy Augus||re |r ||e sare |e||er |o uodvu||deus, ||e
||oer|ac|s ||s|or|ca| acurer. T| e lo||oW|rg |s ||e ||s||rg ol ||e |op|cs |rea|ed
oy l|||as|er (CCl , l.) resu|||rg |r ar accuru|a||or ol exege||ca| `|eres|es,' o8
sore ol W||c| poss|o|y or|g|ra|ed |r ||e |rag|ra||or ol ||e au||or.
CXv ( ), 0od c|ased Adar lror larad|se oecause ol ervy, 8;
CXvl ( ), Adar ard Fve Were o||rd (0eres|s . - ), 88 o;
CXvll ( ), or ||e |ur|cs ol s||rs (0eres|s . ), 8 z1
CXvlll ( ), or ||e arge| ree||rg |oses (Fxodus . ), o |z
CXlX ( ), or 0eu|erorory (0eu|erorory . , , ), 1 181181
CXX ( ), or ||e |r|qu||y ol |eg|||ra|e rarr|age (lsa|r . ), z o;
585
XXl ( ), or ||e d|v|s|or ol ||e ear|| oy Noa|,
CXXll ( ), or ||e l|ood urder 0euca||or, |
CXXlll ( ), or |urar o|r|| de|err|red oy ||e s|grs ol ||e zod|ac,
CXXlv ( ), or ||e sou|s ol s|rrers re|oca|ed |r derors ard ar|ra|s, o
CXXv ( ), or ||e lac| ||a| ||e lord d|d ro| descerd |r|o 3|eo|, ;
CXXvll ( ), or ||e gerera||or ol ||e 3av|our,
CXXvlll ( ), or l|aroa| (Fxodus . , . , . ), 1oo |z1;11o
CXXlX ( ), or 0av|d, W|o Was ro| a re||g|ous, ou| a secu|ar Wr||er, 1o1
CXXX ( ), or ||e |rau||er||c||y ard |rrer cor|rad|c||ors ol ||e lsa||er, 1oz
CXXXl ( ), or Ca|r (0eres|s . ), 1o |;
CXXXll ( ), a|so or Ca|r (0eres|s . - ), 1o| |11|
CXXXlll ( ), or ||e lac| ||a| ||ere are ro l|xed s|ars |r |eaver, 1o
CXXXlv ( ), or 3o|oror's Fcc|es|as|es, 1oo
CXXXv ( ), or ||e Car||c|e ol Car||c|es, 1o;
CXXXvl ( ), or corrardrer|, 1o8
CXXXvll ( ), or 0od's |rage |r rar (0eres|s . ), 1o 1zo
CXXXvlll ( ), or 0od's var|ous |arguages, 11o
CXXXlX ( ), or ||e lour Ar|ra|s (Fze||e| . ), 111 1
CXlll ( ), or ||e 3ep|uag|r| ard Aqu||a, 11|
1o8F|ever lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
CXllll ( ), or ||e |rars|a||or ol ||e T||r|y, 11
CXllv ( ), or ||e |rars|a||or ol ||e 3|x, 11o
CXlv ( ), or T| eodo||or ard 3yrrac|us, 11;
CXlvl ( ), or ||e l|rd|rg ol ||e 8oo|s al|er ||e Cap||v||y, 118
CXlvll ( ), or curs|rg (Fxodus . ), 11 zzz8
CXlvlll ( ), or |e|c||sede| (0eres|s . - ), 1zo 1|18zo
CXllX ( ), or las||rg (Zac|ar|a| . ), 1z1 81
Cl ( ), or 3o|oror's corcuo|res (Car||c|e . ), 1zz o;
Cll ( ), or Jos|ua's |r|ves ol l||r| (Jos|ua . ), 1z z
Clll ( ), or ||e orea|| ol ||le rece|ved oy Adar (0eres|s . ), 1z| z;
Cllll ( ), or ||e reasur|rg ||re (Zec|ar|a| . ), 1z z1
Cllv ( ), or F||ja|'s ravers ( K|rgs . ), 1zo 1 1;o
Clv ( ), or C|eruo|r ard 3erap||r (lsa|a| . ), 1z; oz
Clvl ( ), or ||e C|eruo|r ser| oy 0od |o ||e prop|e| lsa|a| (ls . ). 1z8 oo
Fd|||ors
ley|er, l.. CCl ( ) - . 1o;zo;z|
|arx, l.. C3Fl ( ). 8188
3|ud|es
8ardy, 0., `le '0e |aeres|ous' e| ses sources'. ||sce||. Agos||r|arall. bore
, 11
- ;|1o.
lrar|, l., `0as we||rac||s- urd Fp|p|ar|ezeugr|s des 8|sc|ols l||as|r|us vor
8resc|a'. JNw ( ) - . 11o1oz|
Jure|, l. C., F|ude grarra||ca|e sur |e |a||r de 3. l||as|r|us. Fr|arger = 1o|
borar|sc|e lorsc|urger, XlX ( ) - . 1oo1ozo
lor|arera, 0. 0oc|r|ra scr|p|ur|s||ca s. l||as|r|| 8r|x|ers|s ep|scop| e| |ex|us
o|o||cus ao
eo ad||o||us. bore. lor|. A||eraeur Ar|or|arur, . 1|o
va|||or|, l. `la pr|ra ||rgua |r l||as|r|o da 8resc|a.' Aug ( ). - . |1|;|o
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| vll 1o
0Au0FNTlu3 0l 8bF3ClA
ll. lATF 4TlFAbl 5Tl C.
0auder||us rep|aced ||s |eac|er, l|||as|er, or ||e ep|scopa| see ol 8resc|a
sore||re al|er . l|ve |or|||es, added |o a se| ol |er |or|||es de||vered o
dur|rg Fas|er Wee|, a|| or scr|p|ura| |op|cs, Were preserved ||ar|s |o a ||g|
oll| c|a| ol va|er||r|ar ll. |oderr sc|o|ars |ave added aro||er s|x serrors
|o ||e corpus ol 0auder||us's Wor|s.
T| e Fas|er serrors dea| W||| |||urg|ca| read|rgs lror Fxodus, W|||e
3error ard correr| or ||e wedd|rg ol Cara. T| ey erp|oy |rad|||ora| 8
|ypo|ogy ard are d|rec|ed par||cu|ar|y aga|rs| |arc|or||es ard |ar|c|ears.
`T| e |Wo |or|||es or ||e wedd|rg leas| ol Cara delerd rarr|age aga|rs|
||e |ar|c|ears ard exa|| ||e v|rg|r||y ol |ary. 0auder||us |a|es a ro|ao|e
s|ard |ere aga|rs| parer|s W|o corsecra|e ||e|r yourg c|||drer |o a ||le ol
v|rg|r||y. A|||oug| |||s ||le represer|s ||e |dea| ol perlec||or, || carro| oe
|rposed' (3|rore|||. uas|er lv, ). Arorg ||e s|x |or|||es a||r|ou|ed 1|
|o 0auder||us oy roderr sc|o|ars, 3erro Ad 3err|r|ur|r|erpre|s lu|e 18
1o, or ||e d|s|ores| s|eWard, as a syroo| ol ||e dev||, 3erro Ad lau|ur 1
d|acorur, exp|a|rs ||a| Jo|r . , `||e la||er |s grea|er ||ar l,' relers |o 1|z8
C|r|s|'s |urar||y.
T| e |||erary |egacy ol 0auder||us, ||oug| ||r||ed, s|oWs ||r a| ease |r
||e exeges|s ol ||e o|o||ca| |ex|. `le g|ves ev|derce ol sc|o|as||c prepara||or,
ol rore ||ar superl|c|a| corpe|erce |r ||e l|e|ds ol exeges|s ard doc|r|re,
ard ol ||e capac||y |o ergage ||e la|||lu| or ||e d|sc|p||rary ard rora|
p|are' (3|rore|||. uas|er lv, ). 1
586
Fd|||ors
Jo|r C|rysos|or, le||er . 18|
Trars|a||ors
8oe|rer, 3. l., was||rg|or . 1o
3|ud|es
8ror|es|, A. `b|cerc|e su 0auderz|o da 8resc|a (e |a sua opera esege||ca).' lr
|eror|e s|or|c|e de||a d|oces| d| 8resc|a ( ). - . z1oz18
1o|oF|ever lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
l|carra, b. `la paraoo|a de| la||ore |rlede|e |r 0auderz|o d| 8resc|a.' Arra|| d|
s|or|a de||'eseges| ( ). - . 1z1|;
Tr|sag||o l. , . 1oo1;o
Truzz|, C., Zero, 0auderz|o e Croraz|o, |es|| e cor|eru|| de||a pred|caz|ore
cr|s||ara
per |e c||ese d| verora, 8resc|a e Aqu||e|a ( - ca). 8resc|a . oo|1o 18
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| vlll 1o|1
lAClAN 0l 8AbCFl0NA CA. 310CA. 392
lac|ar ||ved |o o|d age, |ar u|||ra serec|ude(Jerore, de v|r. |r|. ), ard d|ed 1oo
|r ||e re|gr ol T| eodos|us. l|s sor, 0ex|er, |o W|or Jerore ded|ca|ed ||s
0e v|r|s |r|us|r|ous, reac|ed ||e rar| ol lrae|or|ar lrelec|. lac|ar's c|ass|ca|
educa||or gave ||r access |o v|rg||, C|cero, 0v|d, lorace, ard o||er la||r
au||ors W|or |e quo|es, ou| |e d|d ro| seer |o |roW 0ree| (desp||e ||s
urusua| la||r rerder|rg |rascer|s |raol Fx . (|xx) W||c| r|g|| der|ve z11
lror ar 0|d la||r raruscr|p|, paceC. 0rarado, 3C , ). |1oo|
lac|ar's lar|||ar||y W||| scr|p|ure |s a||es|ed |o oy e|g||y-sever o| ard a
|urdred ard sever|y-sever r| quo|a||ors lror sever|eer d|llerer| o| ooo|s
ard |Wer|y r| Wr|||rgs. `Fxp||c|| quo|a||ors ray sore||res oe s|or|, |rc|ud|rg ore
or |Wo verses. usua||y |r|roduced oy p|rases W||| d|cereard ||e sare
ol ||e spea|er, or oy a s|rp|e e| ||erur( ||res), scr|p|ur es||s||( ||res), 1 ;
||er |rlra( ||res) or ad|uc( ||res), ||ey are occas|ora||y rer||ored oy |
ar |rqu|||r ||e r|ds| ol ||e c||ed |ex| ( ||res). lrp||c|| quo|a||ors ard z|
a||us|ors are very rurerous, o|o||ca| e|erer|s are ||er perlec||y ass|r||a|ed
|o lac|ar's oWr expos|||or W|ose ||oug|| ra|ura||y adjus|s |o ||e scr|p|ura|
d|scourse' C. 0rarado, 3C , - , see ||e W|o|e sec||or `l'Fcr||ure,' |r |1oooo1
c|ap. lv, `les sources de |a ||eo|og|e de lac|er,' - . o;
lac|ar's 0|d la||r |ex| |s ro| |der||ca| W||| ||ose ol ||s Alr|car sources,
Ter|u|||ar, Cyr|ar, ard lac|ar||us, ror does || oe|org |o a spec|l|c ve|us la||ra
|rad|||or lror Furope. `l||e 0regory ol F|v|ra, lac|ar a||es|s 'la||r vers|ors
W||c| are |rdeperder| or oe|org |o a lar||y d|llerer| lror ||e ores used
|r ||s ||re. . . .' Ne|||er does lac|ar deperd or co||ec||ors ol Tes||ror|a'
(C. 0rarado, 3C , , quo||rg J. Carpos, `la 'Fp|s|o|a ad boraros' er |1ooo
|os escr||ores l|sparos'. le|rar||ca , , l.). 11o|zo
lac|ar's doc|r|re or perarce, ||s cer|ra| |op|c |r ||e d|scuss|or W|||
||e Nova||ar 3|rpror|arus, deperds |eav||y or Ter|u|||ar's 0e paer||er||a.
l|s oWr Wor|s |rc|ude a |rea||se, 0e paer||er||ous, (ed., C. 0rarado, 3C , |1o
1) es|ao||s||rg a d|s||rc||or oe|Weer pr|va|e pecca|urard puo||c cr|rer
(|do|a|ry, |or|c|de, adu||ery), or|y ||e |a||er ca|||rg lor puo||c perarce, a
|or||y 0r 8ap||sr, W||| a correr|ary or borars . - W||c| arrources 1z
Augus||re's ||es|s or or|g|ra| s|r, TWo le||ers|o 3|rpror|arus, relu||rg |r
dep|| ||e r|gor|s| pos|||or |e|d oy Nova||ar ard ||e Nova||ars ol lac|ar's
oWr ||re. l|ra||y, a |rea||se Cor|ra Nova||aros, relu||rg Nova||ar's ecc|es|o|ogy
or ||e oas|s ol ||e r|. (Ar essay er||||ed Cervu|us, `T| e 3ra|| 3|ag' |r
relererce |o a NeW ear carr|va|, |s |os|, 3C , - .) |1o1zo
1o|zF|ever lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
Fd|||ors
ll , - . 11o1|
Arg|ada Arlrurs, A.. va|erc|a . 18
0rarado, C.. 3C ( ), o|o||ca| |rdex ard o|o||ograp|y. |1o1
buo|o lerrardez, l.. 8arce|ora . 18
Trars|a||ors
Ca|a|ar
loregas | 8aque, J.. 0e poer||er||a, 0e oap||sro, 8arce|ora . 181
b|oer, l.. 8arce|ora . 11
Frg||s|
Co||yrs, C. l.. 0xlord . 18||
lrerc|
Fp||a|or, C. ard |. les||erre, |r 0rarado (see aoove).
3par|s|
buo|o lerardez. aoove.
3|ud|es
0orrguez de| va|, u., `lac|aro de 8arce|ora. escr||or, |eo|ogo y exege|a'
3a|rar||cers|s ( ) - . 1oz8
0rarado, C., `las paroo|as de r|ser|cord|a er lac|aro de 8arce|ora'. FF o
( ) 188
- ||.
587
|adoz, J., `lererc|a |||erar|a de| preso|ero Fu|rop|o'. FF ( ) - . 1o1|zzz|
v|||ar, J., `las c||ac|ors o|o||cas de 3ar| lac|'. Fs|uCa| ( ) - . 1;1z1|
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| lX 1o|
lbl3CllllAN 0l AvllA CA. 340CA. 387
8orr |r 3pa|r ca. , lr|sc||||ar s|ar|ed ||s preac||rg as a |ayrar, arourd o
- ;o;. le re| |rred|a|e success. l|s rys||ca| lervor ard r|g|d asce||c|sr
gave ||r a par||cu|ar popu|ar||y arorg ||e Worer ol ||s acqua|r|arce. TWo
o|s|ops, lrs|ar||us ard 3a|v|arus, s|rorg|y suppor|ed ||r W|||e |Wo o||ers,
lydac|us, ||s re|ropo|||ar ol Frer||a Augus|a (|er|da) ard l||ac|us, o|s|op
ol 0ssoruoa (laro, lor|uga|) opposed ||r. Corsecra|ed o|s|op ol Av||a oy
||s assoc|a|es, lrs|ar||us ard 3a|v|arus, ||e |Wo oppos|rg o|s|ops oo|a|red
lror Frperor 0ra||ar a decree aga|rs| ||e |ar|c|ears arorg W|or ||ey
|rd|c|ed lr|sc||||ar, W|o Wer| |r|o ex||e W||| ||s c|oses| d|sc|p|es, l| rs| |o
Aqu||a|re, ||er |o l|a|y. Accused ol |eresy, |rrora|||y, ard rag|c, oelore ||e
usurper, |ax|rus, W|o |ad es|ao||s|ed ||rse|l a| Tr|er al|er ||e rurder ol
0ra||ar, lr|sc||||ar ard ||s d|sc|p|es Were oe|eaded. T| ey |ave ||e duo|ous
|orour ol oe|rg ||e l|rs| C|r|s||ars corderred |o dea|| lor |eresy. |ar||r
ol Tours |rave||ed |o Tr|er |r pro|es|, ou| re|||er |e ror Arorose ol |||ar
cou|d prever| ||e |ragedy.
T|e Carores |r lau|| apos|o|| ep. a leregr|ro ep|scopo ererda||preser|
a s|or| ou|||re |r r|re|y s|a|erer|s (carores) W||| relererces |o spec|l|c
passages ol ||e lour|eer |e||ers ol lau|. lder||l|ed oy 0o|||rger, ard l|rs| puo||s|ed
oy 3c|epss, e|ever aroryrous |ex|s |r a raruscr|p| a| wurzourg, |ave
oeer ||r|ed W||| lr|sc||||ar. T| ey are roW rade ava||ao|e oy l. C|adW|c|.
T| e |||rd ol ||ese |ex|s, ||e l|oer de l|de e| apocryp||s, `corl| rrs ||e |We|l||
ara||era ol ||e Courc|| ol To|edo l |r aga|rs| ||ose W|o accep| scr|p|ures |oo
o||er ||ar ||ose recogr|sed oy ||e Ca||o||c c|urc|. lr |||s |rea||se,
||e au||or ra|r|a|rs W||| |rger|ous ard revo|u||orary argurer|s ||a| ro|
a|| ||e |rsp|red Wr|||rgs |ave oeer |rc|uded |r ||e caror, so ||a| ro| a|| ol
||e apocryp|a| Wr|||rgs car oe corderred er rassejus| oecause ||e |ere||cs
|ave |r|roduced sore |r|erpo|a||ors |r|o ||er' (3|rore|||. uas|er
lv, ). T| ere lo||oW sever |or|||es W||| ar||-|arc|or||e ard |ypo|og|ca| 1|1
correr|s or o| passages or ep|sodes, |oge||er W||| ||e Carores ep|s|o|arur
lau|| apos|o||. `N|re|y propos|||ors, W||c| are ||s|ed ore al| er aro||er ard
are a| ||res accorpar|ed oy ||e lau||re passages |o W||c| ||e carors ra|e
exp||c|| relererce, surrar|ze lau|'s er||re doc|r|re' (3|rore|||. uas|er lv,
- 1|11|z).
1o||F|ever lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
Fd|||ors
Augus||re, le||er (0|vja|). 11
larrar, A.. ll3 ( ) - . z18111o;
3c|epss, 0., C3Fl ( ). 18188
Trars|a||ors
Frg||s|
Fro, b. 8. laC| ( ). le||er (0|vja|). 8118 11
3|ud|es
Ayuso |arazue|o, T., `Nuevo es|ud|o soore e| Corra Joarreur,' 8|o ( ) z81|;
- 811z, - , ( ) - . z1ozz1|8z;o
8arre||, l. |.. FFC, , l. z|
8urrus, v., T| e |a||rg ol a lere||c. 0erder, Au||or||y, ard ||e lr|sc||||ar|s|
Cor|roversy. 8er|e|ey, CA . 1
C|adW|c|, l. lr|sc||||ar ol Av||a. T| e 0ccu|| ard ||e C|ar|sra||c |r ||e Far|y
C|urc|. 0xlord. C|arerdor, . 1;o
lor|a|re, J., `larorara esp|r||ua| de| 0cc|der|o per|rsu|ar er |os s|g|os lv y v.
lor
ura rueva proo|er||ca de| pr|sc|||ar|sro'. lr|ra reur|or ga||ega de es|udos
c|s|cos. Corpos|e||a , - . 18118zo
. TbF ( ) - . z;1;|||
var 0ar, b., leaders||p ard Corrur||y |r la|e Ar||que 0au|. 8er|e|ey, CA
. 18
vo||rarr, 8., `lr|sc||||arus'. lb, 3upp|. ( ) - . 1|1;||8
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| X 1o|
A|8b03F 0l |llAN CA. 339Albll 4, 397
Arorose Was oorr a| Tr|er W|ere ||s ar|s|ocra||c la||er, Aure||us Aroros|us
Was a ||g|-rar||rg c|v|| servar|, praelec|us prae|or|o 0a|||arur. As a |eerager,
|oge||er W||| ||s ro||er, ||s o|der s|s|er |arce|||ra, ard ar o|der oro||er
urar|us 3a|yrus, Arorose roved |o bore al|er ||s la||er's ur||re|y dea||.
lav|rg rece|ved ||e oes| educa||or |r r|e|or|cs ard |aW, corp|e|ed W||| a
||oroug| s|udy ol 0ree|, Arorose s|ar|ed ||s oWr career as ar advoca|us. As
soor as |e reac|ed ||e r|r|ra| age, |e oecare a c|v|| servar|. Nor|ra|ed
corsu|ar|s l|gur|ae e| Aere||ae, |r , |e |oo| up res|derce |r |||ar. T| oug| ;o
or|y a ca|ec|urer, |e Was deep|y corr|||ed |o ||e C|r|s||ar |rad|||or ol
||s lar||y, W||| a prorourced |ear|rg |oWards asce||c|sr ard p|||osop||ca|
588
cor|erp|a||or. l|s |rpar||a| judgrer| |r adr|r|s|ra||ve ra||ers Was accorded
popu|ar acc|a|r W||| drara||c corsequerces, W|er |oca| Ca||o||cs
ard Ar|ars |oge||er proc|a|red ||r ||e|r c|oser |eader al|er ||e dea||
ol ||e Ar|ar o|s|op Auxer||us. Al|er |av|rg rece|ved ||e agreerer| ol
va|er||r|ar l, ||e Wes|err erperor, Arorose accep|ed ||e reW respors|o||||y. le
Was oap||zed, ard or 0eceroer , , corsecra|ed o|s|op. w|||e ;;|
||s puo||c persora rera|red urc|arged |r ||s ra|ura| au||or||y ard e|||ca|
rec|||ude eroody|rg ||e oes| ol arces|ra| borar v|r|ues, ||s er||us|as||c
p|urge |r|o ||e s|udy ol scr|p|ure opered a reW Wor|d ol re||g|ous ||oug||,
soc|a| ded|ca||or ard puo||c d|scourse. A| ||e core ol a ousy ||le, ||s deepes|
reso|u||or rera|red urc|arged. |o re|||r| ||rse|l, ard |o s|are W|||
cor|erporary C|r|s||ars ||s W|o|e urders|ard|rg ol c|urc| ard Wor|d,
exc|us|ve|y |r relererce |o scr|p|ure.
w|||ou| de|ay, ||e reW|y corsecra|ed o|s|op |rves|ed ||rse|l |r ||s pas|ora|
du||es |o ||e po|r| ol produc|rg a Wr|||er Wor| er||re|y dor|ra|ed oy
o|o||ca| exeges|s. `Fxeges|s rears lor Arorose a |rue|y lurdarer|a| Way ol
|||r||rg, rore ||ar a re||od or a gerre, everyW|ere requ|red, everyW|ere
preser|, ore Wou|d ro| ||r|| || |o a par||cu|ar |||erary ca|egory' (Nauroy, ). ;8
`l|s scr|p|ura| p|e|y,' 3c|r|l|lrorr|g|e||(0assrarrr, TbF , ), rour|s|ed z;8
oy ||e ass|duous s|udy ol 0r|ger, 8as|| ard o||er 0ree| |r|erpre|ers, a|so
lourd sus||rerce |r ||e read|rg ol l|||o, l|a|o ard l|o||rus, JeW|s| W|sdor
ard c|ass|ca| p|||osop|y W||c|, |r Arorose's urders|ard|rg, |ad or|g|ra|ed
|r ||e sare d|v|re logos W|o spo|e |o ||r |r 3cr|p|ure. l|s rass|ve quo||rg ol
scr|p|ure (ros||y W|||ou| spec|l|c relererce) d|spersed |o ur|earred
aud|erces a Wea||| ol cu||ura| ard re||g|ous va|ues. l|s a||egor|ca| ar||s|ry,
urpara||ed |r la||r C|r|s||ar||y ur||| ||e erd ol ||e ||dd|e Ages, W||| ||e
1o|oF|ever lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
excep||or ol 8errard ol C|a|rvaux, oourd ||r |o ||s 0ree| sources, ou|
rever a||era|ed ||r lror ||e geru|re|y la||r locus or e|||ca| |ssues ard
rora| oe|av|our.
As ar urdela||gao|e preac|er, Arorose crea|ed a |arguage ol ||s oWr,
W||c| Wou|d rav|s| arazed ||s|erers |||e Augus||re. le Wou|d c|a||erge ||e
secu|ar re||g|or ol o|d es|ao||s|ed borar |rad|||or, as We|| as ||e asp|ra||or
lor sp|r||ua| perlec||or |r p|||osop|ers ol ||g| cu||ure, oy dep|oy|rg a v|s|or
ol |urar||y s|arpered oy ||s urrer||||rg |earr|rg lror scr|p|ure. A rore
de|a||ed survey ol ||s Wr|||rgs corl|rrs ||e pervas|ve s|rerg|| ol ||s o|o||ca|
corr||rer|, s|o| ||roug| W||| a a r|c| over|ay ol ||e da||y pas|ora| corcerrs
ol ||s oll| ce, |oge||er W||| g||rpses ol cors|ar| po||||ca| |r|erlererce.
Arorose Was esser||a||y a scr|p|ura| preac|er, prolurd|y versed |r
||e |ex| ol lo|y wr||, |e lourd || ros| easy ard ra|ura| |o express ||s
|deas |r scr|p|ura| |arguage. l|s d|scourses are pac|ed W||| scr|p|ura|
quo|a||ors ard a||us|ors. T| e serrors ||erse|ves are, |r rary cases,
rere|y d|scurs|ve expos||ory |ec|ures or var|ous por||ors ol ||e 8|o|e.
l|s correr|s or d|ll|cu|| verses are lrequer||y very e|aoora|e. T| us, |l
||e verses Were |a|er lror ||e o| |e Wou|d carelu||y ro|e var|a||ors
|r ||e 0ree| ard la||r vers|ors, sore||res exp|a|r|rg ||e cause ol a
var|a||or ard |rd|ca||rg ||e read|rg W|||c| |e ||rse|l prelerred. ll
||e verse Were |a|er lror a 0ospe| |e Wou|d, W|er recessary, corpare, a|ros|
|r ||e rarrer ol a roderr cr|||c ||e ser|erce or W||c|
|e Was correr||rg W||| ||e para||e|s |r o||er 0ospe|s. le ||er exp|a|red ||e
verse ol|er a| cors|derao|e |erg||, s|a||rg a||era||ve v|eWs
|r cases W|ere ||e |r|erpre|a||or Was douo|lu|. . . . Arorose prelerred
|o preac| or ||e o| . . . par||y oecause ||e ava||ao|e correr|ar|es or
||e o| seered |o ||r oe||er ||ar ||ose or ||e r, par||y oecause ||e
o| Was rore |r reed ol popu|ar |r|erpre|a||or, ard par||y oecause
||ese arc|er| scr|p|ures allorded arp|er oppor|ur|||es lor ||e exerc|se ol ||e ar|
ol a||egor|ca| exeges|s. . . . lr ||s expos|||ors ol scr|p|ura|
passages |e Was se|dor cor|er| W||| ||e |||era| rear|rg, ever W|er
|||s rear|rg Was ros| c|ear ard e|eva|ed, |e cou|d ro| res| ur||| |e
|ad d|scovered oerea|| ||e |e||er a deeper serse, a|||or sersus(l. l.
0udder, ll, - , W||| a relererce |r a loo|ro|e |o |||r|y-||ree d|llerer| c|ap|ers |;
ol ||e so|e |rac|a|e 0e Noe).
T| e Wr|||rgs ol Arorose re|evar| lor a s|udy ol ||s o|o||ca| exeges|s are
erurera|ed ard correr|ed or |r ||e|r ros| prooao|e c|roro|ogy, accord|rg |o
||e var|ous da|es ass|gred |o ||er oy ||e cr|||cs |r ||e pas| ||ree cer|ur|es.
`lo||oW|rg l|||o ard 0r|ger, Arorose accep|s ||e |r|p|e serse ol 3cr|p|ure.
|||era|, rora| ard a||egor|ca||rys||ca|. lr rea|||y, ar a||egor|ca| exeges|s ol a
Arorose ol |||ar |ypo|og|ca| ard rora| c|arac|er preva||s |r ||s Wor|s. T| 1o|;
e rajor por||or ol
||ese Wor|s or|g|ra|ed as |or|||es W||c| Were ||er rev|sed ard corp|e|ed
oy Arorose ||rse|l ' (|. 0. |ara. uas|er lv, ). ll - , 3c|er||, C.. 1 1|1;
C3Fl , - ( - ), ( ). z1z18o;|1oz
- ;;80e larad|so(ca. la|arque, 0udder, 3avor) ;;
A rarra||ve arp||l|ca||or ol ||e o|o||ca| s|ory (0r . - . ) |r|erpre|s ||e z81
589
ever|s |r ||e Adar|c parad|se |r ||e ||g|| ol o||er o| ard r| passages. l|
a||oWs sore specu|a||or or ||e |urar cord|||or |r ||s preser| s|a|e. l|||o,
leg. a||eg., ues||ores |r 0eres|rl, 0e rurd| op|l|c|o, 0e pos|. Ca|r, |e|ps
||roug|ou| ||e l|l|eer cap||u|a|o de|err|re a||egor|es ard |o ca|c| ||e
ra||ora| or |rra||ora| oe|av|our ol ||e l|rs| parer|s. lau|'s |r|erpre|a||or
dor|ra|es Arorose's urders|ard|rg ol ||e la||.
Fd|||ors
ll , - . 1|z1z
8A| . 18|
3c|er||, C.. C3Fl , ( ) - . z118;zoo
Trars|a||ors
3avage, J. J.. laC| ( ) - . |z1o1z8;o
- ;;80e Ca|r e| Aoe|
8oo| l locuses or 0r . - , ard 8oo| ll or 0r . - . T|e corror |11o |1oz|
source ol oo|| ooo|s |s l|||o's 0e sacr|l|c|o, ou|We|g|ed |r 8oo| l or|y oy
Arorose's |r|erse quo||rg lror scr|p|ure, ou| |ead|rg a|so |r 8oo| l |oWards
a rore sys|era||c d|scuss|or ol sacr|l|ces |r o|o||ca| lsrae|. 8oo| l, ra||er
||ar 8oo| ll, der|ves lror |or|||es.
Fd|||ors
ll , - . 1|8o
8A| . 18|
3c|er||, C.. C3Fl , ( ) - . z118;|o
1o|8F|ever lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
Trars|a||ors
Frg||s|
3avage, J. J.. laC| ( ). |z1o1
- ;oo0e Too|a
A |or||y |s exparded |r|o a s|or| correr|ary ol |Wer|y-lour cap||u|a,
lo||oW|rg 8as||'s lor||y or lsa|r aga|rs| usury, lror W||c| Arorose 1|
oorroWs a|ros| a|| ||s o|o||ca| relererces, excep| |r cap||u|a - . 1;zo
Fd|||ors
ll , - . 1|;;8z
0|acc|ero. |.. 0ereva . 1o
3c|er||, C.. C3Fl , ( ) - . zz18;1;
Zuc|er, l. |., l3| . was||rg|or . z 1
Trars|a||ors
Frg||s|
Zuc|er. see aoove.
l|a||ar
0|acc|ero. aoove.
;;0e v|rg|r|ous
A |e||er |o ||s s|s|er |arce|||ra, exparded |r|o ||ree 8oo|s. 8oo| l ce|eora|es
v|rg|r||y as suc|, 8oo| ll ollers o|o||ca| exerp|a, 8oo| lll adv|ses
or a corsecra|ed ||les|y|e W||| 0r|ger's exeges|s ol ||e Car||c|e as ||e ra|r
relererce.
Fd|||ors
ll , - . 1o1;z||
Cazzar|ga, F.. C3llarav., Tur|r . 1|8
la||er, 0.. ll ( ). 111
3a|va||, |.. Cl3 ser. |a|. , Tur|r , - . o 111o
Arorose ol |||ar Trars|a||ors 1o|
Frg||s|
8r|g||, l., `Corcerr|rg v|rg|rs'. C. Karrerg|esser, ed., Far|y C|r|s||ar
3p|r||ua|||y. l|||ade|p||a , - . 18o8z1oo
bores||r, l. de. lNll rd ser. ( , ) - . z 1o18o1oo8;
l|a||ar
8|arco, |. l.. A|oa , . 1|11|
Coppa, 0. Tur|r . 1|
Cr|s|olo||, b.. |||ar . 1o
3a|va||. aoove.
0errar
N|eder|uoer, J.. 8Kv . Kerp|er . z 11;
3par|s|
Corca, . |adr|d . 11|
|ed|ra lerez, l., |adr|d . 11|
N|zraros, l. de 8.. 8AC ( ). |1|
- ;;;80e v|du|s
A serror preser|ed as a d|rec| lo||oW|rg ol 0e v|rg|r|ous, || addresses W|doWs
ard descr|oes W|doW|ood as a o|o||ca| |rs|||u||or, ||g|||g|||rg ||s c|a|rs
oy rurerous o|o||ca| exerp|a. lrdeperder||y lror ear||er au||ors, Arorose
expresses ro res|r|c||ve op|r|or aoou| a secord rarr|age.
Fd|||ors
ll , - . 1oz|;z;o
Trars|a||ors
590
Frg||s|
bores||r, l. de. lNll rd ser. ( , ). z 1o18o1o|
- ;;8o0e l|de ad 0ra||arur
(0. la||er, - . 8oo| l-ll, W|r|er - , 81o ;8;
l. Nau||r, p. , 8oo| lll-v, |a|e , la||er, 8. 3|uder, p. ). z 8o z|o
3cr|p|ure |s oy lar ||e ra|r source ol |||s Wor|. 0ccas|ora||y, || |s lree|y
quo|ed ard |rars|a|ed oy Arorose ||rse|l lror ||e 0ree| |ex| (ro| recessar||y
lror ||e |xx). 3ore quo|a||ors d|verge lror ||e preser| |ex| ol
1ooF|ever lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
||e vu|ga|e (0. la||er, C3Fl, lrdex) ard ray re|y or o|der la||r vers|ors.
A||aras|us preva||s arorg ||e pa|r|s||c sources. l||e l||ry, Wr|||rg ||s
Na|ura| l|s|orylor Frperor vespas|ar, Arorose g|ves ||||es |o ||e c|ap|ers
0e l|deard 0e 3p|r||u 3arc|o, W||c| Were oo|| addressed |o erperors (la||er,
|). T| ere are e|g|| c|ap|ers |r 8oo| l, lour |r 8oo| ll, sever |r 8oo| lll,
e|g|| |r 8oo| lv, ard aga|r sever |r 8oo| v. 8oo| l preser|s ar ar||-Ar|ar
s|a|erer| ol la|||. 8oo| ll adds a rore exp||c|| |eac||rg aoou| ||e 3or ol
0od. 8oo| lll |o v corl|rr ||e doc|r|re expourded |r l ard ll oy d|scuss|rg
scr|p|ura| ev|derce or spec|l|c |ssues. lr o||er Words, ||e W|o|e cor|roversy
aoou| Ar|us |s c|ear|y preser|ed |o 0ra||ar as a |errereu||ca|deoa|e. 0ue |o
||e cor|rover|ed |ssues ard |o ||e 0ree| sources used |r 0e l|de, ||e quo||rg ol
||e r|, oy lar preva|er| |r |||s Wor|, requ|res |We|ve pages ol la||er's
lrdex, aga|rs| or|y l|ve lor ||e o|. A c|oser ara|ys|s urder||res ||e |rver||ve
lreedor W||| W||c| Arorose oorroWs a||egor|ca| |rs|g||s or po|er|ca|
quo|a||ors lror ||s sources |r r|x|rg ||er W||| ||s oWr relererces, |rages,
ard cors|dera||ors.
Fd|||ors
ll , - . 1o|;zo
8A| . 18|
la||er, 0.. C3Fl 8 ( ). ;8 1oz
v|zz|r|, J.. bore . 1o
Trars|a||ors
bores||r, l., de. lNll rd ser. ( , ) - . z 1o18o1ozo11|
- ;;8Fxpos|||o Fvarge||| securdur lucar
(preac|ed - , reWor|ed ard corp|e|ed ;;;8
as a correr|ary - ). 88
T| e resu|| ol a |arge ruroer ol |or|||es preac|ed over a decade, ||e Fxpos|||o
s|oWs lrequer| |races ol ed|||rg, oov|ous |r ||e relererces |o par|s ol ||e
or|g|ra| |or|||es suppressed |r ||e l|ra| redac||or. (v, , vl, , vll, , , 1o 8 zoo
1|, ), or |r ||e cordersed surrar|es ol ||e preac|ed |ex|, or aga|r, |r ||e 1
carelu||y Wr|||er add|||ors |o ||e re-erp|oyed |or|||es (lro|ogue, lv, - , 1o
vl, - , X, - ). T| e W|o|e ol 8oo| lll |s a |e||er or ||e gerea|og|es 1o 1z818|
ol Jesus |r |a|||eW ard lu|e, |rc|uded |r ||e Fxpos|||o(T|sso|, - ). 1o1|
Arorg ||e c|ass|ca| sources, v|rg||, (quo|ed up |o ||ree ||res |r a s|rg|e
ser|erce. X, ) surlaces |r a| |eas| lor|y passages, lo||oWed oy lorer, 1|
Arorose ol |||ar 0v|d, Xerop|or, l||ry, 3a||us| ard lorace, |o W||c| 1o1
s|ou|d oe added approx|ra|e|y |Wer|y rer|r|scerces ol C|cero |r jur|d|ca|
cor|ex|s. 3cr|p|ure
|s quo|ed accord|rg |o ur|roWr 0|d la||r vers|ors |r a c|ose lo||oW|rg
ol l||ary's Correr|ary or |a|||eW. 0r|ger's lor|||es or lu|eare ra|r|y
preser| |r 8oo|s l ard ll, W|||e Fuseo|us's ues||ors or ||e 0ospe||s oe||rd
8oo| lll ard ||e |as| sec||or ( - ) ol 8oo| X. `lr ros| cases ||e oorroW|rg 1|;18|
rera|rs veroa|, ra|er|a|, ra||er ||ar |rp|y|rg a rea| deperdercy
ol Arorose's ||oug||. . . . 0re |as ra||er ||e |rpress|or ||a| lor ||e o|s|op
ol |||ar, read|rg ||s rode|s Was ra|r|y ar |rcer||ve |o |||r| oy ||rse|l.
|e ||s|ers |o 0r|ger, Fuseo|us, or l||ary, |e reg|s|ers ard reror|zes sore
p|rases, ou| |e rever s|ops lo||oW|rg ||s oWr ||re ol ||oug||, W||c| sore||res
|eads ||r |o ou||d up W||| ||e sare Words ar argurer| rad|ca||y
d|llerer|' (T|sso|, ). 1;
Arorose's exeges|s |s er||re|y s|ruc|ured oy ||e ||reelo|d serse ol scr|p|ure,
popu|ar|zed oy 0r|ger.
( ) ||s|or|ca| or |||era|, recogr|zed W||| a leW o|urders |r l, (Jo|r ||e 1 zz
8ap||s|'s la||er, |a|er lor ||e ||g| pr|es|), vlll, ard X, (Na||ar|e| o 1o
corlused W||| N|coderus), vll, (oo|| Jares corlused), lll, (Ac|az o
corlused W||| Ac|ad), Xlll, (a precep| lor ||e l|rs|oorr app||ed |o 1z
a|| ra|e c|||drer),
( ) rora| ard sp|r||ua|, urders|ood W|||ou| r|gor|s| or |ax|s| o|as, ou| oa|arced z
ard oper-r|rded,
( ) a||egor|ca| or rys||c, r|c| ol a c|r|s|ocer|r|c cors|dera||or ol C|urc|,
la||| ard sa|va||or accord|rg |o o|o||ca| sa|ava||or ||s|ory.
Fd|||ors
ll - . 11oo;1||
8A| . 1;8
Adr|aer, |.. CCl ( ). |1;
0ar|do 8oraro, |.. 8AC . 1oo
591
3c|er||, C. ard l.. C3Fl , ( ). z|1oz
T|sso|, 0.. 3C , ( - ). |z18
Trars|a||ors
lrerc|
T|sso|. aoove.
0errar
N|eder|uoer, J.. 8Kv ( ). z111
1ozF|ever lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
l|a||ar
Coppa, 0.. Tur|r , - . 1o1|
||ru||, b.. bore . 1oo
- ;;o0e le||a e| |e|ur|o
lar| 0re ( - ), a reWor|ed |or||y (or |or|||es), ce|eora|es ||e rer||s ol 111
las||rg dur|rg ler|, |r ||e ||g|| ol o|o||ca| exerp|a, lror Adar |o 0ar|e|.
lar| TWo ( - ) c|as||ses ||e propers||y |o excess |r ea||rg or dr|r||rg. 1z18
lar| T| ree correr|s or ||e read|rg ol ||e day, lsa|a| . 8as||'s |or|||es z
(l, or las||rg, Xlv or drur|erress, Xlll or oap||sr) de|err|re ||e cor|er|
ard ||e very d|v|s|or ol ||e ||ree lar|s. T| e popu|ar ard rarra||ve |ore W|||
W||c| o|o||ca| s|a|erer|s are p|ayed ou| l||s W||| ||e rary a||us|ors |o ||e
prac||ca| orgar|za||or ol Arorose's c|urc|.
Fd|||ors
ll , - . 1|;1o|
8uc|, |. J. A.. l3| ( ). 111
3c|er||, C.. C3Fl , ( ) - . zz18;|11o
Trars|a||ors
8uc|. aoove.
- ;;10e oll|c||s( - , |. Tes|ard, ) 8o8 |
8ased or sore |or|||es ded|ca|ed l|rs| |o ||e c|ergy, ard ||er |o a|| ||e
la|||lu|, ||e 0e oll|c||s r|r|s|rorur|r|er||s lror C|cero ||s ||||e ard ||s
d|v|s|or |r|o ||ree ooo|s |oge||er W||| ||e|r lorra| cor|er|. 8oo| l, or
W|a| |s v|r|uous, 8oo| ll or ||e pracr||ce ol v|r|ue, ard 8oo| lll or W|a| |s
opposed |o v|r|ue ard ||s prac||ce. T| e purpose ard suos|arce ol ||e Wor|
are rar|ed|y or|g|ra|. A| ||e |ear| ol Arorose's |||r||rg ore l|rds re|||er
3|o|c rora|||y, ror borar |dea|s, ou| C|r|s||ar va|ues, regu|a|ed oy 0od ard
|urred |oWard ||e u|||ra|e lu|l|||rer| ol sa|va||or ||s|ory. 8|o||ca| exerp|a
progress|ve|y overW|e|r ||e corpos|||or ol ||e Wor|, |o ||e po|r| ||a| ||e
au||or corc|udes oy ca|||rg ||s essay a co||ec||or ol o|o||ca| exerp|aard
d|c|a|||ur|ra||rg a cor||ruous ||re ol o|o||ca| ||s|ory.
Arorose ol |||ar Fd|||ors 1o
ll - . 1oz1|
8A| . 1;;
8arder|e, 0.. |||ar . 1;;
Cavas|r, A.. Cl3 ser. |a|. . Tur|r . 1 1;8
Tar|e|||, 0.. Tur|r . 1oo
Trars|a||ors
Frg||s|
bores||r, l. de. lNll rd ser. ( , ) - . z 1o18o1o18
0errar
N|eder|uoer, J.. 8Kv ( ). z11;
l|a||ar
8arder|e ard Cavas|r. aoove.
;80e excessu lra|r|s
lar| 0re |s a |or||y de||vered a| ||e lurera| ol 3a|ur|us, ard |s a eu|ogy ol
||e deceased l|||ed W||| persora| reror|es ard oro||er|y |ove. 3cr|p|ure
serves lor corso|a||o|r cap||u|a - . lar| TWo |s a |or||y or ||e oe||el |r o8;o
||e resurrec||or. l| preser|s a d|sser|a||or or o|o||ca| exarp|es ard or ||e
c|ass|ca| dua||sr ol oody ard sou|. Arorose draWs or ||e cyc|es ol ra|ure
W||c| W||ress resurrec||or, as does ||e l|oer|x (c. ), ||er |urr|rg |o ||e
scr|p|ura| |eac||rg or ||e gerera| resurrec||or (Trurpe|s, c. - ). T| ese 1o;11|
lac|s, ard ro| ry||s, de|err|re la|||. u| credas securdur ra|urar,. . . oracu|a
prop|e|arur, `|o oe||eve |r accordarce W||| ra|ure' rears `|o oe||eve |r ||e
u||erarces ol prop|e|s' (c. , 8). 1o1
Fd|||ors
ll , - . 1o1|1|1|
8A| . 18
A|oers, l. 8. ll ( ). 11z1
la||er, 0.. C3Fl , ( ) - . ;;1zo;z
1o|F|ever lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
;80e v|rg|r||a|e
Al|er a rarra||ve prearo|e re|e|||rg ||e s|or|es ol 3o|oror's judgerer| |r
1Kgs . - ard ol Jep|||a|'s voW |ead|rg |o ||e sacr|l|ce ol ||s daug||er 1oz8
|r Judges , Arorose |urrs |o ||e read|rg ol ||e day (|od|erra |ec||oc. ), 11
Jr . - , ard correr|s or ||e Worer a| ||e |oro, |r par||cu|ar |ary 1|1|z
|agde|ere, W||c| g|ves ||r ||e oppor|ur||y |o quo|e ||e Car||c|e ( . , z
592
;. - |r c. , . , . |r c. , . ard , . |r c. , . , . - |r c. , . , 111z o1z8z ;1 z; 881|z1| |1o
. ard |r c. , . - , . |r c. , . , . , . - |r c. , . , . , . , 1 1o|o1z 11|8zo; 1z|||1z
. - |r c. , . , . |r c. , . |r c. , . , . |r c. ) oelore corc|ud|rg o 1;z 1|o11 1o1o1 1o
W||| a||egor|ca| ex|or|a||ors. T| ese are oased or l| . - ard || 1;
1. W|ere ||e l|s||rg or ||e |a|e ard ||e re| syroo||ze ||e repea|ed ca|| |;
|o v|rg|r||y |r ||e C|urc|. T| e |ex| |s der|ved lror severa| |or|||es or par|s
ol |or|||es, |r par||cu|ar c. - are |r|erpo|a|ed (ll3 l , Cll ). 1|z ;o 1|;
Fd|||ors
ll , - . 1oz;1o
Cazzar|ga, F.. C3l larav. Tur|r . 1|
3a|va||, |.. Cl3 ser. |a|. . Tur|r , - . o 11oz;
Trars|a||ors
l|a||ar
8|arco, |. l.. A|oa , . 1|11|
Cr|s|olo||, b.. |||ar . 1o
3a|va||. aoove.
- ;88|0e Noe
(soor al|er Augus| . bausc|er, la|arque, 3avor) ;8
lrooao|y ol |or||e||c or|g|r, ||e correr|ary s|ar|s W||| 0eres|s . l| lo||oWs o
l|||o's 0e agr|cu||ura|r cor|erp|a||rg ||e ar| as a l| gure ol ||e |urar
oody. l| correr|s or ||e l|ood, ard cor|ras|s Noa|'s p|e|y ard lar's |rp|e|y.
T| roug|ou| ||e essay, exeges|s rera|rs rarra||ve W||| rora| app||ca||ors.
Fd|||ors
ll , - . 1|81|8
8A| . 18|
3c|er||, C.. C3Fl , ( ) - . z118;|1;
Arorose ol |||ar - 0e sacrarer||s(8o||e) 1o8oo
`T|e 0e sacrarer||s. . . cors|s|s ol s|x |or|||es or C|r|s||ar |r|||a||or,
||roug| oap||sr, corl|rra||or ard euc|ar|s|. T| e Wor|'s |ac| ol co|es|or,
||e lrequer| repe||||ors, ard ||e care|ess s|y|e . . . gave r|se |o douo|s corcerr|rg
||s au||er||c||y. loWever, ||ese douo|s |ave oeer |a|d |o res| ||roug|
||e Wor| ol la||er, 8o||e ard C|adW|c|, W|o |ave es|ao||s|ed ||a| ||e 0e
sacrarer||s|s ||e s|erograp||c record ol |or|||es g|ver |o ||e reop|y|es'
(|. 0. |ara. uas|er, lv, ). l| |rc|udes |rs|ruc||ors or prayer, or ||e 1;z
0ur la||er, ard c||a||ors lror ||e Caror ol ||e |ass (0. la||er, - , 1z1|o
J. uas|er, , 0. lazza||, , b||ey, ). 11 1 11|
Fd|||ors
ll , - . 1o|8z
8A| . 18z
8o||e, 8.. 3C o|s ( ) - . z 1o1oo1o
C|adW|c|, l. lordor . 1oo
la||er, 0.. C3Fl , ( ) - . ;;1111o
bausc|er, 0.. ll ( ) , - . 11|z11
3c|r||z, J.. lC , . 1o
810e 3p|r||u 3arc|o(oelore Fas|er)
A doc|r|ra| corp|erer| |o 0e l|de, ||e essay |s c|ose |o ||e |Wo |rac|a|es
0e 3p|r||u 3arc|ooy 0|dyrus ard 8as||, ard |o 8as||'s Adversus Furor|ur
as We|| as A||aras|us' le||ers |o 3erap|or. Arorose's Wor| groWs ou| ol ||s
scr|p|ura| s|udy, c|a||erged oy Ar|ar argurer|s. 3cr|p|ure rera|rs ||s ur|que
source, ever W|er `our predecessors' (a||as 8as||) are |rvo|ed (l, , ). 8oo| 81
l s|a|es ||a| ||e lo|y 3p|r|| |s ro| a crea|ure, ou| equa||y d|v|re as la||er
ard 3or. 8oo| ll e|aoora|es or ||e |r|r||ar|ar s|a|us ol ||e 3p|r||. 8oo| lll
cor|erp|a|es ||e 3p|r|| |r re|a||or |o C|r|s|, ard s|resses ||e ur||y ol 0od.
0ree| Words are c||ed |ere ard ||ere. T| |s a||egor|ca| surra ol scr|p|ura|
|eac||rg or ||e lo|y 3p|r||, accord|rg |o ||e Creed ol N|caea, erds W||| a
r|e|or|ca| exc|ara||or. `0 Ar|ars. . . .'
Fd|||ors
ll , - . 1o;18o
8A| . 1;
la||er, 0.. C3Fl , ( ) - . ;1o|1zzz
1ooF|ever lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
Trars|a||ors
Frg||s|
0elerrar|, b. J.. laC| ( ) - . ||1oz1
bores||r, l. de. lNll rd ser. ( , ) - . z 1o18o1o18
Far|y . 0e |rcarra||or|s dor|r|cae sacrarer|o 8z
T| e Wor| |rc|udes |Wo par|s. ( ) a |or||y de||vered |r ||e 8as|||ca lorc|ara 1
(c. - ) |r resporse |o Ar|ar ques||ors, oased or A||aras|us' le||er |o 1;8
Fp|c|e|us, ard s|ress|rg ||e corp|e|eress ol oo|| ra|ures |r C|r|s|, ( ) a z
resporse |o a ques||or oy Frperor 0ra||ar (c. - ) aoou| ||e ur||y ol ;11o
oo|| ra|ure |r C|r|s|, oased or 8as||, Adversus Furor|ur, l-ll. T| e s|y|e
ol ( ) |s reduced |o ex|rere s|rp||c||y, as || Wou|d oe ||e case ol sore 1
serrors ol Augus||re, W||| ser|erces |||e. ecc|es|a er|r sacr|l|ur es|, quod
593
oller|ur deo( , ), or l|des es| ecc|es|ae lurdarer|ur( , ). Fxeges|s lo||oWs z1o |
||e |||era| ordo veroorur( , ) ol scr|p|ure |r order |o corl|rr ||e ;;z
c|r|s|o|og|ca| |ru|| ol N|caea aga|rs| Apo|||rar|ar|sr (rever rer||ored oy
rare). T| e resporse ol ( ) s|ar|s oy ro||rg ||a| |rger||us|s ro| scr|p|ura| z
( , ), oelore del|r|rg ||e ur|que d|v|re ra|ure ol la||er ard 3or ( ) ard 88o 88
lo|y 3p|r|| ( ). 0|v|re gerera||or oe|orgs |o 0od's po|er||a, || |rposes ro
d|llererce |r ra|ure ( ). lerce ||e v|rg|ra| corcep||or |rp||es a d|llerer| ;
po|er||a, ou| resu||s |r ||e corror |urar ra|ure ol Jesus. Arorose |rv||es
a corpar|sor W||| ||e crea||or ol Adar ( ). we car or|y |r||a|e d|v|re 1o
ra|ure. T| e corc|us|or ol c. - |as oeer suosequer||y added. lr oo|| 11|11o
par|s ol ||e |rea||se a pas|ora| adap|a||or |s oov|ous.
Fd|||ors
ll , - . 1o888|
la||er, 0.. C3Fl , ( ) - . ;1o|zz81
Trars|a||ors
Frg||s|
0elerrar|, b. J.. laC| ( ) - . ||1oz1oz
l|a||ar
8e|||r|, F.. . 1;|
Arorose ol |||ar - 0e Aora|ar 1o;8z88
8oo| l, rora||s e| s|rp|ex( , ) der|ves lror a se| ol |or|||es. l| surrar|zes 11
||e s|ory ol Aora|ar |r 0eres|s - lor ca|ec|urers. 8oo| ll lo||oWs 1zz
l|||o or a rore erud||e |eve|. l| |rdu|ges |r ar ur|rars|a|ed quo|a||or lror
lorer ( , , cl. W||| a verse ol Fur|p|des quo|ed ard |rars|a|ed |r , ) z1o 11
ard ollers a||egor|ca|, p|||or|ar |rs|g||s or Aora|ar's ||le up |o ||e coverar|
|r 0r . . No|e A. vaccar|, `locus Aroros|| de Aora|aro , ererda|us'. 1;z1 z11
8|o ( ) - . 1zz||o
Fd|||ors
ll , - . 1|||1z|
8A| . 18|
3c|er||, C.. C3Fl ( ) - . z18;o1o8
- 8|0e |r|erpe||a||ore loo e| 0av|d
bel|ec||rg a se| ol lour d|s||rc| |or|||es, |||s rarra||ve parap|rase ol ||e
8oo| ol Joo, W||c| cor|a|rs rurerous relererces |o ar||-Ar|ar po|er|cs,
spar||es W||| a||us|ors |o drara||c s||ua||ors ol cor|erporary ||le.
Fd|||ors
ll , - . 1|8o
8A| . 181
3c|er||, C.. C3Fl , ( ) - . zz18;z11o
- 8|0e apo|og|a prop|e|ae 0av|d
(corp|e|ed . l. lado|, 3C , ). o z|z
T| e rora| |r|erpre|a||or ol 0av|d' s adu||ery a||udes |o rora| la||ures ol
ru|ers (va|er||r|ar ll) ard 0od's lorg|veress. T| e ded|ca||or |o T| eodos|us
ray oe a suosequer| add|||or oy Arorose, ac||rg as ||e adv|sor |o ||e |rper|a|
corsc|erce. (lado|, 3C , ). z|
Arorose correr|s or lsa|r , verse oy verse c. - , |rsp|red oy o |18
s|r||ar correr|ar|es oy 0r|ger ard 0|dyrus. l|s l|rs| c|ap|ers e|aoora|e or
0|dyrus's pro|ogue (lado|, `ure source,' ard 3C ). lr ||re W||| 0r|ger, z
Arorose exp|ores ||e |ypo|og|ca| s|gr|l|carce ol 0av|d's adu||ery accord|rg
|o a pr|rc|p|e erurc|a|ed e|seW|ere. |ys|er|ur |g||ur |r l|gura, pecca|ur |r
1o8F|ever lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
||s|or|a(Fxp. Fv. sec. lucar , ). ||e ur|or ol C|r|s| W||| ||e C|urc| ol 8
||e 0er|||es lu|l|||s a rys|ery ol reper|arce ard sa|va||or.
Fd|||ors
ll , - . 1|81oo
8A| . 181
lado|, l.. 3C ( ). z1;;
3c|er||, C.. 3CFl , ( ) - . zz18;z
Trars|a||ors
lrerc|
lado|. aoove.
- 8||0e poer||er||a
( - . b. 0rysor, 3C , ) 8;o 1;1;
Aga|rs| ||e Nova||ars ol ||s day W|o relused perarce |o reper|ar| s|rrers
excep| lor `||g||er s|rs' (cr|r|r|ous |ev|or|ousl, lll, ), Arorose s|resses 1o
||e o|o||ca| ro||or ol 0od's rad|ca| lorg|veress. le exp|a|rs ||e prac||ce ol
puo||c ard pr|va|e perarce |r ||e C|urc| or a o|o||ca| oas|s. l|s v|orar|
expos|||or erp|as|zes ||e |arrory oe|Weer oo|| Tes|arer|s or ||a| |ssue
ard erds W||| a ca|| |o persora| perarce.
Fd|||ors
ll , - . 1o|8|o
8A| . 18
la||er, 0.. C3Fl , ( ) - . ;;111;zoo
0rysor, b.. 3C ( ). 1;1;1
594
Trars|a||ors
Frg||s|
bores||r, l. de. lNll rd ser. ( , ) - . z 1o18o1oz
lrerc|
0rysor. aoove.
l|a||ar
Coppa, 0.. Tur|r , - . 1ooz;oo
Arorose ol |||ar |aro||a, F.. bore . 1o 1;o
lo||s|
3zo|drs||, l. warsaW . 1;o
8o3erro cor|ra Auxer||ur de 8as|||c|s |raderd|s
Fd|||ors
ll , - . 1o1o|1
Trars|a||ors
Frg||s|
bores||r, l. de. lNll rd ser. ( , ) - . z 1o18o1o|oo
- 8o880e lacoo e| v||a oea|a
( . la|arque, . T|||eror|, 3c|er||, 8o 8;
8arder|eWer, 3c|arz, . bausc|er) 88
T| e essay |s esser||a||y oased or |accaoees. 3|ar||rg W||| a p|||osop||ca| z
ara|ys|s ol ||e |urar psyc|e, |r W||c| reasor |aug|| oy laW |eeps cor|ro|
over pass|ors (cl. l|av|us Josep|us, ler| |og|srou au|o|ra|oros, Arorose
derors|ra|es |r 8oo| l W|y ||e 0ospe| reeded |o supp|erer| ||e laW, as
or|y c|ar||y secures |rue |app|ress. lr 8oo| ll ||e rys||c s|gr|l|carce ol ||e
||s|ory ol Jacoo (0eres|s - ) serves as a corver|er| exerp|ur|o W||c| z;o
Arorose adds ||e |ero|c case ol ||e pr|es| F|eazar, ||e sever |accaoear
oro||ers ard ||e|r ro||er ( |acc - ). o vere 'va||da car||as s|cu| rors, z o;
dura s|cu| |rler| ze|us' (Car| , ) devo||or|s ac l|de|( , . 8), `loW |ru|y 8o z;o8
ol zea| ard la||| '|ove |s s|rorg as dea||, pass|or |ard as 3|eo|.'' wr|||er
al|er |av|rg oeer preac|ed, ||e |ex| s|oWs sore rer|r|scerces ol l|o||rus
(3o||grac) ard a surpr|s|rg res|ra|r| |r o|o||ca| quo|a||or.
Fd|||ors
ll , - . 1|oz;;o
8A| . 18z
3c|er||, C.. C3Fl , ( ) - . 1z18;;o
1oooF|ever lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
Trars|a||ors
Frg||s|
|clug|, |. l.. laC| ( ) - . o1;z118|
lrerc|
0orce, 0.. Narur . 1o;
- 8ooFxpos|||o lsa|r| CXvlll
A co||ec||or ol |Wer|y-|Wo |or|||es, correr||rg or ||e |Wer|y-|Wo s|arzas
ol lsa|r . `T| e exeges|s W||c| |s ol a rora| |ype |s corcerred W||| ||e 118
corvers|or ol ||e sou|. lrages ol a r||||ary, a|||e||c, jud|c|a|, ard a red|ca|
ra|ure lo||oW ore upor ||e o||er ||roug|ou| |||s pro|rep||c or ||e seque|a
C|r|s||. A |ypo|og|ca| exeges|s app||ed |o ||e c|urc| |s a|so |o oe lourd' (0.
|. |ara. uas|er lv, ). 1o
Fd|||ors
ll , - . 11zo11oo|
8A| . 18o
le|sc|er|g, |.. C3Fl - ( ). oz11
Trars|a||ors
lrerc|
0orce, 0.. Narur (par||a|). 1o
- 8oolexaereror
T| e r|re |or|||es co||ec|ed |r s|x 8oo|s or 0r . - , Were de||vered dur|rg 11zo
lo|y wee| |r a year oe|Weer ard . 0r ||e l|rs|, ard |||rd ard 8o o
l|l|| day Arorose rus| |ave preac|ed |W|ce. lerce 8oo| l, ll, v cor|a|r
|Wo |or|||es. le used 8as||'s lexaererord|rec||y ard, accord|rg |o Jerore
(Fp|s|o|a , ), correr|ar|es ol 0r|ger ard l|ppo|y|us ol bore. le Wor|ed 8|;
W||| a v|v|d rerory ol C|cero, l|||o, v|rg|| ard o||er c|ass|ca| sources |r
||s r|rd. l|s Wr|||er |ex| ra|r|a|rs ||e s|rp||c||y ol ||e spo|er s|y|e.
Arorose ol |||ar Fd|||ors 1oo1
ll , - . 1|1z88
8A| . 1;
3c|er||, C.. C3Fl , ( ) - . z118;zo1
Trars|a||ors
Frg||s|
3avage, J. J. laC| ( ) - . |z1o11z8
0errar
N|eder|uoer, F. J.. 8Kv, rd ed. ( ). z 11|
l|a||ar
As|o||, l.. |||ar . 1o
595
Coppa, 0.. Tur|r , - . 1o118;
las|er|s, F.. Cl3 , Tur|r . | 1;
- 8;o0e losep|
( . T|||eror|, 3c|arz, . l|r, bausc|er, 8; 88
la|arque, - . 3c|er||, 8arder|eWer) 8o
3|ar||rg W||| 0r . , Arorose re|e||s ||e s|ory ol ||e c|as|e Josep| |r W|or ;o
|e sees a ||v|rg prool ol ||e ur|versa| sa|va||or ac||eved oy C|r|s| ( , - , ;|1
1). As Josep| d|s|r|ou|ed lood |o a|| peop|e dur|rg a ||re ol lar|re, so |as
C|r|s| saved a||, |deo dor|rus lesus |e|ur|a rurdara r|sera|us aperu|| |orrea
sua e| rys|er|orur cae|es||ur ||esauros sc|er||ae sap|er||aeque pa|elec||
aoscord||os, u| ru||| a||rer|a deesser|, `so d|d ||e lord Jesus, |r corpass|or
lor |||s s|arv|rg Wor|d, oper ||s s|ore|ouses ard ra|e ava||ao|e ||e ||dder
|reasures ol |eaver|y rys|er|es ol |roW|edge ard W|sdor, so ||a| rooody
Wou|d oe W|||ou| rour|s|rer|' ( . , - 3c|er||). l|||o ard v|rg|| |11o111o
are a||uded |o |r ||e r|ds| ol a re|er||ess quo|a||or ol scr|p|ure.
Fd|||ors
ll , - . 1|o;;o|
8A| . 18z
3c|er||, C.. C3Fl , ( ) - . zz18;;1zz
Trars|a||ors
Frg||s|
|clug|, |. l.. laC| ( ) - . o1;z18z;
1oozF|ever lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
- 8;10e lsaac e| ar|ra
lrpregra|ed W||| 0r|ger's sp|r||ua|||y, ard quo||rg ||e Car||c|e lror ||e
l|rs| c|ap|er or, ||e essay |der||l|es lsaac W||| C|r|s|, ard beoecca W||| ||e
|urar sou|. A cor||ruous correr|ary or ||e Car||c|e, lror c|ap|er |o |
||e l|ra| c|ap|er , |r|roduces l|a|or|c reco||ec||ors |r|o ||e |or||y. T|e 8
essay |s We|| Wr|||er ard represer|a||ve ol ||e dep|| ol Arorose's cu||ura|
|rves|rer| or oe|a|l ol ||s pas|ora| corcerrs.
Fd|||ors
ll , - . 1|z;oo
8A| . 18z
3c|er||, C.. C3Fl , ( ) - . z118;o|1;oo
Trars|a||ors
Frg||s|
|clug|, |. l.. laC| ( ) - . o1;z1oo
lrerc|
0orce, 0.. Narur (par||a|). 1o;
- 8;|0e luga saecu||
Arorose correr|s or ||e c|||es ol reluge rer||ored |r Nr . - |r ||re 11|
W||| l|||o, legur a||egor|aeard 0e luga e| |rver||ore. `0l a|| ||e l|||or|c
essays ol Arorose ||e 0e luga saecu||appears a| orce |o oe ||e ros| or|g|ra|,
||e ros| lree |r regard |o ||s rode|' (3avor, ). l|||o serves lor d|scuss|rg o
||e c|||es ol reluge |r c. - , ard lor |r|erpre||rg Jacoo's l||g|| ard laoar's 1
va|r searc| |r c. - . `0re l|rds |ere (aoou| ||e syroo||sr ol ||e c|||es) 1z
a procedure lar|||ar |o Arorose, W|o ol|er s||l|s l|||o's |r|erpre|a||ors
lror re|ap|ys|cs |o psyc|o|ogy' (3avor ). Correr||rg or ||e dea|| ;
ol ||e ||g|pr|es|, Arorose produces a W|o|e cap||u|ur( ) a|ros| exc|us|ve|y 1o
Wr|||er W||| o|o||ca| verses, quo|ed or parap|rased. T| e c|o|ce ol
||ese verses |s de|err|red oy l|||o's expos|||or, re|r|erpre|ed |r ||e ||g||
ol ||e Fp|s||e |o ||e leoreWs ard ||e lau||re ro||or ol C|r|s| as `|ead' |r
Fp|es|ars (3avor, - ). 3ocra|es |rjurc||or |r l|a|o's T|eae|e| A, | |8o 1;o
W||c| Arorose oorroWs lror l|||o, oecores a |e||-ro||l ol ||s essay |r
oe|rg a| orce ass|r||a|ed |o C|r|s|'s |rv||a||or |r Jo|r . , `3o up, |e| us 1|1
go lorWard!' (3avor, - ). `8u| W|a| ||e o|s|op ol |||ar ra|r|y ro- 8o
Arorose ol |||ar ||ced |r ||e |rea||se ol (l|||o) ||e A|exardr|ar |s, ra||er 1oo
paradox|ca||y, ||e
poss|o||||y ol ||g|||g|||rg a proper|y C|r|s||ar ro||or ol luga saecu||. lor
||e a||egor|ca| |rea|rer| ol ||e c|||es ol reluge secured lor ||r ||e e|erer|s
ol a r|s|y lau||re re|rac|a||ooy W||c| ||e sp|r||ua| jourreys sugges|ed oy
l|||o appeared |o oe as rary dead erds. Aro||er recourse Was reeded,
rare|y ||e dea|| ol ||e ||g|pr|es| W|ose rys||c s|gr|l|carce |ad escaped
l|||o, W|||e ary C|r|s||ar oe||ever par||c|pa|es |r || ||roug| oap||sr. T|us,
oy ||s suo||e over|ores, ||e |||arese o|s|op rev|s||s ||s rode|, |r oppos|rg
|o ||e p|||osop||a, |oo card|d|y We|cored oy ||s predecessor, ||e C|r|s||ar
sacrarer|ur regerera||or|s,W||c| |s ||e |rue Way |ead|rg |o sa|va||or'
(3avor, ). ;o
Fd|||ors
ll , - . 1|;oz|
8A| . 18o
3c|er||, C.. C3Fl , ( ) - . zz18;1ozo;
Trars|a||ors
Frg||s|
596
|clug|, |. l.. laC| ( ) - . o1;zz81z
l|a||ar
lor|a|up|, l.. Tur|r . 1
lo||s|
3go|drs||, l.. warsaW, . 18o
- 8o0e Naou||ae ||s|or|a( - ?) 8o
8ased or K|rgs , ||e |or||y `|r|erpre|s ||e er||re scr|p|ura| rarra||ve z1
oy rears ol a de|a||ed sp|r||ua| exeges|s. T| e oppress|or ol ||e poor Naoo||
oy K|rg A|ao |s |rser|ed oy Arorose |r|o ||e par||cu|ar soc|a|, po||||ca|,
ard re||g|ous s||ua||or ol W||c| |e |s ||rse|l ore ol ||e pro|agor|s|s'
(|. 0. |ara. uas|er lv, ). T| e l|avour ol ||e ora| de||very s|||| ||rgers 1oo
|r ||e v|v|d, s|or| ser|erces ol ||e Wr|||er |ex|. 8as|| serves as a |rus|Wor||y
rode|. 3ore |so|a|ed ard s|or| quo|a||ors ol v|rg|| ard 0v|d ray oe ro|ed
(3c|er||).
1oo|F|ever lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
Fd|||ors
ll , - . 1|;o;z
|c0u|re, |.. l3| ( ). 11z;
|ara, |. 0.. Aqu||a . 1;
3c|er||, C.. C3Fl , ( ) - . zz18;|o1o
Trars|a||ors
Frg||s|
|c0u|re. aoove.
lrerc|
uere-Jau|res, l., ard A. larrar. lar|s . 1oz
l|a||ar
0a||e |o||e, l.. 8resc|a . 1z
|ara. aoove.
o0e ooro ror||s(la|arque)
TWo |or|||es ( - , - ) preser| ||ree lorrs ol dea||. sp|r||ua|, rys||ca| 1zo;
ard p|ys|ca| W||| a Wea||| ol scr|p|ura| c||a||ors. A ca|ec|es|s (X-Xll) oased
|r lv Fsdras, cors|dered as par| ol ||e caror (X, , Xl, ), evo|es ||e 0ay |o 1
ol Judgerer| |r ||e preserce ol ||e g|or|ous C|r|s|. lr ||s reWor|ed ed|||rg,
||e essay |s s|r|||rg|y c|ose |o l|o||rus, Frreadl, lll, ard lv ard |o l|a|o's
l|aedrosard l|aedor(Cource||e, lado|).
Fd|||ors
ll , - . 1|o;o
8A| . 18z
3c|er||, C.. C3Fl , ( ) - . z118;;o
w|esrer, w. T.. l3| ( ). 1oo1;o
Trars|a||ors
Frg||s|
|clug|, |. l.. laC| ( ) - . o1;z;11
w|esrer. aoove.
lrerc|
3|eoe, |. l.. lar|s . 18o
Arorose ol |||ar 0errar 1oo
lu|r, J.. lu|da . 1|
l|a||ar
lor|a|up|, l.. Tur|r . 1o1
lo||s|
3go|drs||, l.. warsaW . 1;o
- 810e rys|er||s
A se| ol |or|||es, ed||ed W||| grea| care, |rs|ruc|s reop|y|es aoou| oap||sr
ard euc|ar|s|, |r s|ress|rg ||e|r scr|p|ura| syroo||sr ol W||c| ||e reW|y
oap||zed Were s|||| |grorar|. To |roW ||e `rys|er|es' ol scr|p|ure |s |o |roW
||e ra||o sacrarer|orur. or|y ||e l| gura||ve |ru|| ol o| da|a prov|des ar
urders|ard|rg ol ||e r||es ard sacrarer|s ol ||e c|urc|, |r par||cu|ar, oap||sr
ard euc|ar|s| (8o||e, - ). T| e |errereu||ca| |r|||a||or s|ar|s oy
ca|||rg or ||e sp|r||ua| serses ol ||e reop|y|e, ||e|r `ears' ard `|as|e' ( , ), 1
||e `eyes' oy W||c| ore `|urrs |o C|r|s|, |oo||rg s|ra|g|| |r|o ||s lace,' ad
C|r|s|ur corver|||ur, |||ur d|rec|o cerr|| oo|u|u( , ). T| e rajor ever|s ol z;
o|o||ca| sa|va||or ||s|oryCrea||or ard l|ood, |oses ard Fxodus, prop|e||c
deeds ard r|rac|esare app||ed |o ||e oap||sra| ard euc|ar|s||c reWress
ol ||le, exper|erced oy ||e reop|y|es, as syroo|s r|c| |r s|gr|l|carce. T| e
Car||c|e |e|ps |o ce|eora|e ||e |r||racy ol ||e re|a||ors||p oe|Weer C|r|s|,
||e c|urc|, ard ||e |urar sou| |r ||a| reWress ol ||le ( , - ). ;|1
Fd|||ors
ll , - . 1o|o|zo
8A| . 18z
8o||e, 8.. 3C o|s ( ) - . z 1o11oz
la||er, 0.. C3Fl , ( ) - . ;;1111o
bausc|er, 0.. ll , - . ;1
3c|r||z, J., lC , . 1o
597
Trars|a||ors
0u|c|
vrorer, l.. 8ruges . 1o|
Frg||s|
0elerrar|, b. J.. laC| ( ) - . ||1oz8
bores||r, l. de. lNll rd ser. ( , ) - . z 1o18o1o1;z
1oooF|ever lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
T| orpsor, T.. lordor , . 111o
lrerc|
8o||e. aoove.
larrar, A.. lar|s , , - . 1o18zo18
0errar
3c|r||z. aoove.
Al|er 0e la|r|arc||s o
T| |s correr|ary or 0eres|s - corp|e|es 0e losep|. l|ppo|y|us's |8|
Correr|ary or ||e 8|ess|rg ol Jacooprov|des ruc| ol ||e a||egor|ca|
correr|ary or 0eres|s . l|||o's 0e soor|e|a|e, leg. a||eg., 0e sorr|s, 0e |8
eor|e|a|e, ard o||er |rea||ses surlace repea|ed|y |r ||e correr|ary or 0eres|s
|(3c|er||). Arorose lo||oWs ||e o|o||ca| rarra||ve W||c| |e parap|rases
|r add|rg c|r|s|o|og|ca| |rs|g||s. T| ere are ro |races ol a |or||e||c s|y|e.
Fd|||ors
ll , - . 1|;o;z8
8A| . 18o
3c|er||, C.. C3Fl , ( ) - . zz18;1zoo
Trars|a||ors
|clug|, |. l.. laC| ( ) - . o1;zz|;
ca. - Fxp|ara||o lsa|rorur Xll o;
A se| ol reWor|ed |or|||es or |We|ve psa|rs, lsa|r , - , , , 1|o||;|8o1
(||e correr|ary or lsa|r Was |r|errup|ed oy Arorose's dea||). lr ||s |
||s|or|ca| ard rora| exeges|s ol ls , Arorose lo||oWed c|ose|y 8as||'s lor||y 1
or ||e sare psa|r. l|rs|, spea||rg ol ||e psa|rs |r gerera|, |e s|a|es. ||s|or|a
|rs|ru||, |ex doce|, prop|e||a arrur||a|, correp||o cas||ga|, rora|||as suade|, `||e
s|ory |rs|ruc|s, ||e laW educa|es, ||e prop|ecy arrources, ||e reprool
cas||ga|es, ||e rora| |eac||rg persuades' ( , ), ou| excep||ora||y |r , |e 1; 1
a||oWs
||rse|l |o evo|e ||e rys||c serse. |oc er|r |erpus es| u| |rserarus rys||ca,
o|oe pr|rur ve|us |es|arer|ur, u| o|oas e| rovur |es|arer|ur, `|| |s ||e r|g||
rorer| |o |r|roduce a rys||c cors|dera||or. dr|r| l|rs| ||e o| |r order |o
dr|r| a|so ||e r|,' ard |e e|aoora|es or ||a| recorrerda||or ur||| , , |r 1
||e sare ||rp|d s|y|e ol ar ora| de||very. lr , |e oo|d|y |rs|s|s. |ys||ca 1|z
Arorose ol |||ar sa|var| e| a ror|e ||oerar|, rora||a au|er orrarer|a 1oo;
decor|s sur|, ror suos|d|a
rederp||or|s, `T| e rys||c v|eWs save ard lree lror dea||, ||e rora| |eac||rg
eroe|||s|es ||e oeau|y (ol ||e psa|rs), ou| || does ro| secure resources lor
rederp||or.' A| ||e s|ar| ol ||e |org correr|ary (s|x|y-s|x pages |r ||e rd z
ed. ol C3Fl) or lsa|r , |e lee|s ||e reed |o ra|e a rore exp||c|| s|a|erer| o
aoou| ||e serses ol scr|p|ure ard ||e|r ||r|s W||| spec|l|c o|o||ca| ooo|s. 0rr|s
scr|p|ura d|v|ra ve| ra|ura||s ve| rys||ca ve| rora||s es|. ra|ura||s |r 0eres|, |r
qua expr|r||ur, quorodo lac|a sur| cae|ur rar|a |errae e| queradrodur
rurdus |s|e s|| cors|||u|us, rys||ca |r lev|||co, |r quo corpre|erd||ur
sacerdo|a|e rys|er|ur, rora||s |r 0eu|eroror|o, |r quo securdur |eg|s
praecep|ur
v||a |urara lorra|ur. urde e| 3a|oror|s |res ||or| exp|ur|r|s v|der|ur e|ec||.
Fcc|es|as|es de ra|ura||ous, Car||ca car||corur de rys||c|s, lrovero|a de
rora||ous,'`A|| d|v|re scr|p|ure |s e|||er 'ra|ura|,' 'rys||ca|' or 'rora|'. 'ra|ura|' |r
0eres|s |r W||c| || |s sa|d ||e |eaver, ||e sea, ard ||e ear|| Were rade, ard
|r W||c| Way ||e ear|| |s cors|||u|ed, 'rys||c,' |r ||e lev|||cus W||c| |rc|udes
a pr|es||y rys|ery, 'rora|,' |r 0eu|erorory, |r W||c| |urar ||le |s regu|a|ed
accord|rg |o ||e precep| ol ||e laW. T| erelore ||e ||ree 8oo|s ol 3o|oror
are c|oser arorg rary. Fcc|es|as|es, as dea||rg W||| ra||ers ol 'ra|ure', ||e
3org ol 3orgs, W||| 'rys||c', lroveros, W||| 'rora|' |ssues' ( , ). o1
Arorose's prelererce |s oov|ous|y d|rec|ed |o ||e rys||ca, as ||s cors|ar|
quo||rg ol Car||c|e |r rary ol ||s Wr|||rgs We|| exerp||l|es. 8y |r|||a|
arrourcerer|s a| ||e s|ar| ol ||s correr|ary or eac| psa|r, Arorose
|r|roduces a co|erercy ol ||s oWr |r ||e|r ra|r ||eres. 0e poer||er||a,
`or perarce' ( , ), |rc|p||, pa|er||ae lorra, `||e ro||or ol pa||erce' ( , ), ;1 81
|rc|p||, rovur adrur||a| |es|arer|ur, `a reW coverar| |s arrourced' ( ,
1), ooro ord|re. . . |r |oc |ar ver|| e| pa|||ur, |r due order |r |||s (psa|r) |e
cores roW ard sullers' ( , ), |rc|p||, uo| pass|or|s dor|r|cae e| oap||sra||s |o1
e| |rgress|or|s ad a||are sacrosarc|ur decursa rys|er|a sur|, `|r W||c| ||e
lass|or ol ||e lord ard ||e rys|er|es ol oap||sr ard ol ||e access |o ||e
sacrosarc| a||ar are d|scussed' ( , ), occu||orur |aou|sse se cogr|||orer per |1
reve|a||orer dor|re lesu, `|o possess a |roW|edge ol W|a| |s ||dder ||ar|s
|o ||e reve|a||or ol ||e lord Jesus' ( , ), |r pr|rc|p|o( , ), qu|d s|| l|r|s |1 |81
598
cors|dererus, l|r|s er|r d|c||urso e| surra re| e|us, quar vo|urus
exp||care, `|e| us cors|der ||e l| ra| purpose, W||c| |s ca||ed scopos, ard ||e
core ol W|a| We |r|erd |o exp|a|r' ( , ). o11
T| us ||e psa|rs lo||oW ||e s|ra|g|| ||re ol Arorose's |eac||rg. s|ar||rg
W||| a ca|| |o perarce (ls ), ||ey |r|roduce |r|o ||e c|r|s|o|og|ca| cer|re ;
ol ||e r| (ls - ), |ead|rg |o oap||sr ard euc|ar|s||c |||urgy W|ere ard 8
adu|| educa||or ol la||| |s Warrar|ed (ls - ), prepar|rg ||e la|||lu| lor |o|
||e u|||ra|e rea||||es (ls ). |8
1oo8F|ever lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
Fd|||ors
ll , - . 1|o1z8
8A| . 18o
Ze|zer, |.. C3Fl , rd ed. . o|z 1
- 1z0e |rs|||u||ore v|rg|r|s
T| e |or||y s|ar|s oy quo||rg ||e Car||c|e |r order |o erp|as|ze |oW corsecra|ed
v|rg|r||y or|rgs ||e sou| c|ose |o C|r|s|. l| |urrs |r|o a l|rr all| rra||or
ol ||e perpe|ua| v|rg|r||y ol |ary, ||e ro||er ol Jesus. l| erds W||| a c||a||or
ol 3g . ard sore parap|rased psa|r|c verses. 8o
Fd|||ors
ll , - . 1o1|8
3a|va||, |.. Cl3 ser. |a|. , Tur|r , - . o 1o;
Trars|a||ors
l|a||ar
8|arco, |. l.. A|oa , . 1|11|
Cr|s|olo||, b.. |||ar . 1o
3a|va||. see aoove.
3par|s|
v|zraros, l. 0e. 8AC ( ) - . |1|;z1|
T| ree add|||ora| Wr|||rgs ol Arorose W|||ou| ar exege||ca| purpose are.
z0e oo||u va|er||rar|
b|c| |r o|o||ca| relererces, ||e eu|ogy pr|v||eges Car||c|e, || cores c|ose |o
0r|ger's exeges|s ol Car||c|e ard Fxodus.
Fd|||ors
ll , - . 1o1|1;||
la||er, 0.. C3Fl , ( ) - . ;;1z;o;
Arorose ol |||ar Trars|a||ors 1oo
Frg||s|
0elerrar|, b. J.. laC| ( , ) - . zz11o8zoz
Ke||y, T. A.. l3| ( ). 81|o
l|a||ar
Coppa, 0.. Tur|r , - . 1o81o
- Fx|or|a||o v|rg|r||a||s
Arorose de||vered |||s |or||y |r l|orerce lor ||e oper|rg ol a reW oas|||ca,
sporsored oy a W|doW.
Fd|||ors
ll , - . 1o18o
3a|va||, |.. Cl3 ser. |a|. , Tur|r , - . o 1|o
Trars|a||ors
l|a||ar
8|arco, |. l.. A|oa , . 1|11|
Cr|s|olo||o, b.. |||ar . 1o
3a|va||. aoove.
0e oo||u T|eodos||
Aga|r ar eu|ogy, W||| o|o||ca| relererces |r a|ros| every ser|erce, rary
lror r| ard lsa|rs. |ore ||ar orce |r |||s d|scourse, Arorose aga|r cores
c|ose |o 0r|ger.
Fd|||ors
ll , - . 1o1||;88
la||er, 0.. C3Fl , ( ) - . ;;1o|o1
|arr|x, |. 0.. laC| ( ). 1z
1o;oF|ever lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
Trars|a||ors
Frg||s|
0elerrar|, b. J.. laC| ( , ) - . zz11o8o;z
|arr|x. aoove.
l|a||ar
Coppa, 0.. Tur|r , - . 1o88
0re ray add ar essay a|ros| |os|.
(ro da|e) Fxpos|||o lsa|ae prop|e|ae(lragrer|s)
T| e lragrer|s co||ec|ed oy ||e ed||or are quo|a||ors rade oy Arorose ||rse|l |r
o||er Wr|||rgs. lragrer|s lv, v ard vl c|ar|ly apparer| cor|rad|c||ors
||r|ed respec||ve|y W||| Jr . (lv), l||| . (v), bor . (vl). |||ud 1 11o 1z ;z|
quoque ror aosurdur ad |r|e||ec|ur access||, `lor ||a| s|a|erer| a|so care |o
r|rd W|||ou| oe|rg aosurd.' T| e c|ear-r|rded la||| ol ||e |||arese o|s|op
599
Was a||eg|c |o ary corlused s|a|erer| |r o|o||ca| ra||ers.
0erera| 8|o||ograp|y
Arorose ol |||ar
Ad||r, N. `Arorose, 0e v|rg|r|ous , , l. ard ||e 0rores ol ||e Courc|| ol zz1o
N|caea.' bFAug ( ). - . 81zzo1;o
A||arer, 8. `Augus||rus urd A||aras|us urd 0|dyrus der 8||rde.' v|gC|r ( ). 11
- 11ozo.
`Aroros|us Fp|scopus.' lr 3|ud|a la|r|s||ca |ed|o|arers|a. Fd||ed oy 0. lazza||.
|||ar. v||a e lers|ero, . 1;o
Arga|, |. A. `las oerd|c|ores de| la|r|arca Jacoo er e| corer|ar|o de 3.
Aroros|o.'
3crv|c| ( ). - . 181;1zz
Aul der |aur, J. 0as lsa|rervers|ardr|s des Aroros|us vor |a||ard. F|r
8e||rag
zur 0eu|urgs||r|ergrurd der lsa|rerverWerdurg |r 0o||esd|ers| der A||er
K|rc|e. le|der. 8r|||, . 1;;
8ar|er|e, 0. le lor|| |a||re su 3ar|'Arorog|o. 0pere, suss|d|, vo|. , . |||ar. 8|. z|z
Aroros|ara, . 11
8ar|e||r|, 0. `3prac|||c|e urd s||||s||sc|e 8erer|urger |r Aroros|us' 3c|r|l|er.'
w|erer 3|ud|er ( ). - . 11;1;zoz
8ec||s, A. l| Correr|ar|o d| 3. Arorog|o su| varge|o d| 3. luca |r re|az|ore a||e
0re||e d| 0r|geres. 0|ss., Tur|r, - . 1|o1|1
8er|or, b. `Aora|ar dars |e 0e oll|c||s r|r|s|rorurd'Aroro|se.' b3b ( ). |18o
- 11zz.
Arorose ol |||ar 8|e|z, w. K. larad|esesvors|e||urger oe| Aroros|us urd 1o;1
se|rer vorgargerr. 0|ss.,
0|esser, . 1;
8|ll|, l. `l| va|ore |e||erar|o de||'eseges| aroros|ara.' 0T | ( ). - . o|1oz|o8
. `le oraz|or| sa|r|c|e re||a 0|urra laus aroros|ara.' Aroros|us ( ). 18
- zo1;;.
8ora, l. `8rev| ro|e su| s|roo||sro ar|ropo|og|co deg|| ar|ra|| re|| 'Fsarerore' d|
Arorog|o.' 3arda||or ( ). - . 11z1oz
8ora|o, A. `0|o re| pers|ero d| Arorog|o,' lr 0|o re| padr| de||a C||esa, - . zo;o
0|z|orar|o d| sp|r||ua||| o|o||co-la|r|s||ca, vo|. . bore. 8or|a, . 1| 1o
. `l'|dea de| sacerdoz|o |r 3. Arorog|o.' Aug ( ). - . z;18;|zo|
. `l| ruo|o ur|versa|e de| sacerdoz|o d| Cr|s|o re||'a||egor|a de||e c|||-r|lug|o
(lug. saec. . - , . - ). ura r||e||ura de||'eseges| l||or|ara da par|e d| z11|1o
Arorog|o.' 3|la|r ( ). - . o18;8;
8orrey, 0. `l'eseges| d| sar|'Arorog|o |r re|az|ore a||e l|gure lerr|r|||
de||'Fxpos|||o securdur lucar.' 3a| | ( ). - . ;111zo
8uc||e||, v. `l|ppo|y|, 0r|geres urd Aroros|us uoer der Cersus Augus||.' lr ls.
T. K|auser v|var|ur, - , . oo18|
Carova, F. `lrl|usso de| '0e larad|so,' '0e Ca|r e| Aoe|,' '0e Noe,' d| 3. Arorog|o
|r
3. Agos||ro.' 0|ss., Tur|r, - . 1|1
Cap||ar|, l. 0. `Ara|og|e lra ur'opera aroros|ara d|scussa (Apo|og|a 0av|d
a||era)
ed a|cur| scr|||| ar||rar|c|e| d| 3ar|'Agos||ro.' blN3 ( ). - . oo1;|88
Cappor|, l. `No|e aroros|are (ll) [lexareror d|es v, serro vll|.' 8o||C|ass ;
( ). - . 18o;z
C|ar||er, C. `ur pseudo-|or|||a|re caro||rg|er. l'exerp|a|re |yorra|s de
|'Fxpos|||o
|r lucard'Aroro|se (lyor ).' 3cr|p|or|ur ( ). - . |; 1;1o1z|z;
C||a|va, l. `Corlror|o |ra || 'Cor. ||.' d| 3. l|ar|o e |''Fxpos. |r lc' d| Arorog|o.'
0|ss., Tur|r, s. 1
C||rgar, b. 0. `borars , ||e preac|er's d||erra.' JlTC ( - ). - . 18118z1|
Corso||ro, l. F. `'ver| |uc a l|oaro', |a 'sporsa' de| Car||co de| Car||c| core
rode||o per |e verg|r| reg|| scr|||| esor|a|or| d| Arorog|o.' A||eraeur N3 oz
( ). - . 18||1
Corso|o, 0. `b|sorarze v|rg|||are re||'Fxaereror d| 3. Arorog|o.' ||sc. d| 3|ud|
d|
le||. Cr|s|. ( ). - . 1oo;;
Corsa|o, C. la Fxpos|||o evarge||| securdur lucar d| sar|'Arorog|o.
Frrereu||ca,
s|roo|og|a, lor||.3|ud|a Fp|erer|d|s Augus||r|arur . bore. lrs|||u|ur |
la|r|s||cur Augus||r|arur, . 1
Cource||e, l. `le corps |oroeau (l|a|or, 0org|as s, Cra|y|e c, l|edre | |oo
c).' zo
bFArc ( ). - . o81oo1o1zz
0ar|u, C. `la p|ace e| |e ro|e de |'Fcr||ure dars |e '0e oll|c||s r|r|s|rorur'
d'Aroro|se.' lr |ero|re d'e|udes super|eures, l. 0|jor, . ; 1;o
0assrarr, F. `Fcc|es|a ve| ar|ra, 0|e K|rc|e urd ||re 0||ederurg |r der
1o;zF|ever lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
lo|e||eder||arurg oe| l|ppo|y|, 0r|geres urd Aroros|us vor |a||ard.'
600
bor ( ). - . o11oo1z1||
0evadass, |. `Ar||ropo|ogy ol 0er - .' lT3 ( ). - . 1z zo18z
. `T| e cosr|c exper|erce ol 0od accord|rg |o 0eres|s.' lT3 ( ). - zo181zz
.
0o|gror, J. `le d|a|ogue de Jesus e| lau|. Ac|es . - . 3a 'po|r|e' dars |o
|'exegse
|a||re |a p|us arc|erre (l||a|re, Aroro|se, Augus||r).' b3l|T| ( ). o|18o
- |;;8.
. `3erv| . . . lac|er|es vo|ur|a|er 0e| ex ar|ro (Fp| . ). ur ec|a|erer| de |a oo
ro||or de serv||ude c|ez Aroro|se, Jerore, Augus||r?' b3l|T| ( ). o818|
- zo111.
0orr|e, l. `0as lurllac| ges|ul|e |ys|er|ur. 0er Auls||eg der 3ee|e oe|
lorp|yr|os
urd Aror. (0e lsaac ve| ar|ra).' lages - |r ls. T. K|auser.|s|r, . ;8z 1o|
0urp|y, w. `0r ||e da|e ol 3|. Aroroses' 0e Too|a.' 3F ( ). - . z;18|z;o
la||or|r|, v. `la r|corc|||az|ore |r C|pr|aro d| Car|ag|re (ep. ) e Arorog|o d| |
|||aro (0e paer||er||a).' Aug ( ). - . z;18;;;|oo
laus|, u. C|r|s|o serv|re ||oer|as es|, zur lre||e||soegr|lldes Aroros|us vor
|a||ard.
3a|zourger pa|r|s||sc|e 3|ud|er | . 3a|zourg. lus|e|, . 1o 18
lerger, A.-l. Aspe||e der 3o|er|o|og|e urd F|||es|o|og|e oe| Aroros|us vor
|a||ard.
Fl3.T . lra. l. larg, . 1| 181
lo|gado l|orez, 3. `Cor|orro |eo|og|co de |a v|rg|r|dad de |ar|a er s. Aroros|o.'
|ar|arur ( ). - . ||18zz8o1
lor|a|re, J. Aroro|se de |||ar, lyrres. la|r|ro|res C|r|s||ar|sre. lar|s. Cerl.,
. 1z
. `le lor|| grec|e su sar|'Arorog|o.' lr 0pere|suss|d| , . Fd||ed oy C. z|1
las|r|.
|||b. 8|o||o|eca Aroros|ara|C||| Nuova, . 1o
lord, J. |. `3|. lau|, ||e l|||ogar|s| ( C |r Far|y la|r|s||c Fxeges|s).' NT3 1 ; 11
( - ). - . 1o|1ozo|8
lrarcescor|, 0. 3|or|a e s|roo|o, `|ys|er|ur |r l|gura,' |a s|roo||ca s|or|co-
sacrarer|a|e re| ||rguagg|o e re||a |eo|og|o d| Arorog|o d| |||aro. luo||caz|or|
de|
lor||l|c|o 3er|rar|o loroardo |r bora, b|cerc|e d| 3c|erze Teo|og|c|e . 18
8resc|a. |orce|||ara, . 181
0a|o|a||, F. `C|e cos' l || 3a||er|o Aroros|aro?' Aroros|us ( ). - . z1o81
0ar|g||o, A. `l| Correr|o d| 3a|ro |r 3. l|ar|o e 3. Arorog|o.' 0|ss., Tur|r, 118
- 1o11.
0or|, l. `l r|s|er| d| 0er . re||'|r|erpre|az|ore d| Arorog|o.' 8|o||ca ( ). 1z8 o18|
- z|.
. `lr rarg|re a| re|odo esege||co d| Arorog|o d| |||aro.' 3|3b ( ). o18|
- 1zo.
. `l'Aqu||a d| Fzec||e|e e || vo|o cor|erp|a||vo de||'ar|ra p|a|or|ca re| `0e
v|rg|r||a|e' d| Arorog|o.' 3u -8 ( ). - . 18o;18z
. `Appur|| su eseges| o|o||ca e corpos|z|ore de| 0e v|rg|r||a|ed| Arorog|o.'
A3F
( ). - . 188zo11|
Arorose ol |||ar 0rarado 8e|||do, C. la ac||v|dada de| Fsp|r||u 3ar|o er 1o;
|a ||s|or|a ar|es de Cr|s|o er
sar Aroros|o de |||r. 0|ss., 0rarada, . 1;
. `F| Fsp|r||u y e| 8au||s|a er 3ar Aroros|o de |||ar.' Corrur|o ( ). 1o18
- 18.
. `(0er , ) '3p|r||us crea|or' er 3ar Aroros|o de |||r.' Corrur|o ( ). 1z 1;18|
- z.
0rarado, C. `F| 8au||sro de Jess er 3ar Aroros|o de |||ar.' Fs|e ( ). 18o
- |.
0raurarr, T. C|r|s|us |r|erpres. 0|e F|r|e|| vor Aus|egurg urd ver|urd|gurg |r
der
lu|aser||arurg des Aroros|us vor |a||ard. 0|ss., |urs|er, . 1z
. `C|r|s|us |r|erpres. 0|e F|r|e|| vor Aus|egurg urd ver|urd|gurg |r der
lu|aser||arurg des Aroros|us vor |a||ard.' lr la|r|s||c|e Tex|e urd 3|ud|er,
|1, pp. 8er||r. 0e 0ruy|er, . |;; 1|
0re|o|, l. `Traduc||or e| |'|r|erpre|a||or de l| . - . ue|ques e|erer|s zo;
d'erque|e
pa|r|s||que.' NbT| A || | ( ). - . 1o1o1;11oozo
0rosjear, l. `la 8|o|e de 0||das (s. vl, vl).' A8 ( ). - . ;1;zoo
0rysor, b. `l'|r|erpre|a||or du ror de lev| (lev||e) c|ez 3. Aroro|se.' 3F 1;
( ). - . 1ooz1;z
. `le ve|erer| d'Aaror |r|erpre|e par 3. Aroro|se.' |useor | - ( ). z|1;
- z;8o.
. `les lev||es, l|gure de sacerdoce ver||ao|e, se|or sa|r| Aroro|se.' FT|l o
( ). - . 18o811z
601
. `l'ascerdarce |ev|||que de Jesus dars |'Fxpos|||o |r lucard'Aroro|se.'
b8ll
8( ). - . 18ozzz
. `la red|a||or d'Aaror d'aprs sa|r| Aroro|se.' bTA| ( ). - . |;18o1
lado|, l. `ure source de |'Apo|og|a 0av|dd'Aroro|se. les Correr|a|res de
0|dyre e| d'0r|glre sur |e lsaure .' b3l|T| | ( ). - . o ooz1;ozoz
laerd|er, 0. `Zur Aus|egurg der lsa|rer |r der A||er K|rc|e.' TlZ | ( ). 1o1;8
- ozz.
. `Aroros|us urd Augus||r |r der w|erer Fd|||or der K|rc|erva|er.' TlZ 11o
( ). - . 18;o;8
la|r, v. 0as Wa|re 0ese|z. F|re ur|ersuc|urg der Aullassurg des Aroros|us
vor
|a||ard vor ver|a||r|s der oe|der Tes|arer|e. 0|ss., |urs|er, . 1o
. 0as Wa|re 0ese|z. F|re ur|ersuc|urg der Aullassurg des Aroros|us vor
|a||ard
vor ver|a||r|s der oe|der Tes|arer|e.|urs|er|sc|e 8e||rage zur T|eo|og|e ,
1o.
`l||a|re de lo|||ers, Aroro|se de |||ar, Aroros|as|er.' lr 8|o||a pa|r|s||ca. lrdex
des c||a||ors e| a||us|ors o|o||ques dars |a ||||era|ure pa|r|s||que., vo|. . lar|s. o
Fd|||ors du C.N.b.3., Cer|re d'ara|yse e| de docurer|a||or pa|r|s||ques, . 1
0as lo|e||ed |r der 0|auoersver|urd|gurg des |e|||ger Aroros|us vor |a||ard.
0|ss., lor||l|c|a ur|vers||as 0regor|ara, . 1o
1o;|F|ever lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
lu|r, J. `8eWer|urg urd 0eorauc| der l|. 3c|r|l|durc| der K|rc|erva|er
Aroros|us.' lJ ( ). - . ;;188;o
Jac|sor, l. T| e lo|y 3p|r|| |r ||e ca|ec|es|s ard rys|agogy ol Cyr|| ol
Jerusa|er,
Arorose, ard Jo|r C|rysos|or. 0|ss., a|e, . 188
. `Arorose ol |||ar as rys|agogue.' Aug3| ( ). - . zo181o;
Jacoo, C. 'Ar|ard|sz|p||r,' A||egorese, |ys|agog|e, e|r reuer Zugarg zur
T|eo|og|e des
Aroros|us vor |a||ard. 0|ss., 8orr, . 188
. 'Ar|ard|sz|p||r,' A||egorese, |ys|agog|e. e|r reuer Zugarg zur T| eo|og|e des
Aroros|us vor |a||ard (A||eraurs |orogral|er. T| eo|og|e, T| eop|are|a ). z
lrar|lur| ar |a|r. la|r, . 1o
. `0er Ar|||ypos a|s lr|rz|p aroros|ar|sc|er A||egorese. Zur |errereu||sc|er
lor|zor| der Typo|og|e.' 3|la|r ( ). - . z11o;1|
Jacoo, C. `Zur lo|er||ed oe| Aroros|us vor |a||ard. Fxegese urd |||erar|sc|e
As||e|||,' - . o;;
. `0er Ar|||ypos a|s lr|rz|p aroros|ar|sc|er A||egorese. Zur |errereu||sc|er
lor|zor| der Typo|og|e.' lages - |r 3|ud|a la|r|s||ca. vo|. . lapers 1o;1| z
preser|ed a| ||e F|ever|| lr|erra||ora| Corlererce or la|r|s||c 3|ud|es |e|d |r
0xlord . 8|o||ca e| Apocryp|a, 0r|er|a||a, Asce||ca. louva|r. lee|ers, 11
1.
Jourjor, |. `borpre |e pa|r de |a paro|e (Fxpos. |r lc . - ).' lr l' | o r r e oo
devar| 0|eu. |e|arges oller|s au pre lerr| de luoac. vo|s. T|eo|og|e, - , o8
1. - . lar|s. Auo|er, - . z1z 1oo|
Ju|||er, |.-l. `les sources de |a |rad|||or arc|erre des qua|orze
lyrresa||r|ouees
3. Aroro|se de |||ar.' blT ( ). - . 118;18
Ker|voorde, A. `|u|||p||ca||or des pa|rs e| euc|ar|s||e c|ez 3. Aroro|se.'
As3e|gr
oo( ). - . 1oo8z
Krarer, 0. l. Aroros|us var |||aar er de gesc||eder|s. 0|ss., vr|je ur|v., . 18
laor|que, |.-l. `Aroro|se de |||ar e| 3erque, propos du 0e excessu lra|r|s
ll.'
la|orus ( ). - . o11|o18
lar|rarde, F. `Ages de |'|orre e| ges sp|r||ue|s se|or sa|r| Aroro|se, |e
Correr|a|re du psaure .' 3cFs ( ). - . o 18z11zz
. `Frlarce e| deve|opperer| sp|r||ue|, |e correr|a|re de sa|r| Aroro|se sur
sa|r| luc.' 3cFs ( ). - . 181o1o
lazza||, 0. l| va|ore |e||erar|o de||a eseges| aroros|ara. Arc||v|o Aroros|ara . 11
|||ar, . 1oo
leeo, l. 0|e lsa|rod|e oe| Aroros|us. 0|ss., v|erra, . 1o;
l|oera, l. le |rrag|r| de||'ar|ra re| `0e lsaac e| ar|ra' |r rappor|o ad a||re
l|gure
ve|ero|es|arer|ar|e d| 3ar|'Arorog|o. 0|ss., lor|. ur|v. 3a|es|ara, . 18o
. `|o||vo de| red|co e de||a red|c|ra re| correr|o a| sa|ro XXXvll d|
sar|'Arorog|o.' ACra ( ). - . zo188zozo
Arorose ol |||ar lol, l. J. var der. `T| e 'lrop|e|' Aora|ar |r ||e 1o;
Wr|||rgs ol lreraeus, Ter|u|||ar,
Arorose ard Augus||re.' Augus||r|ara ( ). - . ||1|1;z
lucc|es|, F. `l'usage de l|||or dars |'oeuvre exege||que de 3. Aroro|se. ure
`ue||erlorsc|urg' re|a||ve aux correr|a|res d'Aroro|se sur |a 0erse.'
602
Al0lJ . le|der. 8r|||, . 1;;
|ars, |. J. `T| e lurc||or ol 8|o||ca| |a|er|a| |r ||e lyrrs ol 3|. Arorose.'
lages - |r Far|y C|r|s||ar loe|ry. A Co||ec||or ol Fssays.3upp|erer|s |o 11oo
v|g|||ae C|r|s||arae . Fd||ed oy J. 0er 8oel|ard A. l|||ors|. le|der. 8r|||, zz
1.
. `3|. Arorose 'lr|erde, qu| reg|s lsrae|' - ard ||e 0|ar|s ol 0eres|s . .' 1;zo o|
lages - |r 3|ud|a la|r|s||ca. vo|. . lapers preser|ed a| ||e F|ever|| |oo z;
lr|erra||ora| Corlererce or la|r|s||c 3|ud|es |e|d |r 0xlord . Cappadoc|ar 11
la||ers, 0ree| Au||ors al|er N|caea, Augus||re, 0ora||sr, ard le|ag|ar|sr.
Fd||ed oy F. A. l|v|rgs|ore. louva|r. lee|ers, . 1
|arc|es|, 0. Arorog|o d| |||aro. Aspe||| de| r|r|s|ero pas|ora|e d| ur vescovo
de|
seco|o lv. l'esege|a e || raes|ro d| v||a sp|r||ua|e.lass| sce||| a cura d| Arorog|o
d| |||arao = Teo|og|a . |||ar. Jaca 8oo|, . 1;|
|ar|sc||es, C. `was oedeu|e| od. ZWe| Ar|Wor|er oe| 0r|geres urd
Aroros|us
urd derer 8edeu|urg lur ||re 8|oe|er||arurg urd T| eo|og|e.' lages - |r 8z
0r|geres v|r ecc|es|as||cus. 3yrpos|or l. J. vog|. Fd||ed oy w. 0ur||rgs ard
l. Kor|g. 8orr. 8orergasser, . 1
|arzo|a, |. `b|cos|ruz|ore |eo|og|co-cr|||ca deg|| A||| deg|| Apos|o||, Fp|s|o|e
pao||re de||a Ca|||v||8, l e ll a| Tessa|or|ces| e Apoca||sse re| |es|o |a||ro usa|o
da 3. Arorog|o.' 3cr|rT| eo| ( ). - . 111z
. `b|cos|ruz|ore |eo|og|co-cr|||ca deg|| A||| deg|| Apos|o||, Fp|s|o|e pao||re de||a
Ca|||v||, l e ll a| Tessa|or|ces| e Apoca||sse re| |es|o |a||ro usa|o da 3ar|'
Arorog|o.' Ara|ec|a lerrar|ers|a( ). 18
. 8|oo|a Aroros|ara Neo|es|arer|ar|a (r|cos|ruz|ore |eo|og|co-cr|||ca). 3Fl. z
vo|s.
1o, . 1;1
|er|e|, l. 0|e l|ura|||a| der Fvarge||er a|s ||eo|og|sc|es urd exege||sc|es
lroo|er |r
der A||er K|rc|e. Trad|||o C|r|s||ara, Tex|e urd Korrer|are zur pa|r|s||sc|er
T| eo|og|e . 8err. larg, . 1;8
||ra||es, A. `l| Car||co de| Car||c|re||a sp|r||ua||| eucar|s|a d| 3. Arorog|o,'
- ;;8o.
|or|go|l|er, J. de. Traduc||or e| correr|a|re du '0e |r|erpe||a||ore Joo e| 0av|d'
d'Aroro|se de |||ar. 0|ss., 3oroorre, . 18o
|urcey, b. w. T| e r| Tex| ol 3|. Arorose. (Tex|s ard 3|ud|es, ser. ). C. ur|v. z |
lr.,
1.
Nauroy, 0. Fxegse e| crea||or ||||era|re c|ez Aroro|se de |||ar, e|ude sur |es
pred|ca||ors du 0e Jacoo e| du 0e Josep|. 0|ss., lar|s, . 18
1o;oF|ever lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
. `la s|ruc|ure du 0e lsaac ve| ar|ra e| |a co|ererce de |'a||egorse
d'Aroro|se
de |||ar.' bFl ( ). - . o18oz1oo
. `C|rorace, d|sc|p|e cr|||que de |'exegse d'Aroro|se. bea|||e e| ||r||es de
|'|rl| uerce de |'lr lucarsur |es Trac|a|us |r |a|||aeur.' Ar||c|||
a||oadr|a||c|e ( ). - . |1811;|
. `les lrres |accaoees dars |'exegse d'Aroro|se de |||ar ou |a corvers|or
de
|a sagesse judeo-|e||er|que aux va|eurs du rar|yre c|re||er.' lages - z1|
|r l|gures de |'Arc|er Tes|arer| c|ez |es lres. Ca||ers de 8|o||a la|r|s||ca . z
3|rasoourg. Cer|re d'Ara|yse e| de 0ocurer|a||or la|r|s||que, . 18
. `0u coroa| de |a p|e|e |a corless|or du sarg. Aroro|se de |||ar |ec|eur
cr|||que du lve l|vre des |accaoees.' bll|b ( ). - . ;o1o|o8
Nazaro, A. v. `Aroros|ara vll. l'exerp|ur 0eoorae (u|d. , - ).' lages 8|o
- 1;z1z|r ||sce||area d| 3|ud| |r orore d| Arrardo 3a|va|ore, a cura d|
F. l|ores, A.v. Nazzaro, l. N|cas|r|, 0. lo|ara. Nap|es. luoo||caz|or| de|
0|par||rer|o d| l||o|og|a C|ass|ca de||'ur|vers|| deg|| 3|ud| d| Napo||
leder|co ll, . 1z
Nazarro, A. v. `l| |avoro re| ro||v| esege||c| d| Arorog|o.' lages - |r ;
3p|r||ua||| de| |avoro. Fd||ed oy 3. le||c|. bore. lor|. lrs|. A|||or|s la||r||a||s,
- 1818o.
. `Aroros|ara lv. 3u Ca|r . , - , .' lr lo|yar||era. 3|ud| d| |e||era|ura 111|1z
cr|s||ara ar||ca oller|| a 3a|va|ore Cors|arza, [ - |. 3|ud| |ardoar||c||, . zo 8
|ess|ra. 3|car|a, . 18
Neurarr, w. T| e v|rg|r |ary |r ||e wor|s ol 3|. Arorose (Fz . e| ls . .). ||z ;1|
larados|s . lr|oourg. ur|v. lress, . 1; 1oz
0oer|e|rar, 3. |. b|e|or|c ard lor||e||cs |r lour||-Cer|ury C|r|s||ar
l||era|ure.
lrose by||r, 0ra|or|ca| 3|y|e, ard lreac||rg |r ||e wor|s ol Arorose, Jerore,
ard Augus||re. ArC|as3| . A||ar|a. 3c|o|ars lress, . zo 11
0roe, A. `Nordur recepera| |ypur.' 0reg ( ). - . |z1o11o;1z
603
0rre, A. 0. T| e 0oc|r|re ol 3cr|p|ure |r ||e ( ) 0oc|ors ol ||e wes|err C|urc| |
(as
lourda||or ol ||e |ed|eva| 0oc|r|re). 0|ss., ur|vers||y ol 0eorg|a, . 1;|
0||er, b. T. `Aror, Car||as ard 0||ec||o. 3ore 0oserva||ors or ||e vocaou|ary ol
love |r ||e Fxege||ca| wor|s ol 3|. Arorose.' lages - |r |e|. ;8
C |o|rrarr. u|rec|||Arvers, . 1o
. `Car||as ard ||e Ascer| |o||l |r ||e Fxege||ca| wor|s ol 3|. Arorose.'
3|la|r 8
( ). - . 1oo||z|8
0'loug|||r, T. `Aquae super cae|os (0er . - ), ||e l|rs| la|||-sc|erce deoa|e 1o;
(8as||,
Arorose.)?' ||||3| ( ). - . z1zz11|
lard||, |. l. `lreedor versus rederp||or.' l|v|rg word ( ). - . o1o;|8o
lared|, A. `3. 0ero|aro e 3. Arorog|o.' lages - |r |e|. F. T|sserar| v, 18
. 1o|
las|or|ro, A. `uorar arro Aroros|us opus quod lexareror |rscr|o||ur
corposu||? (arro ).' Nuovo 0|das|a|e|or( | ). - . 8; 11||
Arorose ol |||ar lere||o, F. `Tes|o o|o||co e sua app||caz|ore re| 0e oo||u 1o;;
va|er||r|ar d| Arorog|o.'
v|c||ara ( ). - . 18181;o
lep|r, J. `Fc|os de ||eor|es gros||ques de |a ra||re au deou| de |'Fxareror de
3a|r| Aroro|se.' lages - |r 3|ud|a J. l. wasz|r|. Fd||ed oy w. der 8oer, z;
e| a|. Ars|erdar, . 1;
l|cco|o, 0. `ler |o s|ud|o de||a sp|r||ua||| aroros|ara. l serror| '0e lsaac ve|
ar|ra'.' 3cC ( ). - . 81;oz;|
l|rc|er|e, A. `No|e su||a |rad|z|ore |rd|re||a de||a 'Fxpos|||o Fv. sec. lucar' d|
3. Arorog|o.' 3|ud| Card. |. le||egr|ro( ). 1;
l|r|us, 0. |. `la creaz|ore de| ses|o g|orro. g|| exerp|adeg|| ar|ra|| re||'
Fsarerored| Arorog|o.' lages - |r 0|z|orar|o d| sp|r||ua||| 1;8
o|o||copa|r|s||ca, vo|. ll. Creaz|ore-urro-0orra. lar|e secorda. reg|| scr|||| de|
ladr|. bore. 8or|a, . 1
l|redda, A. |. `la ||po|og|a sacerdo|a|e de| pa|r|arca 0|useppe |r Arorog|o.'
3arda||or - ( - ). - . 1o1118;1881o
. `3usarra e || s||erz|o. l'|r|erpre|az|ore d| Arorog|o.' 3arda||or ( ). 1|11
- 1oz.
l|zzo|a|o, l. l. `Arorog|o esege|a de| 3a|r| re||a Fxp|ara||o lsa|rorur Xll.'
Aev 1;
( ). - . 1oz8|o
. la 'Fxp|ara||o psa|rorur Xll.' 3|ud|o |e||erar|o su||'eseges| d| 3ar|'Arorog|o.
Arc||v|o Aroros|aro. |||ar, . 1o
. `la 3. 3cr|||ura lordarer|o de| re|odo esege||co d| 3. Arorog|o.' 3|l| o
( ). - . 1;o|zo
. la do||r|ra esege||ca d| 3ar|'Arorog|o. 3|la|r|ed|o|arers|a, vo|. . |||ar.
v||a e
lers|ero, . 1;8
. `Arorog|o e lao||ro d| No|a, per ura p|prec|sa da|az|ore de||a Fxpos|||o
lsa|r| CXvlll d| Arorog|o.' lages - |r ls 3. Cos|arza lo|yar||era. |
18.
lo|r|er, |. `'C|r|s|us pauper lac|us es|' c|ez sa|r| Aroro|se ( Cor . ).' b3lb z 8 1
( ). - . 1;zo;
luec|, l. C. `les rouveaux ecr||s d'0r|gre e| de 0|dyre decouver|s Toura.'
bll|b ( ). - . 111zz
luec|, l. C., ard l. lado|. `l'er|re||er d'0r|gre avec lerac|||e e| |e
correr|a|re
de 3. Aroro|se sur |'Fv. de luc.' v|gC|r ( ). - . 11zo||
uas|er, J. `3oor|a For|e|as |r Aroros|us 0e 3acrarer||s. F|r 8e||rag zur
Fc|||e||slrage.' lages - |r vo|. ol ls. l. C. |o||oerg. . 11;z 1 1|8
baros-l|ssor, 0. `la doc|r|ra de |a '3a|us' er |a 'Fxpos|||o Fv. sec. lucar' de
3. Aroros|o.' 3crT| ( ). - . 1;ozo
. `las ||po|og|as de Cr|s|o er e| 'Car||cur Car||corur' segr e| |radado
aroros|aro '0e v|rg|r||a|e'.' lages - |r 8|o||a exeges|s y cu||ura. Fs|ud|os 1
er
loror de| prol. 0. Jose |ar|a Casc|aro (lacu||ad de Teo|og|a, ur|vers|dad de
1o;8F|ever lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
Navarra. Co|ecc|or |eo|og|ca, ). Fd||ed oy 0. Ararda, C. 8asev|, ard J. C|apa. 8
larp|ora. FuN3A, . 1|
. `Fr |orro a| a|egor|sro o|o||co de| |ra|ado 0e v|rg|r||a|ede 3ar Aroros|o. los
pres|aros de |os au|ores c|s|cos y cr|s||aros.' lages - |r 3||ru||, ls |oo
F. 0assrarr. Fd||ed oy 0. 3c|o||ger ard C. 3c|o||er. |urs|er. Asc|erdorll ,
1o.
b|gg|, C. `l''auxes|s' de| sa|ro re| '0e oll|c||s' d| 3. Arorog|o.' 3a| | ( ). 8 z|1o;
- ozo8.
. `l'auxes|s' de| sa|ro re| '0e oll|c||s' d| 3. Arorog|o.' lages - |r 8 z|;
Fp|s|rop|e. Fd||ed oy 8. Ara|a. bore, . 18
604
bo|ardo, 0. |. `b|cors|ruz|ore |eo|og|co-cr|||co de| |es|o |a||ro de| varge|o d|
3. luca usa|o da 3. Arorog|o.' 8|o ( ), - . zo1|z8;o
bo||ero, l. la 'Fxpos. Fv. sec. lc.' d| Arorog|o core lor|e de||a eseges|
agos||r|ara.
Tur|r. laco|| d| le||ere, ur|v. d| Tur|r, . 18
boss|, l. `lrl|uss| o|o||c|-|e||erar| |r 3. Arorog|o.' 0|ss., Tur|r, - . 1|81|
boss|, |.-T. `0er . o cor par||co|are r|guardo a| s|gr|l|ca|o de| sacr|l|c|o re| '0e ||
Ca|r e| Aoe|' d| Arorog|o.' lages - |r 3argue lll, vo|. . Fd||ed oy z1o1 1
l. va|||or|. - . 18z18
bou|||ard, l. `le C|r|s| v|er| guer|r |es |orres (|| . - , lc . - |r 11z1o ;18z;
lreraeo,
A||aras|o, Aroros|o).' As3e|gr ( ). - . |1o1o8o
3ago|, 3. `le 'Car||que des Car||ques' dars |e '0e lsaac' d'Aroro|se de |||ar,
e|ude
|ex|ue||e e| rec|erc|e sur |es arc|erres vers|ors |a||res.' bec|Aug ( ). 1o181
- ;.
3a|r|-laurer|, 0. F. `3|. Arorose ol |||ar ard ||e Fas|err la||ers.' 0|a|or|a 1
( ). - . 18oz1
3ar|ors||, A. `Fgzege|yczre | l||ozol| czre za|ozer|a |a|ec|ezy W. Arorozego.
lr|rc|pes exege||ques e| p|||osop||ques de |a ca|ec|se de 3. Aroro|se.' bTK
18( ). - . 1;11z|z
3ar|ov||o, l. `Arorog|o e Cr|sos|oro cos|erza cr|||ca de||a C||esa de| lv seco|o
d|
lror|e a| po|ere po||||co.' N|co|aus , ( ). - . 1z118o;181
3avor, l. `Jerore e| Aroro|se, |r|erpr|es du prer|er Fvarg||e,' - . zoz
. 3a|r| Aroro|se devar| |'exegse de l|||or |e Ju|l . Tex|e, ll. No|es. lar|s. 1
F|udes
Augus||r|erres, . 1;;
. `3a|r| Aroro|se e| sa|r| Jerore, |ec|eurs de l|||or.' ANbw , , ( ). zz1118|
- ;1.
. `l'ordre e| |'ur||e du 0e |r|erpe||a||ore loo e| 0av|d de sa|r| Aroro|se.'
la|orus ( ). - . |o18;8
. `Jerore e| Aroro|se, |r|erpr|es du prer|er Fvarg||e.' lages - |r zoz
Jerore
er|re |'0cc|der| e| |'0r|er|. Xvle cer|era|re du depar| de sa|r| Jerore de bore
e|
de sor |rs|a||a||or 8e|||eer. Ac|es du co||oque du C|ar||||y (sep|erore ), 18o
puo|. par 0uva|, .-|.lar|s. F|udes Augus||r|erres, . 188
Arorose ol |||ar 3axer, v. `l|gura corpor|s e| sargu|r|s 0or|r|. ure 1o;
lorru|e euc|ar|s||que des pre -r|ers s|c|es c|ez Ter|u|||er, l|ppo|y|e e|
Aroro|se.' b|vAC ( ). - . |;1;1o8
3c|r|||, J. X. |ary v|rg|r Type ol ||e C|urc| |r ||e wr|||rgs ol 3a|r| Arorose
ard
Augus||re. 0|ss., 0||aWa. 3|. lau|, . 1;1
3c|a||e||a, |. `0|o, |'ar|ra e |'uoro re||'ar|ropo|og|a |eo|og|ca d| 3. Arorog|o.'
0|v|r||as ( ). - . |1o1;z8
3e|oe|, w. l|e|sc| urd 0e|s| oe|r ||. Aroros|us. |ur|c|. Z|r|, . 18
3e|ejda|, b. `la ||po|og|a cr|s|o|og|ca re||e opere esege||c|e d| 3ar|'Arorog|o.'
0|ss.,
lrs|. la|r. Augus||r|arur, . 11
3|r|sca|co, l. `lragg|r| de| oere e de| ra|e |r Arorog|o (0e Ca|r e| Aoe| , s, 1|
Fxpos. evarg. sec. lucar , ss). Appur|| per ura s|or|a de||a rer|a||| re| lv |;
sec d.C.' 3|l| ( ). - . 1o1;|8;|
. `'F| v|d|| 0eus qu|a oorur rare.' 3u||e |r|erpre|az|or| ar||c|e d| ur |es|o
o|o||co re|a||vo a| rare (l'eseges| d| Arorog|o a 0eres| . - ).' lages - 11o ||
|r la preg||era de| rar|ra|o. la lede e || rare re| seco|o de||a C||esa e re||e
|rad|z|ore rar|rare, a cura d| A. |arodor|. bore. ls|||u|o lo||gral| co e Zecca
de||o 3|a|o, . 1z
3ry||e, l. b. `T| e lr|erpre|a||or ol Aros . |r A||aras|us ard 0|dyrus.' |1
JT| 3
N3 ( ). - . 11o18o8
3odaro, A. b. `Arorog|o e l||ore. |eggerdo || `0e larad|so' (d| Arorog|o,
corparardo |e uaes|. e| so|u||ores |r 0eres|r d| l||ore).' lages - |r o8z
Arra||
de||a lac. d| le||ere e l||os. de||'ur|v. d| |acera|a, vo|. . . 81;
3pa|aro, b. `u|erur rys|er||. la l|gura d| |ar|a |r Aroros|us, Fxpos|||o Fvarge|||
securdar lucar. l|oer securdus.' 3a|es|arur ( ). - . 1o|1o
3|uder, 8. Zur T| eop|ar|e-Fxegese Augus||rs. ur|ersuc|urg zu e|rer
Aroros|usZ||a| |r der 3c|r|l|0e v|derdo 0eo (ep. ). 3|ud|a Arse|r|ara . 1|;
bore.
Fd||r|ce Arse|r|ara, . 1;1
3W|l|, l. J. `8as|| ard Arorose or ||e s|x days ol crea||or.' Augus||r|arur z1
( ). - . 1811;z8
605
3zaoo, l. le C|r|s| crea|eur c|ez 3. Aroro|se.3|ud|a Fp|er. `Augus||r|arur.'
bore.
3|ud|ur ||eo|. `Augus||r|arur,' . 1o8
. `le C|r|s| e| |e |orde se|or 3. Aroro|se.' Aug ( ). - . 81o8zoo
. `le C|r|s| e| |es deux crea||ors se|or 3. Aroro|se.' Aug ( ). - . 81o8
Tajo, |. l| Car||co de| Car||c| |r 3. Arorog|o e 3. Agos||ro. Tes| d| laurea.
ur|vers||y
ol Tur|r, . 1;
. `ur corlror|o |ra 3. Arorog|o e 3. Agos||ro a propos||o de||'eseges| de|
Car||co
de| Car||c|.' bFAug ( ). - . ;1o11z;1
Tor, 0. 0e|. `lexaereror 3. Aroros|| v|rg|||arur.' la||r||as ( ). - . 181;oz;1
Torz|g, l. C. T| e Teac||rg ol 3|. Arorose or bea| lreserce, l|s
||surders|ard|rg |r
la|er Trad|||or ard ||e 3|gr|l|carce ol ||s becovery lor Cor|erporary Fuc|ar|s||c
T|eo|ogy. 0|ss., 0uquesre ur|vers||y, . 188
1o8oF|ever lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
Tor||, 0. `( Cor . - ) 3ar|'Arorog|o e || pr|ve|eg|o pao||ro.' 0|orra|e ||a||aro 1 ;1z1
d| l||o|og|a ( ). - . z18oz|
Torverd, 3. F. `T| e Typo|ogy ol ||e 8as|||ca Corl| |c| oe|Weer Arorose ol |||ar
ard
||e lrper|a| Cour|. A 3|udy ol ||e use ol 8|o||ca| Fxerp|a |r Aroros|ar 3errors
lreac|ed oe|Weer - .' 0|ss., 3a|r| lou|s ur|vers||y, . 88o 1o
Trar var Toar. `3a|r| Aroro|se de |||ar e| |a lo| er |a besurrec||or.' |3b |
( ). - . 18811o
vaccar|, A. `3a|r| Augus||r, 3a|r| Arorose e| Aqu||a.' lages - |r |;8z
Augus||rus
|ag|s|er. lar|s. Ac|es, . 1
. `3. Augus||r, 3. Aroro|se e| Aqu||a.' lages - |r 3cr|||| d| Frud|z|ore e zz|
d|
l||o|og|a, ll, ler |a 3|or|a de| |es|o e de||'eseges| 8|o||ca. bore. Fd. d| 3|or|a e d|
le||era|ura, . 18
vasey, v. b. `lrov . o (lXX) ard 3|. Arorose's |ar ol la|||.' Aug ( ). 1;o 1|1;|
- z;o.
. `T| e exarp|e ol Naoo|| |r 3|. Arorose's doc|r|re or |rper|ur-sacerdo||ur.'
Jur|s| ( ). - . ||18||zo|o
vecc||, A. `Appur|| su||a |err|ro|og|a esege||ca d| 3. Arorog|o.' 3|3b ( ). 81o;
- oo|.
v|||egas, |. 8. `Cua|ro padres ar|e ur 3a|ro. F| 3a|ro corer|ado por o1
l||ar|o,
Aroros|o, Jeror|ro y Agus||r.' Tyv ( ). - . zo1;o;
we||rauc|, 0. w. `0as lo|e||ed |r der 0|auoersver|urd|gurg des le|||ger
Aroros|us
vor |a||ard.' 0|ss., lor||l| c|a ur|vers||as 0regor|ara, . 1o
wy|zes, J. `Aroros|us er de Joder.' KeT| ( ). - . ;18ozzo
Zedda, 3. `la ver|d|c|| de| varge|| re| '0e corsersu Fvarge||s|arur' d| 3.
Agos||ro
e re||a 'Fxpos|||o Fvarge||| securdur lucar' d| 3. Arorog|o.' 0T | ( ). oo|1o
- |z|1.
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| Xl 1o81
A|8b03lA3TFb 3FC0N0 lAll 0l 4Tl C.
A jur|d|ca||y |ra|red borar, poss|o|y ol 3par|s| ex|rac||or, corver|ed lror
pagar|sr, ard apparer||y a reroer ol ||e |oca| c|ergy urder lope 0arasus
( - ), W|ose suppor|er |e Was, Aroros|as|er (as Frasrus rared ||r) oo8|
Wro|e a correr|ary or lau||re Fp|s||es, Correr|ar|us |r ep|s|o|as pau||ras,
W||| ||e exc|us|or ol ||e Fp|s||e |o ||e leoreWs, ard so-ca||ed uaes||ores
ve|er|s e| rov| |es|arer||. T| e au||or, c|ose |o ||g|-rar||rg c|v|| servar|s,
ard poss|o|y ore ol ||er a| ore s|age |r ||s ||le, puo||s|ed ||s Wor|
aroryrous|y. Jerore |reW a| |eas| sore ol ||s uaes||ores(le||er , ol , o 8|
, ol ;
8, , ca. ?), ou| |e c|oose ro| |o rer||or ||e|r au||or |r ||s |||erary 1|o 8
ca|a|ogue 0e v|r|s |||us|r|ous, `ar er|gra ol W||c| l see or|y ore so|u||or.
le [Jerore| d|d ro| War||o rer||or ||r' (l. J. voge|s, xv|).
Aroros|as|er |ad ro |roW|edge ol 0ree|. T| e 0|d la||r vers|ors W||c|
|e used crea|ed lor ||r sore d|ll|cu|||es (voge|s, ). l|s grea|es| ac||everer| 1
Was ||s Correr|ary or borars, |roWr |r ||ree d|ll erer| ed|||ors,
ol W||c| ore a| |eas|, Was corp|e|ed |r bore oy Aroros|as|er (uaes|.
11, , p. , , voge|s, xv). le ollers |r || a va|uao|e ara|ys|s ol lau|'s 1o zz1
cor|roversy W||| JeW|s|-C|r|s||ar opporer|s. le |s a|so ||e l|rs| exege|e
|o rerder E|r bor . W||| |r quo, rear|rg Adar ard |urar||y, 1z
oy W||c| ||e Way Was opered lor Augus||re's doc|r|re ol or|g|ra| s|r. l|s
lar|||ar||y W||| cor|erporary Juda|sr Was rerar|ao|e. le succeeded |r oe|rg
lr|erd|y |o JeWs W|||ou| g|v|rg up ary|||rg ol ||e 0ospe| (3|u|oer). l|s
v|eW ol soc|e|y corlorred |o borar s|ardards. le crea|ed ||e p|rase |us
606
ecc|es|as||cur(quaes|. , l., , ard , Ad. T|r. . ), W|er s|ress|rg z 1ozz| 1 |1z
c|er|ca| orders. lr corlorr||y W||| arc|er| borar pa|r|arc|y |e erp|as|zed
||e suoord|ra||or ol Worer, or o|o||ca| grourds. or|y rar, ro| Worar |s
crea|ed accord|rg |o 0od's |rage (quaes|. , , , ), ou| C|r|s|'s |rage z1|1oo1;
|s equa||y |r oo|| (Ad. Co|. , - ). Aroros|as|er |s ||e or|y pa|r|s||c au||or 811
adr||||rg rerarr|age urder cer|a|r cord|||ors (3|u|oer, Crouze|).
Correr|ar|us |r ep|s|o|as pau||ras
ll , - |s ursa||slac|ory ard rus| oe rep|aced oy l. J. voge|s, C3Fl 1;|o8
81, - ( - ). Cor. or borars ( , ), or ard Cor|r|||ars ( , ), 11oo1o 811 1 z 81z
or o||er Fp|s||es ( , ). T| e Correr|ary Was Wr|||er al| er Frperor Ju||ar's 81
dea|| (Jure ), ard oelore 0arasus' dea|| (0eceroer, ). Jo|red W||| o 8|
||e equa||y ex|erded expos|||or or ard Cor|r|||ars, ||e correr|ary 1 z
1o8zF|ever lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
or borars lar exceeds a|| o||ers corposed oy Aroros|as|er or lau||re
ep|s||es. T| e red|eva| |rarsr|ss|or ol ||e Wor| erjoyed a grea| popu|ar||y
urder ||e a||eged au||ors||p ol Arorose, a|ready adr|||ed oy Augus||re.
(le||er , ) |r . T| e pseudoryr||y Was recogr|sed or|y oy Frasrus 8zz| |o
|r . As a resu||, sever|y-|Wo arc|er| raruscr|p|s Warrar| a so||d oas|s 1z;
lor ||e cr|||ca| ed|||or ol . 1oo
Aroros|as|er's exeges|s corp|e|e|y |grores A|exardr|ar a||egor|sr. Al|er
a s|or| prearo|e |r W||c| |e s|gra|s ||e ra|r reasor W|y, ard rer||ors
||e c|rcurs|arce W|er, lau| Wro|e ||e le||er, ||e au||or lo||oWs ||e |ex| ol
lau|, verse oy verse, add|rg |o eac| ol ||er, corc|se correr|s. l|s ra|r
purpose |s |o g|ve a c|ear accour| ol W|a| lau| sa|d, |e ac|s rore |||e a
||s|or|ar ol lau||re ||oug|| ||ar as a ||eo|og|ar corcerred oy ||e c|urc|'s
||oug|| ol ||s oWr day. lerce, W||| Aroros|as|er, ||e |as| ol |r|erpre||rg
scr|p|ure s||l|s lror ||e pas|ora| |eve| |o ||e |eve| ol |rd|v|dua| sc|o|ars||p,
||e pr|va|e corrpos|||or ol ||e correr|ary seer|rg |o rep|ace |or||e||c
de||very. l| |oo|s as |l Aroros|as|er |r|erded |o g|ve ||rse|l a l|rrer grasp ol
lau|'s ressage |r s|ar|rg W||| educa|ed le||oW borars ||s Wr|||er accour|
or ||e ra||er. l|s se|l-appo|r|ed |as| a||oWs ||r |o |earr rore prec|se|y
W|a| ||e lau||re ep|s||es are a|| aoou|.
l|s rerar|s are esser||a||y ol a |og|ca| ra|ure. T| ey repea| W|a| lau|
says |r add|rg c|rcurs|ar||a| ard ||eore||ca| ooserva||ors W||c| |erd |o
exp||c||a|e ard arp||ly lau|'s s|a|erer|s. Aroros|as|er |ard|y s|oWs ary
|r|eres| |r grarra||ca| or s|y||s||c |ssues, W|ereas |e rever r|sses po|r|s
ol jur|d|ca| re|evarce. lav|rg expressed ||s urders|ard|rg or W|er s|||| |r
||e process ol express|rg ||, |e ca||s or scr|p|ure |o corl|rr ||s op|r|or,
or |o supp|y a corp|erer|ary express|or ol ||s ||oug||. |ary |rd|v|dua|
ro||ces lor correr|ed verses d|sperse lror ary scr|p|ura| relererce. T|ere
|s |||||e surpr|se |l ore does ro| l|rd |r Aroros|as|er exp||c|| ooserva||ors
aoou| ||s |errereu||ca| prac||ce, ||s a||er||or ro| oe|rg d|rec|ed |oWard ||e
lau||re rodeol corrur|ca||rg d|v|re reve|a||or, ou| |oWard ||e cor|er|
ol ||a| reve|a||or as lourd |r lau|. T| e borar exege|e |s ao|e |o recor|ruc|
|r ||s oWr |errs ||a| reve|a|ory cor|er|, |r produc|rg a very or|g|ra| ard
|rsp|r|rg syr||es|s ol lau|s's ||oug|| corcerr|rg ||e laW ard ||e 0ospe|,
ra|ure ard grace, |urar lreedor ard d|v|re predes||ra||or.
`T| e Wor| |s ||roug|ou|, borar ard prac||ca| |r |ore. Corror-serse
exp|ara||ors are ||e ru|e. T| e |ore |s ra||er ||a| ol ||e ca|r d|spass|ora|e
searc|er lor |ru|| ||ar ol ||e rys||c v|s|orary W|o see|s |o soar |o ||e
|e|g||s ol ||e Apos||e's ||oug||. we |ave |ere rore ol ||e sp|r||ua| |rs|g||s
ol ar Augus||re . . . ou| ||e Wor| ol a corsc|er||ous Wr||er W|o see|s |r scr|p|ure
lor p|a|r uselu| |essors W||c| ray serve e|eva|e ||e da||y ||ves ol ||s
Aroros|as|er 1o8
borar le||oW c|||zers. . . . T| e correr|ary seers |o oe lor ||e ros| par|, |l
ro| er||re|y, or|g|ra|' (3ou|er , - ). 1oo;
Fd|||ors
ll , - . 1;|;o
Are|||, A., 3p|c||eg|ur Cas|rerse , ( ) - . z1o118
voge|s, l. J.. C3Fl , - ( - ). 8111ooo
uaes||ores ve|er|s e| rov| |es|arer|| CXXvll
Aroros|as|er s|ar|ed oy co||ec||rg a ser|es ol a |urdred ard l|l|y-ore parp||e|s,
l|rs| puo||s|ed aroryrous|y |r separa|e |ssues. la|er or |av|rg produced |r ||e
rear||re ||s lau||re Correr|ar|es, |e rev|sed ||e co||ec||or
ol uaes||ores. le e||r|ra|ed dup||ca|es, correc|ed errors, ard reduced
correr|s roW superl|uous or lau|'s Fp|s||es. T| a| re|rac|a||ogave ||r space
lor expard|rg sore ol ||e ear||er parp||e|s ard add|rg reW ores, roW
err|c|ed W||| a d|s||rc||ve |or||e||c l|avour. T| e rev|sed co||ec||or cour|s
a |urdred ard sever parp||e|s. A |||rd recers|or ol ||e uaes||oresda|es
lror ||e l|g| ||dd|e Ages, oe|Weer ||e e|g||| ard ||e |We|l|| cer|ur|es
(3ou|er, C3Fl , , x|-x|||). o1o8
A l|rs| se| ol lor|y-sever uaes||oresaddresses ||e o|, e|g||y o||ers
dea| W||| r| |ssues. T| e o| ser|es |rc|udes uaes||ores - , or |eac||rgs 1o
ol 0eres|s ard s|ress|rg a| orce ||e au||or's lasc|ra||or W||| ||e laW ard
607
d|v|re predes||ra||or, uaes||ores - , or |osa|c laW, |r ||s |rs|||u||or, ;z8
||s app||ca||or ard ||s ||r|s W||| c|rcurc|s|or, uaes||ores - , or oody 1z
ard sou|, uaes||ores - , or s|r ard dea||. uaes||ores - lorr ar o| |||;
apperd|x, s|ar||rg W||| ||e |orges| ol a|| parp||e|s, ar Adversur ludaeos
as a spec|a| add|||or.
T| oug| |grorar| ol A|exardr|ar a||egor|sr, or a||erg|c |o ||, Aroros|as|er
expresses a s|rorg serse lor ||e sp|r||ua| ard l|gura||ve rear|rg ol W|a|
scr|p|ure descr|oes |r ood||y |errs. ror |errar so|ar vu|| |r|e||eg|, sed ra|er|ar
s|gr|l|cav||, `|e does ro| rear or|y ||e Wor|d, ou| |e relers |o ra||er as
suc|' ( . , - ), ludaeorur popu|ur reproour s|gr|l|cav||. . . a||er popu|us zz181
lu|urus s|gr|l|ca|us es|, `|e relerred |o ||e rejec|ed JeW|s| peop|e . . . |e relers
|o aro||er peop|e |o core' ( . , - , ), sp|r||a|||er vero |oc s|gr|l|cav||, 8zzzz
`|o spea| ||e |ru||, |e rear| || |r a sp|r||ua| serse' ( . , ), sp|r||a||s 1z;1
|arer |r|e||eger||a |r |ac causa |s|a es|, `||e sp|r||ua| urders|ard|rg |r ||a|
ra||er goes as lo||oWs' ( . , - ), l|gura lu|sse ex|s||re|ur, `|| s|ou|d 1;||1o1;
oe cors|dered as a prel|gura||or' ( . , - ), sa|u||s |u|us l|gura. . . l|gura zo|;11|
1o8|F|ever lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
|u|us re|. . . s|grur prae|er||ae l|de| pr|rord|e s|gr|l|ca|ae l|gura lu|| lu|urae
l|de| pr|ro d|e cors|ao||||a|ae, `a prel| gura||or ol ||a| sa|va||or . . . a l| gure ol
||a| rea|||y . . . oecause ||e s|gr ol pas| la|||, relerred |o or ||e l|rs| day, Was
a prel|gura||or ol la||| |o core, corl|rred or ||e l|rs| day' ( . , - ), z;1o1
corpora|||er da|a ser|er||a sp|r||a|||er cec|d|| |r sa|arar, `||e ser|erce |rposed
|r ood||y |errs le|| or 3a|ar as a sp|r||ua| ore' ( . , - ), corpora||s 1zoz1
v|de|ur da|a ser|er||a, u| |||ur sp|r||a|||er |erea|, `||e ser|erce |s s|oWr as
g|ver |r ood||y |errs |r order |o o|rd ||r (3a|ar) sp|r||ua||y' ( . - ), a||o zoz;
sersu scr|p|ura |ocu|a es| quar propos||ur es|, `scr|p|ure spea|s |r a d|ll erer|
serse lror W|a| |s Wr|||er' ( . , ), ror es| s|c |r|e||egerdur u| sorar| oo||
veroa, `|||s s|ou|d ro| oe urders|ood |||era||y' ( . , ), s| au|er sp|r||a|||er 8oz|
v|s |oc acc|pere, |errar |or|rer s|gr|l|ca|ur |r|e||ege, `|l you are |rc||red
|o adr|| || |r a sp|r||ua| serse, urders|ard ||a| 'ear||' rears '|urar||rd''
( , - ), |ereorae ger|||||a|er e| |grorar||ar s|gr|l|car|, `'dar|ress' rears ooo;
'pagar|sr' ard '|grorarce'' ( . , ), `carer' au|er `ger|||er' s|gr|l|ca|ur, oo1
`'0og' rears 'pagar' ( , ), sp|rae au|er |r pecca||s s|gr|l|car|ur, ` '||orrs' ooz1
s|gr|ly 's|rs'' ( . , - ), |||a quae |r l|gura da|a erar|, |d es| saooa|ur e| |zo1z1
c|rcurc|s|o, `(||e |rpos|||ors) g|ver as a prel| gura||ors. rare|y ||e 3aooa||
ard c|rcurc|s|or' ( . , - ), popu|us |s|e |r lacoo s|gr|l|ca|ur au| |r ||;181
3arar|a au| |r. . ., `||a| (JeW|s|) peop|e |rc|uded |r Jacoo |s relerred |o oy
'3arar|a' or oy . . .' ( , ), de ger||ous au|er aper|us es| qu|a a|||er |||os ;81|
s|gr|l|ca|, quar sur| ludae|, `corcerr|rg ||e pagars ||er rar|les||y relerred
|o |r a d|llerer| Way ||ar ||e JeWs' ( , - ), sep|er ru||eres sep|er ;811o
ecc|es|as esse s|gr|l|ca|as, `||e sever Worer relerred |o sever c|urc|es' ( . |;
o, - ), qu|a qu| s|re deo es|, rudus d|c|a|ur, `oecause a persor W|||ou| zoz1
0od |s sa|d |o oe ra|ed' ( , ), qu|a |oc urusqu|sque |rdu|us d|c||ur, quod z1
e| es| e| prol||e|ur, `oecause eac| ore |s sa|d |o oe dressed accord|rg |o W|a|
|e |s ard W|a| |e prolesses |o oe' ( , - ). zzz|
T| us Aroros|as|er's ||eod|cy |opes |o overcore a|| apparer| cor|rad|c||ors |r
scr|p|ure, ard |o ver|ly 0od's cors|s|er| ac||rg |r v|eW ol ||e lu|l|||rer| ol o|o||ca|
sa|va||or-||s|ory |r C|r|s|. `T| e o|o||ca| |ex| erp|oyed oy
Aroros|as|er . . . |s a| |eas| coeva| W||| our o|des| corp|e|e raruscr|p|s ol
||e 0ree| 8|o|e, ard ||us presupposes a 0ree| |ex| ar|er|or |o ||er . . . ||e
|ex| erp|oyed oy ||r Was presurao|y ||a| corror|y erp|oyed |r bore
a| ||e ||re . . . ||e or|y la||r |ex| ol ||e r| |o W||c| Jerore pa|d ary regard
a| a|| . . . ||e va|ue ol Aroros|as|er's |ex| ol ||e lau||re Fp|s||es cou|d ro| oe
exaggera|ed' (3ou|er , l.). Aroros|as|er quo|es a|| ||e 8oo|s ol ||e 1o1
o|, `excep| bu||, Na|ur, 3uzarra ard per|aps ore or |Wo o||ers' (3ou|er
1o, ). lr ||e r|, ro|e quo|a||ors lror le|er, Jares, Jo|r. T| e 0ospe|s 1o z
are ordered. |a|||eW, lu|e, |ar|, Jo|r (3ou|er , l.). 1o1o
Aroros|as|er 1o8
Fd|||ors
ll , - . zzo;z8o
ll3 ( ) - , ( ) - . add|||ora| lragrer|s. 118oz;z1oo8z
3ou|er, A.. C3Fl ( ). o1o8
0erera| 8|o||ograp|y
Aroros|as|er
A|essardro da b|paoo||or|. `la do||r|ra de||'Aroros|as|er su| pr|v||eg|o lao||ro.'
laurer||arur ( ). - . 1o||z|;
Araud, b. `u|dqu|d ror es| ex l|de pecca|ur es| (bor . ). ue|ques 1|z
|r|erpre|a||ors pa|r|s||ques (0r|g., JC|rys., Aroros|as|er, le|ag.).' lages - 1z|
|r
T| eo|. . |e|. l. de luoac. . o 1o
8as||aerser, A. A. b. `Augus||r correr|a|eur de sa|r| lau| e| |'Aroros|as|er.'
3F o
( ). - . 1o1;o
Car|a|aressa, b. `'ba||o pasc|ae.' la cor|rovers|a su| s|gr|l|ca|o de||a lasqua
608
re||'Aroros|as|er, |r 0|ra|oro e |r Agos||ro.' Aev ( ). - . ||1;oz1|1
Cource||e, l. `Cr|||ques exege||ques e| argurer|s ar||c|re||ers rappor|es par
Aroros|as|er.' v|gC|r ( ). - . 111o
0ur|g, w. `0er ||eo|og|sc|e Ausgargspur|| der r|||e|a||er||c|er |||urg|sc|er
Aullassurg des lerrsc|ers a|s v|car|us 0e|.' lJ ( ). - . ;;181;|8;
la||ca, l. `l'Aroros|as|er, |'eseges| re| correr|ar| a||e Fp|s|o|e a| Cor|rz|.'
ve|C|r
z|( ). - . 18;zoz
0eer||rgs, w. ur|ersuc|urg zur lau|usvers|ardr|s des Aroros|as|er. 0|ss.,
Tuo|rger,
18o.
. `Zur exege||sc|er |e||ode des Aroros|as|er.' lages - |r 3||ru||, ls. ||||
F.
0assrarr. Fd||ed oy 0. 3c|o||ger ard C. 3c|o||er. |urs|er. Asc|erdorll ,
. 1o
0re|o|, l. `Traduc||or e| |'|r|erpre|a||or de l| . - . ue|ques e|erer|s zo;
d'erque|e
pa|r|s||que.' NbT| A || | ( ). - . 1o1o1;11oozo
legge|oac|er, 0. `8ez|e|urger zW|sc|er Aroros|as|er urd |ax|rus vor
Tur|r?'
lZl|T| ( ). - . |11|||
`l||a|re de lo|||ers, Aroro|se de |||ar, Aroros|as|er.' lr 8|o||a pa|r|s||ca. lrdex
des
c||a||ors e| a||us|ors o|o||ques dars |a ||||era|ure pa|r|s||que, vo|. . lar|s. Fd|||ors o
du C.N.b.3., Cer|re d'ara|yse e| de docurer|a||or pa|r|s||ques,
1.
lur|er, 0. 0. `0r ||e 3|r ol Adar ard Fve. A |||||e-|roWr delerse ol rarr|age
ard
c|||doear|rg oy Aroros|as|er.' lT|b ( ). - . 8z18z8
leer|rg, 8. `T|e |ys|er|ous Aroros|as|er.' 0b ( ). - . ;1zo;
1o8oF|ever lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
|ar||r|, C. `0e ord|ra||ore duarur co||ec||orur qu|ous Aroros|as|r|
'uaes||ores' |radur|ur.' Ar|or ( ). - . zz1|;z|8
|ar||r|, 0. C. `le recers|or| de||e 'uaes||ores ve|er|s e| Nov| Tes|arer||'
de||'Aroros|as|er.' b3b ( ). - . 11||ooz
|er|e|, l. 0|e l|ura|||a| der Fvarge||er a|s ||eo|og|sc|es urd exege||sc|es
lroo|er |r
der A||er K|rc|e. Trad|||o C|r|s||ara, Tex|e urd Korrer|are zur pa|r|s||sc|er
T| eo|og|e . 8err. larg, . 1;8
|eyer zu up|rup, K. 0|e ar||ropo|og|sc|er 8egr|lle |r exege||sc|er wer| des
Aroros|as|er. 0|ss., le|de|oerg, . 1oo
lerrore, l. `Fc|| de||a po|er|ca pagara su||a 8|oo|a reg|| scr|||| esege||c| lra |v e
v
sec. le uaes||ores ve|er|s e| Nov| Tes|arer||de||'Aroros|as|er.' A3F ( ). 111|
- 1o18.
. `Fc|| de||a po|er|ca pagara su||a 8|oo|a reg|| scr|||| esege||c| lra lv e v
seco|o.
|e uaes||ores ve|er|s e| Nov| Tes|arer||de||'Aroros|as|er.' lages - |r 1|;z
lagar| e cr|s||ar| da 0|u||aro |'Apos|a|a a| sacco d| bora. A||| de| Corvegro
lr|erraz|ora|e d| 3|ud| (berde, | roverore . Fd||ed oy l. F. Corso||ro. 1z1 1
3|ud| d| l||o|og|a Ar||ca e |oderra . buooe|||ro. 3over|a |ore|||, . 1 1
lesce, |. `l| correr|o de||'Aroros|as|er a||a lr|ra |e||era a| Cor|rz|.' A3F ;
( ). - . 1ooz
lo||as|r|, A. `l| pro|ogo de| Correr|o a||a |e||era a| borar|de||'Aroros|as|er.'
33b
z( ). - . 1;81z|
. `3u| rappor|o |ra cr|s||ar| e g|ude| secordo || correr|o de||'Aroros|as|er ad
a|cur| pass| pao||r| (0a| . o- . bor . , , - a, . ).' 33b ( ). 1 zo 111ozozzo 11 |18o
- 1z;.
3|ar|e|, F. `0|scuss|or sur |e|c||sedec| (Aroros|as|er - Jerore).' lages - |
|r
ls. w. Kar|a = voxla - . - . 1z118;188
3|aru|a, F. `Nau|a Arorozjas|ra o s|ar|e p|erWo|ryr cz|oW|e|a.' 3|ACl, ro. z
( ). - . 1;;1zo
. Nau|a Arorozjas|ra. T| e |eac||rg ol Aroros|as|er or ||e pr|reva| s|a|e ol
rar.
A s|udy |r ||e area ol ||eo|og|ca| ar||ropo|ogy. 3|ud|a Ar||qu||a||s C|r|s||arae,
vo|. . warsaW. A|ad. Teo|. Ka|., . z 1;;
T|rrele|d, l. l. ur|ersuc|urger zur a|||a|e|r|sc|er uoer||elerurg des 1
T|ro||eusor|eles. 0er |a|e|r|sc|e lau|us|ex| |r der lardsc|r|l|er 0 F l 0 urd
|r der Korrer|arer des Aroros|as|er u. le|ag|us. K|ass.-l|||o|. 3|ud|er, vo|.
. zo
w|esoader. larrassoW||z, . 1o
va|ero, J. 8. `lecar er Adr segr Aroros|as|er.' FF ( ). - . o1o1|;1
609
voge|s, l. J. `0er 8|oe||ex| |r dre| pseudoaroros|ar|sc|er lred|g|er.' ZNw |o
( ). - . 1ooo8
. ur|ersuc|urger zur Tex| pau||r|sc|er 8r|ele oe| bul|r urd Aroros|as|er.
8orr.
lars|e|r, . 1
Aroros|as|er 1o8;
. `Aroros|as|er urd l|eroryrus.' b8er ( ). - . oo1o1
. `l|orar|| dorr||ar|es. Aus der uoer||elerurg des Aroros|as|er-Korrer|ars
zu
der lau||r|sc|er 8r|eler.' 03Fvlll ( ). - . 1o1
. 0as Corpus lau||rur des Aroros|as|er |rg. 888 . 8orr. lars|e|r, . 1 1;
. 0|e uoer||elerurg des Aroros|as|er|orrer|ars zu der lau||r|sc|er 8r|eler.
NAw0, . 1
w||es, |. l. T| e 0|v|re Apos||e. T| e lr|erpre|a||or ol 3|. lau|'s Fp|s||es |r ||e
Far|y
C|urc|. lordor. Caror|dge ur|vers||y lress, . 1o;
Ze|zer, |. `Zur 3prac|e des Aroros|as|er.' w3| ( ). - . 81;o1oz1
1o88F|ever lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
Xll
Clb0|ATlu3 0l AullFlA 335|340-407
8|s|op ol Aqu||e|a, ||s |ore |oWr, C|rora||us |ad, W|||e s|||| a presoy|er,
|a|er par| |r ||e |oca| courc|| ol . A| ar ear||er da|e, |e |ad We|cored 81
Jerore ard bul|rus |r ||s c|rc|e ol asce||cs. le Wou|d cor||rue |o suppor|
||er ||roug|ou| ||e|r quarre|, ever serd|rg Jerore l|rarc|a| ass|s|arce lor
||s Wor| ard urg|rg bul|rus |o |rars|a|e Fuseo|us's Fcc|ec|as||ca| l|s|ory.
le appea|ed |o Frperor Arcad|us or oe|a|l ol Jo|r C|rysos|or al|er ||e
|a||er's depos|||or |r . l|s |as| years lror or Were |rouo|ed oy 0o|||c |o| |o|
|rvas|ors.
3|rce , aoou| s|x|y |rac|a|usor |a|||eW, a |arge par| ol ||s ex|ers|ve 1oo
correr|ary, corposed ca. - (CCl A, vll), |ave oeer |der||l|ed, |oo|o;
|rarsr|||ed urder ||e rares ol Jerore ard C|rysos|or. lor|y-l|ve o||er
|or|||es ol C|rora||us are a|so ex|ar|.
Fd|||ors
F|a|x, b., J. l. lerar|e. CCl A ( ), A 3upp|. ( ). 1;| 1;;
F|a|x, b.,. b8 ( ) - , ( ) - . 1181zzzoz18z1o11o
los|e, A.. CCl ( ) - . 1;;1||;
Tard|l, l.. 3C ( , |r|ro. |ex|, ro|es oy J. lerar|e), ( ). 1|1o 1o|1;1
Trars|a||ors
lrerc|
Tard|l. aoove.
l|a||ar
Cusc||o, 0., Ca|ec|es| a| popo|o, bore . 1;
Todde, |., Crora||o de Aqu|e|a, 3error| |||urg|c|, bore . 18z
Tre||e|, 0., Correr|o a| varge|o d| |a||eo, bore . 18|
8|o||ograp||es |r CCl A, A 3upp|., ard 3C , - . 1|111zo
lr CCl , ore reads. 3erro de oc|o oea|||ud|r|ous(ll , - ), Trac|a|us zozz8
Xvll |r Fvarge||ur |a|||ae|(ll , - ). zoz;o8
Trac|a|usl or |a|||eW . 1
ll . - 1o1;
lll . - 11z
lv . 1
C|rora||us ol Aqu||e|a 1o8
v . - 1|1o
vl . - 1;zo
vll . - z1z|
vlll . - zzo
lX . - z;o
X . - 1;
Xl . - 8|z
Xll . - . |o|
Xlll . - o8
Xlv . - o1
Xv . - o1o18
Xvl . - o1z1
Xvll . - ozzz|
T|ese |rac|a|us, ol var|ous |erg||s are par||y oased or preac|ed |or|||es.
T|ey oerel|| lror ear||er correr|ar|es or |a|||eW, ||ose ol lor|ura||arus,
C|rora||us's predecessor, ard ol l||ary ol lo|||ers, as We|| as lror Arorose's
Correr|ary or lu|e. T| ey Were Wr|||er s|or||y al| er Jerore |ad puo||s|ed
||s oWr correr|ary or |a|||eW. T| e|r purpose |s de||oera|e|y pas|ora|.
C|rora||us Wro|e aoou| a |urdred suc| |rac|a|us, cover|rg |a|||eW - 118
(||e correr|ary or || - coud ro| oe |rc|uded), a Wor| W||c| `oy ||s 1z
d|rers|ors Wer| lar oeyord ||ose ol l||ary ard Jerore, ard oy ||e r|c|es
ol ||s cor|er|, cou|d corpe|e W||| ||ose ol Jo|r C|rysos|or or ol Arorose
610
or lu|e' (3C , ). 0r|y leo l quo|es C|rora||us's lr |a|||aeur, |rac|. 1|
Xvll, |r 3erro (ll , l.). 0r ||e s|y|e ol C|rora||us, see J. lerar|e, ||o1
3C , - . `lor ||e o|s|op ol Aqu||e|a, Cypr|ar Was |rdeed ||e 'ras|er' 1||o1
par exce||erce' ( , ro|e). oz
lr CCl A, ore l|rds ||e sever|eer |rac|a|uspuo||s|ed |r CCl repr|r|ed (||s|ed
aoove), W||| a oroader arro|a||or ard cr|||ca| appara|us
( - ). z||8
Trac|a|usXll (o||r. Trac|a|usl) p. z|
Xlll ll p. z|;
Xvll lll p. zo;
Xvlll lv p. z;8
XlX v p. z8|
XX vl p. zo
XXl vll p. z|
XXll vlll p. z
XXlll lX p. o
XXlv X p. o8
1ooF|ever lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
XXv Xl p. 1
XXvl Xll p. 18
XXvll Xlll p. z|
XXvlll Xlv p. z;
XXlX Xv p. o
XXX Xvl p.
XXXl Xvll p. ||
lr add|||or, ore reads W||| ||e reW ruroer|rg.
Trac|a|usl or |a|||eW . - 111;
ll - 18z
lll - z|z
lv . - z1
v - 1o1z
vl - 118
vll - 1z
vlll . - 1
lX |
X -
Xl - 1o1z
Xlv . - |111
Xv - 1z1;
Xvl - 18z
XXXll . - oz|
XXXlll . - ;11z
XXXlv - 11|
XXXv - 1zo
XXvl - z1z
XXXvlll . - 8z|
XXXlX - 1
Xl - 1|1;
Xll - 18zz
Xlll - (= 0pus |rperl. |r ||, |or. , zz; z
l0 , - ) o;|;o
Xllll - z8|
Xllv . - 18
Xlv - 1
Xlvl - 1|1;
Xlvll - 18zo
Xlvlll - z;1
C|rora||us ol Aqu||e|a 1o1
XlX . - 1zzzz8
l - zz
ll . - 1o|
lll . - 1|zz
llll . - 111o
llv . 1o|
lv . - 181o
lvl - 8
lvll - 1o11
lvlll - 118
llX - 1
T|e lrdex serrorur |r c|asses d|s|r|ou|orur|r CCl A, p. , lac||||a|es oo
co||ec||rg |rlorra||or aoou| C|rora||us's exege||ca| serrors correr||rg
or ||e 0|d Tes|arer|
3errolX or ls . - 11;
XXlll or Ca|r ard Aoe| XXlv or Josep|
611
XXv or F||ja|
XXXv (lrag.) or 3uzarra XXXvlll lrag.) or 0r . (|ur|cs ol s||rs) ard z1
correr||rg or ||eNeW Tes|arer|
0r |a|||eW
3errov or || . - 1
vl . - ozzz
X . - z1
Xlll (lrag.) . z;
XlX . - z;z;z8
XX (lrag.) ;
XXXvll (lrag.) . - 8zz|
XXXlX (lrag.) . - 1
Xll - 11z
0r lu|e
3erroXXll or l| . - z11|
0r Jo|r
3errolv or Jr . - z1
Xl . 1z
Xv . - 1|
Xvlll . - 1o
1ozF|ever lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
XvlllA - o
XXvll . - 111||
0r Ac|s
3errol or Ac|s - |
ll . - 88
lll . - 1o1zo
XXlX . - 1z11;
XXX . - 11zz|
XXXl . - 11o
0r lau||re Fp|s||es
3erroXll or bor . - ;1z
XXv or Cor . 1 z|
0r|y |Wo serrors correr| or lau|'s le||ers, rore prec|se|y or ||s rora|
|eac||rg, ore or |Wo parere||c verses oe|rg quo|ed. lau|'s d|a|ec||c, ||s
s|rugg|e lor s|a||rg proper|y a oe||ever's |der|||y as |e perce|ves ||, seers |o
oe |grored |r a|| peace ol corsc|erce oy ||e op||r|s||c-r|rded o|s|op. T| e
s|rg|e serror or lu|e, lor C|r|s|ras ||g|||g||s ||e |r|egra||rg poWer ol
C|rora||us's a||egor|ca| r|rd-se|. ||e 0ospe| ever|, |r ||s g|ooa| rarra||or
ard s|gr|l|carce, surlaces oe|Weer ||e ||res ol a ros| urpre|er||ous correr|
or ||e scere ol ||e Na||v||y, T| e ||s|or|ca| rea|||y |s d|rec||y ca||ed |o r|rd as
a d|rec| c|a||erge lor ||e preser| exper|erce ol la||| oe|rg ac|ua||zed
ecc|es|o|og|ca||y. ||e s|ep|erds cared lor ||e|r s|eep |r ||e r|g||, so do o|s|ops
roW, v|g||are er|r po|es| |r C|r|s|o l|des ros|ra(3erro , - ). z1oo
T| e ruroer ol serrors |arded doWr or o| ||eres |s a|so very ||r||ed,
g|ver ||e oppor|ur||y allorded oy ||e year-|org |||urg|ca| read|rgs. T| e lragrer|
ed||ed as 3erroXXXvlll |s |r lac| a corl|a||or ol reWr|||er ex|rac|s
lror severa| o||er serrors, 3.Xv, XXl-XXlll (CCl A, ). 3erroXXlll, 1oo
XXlv ard XXv, Were |a|er over oy Caesar|us ol Ar|es as 3erro , ard ol z8 z;
||s Co||ec||o o|o||ca de rys|er||s ve|er|s Tes|arer||. T| e lragrer| or 3uzarra
Was lourd cop|ed |r ||e 8avar|ar |or|||ary ol a Caro||rg|ar lseudo-8ede,
ear|y r|r|| cer|ury ard 3errolX, or lsa|r Was a|so |rc|uded |r a 1
|or|||ary, da||rg lror - , corp||ed oy ||e aooo| ol |ordsee lor ||e 81181
arc|o|s|op ol Co|ogre, ard ol W||c| or|y ||e pars aes||varera|rs (CCl
A, Xv). lr o||er Words, ||e leW sca||ered rera|rs ol C|rora||us' |eac||rg
or ||e o| read|rgs a||oW ro del|r|||ve corc|us|or aoou| ||s ac||v||y |r |||s
regard. T| e sare precar|ous cord|||ors Were |rposed or ||s r| serrors,
ou| rore ol ||er surv|ve, W||c| rever||e|ess reed |o oe eva|ua|ed W|||
C|rora||us ol Aqu||e|a 1o
ruc| cau||or. 0r|y ||e |or|||es or |a|||eW s|ard l|rr|y eroug| lor suc|
a cr|||ca| eva|ua||or, reassured or para||e|ed as ||ey Were |r ||e lor|y-ore
ex|ar| |rac|a|usol C|rora||us.
3|ud|es
0e N|co|a, A. `l| pro|ogo a| Trac|a|us |r |a|||aeurd| Croraz|o.' Ar||c|||e
a||oadr|a||c|e ( ). - . |188111o
0uva|, .-|. `C|rorace e| Jerore.' Ar||c||| a||oadr|a||c|e (ud|re) ( ). |18
- 118.
F|a|x, b. lragrer|s rouveaux du correr|a|re sur |a||||eu de C|rorace
d'Aqu||ee.
0|ss., lyor. lac. Ca||o||que, . 1oo
. `'Trac|a|us |r |a||eur' par||e||erer| |red||s, pouvar| e|re a||r|oues
C|rorace d'Aqu||ee.' b8er ( ). - . ;o1oo|oo
F|a|x, b., ard J. lerar|e. `la |rad|||or raruscr||e des Trac|a|us |r |a||eur de
sa|r| C|rorace d'Aqu||ee.' 3F | ( ). - . 1;z1oooz|
612
laor|s, b. `l| re|odo esege||co d| Croraz|o d| Aqu||e|a re| Trac|a|us |r
|a|||aeur.'
lr 3cuo|a 3uper|ore de Teo|og|a d| ud|re e 0or|z|a . var|e|as |rd|v|sa, 3|ud| |r 1
orore d| l. 8er|o||a e A|do |ore|||, - . 8resc|a, . 111; 18
lerar|e, J. `l'appor| des rouveaux raruscr||s |ero|rs des serrors e| du
correr|a|re sur |a||||eu de C|rorace.' Ar||c||| a||oadr|a||c|e ( ). - |18o
. 8o
. `le serror de C|rorace d'Aqu||ee pour |'Fp|p|ar|e. Nouve||e a||es|a||or |
dars |'|ore||a|re caro||rg|er du lseudo-8ede.' 3F ( | ). - . 1z1z1z|
|er|s, 0. C. `l| s|grur lorae|r ur ruovo |rac|a|usd| Croraz|o e re||a |rad|z|ore
esege||ca e |corogral|ca aqu||e|ese.' lr 3cuo|a 3uper|ore de Teo|og|a d| ud|re e
0or|z|a . var|e|as |rd|v|sa, 3|ud| |r orore d| l. 8er|o||a e A|do |ore|||, - . 1 11o
8resc|a, . 18
Nauroy, 0. `C|rorace, d|sc|p|e cr|||que de |'exegse d'Aroro|se. bea|||e e|
||r||es
de |'|rl|uerce de |'lr lucarsur |es Trac|a|us |r |a|||aeur.' Ar||c|||
a||oadr|a||c|e ( ). - . |1811;|
uacquare|||, A. `l'ecc|es|o|og|a re||e eseges| d| Croraz|o.' Ar||c|||
a||oadr|a||c|e
(ud|re) ( ). - . |18|oz
Tre||e|, 0. `Terr|ro|og|a esege||ca re| serror| d| 3. Croraz|o d| Aqu||e|a.'
bFAug
zo( ). - . 1;|1
. `'l|gura' e 'ver||as' re| |'opera ora|or|o d| 3ar Croraz|o, vescovo d| Aqu||e|a.'
3cC ( ). - . 1oz1;|z
1o|F|ever lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
Xlll
JFb0|F CA. 347-419|420
a spec|a| cor|r|ou||or
oy l|erre Jay
|.
A leW years o|der ||ar Augus||re, JeroreFuseo|us l|eroryrusWas oorr
ros| prooao|y |r or ||e eas|err corl|res ol ror||err l|a|y, 3|r|dor, ||s |;
ra||ve v|||age, Was |o oe des|royed |||r|y years |a|er |r ar |rvas|or ol 0o||s
(0e u|r|s |r|us|r|ous ). lssued lror a C|r|s||ar lar||y sull| c|er||y corlor|ao|e |o 1
serd ||r |o bore lor ||s s|ud|es, || Was ||ere ||a| |e pursued
||e |eac||rg ol ||e ce|eora|ed 'grarrar|ar' Ae||us 0ora|us, a| W|ose sc|oo|
|e Was W|er |r ||e surrer ol Word reac|ed bore ol ||e dea|| ol o
||e erperor Ju||ar (lr laoacucll. . ). le rus| |ave oeer aoou| |Wer|y 1|
years o|d W|er al|er ||s s|ud|es |e Wer| |o Tr|er, ||e ord|rary res|derce a|
||a| ||re ol ||e erperor va|er||r|ar |r ||e lace ol ||e oaroar|ar advarce.
le ev|der||y Was rour|s||rg ||e |ope ol |ard|rg a career as ar |rper|a|
lurc||orary. 8u| ||e d|scovery |e rade ||ere ol ||e roras||c |dea|, ||a|
A||aras|us ol A|exardr|a |ad popu|ar|zed |r ||e area ||roug| ||s |a|es ol
||e ||le ol Ar|ory ||e lerr|| dur|rg ||s l|rs| ex||e, |urred ||s ||le ups|de
doWr. 0rce corver|ed |o ||e asce||c ||le |e d|scovered C|r|s||ar au||ors
ol ||e sare roverer| ard cop|ed W||| ||s oWr |ard ||e Correr|ary or
||e lsa|rsol l||ary ol lo|||ers (Fp|s|. . ). 3ore years |a|er, W|er |e Wer| z
|o ||e eas| al|er ar aoorev|a|ed s|ay |r ||s ra||ve |ard, `lu|| ol ardor lor ||e
s|udy ol ||e scr|p|ures,' |e rade a| Ar||oc| a ra||er urlor|ura|e l|rs| d|sp|ay
ol ||s |a|er| W||| a roW |os| correr|ary or ||e s|or| ooo| ol 0oad|a| (lr
Aod|ar, pro|.). l||e ||s roras||c voca||or, Jerore's Wor| oeg|rs urder ||e
s|gr ol ||e 8|o|e.
3||||, |||rgs d|d ro| go a|| ||a| sroo|||y lor ||r ever ||oug| |e Was
oorr |r|o a C|r|s||ar lar||y ard Was oap||zed |r bore |oWards ||e erd ol
||s s|ud|es. Jerore |r lac| |ad |ep| lror ||e |eac||rg ol 0ora|us a deep
a||ac|rer| lor ||e grea| c|ass|ca| |ex|s |r W|ose lar|||ar||y ||s r|rd ard
sers|||v||y |ad oeer lorred. le Was a|so pu| olla| l|rs| oy ||e read|rg ol
||e o|o||ca| |ex|s W|ose s|y|e |e judged |o oe roug| ard uradorred. 3erro
|orreoa| |rcu||us, |e Wou|d |a|er adr|| |o ||e yourg Fus|oc||us W|er |e|||rg ||r
ol ||e larous drear W||c|, a| ||e ||re ol ||s re|rea| |r ||e deser|
ol C|a|c|s rar|ed ||e c||rax ol |||s |r|erra| corl||c| oe|Weer ||e |ove ol
||e c|ass|cs ard ||e v|s|or |e |ad a| ||e ||re ol ||s asce||ca| voca||or. `ou
Jerore 1o
are a C|ceror|ar, ard ro| a C|r|s||ar,' |e |ears || reproac||rg ||r oelore
corr||||rg ||rse|l ro| |o read prolare au||ors aryrore (Fp|s|. . ). le zzo
seers |o |ave |ep| ||s Word lor aW|||e oelore se||||rg lor a ruc| rore ruarced
a||||ude |oWard c|ass|ca| cu||ure.
lr ||e deser| |e |ad read scr|p|ure W|||e perlec||rg ||s |roW|edge ol
0ree| ard ever oeg|rr|rg leoreW (Fp|s|. . ). bea||z|rg W|er |e re|urred |o 1z1z
Ar||oc| ||e recess||y ol a ser|ous |r|||a||or, |e gave ear |o Apo|||rar|us ol
laod|cea, W|o used |o core ||ere |o correr| or scr|p|ure. A|
Cors|ar||rop|e, W|ere |e Wer| rex|, |e go| c|ose |o 0regory ol Naz|arzus,
613
W||| W|or |e read ||e 8|o|e |r pr|va|e sess|ors, ard W|or |e Wou|d recogr|ze
as ||s geru|re ras|er. A|orgs|de ||e Cappadoc|ar W|o |ad pu| |oge||er
|r ||e l|||oca||aa l|or||eg|ur ol 0r|ger's exege||ca| pages |e d|ved |r|o ||e
vas| ur|verse ol ||e scr|p|ura| Wor| ol ||e A|exardr|ar. le ever se| ou| |o
`la||r|ze' 0r|ger, |rars|a||rg |Wer|y-e|g|| ol ||s |or|||es or Jerer|a| ard
Fze||e| ard ||er r|re o||ers or lsa|a|, c||el|y or ||e prop|e|'s v|s|or, W||c|
are a|so lror ||s |ard, a|||oug| |e rever adr|||ed |||s. urdouo|ed|y |e
|oo| lror ||ere ||e |dea lor ||e |||||e persora| essay ||a| |e Wro|e or |||s
v|s|or a| ||a| ||re (= Fp|s|. A) ard |o W||c| |e W||| re|urr sore |||r|y 18
years |a|er |r ||s grea| correr|ary or ||e prop|e| (lr lsa|arlll. . ). T| e o1
prelace |o ||s |rars|a||or ol ||e C|ror|c|eol Fuseo|us ol Caesarea a||es|s a|
||e sare ||re |o ||e |r|eres| |e s|oWed lor ||e d|llerer| o| vers|ors ||a|
0r|ger |ad pu| |oge||er |r ||e lexap|a. T| us |e cou|d ooas| ol a cer|a|r
lare |r ||e s|udy ol ||e scr|p|ures W|er |e re|urred |o bore lor ||e courc||
ol W|ere |e accorpar|ed 8|s|ops lau||rus ol Ar||oc| ard Fp|p|ares 8z
ol 3a|ar|re |r Cyprus.
lr bore, W||| ||e ercouragerer| ol lope 0arasus W|o pu| ||s exege||ca|
ao|||||es |o good use ard lor W|or |e |rars|a|ed |Wo |or|||es ol 0r|ger
or ||e 3org ol 3orgs, |e urder|oo|, |r ||e lace ol d|verger| cop|es ol ||e
0ospe|s ||er |r c|rcu|a||or, |o rev|se ||e|r la||r |rars|a||or or ||e oas|s ol
||e 0ree| raruscr|p|s. lor ||e o|, ||s corresporderce ol ||e per|od s|oWs
||r |r ||e process ol co||a||rg ||e 0ree| ed|||or ol Aqu||a W||| ||e leoreW
scro||s c|ardes||re|y oroug|| |o ||r lror ||s syragogue oy a JeW (Fp|s|. . ). z1
|ary |e||ers cor|a|r as We|| quo|a||ors ol psa|rs ro| or|y |r ||e 0ree| ol
||e lexap|a vers|ors ou| |r ||e |rars|||era|ed leoreW |ex|, ard per|aps |e
a|ready oWred a copy ol ||e lexap|apsa||er.
A| ||e sare ||re |e |ad accep|ed |o gu|de |r ||e|r read|rg ol scr|p|ure a
group ol Worer ard yourg |ad|es ol ||e ar|s|ocra||c Wor|d ol ||e Aver||re
W|o Were oroug|| |oge||er oy ||e sare asce||c |r|eres|. 8es|des |arce||a W|o
Was ||s lourder, ore ol ||s s|r|||rg l|gures Was lau|a, W|o Wou|d lo||oW ||r |o
||e lo|y lard. 8y prov|d|rg lor Jerore W||| ||e|r corpar|ors ar a||er||ve
1ooF|ever lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
ard derard|rg aud|erce ||ese rerar|ao|e Worer, W|ose |r|e||ec|ua| ard
sp|r||ua| persora|||y car oe g||rpsed |r rary ol ||s |e||ers ard lurera|
eu|og|es |e Was |o devo|e |o ||er (Fp|s|. , Fp||ap||ur s. lau|ae, , de 1o8 1z;
u||a s. |arce||ae), cor|r|ou|ed ro| a |||||e |o corl|rr ||r |r ||s scr|p|ura|
voca||or. Cor||rued |r 8e|||e|er W||| lau|a ard |er daug||er Fus|oc||ur,
|||s |ec||o d|u|raol a se|ec| leW W||c| ol|er sp|||ed over |r|o |e||er exc|arges,
cor|a|red |r gerr ||e cor||ruous correr|ar|es |e Wou|d urder|a|e ||ere.
lrdeed, a|ros| |a|l ol ||er Wou|d oe ded|ca|ed |o ||ese Worer.
Jerore d|d ro| or|y ra|e lr|erds ||roug| ||s asce||ca| propagarda. T| e
ca|urr|es a|red a| ||r al|er ||e dea|| ol 0arasus rade ||r dec|de |o |eave
bore lor ||e Fas| |r ||e year . Accorpar|ed oy lau|a ard |er daug||er 8
|e l|rs| Wer| or p||gr|rage |o Jerusa|er ard ||e |o|y p|aces ol la|es||re
(Fp|s|. . - ) ard pus|ed or a|| ||e Way |o Fgyp| W|ere |e re| ||e |e|r 1o8;1|
ol ||e A|exardr|ar exege||ca| |rad|||or |r ||e persor ol 0|dyrus ||e 8||rd,
W|o a| ||s reques| W||| Wr||e correr|ar|es or losea ard Zec|ar|a| W||c|
0r|ger |ad ro| exp||ca|ed |r lu|| (lr 0see. pro|.). A| 8e|||e|er, W|ere |e
del|r|||ve|y se|||ed |r ||e 8|o|e Was |o oe a| ||e |ear| ol ||s ex|s|erce. 8o
To ||e d|rec| d|scovery ol ||e lo|y lard ||ere Was added lor ||r ||e
poss|o||||y ol ga||er|rg ev|derce lror |rlorred JeWs ro| or|y or o|o||ca|
geograp|y ou| or ||e leoreW |arguage ard |rad|||ors. lror 8e|||e|er ||
Was a|so poss|o|e lor ||r |o go |o Caesarea |o corsu|| 0r|ger's ||orary as
err|c|ed oy Fuseo|us, ard |o |ave cop|ed ||e Wor|s W||c| |r|eres|ed ||r
(Fp|s|. . ). w|||e qu|c||y g|v|rg ||rse|l over |o ||e exp||ca||or ol lour 8|
ep|s||es ol lau|, ||er ol Fcc|es|as|es ard sore psa|rs, ard |r ||e |rars|a||or
ol |||r|y-r|re |or|||es ol 0r|ger, |e prov|ded ||rse|l W||| relererce Wor|s
oy Wor||rg ou| `o|o||ca| d|c||orar|es' suc| as ||e 8oo| ol leoreW Nares, |rsp|red
oy ||e 0roras||casol l|||o ard 0r|ger, ard ||e 8oo| ol l|ace Nares,
ar adap|a||or ol a s|or| Wor| ol Fuseo|us or ||e |opograp|y ol la|es||re. As
lor ||e leora|c ues||ors or 0eres|sW||c| cor||rues ||er, ||ey revea| ||s
cur|os||y aoou| JeW|s| |rad|||ors, ou| |es||ly as We|| |o ||e a||er||or |e Was
a|ready or|rg|rg |o ||e leoreW |ex| ard |o ||s lexap|a vers|ors.
T| e corcerr |o reac| ||e exac|||ude ol ||e sacred |ex| |ed ||r l|rs| ol a||
|o urder|a|e a rev|s|or ol ||e la||r |rars|a||or ol ||e o| ooo|s or ||e oas|s
ol ||e 0ree| vers|or ol ||e 3ep|uag|r| as rev|eWed oy 0r|ger. A qu|c| ard
par||a| correc||or ol ||e psa||er |ad a|ready oeer dore |r bore ou| |as ro|
core doWr |o us. le carelu||y |oo| up |||s Wor| aga|r ard ex|erded || |o
o||er ooo|s. l||e ||a| ol ||e ooo| ol Joo W||c| |as oeer preserved ard ||ose
ol C|ror|c|es ard ||e ooo|s ol 3o|oror (lroveros, Fcc|es|as|es, ||e 3org)
ol W||c| We |ave or|y ||e prelaces, |||s rev|s|or Was c|arac|er|zed oy ||e
|r|roduc||or |r|o ||e la||r |ex| ol ||e d|acr|||ca| rar|s used oy 0r|ger |r
Jerore 1o;
||s lexap|a recers|or suc| as as|er|s|s |rd|ca||rg passages r|ss|rg lror ||e
614
0ree| ard res|ored or ||e oas|s ol ||e leoreW |ex|, ard ooe|| po|r||rg ou|
add|||ors aoser| lror ||e leoreW (lrael. |r ||oro psa|rorur |ux|a |xx).
T| ese rev|s|ors Were |o rera|r |rcorp|e|e. lr lac|, |o respord |o a re ques|
lror ore ol ||s lr|erds W|o Was |op|rg |o use a |rars|a||or ol ||e leoreW
psa||er lor ||s d|scuss|ors W||| JeWs or ||e ress|a|, Jerore |aurc|ed |r|o a
d|rec| |rars|a||or lror ||e leoreW ol ||e lsa|rs, ||er ol ||e lrop|e|s. lr do|rg
|||s |e |ad ||e lee||rg ol recover|rg ||e |ru|| ol ||e or|g|ra| |ex|, ||e |eora|ca
uer||as. |oreover, |r aoardor|rg ||e rev|s|or ||a| |e |ad oegur, |e |r ||e erd
|rars|a|ed lror ||e leoreW a|| ||e ooo|s ol ||e leoreW 8|o|e. lrsp|red lror
||e oeg|rr|rg oy ar exac| corcerr W||| ar||-JeW|s| po|er|c over ||e geru|re
|ex| ol scr|p|ure, |||s |rars|a||or, W||c| |oo| a|ros| l|l|eer years, arsWered |r
sore Way a sc|er||l|c corcerr ard |r ro Way a|red |o supp|ar| ||e vers|ors
|r use arourd ||r |r ||e C|urc|. 8u| |r go|rg oac| |o a |rad|||or cors|dered
suspec| oecause ||e |ex| d|llered sore||res rar|ed|y lror ||e 0ree| ol ||e
3ep|uag|r|, ||s oo|d |r|||a||ve, W|e||er |e War|ed || |o or ro|, urse|||ed ||e
au||or||y ol ||e |rad|||ora| vers|or. |oreover, || Was ra||er poor|y rece|ved,
as a||es| ||e s|rorg reserva||ors ol ar Augus||re (Fp|s|. . ) or a bul| rus ;1
(Apo|. cor|ra l|eroryrurll. ). Never||e|ess ||s |rars|a||or, a|org W||| ||e |o
rev|s|or ol ||e 0ospe|s |e |ad rade |r bore, Was |o cors|||u|e ||e esserce
ol W|a| W||| oecore ||e 8|o|e ol ||e C|r|s||ar wes|, ||e vu|ga|e.
AWare ol reac||rg a reW |rad|||or ||roug| ||e leoreW |ex|, Jerore
qu|c||y exper|erced ||e des|re |o cor||rue ||s |rars|a||or W||| a Wor|
ol exeges|s. 3carce|y |ad |e oegur ||s |as| as |rars|a|or W||| lsa|rs ard
lrop|e|s W|er |e |aurc|ed |r|o Correr|ar|es. le |ad a|ready |ouc|ed
or ||e psa|rs W||| sever |||||e |rea||ses ol W||c| |Wo |ave surv|ved (||e
Trac| or ls. ard ), ard |ad jus| devo|ed |o ||er oreezy Correr|ar|o|| 1o 1
|rsp|red oy 0r|ger. le |urred |o ||e prop|e|s, correr||rg |r |urr or
Na|ur, ||ca|, Zep|ar|a|, lagga|, ard laoa||u| |r s|ar||rg ou| oo|| lror
||s reW |rars|a||or ard lror ||e |rad|||ora| 3ep|uag|r| vers|or. Jora| ard
0oad|a| W||| lo||oW ||ree years |a|er |r . |earW|||e, Jerore a||oWed o
||rse|l |o oe draWr |r|o a cor|roversy aoou| 0r|ger W||c| oad|y se| ||r
a| odds W||| ||s o|s|op Jo|r ol Jerusa|er ard |ed |o a orea| W||| ||s o|d
lr|erd bul|rus, W|o |ad se|||ed or ||e |our| ol 0||ves. Al|er a l|rs| recorc|||a||or
|ad oroug|| peace oe|Weer Jerore ard ||s o|s|op, ||e quarre|
Was |o reoourd W|er bul|rus Was oac| |r bore, ard Wou|d or|y d|e doWr
|r . T| e quarre| |ad |ed Jerore |o s|a|e ollcorp|e|e|y ||e cor|es|ao|e |oz
aspec|s ol 0r|ger's ||oug|| ou| d|d ro| |urr ||r aWay lror ||e es|eer |e
|ad lor ||e scr|p|ura| Wor| ol ||e A|exardr|ar, |o W||c| |e cor||rued |o
reler |r ||s |a|er Correr|ar|es.
1o8F|ever lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
Al|er ||e dea|| ol lau|a |r |e |oo| up aga|r ||s |r|errup|ed |as| |o|
ard l|r|s|ed |r ||e exp||ca||or ol ||e r|ror prop|e|s oy correr||rg |oo
success|ve|y or Zec|ar|a|, |a|ac||, losea, Joe|, ard Aros. T| e lo||oW|rg
year |e cor||rued W||| ||e Correr|ary or 0ar|e|oelore |aurc||rg |r|o
||e exp|ara||or ol ||e co||ec||or ol lsa|a|, W||c| |e |ad a|ready a||erp|ed
severa| ||res oelore. lror ||s ||re |r Cors|ar||rop|e W||| ||s |rars|a||or
ol 0r|ger's |or|||es ard ||s oWr essay or ||e serap||r, ||er oy Wr|||rg
|r , a| ||e reques| ol ||e o|s|op Arao|||s, ar exp||ca||or |ux|a ||s|or|ar ;
ol ||e v|s|ors |r c|ap|ers ard ol ||e prop|e|, W||c| |e |rc|uded |r 1 z
||s Correr|ary. 0l ||s e|g||eer ooo|s W||c| |ad occup|ed ||r lor rore
||ar |Wo years, ||e Correr|ary or lsa|a|, l| r|s|ed |r , |s a| orce ||e |1o
lu||es| ard ||e l|res| ol a|| Jerore's exege||ca| Wor|s. le a|so oroug|| ||s
|org Correr|ary or Fze||e||o a corc|us|or, ard l|ra||y |r urder|oo| |1o
||e Correr|ary or Jerer|a|. 8u| age ard d|ll| cu|||es, espec|a||y correc|ed
|o ||e s|rugg|e aga|rs| le|ag|us, d|d ro| |eave ||r ||e |e|sure |o l|r|s| || ard
||us |o or|rg |o a l|ra| corc|us|or ||a| opus prop|e|a|eW||c| lror |o z
||e |as| years ol ||s ||le excep| lor a or|el Correr|ary or |a|||eW|urr|ed|y
d|c|a|ed |r , cors|||u|es ||e esserce ol ||s scr|p|ura| Wor|s. 8
lror ||e ||re |e Was |r 8e|||e|er |e |ad a|so exp|a|red ||e 8|o|e |o
||e ror|s ol ||s roras|ery. w||| ||e ca|r|rg ol ||e oac|Was| s||rred up
oy ||e 0r|ger|s| cr|s|s W||c| |ad c|osed ollaccess |o ||r ol ||e oas|||ca
ol ||e Na||v||y, |e a|so correr|ed a| ||e |rv||a||or ol ||e |oca| c|ergy ||e
psa|r or gospe| read|rg ol ||e day or 3urdays ard leas| days lor ||e sra||
corgrega||or ol ||e c|urc| |r 8e|||e|er W|ere ror|s ard rurs ol ||e
la||r roras|er|es Were r|xed |r W||| ||e |oca| peop|e. we |ave preserved
a|ros| a |urdred ol ||ese |or|||es or ||e 0ospe| ol |ar| ard espec|a||y
or ||e lsa|rs, ol W|ose pa|err||y, desp||e a recer| c|a||erge, ||ere |s ro
reasor |o douo|.
T| e 8|o|e |s a|so preser| |r ||e W|o|e course ol ||s corresporderce.
w|||ou| spea||rg ol ||e aourdar| quo|a||ors ard rer|r|scerces, We car
po|r| |o rore ||ar |Wer|y |e||ers relerr|rg |o po|r|s ol exeges|s, sore ol
W||c| |av|rg d|rec||y as ||e|r oojec| ||e exp||ca||or ol a o|o||ca| |ex|. parao|e
(Fp|s|. ) or psa|r (Fp|s|. ard ). Nor |s ||e 8|o|e aoser| lror z1 o 1|o
po|er|ca| Wor|s suc| as ||e 0|a|ogues Aga|rs| ||e le|ag|ars||roug| ||e
615
lrequer| recourse |o ||e argurer| lror scr|p|ure, |rad|||ora| |r ||e cor|roversy
aga|rs| |eresy.
3|rce ||s d|scovery ol l||ary's Wor| or ||e lsa|rs dur|rg ||s s|ay or
||e oorders ol ||e |ose| a|| ||e Way |o ||s dea|| |r 8e|||e|er prooao|y |r
|zo, 3cr|p|ure d|d ro| cease |o oe a| ||e |ear| ol Jerore's ||le.
Jerore 1o
||.
lr sp||e ol ||e oppos|||or provo|ed oy ||s oo|d |r|||a||ves as |rars|a|or ard
exege|e, Jerore Was recogr|zed dur|rg ||s ||le||re as ar au||or||y |r ||e
dora|r ol 3acred 3cr|p|ure. As ear|y as ||s cor|erporary 3u|p|||us |o
3everus s|a|es |r ||s 0|a|ogues(l. . ) W||| sore grard||oquerce, `||a| |e |s 8
read |r ||e W|o|e Wor|d.' Augus||re, W|ose corresporderce W||resses |o ||e
rap|d d|llus|or |r Alr|ca ol ||s |rars|a||ors lror ||e leoreW (Fp|s|. . ) ;1
ard ra|es use ol a|| ||s Correr|ar|es or ||e lrop|e|s W|er |e Wr||es
||e C||y ol 0od, pra|ses ||s excep||ora| |roW|edge ol ||e scr|p|ures (Fp|s|.
z8. ). A lu|| year al|er ||s dea|| Cass|odorus pays |r|ou|e |o ||e |rars|a|or 1
ard correr|a|or |r ||s lrs|||u||ors, ard We see |r ||s Fxpos|||o psa|rorur
ec|os ol ||e Trac|a|usol Jerore, or ||e lsa|rs ard a|so or ||e 0ospe| ol
rar|, sore||res c||ed exp||c|||y.
lr ||e sever|| cer|ury, W|||e ||e |ex| ol ||s rev|s|or oased or ||e leoreW
|s spread|rg |r l|a|y, Alr|ca, ard a|so |r 3pa|r, 0au|, ard a|| ||e Way |o lre|ard,
||s exege||ca| Wor|s |urr up |r ||e ||orary ol ls|dore ol 3ev|||e. lr ||e sare
per|od ||e o|des| raruscr|p|s ol ||s Correr|ar|es ||a| We possess oear
W||ress |o ||e|r d|llus|or. lr ||e lo||oW|rg cer|ury 8ede, W|o |s corcerred |r
||s Correr|ar|es W||| pu|||rg |oge||er ||e oes| exeges|s ol ||s predecessors,
seers |o oe acqua|r|ed W||| a|| Jerore's Correr|ar|es. le |s cors|ar||y
quo||rg ||r |r ||s Fxpos|||oor ||e Ac|s ol ||e Apos||es. lr ||s Fxpos|||ores
or ||e 0ospe|s ol lu|e ard |ar| |e d|gs deep|y |r|o ||e Correr|ary or
|a|||eWol ||s predecessor. Ard |e |as ro|||rg ou| es|eer lor ||e |rars|a|or
ol ||e |eora|ca uer||as, W|ose Correr|ar|es, as We|| as ||e 8oo| ol leoreW
Naresard ||e leoreW ues||ors or 0eres|sprov|de ||r,as |a|er || W||| lor
||e W|o|e ||dd|e Ages, a r|re ol |rlorra||or or ||e rares ol persorages
ard p|aces ol ||e 8|o|e ard ||e|r e|yro|og|es.
lr|eres| |r ||e scr|p|ura| Wor|s ol Jerore |s ro|ao|e a| ||e erd ol ||e
e|g||| ard |r ||e r|r|| cer|ur|es |r ||e Caro||rg|ar rera|ssarce. A| |||s
per|od A|cu|r urder|a|es ||s grea| recers|or ol ||e la||r 8|o|e, W||c| |s
oased or Jerore's rev|s|ors, ou| |r prelerr|rg lor ||e lsa|rs ||e psa||er as
rev|sed or ||e oas|s ol ||e 0ree|, W|ose usage Was gerera||zed |r 0au| ard
Was |roWr as ||e `0a|||car' psa||er. A leW years |a|er, or ||e cor|rary, ||e
ed|||or ol T| eodu|l ol 0r|ears W||| re|a|r ||e psa||er |ux|a leoraeos, ou|
|| |s A|cu|r's ed|||or W||c| Was |o W|r ou| |o oecore ore day ||e vu|ga|e.
ToWards ||e r|dd|e ol ||e r|r|| cer|ury, a |arge |||ur|ra|ed page ol ||e l|rs|
8|o|e ol C|ar|es ||e 8a|d (lar|s, 8N, |s.|a|. . v_) We|| |||us|ra|es Jerore's 1
recogr|zed au||or||y as |rars|a|or ol scr|p|ure.
As lor ||s Correr|ar|es, W||c| oecore ||e ros| |rpor|ar| ol ||s
11ooF|ever lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
Wor|s, ||e|r |rcreased readers||p car oe gauged oo|| oy ||e ru|||p||ca||or
ol cop|es produced |r |||s per|od ard ||e use rade ol ||er oy Wr||ers |r
||e|r oWr Correr|ar|es. l| |s ||e Correr|ary or lsa|a|, ||e ress|ar|c
prop|e| par exce||erce|r W|or Jerore recogr|zed `ar evarge||s| ard ar
apos||e' (lr lsa|ar, pro|.), W||c| erjoys ||e grea|es| lavor |r sp||e ||s s|ze.
T| |r|y raruscr|p|s preda||rg ||e |er|| cer|ury |ave core doWr |o us. T| e
or|eler ard rore qu|c||y corposed Correr|ary or |a|||eW, ol W||c|
|Wer|y ol our raruscr|p|s car oe da|ed |o |||s per|od, ac||eves a corparao|e
success. A|||oug| url|r|s|ed ard |ess popu|ar W||| correr|a|ors,
||e Correr|ary or Jerer|a|, W|ose ear||es| preserved raruscr|p|s |r lac|
preda|e ||e e|g||| cer|ury, are a|so ||e oojec| ol rurerous cop|es. ll ||ese
||ree Correr|ar|es seer |r d|llerer| degrees |o oe ||e oojec| ol spec|a|
a||er||or, Jerore's o||er exege||ca| Wor|s are rever||e|ess ro| reg|ec|ed.
we car aga|r c||e, lor exarp|e, ||e Correr|ar|es or ||e Fp|s||es ol lau|,
or ||e s|or| Correr|ary or Jora|, |rc|uded |r |Wer|y-|Wo raruscr|p|s ol
||e e|g||| ard r|r|| cer|ur|es. 3ore o||er ol ||e o|des| raruscr|p|s ol ||e
|or|||es or ||e psa|rs a|so da|e lror |||s per|od.
Cor|erporary correr|ar|es ver|ly ||e |r|eres| s|oWr |o Jerore a|
||a| ||re. baoarus |aurus (+ ), W|o |a|es grea| care |o ra|e access|o|e 8o
|o ||s readers ||e r|c|ress ol ||e exeges|s ol ||e la||ers, |a|es Jerore's
Correr|ary as ||e oas|s ol ||s exp||ca||or ol lsa|a|, W|de|y reproduc|rg
oo|| |||era| ard sp|r||ua| |r|erpre|a||ors, |eav|rg as|de |ex|ua| ard p|||o|og|ca|
d|scuss|ors. Ard ||e e|g|| ooo|s ol ||s Correr|ary or |a|||eWg|ve ||e
|rpress|or ol a pa|c|Wor| ol pa|r|s||c |ex|s W|ere aourdar| c||a||ors lror
Jerore's, |oo rap|d |r ||s eyes, |a|e ||e|r p|ace oes|de o||er sources. we car
a|so recogr|ze ore ol ||e rajor aspec|s ol Jerore's |rl|uerce |r ||e ||dd|e
Ages |r ||e care baoarus s|oWs |o oe assured ol a good |ex| ard ol ar exac|
|||era| serse oy |av|rg recourse W|er recessary |o JeW|s| sources.
616
w||| rore |rdeperderce ||ar ||s predecessor, lasc|as|us badoer|us
(+c. ), |r ||s Fxpos|||o |r Fuarge||ur |a|||ae|, oll ers arorg o||ers ||e 8o
|r|erpre|a||ors ol Jerore, W|ose o||er Wor|s |e a|so |roWs ard lror W|or
|e oorroWs ros| ol ||s relererces |o ||e |eora|ca uer||as. very a||er||ve
|o ||e |||era| serse, C|r|s||ar ol 3|ave|o| (+ ) ac|roW|edges lo||oW|rg 88o
Jerore |r ||s Fxpos|||o |r |a|||aeurW||| ||e aro|||or ol corp|e||rg ||r.
ber|g|us ol Auxerre (+ ) ra|es use ol ||r oo|| lor ||e lsa|rs ard We|| 81
as lor lsa|a|, ard |r par||cu|ar lo||oWs very c|ose|y ||s Correr|ary or Jora|.
Ard ||e parap|rase ol |||s Correr|ary g|ver oy a popu|ar preac|er |r a
`o|||rgua| serror' Weav|rg |oge||er la||r ard lrerc| |oWards ||e r|dd|e
ol ||e |er|| cer|ury corl|rrs ||e adr|ra||or |r W||c| ||e Wor| ol Jerore
Was ||er |e|d.
Jerore 11o1
0r ||e ||res|o|d ol ||e |We|l|| cer|ury, buper| ol 0eu|z apprec|a|es
par||cu|ar|y |r ||r ||e sc|o|ar|y |rars|a|or W|o |as g|ver access |o ||e
source ol ||e leoreWs. 8u| a| ||e sare ||re |r ||s Correr|ary or Jora|
|e pus|es |o ex|reres ||e C|r|s|o|og|ca| |r|erpre|a||or ol ||e l|gure ol ||e
prop|e| ||a| |e l|rds |r Jerore's correr|ary. l|s cor|erporary lug| ol
3|. v|c|or oWes ruc| |o ||e |a||er |r ||s Adro|a||oresor ||e ler|a|euc|.
8u| |||s ||eor|s| ol red|eva| exeges|s espec|a||y adr|res ||e |rars|a|or ol
||e |eora|ca uer||asW|ose vers|or Was |rposed or ||e la||r Wor|d ard |e
lu||y agrees W||| ||e correr|a|or W|er |e |rs|s|s ||a| ||e sp|r||ua| serse
res|s or ||e lurdarer|ur ||s|or|ae. lr |urr, ||e rarrer |r W||c| ArdreW
ol 3|. v|c|or |o|ds |r ||s Correr|ary or Jora||o a |||era| exp||ca||or, W||c|
cores |o ||r lror Jerore's, revea|s a reW |erdercy |o d|ssoc|a|e ||e |||era|
serse ard sp|r||ua| |r|erpre|a||ors ard |o es|ao||s| exeges|s as a separa|e
sc|erce. 8u| |||s |erdercy |s as a||er |o Jerore as |o ||e red|eva| |rad|||or.
T| e |a||er, or ||e cor|rary, recogr|zed ||se|l |r ||e |rad|||ora| urders|ard|rg
ol ||e lour serses ol scr|p|ure W||c| |ad |||||e oy |||||e ererged lror ||e
prac||ce ol ||e la||ers ard W||c| Were |o l|rd |r ||e lo||oW|rg cer|ury ||s
|ap|dary lorru|a||or |r Augus||re ol 0ac|a's coup|e|.
l|||era ges|a doce|, qu|d credas a||egor|a,
|ora||s qu|d agas, qu|d speres aragog|a.
l| |s |r |||s perspec||ve ol ||e lour serses W||c| a|| corverge |r ||e
C|r|s||ar read|rg ol ||e 8|o|e ||a| ||e la||r ||dd|e Ages |ad qu|c||y recogr|zed |r
Jerore ||e ero|era||c l|gure ol ||e |||era| serse. T| |s c|o|ce |s
s|gr|l|car|. a re|urr |o ||e |eora|ca uer||as, corcerr lor ||e es|ao||s||rg ol
a |ex|, recourse |o p|||o|ogy ard |o ||e da|a ol ||s|ory ard prolare d|sc|p||res as
We|| as |o leoreW |rad|||ors |o oe assured ol ||e exac|||ude ol a
|||era| serse regarded as ||e oas|s ol ary sp|r||ua| |r|erpre|a||or||ese are
|rdeed ||e c|arac|er|s||cs ol Jerore's exeges|s ||a| ||e ||dd|e Ages ||oug||
|o |oror oy |||s pa|rorage.
T| |s par||cu|ar accer| ol Jerore's exeges|s a|so exp|a|rs ||e re|urr |o
lavor ||a| Jerore Wou|d exper|erce |r ||e bera|ssarce W||| ||e |urar|s|s
W|o recogr|zed ||erse|ves |r |||s `|r|||rgua|' sc|o|ar ard |rdeperder| sp|r||.
Frasrus, ||s lu|ure ed||or, Was scarce|y |Wer|y years o|d W|er |e saW |r
Jerore `||e l|rs| arorg ||e doc|ors' ard sore |Wer|y-l|ve years |a|er |e
Wr||es ol ||r |o lope leo X ||a| |e |s `||e pr|rce ol ||eo|og|ars ol ||e la||r
|arguage.' 8u| ||e adr|ra||or |e oears ||r does ro| cause ||r |o |ose ||s
cr|||ca| ||oer|y. l||e ||s lr|erd T| oras |ore |e po|r|s ou| errors |r ||s Wor|.
l|rse|l a |oose carror |r ||e l|e|d ol ||e 3cr|p|ures W||| ||s la||r |rars|a||or
ol ||e NeW Tes|arer| |e cr|||c|ses ||e vu|ga|e, ||a| ||e courc|| ol Trer| Was
soor |o corsecra|e as ||e `au||or|zed vers|or' ol ||e la||r C|urc|.
11ozF|ever lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
T| |s success ol Jerore as |rars|a|or ard exege|e W||| ||e |earred ol ||e
bera|ssarce l|rds ||s |||us|ra||or |r ||e represer|a||or ol ||e sc|o|ar |r ||s
s|udy W||c|, lror 0||r|arda|o |o 0urer, ||e exac| cor|erporary ol Frasrus,
supp|ar|s a| ||a| ||re ||e |rage ol ||e |err|| |r ||e deser|. T| e resu|| |s
||a| |oWever ruc| |r|eres| |e arouses, Jerore |s ro |orger ||e |rsp|rer
ol a ||v|rg exeges|s. A page |s |urred |r ||s |rl|uerce W||| ||e groW|| ol a
o|o||ca| exeges|s W||c| lror b|c|ard 3|ror |o our oWr days |s corr|||ed
|o reW pa||s. loWever, |r re|urr|rg |o ||e leoreW ard 0ree| raruscr|p|s,
roderr Wor|s or ||e o|o||ca| |ex| W||c| re|a||v|ze ||e va|ue ol Jerore's
|rars|a||ors rerder |orage oy rereW|rg || |o ||e process ol ||e |rars|a|or
ol ||e |eora|ca uer||as.
|||.
T| e r| occup|es or|y a rodes| p|ace |r Jerore's exege||ca| Wor|. ||e severa|
Correr|ar|es or ||e Fp|s||es ol lau| W||c| us|er ||r |r|o 8e|||e|er |ad
ro successor, excep| lor ||e rap|d Correr|ary or |a|||eWa dozer years |a|er.
As lor ||s borar rev|s|or ol ||e la||r |ex| ol ||e 0ospe|s accord |rg |o ||e
0ree|, || d|d ro| |rvo|ve e|||er exege||ca| presuppos|||ors or ex|ers|ors.
l| |s W||| ||e o| ooo|s ||a| ||e grea|er par| ol ||s Correr|ar|es dea|.
T| e ores |e urder|a|es |r ||e l|rs| years ol ||s s|ay |r 8e|||e|er do ro|
|rd|ca|e ary prec|se p|ar. ||e Correr|ary or Fcc|es|as|eslu|l|||s W||| sore
617
de|ay a pror|se rade or ||e Aver||re, ||e exp||ca||or ol psa|rs |o 1o 1o
(0e u|r|s |r|us|r|ous ) |rd|ca|e ar a||er||or |o ||e psa||er corl|rred oy 1
||e Correr|ar|o||, W||| ||e leora|c ues||orsW||c| |e projec|s a| ||a|
||re |o Wr||e `or ||e W|o|e ol sacred 3cr|p|ure' (leora|cae uaes||ores |r
0eres|r, pro|.), |e |ouc|es or ||e ler|a|euc|. 8u| || |s del| r||e|y |oWards
||e prop|e|s ||a| |e |urrs al|er |av|rg re|rars|a|ed ||er lror ||e leoreW,
||us corl|rr|rg ||e |r|eres| |e |ad |r ||er lror ||s ||re a| Ar||oc| ard
Cors|ar||rop|e. lrac||ca||y oroug|| |o |err, |||s arp|e opus
prop|e|a|ecorsecra|es ||e dor|rar| p|ace ol ||e 0|d Tes|arer| |r Jerore's
exege||ca| Wor|.
T| |s p|ace |s a|so a||es|ed |r aro||er Way oy ||e ac||v||y ol ||e |rars|a|or ol
||e |eora|ca uer||as, ||se|l l| ||ed W||| exege||ca| |rp||ca||ors ro| or|y ||roug|
||e |ex|ua| d|llererces || |r|roduced, ou| a|so oy ||s relererce |o |rad|||ors
ex|erra| |o ||e C|urc|'s |rad|||or.
T| |s exeges|s ol Jerore |s oas|ca||y seer |r ||e lorra| lrareWor| ol
||e rurr|rg Correr|ary ol a o|o||ca| ooo|, ar |rd|rec| |er||age ol ||e
le||er|s||c grarrar|ars W|o core |o ||r across ||e Wor|s ol ||s 0ree|
loreoears. 8u| W||| Jerore |||s |er||age |r|erleres W||| ||e d|rec| |er||age
Jerore 11o
ol ||e grarra||ca| correr|ary exper|erced a| ||e sc|oo| ol 0ora|us, |o
W||c| |e exp||c|||y relers (Apo|. c. bul|rurl. ). NoW ore ol ||e |aWs ol |||s 1o
correr|ary, || W||| oe reca||ed, |s |o repor| ros| ol|er W|||ou| rer||or|rg
||e|r rares ||e op|r|ors ol var|ous |r|erpre|ers, re|y|rg |r |||s case or ||e
sagac||y ol ||e pruders |ec|or. lr lac|, rore ||ar ore page ol ||e Correr|ary
or Fcc|es|as|esor ol ||e Correr|ar|o||W|ere ||ere |s a success|or ol
|r|erpre|a||ors s|rp|y ||r|ed oy ||e advero a|||er, |||us|ra|es |||s |erdercy ol
grarra||ca| exeges|s |r ||e corp||a||or ol sources. Ard |l |e |erds |o orea|
|oose ol |||s |r ||s |a|er Correr|ar|es, W|ere ||s ||oer|y ol judgrer| |s
ruc| rore c|ear|y all|rred, |e s|||| cor||rues ro| or|y |o |rd|ca|e ||e Wor|
ol ||s predecessors |r ||s pro|ogues ou| a|so |o exp|o|| ||er |r ||e course ol
||e Correr|ary, ros| ol|er W|||ou| ary |rd|ca||or ol ar a|||or a qu|dar
d|cur|. Ac|ua||y, |r relererce |o ||a| |aW ol grarra||ca| exeges|s Jerore
lourd a |ardy jus||l|ca||or lor ||s oo|d p|ar |o `de||ver |o la||r ears ||e
secre|s ol leoreW sc|erce' ol ||e 3cr|p|ures a|org W||| ||e cor|r|ou||ors ol
||e C|urc| Wr||ers W|o |ad preceded ||r (lr Zac|ar|arll. . - ). 8u| |r o1
ros||y |o|d|rg |o |||s prac||ce |e oecare lor ||s la||r cor|erporar|es, |r
||re W||| ||s express |r|er||ors, ||e red|a|or ol a |Wolo|d exege||ca| |rad|||or, |o
W||c| ||ese cou|d |ave ro d|rec| access, ou| ol |grorarce ro| or|y
ol leoreW ou| a|so ol 0ree|, W||c| ||e |rad|||ora| prograr ol s|ud|es |r
||e wes| |ouc|ed or|y ||g|||y.
la|||lu| |o ||e corcep||ors ol ||e grarrar|ars Jerore |s la|||lu| as We||
|o ||e arrargerer| ol ||s correr|ary, exp|a|r|rg ||e sacred |ex| s|ep oy
s|ep, propos|||or oy propos|||or, accord|rg |o ||e lragrer|ary |ec|r|que
ol ||e corra||cur gerus. 8u| |e avo|ds ||e excess|ve parce|||rg ou| ol ||e
gerre oy a sers|o|e ex|erd|rg ol ||e propos|||ors ard ol ||e|r exp||ca||ors,
ard a|so oy ||e a||er||or (aoser| lror ||e grarra||ca| correr|ar|es) ||a|
|e or|rgs |o ||e ||r||rg ol rear|rg (||e corsequer||a) ard |o ra|ura| ur|||es ol ||e
|ex|. T| us |e car d|s||rgu|s| ard de||r|| W||| ||e grea|es| c|ar||y |r ||s
Correr|ary or lsa|a|severa| ol ||e se|s recogr|zed oy roderr
cr|||c|sr. prop|ecy ol Frrarue|, orac|es ol lore|gr peop|es, 'apoca|ypse'
ol lsa|a|, e|c.
bev|ser ol ||e 0ospe|s ard |rars|a|or ol ||e |eora|ca uer||as, Jerore or|rgs
par||cu|ar care |o ||e es|ao||s|rer| ol ||e sacred |ex|. lr ||s Correr|ar|es
or ||e lrop|e|s, |e se|s ou| lror ||s reW |rars|a||or, d|scree||y re|ouc|ed
W|er recessary, W||c| |e suppor|s ard c|ar|l|es oy recourse |o ||e JeW|s|
vers|ors ol Aqu||a, 3yrrac|us, ard T| eodo||or co||ec|ed |r ||e lexap|a.
8u| rore ol|er ||ar ro| |e g|ves a |rars|a||or ol ||e propos|||or lror ||e
0ree| W||c| |e d|rec||y es|ao||s|es lror 0r|ger's recers|or ol ||e 3ep|uag|r|,
W|||ou| oo||er|rg |o reproduce ||e o|d la||r |rars|a||or |r use arourd ||r.
11o|F|ever lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
T| e |rad|||ora| vers|or |s ||us ro| reg|ec|ed, ou| |e does ro| surrourd ||
W||| a respec| W|||ou| ruarce, sore||res ro| |es||a||rg |o ques||or || rore
ard rore or ||s rear|rg or ||s errors W|er || |s |r W||d d|sagreerer| W|||
||e leoreW.
Jerore scarce|y ever |rouo|ed |o |ay ou| |r sys|era||c las||or ||e ru|es
ol ||s |errereu||c. T| e rare pages W|ere |e seers |o oe do|rg ||, |||e ||e
passage ol ||s |e||er |o ledyo|a (Fp|s|. . ) W|ere |e preser|s a ||eory 1zo1z
ol ||e ||ree serses ol 3cr|p|ure, rel|ec| |r lac| ar 0r|ger|ar corcep||or ||a|
|e does ro| |a|e as ||s oWr. lr rea|||y, ||s exege||ca| prac||ce |s rorra||y se|
|r ||e |rad|||ora| lrareWor| ol ||e |Wo grea| serses ol 3cr|p|ure. ||e |||era|
serse ard ||e sp|r||ua| |r|erpre|a||or.
To ||e |||era| serse Jerore accords a par||cu|ar a||er||or. TWo |errs lror
||s per, ||||eraard ||s|or|aserve |o dero|e ||. T| ey are ro| s|r|c||y equ|va|er|.
618
A|ros| |r|erc|argeao|e W|er ||ey are rere|y rer||ored, ||ey cease |o oe
W|er Jerore see|s |o qua||ly ||er. T| er, ec|o|rg ||e lau||re corderra||or
ol ||e `|e||er,' |e reserves |o ||||erares|r|c||ve corro|a||ors. 0r ||e cor|rary
|| |s ||s|or|a, |r lac| rore lrequer|, ||a| We l| rd |r lavorao|e cor|ex|s, ol|er
assoc|a|ed W||| |errs |||e ordo, uer||as, lurdarer|ur, W||c| W||ress |o ||e
va|ue |r Jerore's eyes ol |||s l|rs| |eve| ol |r|erpre|a||or W||c| |e prac||ca||y
rever sacr|l|ces, ever W|er || preser|s |ard|y ary d|ll| cu|||es.
T| |s |rpor|arce ol ||e |||era| serse appears a|so |r ||e ex|ers|or W||c|
Jerore recogr|zes lor ||. le does ro|, |r lac|, ||r|| || oeyord ||e l|rs| |as| ol
es|ao||s||rg ||e |ex|, |o ||s oov|ous urders|ard|rg, ||e s|rp|ex 3cr|p|urarur
|ec||o. lr cor|ras| |o ||s A|exardr|ar predecessors, qu|c| |o se|ze |r every
l|gure ar |rv||a||or |o r|se |o ||e sp|r||ua| serse, ard ever rore c|ear|y ||ar
||s Ar||oc||ar cor|erporar|es, |e or|rgs |r as a grarrar|ar every|||rg
||a| |as |o do W||| ||e l|gura||ve serse or |s re|a|ed |o ||. l|gures ard |ropes,
ou| a|so ar||ropororp||srs, W||c| |erd 0od p|ys|ca| |ra||s or |urar
lee||rgs, scr|p|ure's |ao||s ol express|or, ever d|s||rc||or ol |||erary s|y|es
ard gerres.
0re par||cu|ar re|a||or seers |o oe ao|e |o oe revea|ed oe|Weer |||s
||s|or|ca |r|erpre|a||o, W||c| |as as ||s ro|e ar exac| read|rg ol ||e sacred
|ex|, ard ||e |eora|ca uer||as, W||c| prov|des |r Jerore's eyes ||e au||er||c
lorr corveyed oy a |rad|||or W||c| er||g||ers ||. 8u| |||s re|a||ors||p |s
ro| exc|us|ve. oes|des oe|rg corcerred as We|| W||| ||e exp||ca||or ol ||e
s|a|erer| |rars|a|ed lror ||e 0ree|, Jerore's |||era| exeges|s |s lar lror
oe|rg reduced |o ||e cor|r|ou||or ol leora|c |rad|||ors |r W||c|, oes|des,
every|||rg |s ro| adr|ss|o|e, |r par||cu|ar W|er ||ey |a|e ||e lorr ol ||e
`carra|' exegeses ol ||e JeWs c|a||erged oy C|r|s||ar la|||, W||c| Jerore
does ro| |es||a|e |o or|rg |r |o oppose ||er.
Jerore 11o
T| e suojec| dea|| W||| oy ||e |||era| |r|erpre|a||or rel|ec|s |r ||s r|c|ress
ard d|vers||y ||e very ores ol ||e sacred |ex|. w|||ou| ord|rar||y |av|rg as
ruc| |rpor|arce as |r ||e case ol ||e ooo| ol Jora|, W|ose area |s s||ua|ed
|r ||e very corsc|ousress ol ||e urdoc||e prop|e|, recourse |o psyc|o|og|ca|
ara|ys|s car c|ar|ly, lor exarp|e, ||e d|llerer| oe|av|or ol ||e prop|e|s W|||
regard |o ||e|r r|ss|or, or ||e a||||ude ol |||s persor ol ||e ooo| oe|rg
cors|dered. 8u| or a regu|ar oas|s ard |r agreerer| W||| ||e or|g|ra| rear|rg
ol ||e |err, ||e exp||ca||or |ux|a ||s|or|ardraWs ||s c|eares| esserce lror
||e rea||||es ol ||s|ory, W|e||er |r es|ao||s||rg ||e lac|s oy d|rec| |es||rory
or, rore ol|er, |rlorra||or or ||e pas| prov|ded oy 3cr|p|ure ||se|l, suppor|ed |r
sore cases oy ||e |rad|||ors ol ||e leoreWs, ou| a|so oy prolare
||s|ory, |rvo|ed par||cu|ar|y as a guarar|ee ol ||e ellec||ve lu|l|||rer| ol a
prop|ecy. 0eograp||ca| da|a |ave ||e|r |rpor|arce as We||, supp|erer|ed
W|er reeded oy ||e cor|r|ou||or ol ||e ra|ura| sc|erces. lr aro||er ||re
ol ||oug||, Jerore a|so pu|s |r|o ||e serv|ce ol ||e e|uc|da||or ol ||e |ex|
oe|rg correr|ed or ||e W|o|e s|oc| ol |oo|s ol grarra||ca|, r|e|or|ca|,
ard |og|ca| procedure. serar||c s|udy, parap|rase, regard lor cor|ex|, appea|
|o argurer|a||or, d|llerer| lorrs ol reasor|rg. T| us ||ere |s s|e|c|ed ou|
|r Jerore's prac||ce a corvergerce ol a|| ||e resources ol |roW|rg lor ||e
serv|ce ol ||e exac| urders|ard|rg ol ||e |||era| serse, ||e ||s|or|ae uer||as,
|ouc|s|ore ol ||e va||d||y ol every sp|r||ua| |r|erpre|a||or.
As a recessary s|ep ol every read|rg ol scr|p|ure ||e |||era| exeges|s, as
|rpor|ar| as || |s |r Jerore's eyes, s|||| does ro| ex|aus| ||s cor|er|. al| er
|av|rg `se| doWr ||e oases ol ||e ||s|ory,' as We car read |r ||e Correr|ary
or Zec|ar|a|(lll. . ), ||ere rera|rs |o `pass lror ||er |o ||e sp|r||ua| 1|1o
rea||||es.'
A var|ed vocaou|ary, |ess |rco|erer| as |as ol|er oeer sa|d, |rd|ca|es |r
Jerore's Correr|ar|es |||s secord |eve| ol |r|erpre|a||or, W||c| |r|eres|s
||e NeW as ||e 0|d Tes|arer|. T| e re|a||ve|y rare appeararces ol ||e Word
a||egor|aosc|||a|es |r ||a| p|ace oe|Weer |Wo oppos|rg va|ues accord|rg
as || rel|ec|s ||e use, ra||er lorced |r Jerore's eyes, ||a| ||e Fp|s||e |o ||e
0a|a||ars ra|es ol || ( . ) or as || oe|rays ||e exege|e's |es||a||ors oelore |z|
W|a| rera|rs |o ||s eyes a grarra||ca| procedure W|ose ||r||s ard r|s|s
|e |s press|rg. |uc| rore lrequer| are ||e Words aragoge(`super|or rear|rg')
ard espec|a||y |ropo|og|a(`l|gura||ve rear|rg') W||c| appear as ||e
ord|rary des|gra||ors ol ||e sp|r||ua| serse, ye| W|||ou| our oe|rg ao|e |o
d|sc|ose |r ||e|r usage ||e spec|a||zed rear|rgs ||ey W||| |a|e |r |a|er
c|ass|l|ca||ors. As lor sp|r||us, W||c| W||| ||s der|va||ves represer|s |r ros| ol
Jerore's correr|ar|es ||e ros| currer| ard a|so ||e ros| spec|l|c ol ||e
`sp|r||ua|' exeges|s, || |rars|a|es We|| ||s lau||re oas|s.
11ooF|ever lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
less lrequer| are o||er |errs, a|so lau||re, |||e urora, |rago, ard
espec|a||y |ypus(or l|gura) se| |r re|a||ors||p W||| uer||as||a| ||g|||g||,
espec|a||y |r ||e Correr|ar|es or ||e lrop|e|s, ||e urder|y|rg correc||ors
oe|Weer ||e persors or ever|s ol o|o||ca| ||s|ory ard ||e cor|rg ol
C|r|s| W||c| ||ey |era|d. Jerore a|so spea|s ol rys|er|aard ol sacrarer|a
619
||a| a read|rg `accord|rg |o ||e 3p|r||' a||oWs us |o d|scover |r scr|p|ure. lr
||e erd, || |s |o a s|rg|e perspec||ve W|ere `||s|ory' ard `sp|r||' are re|a|ed
as `s|e|c|' (urora) ard `rea|||y' (uer||as) ||a| Jerore's vocaou|ary ol ||e
sp|r||ua| serse |r|roduces us.
To |ave access |o |||s secord |eve| ol |r|erpre|a||or, Jerore does ro|
s|y aWay lror ||e a||egor|ca| exeges|s |arge|y prac||ced oy ||s A|exardr|ar
sources, ever ||oug| |e derources rore ard rore ||s excesses ard dargers.
Never||e|ess, |e rears |o suojec| || |o ||e douo|e reg|s|er ol ordo ||s|or|ae
ard regu|a uer||a||s. 8u| |l |e |s |r|rac|ao|e or ||e `ru|e ol la|||,' W||| ||e a|d
ol ||e |aW ol ||e correr|ary, |r |ead|rg ||r |o rel|ec| or prev|ous |r|erpre|a||ors,
|e s|||| does ro| a|Ways avo|d exegeses |av|rg |||||e respec| lor ||e
`co|ererce ol ||e ||s|or|ca| serse.' ler|aps a|so ||s grarra||ca| |ra|r|rg |s
exp|a|red |r ||s rar|les||rg lor e|yro|og|ca| exeges|s a re|a||ve ease, W|||e
|av|rg recourse |o ar|||ro|ogy or|y W||| pruderce.
8u| |o ||ese d|llerer| lorrs ol exeges|s W||c| s|er lror a||egory Jerore
c|ear|y prelers, W|||e |gror|rg ||e adjec||ves, `|ypo|og|ca|' or `l|gura||ve'
exeges|s, W||c| lo||oW|rg ||e apos||e lau| ard Jesus ||rse|l recogr|zes |r
cer|a|r rea||||es ol ||e 0|d Coverar| prel|gurerer|s ol ||e NeW. 8es|des
|rd|v|dua|s |||e lsa|a|, Jerer|a|, or Jora| W|o cou|d |ave prel|gured C|r|s|
|r sore de|a|| ol ||e|r ||le, ||e peop|e ol lsrae| ||se|l, |r ||e rea|||y ol ||s
Wors||p ard ||s|ory, cors|||u|es lor ||r ||e c||el |||us|ra||or ol |||s |ype ol
exeges|s d|rec|ed |o ||e cor|rg ol C|r|s|.
lr|erler|rg W||| ||ese d|llerer| |ypes ol exeges|s, recourse |o o||er |ex|s
ol scr|p|ure, W||c| lrequer||y |a|es ||e lorr ol ver||ao|e c|a|rs ol quo|a||ors,
p|ays ar esser||a| ro|e |r pass|rg |o ||e sp|r||ua| serse. 3|rp|e |r
||e|r pr|rc|p|e, ||ese scr|p|ura| rapproc|erer|s res| or a p|eroreror ol
assoc|a||or oe|Weer a |err ol ||e correr|ed |ex| W||| o||er passages ol
3cr|p|ure cor|a|r|rg ||e sare Word, ou| ||e|r use car oe very corp|ex ard
sore||res p|ay or severa| Words ol ||e propos|||or oe|rg exp|a|red (e.g.,
lr lsa|arl . ). lr a gerera| Way ||ey or|rg |r|o p|ay ||e 0|d Tes|arer| as zz
We|| as ||e NeW, ||e lorrer prepar|rg ol|er ||roug| ||e red|a||or ol ||e
prop|e|s ard par||cu|ar|y ||e psa|rs, ||e pass|rg |o ||e |a||er, W||c| corsecra|es
ard ever pro|orgs ||e sp|r||ua| |r|erpre|a||or. T| us lor Jerore, as
oelore ||r lor 0r|ger, ||e 8|o|e exp|a|rs ||e 8|o|e.
8u| W|er |e |s correr||rg or ||e prop|e|s ||e exege|e |s ro| or|y
Jerore 11o;
corcerred W||| ||e prel|gur|rg ol rea||||es |o core, ou| a|so, |r ||e case ol
prop|ecy proper|y so ca||ed, W||| ||e|r d|rec| arrourcerer| as ooscure
ard ve||ed as || sore||res |s, |r accordarce W||| ||e |aW ||a| |e cors|ders
|o oe a ver||ao|e gerre. lor Jerore ros| ol ||e prop|ec|es |ave seer ||e|r
lu|l|||rer| oy ||s ||re, lor sore a| ||e per|od ol lsrae|'s ||s|ory, lor o||ers
W||| ||e borars, lor a |arge ruroer W||| ||e cor|rg ol C|r|s|, ||e croWr|rg ol
ress|ar|c pror|ses as ||e NeW Tes|arer| ||se|l a||es|s lor rary ol
||er. |ary cou|d |ave seer par||a| lu|l|||rer|s oelore rea||z|rg ||e corp|e|e
lu|l|||rer|. ||us as |||us|ra|ed arorg o||er exarp|es oy ||e persorage ol
Zeruooaoe|, a l|rs| lu|l|||rer| ol a prop|ecy |r ||s|ory car ||se|l appear as
a l|gure ol ||s lu||er ard rore corp|e|e lu|l|||rer| |r C|r|s| (lr l|erer|ar
vl. . - ). Corverse|y, || car |apper as |r ||e case ol ||e prop|ecy ol o18zz
Frrarue| (ls. . ), ||a| ||e re|a||ors||p ol ||e prop|ecy |o C|r|s|'s cor|rg ;1|
|s |r Jerore's eyes so ev|der| ard exc|us|ve ||a| |||era| serse ard sp|r||ua|
s|gr|l|ca||or core |oge||er |r a d|rec| arrourcerer| ol C|r|s| W||c| ex|aus|s ||e
cor|er|.
l| |s |r ary case `||e lord 3av|or, as ||e rare ol Jesus s|gr|l|es, |e W|ose
cor|rg ||e laW ard ||e lrop|e|s d|d ro| cease |o proc|a|r' (lr lsa|arvll.
1;. - ) W|or Jerore's sp|r||ua| exeges|s d|scovers |r ||e arc|er| scr|p|ures, 1o
oo|| |r ||e Correr|ar|es or ||e 0|d Tes|arer| as We|| as or ||e NeW,
ard espec|a||y |r ||s opus prop|e|a|e. T| e ||s|or|ca| c|rcurs|arces ol ||s ||le
car oe prel|gured |r ||er, or rore ol|er ||ere car oe d|scovered |r ||er
||e rys|er|es ol ||s persor ard ||s sav|rg r|ss|or W||c| are ex|erded ard
ac|ua||zed |r ||e c|urc|. T| e reW Jerusa|er |ssued lror ||e o|d, ga||ered
up oy ||e preac||rg ol ||e apos||es, lor||l|ed oy ||e sacrarer|s er|ers |r|o
coroa| aga|rs| |eres|es ||a| |arass || ard |ear || apar| ard ||s |rage Jerore
|s qu|c| |o see |r ||e oppos|rg poWers W||c| assa||ed ||e JeW|s| peop|e. No|
ruc| |r ev|derce, or ||e o||er |ard, are ||e esc|a|o|og|ca| perspec||ves ol
C|r|s|'s secord cor|rg, W|e||er urder ||e soroer co|ors ol ||e evoca||or
ol ||e erd ||res ard ol judgrer| or urder ||e pos|||ve ||g|| ol ||e lu|l|||rer| ol ||e
||s|or|ca| process ol sa|va||or oy ||e l|ra| corvers|or ol lsrae|.
Fver ||oug| |e |s espec|a||y a||er||ve |o ||e co||ec||ve d|rers|or ol |||s
sa|va||or, Jerore does ro| ye| |grore ||s |rd|v|dua| d|rers|or W||c| |e
c|ear|y erv|sages, lar lror specu|a||ors over sore Wor|d ol ||e sou| or ol a
oara| rora||sr, |r |errs ol ||e C|r|s||ar's sp|r||ua| ||le |r ||s re|a||ors||p
|o 0od ard |o C|r|s|, ||rse|l `||e poWer ol 0od ard ||e W|sdor ol 0od'
( Cor . ). 1 1z|
l||||e deve|oped |r ||e |earred exeges|s ol ||e Correr|ar|es des||red
620
lor a cu|||va|ed aud|erce ol |rlorred readers, |||s |as| aspec| occup|es or ||e
o||er |ard ar |rpor|ar| p|ace |r ||e |or|||es W||c| |ave oeer preserved
11o8F|ever lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
ol Jerore's preac||rg. less sc|er||l|c, ||e exp||ca||or W||c| accord|rg |o
||e requ|rerer|s ol ||e gerre a|rs a| ||e |rs|ruc||or ard ed|l|ca||or ol ||e
la|||lu| |s ruc| g|ver over |o corcre|e app||ca||ors ard |o parares|s, W||c|
ol|er opers up oy ||e erd ol ||e |or||y |r|o a prayer W||c| rar|les|s ||s
geru|re rear|rg. A grea|er l|ex|o||||y |r ||er c|arac|er|zes a|so ||e l|oW
ol ||e exp||ca||or, W||c| progresses lror verse |o verse oy lo||oW|rg ||e
order ol ||e o|o||ca| |ex| ye| a||oWs d|gress|ors or oac|peda||rg |o repa|r
ar overs|g||, or repea|ed surrar|es ol verses a|ready correr|ed upor |o
erp|as|ze W|a| |as oeer secured oelore go|rg or.
8u| ||e pedagog|ca| serse ol ||e preac|er ard ||e s|rp||c||y ol ||e |ore
W||c| or|rgs ||r c|ose |o ||s aud|erce do ro| res|ra|r Jerore lror |eep|rg
|o ||e esserce ol ||s exege||ca| requ|rerer|s. ll |e |eeps ||rse|l lror ra||rg
relererce |o ||e lexap|avers|ors ||s corcerr lor ||e exac|ress ol ||e sacred
|ex| |eads ||r, lor exarp|e, ro| |o |eave ||s aud|erce |r ||e dar| or ary
|rpor|ar| |ex|ua| d|vergerce oe|Weer ||e currer| |ex| ol ||e 3ep|uag|r| ard
||e leoreW W|||ou| |av|rg |o exp|a|r success|ve|y ||e |Wo vers|ors (Trac|.
de ps. . ). l||eW|se, oelore cor|rg |o ||e sp|r||ua| |r|erpre|a||or |e |arr|es 8o
a| ||e |||era| serse |r erp|as|z|rg ||a| || |s prol||ao|e lor ||s aud|erce, ard
ro| or|y lor `s|rp|e lo||.' `l ryse|l ar ed|l|ed oy ||e |e||er,' |e ra|es c|ear
(Trac|. de ps. . ). T| us ||e |rpor|arce ol ||e |||era| serse |s re|rlorced 1o8z|
oy ||e uselu|ress ||a| Jerore recogr|zes |r || lor ||e sp|r||ua| ||le ol ||e
C|r|s||ar. 8u| || |s esser||a| ro| |o oe |oc|ed up |r || as are ||e JeWs. lor, as
||e preac|er |rv||es ||s |earers |o recogr|ze, `lror ||e ||s|ory ||se|l We are
e|eva|ed |||||e oy |||||e |o ||e sacred rys|er|es' (Trac|. de ps. . ). 8o|
8y ary s|ardard ||e |||era| serse rera|rs ||e cr||er|or ol relererce lor
||e va||d||y ol ary sp|r||ua| |r|erpre|a||or. T| us Jerore does ro| |es||a|e |o
c|arge W||| |aug|||ress, ever |l || cores lror good |r|er||ors, ||e ra||er
W|despread exeges|s ||a| app||es |o C|r|s| ||e cor|er| ol lsa|r , lor |e 1
de||g||s |r po|r||rg ou| ||a| severa| verses |r || are |rcorpa||o|e W||| |||s
|r|erpre|a||or (Trac|. de ps. ). T| e sca||ered appeararce ol a verse-oy-verse 1
exeges|s s|ou|d ro| ||er dece|ve us. ro rore ||ar |r ||s Correr|ar|es
does Jerore |ose s|g|| |r ||s |or|||es ol ||e corcerr lor ||e corsequer||a
ol ||e sacred |ex|, W|ose respec| rus| |a|e corrard over ary sp|r||ua|
|r|erpre|a||or.
T| e lee||rg lor ||e W|o|e |rposes ||se|l over ||e sp|r||ua| |r|erpre|a||or
||se|l. |ore ||ar orce Jerore |rs|s|s a| ||e oeg|rr|rg ol a |or||y ||a| ||e
||||e ol ||e psa|r |s ||ere |o corvey ||s serse. |ore oroad|y, || |s ||e psa||er
||se|l ||a| |r ||e ||re ol 0r|ger ard ol JeW|s| exeges|s |e represer|s as a
vas| dWe|||rg W|ose door |s opered oy ore |ey, eac| psa|r oe|rg ||se|l a
roor possess|rg ||s oWr |ey. |ore oroad|y s||||, accord|rg |o ar express|or
Jerore 11o
oorroWed lror a |or||y or |ar|, || |s lo|y 3cr|p|ure W||c| `c||rgs W|o|e
|o ||se|l ' (|aere| s|o| |o|a), We|ded oy a s|rg|e 3p|r||, ||a| ol C|r|s|, `W|o
possesses ||e |ey ol 0av|d' ard W|||ou| W|or ro| or|y ||e laW ou| ||e
0ospe| ||se|l rera|r ve||ed (lr |arc. |or. ll). lor ||e preac|er as lor ||e
correr|a|or || |s C|r|s| W|o spea|s ||roug| scr|p|ure, ||e 0|d as We|| as
||e NeW Tes|arer|.
l||eW|se, ore |s ro| surpr|sed |o ree| |r Jerore's |or|||es ||e e|erer|s
ol a |r|r||ar|ar ||eo|ogy or ol a C|r|s|o|ogy W|ose de||oera|e|y po|er|ca|
prol||e oears, per|aps rore c|ear|y ||ar ||e Correr|ar|es, ||e rar| ol a
cer|a|r ac|ua|||y. a rereWed relu|a||or ol Ar|ar|sr, jaos aga|rs| ||e `reW
|eresy' ol Apo|||rar|us ol laod|cea, a|so a corderra||or ol ||e errors ol
0r|ger W||c| |ad lue|ed recer| cor|roversy. T| |s v|gorous derurc|a||or
ol |eresy, s|rp|e ard ||ve|y |r ||s de||oera|e lorr ol d|a|r|oe, |s douo||ess
a W||ress ol ||e ec|o ||a| doc|r|ra| cor|rovers|es s|||| aroused |r ||e |oca|
c|urc|es ol ||e Fas|.
T| us ore ro||ces oe|Weer ||e prac||ce ol ||e correr|a|or ard ||a| ol
||e preac|er sore d|llererces ol accer|, W||c| are due |r grea| par| |o ||e
d|llererces ol gerre. 8u| || |s ||e sare read|rg ol scr|p|ure W||c| cores ou|,
|| |s oas|ca||y ||e sare corcep||or ol C|r|s||ar exeges|s ||a| Jerore ooeys
W|er |e Wr||es |earred Correr|ar|es lor ||s |rlorred readers W|o Were
||s d|sc|p|es rear a| |ard or lar-ollcorresporder|s, ard W|er |e correr|s
lra|erra||y or ||e da||y psa|r or gospe| |o ||e rodes| ard r|xed aud|erce
ol ||e |||urg|ca| assero|y a| 8e|||e|er.
lr |s |r lac| s|gr|l|car| ||a| || |s |r ||e pro|ogue ol a |or||y or ||e
l|rs| verses ol lsa|a| (||e lr Fsa|a paruu|a adoreu|a||o) ||a| Jerore de||vers
sore|||rg ol a surrary ol ||s re||od ol read|rg ||e prop|e|s ard ol ||e
||s|ory ol lsrae|, ard |r a |or||y or ||e Trarsl|gura||or (lr |arc. |or.
vl) ||a| |e g|ves ||e deepes| lorru|a||or ol ||s |dea ol C|r|s||ar exeges|s,
ver||ao|e |rarsl|gura||or ol 3cr|p|ure as a W|o|e |o ||e ||g|| ol ||e 3p|r|| ol
C|r|s|.
621
|v.
Jerore |as ol|er oeer cr|||c|zed lor do|rg ro|||rg ou| lo||oW|rg |r ||s
Correr|ar|es, accord|rg |o ||e express|or ol Ju||ar ol Fc|arur (lr losea,
pro|.),
||e |Wolo|d currer| `ol ||e a||egor|es ol 0r|ger ard ||e rarra||ve |rad|||ors
ol ||e JeWs,' or, |o spea| as ||s o|ograp|er 0. 0ru|zrac|er a| ||e oeg|rr|rg
ol |||s cer|ury, ol `oe|rg ro|||rg rore ||ar a corp||er.' ll || |s correc| ||a|
Jerore's Wr|||rg Was Wor|ed ou| a| ||e corl|uerce ol severa| |rad|||ors, ||e
111oF|ever lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
rea|||y |s ruc| rore ruarced ard corp|ex ||ar ||ese cu|||rg judgrer|s
Wou|d |ead us |o |||r|.
lr urder|a||rg |o exp|a|r ||e 8|o|e, Jerore |r ||e lour|| cer|ury Was
recessar||y |e|r |r ||s exege||ca| proceed|rgs ol ||e |rad|||or ol ||e read|rg
ol scr|p|ure W||c| |rposed ||se|l or ||r as or every ecc|es|as||ca| Wr||er
ol ||s ||re ard W||c|, go|rg oac| |o ||e r| ||se|l, res|ed esser||a||y or ||e
re|a||ors||p ol ||e o| |o C|r|s|. 8u| a| a ||re W|er ||ere Was deve|op|rg |r
||e C|r|s||ar Fas| W||| ||e Cappadoc|ars ard espec|a||y W||| ||e Ar||oc||ar
currer| a rereWed rel|ec||or or ||e sp|r||ua| serse, |||s |rad|||or d|d ro|
cors|||u|e a roro|||||c o|oc|. Jerore cou|d rea||ze |||s orce |e oecare aWare
ol ||e recess||y ol a ser|ous |ra|r|rg lor ||e s|udy ol scr|p|ure. T| e ||ree
ras|ers |o W|or |e ac|roW|edges |rdeo|edress |r ||e ra||er, Apo|||rar|us,
0regory, ard 0|dyrus, oroug|| ||r |r lac| across ||e|r d|llererces ||e ec|o
ol rajor accer|s ol |||s d|verse |er||age.
l| |s a| Ar||oc| ||a| a| ||s re|urr lror ||e deser| ol C|a|c|s |e rece|ved
||s l|rs| o|o||ca| |ra|r|rg lror ||e |eac||rg ol Apo|||rar|us. Cer|a|r|y ||e
persora|||y ol ||e o|s|op ol laod|cea e|udes c|ass|l|ca||or, ou| ||e c||el
|ra||s ol ||s exeges|s as ||ey appear |o Jerorec|ar||y, qu|c|ress, corc|s|or
pus|ed |o ||e ex|rere, a serse ol ||e esser||a| W||c| ra|es ||r a||er||ve
|o ||e |||era| serse ard |o c|us|ers ol verses oourd oy rear|rgd|d ro|
cor|rad|c| ||e |erderc|es ||er oe|rg oroug|| ou| |r ||e 3yr|ar re|ropo||s,
|r W|ose |r|e||ec|ua| c||ra|e Jerore Was |r lac| aosoroed lor sore years.
l| |s sure|y ro| ar |rd|llerer| ra||er ||a| |e rece|ved |||s s|arp oelore oecor|rg
oper |o ||e A|exardr|ar |rad|||or a| Cors|ar||rop|e W||| 0regory
ol Naz|arzus.
8y 0regory's s|de |e oecare |r|||a|ed |r|o ||e vas| ur|verse ol ||e exege||ca|
Wor| ol 0r|ger, lor W|or |e W||| rever cease |o lee| es|eer ard
adr|ra||or, ever a| ||e |e|g|| ol ||e 0r|ger|s| cor|roversy. 8u| ||e ras|er's
persora|||y Was ro |ess |rpor|ar| |o guarar|ee Jerore poss|o|e dr|l|s ol ||e
exeges|s |e Was d|scover|rg. lr lac|, lor 0regory as lor ||s lr|erd 8as|| ||e
adr|ra||or W||c| |rsp|red ||e|r corpos|||or ol ||e l|||oca||ad|d ro| go
W|||ou| d|scr|r|ra||or. lr ||e Cappadoc|ar's oa|arced a||||ude ard serse
ol reasure oy W||c| ||s es|eer lor 0r|ger d|d ro| ra|e ||r o||rd |o ||e
dargers ol A|exardr|ar a||egor|sr, Jerore ||us lourd ar exerp|ary rode|
a| a ||re|y rorer|.
T| us loreWarred aga|rs| ||e |erp|a||ors ol ar urcor|ro||ed a||egor|sr
oy ||e |rpress|ors |el|or ||r oy ||s lrequer|a||or ol Apo|||rar|us ||er ol
0regory, |e Was |r cord|||or |o draW ||e ros| prol|| lror |||s d|rec| cor|ac|
W||| ||e pure A|exardr|ar |rad|||or as || Was prac||ced |r ||s ||re W|er sore
years |a|er |e rade ||e |r|p |o A|exardr|a |o ||s|er |o 0|dyrus ||ere.
Jerore 1111
lror ||e d|vers||y ol |||s |r|p|e scr|p|ura| |r|||a||or Jerore ||e exege|e
del|r||e|y dreW a |Wolo|d oerel||. |e d|d ro| l|rd ||rse|l erc|osed lror
||e oeg|rr|rg |r ||e ||r||ed |or|zors ol a s|rg|e |erdercy. 0|sc|osed or
aro||er |eve| oy ||eo|og|ca| d|vergerces W||c| Wer| a|| ||e Way |o |eresy
(Fp|s|. . ), ||ese d|ll ererces arorg ||s ras|ers a|so cor|a|red |r gerr, oy 8|
||e lorce ol |||rgs, ar |rv||a||or |o d|scerrrer| lror W||c| |e W||| |roW
|oW |o prol||.
Jerore Wou|d ro| l|rd ||e sare d|vers||y |r ||e Wr|||er sources, ros||y
0ree|, W||c| |e Wou|d use lor ||s Correr|ar|es ard W||c| |e revea|s
|r ||s pro|ogues. lor ||e W|o|e ol ||e opus prop|e|a|e|r par||cu|ar ||ere
appear W||| rore or |ess regu|ar||y ||e rares ol 0r|ger, Fuseo|us ol
Caesarea, 0|dyrus, ard Apo|||rar|us. NoW W||| ||e ro|ao|e excep||or ol
||e |as| rared, a|| ||ese predecessors W|ose Wor|s Jerore all| rrs |o |ave
read ard used are s||ua|ed, W||| sore ruarce, |r ||e A|exardr|ar roverer|. As
|e ooserves |r ||e pro|ogue ol ||s Correr|ary or Zec|ar|a|al|er
|av|rg rer||ored ||e Correr|ar|es ol 0r|ger, l|ppo|y|us, ard 0|dyrus
or ||a| prop|e|, `||e|r exeges|s |s a||oge||er a||egor|ca| ard ||ey |ave oare|y
|ouc|ed ||s|ory,' lor W||c| reasor |e carro| ra|e use ol ary relererce
ou| ||e leorae|. As lor ||e la||rs, as ||e Correr|ary or lsa|a|dec|ares,
ore ol ||e rare ores W||c| g|ve ||r occas|or |o rer||or ||er, ||ere |s
`a grea| s||erce' excep| or |||s prop|e| lor ||e Correr|ary ol v|c|or|rus
ol loe|ov|o, a pure rel|ec||or as We|| ol A|exardr|ar exeges|s. T| |s |s a|so
||e case, or ||e lsa|rs, lor l||ary, Fuseo|us ol verce|||, or Arorose, W|ose
deperderce or 0r|ger |e or|rgs ou| (Fp|s|. . ), W|||e |e seers ro| |o 11zzo
622
|roW ||e Correr|ary ol 0|odore ol Tarsus or ||e lsa|rs, ||s Ar||oc||ar
cor|erporary. T| e sare ooserva||or car oe rade lor ||e Correr|ary or
|a|||eW, lor W||c| We l| rd, oes|des ||e usua| 0ree| sources ard 0r|ger a|
||e|r |ead, ||e rares ol v|c|or|rus ard Arorose.
8u| as lar as We car judge desp||e ||e |oss ol ||e grea|es| par| ol ||s d|rec|
sources, ||e Way |r W||c| Jerore draWs a par| ol |||s |er||age does ro| go
W|||ou| d|scr|r|ra||or. T| e d|scovery a| Toura |r ol ||e Correr|ary or 1|1
Zec|ar|a|ol 0|dyrus a||oWs us |oday a corpar|sor W||| ||a| ol Jerore, ore
a|| ||e rore |r|eres||rg oecause 0|dyrus |s |ere ||s pr|rc|pa| source, s|rce
0r|ger exp|a|red or|y ||e l|rs| s|x c|ap|ers ol ||e prop|e|. NoW |l Jerore |s
c|ose |o ||s source |o ||e po|r| ||a| ore |as spo|er ol a `cer||l|ed |rue copy,'
||s Correr|ary car |r ro Way oe reduced |o oe|rg ro|||rg ou| a serv||e
|r||a||or ol ||s rode|. Cer|a|r|y, Jerore draWs lror ||e pro||x Correr|ary
ol ||e A|exardr|ar a p||e ol e|erer|s ol ||s sp|r||ua| exp||ca||or, ou| ||e
cor|er| ol ||s oWr Correr|ary |s ro| ||r||ed |o ||ese oorroW|rgs, |oWever
aourdar| ard ev|der| ||ey are. 0|dyrus, lor exarp|e, |s ol ro |e|p |o ||r lor
111zF|ever lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
||e |||era| exp||ca||or, ard |e scarce|y |rl|uerces ||s exege||ca| vocaou|ary. lr
||e very usage ||a| Jerore ra|es ol ||e e|erer|s |e re|a|rs We ro||ce very
ol|er ||a| |e ra|r|a|rs ||s d|s|arce W||| respec| |o ||s rode|, lor |rs|arce
|r ||e |rea|rer| ol a c|a|r ol scr|p|ura| quo|a||ors ||a| |e |a|es up, ro| |o
rer||or ||e spec|l|c rejec||or ol a||egor|ca| exegeses W||c| Wou|d erp|y
||e sacred |ex| ol ||s suos|arce (e.g., lr Zac|ar|arlll. . - ). 1;
T| e corpar|sor ol Jerore's Correr|ary or lsa|a|W||| ||e very |org
ex|rac|s ol ||a| ol Fuseo|us ||a| We possess |oday (0C3 Fus.w. ) |ead |o
s|r||ar corc|us|ors. Jerore seers oe|o|der |o ||s predecessor lor rore
||ar ore ||re ol |r|erpre|a||or, suc| as arorg o||er exarp|es ||e p|ace
|e|d |r ||s Correr|ary oy ||e lu|l|||rer| ol ||e prop|e||c |era|ds a| ||e
||re ol C|r|s| oy ||e |ard ol bore. 8u| ro |ess car sore ser|ous d|llererces
oe|Weer ||e |Wo Correr|ar|es oe ooserved. |r ||e recourse |o ||e
lexap|a vers|ors, |r ||e use ol ||e exege||ca| vocaou|ary, |r ||e lree repe||||or ol
c|a|rs ol scr|p|ura| c||a||ors, e|c., Jerore orea|s aWay lror Fuseo|us
ever qu||e or|s||y |r |W|ce reproac||rg ||r lor aoardor|rg ||e ||s|or|ca|
exp||ca||or ol W||c| |e oe||eved |e cou|d see ||e pror|se |r ||e pro|ogue
ol ||s predecessor's Correr|ary, |r lavor ol dargerous ||oer||es ollered oy
a||egory (lr lsa|arv, p r o | . ) .
T| e |oss ol 0r|ger's Correr|ar|es does ro| a||oW us ary suc| prec|se
corpar|sors. 8u| || |s cer|a|r ||a| Jerore's deperderce or ||e ore W|or,
|r ||e ||re ol 0|dyrus, |e regarded a| ||e oeg|rr|rg ol ||s career as `||e
ras|er ol ||e c|urc|es al|er ||e apos||es,' |s cors|derao|e. lror ||e ||re ol
||e lau||re Correr|ar|es, W|ere |e goes so lar as |ex|ua||y |a||rg up, a| |eas|
orce, ar er||re passage ol ||e A|exardr|ar W|||ou| a||r|ou||or (lr Fp|s|. ad
Fp|es|oslll. . - ), ard ||roug|ou| ||s opus prop|e|a|e, 0r|ger's exege||ca| z8z
Wor| W||c| |e rever d|soWred (e.g., Fp|s|. . ) does ro| d|sappear lror ||e 8|
oac|grourd ol ||s Correr|ar|es, as |as oeer derors|ra|ed |r par||cu|ar
lor ||e Correr|ary or Jora|. 8u| |l Jerore's deo| |oWard ||e exeges|s ol
||s predecessor s|ou|d ro| oe urderes||ra|ed, ||s oWr prac||ce or|rgs ou|
rar|les| d|vergerces lror ||. lror ||e ||re ol ||s essay or ||e serap||rol
lsa|a| |e |ad derourced ||e |r|erpre|a||or W||c| saW |r ||er ||e 3or ard
||e 3p|r||. lr ||e r|ds| ol ||e 0r|ger|s| cor|roversy We car perce|ve |r ||e
||read ol ||s Correr|ar|es a groW|rg d|s|arc|rg lror ||e |r|erpre|a||ors
W|ose ques||orao|e c|arac|er seer c|earer |o ||r, W|||e reserva||ors aoou|
||e `a||egor|cus |r|erpres' oecore s|arper. Ard ||e read|rg ol ||s |or|||es
does ro| oe||e |||s |Wolo|d |rpress|or ol deperdercy ard d|s|arc|rg.
3evera| rajor aspec|s ol Jerore's exeges|s, or ||e o||er |ard, are d|rec|ed
|o o||er rapproc|erer|s. T| e |rpor|arce W||c| |e accords |o ||e |||era|
serse, oo||ga|ory lourda||or ol ary sp|r||ua| |r|erpre|a||or, |r W|ose serv|ce
Jerore 111
are oroug|| |r ||e cor|r|ou||ors ol prolare cu||ure ard ol ||e raoo|r|c |rad|||ors, a
rar|ed prelererce lor l|gura||ve exeges|s ever |l ||e ra|ure ol ||s
sources |ead ||r |o rel|ec| rary a||egor|ca| |r|erpre|a||ors ol ||s predecessors,
sore||res |r cor|rad|c||or W||| ||s oWr pr|rc|p|es, ||e p|ace rade
|r ||s Wor| lor prop|ecy ard cer|a|r aspec|s ol ||e corcep||or |e |as ol ||,
|r par||cu|ar ||e |dea ol success|ve lu|l|||rer|s ol cer|a|r orac|es. so rary
|ra||s lor W||c| |e |s per|aps |rdeo|ed |r ore Way |o ||e Correr|ar|es ol
Apo|||rar|us ou| W||c| cer|a|r|y or|rg ||r c|ose |o ||e exege||ca| |erderc|es ol
Ar||oc|, ever |l We carro| spea| |ere ol |er||age or ever ol rea|
deperderce or ||e Ar||oc||ar Wr||ers.
large|y |r|ou|ary ol recogr|zed sources W|||e a| ||e sare ||re perv|ous
|o |rl|uerces ol ar exege||ca| ac|ua|||y W||c| |s ro| s||ll, Jerore's exeges|s |s
||us ro| reduc|o|e |o a s|rg|e |erdercy. 0r ||e cor|rary, || l|rds ||s spec|l|c||y |r
||e correr|a|or's capac||y |o exp|o|| preex|s|er| ra|er|a|s ard oy
exerc|s|rg c|o|ces |o se| ||er |r ar order ol |rpor|arce ard |r d|llerer||y
623
c|ar|ly|rg ||e e|erer|s |e |eeps ol ||er, W|||e or|rg|rg ex|erra| cor|r|ou||ors |o
||er. A rea||s||c la||r a| ||e crossroads ol ||e 0ree| |rad|||ors
d|s||rgu|s|ed oy |rpor|ar| ruarces, Jerore |r ||s soreW|a| grop|rg searc|
lor a oa|arced pos|||or al| er ||e rarrer ol ||s ras|er 0regory Was l|ra||y
|ed |o |o l| rd oeyord ||e c|eavages ol ||e sc|oo|s ||e corror C|r|s||ar
exeges|s W||c| |e a|so a||a|red ||roug| ||e la||r |rad|||or, ever ||oug| ||
|ad scarce|y ye| produced ary Correr|ar|es. Fver oelore ||ese W||resses
ol corror |ypo|ogy |||e Cypr|ar's Tes||ror|aard l||ary's Trea||se or ||e
|ys|er|es, Ter|u|||ar |ad |r lac| app||ed ||rse|l |o es|ao||s| aga|rs| |arc|or
||e |eg|||racy ol a l|gura||ve |r|erpre|a||or ol ||e 0|d Tes|arer| W|||e oe|rg
carelu| |o corderr ||e|r a||egor|z|rg dr|l|.
lr |||s Way Jerore occup|es |r ||e ||s|ory ol la||r exeges|s a pos|||or
W||c| |s or|g|ra| lor rore ||ar ore reasor. l|rs| ol a|| |e appears as ||e
rar ol ||e prop|e|s, lor oe|rg ||e l|rs| ard ever ||e or|y ore ol ||e la||rs
|o |ave correr|ed or a|| ol ||er, ard |||s pr|v||eged accer| p|aced or
prop|ecy does ro| seer |o oe urre|a|ed |o ||s prelererce lor ||e l|gura||ve
exeges|s ard ||e C|r|s|ocer|r|c c|arac|er ol ||s exeges|s.
|ore oroad|y, ||ere core |oge||er |r ||s Correr|ar|es, W|||ou| ||e|r
oe|rg reduced |o |||s, a|org W||| ||e cor|r|ou||ors ol ||e la||r |rad|||or, ||e
d|llerer| |erderc|es ol 0ree| exeges|s as We car perce|ve ||er |r ||s ||re.
8u| ||e |er||age |s ro| eva|ua|ed |ere or|y |r |errs ol exege||ca| corcep||ors.
8y rel|ec||rg |r ||s Correr|ar|es or ||e op|r|ors ol ||s predecessors as
||e |aW ol ||e gerre requ|red ol ||r, |e ex|erded |r sore Way ard W|dered
||e l|e|d ol ||e urder|a||rg oegur |r Cors|ar||rop|e |o `rerder 0r|ger
la||r' ard lu|l|||ed |r ||s Way ||s proc|a|red purpose |o ra|e |roWr |o
111|F|ever lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
||s cor|erporary la||rs `W|a| |e |ad rece|ved lror C|urc| Wr||ers' (lr
Zac|ar|ar ll. . - ). lr ||us |rd|rec||y g|v|rg ||er access |o Wor|s W||c| o1
W|||ou| ||r Wou|d rera|r c|osed |o ||er a| a ||re W|er ||e ||rgu|s||c cu|ollol ||e
Frp|re Wer| |r |arder W||| ||s del|r|||ve po||||ca| d|v|s|or, |e
p|ayed a ro|e ol correc||rg ||r| oe|Weer Fas| ard wes|, ol W||c| ||s oWr
||le, d|v|ded a|ros| equa||y oe|Weer ||e la||r Wor|d ard 8e|||e|er prov|des
a sor| ol syroo||c |rage. |oreover, W|||ou| |av|rg soug|| ||, |e assured ||e
|rarsr|ss|or |o ||e la||r ||dd|e Ages ol ||e cor|er|, par||a| cer|a|r|y ou|
ro| reg||g|o|e, ol rary ol ||ese Wor|s W||c| are |os| |oday.
A|org W||| ||e exeges|s ol ||s predecessors, Jerore a|so pror|sed |o
`de||ver |o la||r ears ||e secre|s ol leoreW sc|erce . . . |ouc||rg ||e scr|p|ures,'
ol W||c| |e |ad corcerred ||rse|l |o ra|e d|rec| |rqu|r|es ol ||e
leoreW `ras|ers' W|ose rea|||y |s |rcor|es|ao|e, W|a|ever |as oeer sa|d or
||e suojec|. lr reveroera||rg |r ||s Correr|ar|es rore sys|era||ca||y ||ar
ary ol ||s predecessors ||e ec|oes ol ||e|r ||rgu|s||c, ||s|or|ca|, ever proper|y
exege||ca| |rad|||ors, |e |as s|rgu|ar|y err|c|ed C|r|s||ar exeges|s. Fver
rore revo|u||orary ard perlec||y or|g|ra|, ||e c|o|ce ||a| |e rade |o re|urr
|o ||e |eora|ca uer||aslor ||e |ex| ol ||e leoreW 8|o|e Wou|d as || Were ro|
or|y g|ve ||e 8|o|e lor a secord ||re |o ||e la||r C|urc|, ou| prov|de ||e
oases or W||c| Wou|d res| lror roW or ary ed|l|ce ol ||e exp||ca||or ol ||e
3cr|p|ures |r ||e C|r|s||ar wes|.
los|||ored oy ||s persora| |||rerary a| ||e crossroads ol a c|ass|ca| la||r
|ra|r|rg, a o|o||ca| cu||ure very |arge|y 0ree|, ard ol a ser|ous leoreW |r|||a||or,
||e u|r |r|||rgu|s||a| Jerore |reW ||rse|l |o oe ||us appears a| |||s
W|rd|rg doWr ol ||e erd ol ||e lour|| cer|ury as ar excep||ora| red|a|or
|r ||e serv|ce ol scr|p|ure. oe|Weer ||e |er||age ol arc|er| cu||ure ard ||e
reWress ol C|r|s||ar exper|erce, oe|Weer JeW|s| |rad|||ors ard ||e C|urc|'s
|rad|||or, oe|Weer ||e 0ree| Fas| ard ||e la||r wes|.
lr Fsa|a( , - ) paruu|a adoreu|a||o. 11o
lr ||e TWe|ve lrop|e|s We |ave ||e descr|p||or as || Were ol a s|c|
persor W|o |as relused |o care lor ||s |||ress r|g|| up |o ||e po|r| ol
dea||, ard ||er ||e s|ory ol ||s |ea||rg al|er dea|| oy C|r|s|, W|o |s
||e |rue p|ys|c|ar. 3o W|a| ||e TWe|ve lrop|e|s do eac| |r par|ro|
W|||ou| ||erse|ves or|el|y |e|||rg urders|ard ||a| ||ey |rc|ude ||e
sare purpor|||e grea|er prop|e|s d|d |r a gerera| Way. Ard Fzra,
W|o |s |roWr as `||e suppor|,' Zeruooaoe|, W||c| rears `|e |s pr|rce
|r 8aoy|or,' ard Jesus (sor ol Josedec), W||c| |r our |arguage rears
`sav|or,' |ave core |r advarce as l|gures ol ||e lord, |o care lor W|a|
Jerore 111
||e o||er prop|e|s cou|d ro| care lor oy ||e|r red|c|re ooo|s, ard |o
|ead ||e peop|e oac| lror cap||v||y.
lr |arc| Fvarge||ur |rac|. vl(= lr |arc. , - ). 1;
T| e ore W|o lo||oWs 0od's Word ard c||ros up ||e rour|a|rs, ||a|
|s, or ||e |e|g||s, lor ||r Jesus |s sudder|y |rarslorred ard Jesus'
c|o|||rg oecores s||r|rg W||| W|||eress. T| e Words ||a| We read, |l
We urders|ard ||er |||era||y, W|a| |s s||r|rg aoou| ||er, W|a| |s resp|erder| or
|ol|y? 8u| |l We urders|ard ||er sp|r||ua||y sudder|y ||e
624
|o|y scr|p|ures, ||a| |s, ||e c|o|||rg ol ||e Word oecore |rarslorred
ard oecore ol a s||r|rg W|||eress |||e sroW, `as ro lu||er or ear||
car ra|e ||er.'
Ta|e ary prop|e||c W||ress, |a|e a gospe| parao|e. |l you urders|ard ||er
accord|rg |o ||e |e||er ||ere |s ro|||rg |r ||er ||a| |s
resp|erder|, ro|||rg s||r|rg. 8u| |l you lo||oW ||e apos||es ard urders|ard
sp|r||ua||y, sudder|y ||e c|o|||rg ol ||e Word |s |rarslorred ard
oecores s||r|rg W|||e. || |s oo|| ||e W|o|e Jesus W|o |s |rarslorred
or ||e rour|a|r ard ||s c|o||es W||c| oecore ol a W|||eress as s||r|rg as
sroW, as ro lu||er or ear|| car rerder ||er |r or|g||ress.
8|o||ograp|y
Fd|||ors
la|ro|og|a la||ra(ll. J. l. ||gre ed., |. - , lar|s, - <reprerd zzo 18|18|o
0. va||ars|z
, vo|., ver|se, - >. 11 1;oo1;;z
Corpus C|r|s||arorur 3er|es la||ra (CCl). 0pera exege||ca. |. (W||| ;z
o|o||ograp|y)- , Turr|ou| - . 0pera |or||e||ca. |. , . C3Fl. ;; 11o ;818
|. - . Fp|s|u|ae, l||oerg ed., - , |. . lr l|erer|ar be||er |o 11o118
ed., . 11
lr lsa|ar. reW ed. oy b. 0rysor, vo|. paru ( . l-lv), lre|ourg, lerder, . 1 1 1
8|o||a 3acra |ux|a vu|ga|ar vers|orer, ed. b. weoer, 3|u||gar|, 18

.
Fd|||ors W||| lrerc| |rars|a||ors
Correr|a|re sur Joras, ed. . |. 0uva|, 3C| , lar|s, . z 18
Correr|a|re sur |a||||eu, ed. F. 8orrard, vo|., 3C| & , | o|d., - z z|z z 1;;
1;.
le||res, ed. J. laoour|, vo|., Cul, lar|s, - . 8 1|1o
111oF|ever lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
Trars|a||ors
0errar
AusgeWa|||e 8r|ele, l. 3c|ade, ed., vo|., 8|o||o||e| der K|rc|erva|er ll, z 1o
& , - . 181o1;
Frg||s|
T| e le||ers ol 3| Jerore, C. C. ||eroW ard T. C. laW|er ed., Arc|er| C|r|s||ar
wr||ers , wes|r|rs|er, |d., . 1o
T| e |or|||es ol 3| Jerore, |. l. FWa|d ed., vo|., T| e la||ers ol ||e C|urc| z
|8& , was||rg|or, - . 1o|1oo
l|a||ar
3ar 0|ro|aro. le le||ere, 3. Co|a ed., vo|., bore, - . Correr|o a | 1oz1o|
0ar|c|e, ld., |o|d. . 1oo
3|ud|es
Aoe|, l. |.. `le Correr|a|re de sa|r| Jerore sur lsaie,' b8, r.s., , , - 111ozoo
. z
. `3a|r| Jerore e| |es prop|e||es ress|ar|ques,' |o|d., , , - , , 111o|z|o1|
, 11;
- z|;o.
Ar||r, lau|. `Au|our du sorge de s. Jerore,' |r becue|| sur sa|r| Jerore, Co||.
la|orus , 8ruxe||es, , - . 1o8;11oo
8ardy, 0.. `3a|r| Jerore e| ses rai|res |eoreux,' b8er , , - . |o1|1|o|
8arr, J.. `3| Jerore's Apprec|a||or ol leoreW,' 8Jbl , , - . |1ooz8ooz
8od|r, vor. 3a|r| Jerore e| l'Fg||se (la |ypo|og|e de |'Fg||se, la ||eo|og|e de
|'Fg||se).
T| eo|og|e ||s|or|que , lar|s. 8eauc|esre, . o 1oo
8oo||, A|ar 0.. `T| e da|e ol Jerore's o|r||,' l|oe , , - . 1;|o
8ra|oz, baj|o. `0|e 0esc||c||e des lru|er C|r|s|er|urs |r 0eo|e| zW|sc|er
3|rr|ur urd Aqu||e|a |r l|c|| der reuerer lorsc|urger,' K||o , , - ;z1oo8
o. (Jerore's o|r||p|ace)
8raverrar, Jay. Jerore's Correr|ary or 0ar|e|. A 3|udy ol Corpara||ve
JeW|s|
ard C|r|s||ar lr|erpre|a||ors ol ||e leoreW 8|o|e. C8|3 . was||rg|or, . ; 1;8
8roWr, 0err|s. `3| Jerore as a o|o||ca| Fxege|e,' l83| , , - . 18181
. v|r Tr|||rgu|s, A 3|udy |r ||e 8|o||ca| Fxeges|s ol 3a|r| Jerore. Karper, Ko|
l|aros, . 1z
8urs|e|r, F||ar. `la corpe|erce de Jerore er |eoreu. Fxp||ca||or de cer|a|res
erreurs,' bFAug , , - . z11;1z
Cava||era, lerd|rard. 3a|r| Jerore sa v|e e|sor oeuvre. vo|., 3p|c||eg|ur z
3acrur
lovar|erse - , louva|r ard lar|s, . 1z 1zz
Cource||e, l|erre. les le||res 0recques er 0cc|der| de |acrooe Cass|odore.
lar|s, de
8occard, 1|8
z
, - . ;11
625
Jerore 111;
0ou|re|eau, lou|s. lr|roduc||or |'ed|||or du 3ur Zac|ar|e de 0|dyre l'Aveug|e,
3C
8, lar|s, . 1oz
0uva|, ves-|ar|e. le l|vre de Joras dars |a ||||era|ure c|re||erre grecque e|
|a||re,
3ources e| |rl|uerce du 'Correr|a|re sur Joras' de sa|r| Jerore. vo|s. F|udes z
Augus||r|erres . lar|s, . |z 1;
. `Jerore e| 0r|gre avar| |a quere||e or|ger|s|e. la cure e| |a guer|sor u|||re
du
rorde e| du d|ao|e dars |'lr Na|ur,'' Aug , , - . z|18||;1|
. `Jerore e| |es prop||es. l|s|o|re, prop|e||e, ac|ua|||e e| ac|ua||sa||or dars
|es
Correr|a|res de Na|ur, ||c|ee, Aod|as e| Joe|,' lages - |r Corgress 1o81
vo|ure 3a|ararca . vT3up . le|der. 8r|||, . 18 o 18
. `Cass|odore e| Jerore. 0e 8e|||eer v|var|ur,' |r l|av|o |agro Aure||o
Cass|odoro. A||| de||a se|||rara d| s|ud|, Coserza-3qu|||ace - se||erore 1z|
18, a cura d| 3. learza, , - . 18oo
. `l' 'lr Fsa|ar paruu|a adoreu|a||o de cap||u||s pauc|s' de Jerore.ure |ore||e
(|rorquee) e| ure |eor de re||ode aux ro|res de 8e|||eer.' lages - |zz8z
ol vo|. ol l|||o|og|a 3acra. 8|o||sc|e urd pa|r|s||c|e 3|ud|er lur lerrarr z
J. lrede urd wa||er T| |e|e zu ||rer s|eoz|gs|er 0eour|s|ag, Fd||ed oy b.
0rysor.
lre|ourg. lerder, . 1
Fs||r, Co|e||e. les lsau||ers de Jerore |a |ur|re des |raduc||ors ju|ves
ar|er|eures.
Co||ec|area 8|o||ca la||ra . bore, 3ar 0|ro|aro, . 1 18|
0|rzoerg, lou|s. `0|e laggada oe| der K|rc|erva|err, vl. 0er Korrer|ar des
l|eroryrus zu Jesaja,' |r JeW|s| 3|ud|es |r |erory ol 0eorge A. Ko|u|, NeW
or|, , - . 1z;1|
0ourda|r, Jear-lou|s. `Jerore exege|e de |a Trarsl|gura||or,' bFAug , , |o1|
- o;.
0ozzo, 3erap||rus. `0e sarc|| l|eroryr| Correr|ar|o |r lsa|ae ||orur,'
Ar|or ,
1oo, - , - . |8o1oz1|
0r|ooror|, Jear.. `la |err|ro|og|e exege||que de Jerore,' |r la|err|ro|og|a
esege||ca re||'Ar||c|||a, uaderr| d| ve|era C|r|s||arorur XX, 8ar|, Fd|pug||a,
18;, - . 1z|
0r|||zrac|er, 0eorg. l|eroryrus. F|re o|ograp||sc|e 3|ud|e zur a||er
K|rc|ergesc||c||e. vo|., 8er||r, - . 1o11o8
0rysor, boger & 3zra|u|a, 0or|r|que. `les correr|a|res pa|r|s||ques sur lsaie
d'0r|gre Jerore,' bFAug , , - . o1o|1
0u|||e|, Jacques. `les exegses d'A|exardr|e e| d'Ar||oc|e. Corl||| ou
ra|er|erdu?,'
b3b , , - . |1|;z;oz
lagerarr, w||lr|d, wor| a|s 8egegrurg r|| C|r|s|us, 0|e c|r|s|ozer|r|sc|e
3c|r|l|aus|egurg des K|rc|erva|ers l|eroryrus, Tr|erer T| eo|og|sc|e 3|ud|er
, z
Tr|er, lau||rus ver|ag, . 1;o
lagerda|| lara|d. la||r la||ers ard ||e C|ass|cs, A 3|udy or ||e Apo|og|s|s,
1118F|ever lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
Jerore ard o||er C|r|s||ar wr||ers3|ud|a graeca e| |a||ra 0o||oourgers|a vl,
0o|eoorg, , - . 188z8
. `Jerore ard ||e la||r C|ass|cs,' v|gC|r, , , - . z81;|z1oz;
laro|erre, l|erre. `la |orgev||e de Jerore. lrosper ava||-|| ra|sor? la|orus , z8
1o, - . 1o81111
lar|rarr, lou|s N.. `3| Jerore as ar Fxege|e,' |r A |orurer| |o sa|r| Jerore,
l. X.
|urp|y ed., , - . 1z81
lo||z, lou|s. 0ora| e| |a |rad|||or de |'erse|grerer| grarra||ca|, lar|s, Fd. du
CNb3, . 181
Jay, l|erre. `le vocaou|a|re exege||que de sa|r| Jerore dars |e 'Correr|a|re
sur
Zac|ar|e'' bFAug , , - . 1|1o81o
. `3ur |a da|e de ra|ssarce de sa|r| Jerore,' bFl , , - . 11;zoz8o
. `'A||egor|ae ruo||ur' c|ez sa|r| Jerore,' bFAug , , - . zz1;o8z8
. `3a|r| Jerore e| |e |r|p|e sers de |'Fcr||ure,' |o|d. , , - . zo18oz1|z;
. `la da|a||or des prer|res |raduc||ors de |'Arc|er Tes|arer| sur |'|eoreu par
sa|r| Jerore,' |o|d. , , - . z818zzo81z
. l'exegse de sa|r| Jerore d'aprs sor 'Correr|a|re sur lsaie.'lar|s, F|udes
Augus||r|erres, . 18
. `Jerore e| |a pra||que de |'exegse,' |r le rorde |a||r e| |a 8|o|e, 8|o|e de
|ous |es
|erps , lar|s, 8eauc|esre, , - . z 18z|z
626
. `Jerore A 8e|||eer. |es Trac|a|us |r lsa|ros.' lages - |r Jerore o;8o
er|re
|'0cc|der| e| |'0r|er|. Ac|es du Co||oque de C|ar||||y (sep|erore ). Fd||ed oy 18o
. |. 0uva|. F|udes Augus||r|erres. lar|s, . 188
. `3a|r| Jerore e| |a prop|e||e,' |r 3|la|r | , louva|r, lee|ers, , - 18| 1o1|
. o
Jerore er|re l'0cc|der| e| |'0r|er|. Ac|es du Co||oque de C|ar||||y, sep|erore
, 18o
puo||es par . |. 0uva|, lar|s, F|udes Augus||r|erres, . 188
Karesar, Adar. Jerore, 0ree| 3c|o|ars||p ard ||e leoreW 8|o|e. A 3|udy ol
||e
'uaes||ores leora|cae |r 0eres|r,'0xlord C|ass|ca| |orograp|s, 0xlord,
1.
Ke||y, J. N. 0.. Jerore, l|s l|le, wr|||rgs ard Cor|rovers|es. lordor, 0uc|Wor||,
1;.
la|s|rer, |. l. w.. `T| e 3|udy ol 3| Jerore |r ||e ear|y ||dd|e Ages,' |r A
|orurer| |o 3a|r| Jerore, l. X. |urp|y, ed., , - . 1zzo
laroer|, 8.. 8|o||o||eca l|eroryr|ara raruscr|p|a, la |rad|||or raruscr||e des
oeuvres de sa|r| Jerore, lA- A8. lrs|rurer|a la|r|s||ca , 3|eerorugge-0er | |
laag,
N|j|oll, - . 1o1;z
learza, 3ardro. `3u||e lor|| de| Correr|ar|o a||'Fcc|es|as|e d| 0|ro|aro,' |r
A3Fs
, , - . 18o1;
luoac, lerr| de. Fxegse red|eva|e, les qua|re sers de |'Fcr||ure. Co||. T|
eo|og|e , |1
|z& , vo|., lar|s, Auo|er, - . | 11o|
Jerore 111
|arc'|adour, 0erra|r. `lrl|uerce de |a vu|ga|e sur |a cu||ure de l'0cc|der|,' |r
Jerore er|re |'0cc|der| e| |'0r|er|, .|. 0uva| ed., , - . 188|o81
. `3a|r| Jerore dars |'oeuvre de T|oras |ore,' |oreara , - , , z;1o1z1o
- . 1z|
|eersc|oe|, 0..A.. le |a||r o|o||que d'aprs sa|r| Jerore. la||r||as
C|r|s||arorur
lr|raeva , N|jreger, 0e||er & var de veg|, . zo 1oo
A |orurer| |o 3a|r| Jerore, Fssays or sore aspec|s ol ||s ||le, Wor|s ard
|rl|uerce.
lrarc|s X. |urp|y ed., NeW or|, 3|eed & ward, . 1z
Nau||r, l|erre. `F|udes de c|roro|og|c ||eroryr|erre ( - ),' bFAug , ; 18
, 1;z
- zo18, , , - , - , , , - . 11;o8oz1z1zo1;|z18|
. `le '0e serap||r' de Jerore e| sor apperd|ce 'Ad 0arasur,'' |r bora
berascers, les|sc|r|l| l|ora 0pe||, lrar|lur| ar |a|r, le|er larg, , - 188z;
.
lerra, Arge|o. lr|rc|p| e cara||ere de||'eseges| d| sar 0ero|aro. bora, lor||l|
c|o
ls|||u|o 8|o||co, . 1o
ler|, v|||or|o. 0re||e or|ger|are su| 3a|r|, Cor|r|ou|o a||'|der||l|caz|ore de| |es|o
|a||ro. 3|ud| e Tes|| , C|||a de| va||caro, . z8 18o
beoer|c|, 3|elar. l|eroryrus urd se|r Kre|s, lrosopograp||sc|e urd
soz|a|gesc||c||||c|e ur|ersuc|urger. 3|u||gar|, 3|e|rer, . 1z
. `Jerore, T| e 'u|r |r|||rgu|s' ard ||e '|eora|ca uer||as',' v|gC|r , , - |;1o
. ;;
b|ce, Fugere l.. 3a|r| Jerore |r ||e bera|ssarce. 8a|||rore, Jo|rs lop||rs
ur|v.
lress, . 18
3avor, lerve. `Jerore e| Aroro|se, |r|erpr|es du prer|er Fvarg||e,' dars
Jerore
er|re |'0cc|dcr| e| |'0r|er|, . |. 0uva| ed., , - . 188zoz
3c|a|||r, |argare| A.. `T| e lrl|uerce ol 0r|ger upor 3| Jerore's Correr|ary
or
0a|a||ars,' v|gC|r , , - . z|1;o|8
3|rore|||, |ar||o. `3u||e lor|| de| Correr|o a lsa|a d| 0|ro|aro,' Aug , , z|18|
- |1o.
3par|s, l. l. 0.. `Jerore as a 8|o||ca| 3c|o|ar,' |r T| e Caror|dge l|s|ory ol ||e
8|o|e,
l, Caror|dge ur|v. lress, , - . 1;o1o|1
3p|cq, C. Fsqu|sse d'ure ||s|o|re de |'exegse |a||re au |oyer-Age. 8|o||o||que
||or|s|e , lar|s, vr|r, . zo 1||
vaccar| A.. l la||or| de||'eseges| geror|r|ara, 8|o||ca. , , - (= 3cr|||| d| 11zo|;8o
erud|z|ore e d| l||o|og|a, |. , - , bore, Fd. d| 3|or|a e le||era|ura, ). z1|;;o 18
3upp|erer|ary 8|o||ograp|y
jerore
627
Adars, J. 0. T| e lopu|us ol Augus||re ard Jerore. N|l. a|e ur|vers||y
lress, . 1;1
Ad||r, N. `0r sore l|gura||ve express|ors [or v|rg|r||y, C|r|s|-oear|rg| |r
Jerore's
zzrd |e||er.' v|gC|r ( ). - . ;18o|o
11zoF|ever lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
. `[Jerore Adv le|ag , , |r 0a| , , | T| e s|adoW ard ||e |ru||, ar 11 z|
ur|der||l|ed ar||||es|s |r ||e la||ers.' 0ll ( ). - . 118|z|z
A||arer, 8. `warr sc|r|eo l|eroryrus se|re Fp. ad 3urrar e| lre|e|ar de 1oo
lsa||er|o?' v|gC|r ( ). ss. |1oz|o
Ar||r, l. `les 3|rres e| u|ysse dars |'oeuvre de 3. Jerore.' bFl , - zz|1
. 1z1
. Fssa| sur 3. l|eroryrus. lar|s. le|ouzey, . 11
. 8|o||ograp||a se|ec|a de 3. l|eroryro lresoy|ero. CCla| , . ;z1
. becue|| sur 3. Jerore. Co||. 'la|orus,' vo|. . 8ru. la|orus, . 1oo
. `'3|rp|e' e| 's|rp||c||e' c|ez 3. Jerore.' b8er ( ). - . ;11o1;181
. `bul|r e| le|age dars Jerore. lro|ogue |r l|erer|ar.' la|orus ( ). 1 zz1o
- ;z|.
. `3. Jerore e| |e rorde des sors p|ys|ques e| sp|r||ue|s.' bl| ( ). ;1o
- . 18z1
. `3ur 0elersor 3c|r|||. e| Jerore, lr 0ar . , . o e| a.' 3FXvl ( ). |81o| o 1o
- zo.
. `la sc|er||a c|ez 3. Jerore.' lr lorrages |. berard, vo|. l, - . 8ru. |;
la|orus, . 1o
. `becue|| sur 3. Jerore.' NbT| ( ). s. z1;o1o
. `|o|s 'vu|ga|res' dars 3. Jerore.' la|orus ( ). s. o1;1;o8
. `la v|e|||esse c|ez 3. Jerore.' bFAug ( ). - . 1;1;1||
Arrs, F. la |ec|r|que du l|vre d'aprs 3. Jerore. lar|s. F. de 8occard, . 1
Auer, l. `0er ||. l|eroryrus |r 3p|ege| se|rer vu|ga|a.' lr lassover 3|ud|er,
les|sc|r|l|lur 3|ror Korrad lardersdorler, - . lassau, . 11z| 1
Aueroac|, l. `F|r lragrer| des 0ar|e|-Korrer|ars vor l|eroryrus |r
3|aa|sarc||v |arourg.' lr ls. w. le|rereyer, Aus 0esc||c||e urd ||rer
l||lsW|ssersc|al|er, ed||ed oy l. 8arrasc|, - . |arourg, . 1o 1;
Averary, l. `l|eroryrus' Fp|s|e| uoer d|e |us|||rs|rurer|e urd ||re a||os|||c|er
ue||er.' A|us ( ). - . 1o1o18o
8arre|, C.l. `0|e lau|us|orrer|are des l|eroryrus. d|e ers|er
W|ssersc|al|||c|er |a|e|r|sc|er 8|oe||orrer|are?' lr Cr|s||ares|ro la||ro e
cu||ura 0reca
s|ro a| sec. lv. XXl lrcor|ro d| s|ud|os| de||'ar||c||| cr|s||ara, bora, - ragg|o ;
(3|ud|a ep|erer|d|s 'Augus||r|arur,' ), - . bore. lrs|||u|ur 1z |z18;zo;
la|r|s||cur 'Augus||r|arur,' . 1
8arre|, C. l. l. `l|||oca||alX, Jerore Fp|s||e , ard 0r|ger's Fxpos|||or ol 1z1
borars vll.' JT| 3 ( ). - . z181o81
8arasc|, |. `3ar| Jeror|ro, |ec|or de Juvera|.' lr ls. l. 0ora, bCa|T, vo|. , 1|
- 11
1, . 18
8arr, J. `3|. Jerore ard ||e 3ourds ol leoreW.' J33 ( ). - . 1z1o;1o
. `T| e vu|ga|e 0eres|s ard 3|. Jerore's A||||ude |o worer.' lr 3|la|r, vo|.
| , 1;z
ed||ed oy F. A. l|v|rgs|ore, - . 0xlord. lergaror lress, . zo8; 18z
8ar|e||r|, 0. J. |. `les ooserva||ors de Jerore sur |es |erres de |a |argue
courar|e
e| par|ee.' la|orus ( ). - . 81;1zzz
Jerore 11z1
. l|eroryrus, ||oer `0e op||ro gerere |r|erpre|ard|' (Fp|s|u|a ). F|r ;
Korrer|ar. lr |r.3 . le|der. 8r|||, . o1 18o
8auer, J. 8. `3erro lecca||. l|eroryrus urd das Nazaraerevarge||ur.' 8Z |
( ). 1oo
- 1zzz8.
. `l|eroryrus urd 0v|d.' 0r8 ( ). - . |1;11
. `[Jo| . - , || . - | C|r|s|us s|dereus, d|e Terpe|aus|re|ourg z1zzz 11118
l|eroryrus urd das Nazaraerevarge||ur.' lr C|r|s|us oezeuger. les|sc|r|l|lur
wo|lgarg Tr||||rg zur . 0eour|s|ag, ed||ed oy K. Ker|e|ge, T. lo||z ard C.-l. o
|arz, - . le|pz|g. 3|. 8erro-ver|ag, . z;oo 18
8ejararo, v. `3ar Jeror|ro y |a vu|ga|a |a||ra. 0|s|r|ouc|or de |as corjurc|ores
dec|ara||vas quod, qu|a, quor|ar.' le|r ( ). - . zo1;1
8ergrer, T| . A., b. A. Kral|, ard 8. 0. wr|g|| lll. `Jerore's Trars|a||or ol
0r|ger's
lor||y or Jerer|a| , - (0ree| |or||y , la||r ).' b8er ( ). zz1zz z 1 1o|1|
- zoo8.
8od|r, . `l'Fg||se des 0er|||s dars |'ecc|es|o|og|e de 3. Jerore.' 3|la|r ( ). o1oz
- . o1z
628
8orjorr, J. `8|o||a y roraca|o |r 3. Jeror|ro.' lr C0Cb, vo|. , - . bore, zzz|8o1
1oo.
8orr|arr, 0. 0esarre||e Aulsa|ze l. 0as Frde des 0ese|zes, lau|us 3|ud|er.
8FvT
1o. |ur|c|. Ka|ser, . 1oo
8oyd, w. J. l. `0a|||aeaa d|llererce ol op|r|or oe|Weer Augus||re ard
Jerore's
'0roras||ca 3acra.'' lr 3|la|r, - , | . 1o1;8|
8raverrar, J. baoo|r|c ard la|r|s||c Trad|||or |r Jerore's Cor. or 0ar|e|. 0|ss.,
es||va ur|vers||y, . 1;o
8reer, A. `Ar Apocryp|a| Trad|||or |r lseudo-Jerore, Correr|ar|us |r
|arcur.'
b8er ( ). - . 1o1oo;
8r|rc|er, A.-0. vor der. `l|eroryrus a|s Fxege| 'securdur ||s|or|ar.' vor der
C|ror|| zur Fzec||e|-Korrer|ar.' 0AF| ( ). - . |1|;;
8roWr T|acz, C. `laoor |ar u||||s.T| e Crea||or ol ||e vu|ga|e.' v|gC|r ( ). o1o
- |z;z.
8uc||e||, v. `[ls . | T|erlr|ede oe| l|eroryrus urd se|rer vorgargerr.' lr ls. oz
8. Ko|||rg, JAC , - , . z11o
8u||ar|, v. `lgr|s sap|ers (e.g. l|eror |r 0ar . ).' 3F ( ). - . z 11ozooo1
8u||erWor||, C. C. T| e Frg||s| lr|rers ( - ). T| e|r luo||ca||ors ard 1oz|
Correc||or
W||| ||e Frg||s| 8|o|e ard ||e belorra||or |r Frg|ard. l|||ade|p||a. ur|vers||y
ol lerrsy|var|a lress, . 1
Ca||||, |. `T|e |der||l|ca||or ol ||e l|rs| |ar|ar Correr|ary.' b8 | ( ). 1o1z1|
- z8o8.
Car|sar|, F. `3. 0|ro|aro e |'uso de||a 8|oo|a re||a C||a sp|r||ua|e.' lav| ( ). ;1oz
- 88;.
Car|a|aressa, b. `'ba||o pasc|ae.' la cor|rovers|a su| s|gr|l|ca|o de||a lasqua
re||'Aroros|as|er, |r 0|ro|aro e |r Agos||ro.' Aev ( ). - . ||1;oz1|1
11zzF|ever lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
Casr|r|, F. `la 8|oo|a ||oro d| v||a secordo 3. 0|ro|aro.' lav| ( ). - . 81oo1;1
C|avou||er, l. `uere||e or|ger|s|e e| Cor|roverses |r|r||a|res, A propos du
Trac|a|us cor|ra 0r|gerer de v|s|ore lsa|ae.' v|gC|r ( ). - . 1|1oo1|
C|ccarese, |. l. `ura eseges| 'douo|e lace.' lr|roduz|ore a||a Fxpos|||o |r loode|
preo||ero l|||ppo,' A3F3q( ). - . 1z|8z
. `3u||e orre d| 0ero|aro. la Fxpos|||o |r loo de| preso||ero l|||ppo.' lr |o||v|
|e||erar| ed esege||c| |r 0ero|aro, ed||ed oy C. |ores||r| ard 0. |eres|r|ra,
- z|;o8. 8resc|a, . 1;
C|gre|||, l. `l| Cr|s|o d| 3ar 0ero|aro.' T3(l) ( ). - . oz18o1o;z
C|ar|, F. A. `T| e p|ace ol Jerore's correr|ary or Fp|es|ars |r ||e 0r|ger|s|
cor|roversy, ||e apo|a|as|as|s ard asce||c |dea|s.' v|gC|r ( ). - . |118;1|;1
C|aus|, 8. `la laro|a s|ravo||a. lo|er|ca ed eseges| o|o||ca re||'Adversus
lov|r|arur
d| 0ero|aro.' ve|C|r ( ). - . z1z1oo
. `3|or|a sacra e s|ra|eg|a re|or|ca. 0sservaz|or| su||'uso de||''exerp|ur' o|o||co
re||'Adversus lov|r|arur d| 0ero|aro.' C3 ( ). - . 1o1|;8|
. `la laro|a s|ravo||a. lo|er|ca ed eseges| o|o||ca re||'Adversus lov|r|arurd|
0ero|aro.' lr be|or|ca ed eseges| o|o||ca. l| r|||evo de| cor|eru|| a||raverso |e
lorre. A||| de| ll 3er|rar|o d| Ar||c|||8 Cr|s||are, 8ar| - roverore , z;z8 11
ed||ed oy |. |ar|r ard |. 0|rard| (ve|C|r ), - . 8ar|. Fd|pug||a, z|8;1zo
1o.
. `la 8|oo|a reg|| scr|||| po|er|c| d| 0ero|aro. lroo|er| e p|s|e d| r|cerca.'
lr |o||v| |e||erar| ed esege||c| |r 0ero|aro. Fd||ed oy C. |oresc||r| ard
0. |eres|r|ra, - . 8resc|a. |orce|||ara, . ; 1;
Co|a, 3. 3. 0|ro|aro, 0re||e sur varge|| e su var|e r|correrze |||urg|c|e. CTl . 88
bore. C||| Nuova, . 1o
Co|e-Turrer, b. 3. `Ar||-|ere||ca| |ssues |r ||e deoa|e over 0a|a||ars . - |r z111|
||e le||ers ol 3|. Augus||re |o Jerore.' Aug3| ( ). - . 1118o1oo
Curr|rgs, J. T. `3|. Jerore as Trars|a|or ard as Fxege|e.' 3|la|r ( ). 1z1;
- z;8z.
0a||or, w. J. `3|. Jerore or ||e lrsp|ra||or ard lrerrarcy ol 3cr|p|ures.' ACb
( ). - . 1o1zo
0av|s, l. 0. `T| e 3cr|p|ura| Cor|roversy oe|Weer 3|. Jerore ard 3|. Augus||re.'
lr
ACb, vo|. , - , . 1o1o1o
0e||'0ca, F. C. `lersar|er|os soore |a 3agrada Fscr||ura segr 3ar Jeror|ro.'
b8
z|( ). - . 1oz1oo8
0erougeo|, F. `3. Jerore, |es orac|es s|oy|||rs e| 3||||cor.' bFA ( ). - |1z8
. z
0o|gror, J. `l'exegse |a||re arc|erre de T| essa|or|c|ers . - sur |a 1 ||
possess|or de ro|re uas, sc|eras c|ass|ques e| ec|a|rages c|re||ers.' 8lF 8
( ). 18z
629
- 1o;;.
. `3erv| . . . lac|er|es vo|ur|a|er 0e| ex ar|ro (Fp| . ). ur ec|a|erer| de |a oo
Jerore 11z
ro||or de serv||ude c|ez Aroro|se, Jerore, Augus||r?' bsl|T| ( ). o818|
- zo111.
. `0r|g|re e| essor d'ure var|ar|e de T| . dars |es c||a||ors de Jerore, 1 z1
Augus||r e| bul|r, l.' lr l|||o|og|a 3acra. 8|o||sc|e urd pa|r|s||sc|e 3|ud|er lur
lerrarr J. lrede urd wa||er T| |e|e zu ||rer s|eoz|gs|er 0eour|s|ag. l. A||es
urd Neues Tes|arer|, ll. Apocryp|er, K|rc|erva|er, versc||ederes, ed||ed oy
b. 0rysor, - . lre|ourg. lerder, . oo1 1
0ora|sor, |. 0. `Jerore's 'C|ror|cor' (|rars|a||or ard cor||rua||or ol Fuseo|us),
a
|rars|a||or ard correr|ary ('l|rs| |r Frg||s|').' 0|ss., l|or|da 3|a|e ur|vers||y,
11s.
0u|aey, |. `Jerore 'ed||eur' du Correr|a|re sur |'Apoca|ypsede v|c|or|r de
loe|ov|o.' bFAug ( ). - . ;111zo
0uva|, .-|. `3a|r| Augus||r e| |e Correr|a|re sur Joras de sa|r| Jerore.'
bFAug
1z| - ( ). - . 1z1oo|o
. `Ter|u|||er cor|re 0r|gre sur |a resurrec||or de |a c|a|r dars |e Cor|ra
lo|arrer l|eroso|yr||arur, - de 3. Jerore.' bFAug ( ). - . zo 1;1;1zz;;8
. `3. Cypr|er e| |e ro| de N|r|ve dars |'lr lorar de 3. Jerore. la corvers|or
des |e||res |a l|r du lv
e
s|c|e.' lr Fpe||as|s. |e|arges pa|r|s||ques oller|s au
Card|ra| Jear 0ar|e|ou, - . lar|s. J. lor|a|re e.a., . 1;o 1;z
. `C|rorace e| Jerore.' lr C|rora||us Fp|scopus. - . 0|orra|e d| 88188
s|ud|o
per || . Cer|erar|o de||'F|evaz|ore a||'Fp|scopa|o d| 3ar Croraz|o vescovo d| 1o
Aqu||e|a, Aqu||e|a - 3e||erore (Ar||c||| a||oadr|a||c|e ), - . zz 188 |118
ud|re. Ar|| 0ral|c|e lr|u|are, . 18
0ur|g, w. `0|e 0eu|urg der 8ro|o|||e des va|erursers oe| der |a|e|r|sc|er va|err
o|s l|eroryrus.' lJ ( ). - . 181o8;z8o
Froes, l. J. `0|e Joo-uoerse|zurger des ||. l|eroryrus.' 0|ss., lre|ourg, . 11
Fvars, C. A. `Jerore's Trars|a||or ol lsa|a| . - .' v|gC|r ( ). - . o1o 818|zozo|
larrer, w. b. T| e las| TWe|ve verses ol |ar|. 3NT3|3 . lordor. z
Caror|dge
ur|vers||y lress, . 1;
lor|ar|er, J.-|. `3ur ure |rage ||eroryr|erre, |e v|sage s|dera| de Jesus.'
b3l|T|
;( ). - . 11z1o
0a||ey, l. J. `Jerore's la||r vers|or ol Joo lror ||e 0ree|, C|. - . l|s Tex|, 1zo
C|arac|er
ard lroverarce.' 0|ss., lr|rce|or T| eo|og|ca| 3er|rary, . 1|
0arc|a |orero, A. `3ar Jeror|ro, |raduc|or parad|gr||co.' 3cr|pT. larp 11
( ). 1;
- 88z8.
0||oer|, |. `Jerore e| 8er 3|ra (c|arge de vue sur sa caror|c||e).' lr l030T
surrar|es, vo|. , . |18o
. `Jerore e| |'oeuvre de 8er 3|ra.' |useor ( ). - . 1oo18;1ozo
0||||ar, J. l. `T|e lro Coe||o(C|ceror|s) |r 3|. Jerore's le||ers.' lT|b ( ). |o1
- 1oo;.
11z|F|ever lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
0|verser, 3. `l|oer As|er|| ard ||e NeW Tes|arer|.' 3T | - ( ). - . 11z1o|;|
0orce, 0. la lec||o 0|v|ra re||'aro|er|e asce||co d| s. 0|ro|aro. Carr|r| de||o
3p|r||o. 8o. 0e|or|are, . 1o
0or|, l. `0a ura corp||az|ore red|eva|e su| 3a|r|. recuper| per | correr|ar| d|
0|ro|aro, d| lrospero d| Aqu||ar|a e d| Arroo| || 0|ovare.' A3F ( ). 1o1
- 1;o.
0ourda|r, J.-l. `les lsaures dars |'exp||ca||or de |a pr|re de Joras (lr lorar
z. - ).' lr Jerore er|re |'0cc|der| e| |'0r|er|. Xvl|re cer|era|re du depar| z1o
de sa|r| Jerore de bore e| de sor |rs|a||a||or 8e|||eer. Ac|es du co||oque
de C|ar||||y (sep|erore ). luo|. par .-|. 0uva|, - . lar|s. F|udes 18o 818
Augus||r|erres, . 188
. `les lsaures dars |'oeuvre de 3a|r| Jerore. Corra|sarce des lres de
|'Fg||se.'
ClF ( ). - | ( ). - . o1zoz1z|1z
. `3a|r| Jerore e| |'|r|erpre|a||or du psaure . .' 3|la|r. ( ). - . 1 z1z
0rarada, |. de. `No|as soore |a asces|s jeror|r|ara de |a |ec||o d|v|ra.' Cu8| z|
( ). - . 1o;oo;;
0rodzyrs||, 0. `'3upers||||o' [clr. l||r|us Jr. (de c|r|s||ar|s), l|eroryrus, Co| . zz
(de Jude|s).|.' bFA ( ). - . ;o1;|ooo
0rysor, b. `la |rad|||or raruscr||e du correr|a|re de Jerore sur lsaie. F|a| de
|a ques||or.' lr Jerore er|re |'0cc|der| e| |'0||er|. Xvl|re cer|era|re du depar|
630
de sa|r| Jerore de bore e| de sor |rs|a||a||or 8e|||eer. Ac|es du co||oque
de C|ar||||y (sep|erore ). luo|. par .-|. 0uva|, - . lar|s. F|udes 18o |oz
Augus||r|erres, . 188
. `les s|x dors du 3a|r|-Fspr||. la vers|or ||eroryr|erre d'lsaie ll, . .' 8|o z ;1
( ). - . 1o|oo
. `3a|r| Jerore |raduc|eur d'lsaie. bel|ex|ors sur |e |ex|e d'ls. . - dars 1|18z1
|a
vu|ga|e e| dars |' lr Fsa|ar.' |us ( ). - . 1o|11;;z
0rysor, b., ard l.-A. 0eproos|. Correr|a|res de Jerore sur |e prop||e lsaie.
lr|roduc||or par b. 0. l|vres l-lv. Tex|e e|ao|| par b. 0. e| l.-A. 0. avec |a co||ao.
de J. Cou||e e| F. Crousse. ve|us |a||ra. Aus d. 0esc||c||e d. |a|e|r. 8|oe|.
lre|ourg. lerder, . 1
0rysor, b., ard l. A. 0eproos|. `la |rad|||or raruscr||e du correr|a|re de
Jerore
sur lsaie (l|vres l e| ll).' 3c ( ). - . |181;|zzz
lae|eWyc|, J.-C. `le |erre vu|ga|e du correr|a|re de Jerore sur lsaie.' lr
Jerore er|re |'0cc|der| e| |'0r|er|. Xvl|re cer|era|re du depar| de sa|r|
Jerore de bore e| de sor |rs|a||a||or 8e|||eer. Ac|es du co||oque de
C|ar||||y
(sep|erore ). luo|. par .-|. 0uva|, - . lar|s. F|udes Augus||r|erres, 18o 1|oz
188.
lagerarr, w. `3acrarer|ur 3cr|p|urae. 0|e c|r|s|ozer|r|sc|e 3c|r|l|aus|egurg
des
K|rc|erva|ers l|eroryrus.' 0|ss., bore. lor|. ur|v. 0regor|arae, s. 1o;
Jerore 11z
. 0|e 8r|ele lac|ors. 0r|ec||sc|er Tex| der lardsc|r|l|w. der C|es|er 1|
8ea||y l|orary e|rge|e||e| urd |erausgegeoer, |op||sc|e lragrer|e urd Z||a|e.
Tr|erT| eo|3|ud . Tr|er. lau||rus-ver|ag., | . z 1o;o
lagerda||, l. `0|e 8edeu|urg der 3|erograp||e lur d|e spa||a|e|r|sc|e
c|r|s|||c|e
l||era|ur.' JAC ( , ed. ). - . 1|1;1 1;zz|8
laro|erre, l. `l'exerp|ur lorre| dars |'oeuvre corserve de Jerore.' Aug o
( ). - . 1o1|o
larv|a|rer, T. 0r ||e voca||sr ol ||e c|osed urs|ressed sy||ao|es |r leoreW, a
s|udy
oased or ||e ev|derce prov|ded oy ||e |rarscr|p||ors ol 3|. Jerore ard
la|es||r|ar
purc|ua||ors.lr 3|ud|a 0r|er|a||a, . le|s|r||. 3oc|e|as 0r|er|a||s lerr|ca, |8
1;;.
layWard, C. T. b. `JeW|s| |rad|||ors |r Jerore's correr|ary or Jerer|a| ard
||e
Targur ol Jerer|a|.' ll8A ( ). - . 181oozo
. 3a|r| Jerore's leoreW ques||ors or 0eres|s. Trars|a|ed W||| |r|roduc||or
ard
correr|ary.0xlord ear|y C|r|s||ar s|ud|es. 0xlord. C|arerdor press, . 1
le|rarr, 0. l. `T| e lo|er|ca| App||ca||or ol 3cr|p|ure |r 3|. Jerore.' 3|la|r 1z
( ). - . 1;o1o
lerr|rgs, b. `baoo|r|sc|es urd Ar||jud|sc|es oe| l|eroryrus, Fp. , ,' |r 1z11o
C|r|s|||c|e Fxegese zW|sc|er N|caea urd C|a|cedor.Fd||ed oy J. var 0or|,
- |;1. Karper. Ko|, . 1z
. 0er 8r|elWec|se| zW|sc|er Augus||rus urd l|eroryrus urd ||r 3|re|| ur
der Karor des A||er Tes|arer|s urd d|e Aus|egurg vor 0a| . - .0|ss., z111|
le|de|oerg, | . 11z
. 0er 8r|elWec|se| zW|sc|er Augus||rus urd l|eroryrus urd ||r 3|re|| ur der
Karor des A||er Tes|arer|s urd d|e Aus|egurg vor 0a| . - (v|gC|r3 ). z111| z1
le|der. 8r|||, . 1
lerrrdez |ar||r, J. l. `3ar Jeror|ro y |as deu|erocaror|cos de| AT.' C0|os 18z
( ). - . 1o;8|
lollrar, A. `T| e 3cr|p|uro-cer|r|c 3p|r||ua||||es ol 3|. Jerore ard 3|. lrarc|s.'
3co||s| ( ). - , - . 181ozz;|;o
lo|r-N|e|ser, 3. `0r ||e lr|erpre|a||or ol o|e|e|| |r Far|y C|r|s||ar||y (|xx,
l|eroryrus).' vT ( ). - . z|1;|1o8;;
loroury, w. `JeWs ard C|r|s||ars or ||e 8|o|e, derarca||or ard corvergerce
( - z
|1),' ed||ed oy J. var 0or|, - , | . ;z1o11z
loWe||, J. C. `Jerore's |or|||es or ||e lsa||er |r 8e|||e|er.' lages - |r 181;
T|e
l|s|er|rg lear|. Fssays |r w|sdor ard ||e lsa|rs |r loror ol bo|ard F.
|urp|y.
Fd||ed oy K. 0. log|urd, e| a|. J30T3 . 3|ell|e|d. J30T lress, . 8 18;
lur|er, 0. 0. `le|v|d|us, Jov|r|ar, ard ||e v|rg|r||y ol |ary |r la|e lour||Cer|ury
bore.' JFC3 ( ). - . 11|;;1
Jay, l. `Coro|er Jerore a-|-|| |radu|| d'|ore||es d'0r|gre,' - . 1;
11zoF|ever lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
631
. `berarques sur |e vocaou|a|re exege||que de 3. Jerore.' 3|la|r , ( ). 1o11;o
- 18;8.
. `Jerore aud||eur d'Apo|||ra|re de laod|cee Ar||oc|e.' bFAug ( ). zo1;|
- o|1.
. `3a|r| Jerore e| |a prop|e||e.' lr 3|ud|a pa|r|s||ca , . Augus||re, ||e 18|
pos|N|cere la||r la||ers, or|er|a| |ex|s, Nac||eoer ol ||e la||ers, ed||ed oy F. A.
l|v|rgs|ore, - . Ka|arazoo, ||c|.. C|s|erc|ar luo||ca||ors, . 1zo 1o
. `Jerore e| Augus||r |ec|eurs d'lsaie. A propos du Trac|a|us de psa|ro de o
Jerore.' Aug ( ). - . 81z1oz
. `Jerore e| |a 8|o|e, Corra|ssarce des lres de |'Fg||se.' Nr. ( ). - o11o
. 18
. `la vu|ga|e, Corra|ssarce des lres de |'Fg||se.' Nr. ( ). . o11
. `Jerore e| Augus||r |ec|eurs d'lsaie. A lropos du 'Trac|a|us de psa|ro ' de o
Jerore, l.' lr C|ar|s|er|a Augus||r|ara losep|o 0roz be|a d|c|a|a, vo||. z
(= Augus||rus | , | ), - . |adr|d, | . 81|z1oz 1|
. `Jerore e| |a 3ep|ar|e or|ger|erre.' lr 0r|ger|ara 3ex|a. 0r|gre e| |a
8|o|e|
0r|ger ard ||e 8|o|e. Ac|es du Co||oqu|ur 0r|ger|arur 3ex|ur. C|ar||||y, o
aou|- sep|erore , ed||ed oy 0. 0or|va| ard A. le 8ou||uec, W||| ||e 1
co||aoora||or ol |. A|exardre, |. ledou, A. lour||er, ard J. wo||rs||, - . zo1|
louva|r. lee|ers, . 1
. `3a|r| Jerore e| 'l'ur e| |'au|re Tes|arer|.'' lages - |r `0uvr|r |es o1;
Fcr||ures.' |e|arges oller|s lau| 8eauc|arp |'occas|or de ses so|xar|e-d|x
ars.
Fd||ed oy l. 8ova|| ard b. |eyre|. l0 . lar|s. Cerl, . 1oz 1
Jer||rs, b. 0. `T| e 8|o||ca| Tex| ol ||e Correr|ar|es ol Fuseo|us ard Jerore
or
lsa|a|.' Aor-r. ( | ). - . zz188|o|;8
Jo|arresso|r, |. `l|eroryrus urd d|e jurgerer gr|ec||sc|er uoerse|zurger
des
AT.' TlZ ( ). - . ;1|81|z
. `Zur Fr|s|e|urg der Ausdruc|sWe|se der |a|e|r|sc|er vu|ga|a aus der
jurgerer
gr|ec||sc|er a|||es|arer|||c|er uoerse|zurger.' ZNw ( s). - . ||1z o1oz
Jouassard, 0. `bel|ex|ors sur |a pos|||or de 3. Augus||r re|a||verer| aux
3ep|ar|e
dars sa d|scuss|or avec 3. Jerore.' bFAug ( ). - . z1o
Karesar, A. 3|ud|es |r Jerore's 'uaes||ores |eora|cae |r 0eres|r', ||e Wor|
as seer |r
||e cor|ex| ol 0ree| sc|o|ars||p.0|ss., 0xlord, . 18;
Kar|r, 3. `T| e ||eo|og|ca| s|gr|l|carce ol ||e leora|ca ver||as |r Jerore's T|
oug||.'
lr 3|a are| Ta|ror, ed||ed oy |. l|s|oare, e| a|., - . w|rora la|e. z|
F|seroraurs, . 11
Kedar-Kopls|e|r, 8. `JeW|s| Trad|||ors |r ||e wr|||rgs ol Jerore.' lages - |zoo
|r T| e Arara|c 8|o|e. Targurs |r T| e|r l|s|or|ca| Cor|ex|.Fd||ed oy 0. b. 0.
8ea|||e ard |. J. |cNarara. J30T3up . 3|ell|e|d. J30T, . 1oo 1|
Ker, N. b. `lragrer|s ol Jerore's Cor. or 3|. || ( . - ) e| . ss. |s 11zo 1|;
3|reWsoury).' lr |ed|aev. e| lurar|s||ca, vo|. , - . 8ou|der, Co., . 1|;1| 1oz
Jerore 11z;
K|eller, b. `Jerore. l|s Fxeges|s ard lerrereu||cs.' lages - |r leoreW oo81
8|o|e|
0|d Tes|arer|. T| e l|s|ory ol ||s lr|erpre|a||or. vo|. . lror ||e 8eg|rr|rgs |o 1
||e
||dd|e Ages (ur||| ), |r co-opera||or W||| C. 8re|e|rars ard |. larar, ed. 1oo
oy |. 3ao, lar| . Ar||qu||y. 0o|||rger. varder|oec| & buprec||, . 1 1o
K|e|r, 3. `Targur|sc|e F|erer|e |r der 0eu|urg o|o||sc|er 0r|srarer oe|
l|eroryrus.' |0wJ ( , ed. ). - . 81 1o1z|1
K||jr, A. l. J. `Jerore's uo|a||ors lror a Nazoraear lr|erpre|a||or ol lsa|a|.'
b3b
oo( ). - . 1;zz|1
. `Jerore, lsaie e| |'Fvarg||e des Nazareers.' v|gC|r ( ). - . o |o18oz|o
K|oe|ers, 0. 8uc| urd 3c|r|l|oe| l|eroryrus. 0|ss., |urs|er, . 1;
laar|over, Jar var. `l|eroryrus urd der Kuro|s (|o||).' 3c|r|l| ( ). - 11;11oz
. o
laroer|, 8. 8|o||o||eca l|eroryr|ara |aruscr|p|a. la |rad|||or raruscr||e des
oeuvres de 3. Jerore. lrs|rurer|a la|r|s||ca lv (3|eerorug|s|lagae Cor|||s,
Aooa||a 3. le|r|||. N|j|oll ), vo|. Tore lA, l8, ll, . 1o
larg|arrer, l. `0|e Zuge|or|g|e|| des 3a|z|e||es Fovv |r Jo| , , oe| 1|
l|eroryrus (ad l. de |a lo||er|e).' 8Z ( ). - . 81o|z8
laroaud, v. 3ous |'|rvoca||or de 3. Jerore. lar|s. 0a|||rard, . 1|o
larde|, l. `Cu||e as|ra| e| cu||ure prolare c|ez 3. Jerore, propos d'ure
|ourrure
suspec|e (errore coro|o|rus) e| d'a||us|ors ror e|uc|dees duCorrer|a|re sur
632
Aros.' v|gC|r ( ). - . 181z1|
. `Jerore exeg|e, ure co|ererce |rsouporree.' bFAug ( ). - . o1oooo;
learza, 3. `3u||e lor|| de| Correr|ar|o a||'Fcc|es|as|e d| 0|ro|aro.' A3Fs
( | 18
;8o). - . 1;
. `le |re vers|or| geror|r|are de||'Fcc|es|as|e.' A3F ( ). - . |18;8;1o8
. `3u| Correr|ar|o a||'Fcc|es|as|e d| 0|ro|aro. [| proo|era esege||co}.' lages
- zo;8z|r Jerore er|re |'0cc|der| e| |'0r|er|. Xvl|re cer|era|re du depar| de
sa|r| Jerore de bore e| de sor |rs|a||a||or 8e|||eer. Ac|es du co||oque de
C|ar||||y (sep|erore ). Fd||ed oy.-|. 0uva|. lar|s. F|udes Augus||r|erres, 18o
188.
. `0ero|aro e |a |rad|z|ore eora|ca.' lages - |r |o||v| |e||erar| ed 1;8
esege||c|
|r 0ero|aro. Fd||ed oy C. |oresc||r| ard 0. |eres|r|ra. 8resc|a. |orce|||ara,
1;.
lecuyer, J. `l'oas|s d'F||r e| |es r|r|s|res dars |'Fg||se.' lr ls. C. vagagg|r|,
lex
orard| |ex crederd|, ed||ed oy 0. J. 8e|es ard 0. larred|, - . bore, . zz 18o
loesc||e, 0. 0|e va|erurser-Fr||arurg des T| eop|||us vor Ar||oc||er. F|re
ue||erur|ersuc|urg zu der va|erurser-Fr||arurger des Ter|u|||ar, Cypr|ar,
C|rora||us urd l|eroryrus. Aa|er. 3c|er||a - ver|ag, . 1;
loeWe, b. `Jerore's Trea|rer| ol ar Ar||ropopa|||sr.' vT ( ). - . z1zzo1;z
lol, l. J. var der. `l'Apo|re lau| dars |es |e||res de 3a|r| Jerore.' NT | 1z
( ). 1;;
- 1ooo.
11z8F|ever lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
lor|er|o, 0. `No|e su||a |raduz|ore geror|r|ara de||a ore||e su 0erer|a d|
0r|gere.' ve|C|r ( ). - . 1o1;z|oz
lols|ed|, 8. `Zu l|eroryrus' Jesa|as-Korrer|ar.' 0rp|eus | ( ). - . 118|1;zo
lyorre|, 3. `Fxp|a||or e| |r|ercess|or. A propos d'ure |raduc||or de 3. Jerore.'
8|o
|o( ). - . 188o1
|adec, 0. `'Fgo sur qu| sur' de Ter|u|||er Jerore.' 0|eu e| |'F|re. F|udes
Augus||r|erres, - . 1z1
|a||, l. 0as ver|a||r|s des 0pus |rperlec|ur |r |a|||aur zu der
|a|||aus|orrer|arer des l|eroryrus urd des 0r|geres. 0|ss., 0raz, s. 18
|a||rgrey, A. |. `No|e sur |'exegse de T|r . (c|ez 0r|gre, J. 1 z1
C|rysos|ore,
Jerore, Augus||r).' 3|la|r ( ). - . 1z1;|
|ar|r, |. `l|ar|o d| lo|||ers e 0ero|aro.' lages - |r |o||v| |e||erar| ed 1;;
esege||c| |r 0ero|aro. Fd||ed oy C. |oresc||r| ard 0. |eres|r|ra. 8resc|a.
|orce|||ara, . 1;
|ar|s, J. l. 0er |ex||r|||sc|e wer| des lsa||er|ur l|eroryr| |ux|a leoraeos.
0|ss.,
8ase|, . 1
|a||||eu, J.-|. `0rego|re de Naz|arce e| Jerore. Correr|a|re de |' lr
Fp|es|os ,
, ,' lr Jerore er|re |'0cc|der| e| |'0r|er|. Xvl cer|era|re du depar| de 3a|r| z
Jerore de bore e| de sor |rs|a||a||or 8e|||eer. Ac|es du Co||oque de
C|ar||||y
(sep|erore ), ed||ed oy . |. 0uva|, - . lar|s. F|udes Augus||r|erres, 18o 11z;
188.
|cCar||y, 0. l. `Jerore, v|r |r|||rgu|s ard ||e lux|a leoraeos.' lr 0a||as
Aos|rac|s,
18o.
. `A rev|eW ol ||e |||era|ure or l|eroryr(o)us. ||s |rars|a||or |ec|r|ques ard
|rl| uerces upor ||r.' lr lroceed|rgs, Fas|err 0rea| la|es ard ||dWes| 8|o||ca|
3oc|e||es. vo|. , - . Fas|err 0rea| la|es 8|o||ca| 3oc|e|y, . |1zo8 18|
|cKare, w. 3e|ec|ed C|r|s||ar |eora|s|s [0r|ger, Jerore, ArdreW ol 3|. v|c|or,
0. |ar||r, b. 3|ror, A. 0eddes, Ca||o||cs excep| w. lu||e|.C. ur|v., . 18
|eres|r|ra, 0. `u|a repre|ers|o|||s era| (0a| . - re||'eseges| d| Agos||ro e z111|
0|ro|aro).' 8|0r ( ). - . 1;1;|z
. `la v|s|ore d| lsa|a (ls . ss) re||'|r|erpre|az|ore d| 0ero|aro.' lr Tra || o1
Nuovo
Tes|arer|o e | ladr|, lrel. d| C. |ores||r| (uaderr| per |'ur|vers||), - . 11;
8resc|a. |orce|||ara, . 1
. `'u|a repre|ers|o|||s era|.' 0a| . - re||'eseges| d| Agos||ro e 0ero|aro.' z111|
lr Tra || Nuovo Tes|arer|o e | ladr|, lrel. d| C. |ores||r| (uaderr| per
|'ur|vers||), - . 8resc|a. |orce|||ara, . 11z 1
|e|zger, 8. |. `3|. Jerore's exp||c|| relererces |o var|ar| read|rgs |r raruscr|p|s
ol
||e r|.' lr r| Too|s ard 3|ud|es , - . le|der. 8r|||, . 1o1z1o 18o
633
||cae||, C. `l'|rl|usso d| Ter|u|||aro su 0|ro|aro. le opere su| ra|r|ror|o e |e
secorde rozze.' Aug ( ). - . 11;|1z
Jerore 11z
|||azzo, v. `l'u||||zzaz|ore de||a 3cr|||ura re||' 'Adversus le|v|d|ur' d| 0ero|aro.
Tra grarra||ca ed eseges| o|o||ca.' 0rp| ( ). - . 11|z1|
. `F|s| |rper||us serrore'. 0|ro|aro e | so|ec|sr| d| lao|o re| correr|ar| a||e
ep|s|o|e pao||re.' A3F ( ). - . 1z1z;1;;
|||e||o, 0. `0|e '|eora|ca ver||as' |r 3. l|eroryrus.' lr 8|oe| |r jud|sc|er urd
c|r|s|||c|er Trad|||or. les|sc|r|l|lur Jo|arr |e|er zur . 0eours|ag.Fd||ed oy oo
l. |er||e|r, K. |u||er ard 0. 3|erroerger, - . lrar|lur|. la|r, . oo 1
||||au, |. `Correr|a|res de Jerore sur |e prop||e lsaie.' bFAug ( ). |11
- 11|.
|o||ard, F. `u|v||||rger av |deer or der apos|o|s|ersu|zess|or.' NTT ( ). |1
- o8.
|orgar, b. `0rea| lr|erpre|ers vlll. 3|. Jerore ( or - ).' 3cr8 | 1 |o|zo 8z
( ). 1;8
- o;.
|o||v| |e||erar| ed esege||c| |r 0ero|aro. Fd||ed oy C. |oresc||r| ard 0.
|eres|r|ra.
8resc|a. |orce|||ara, . 1;
|urp|y, l. X. `T| e lroo|er ol 3|. Jerore.' AFb ( ). - . 11;1|;1oz;
. A |orurer| |o 3|. Jerore. Fssay or 3ore Aspec|s ol l|s l|le, wor|s ard
lrl|uerce. NeW or|. 3|eed ard ward, . 1z
Nauroy, 0. `Jerore, |ec|eur e| cerseur de |'exegse d'Aroro|se.' lages - 1;
|r zo
Jerore er|re |'0cc|der| e| |'0r|er|. Xvl|re cer|era|re du depar| de sa|r|
Jerore
de bore e| de sor |rs|a||a||or 8e|||eer. Ac|es du co||oque de C|ar||||y
(sep|erore ). luo|. par .-|. 0uva|. lar|s. F|udes Augus||r|erres, . 18o 188
Node|, C. l. `los|||or de 3. Jerore er lace de proo|res sexue|s.' lr |ys||que
e|
Cor||rerce, - . 8ruges, . o8z 1z
Nuvo|ore, l. 0. `les 'c||a||ors' o|o||ques dars |e Cor|ra lou|r|arur de Jerore,
ra|er|aux pour ure ara|yse.' lr Caror, - , | . z11|z1818|
0||var, A. `Tro|s rouveaux lragrer|s er orc|a|e du correr|a|re de sa|r| Jerore
sur |'evarg||e de |a||||eu.' b8er ( ). - . z18z;o81
0roras||ca sacra (l|eroryr| ||oer |r|erpre|. |eora|corur ror|rur, l|eroryr|
de
s||u e| ror|r|ous |ocorur |eora|corur ||oer, lr|erpre|a||o a|p|aoe|| leoraeorur,
0roras||ca graeca r|rora). Fd||ed oy l. A. de lagarde. l||des|e|r. 0|rs, . 1oo
0pe||, l. `0er 'leoes|e|r' Jerusa|er urd e|re leoe|uge| aul der A|ropo||s vor
A||er |r der 0eu|urg des l|eroryrus vor 3ac| , | .' lr v|var|ur, - , 1z1 z8;|
18|.
. `0r|gere v|s|o da 3ar 0|ro|aro.' Aug ( ). - . zo18oz1;zz
0'Corre|, J. l. T| e Fsc|a|o|ogy ol 3|. l|eroryrus.0|ss., |urde|e|r. 3er. 3.
|ar|ae
ad lacur , . 1o1|8
0'loug|||r, T. `Adar's our|a| a| leoror, sore aspec|s ol ||s s|gr|l|garce |r ||e
la||r |rad|||or.' ll8A ( ). - . 11zoo88
lared|, A. `3. 0ero|aro e 3. Arorog|o.' lr |e|. F. T|sserar| v, - , . 1881o|
11oF|ever lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
lavar, v. `0|ro|aro e |'|r|erpre|az|ore ar||ca d| 'c|rccurda|a var|e|a|e' (3a|ro
||, . ). |a d|vers|| de| car|sr|.' A3F ( ). - . 1o1| 188zz
lerra, A. `Corlererze o|o||c|e d| 3. 0ero|aro.' b|v8|o ( ). - . 111oo
. `l T||o|| de| 3a||er|o s|r|aco e 3. 0ero|aro.' 8|o ( ). - . |o11;;8;
. `T| e voW ol Jep|||a| |r ||e lr|erpre|a||or ol 3|. Jerore.' 3|la|r ( ). |1o1
- . 1oz;o
. `3cr|||ura e prorurz|a de||'eora|co secordo 3. 0|ro|aro.' b|v8|o ( ). zo1;8
- z;.
lerracc||o, |. C. `'uas| ursa rap||s ca|u||s.' 0s . re||'eseges| d| 0ero|aro e 18
C|r|||o d| A|essardr|a.' ve|C|r ( ). - . z11|oz
ler|, l. `Zur lrage der Fc|||e|| vor 0r|geres' . Jesaja|or|||e (Jes. ) r|| ||rer o
uoerse|zurg durc| l|eroryrus.' b8er ( ). - . 18;1o
ler|, v. `lr|orro a||a |rad|z|ore raroscr|||a de||e0re||e0r|ger|are su lsa|a re||a
|raduz|ore |a||ra d| 3. 0ero|aro.' Aev ( ). - . 11;zo1
ler|er, 0. `3. l|eroryrus, d|e ||. 3c|r|l|urd d|e 3ee|sorge.' Ar|ra ( ). - z1|;18
.
lerrore, l. `|o||v| pao||r| re||'ep|s|o|ar|o d| 0ero|aro.' lages - |r A||| 1;1zo1
de| lll 3|rpos|o d| Tarso su 3. lao|o Apos|o|o.Fd||ed oy l. ladovese. Turc||a. |a
C||esa e |a sua s|or|a . bore. ls|||u|o lrarcescaro d| 3p|r||ua|||, lor||l|c|o
A|ereo 'Ar|or|arur,' . 1
. `ues||or| pao||re re||'ep|s|o|ar|o d| 0ero|aro.' lr |o||v| |e||erar| ad
esege||ca
634
|r 0ero|aro, ed||ed oy C |ores||r| ard 0. |eres|r|ra, - . 8resc|a, . 811o| 1;
le|sa||, A. `l|eroryrus' Fzec||e||orrer|ar urd d|e 0esc||c||e des
0eW|ssersoergr|lls.' 3vTK ( ). - . z11|oz
. `l|eroryrus' |orrer|ar |||| lese||e| | sarve|soegreppe|a (corcep|s
corsc|er||ae) ||s|or|a).' 3vTKv ( ). - . zo11|oz
. `la syrderse. 0e |'a|g|e d'Fzec||e| |a corsc|erce rora|e par |e
correr|a|re
de 3. Jerore.' T|eor|a ( ). - . zo1|o|;;
l|er|, l. `l| rar||r|o core cu||o e varge|o re| Trac|a|us |r lsa|rosd| 0ero|aro.'
lr l||urg|a ed evarge||zzaz|ore re||'epoca de| ladr| e re||a C||esa de| va||caro
ll.3|ud| |r orore d| Frzo lod|, a cura d| F. |ar|card| e l. bugg|ero, 3|ud|o
Teo|og|co Accader|co 8o|ogrese, 3ez|ore 3er|rar|o reg|ora|e, - . z;o
8o|ogra. F08, . 1o
l||arczy|, 0. F. `Jora|'s 0ourd.. Augus||re ard Jerore or a reW |rars|a||or ol
3acred 3cr|p|ure (vg).' 8|Tod ( ). - . zo1oo18|8z
l||rva|, 0. de. `la |ec|r|que du d|a|ogue c|ez 3. Augus||r e| 3. Jerore.' lr Ac|es
er 1
Corgrs lr|erra|. des leder. d'F|ud. C|ass., - . lar|s, . o811 11
loc|, 3. l. 3ap|er||a 3a|oror|s. l|eroryrus' Fxegese des we|s|e||souc|es |r
l|c|| der
Trad|||or (0|sser|a||orer der Kar|-lrarzers-ur|vers||a| 0raz, ). 0raz. 8
0vover|ag lur d|e Tec|r|sc|e ur|vers||a| 0raz, . 1z
lo|ars||, T. `Jerore as a |rars|a|or ol leoreW poe|ry l. 0rarrar ard
|ex|cograp|y,
ll. loe||cs, d|scuss|or.' 0r8 ( ). - . 181z1;o
Jerore 111
lre|e, 3. `0ec||ro e corrorp|rer|o rora|e re||a esca|o|og|a occ|der|a|e. No|a
a||e
|r|erpre|az|or| su 0ar . , . d| lppo|||o e 0|ro|aro.' 0T ( ). - . z1; 8z1;1|o
lreus, J. A. 3a|r| Jerore's Trars|a||or Terr|ro|ogy. 0|ss., ||rreso|a, . 11
lr|rz|va|||, F. `'3|cuo| duo||as, leoraeos |r|erroga.' 0|ro|aro |ra d|lesa
de||'|eora|ca ver||as e po|er|ca ar||g|uda|ca.' A3F | ( ). - . 1|11;1;zoo
uacquare|||, A. `l'uoro e |a sua appar|ererza a||e due c||| re||'eseges| o|o||ca
d|
0ero|aro.' ve|C|r ( ). - . 1oz;88
. `l'uoro e |a sua appar|ererza a||e due c||| re||'eseges| o|o||ca d|
0ero|aro.'
lages - |r |o||v| |e||erar| ed esege||c| |r 0ero|aro. Fd||ed oy C. 1;1
|oresc||r| ard 0. |eres|r|ra. 8resc|a. |orce|||ara, . 1;
baros 0arc|a, J. `ur pr|rc|p|o |errereu||co de| doc|or |x|ro.' lr 38Fsp 1;
(| ), - . |adr|d, . 1ozo1zo 18
be|r, |. `0|e 8edeu|urg |eora|sc|er wor|er oe| l|eroryrus.' 8|o ( ). 1|
- 1;|.
beroux, C. `ure |ore||e sur luc . a||r|ouee Jear de Jerusa|er.' |u3 zz1 1o1
( ). - . 188;;
borar|u|, K. `ure cor|roverse er|re 3. Jerore e| bul|r d'Aqu||ee propos de
|'ep.
de 3. lau| aux Fp|.' Aeg ( ). - . |1o8|1oo
boss, J. |. `T| e s|a|us ol ||e apocryp|a (Jerore's Word lor deu|erocaror|ca|).'
T|eor|a ( ). - . 8z1;181
buger, l. l. `l|eroryrus, d|e baoo|rer, urd lau|us ( Kor . ). Zur z |1o
vorgesc||c||e
des 8egr|llspaares '|rrer urd ausserer |ersc|'.' ZNw ( ). - . o81;;1z;
3a|r|e-|ar|e, l. de. `le Correr|a|re sur Joras de Jerore ed||e par .-|.
0uva|.'
b8er ( ). - . 18zz1o
3a|ror, l. `l| |es|o e |'|r|erpre|az|ore de| 3a|r| a| |erpo d| 3. 0|ro|aro e d|
3. Agos||ro.' b|v8|o | ( ). - . z1|1z1
3arder||r, 0. 3|. Jerore ard ||e 8|o|e. NeW or|. v|s|or 8oo|s , . 11o1
3arders, 0. `3a|r| Jear e| |es |e||res corso|a|r|ces de sa|r| Jerore.' lr T|e lour
0ospe|s . ls. lrars Ne|ryrc|, vo|. lll, vo|. lll, ed||ed oy l. var 3egoroec|, 1z
C. |. Tuc|e||, e| a|., - . louva|r. lee|ers, . zz8|o; 1z
3a|rar, 0. `l|rgerra||s ard |a|r (urgroWr, |rage ol besurrec||or), ara|ory ard
exeges|s |r Ter|u|||ar (ec|oed |r Jerore |l , ).' JT| 3 ( ). - . z8 |o1811oz
3avor, l. `3a|r| Aroro|se e| sa|r| Jerore, |ec|eurs de l|||or.' ANbw , , zz11
( ). 18|
- ;1.
. `Jerore e| Aroro|se, |r|erpr|es du prer|er Fvarg||e.' lr Jerore er|re
|'0cc|der| e| |'0r|er|. Xvl|re cer|era|re du depar| de sa|r| Jerore de bore e|
de sor |rs|a||a||or 8e|||eer. Ac|es du co||oque de C|ar||||y (sep|erore ). 18o
Fd||ed oy .-|. 0uva|, - . lar|s. F|udes Augus||r|erres, . zoz 188
3cope||o, |. `8e||ar, syroo|e de |'|eres|e. au|our des exegses de Jerore e| de
l|erre
d'A|exardr|e.' lr l|gures de |'Arc|er Tes|arer| c|ez |es lres (Ca||ers de 8|o||a
635
11zF|ever lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
la|r|s||ca ). Cer|re d'ara|yse e| docurer|a||or pa|r|s||que, - . Turr|ou|. z z;
8repo|s, . 18
3erp|e, w. l. `3|. Jerore as a 8|o||ca| Trars|a|or.' 8Jbl ( s). - . |1o zz;|
3erra Zare|||, l. `ura ro|a su| 'rys|er|ur' de||' 'ordo veroorur' re||e 3cr|||ure
(0era|oro ep. , , ecc.).' CC|Cr ( ). - . ;z o18o;zo
3|ed|, 3.l. `ura g|osa de 3. Jeror|ro a |os lsa|ros.' vF , ( s). - . 1|1oz 1o1
3|r|e, l. `C| , l. |r a||c|r|s||. Aus|egurg (lXX, l|ppo|y|, 0r|geres, Aroros|us, 1;
l|eroryrus, Augus||r).' T|Z ( ). - . 181ozzoo;
3|rore|||, |. `3u||e lor|| de| Correr|o a lsa|a d| 0|ro|aro.' Aug ( ). - z|18||1
. o
. `ur'ar||ca |r|erpre|az|ore d| luca . - (s| r|ler|sce a lao|o ror 1o18
ur|versa|rer|e acce||o, secordo 0|ro|aro.' lr ls. A. 0roe, Corpos|e||arur, vo|.
, |
- |1|, . 18
3|r|sca|co, l. `la |eor|a e |a |ecr|ca de| correr|ar|o o|o||co secordo 0|ro|aro.'
A3F ( ). - . 188zz8
3|e|er|, 8. `0as lroo|er der lsa|rer zur Ze|| des ||. l|eroryrus urd
Augus||rus.
Tex| urd lr|erpre|a||or.' 3KZ ( ). s. 1z1o
3|e|rrarr, J. 3|. Jerore ard l|s T|res. No|re 0are|l. l|des|0. C|aprar,
. 1oo
3|eoe, |.-l., ard |.-0. 0oude|. |arc correr|e par Jerore e| Jear
C|rysos|ore.
les lres dars |a lo|. lar|s. 0esc|ee-8, . 18o
3|reel|ard, J. lrole||e |r lsrae|. . 0e vroege prole|er er de prole|er var lsrae|. 1
. 0e z
|or|rger er prole|er var Juda. Correr|aar o|j de ||jd.N|j|er|. Ca||eroac|,
. 18
3|uder, 8. `A propos des |raduc||ors d'0r|gre par Jerore e| bul|r.' ve|C|r
( ). - . 1o81;
3u|c||lle, F. l. `T| e (|xx) K0lNl 'd|versa' or 'd|spersa'? 3|. Jerore ll , 8 z||8
(ad
Fus|.-de ls . s).' 8|o ( ). - . 1| o1z1zz
. `Jerore.' lr Caror|dge l|s|. ol ||e 8|o|e, vo|. , - . l|N, . z8o1o1 1o
Ta|sre, A.-|. `3a|r| Cypr|er e| sa|r| Jerore, c|ar|res du larad|s.' 8A08( ). 1z
- |;o1.
T| |oau|, A. `la rev|s|or |exap|a|re de 3. Jerore.' lr Co||. 8|o|. la|., vo|. , - 11o;
, |
1.
T| |erry, J. J. `3ore No|es or Fp|s|u|a ol 3|. Jerore.' v|gC|r ( ). - z z11o;1zo
. z;
T| orr|or, T. C. 0. `Jerore ard ||e 'leoreW 0ospe| accord|rg |o |a|||eW'.'
3|la|r
z8( ). - . 1118zz
T| urr, l. `Zur Tex| des l|eroryrus-Korrer|ars zur Ko|e|e|.' 8Z ( ). 18
- z|||.
T|o||e|||, C. lrl|usso |e||erar|o de||a 8|oo|a |r 3. 0ero|aro. 0|ss., Tur|r, s. 1||
. lrrag|r| o|o||c|e re| ||rguagg|o l|gura|o d| 3. 0|ro|aro + a|.0.Ab.ll.Cl.FT,
vo|. . 0erova, . 1z 18
Tror|ra, A. `|ore or ||e Nare ol |ar|a(r).' [l|ra| -r or|||ed oy ard al|er
Jerore|. bu8| ( ). - . z1o1z;o
Jerore 11
vaccar|, A. `l sa||er| d| 3. 0|ro|aro e d| 3. Agos||ro.' lr 3cr|||| d| Frud|z|ore e|c,
- zo. bore, . 1z
. `la||ra C| vers|o a 3. l|eroryro ad graecar |exap|arer ererda|a (reper|a
es|).' 8|o ( ). ss. o1z8
. `l'uso |||urg|co d| ur |avoro cr|||co d| 3. 0|ro|aro.' b|v8|o ( ). - . |1o;;
. `C| re||a rev|s|ore esap|are d| 3. 0|ro|aro ('s|r||||udo lur| ||yr|ara|os').'
b|v8|o ( ). - . 1;zo|
. 3cr|||| d| Frud|z|ore e d| l||o|og|a, ll, ler |a 3|or|a de| |es|o e de||'eseges|
8|o||ca.
lr Fd. d| 3|or|a e d| le||era|ura. bore, . 18
. `3. l|eroryr| |r C| curae |exap|ares (No|u|ae la|r|s||cae ).' 0reg ( ). z |z1o1
;z8s.
va|er||r|, A. `[lc . 0|ro|aro. `F| a|| F||saoe||'| la cor|rovers|a c|rca 1|o
|'a||r|ouz|ore de| |agr|l| ca|.' |ar ( ). - . |18
va|||or|, l. `3. 0|ro|aro e |'Fcc|es|as||co.' ve|C|r ( ). - . |1o11|
vega, A.C. `ur opsco|o descoroc|do de 3. Jeror|ro (lrd|cu|ur de adver|a
leroc| e| F||ae a|que Ar||c|r|s|| a oea|o l|eror|ro expos||ur).' C0|os 18z
( ). - . 1ozo;z|
vessey, |. `Frasrus' Jerore. T| e luo||s||rg ol a C|r|s||ar Au||or.' lr Frasrus
ol
bo||erdar 3oc|e|y earooo|, vo|. , - , . 1|o1|
636
v|s|r|a|rer, 3. la do||r|ra de| pecca|o |r 3. 0|ro|aro. bore. lor|. ur|v.
0regor|ara,
1oz.
w|s|ll, C. l. `Augus||r og l|eroryrus or de Jde|r|s|re og |ose|over
(Augus||r
urd l|eroryrus uoer d|e Juderc|r|s|er urd das |osa|sc|e 0ese|z) (rorv).'
TTK ( ). - . 11oo1zo8
w|sserarr, |. 'Tauoe?', zu v|er vu|ga|aproo|erer.' 0|o||a ( ). - . o|18o;|8
Zare|||, l. 3. `3u| cr||er|o e || va|ore de||a |raduz|ore per C|cerore e 3. 0ero|aro.'
lr A||| l Corgresso lr|erraz|ora|e d| 3|ud| C|ceror|ar|, vo|. , - . bore. z|o
Cer|ro d| s|ud| c|ceror|ar|, . 1o1
11|F|ever lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
Xlv
bullNu3 0l AullFlA CA. 345-410
T|rar|us bul|rus, oorr ca. a| Corcord|a rear Aqu||e|a, s|ud|ed |r bore |
- o8, er|ered ||e asce||c group ol Aqu||e|a W|ere |e Was oap||sed ( - o8
;), ard s|ared ||s roras||c exper|rer| W||| Jerore, oelore er|gra||rg
|o ||e Fas|. lr , |e Wer| |o A|exardr|a W|ere |e re| |e|ar|a ||e F|der. ;
3oor |e escor|ed |er or |er jourrey |o la|es||re, ||er |e sojourred W|||
||e ror|s |r Fgyp| ard erro||ed arorg ||e aud||ors ol 0yd|rus ||e 8||rd.
lr , lo||oW|rg |e|ar|a ||e F|der's exarp|e, |e se|||ed |r a roras||c ce|| 8o
or ||e |our| ol 0||ves |r Jerusa|er ( - ). Al|er a o|||er quarre| W||| 8o;
Jerore ard Fp|p|ar|us, |e re|urred |o bore |r , ard |o Aqu||e|a |r . ;
l|s |r|ers|ve Wor| as a |rars|a|or, |r|errup|ed oy ||e |rvas|or ol ||e 0o||s
|r , cor||rued |r 3|c||y ur||| ||s dea|| |r . |o; |1o
Trars|a||ors ol 0r|ger's exege||ca| Wor|s oy bul|rus.
8ler| Arc|or, lor|||es or lsa|r , , . o;8
- |o|o|lor|||es or 0eres|s, Fxodus, lev|||cus, Jos|ua, Judges.
- |o|ooCorrer|ary or borars(par||a|).
|1oCorrer|ary or Car||c|e, lor|||es or Nuroers.
bul|rus a|so Wro|ea correr|ary |r |Wo 8oo|s or ||e 8ered|c||ors ol
||e la|r|arc|s.
Fd|||ors
3|rore|||, |.. CCl ( ), o|o||ograp|y ur||| . zo1o1 1oo
Add (uas|er lv).
3|ud|es
A|dara, J. A. de. `bul|ro de Aqu||eya y |a v|rg|r|dad|r par|u.' |ar ( ). z|1oz
- |o|11.
Ar||r, l. `bul|r e| le|age dars Jerore, lro|ogue lr Jerer|ar.' l r Co||. 1
'la|orus.'
vo|. , becue|| de 3. Jerore, s. 8ru. la|orus, . 1 1oo
. `bul|r e| le|age dars Jerore, lro|ogue |r l|erer|ar.' la|orus ( ). 1 zz1o
- ;z|.
8arre|, C. l. l. `lroduc|s ol l|l||-cer|ury scr|p|or|a preserv|rg corver||ors used
oy bul|rus ol Aqu||e|a.' JT| 3 ( ). - . 18||;
8uc||e||, v. `bul|rus vor Aqu||e|a a|s la|sc|er des Adarar||rus-0|a|ogs (cor|ra
|arc|orer).' 8yZ ( ). - . 1181|z8
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| Ceresa-0as|a|do, A. `var|az|or| 11
errereu||c|e re||a |raduz|ore rul|r|ara de|
'Correr|o a| Car||co de| Car||c|' d| 0r|gere,' |r 3|or|a ed eseges| |r bul|ro
d| Corcord|a.lages - . Ar||c||| a||oadr|a||c|e, . ud|re. Ar||gral|sc|e 1zo
lr|u|are, . 1z
C|adW|c|, l. `bul|rus ard ||e Tura lapyrus ol 0r|ger's Correr|ary or
borars.'
JT| 3 ( ). - . 1o11o|z
Cource||e, l. `lau||r de No|e e| 3. l|eroryrus.' bFl ( ). - . z1|;zo8o
0o|gror, J. `0r|g|re e| essor d'ure var|ar|e de T| . dars |es c||a||ors de 1 z1
Jerore, Augus||r e| bul|r, l.' lr l|||o|og|a 3acra. 8|o||sc|e urd pa|r|s||sc|e
3|ud|er lur lerrarr J. lrede urd wa||er T| |e|e zu ||rer s|eoz|gs|er
0eour|s|ag.
l. A||es urd Neues Tes|arer|, ll. Apocryp|er, K|rc|erva|er, versc||ederes,
ed||ed
oy b. 0rysor, - . lre|ourg. lerder, . oo1 1
0urp|y, w. `bul|rus ||e 3yr|ar's 'ooo|s' (or|y ore. apar| lror ||e sugges||or ||a|
|e d|d par|s ol ||e vu|ga|e).' bFAug ( ). - . 18181|
0uva|, .-|. `bul|r e| |e caror de |'arc|er Tes|arer|. lorderer|s doc|r|raux e|
arr|re-p|ar pas|ora| de |a cor|roverse avec Jerore sur |a 8|o|e des c|re||ers.'
lr 3|or|a eseges| |r bul|ro d| Corcord|a (Ar||c||| A||oadr|a||c|e ), - . |8;
ud|re, . 1z
larrord 8arre|, C. l. `bul|rus' Trars|a||or ol 0r|ger's Correr|ary or
borars
ard ||e le|ag|ar Cor|roversy,' |r 3|or|a ed eseges| |r bul|ro d| Corcord|a.
lages
- 11oAr||c||| a||oadr|a||c|e, . ud|re. Ar||gral|sc|e lr|u|are, . 1z
637
. 0er boreror|el|ex| des bul|r urd se|re 0r|geres-uoerse|zurg. ve|us la||ra
. 1o
lre|ourg. lerder, . 18
. 0er boreror|el|orrer|ar des 0r|geres. Kr|||sc|e Ausgaoe der uoerse|zurg
bul|rs, ve|us la||ra 8oo|s l-lll, lre|ourg. lerder, . 1o 1o
larrord, C. l. `No|es or ||e |aruscr|p|s ard Fd|||ors ol 0r|ger's Correr|ary
or ||e Fp|s||e |o ||e borars |r ||e la||r Trars|a||or oy bul|rus.' JT| 3 1o
( ). - . 1o8;
Jurod, F. `l'au|eur de |'Apo|og|e pour 0r|gre |radu||e par bul|r.' lr ls. l.
Crouze|,
bec|erc|es, - , . 1o;1z
|ar||rez las|or, |. `la s|roo|o|og|a y su desarro||o er e| carpo serr||co de
'|ux,'
er 0r|geres-bul|ro.' F| ( ). - . |11;18zo8
lace, N. b|cerc|e su||a |raduz|ore d| bul|ro de| 0e pr|rc|p||s d| 0r|gere. ||le|||l|
|,
vo|. . l. Nuova l|a||a, . 1 1o
lor|a, l. C. `l''0re||a su| lev|||co . '. 0r|gere e bul|ro a corlror|o.' 0rp| 1 1
( ). - . 1zz;o
lr|rz|va|||, F. `la |rad|z|ore raroscr|||a e |e ed|z|or| de||e 0re||e su| 3a|r|d|
0r|gere |rado||e da bul|ro.' v|gC|r ( ). - . 11|1o
bapa||o, u. `l| d|scorso paraoo||co (rs||) re||a vers|ore rul|r|ara de||a '0re||e
su| lev|||co' d| 0r|gere,' |r 3|or|a ed eseges| |r bul|ro d| Corcord|a. lages
- zz1oo. Ar||c||| a||oadr|a||c|e, . ud|re. Ar||gral|sc|e lr|u|are, . 1z
bul|rus ol Aqu||e|a 11
11oF|ever lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
3|rore|||, |. `3u||a |rad|z|ore raroscr|||a de||e opere or|g|ra|| d| bul|ro.' 3F
( ). - . 1;|
. `0sservaz|or| su| '0e 8ered|c||or|ous la|r|arc|arur' d| bul|ro d| Aqu||e|a.' lr
bCC|, vo|. , , - . bore, . |1|| 1oz
3ord|, |. `la |rad|z|ore de||'lrver||o cruc|s |r Arorog|o e |r bul|ro.' b3Cl ||
( ). - . 1o1
3|or|a ed eseges| |r bul|ro d| Corcord|a. A||| de| ll Corvegro lr|erraz|ora|e d|
3|ud|.
vo|. . Ar||c||| A||oadr|a||c|e. ud|re. Ar|| 0ral|c|e lr|u|are, . 1z
3|uder, 8. `A propos des |raduc||ors d'0r|gre par Jerore e| bul|r.' ve|C|r
( ). - . 1o81;
T|e|aror, l. laiers e| c|re||ers au lv
e
s|c|e, |'appor| de |'`l|s|o|re ecc|es|as||que' de
bul|r d'Aqu||ee, - . lar|s. F|udes Augus||r|erres, . 1z| 181
. `0es|ruc||or du pagar|sre e| cors|ruc||or du royaure de 0|eu d'aprs bul|r
e| Augus||r.' Cr3| ( ). - . 111oz||
Trorpl, 0. w. `bul|rus ard ||e |og|c ol re|r|ou||or |r pos|-Fuseo|ar c|urc|
||s|or|es.' JFl ( ). - . |1z1;1
verorese, |. `l'|r|erpre|az|ore de||a l|gura d| 0ar (0er . - ) |r bul|ro d| |1o18
Corcord|a.' 3|la|r ( ). - . |11|z
. `l| 0e 8ered|c||or|ous la|r|arc|arur d| bul|ro d| Aqu||e|a re||'a||ored|oevo.'
ve|C|r ( ). - . 1o;1|oz
voge|s , l. ur|ersuc|urger zur Tex| pau||r|sc|er 8r|ele oe| bul|r urd
Aroros|as|er.
8o. lars|e|r, . 1
w|r|e|rarr, l. `F|r|ge 8erer|urger zu der Aussager des bul|rus vor Aqu||e|a
urd des l|eroryrus uoer ||re uoerse|zurgs||eor|e urd -re||ode.' lr
Kyr|a|or ls. J. uas|er, vo|. , - . |s|r, . zz|; 1;o
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| Xv 11;
0lTATu3 0l |llFvl3 0. 8Fl0bF 393)
A Nur|d|ar oy o|r||, 0p|a|us Was ar o|der cor|erporary ol Tycor|us. As
o|s|op ol |||ev|s (eas|err A|ger|a), |e Wro|e oe|Weer ard a |rea||se o| o;
Aga|rs| ||e 0ora||s|s. Near , Augus||re (0e doc|r|ra c|r|s||arall, x|, ) ; o1
cour|s ||r arorg peop|e dead lor sore years. A|ready |r , Jerore (v|r.
|r|. ) seers |o cors|der 0p|a|us as deceased. lr add|||or |o ||e |rea||se 11o
Adversus 0ora||s|as, |Wo serrors ol 0p|a|us surv|ve, ore lor C|r|s|ras
(ll3 , - ), aro||er lor Fas|er (ll3 , - ). 1z88z| 1zzo
lr resporse |o parp||e|s ol 8|s|op larrer|ar, ||e |r|e||ec|ua| |eader ol
||e 0ora||s|s, 0p|a|us erp|as|zed a ro||or ol ||e ur|versa|c|urc| (ca||o||ca), as
a ur||ed, ou| `r|xed oody,' corpus r|x|ur, ol s|rrers ard sa|r|s,
good ard oad, arrourc|rg ||ereoy Augus||re's ecc|es|o|ogy. le locussed
or a ||eo|ogy ol oap||sr, |r po|r|ed|y d|s||rgu|s||rg oe|Weer ||e |r|r|rs|c
va|ue ol 0od's g|l||o ||e oap||sed, ||e pure|y |rs|rurer|a| lurc||or ol ||e
r|r|s|er, ard ||e e|||ca| requ|rerer|s |rposed or po|er||a| oerel|c|ar|es ol
||e oap||sra| g|l|. 0p|a|us cour|ered larrer|ar's v|s|or ol a spo||ess ard
perlec| c|urc| oy argu|rg |r lavor ol lorg|veress ard |rc|us|or ol s|rrers,
||s rea||s||c ro||or ol c|urc| rea||||es oe|rg perrea|ed oy ||s |ope |r ||e
638
u|||ra|e lu|l|||rer| a| ||e erd ol ||re. l|s esc|a|o|og|ca| expec|a||or, as
ruc| as ||s s|rorg|y or|g|ra| d|s||rc||or oe|Weer `sc||sra||cs' ard `|ere||cs,'
a||oWed 0p|a|us |o overcore rore r|g|d corcep||ors ol Cypr|ar, ard |o oper
||e sp|r||ua| space reeded lor Augus||re's ac||or |r lavour ol a re|r|egra||or
ol 0ora||s|s |r|o c|urc| ur||y.
lr 0p|a|us' recourse, oes| docurer|ed |r 8oo|s lv ard v ol Adversus
0ora||s|as, ore car or|y adr|re ||e card|d |rgeru||y W||| W||c| ||e o|s|op
ru|||p||es quo|a||ors |r lavour ol ||s agrurer|s. l|s ursop||s||ca|ed use ol
scr|p|ure g|ves a o|o||ca| lovour |o ||s |ear|-le|| doc|r|re ol corrur||y ||le
ard ur||y |r ||e c|urc|. l|s v|rd|ca||or ol ||e Ca||o||c corrur|or aga|rs|
larrer|ar |s surred up |r a s|rg|e reproac|. A voo|s er|r cor|erp|a es|
d|sc|p||ra. u| qu|d rec||as |es||ror|ur, qu| |es|arer|o ro serv|s, |r quo descr|p|a
es| d|sc|p||ra, quar servare ror vu|||s?`lrdeed you |ave s|oWr cor|erp|
|o ||e d|sc|p||re (cl. ls ( ). ). w|y ||er do you read ||e Tes|arer| |r |o1;
W||c| ||e d|sc|p||re relused oy you |s descr|oed?' (lv, , ). T|e ques||or |1
opers a sec||or cer|ered or ls ( ). l| oecores a l|rr s|a|erer| c|os|rg |o
||e sec||or. Tes|arer|ur rec||as e| |es|arer|ur ror servas |r quo descr|p|a
es| d|sc|p||ra`ou read ||e Tes|arer| (= o|!) ard you reluse ||e Tes|arer|
|r W||c| ||e d|sc|p||re |s descr|oed' (lv, , ). T| us ||e W|o|e caror|ca| order, |
118F|ever lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
or d|sc|p||ra, del| r|rg ||e oe||evers' s|a|us |r ||e c|urc| |s l|xed lor 0p|a|us
oy ||e C|r|s|ocer|r|c `Tes|arer|.'
w||| a s|rorg serse lor o| |ypo|ogy, 0p|a|us erp|as|zes ||e s|gr|l|carce ol
oap||sr. lr ||s oWr oap||sr, Jesus ac|ed ad rys|er|a |r|||arda e|
ord|rarda e| |rp|erda oap||sra||s`lor ||e es|ao||s|rer|, ||e |rs|||u||or ard
||e lu|l|||rer| ol ||e rys|er|es ol oap||sr,' (vll, , 3C , , - ). | |11ozz8z
8oo| v exposes ||e |ypo|ogy ol ||e l|ood ard ol c|rcurc|s|or, oo||, ||e
ry|||ca| ever| ard ||e soc|a| r||e, exc|ud|rg redup||ca||or. Ca|||rg or rary
prools lror scr|p|ure, ||e au||or's ||eo|og|ca| argurer| res|s or a c|ear|y
erurc|a|ed doc|r|re ol Tr|r||y. 0ov|ous|y 0p|a|us re||es or Ter|u|||ar, ||s
||oug|| oe|rg ||oroug||y roo|ed |r ||e Alr|car |rad|||or, W||| a d|s||rc||ve
|r|r||ar|ar cas|e |r|er||ed lror Nova||ar.
Fd|||ors
|or|r, 0. Aure||| Augus||r| |rac|a|us s|ve serrores |red|||.
Kerp|er - |ur|c| , - (= 0p|a|us's serror lor C|r|s|ras). 11;1;o;8
Z|Wsa, C.. C3Fl ( ). 18
Trars|a||ors
Frg||s|
vasse||-l|||||ps, 0. b., T| e wor| ol 0p|a|us Aga|rs| ||e 0ora||s|s W||| Apperd|x.
lordor . 11;
lrerc|
laorousse, |.. 3C - ( - ). |1z111o
l|a||ar.
0a||r|ro, l., la vera C||esa, 0||a|o d| |||ev|. Co||ara d| |es|| pa|r|s||c|, . ;1
bore . 188
3|ud|es
0a||r|ro, l., `l| oa||es|ro e |'|r|z|az|ore cr|s||ara |r 0||a|o d| |||ev|'. b|vAC oo
( ) - . 1o811oo
Fro, b. 8., `T| e wor| ol 0p|a|us as a Turr|rg lo|r| |r ||e Alr|car Fcc|es|o|ogy'.
T|or. ( ) - . ;1;oo88
laorousse, |.. 03p ( ) - . 1118z8z|o
|azucco, C., 0||a|o d| |||ev| |r ur seco|o d| s|ud|. proo|er| e prospe|||ve.
8o|ogra
1.
3|rore|||, |.. A. 0| 8erard|ro, la|ro|ogylv. lar|s , - . 18o1;;8
w||rar|, A., `ur serror de 3a|r| 0p|a| pour |a le|e de Noe|'. bev3b ( ) z1zz
- z;1oz.
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| Xvl 11
TC0Nlu3 ll. 370-390
Tycor|us |s ||e au||or ol W|a| r|g|| oe cors|dered ||e ros| arc|er| expos|||or ol
o|o||ca| |errereu||cs Wr|||er |r ||e wes| oy a C|r|s||ar ||eo|og|ar,
||e l|oer regu|ar|s(lb), as |e ca||ed ||. up |o ||e preser| day |e rera|rs
ar er|gra||c ard urderva|ued |r|e||ec|ua| |eader ol ||e 0ora||s| c|urc|,
|roWr or|y ||roug| Augus||re's 0e doc|r|ra c|r|s||ara(00C) ard a s|or|
ro||ce ol 0errad|us, 0e v|r|s |r|us|r|ous (ll , l.). lr a serse, ||e 18 81o;1
spec|acu|ar recep||or ol lboy Augus||re |r 00Clll xxx, - Was a |zo
douo|e-edged sWord. l| saved Tyror|us's Wor| lor pos|er||y ou|, oy carelu||y
adjus||rg ||e 0ora||s|'s o|o||ca| quo|a||ors ard s|a|erer|s |o ||s oWr
|errereu||cs, Augus||re sea|ed ||e la|e ol||e 0ora||s| ||eo|og|ar ur||| c|ose
|o ||e erd ol ||e |Wer||e|| cer|ury. 0r ore s|de, ||e Augus||r|ar recep||or
rus| oe cors|dered as ||e or|y reasor W|y Tycor|us's lbWas preserved |r
||s er||re|y, or ||e o||er s|de, ||e overpoWer|rg au||or||y ol ||e o|s|op ol
l|ppo ard ||e |rrerse popu|ar||y ol 00Cexp|a|rs sull| c|er||y W|y ||e
d|rec| s|udy ol Tycor|us's Wor| rera|red corp|e|e|y reg|ec|ed oy sc|o|ars,
639
|rc|ud|rg Augus||r|ar sc|o|ars ol ||e pas| cer|ury. l. l. 8ur|||| secured a
cr|||ca| ed|||or ol lb|r a We||-|roWr 8r|||s| ser|es |r , ou| or|y |r 18| 188
d|d a l|rs| rorograp| ara|yse ||s Wor| (8r|g||), ard or|y |r appeared 18
||s l| rs| |rars|a||or |r a roderr |arguage (8aococ|).
Tycor|us |s a|so ||e au||or ol a Correr|ary or ||e Apoca|ypse|r ||s lu||
|ex| (ex |r|egro, 0errad|us). 0r|y lragrer|s (lo 8ue , 0rysor ) ol 1o 1;
|| surv|ve. Add|||ora| lragrer|s Were |der||l| ed oe|Weer ard oy 1o| 1;|
lsz|o |ezey |r ||e l|orary ol ||e Cer|ra| Ca||o||c 3er|rary ol 8udapes|.
A lu|| copy ol ||e Correr|ary or ||e Apoca|ypse Was s|||| reg|s|ered |r
||e || cer|ury |r ||e ||orary ol 3|. 0a||. T| e |oss |s ||e rore urlor|ura|e as
||a| Wor| oecare a rajor relererce lor |a|er correr|a|ors ||roug|ou| ||e
||dd|e Ages (3|e|r|auser). T| e |||erary ard |og|ca| ||r|s ol ||e Correr|ary
or ||e Apoca|ypseW||| lbare s|r|||rg eroug|, ||oug| usua||y |grored or
doWrp|ayed oy ||e cr|||cs. lbWas prooao|y Wr|||er oy Tycor|us l|rs| (8r|g||,
3|rore|||), ard ||er |r ||e Correr|ary|e sys|era||ca||y app||ed ||e sever
ru|es exposed |r || (Karrerg|esser).
lor a |org ||re, a| |eas| lror 8ur||||'s ed|||or |o 8r|g||'s rorograp|,
Tycor|us a||rac|ed ||e a||er||or ol spec|a||s|s exc|us|ve|y lor ||s aourdar|
use ol 0|d la||r vers|ors ol ||e 8|o|e (la|r). l|s proper s|gr|l|carce as a
||eore||c|ar ol o|o||ca| |errereu||cs |r ||e cor|ex| ol Augus||re's rag|s|er|a|
r|r|s|ry as o|s|op ol l|ppo Was rever ||oroug||y exp|ored |r ||s oWr
11|oF|ever lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
r|g||. 0r ||e cor|rary, || oecare corror prac||ce |o approac| Tycor|us
or|y ||roug| ||e |||erary access prov|ded oy Augus||re.
lr lbTycor|us exposed a ||eory or o|o||ca| |errereu||cs doored |o
rera|r |so|a|ed |r ||s Alr|car or|g|ra|||y, due |o ||s proo|era||c recep||or |r
Augus||re's 00C(8r|g||). T| e 0ora||s|'s sys|era||c |r|erpre|a||or, ||oug|
opera||rg W||| grarra||ca| ard r|e|or|ca| ro||ors lar|||ar |o ary educa|ed
C|r|s||ar |r ||e lour|| cer|ury, res|ed esser||a||y or a scr|p|ura| ard ||eo|og|ca|
cu||ure proper |o ||e par||cu|ar c|urc| |rad|||ors |r borar Alr|ca.
Tycor|us Wro|e ||e |eav||y ||eo|og|ca| lbro| as a sec|ar|ar 0ora||s|, ou|
as a geru|re|y Alr|car ||eo|og|ar locuss|rg or Alr|car ecc|es|o|ogy ard or
||e Alr|car serse lor oap||sr ard lor ||e C|r|s||ar ||oera||or lror ev||. A
`corl||c|' oe|Weer suc| a reg|ora| |errereu||cs, corl|red |o |oca| percep||ors ol
||e |rue re|evarce ol scr|p|ure, ard Augus||re's |r|erpre||ve a||||ude,
goverred oy acader|c ard pas|ora| pr|rc|p|es appropr|a|ed ou|s|de ol Alr|ca,
Was |rev||ao|e (Karrerg|esser - 8r|g||).
A| |eas|, a lus|or ol ||e Tycor|ar Way ol |r|erpre||rg scr|p|ure W||| ||e
Augus||r|ar doc|r|racou|d or|y er|a|| |eavy |osses or oo|| s|des, as 00C
W||resses. Tycor|us Wou|d |ose ||e or|g|ra| serse ol ||e `bu|es', W||c| |e
|ad so drara||ca||y erp|as|zed |r lb, lor Augus||re Wou|d |der||ly ||ose
`bu|es' as r|e|or|ca| precep|s |||e ||e ores |aug|| |o ||r oy C|cero ard sc|oo|
r|e|or|c|ars s|rce ||s ear|y you||, Augus||re Wou|d oe corp|e|e|y reduced
|o s||erce aoou| Alr|car |errereu||cs lor a|ros| |||r|y years, lror ||e ||re
ol ||s ep|scopa| corsecra||or, W|er |e oegged 8|s|op Aure||us ol Car||age
|r le||er |o exp|a|r |o ||r Tycor|us's ru|es, |o ||e years s|or||y oelore ||s |1
dea||, W|er Wr|||rg ||s be|rac|a||ores, oecause |e s|rp|y la||ed |o ca|c| ||e
proper rear|rg ol ||e `bu|es' |r ||s l|rs| ercour|er W||| ||er.
lrdeed lbspea|s aoou| `bu|es' as |rs|||u|ed oy ||e lo|y 3p|r|| |r persor
lor ||e very corpos|||or ol scr|p|ure, Tycor|us |a||rg ro ro||ce ol a |urar
agercy |r ||e corcep||or ard ar||cu|a||or ol o|o||ca| prop|ecy. lerce, accord|rg
|o Tycor|us, ||e `bu|es' are cors|||u||ve ol ||e |r||ra|e rys|ery ol
d|v|re scr|p|ure, ||e |a||er oe|rg corposed oy ||e 3p|r|| as a Wr|||er reve|a||or ol
0od's ||oug|| ard purpose, ar||cu|a|ed ||roug| ||e secre| |og|c ol
||e `bu|es.' T| erelore, |r ||e pro|ogue ol lb, Tycor|us |rs|s|s or ||e spec|l| c
|as| ol ||e |r|erpre|er ol scr|p|ure, as |e urders|ood ||. 8y ro rears does ||e
|r|erpre|er c|oose ard app|y ||e `bu|es' ||erse|ves. lor ||ey are ||e reserved
proper|y ol ||e `Au||or|a|' 3p|r|| W|o spea|s ||roug| ||e leoreW prop|e|s.
T| e |r|erpre|er's proper |as| |s |o address ||e oov|ous reed lor perce|v|rg
||e co|erer| sys|er ol ||e rys|er|ous `bu|es.' le exp|a|rs |oW ||ey lurc||or |r
spec|l|c cases ard ||ereoy |e opers a Way |o oe||er urders|ard ||e
W|o|e ol scr|p|ure. lr Tycor|us's re|ap|or|c |errs, ||e |r|erpre|er prov|des
Tycor|us 11|1
||e readers ol scr|p|ure W||| sore `|eys' ard `W|rdoWs' (or `|arps') ol ||s
oWr corlec||or, ||ar|s |o W||c| ||e g|ooa| app||ca||or ol ||e 3p|r||'s`bu|es'
Wou|d oe lac||||a|ed, ard scr|p|ure ||ereoy oecore rore |r|e|||g|o|e. Tycor|us
does ro| descr|oe ||e bu|es ||erse|ves (oecause ||ey are rys||c, `rys|ery'),
|e or|y preser|s ar access |o ||e bu|es ol ||e 3p|r||.
T| e pro|ogue |s as lo||oWs. `Aoove every|||rg e|se ||a| care |o r|rd,
l cors|dered || recessary |o Wr||e a 8oo| ol bu|es ard so |o las||or |eys
ard |arps, as || Were |o ||e secre|s ol ||e laW. lor ||ere are cer|a|r rys||c
ru|es W||c| oo|a|r |r ||e |rrer recesses ol ||e er||re laW ard |eep ||e r|c|
|reasures ol ||e |ru|| ||dder lor sore peop|e. 8u| |l ||e serse ol ||ese ru|es
|s accep|ed W|||ou| ||| W|||, as We |rpar|||, W|a| ever |s d|sc|osed W||| oe
640
opered ard W|a|ever |s dar| W||| oe |||ur|red, ard aryore W|o Wa||s ||e
vas| lores| ol prop|ecy gu|ded oy ||ese ru|es as oy pa||Ways ol ||g||, W|||
oe |ep| lror s|ray|rg |r|o error' (8aococ|, ).
l|rs|, Tycor|us's |r|||a||ve as ar |r|erpre|er cors|s|ed |r de|err|r|rg
sever suc| `rys||c' ru|es. le d|d ro| g|ve ||er rares, ou| |e spec|l|ed ||e
proper purpose ol eac| ol ||er.
bu|e l ca||s lor a lurdarer|a| d|s||rc||or oe|Weer `||e lord ard ||s
8ody',
bu|e ll locusses or `||e lord's o|par|||e 8ody',
bu|e lll regu|a|es s|a|erer|s aoou| `||e lror|ses ard ||e laW',
bu|e lv separa|es `||e par||cu|ar ard ||e gerera|' |r prop|ec|es,
bu|e v |s aoou| `||res' as |rp||ed |r prop|e||c say|rgs,
bu|e vl de|err|res ||e so-ca||ed `recap||u|a||or' ellec| |r scr|p|ure,
bu|e vll dea|s W||| `||e 0ev|| ard ||s 8ody' (lb, pro|ogue).
3ecord|y, Tycor|us exar|red eac| `bu|e' W||| regard |o ||e spec|l|c procedures
lor ||s app||ca||or. lor ||r, ||e correc| ver|l|ca||or ol ||ese procedures
cors|s|ed |r ||e a||erp| `|o las||or |eys ard |arps.' lr a Wor| ol sever
||g|||y |r|| c|ap|ers (8r|g|| ), |e corposed a se| ol recorrerda||ors, 188
or `|eys ard |arps,' |o secure a r|g|| ro||or ol ||e `bu|es' ||erse|ves. le
ca||ed ||s essay ||oe||us regu|ar|s(lb,pro|ogue), a `begu|a||rg Fssay,' ro|, as
Augus||re Wou|d dec|de ard |rpose or |a|er gerera||ors, a ||oer regu|arur,
W||c| rears a 8oo| ol bu|es' (or pr|rc|p|es ard regu|a||ors dec|ded oy ||e
au||or), ever |l oo|| des|gra||ors, regu|ar|sard regu|arurare equ|va|er|
|r s|r|c||y grarra||ca| |errs. T| e ||oe||us, as corce|ved oy Tycor|us, Was |o
oecore regu|ar|s||roug| ||e accep|arce oy readers `W|||ou| ||| W|||' (pro|ogue),
agree|rg |o ||e `|eys ard |arps' (or `W|rdoWs') W||c| |e las||ors
lor ||er. lr ||e r|rd ol |||s Alr|car ||eo|og|ar, || Was ro|, ror cou|d || oe,
|o puo||s| a `8oo| ol bu|es,' as |l |eWere ||e au||or ol ||e bu|es, |rpos|rg
||er or scr|p|ure |||e ||e r|e|or|ca| precep|s requ|red lor ||e exp|ara||or
11|zF|ever lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
ol c|ass|ca| |ex|s |r ||e sc|oo|s. T| ey Were lor ||r regu|ae rys||cae, opera||rg
|r ||e |rrerros| `recesses' ol `ooscure,' or cor|rad|c|ory, say|rgs ol
||e prop|e|s ol o|d. T| ey |rarscerded ||e rea|r ol sc|o|ar|y |errereu||cs,
||ey rade poss|o|e ||e |r|r|rs|c regu|a||or ol o|o||ca| `|reasures ol |ru||.' To
e|uc|da|e ||e|r lurc||or|rg |r ||e sacred |ex|, Tycor|us |rves|ed ||s er||re
r|e|or|ca| cu||ure, corv|rced ||a| ||roug| suc| ar |rves|rer| ||s ||eo|og|ca|
r|rdse|, as ar Alr|car 0ora||s|, Wou|d succeed |r c|ar|ly|rg ||e sys|er
ol rys||ca| ru|es proper |o scr|p|ure.
T| |rd|y, Tycor|us corce|ved ||s |errereu||cs as a resporse |o ||e rajor
|ssues ol ||e ecc|es|as||ca| deoa|e |r ||e c|urc| ol ||s ||re. No| or|y d|d |e
|rs|s|, lror c|ap|er |o c|ap|er, or ||e oas|c reed lor a sourd judgerer|
ard |og|ca| reasor |r read|rg prop|ec|es, ou| ever rore |e erp|as|zed ||e
reed lor ac|ua||z|rg |r la||| ||e |ru|| perce|ved |r ||er. `Ard so ||e oody,
|r v|r|ue ol ||s |ead, |s ||e 3or ol 0od, ard 0od, |r v|r|ue ol ||s oody, |s ||e
3or ol |ar W|o cores da||y oy o|r|| ard 'groWs |r|o ||e |o|y |erp|e ol 0od'
(Fp| . ). lor ||e |erp|e |s o|par|||e' (8aococ|, l.). Corcerr|rg bu|e , zz1 1 z
reasor (ra||o) de|err|res ||a| ||e lurc||or ol ||a| ru|e cors|s|s |r produc|rg
`||e |rars|||or (|rars||us) lror |ead |o oody ard oac| aga|r (red||usque),'
|o a||oW la||| |o corc|ude ||a| `|| |s oy |||s rys|ery (|oc rys|er|o, rare|y
`bu|e ,' 8aococ| ) ||a| We rus| |r|erpre|, ||roug|ou| ||e scr|p|ures, ary z zo
passage W|ere prop|e||c u||erarces c|a|r ||a| lsrae| W||| per|s|', e|c.
Corcerr|rg bu|e , Tycor|us |rea|s ||s readers |o a |org d|sser|a||or |r
order |o overcore ||e cor|rad|c|ory s|a|erer|s ol ||e auc|or||as d|v|ra|r
scr|p|ure (8aococ|, - ). lau||re d|a|ec||cs |e|p |o exerc|se sourd reasor|rg, zo|
ou| `||e laW, l say, Was W|a| s|oWed us la|||' (8aococ|, ). lr la|||, |urar
reasor reac|es ||s proper accuracy lor || Wou|d oe `loo||s| ard perverse
|o oe||eve ||a| sore|||rg sa|d |o ||e o|par|||e oody per|a|rs |o ||e W|o|e
oody' (8aococ|, ). T| e `o|par|||e' oody ol ||e c|urc|, |rc|ud|rg sa|r|s |
ard s|rrers (ard ro| or|y `sa|r|s' |r ||e 0ora||s| serse), |s a la||| rea|||y
urg|rg |o prev|eW ||e c|urc|'s rex| lu|ure ard ||s l|ra| corsurra||or. `lor
||ere |s a ||re W|er ||ese |||rgs ray oe sa|d ro| |r r|dd|es ou| oper|y, as
||a| 'depar|ure' approac|es W||c| |s ||e reve|a||or ol ||e 'rar ol s|r' ( T| es z
z. ), W|er lo| depar|s lror 3odor (0r . )' (8aococ| ). 8 1z
bu|e |rposes a c|ap|er as |org as ||e ore oelore (8aococ|, - ), | 8
ard |r ||s d|rec| lo||oW|rg, arrourced |r sc|oo| |errs, `||e par||cu|ar ard
||e gerera|' ||oug| ||e au||or |r|roduces || oy dec|ar|rg `l ar ro| relerr|rg |o ||e
par||cu|ar ard ||e gerera| as ||ey are used |r ||e r|e|or|ca| ar|
dev|sed oy |urar W|sdor' (8aococ|, ). A de|a||ed d|scuss|or ol o| da|a
ard ever|s |eads Tycor|us |o corc|ude. `Fver |l sore ol |||s seers |o oe
|apper|rg roW |r p|a|r s|g||, || |s s|||| |rue ||a| ||ese are a|| sp|r||ua| ra|-
Tycor|us 11|
|ers' (8aococ|, ), rare|y ||e o|par|||e ra|ure ol da|a ard ||e ur|versa| ;
re|evarce ol ever|s W|er |r|erpre|ed accord|rg |o bu|e . |
b|e|or|cs ard ar|||ro|ogy prov|de ||e `|eys' lor ca|c||rg ||e `rys||c
641
s|gr|l|carce' ol bu|e . `Terpora| quar|||y |r scr|p|ure ol|er |as rys||c
s|gr|l|carce ||roug| ||e r|e|or|ca| l|gure ol syrec|doc|e, as ||roug| ||e
spec|l|c ruroers |rvo|ved' (8aococ|, ). lr bu|e , || |s, carelu||y |der||l|ed, 8 o
s|y||s||c suo||e|y W||c| g|ves a serse lor ||e scr|p|ura| 3p|r||'s recourse
|o `recap||u|a||or.' Tycor|us's oper|rg ol ||e sra|| c|ap|er sugges|s a
resero|arce oe|Weer ||e `bu|es' ol scr|p|ure ard ||e `sea|ed' ooo| ol ||e
Jo|arr|re Apoca|ypse. `Arorg ||e ru|es W||| W||c| ||e 3p|r|| sea|ed ||e laW
so as |o guard ||e pa||Way ol ||g||, ||e sea| ol recap||u|a||or guards sore
|||rgs W||| suc| suo|e||y ||a| || |s rore a cor||rua||or ||ar a recap||u|a||or
ol ||e rarra||ve' (8aococ|, ). T| |s ru|e |as oeer spec|a||y d|scussed oy 1o
|. 0u|aey. bu|e exp||c|||y para||e|s bu|e , W||| a syrre|ry ol ecc|es|o|og|ca| ; 1
ard c|r|s|o|og|ca| ||eres, ca|||rg |rs|s|er||y or ||e 8oo| ol beve|a||or
ard corderr|rg orce ard lor a|| ||e cor|erporary rys||c ol 0ora||sr
aoou| ar urd|v|ded c|urc| ol ||e `lure.'
l| seers |rprooao|e ||a| ||e lb|ad ary rea| |rpac| or ||e course ol
ever|s |r ||e la|elu| corlror|a||or oe|Weer Alr|car 0ora||s|s ard Ca||o||cs.
w|er Augus||re d|scovered ||e Wor|, ||s au||or ros| prooao|y |ad d|ed,
ou| ||e lbWou|d |aur| Augus||re's preac||rg ard cour| lor ruc| |r ||s
oWr reso|ve |o oecore a |rue |r|erpre|er ol scr|p|ure. |ore |rred|a|e|y
|rl|uer||a| lor a oroader readers||p Was Tycor|us's Correr|ary or ||e
Apoca|ypse, ||oug| || |s a|ros| |rposs|o|e |oday |o eva|ua|e ||s |rred|a|e
s|gr|l|carce, g|ver ||e poor s|a|e ol ||s rera|rs, T| e 8ooo|o lragrer|s (lo
8ue ) re|a|e |o bv - , - , ||e 8udapes| lragrer|s (0rysor ) 1o z;1z 1;
re|a|e |o par|s ol bv . |ore |s |roWr ol Tycor|us's |ex| oy corpar|rg ||e o
Correr|ar|es or ||e Apoca|ypse ol lr|ras|us, lseudo-Caesar|us, 8ea|us
ol l|eoara, ard 8ede (3|e|r|auser, 0rysor). `T| e lragrer|s ol 8udapes|
preser| ||e au||er||c |ex| ol Tycor|us, ard ro| a surrary, |||e ||ose ol
Tur|r' (0rysor, , ). T| e exeges|s |s a||egor|ca| (3|rore|||) W||| a 1;zzo
s|rorg ecc|es|o|og|ca| lrare, |||e lb. T| e `bu|es' d|scussed |r lbare a|so
cors|s|er||y re|raced |r a s|r||ar Way |r ||e Correr|ary(Karrerg|esser,
18, - ). Tycor|us rever ||res ol ergag|rg |r|o po|er|cs aga|rs| ||s le||oW 1z1
0ora||s|s W|o reduced ||e d|rers|ors ol ||e c|urc| |o ||e|r prov|rc|a|
surrourd|rgs, ard |grored ||e douo|e, or `o|par|||e,' ra|ure ol ||e c|urc| |r
W||c| sa|r|s ard s|rrers co|ao||.
11||F|ever lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
Fd|||ors
ll , - . 181oo
8ur||||, l. C., T| e 8oo| ol bu|es ol Tycor|us(T3 , ). Caror|dge . 1 18|
0reer, b. l. l., Augus||re. 0e 0oc|r|ra C|r|s||ara. 0xlord . 1
0reer, w. |., Augus||r| 0e 0oc|r|ra C|r|s||ara. C3Fl . v|erra . 8o 1o
0rysor, b., `lragrer|s |red||s du Correr|a|re de Tycor|us sur |'Apoca|ypse'.
b8er ( ) - . 1o;1;18zzo
lo 8ue, l.|w||||s, 0. C., T| e Tur|r lragrer|s ol Tycor|us's Corer|ary or ||e
beve|a||or. Caror|dge . 1o
|ar||r, J, Augus||r| 0e doc|r|ra C|r|s||ara, CCl . Turr|ou| . z 1oz
|oreau, |. - l. 8oc|e| - 0. |adec, 0euvres de 3a|r| Augus||rll| . la doc|r|re z
c|re||erre0e doc|r|ra c|r|s||ara(8A). lar|s . 1;
vercruysse, J. |.. 3C ( ). |8;zoo|
Trars|a||ors
Frg||s|
Ardersor, 0. l., 0|ss. lou|sv|||e (r|crol||r) . 1;
8aococ|, w. 3., Tycor|us. T| e 8oo| ol bu|es. (Far|y C|r|s||ar l||era|ure ). ;
A||ar|a . 18
lrerc|
vercruysse, J. |.. aoove.
l|a||ar
3|ud|es
8r|g||, l., T| e 8oo| ol bu|es ol Tycor|us. l|s lurpose ard lrrer log|c. No|re
0are,
lrd., . 188
. `Tycor|us ard l|s lr|erpre|ers. A 3|udy ol ||e Fp||ores ol ||e 8oo| ol
bu|es'.
C. Karrerg|esser|l. 8r|g||, eds., A Corl||c| ol C|r|s||ar lerrereu||cs |r borar
Alr|ca. Tycor|us ard Augus||re. 8er|e|ey, Ca||l., , - = l. 8r|g||, ed., 18z
Augus||re ard ||e 8|o|e(T| e 8|o|e T| roug| ||e Ages, ). No|re 0are, lrd., z
1;, - . 1oz8
. `T| e 3p|r||ua| wor|d w||c| |s ||e C|urc|. Fcc|es|o|ogy ard lerrereu||cs |r
||e 8oo| ol bu|es ol Tycor|us'. 3|la|r . leuver , - . zz 18z118
. `Augus||re ard ||e T| ousard ear be|gr ol ||e 3a|r|s'. J. l|er|ard, F.
|u||er,
b. Tes|e, eds., Co||ec|area Augus||r|aralll. Augus||re. lresoy|er lac|us 3ur.
NeW or|, , - . 1||;
. `T|e T| rore ol ||e K|rg ol 8aoy|or (lsa|a| . - ). T| e C|urc| ard ||e 1z11|
locus ol Fv|| |r lour|| Cer|ury Alr|car Fxeges|s'. Corsersus, - . |
642
Tycor|us 11|
. `8|o||ca| Aro|gu||y |r Alr|car Fxeges|s'. 0. w. l. Arro|d - l. 8r|g||, eds., 0e
doc|r|ra c|r|s||ara. A C|ass|c ol wes|err Cu||ure. No|re 0are, lrd., , 1
- zz.
Caz|er, l., `Cass|er au|eur presure de |'ep||ore des 'bg|es' de Tycor|us'.
bFAug zz
( ) - . 1;ozoz;
C|adW|c|, l., `Tycor|us ard Augus||re'. C. Karrerg|esser - l. 8r|g||, eds., A
Corl||c| ol C|r|s||ar lerrereu||cs |r borar Alr|ca. Tycor|us ard Augus||re.
8er|e|ey, Ca||l., , - = l. C|adW|c|, leresy ard 0r||odoxy |r ||e Far|y 18|
C|urc|(var|orur bepr|r|s) , - . 11|
0|r||er, F., `Tycor|us'. lwK , , rd ed. , - . o1z 1o8|8o
0uc|roW, u., `Zur lro|og vor Augus||rs 0e 0oc|r|ra C|r|s||ara'. vC ( ) 1;1o
- 1o;z.
0u|aey, |.. 03p ( ) - . 1 1|o
lreder||ser, l., `Tycor|us ard ||e Frd ol ||e wor|d'. bFAug ( ) - . z818z;
. `Apoca|ypse ard bederp||or |r Far|y C|r|s||ar||y. lror Jo|r ol la|ros |o
Augus||re ol l|ppo'. vC ( ) - . |11118
0raooWs||, 3., `3|rrers ard ||e |ys||ca| 8ody ol C|r|s| accord|rg |o 3|.
Augus||re,
ll'. T3 ( ) - . 1|8|;8|
la|r, T., Tycor|us-3|ud|er. F|r 8e||rag zur K|rc|er- urd 0ogrergesc||c||e des
. |
Ja|r|urder|s. le|pz|g = Aa|er . 1oo 1;1
l|||, F., `0e 0oc|r|ra C|r|s||ara. A 3ugges||or'. 3|la|r (Tu . ) - . o 811oz|||o
Karrerg|esser, C., A Corl||c| ol C|r|s||ar lerrereu||cs |r borar Alr|ca.
Tycor|us
ard Augus||re. Fd||ed oy w. wue||rer. CCl . 8er|e|ey, Ca||l., . 8 18
. `loca| 3e|||rg ard |o||va||or ol 0e doc|r|ra c|r|s||ara'. J. T. l|er|ard,
F. |u||er, b. Tes|e, eds., Co||ec|area Augus||r|aralll. Augus||re. lresoy|er
lac|us 3ur. NeW or|, , - . 118
. `T|e lr|errup|ed 0e doc|r|ra c|r|s||ara'. Arro|d, 0. w. l. - l. 8r|g||, eds., 0e
doc|r|ra c|r|s||ara. A C|ass|c ol wes|err Cu||ure. No|re 0are, lrd., , 1
- 1.
. `Tycor|us crux |r|erpre|orur. A besporse |o Kar|a lo||rarr'. Aug3| z
( ) - . 181o8
Ke||y, J. l., `8ede ard ||e lr|s| Fxege||ca| Trad|||or or ||e Apoca|ypse'. b8er z
( ) - . 18z|oo
lo 8ue, l., `0|d la||r bead|rgs ol ||e Apoca|ypse |r ||e 'wordsWor||-w|||e'
Fd|||or ol ||e vu|ga|e'. vC ( ) - . 1z1z|
|ardo|lo, C., `le bego|e d| T|cor|o e |e uaes||ores e| respors|oresd| Fuc|er|o
d|
l|ore'. A3F ( ) - . 811|o
|ar||r, J., `Aolassurg, veroller|||c|urg urd uoer||elerurg vor Augus||rs 3c|r|l|
'0e 0oc|r|ra C|r|s||ara''. Tr ( ) - . 181ozo8;
|a||er, F. A., `T| e lseudo-A|cu|r|ar '0e sep|er s|g||||s'. Ar Far|y la||r
Apoca|ypse
Fxeges|s'. Tr ( ) - . o18o111;
11|oF|ever lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
|ezey, l., `ur lragrer| de codex de |a prer|re epoque caro||rg|erre (T|cor|us
|r
Apoca|yps|r?)'. ||sc. Cod|co|og|ca, l. |asa| l. 0ard , - (or bv . l.). 1;|1o o
0'laug|||r, T., `Tycor|us's use ol ||e Caror|ca| 0ospe|s'. b8er ( ) - 1oo1ozz
.
l|rc|er|e, A., `Nuov| lrarrer|| d| T|cor|o'. b3lb ( ) - . 1o;o;
. `A||a r|cerca d| T|cor|o'. 33b ( ) - . z1;8;o
lo||rar, K., `la geres| de||' errereu||ca re||' Alr|ca de| seco|o lv'. Cr|s||ares|ro
e
spec|l|c|| reg|ora|| de||' ar||c||| cr|s||ara. 3|.Fp|Aug ( ) - . 11811o8z
. 0oc|r|ra C|r|s||ara. ur|ersuc|urger zu der Arlarger der c|r|s|||c|er
lerrereu||| ur|er oesorderer 8eruc|s|c|||gurg vor Augus||rus, 0e doc|r|ra
c|r|s||ara. lre|ourg, 3c|We|z . 1o
. lACl rd ed. , - . z 1o1|1
lress., 0. A., `T| e 3uojec| ard 3|ruc|ure ol Augus||re's 0e 0oc|r|ra C|r|s||ara'.
Aug3| ( ) - . 1118o1z|
ba|z|rger, J., `8eooac||urger zur K|rc|eroegr|lldes Tyc|or|us |r 'l|oer
begu|arur''. bFAug ( ) - . z1o1;8;
bau|, l. 0., 0as 8||d des Ar||c|r|s| |r ||||e|a||er. vor T|cor|us zur deu|sc|er
3yroo||srus. |urs|er . 1;
borero lose, F., `T|cor|o y e| serror |r ra|a|| sar|orur |rrocer||ur'. 0reg oo
( ) - ). 1;1||
. `F| cae|ur ecc|es|a e| |erra ecc|es|a. Fxeges|s ||cor|ara de Apoca|yps|r , '. |1
Aug
1( ) - . 1;|o8o
643
3arders, l. A., 8ea|| |r Apoca|yps|r ||or| Xll. bore . 1o
3ou|er, A., `Ar urrecorded belererce |o ||e 'bu|es ol Tycor|us''. JT| 3 11
( - ) 1o1o
- ozo(Cass|odorus ll , C-0). o8o|8
. `Tycor|us's Tex| ol ||e Apoca|ypse. A lar||a| bes|ora||or'. JT| 3 ( ) 1|11
- 88.
3|e|r|auser, K. 8., `8erer|urger zur pseudo-||eroryr|sc|er
Correrora|or|ur
|r Apoca|yps|r'. lZl|T| ( ) - . zo1;zzo|z
. `T| e 3|ruc|ure ol Tycor|us's Correr|ary. A Correc||or'. vC ( ) - 181z|
;.
3|uder, 8., `Augus||rus urd Tycor|us |r l|c|| der la|r|s||c|er Fxegese'. Aug3|z
( ) - . 181o1;
T|||ey, |. A., T| e use ol 3cr|p|ure |r C|r|s||ar Nor|| Alr|ca. Ar Fxar|ra||or ol
0ora||s| lerrereu||cs. 0|ss. 0u|e ur|vers||y . 18
. `Agus||r? |r|erpre|o ra| a T|cor|o?'. Augus|rus ( ) - . |o1z;o1
. T| e 8|o|e |r C|r|s||ar Nor|| Alr|ca. T| e 0ora||s| wor|d. l|||soerg . 1;
var der lol, l. J., `warur Wurde Tycor|us r|c|| |a||o||sc|?'. ZNw ( ) ;1oo
- zoo8.
var l|e|erer, l., `ToWard ar urders|ard|rg ol Augus||re's lerrereu||c'.
Aug3| z
( ) - . 18118o
Tycor|us 11|;
3upp|erer|ary 8|o||ograp|y
Tycor|us
A|exarder, J. 3. `A No|e or ||e lr|erpre|a||or ol ||e larao|e ol ||e T|res||rg
l|oor
a| ||e Corlererce ol Car||age ol A.0. .' JT| 3 | ( ). - . |11 z|z1;1z1
. `Aspec|s ol 0ora||s| 3cr|p|ura| lr|erpre|a||or a| ||e Corlererce ol Car||age
ol
|11.' 3|la|r ( ). - . 118|1zo
Ayres, l. `Agus|r y T|cor|o soore re|als|ca y exeges|s.' Augus||rus ( ). |o1
- 1o.
8aococ|, w. 3. `Agus|r y T|cor|o, soore |a apropr|ac|or |a||ra de lao|o.' lr
Corgresso 0xlord = Aug| , s ( ), - , | . 1; zo1o 1811;z1;81
. `Tycor|us, T| e 8oo| ol bu|es.' lr Far|y C|r|s||ar l||. . A||ar|a. 3c|o|ars ;
lress,
18.
8orrer, 0. `ToWards a Tex| ol Tycor|us.' 3|la|r , ( ). - . 1o11;o1
8or|, l. C. `la r|cez|ore de||e bego|ed| T|cor|o, da Agos||ro a Frasro.' A3F
( ). - . 1881z|z
8r|g||, l. l|oer regu|arur Tycor||, a s|udy ol ||e |errereu||ca| ||eory ol Tycor|us,
||eo|og|ar ard exege|e ol ||e Nor|| Alr|car |rad|||or. 0|ss., No|re 0are,
18;.
Caz|er, l. `le l|vre des rg|es de Tycor|us. 3a |rarsr|ss|or du 0e doc|r|ra
c|r|s|.
(d'Augus||r) aux 3er|ercesd'ls|dore de 3ev|||e.' bFAug ( ). - . 11;z|1o1
Cox, |. 0. `Augus||re, Jerore, Tycor|us ard ||e ||rgua pur|ca.' l r 3|ud|a
0r|er|a||a.
vo|. , - . le|s|r||. l|rr|s| 0r|er|a| 3oc|e|y, . o|81o 188
0e||a, A. la 3cr|||ura re||a cor|rovers|a dora||s|a. 0|ss., bore. lor|. ur|v.
0regor|arae, s. 1o
0u|aey, |. `la s|x|re bg|e de Tycor|us e| sor resure dars |e '0e doc|r|ra
c|r|s||ara'.' bFAug ( ). - . 1881o
lors|er, K. `0|e e|||es|o|og|sc|e 8edeu|urg des corpus-8egr|lles |r l|oer
begu|arurdes Tycor|us.' |T|Z ( ). - . ;1o1;8
lredr||ser, l. `Tycor|us ard Augus||re or ||e Apoca|ypse.' lr T| e Apoca|ypse |r
||e
||dd|e Ages, ed||ed oy b. K. Frrersor ard 8. |c0|rr, - . l||aca. Corre|| zo;
ur|vers||y lress, . 1z
0ae|a, 0. `le bego|eper |'|r|erpre|az|ore de||a 3cr|||ura da T|cor|o ad Agos||ro.'
A3F ( ). - . |18;1o18
. `l| l|oer begu|arurd| T|cor|o. 3|ud|o su||'errereu||ca scr|||ur|s||ca.' A3F
( ). - . 1881oz|
0orez, l. |a. `F| perd|do corer|ar|o de T|cor|o a| Apoca||ps|s. lr|rc|p|os de
cr|||ca |||erar|a y |ex|ua| para su recors|rucc|or.' lr ||sce||are o|o||ca 8. uoac|.,
- 8;|11. 3cr|p|a e| docurer|a, |or|serra|, . 1
Karrerg|esser, C. A corl||c| ol C|r|s||ar lerrereu||cs |r borar Alr|ca. Tycor|us
11|8F|ever lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
ard Augus||re. lro|oco| ol ||e . co||oquy. 0c|. . Fd||ed oy w. wue||rer. 8 1o 188
8er|e|ey, Ca||l.. Cer|er lor lerrereu||ca| 3|ud|es. ur|vers||y ol Ca||lorr|a
lress, . 18
lardes, l. l. `Tycor|us ard ||e erd ol ||e Wor|d.' bFAug ( ). - . z818z;
644
leor|, l., ard 0 leor|. T|cor|o, 3e||e rego|e per |a 3cr|||ura. (Fp|lar|a de||a
laro|a.
N3 Tes|| errereu||c| .). 8o|ogra. Fd|z. 0e|or|are, . | 1;
||zz|, J. `|| . ard a lecu||ar Augus||re bead|rg.' |T| , ( ). ss. o1 ;11|1;
borero lose, F. `los rge|es de |as lg|es|as (Fxeges|s de T|cor|o a| Apc . - 1zo
.
zz.' lr 3|ud| su| cr|s||ares|ro ar||co e roderro |r orore d| |ar|a 0raz|a |ara.
bore. lrs|||u|o la|r|s||co 'Augus||r|arur,' . Aug ( ), - 1 111
. `F| r||er|o er T|cor|o. Fxeges|s a| Apoc . - .' , - . zo1o1zz;|o1
borero lose, F. 3|roo|os ec|es|os er e| corer|o a Apoc. . - . de T|cor|o, 11zzz
|ac|a
|a recors|rucc|or de| corer|ar|o 0ora||s|a. 0|ss., bore. lor|. ur|v. 0regor|ara,
1;8.
. `Fcc|es|a |r l|||o |or|r|s [exeges|s ||cor|ara a| Apoc . - ).' 8urg 111o z
( ). 18|
- |8z.
. `las s|e|e |g|es|as (Fxeges|s ||cor|ara a| Apoc . - . ).' Corp ( ). z1zz z18|
- o.
. `T|cor|o y su correr|ar|o a| Apoca||ps|s.' 3a|r ( ). - . z18|8
. `T|cor|o y 3ar Agus||r.' 3a|r ( ). - . |18;1o
. `F| Corer|ar|o a| Apoca||ps|s de T|cor|o (r|| erg|. Zusarrerlassurg).' Cr3|
11( ). - . 1o1;8o
borero-lose, F. ` Tes . er |a |||era|ura dora||s|a.' 8urg ( ). - . z z; ;1oz|;o
bosc||r|, 0. |. `0e usu regu|ae quar|ae Tyc|or|| ('e spec|e e| gerer|') |r
rar|o|og|a.' lr |ar|a |r 3acra 3cr|p|ura. Ac|a Corgressus |ar|o|og|c|-|ar|ar| |r
bepuo||ca 0or|r|cara arro ce|eora||. vo|. , - . bore. lor||l|c|a 1o 1|1;;
Acader|a |ar|ara lr|erra||ora||s, . 1o;
3|e|r|auser, K. 8. T| e Apoca|ypse correr|ary ol Tycor|us, a ||s|ory ol ||s
recep||or
ard |rl|uerce. Furl3, vo|. | . larg, . zo1 18;
T|||ey, |. A. `3cr|p|ure as ar F|erer| ol 3oc|a| Cor|ro|. TWo |ar|yr 3|or|es ol
C|r|s||ar Nor|| Alr|ca.' lT|b ( ). - . 81o8;
vercruysse, J. |. `8de |ec|eur de Tycor|us dars |'Fxpos|||o Apoca|ypseos'. l r
8de
|e vererao|e. 8||ar e| lerspec||ves, ed. 3. leoecq, |. lerr|r e| 0. 3zerW|r|ac|.
v|||ereuve d'Ascq, (lor||cor|rg). zoo|
. l'|||us|ra||or scr|p|ura|re dars |a bg|e vll du l|oer begu|arur de Tycor|us'.
3|la|rXXXlv, - . 111;
. Aus|er e| Aqu||or. geograp||e o|o||que e| |ec|ures pa|r|s||ques du Car||que
des
Car||ques'. 0rap|, r
o
8( ) - . 1;11oz
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| Xvll 11|
Au0u3TlNF 0l llll0 354-430
A corpara||ve |a|ecorer |r ||e ||s|ory ol pa|r|s||c exeges|s, Augus||re surpasses
ros| ol ||e arc|er| C|r|s||ar |r|erpre|ers ol scr|p|ure oy ||e |r|ers||y
ol ||s persora| appropr|a||or ol||e o|o||ca| |ex|, ard oy ||e or|g|ra|||y ard
||e prolurd||y ol ||s |r|erpre|a||ors. le Wou|d ro| |ave oeer cors|s|er|
W||| ||s oWr ||le-|org sp|r||ua| ques| |ad |e ro| s|rugg|ed over |org years
|o g|ve ||rse|l a proper|y `Augus||r|ar' exper||se |r ||e ar| ol |r|erpre||rg
sacred scr|p|ure. loWever l|rs| |e se| ou| |o |earr ||e ru|es ard pr|rc|p|es
ol |r|erpre|a||or lror ||s predecessors, cors|der|rg || ||s du|y |o corlorr
|o ||e|r |errereu||ca| s|ardards, ard |r ro Way |o |rpose a reW exege||ca|
re||od ol ||s oWr |rver||or. Augus||re's crea||ve cor|r|ou||or cors|s|ed
|r a de||oera|e syr||es|s ol |a|e ar||que r|e|or|ca| cu||ure W||| ||e o|o||ca|
|errereu||cs a|ready e|aoora|ed over severa| cer|ur|es |rs|de ||e c|urc|
corrur||y. w|ereas |r ||e Wor|s ol o||er C|r|s||ar |r|erpre|ers, r|e|or|ca| cu||ure
ard lar|||ar||y W||| scr|p|ure lused |r a |arge|y urrel|ec|ed approac| |o scr|p|ure,
lor Augus||re, ||ese |Wo s|rears, |r ||e|r d|s||rc||ve
resources as We|| as |r ||e corp|ex||y ol ||e|r |r|erac||ors, oecare a ra||er
ol lasc|ra||rg |rqu|ry.
T| us W|||e Augus||re rever ||red ol d|scover|rg reW aspec|s ol ||e
o|o||ca| ressage, || Was |r exp|or|rg scr|p|ure ||a| |e exp|ored ||rse|l as
We||. l|s exeges|s oecare ar or|g|ra| cor|r|ou||or |o o|o||ca| exeges|s ro|
so ruc| oy ||e |rpos|||or ol a reW ||eore||ca| lrare as oy ||e lres|ress
ard |r|ers||y ol ||s |rrer |rqu|ry. 3cr|p|ure a||oWed ||r |o |r|erpre| ||rse|l,
ever rore ||ar |e |r|erpre|ed scr|p|ure. T| e loca| |rpor|arce ol ||e `se|l ' |r
Augus||r|ar exeges|s |s a |ey lac|or |r ||e erdur|rg re|evarce ol Augus||re's
|errereu||cs r|g|| |r|o roderr ||res.
T| e preser| survey ol Augus||r|ar Wr|||rgs ca||s lor a c|roro|og|ca| ou|||re ol ||e
|errereu||ca| exper|erce ||roug| W||c| Augus||re
s|oW|y reac|ed ||s ra|ur||y as ar |r|erpre|er ol scr|p|ure. lerce ||e d|v|s|ors ol
|||s very s|or| preser|a||or ol ||s exeges|s. (l) A lerrereu||ca|
645
Apprer||ces||p, (ll) A T|eore||ca| lourda||or. 0e doc|r|ra c|r|s||ara, (lll)
A lrac||ca| Fxerc|se |r 8|o||ca| lerrereu||cs. Corless|ors, (lv) T| e 'Tru||'
ol 3cr|p|ure. 0e |r|r||a|el-lv, (v) Fxp|or|rg ||e l||era| 3erse. 0e 0eres| ad
l|||erarl-lX, (vl) T| e 8|o||ca| 3c|o|ar, (vll) Augus||re's ||r|s|ry ol ||e
word, (vlll) T| e C||y ol 0od.
11oF|ever lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
|. A lerrereu||ca| Apprer||ces||p
lor ||e years - , W|||e Augus||re ||ved |r |urr |r Cass|c|acur, bore 8o1
ard T| agas|e, oelore oe|rg orda|red pr|es| |r l|ppo, or|y ||ose Wr|||rgs
are cors|dered W||c| are ol sore s|gr|l|carce lor ||s lu|ure career as ar
|r|erpre|er ol scr|p|ure.
lr Cor|ra Acader|cos(Cass|c|acur, |r ||e la|| ol ), W|ere C|cero 8o
ard Neop|a|or|s|s are orr|preser|, ore l|rds or|y ore aroryrous a||us|or
|o scr|p|ure. Nar r||| cred||e, ve| po||us |||| cred||e, qu| a||. 'quaer||e e|
|rver|e||,'`lor oe||eve re or ra||er oe||eve ||r W|o sa|d. '3earc| ard you W|||
l|rd,' || . )' (ll |||, ), a d|s||rc||y |rs|gr|l|car| rer|rder or a 8|o|e W|ose ;;
very lurc||or|rg, a| |||s po|r|, seers |o oe qu|escer| |r ||e ||ve|y arera ol
Augus||re's p|||osop||ca| deoa|e.
Aga|r |r 0e oea|a v||a(Noveroer a| Cass|c|acur), a c|arr|rg 8o
corversa||or oe|Weer Augus||re, ||s ro||er |or|ca, ||s sor Adeoda|us,
||s oro||er Nav|g|us, |Wo cous|rs, |Wo s|uder|s ard ||e lr|erd A|yp|us, or|y
ore o|o||ca| c||a||or surlaces. `lor |||s a|so |s sa|d. 'l ar ||e |ru||' (Jr . )' 1|o
(lv, ), arorg a s|r|||rg d|sp|ay ol relererces |o |||erary ard p|||osop||ca| |
sources. T| e rore persora| |urr ol ||e s|aged corversa||or does ro| ye|
corvey Augus||re's |rrers|rg ||rse|l |r|o ||e sacred |ex|.
0e ord|re(Cass|c|acur, a|so Noveroer ) |s a rore aro|||ous `d|scuss|or' ol 8o
a p|||osop||ca| ra|ure (d|spu|a||o) |r |Wo 8oo|s oe|Weer Augus||re
ard lr|erds. Nurerous a||us|ors ard quo|a||ors exerp||ly|rg Augus||re's
pas| educa||or or currer| |r|e||ec|ua| corcerrs (v|rg|| ard 0v|d, Tac||us
ard Tererce, C|cero ard l|o||rus . . .) are rer||ored a| rardor |r ||e v|v|d
exc|arge ol v|eWs, ra|r|y |r 8oo| l, |r W||c| ore ro|es or|y ore very vague
scr|p|ura| a||us|or or Co| . (p|||osop|os |u|us rurd| ev||ardos), jo|red |o z1
ar exp||c|| quo|a||or ol Jr . , sa||s |pse C|r|s|us s|gr|l|cav||, qu| ror d|c||. 18o
'regrur reur ror es| de rurdo,' sed 'regrur reur ror es| de |oc rurdo'
(l x|, ). w|||e ||e lau||re a||us|or, |l rea|, ard ||e Jo|arr|re quo|a||or, z
|ave ro |rpac| W|a|soever or Augus||re's ||oug||, ||ey do add a d|s||rc||ve
rar| |o ||e spec|l|c po|r| ol argurer|. l| |s Wor|| ooserv|rg ||a| ||ey
|r|ervere a| ||e corc|us|or ol 0e ord|reW||c| |as oeer ou||| up arourd
ar arsWer g|ver oy Augus||re |o ||e urexpec|ed|y ler|r|s| reques| ol ||s
ro||er. rurqu|drar |r ||||s quos |eg|||s ||or|s e||ar ler|ras urquar aud|v|
|r |oc gerus d|spu|a||or|s |rduc|as?, `0|d l ever |ear Worer |r|roduced
|r ||a| ||rd ol d|scuss|or |r ||ose ooo|s ol your read|rg?' (l. x|, ). T| |s 1
|so|a|ed r| ec|o |as ||e rar| ol a |r|ou|e pa|d oy ||e sor |o ||e re||g|ous
devo||or ol ||e ro||er, ard sugges|s ||a|, r|g|| up |o ||e ||re ol ||s oap||sr,
Augus||re ol l|ppo Augus||re s|||| grourded ||s o|o||ca| a||eg|arce |r ||e 111
ra|erra| re||g|os||y
W||c| |ad pervaded ||e years ol ||s c|||d|ood.
3o|||oqu|orur ||or| duo(Cass|c|acur, |a|e | ear|y ), Augus||re's 8o 8;
|raugura| prayer (l, - ) |s erp|a||c ard |yr|ca|, Wr|||er |r a poe||c prose zo
W||c| d|sperses lror ary scr|p|ura| a||us|or. Augus||re reac|es a suos|ar||a|
del|r|||or ol W|a| |e rears oy `0od,' rare|y ||e oojec||ve resporse |o
a|| ||e W|s|es ard reques|s ol ||s |org|rg lor aoso|u|e |rarscerdercy. l|s
p|||osop||ca| r|rdse| |s se|l-sull| c|er| as |e s||l|s lror prayer |o ||e s|r|c||y
corcep|ua| ara|ys|s oy W||c| ||e 3o|||oqu|uroecores a d|a|ogue oe|Weer
||rse|l ard reasor. lr Augus||re's urders|ard|rg, '3o||'|s corversa||ora|
|r ra|ure. ||e |oqu|urol ||e se|l corl|rrs ||s oWr |ra||erao|e cors|s|ercy
||roug| ||s d|a|ogue W||| reasor. T| erelore |r ||e re|urr |o prayer |r vl, ,
0eus, pa|er ros|er(a prayer W||c| |as |ess |o do W||| ||e o|o||ca| |rvoca||or
`0ur la||er' ||ar W||| ||e v|orarcy ol Augus||re's oWr |rra|e rys||c|sr)
Augus||re's Words ray ree| o|o||ca| re|ap|ors, exaud| re pa|p||ar|er |r
||s |ereor|s e| r||| dex|erar porr|ge, `|ear re as l s|rugg|e |r ||a| dar|ress
ard s|re|c| ou| |o re your r|g|| |ard,' ou| ||ey do ro| resu|| |r ary exp||c||
relererce. w|||e |e quo|es C|cero severa| ||res, or relers |o u|r||||ar (Xvl,
o), or a||udes |o l|a|o ard ||e Neop|a|or|s|s, ard g|ves ar exp||c|| c||a||or
o||erW|se ur|roWr ol Corre||us Ce|sus (Xll, ), Augus||re's |ac|| rer|r|scerces z;
ol scr|p|ura| p|rases rera|r |ard|y |der||l|ao|e (l. |, , v|, ), or a| 1z
ros| very sporad|c. T| ey are gerera||y |oca|ed |r ||e |rred|a|e cor|ex| ol
prayer (l. |, . 0eus, per quer rors aosoroe|ur |r v|c|or|ar, cl. Cor . , 1 1|
lo||oWed oy o||er s|or| a||us|ors ol ||e sare sor| |o Jr, || ard 0a|, l. |, = |
0r . , l. |, , cl || . , Cor . , x|||. ). lr ||ese |rs|arces, scr|p|ure 1zo ;81 11 z
g|ves a |arguage |o ||e persora| ero||or gerera|ed oy ||e |r|e||ec|ua| deoa|e.
l| does ro| ye| p|ay a ro|e |r ||e del|r|||or ol ||e `se|l ' as capao|e ol d|v|re
|rarscerdercy, W||c| |s W|a| |s a| ||e |ear| ol ||e W|o|e deoa|e.
0e |rror|a|||a|e ar|raeWas Wr|||er |r |||ar |r . T| |s s|or| essay 8;
646
0r ||e lrror|a|||y ol ||e 3ou|seers |o |ave oeer |rc|uded oy acc|der| |r
Augus||re's Wor|s. `T| e cor|or||or ol ||s argurer|s |s so s|or| ard ooscure'
(be|rac|a||ores, , , ), ||a| || ||red ever Augus||re ||rse|l rear ||e erd ol 11
||s ||le. Araz|rg|y eroug| ||e expos|||or |ac|s ary relererce |o scr|p|ure
as We|| as ary relererce |o secu|ar |||era|ure.
0r|y |r ||e |as| e|g|| ol cap||u|aol 0e quar|||a|e ar|rae, a |org o
p|||osop||ca| d|sser|a||or (|ar |orgur serrorerxxxv|, ), corposed |r 81
bore , are lourd, ||g||y s|gr|l|car||y lor Augus||re, ||e l|rs| exp||c|| 88
quo|a||ors lror scr|p|ure |r|roduced as suc| |r ore ol ||s ear|y |rea||ses.
Cor rurdur,. . . ls . , ||er a oare|y recogr|zao|e ec|o ol lau||re p|rases o1z
11zF|ever lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
|r xxv|||, , lo||oWed oy ar |rp||c|| quo|a||or ol Fcc| . |r xxx|||, , ard | 1z ;o
ar exp||c|| relererce |o lau| W||| a parap|rase ol Cor . . apos|o|us lau|us 1 z
parvu||s se |o|ur ded|sse praed|cav||(xxx|||, ), lo||oWed oy a proper c||a||or ;o
ol || . . 0or|rur 0eur |uur adorao|s e| |||| so|| serv|es. T| e o|o||ca| |1o
relererces ol |||s |rea||se, |eruous as ||ey are, sourd c|ose |o Augus||re's recer|
exper|erce ol oap||sr. ||ey W||ress |o ||e lervor ol ||e reop|y|e, a|ready
|es||ly|rg |o ||s |rprov|rg lar|||ar||y W||| ||e lau||re |e||ers.
0l a corp|e|e|y d|llerer| order |s Augus||re's use ol scr|p|ure |r ||e
po|er|ca| essay 0e ror|ous ecc|es|ae ca||o||cae e| ror|ous |ar|c|aeorur
||or| duo, a|so Wr|||er |r bore . NoW ||e cor|roversy ||se|l |rposes a 88
sys|era||c quo|a||or lror ||e r| aga|rs| |ar|c|ear |r|erpre|a||ors. T| e sare
prac||ce Wou|d carry rore We|g|| |r Augus||re's o||er |Wo ar||-|ar|c|ear
essays ol ||e rex| years, 0r lree C|o|ce, s|ar|ed |r bore |r , ard corp|e|ed 88
|r Alr|ca, poss|o|y |r l|ppo as |a|e as , ard 0r 0eres|s Aga|rs| ||e
|ar|c|ees, Wr|||er |r T| agas|e |r . lor ||e |as| (|o|a||y reW lor ||r) ol 8
delerd|rg scr|p|ure aga|rs| |ere||ca| aouse, Augus||re s|ar|s oy |a||rg s|e||er
urder ||e urore||a ol ep|scopos ve| presoy|eros ve| cu|uscerod| ecc|es|ae
ca||o||cae ar||s|||es e| r|r|s|ros(0e ror|ous,l, , J. 8. 8auer, C3Fl , ) ard oy 1 o|
|rvo||rg ||e apos|o||ca d|sc|p||ra(l, ). l|s use ol scr|p|ure |r ||ese po|er|ca| z
|rea||ses Wou|d ro| oe de|err|red oy ||e r|c| oac|grourd ol ||s r|e|or|ca|
cu||ure, ou| || Wou|d corlorr |o ||s recer| er|ry |r|o ||e |rs|||u||ora| lrare
ol ||e c|urc|. T| erelore al|er ar |r|roduc|ory se| ol cors|dera||ors de|err|red oy
reasor, Augus||re s||l|s |r|o a lorr ol d|scourse er||re|y regu|a|ed
oy ||e au||or||y ol d|v|re reve|a||or, corrur|ca|ed oy `||e e|ec||or ol ||e
pa|r|arc|s, ||e coverar| ol ||e laW, ||e pred|c||ors ol prop|e|s, ||e rys|ery
ol 0od's oecor|rg rar, ||e |es||rory ol ||e apos||es, ||e o|ood ol rar|yrs,
ard ||e corvers|or ol ||e ra||ors' (l, , ). 0re propos|||or al|er aro||er ;1z
cor|r|ou|es ||s s|are ol o|o||ca| a||us|ors, quo|a||ors, or parap|rases. T| e
au||or pa|pao|y erjoys |a||rg advar|age ol ||s persora| lar|||ar||y W|||
lau||re |e||ers, ||e very |e||ers W||c| ||s |ar|c|ear adversar|es c|a|red |o
|roW so We||. le relers |o rary o| passages a|so used oy ||er, ||oug| |r
a Way roW ||oroug||y repre|ers|o|e |o ||e recer| corver|.
`lr 0e ror|ous ecc|es|ae ca||o||cael, ra|r|y corposed |r bore, W|ose
o|o||ca| r|c|ress revea|s ||e au||or's read|rgs ||roug| ||s relererces, ore
l|rds |r par||cu|ar ||e l|rs| quo|a||ors lror w|sdor, Fcc|es|as||cus, o|e|e|,
lroveros, W||c| Were ooo|s recorrerded |o ||e a||er||or ol ||e ca|ec|urers'
(la 8orrard|re , - ). 3ore oas|c pr|rc|p|es ol |r|erpre|a||or 18o|o|;
|a|e or a d|s||rc||ve Augus||r|ar |ore, lor |rs|arce ||a| `0e|err|ra||or as
ruc| as p|e|y |s requ|red, We ray oy ||e l|rs| progress |r |earr|rg, oy ||e
o||er, urders|ard W|a| We |ave |earred,' F| d|||ger||a |g||ur e| p|e|as ad||-
Augus||re ol l|ppo oerda es|, a||ero l|e| u| sc|er|es |rver|arus, a||ero u| 11
sc|re rerearur(l, ). 1
Aro||er |rad|||ora| pr|rc|p|e erp|as|zed oy ra|r c|urc| apo|og|s|s s|rce
||e secord cer|ury `T| ere |s or|y ore 0od |r oo|| Tes|arer|s' u|r|usque
|es|arer|| deus urus es|(l, xv||, ), |eads Augus||re |o roo| `||e |arrory ol o
oo|| Tes|arer|s' |es|arer|| u|r|usque corcord|ar(l, xv|||, ), |r |rue `|ove' |
car||as. lur||er or |e corc|udes. `T| e |Wo vo|ces ol ||e ore 0od, reg|s|ered
|r oo|| Tes|arer|s a||es| |o ||e sarc||l|ca||or ol ||e sou| |r a corror
dec|ara||or, so ||a| |s |appers sore||res ||a| ||e sare da|a |s |a|er over
lror ||e o|d |r|o ||e reW scr|p|ures,' uae duae voces ur|us de| |r duoous
|es|arer||s s|gra|ae sarc||l|ca||orer ar|rae corcord| a||es|a||ore dec|arar|,
u| l|a| a||quardo |||ud quod ||er |r rovar scr|p|urar deve|er| assurp|ur
es|.w|||ou| ||e exp||c|| |rvo||rg ol ||e |ec|r|ca| |err, ||e |ypo|og|ca|
|r|erpre|a||or ol scr|p|ure |s We|| secured.
T|e d|a|ogue 0r lree C|o|ce, 0e ||oero aro||r|o, |r ||ree 8oo|s, argues
aga|rs| ||e |eac||rg ol ||e |ar|c|ees ||a| ev|| resu||s or|y lror peop|e's
lree c|o|ce. T| e very l|rs| o|o||ca| relererce |r 8oo| l, ls . (||e or|y ore ;
|r ||a| 8oo|), |s |r|roduced as a `prop|e||c proscr|p||or' praescr|p|ur er|r
per prop|e|ar(l, ||, , ). lr 8oo| ll ard lll, added sever years |a|er W|er |11
Augus||re Was a presoy|er |r l|ppo, o|o||ca| quo|a||ors occur rore lrequer||y |r a
soreW|a| |or||e||c s|y|e relerr|rg |o w|sdor |||era|ure ard
||e lrop|e|s as ruc| as |o ||e 0ospe|s ard |o lau|.
lr 0e 0eres| cor|ra |ar|c|aeos, da||rg lror - , ||e scr|p|ura| locus 888
647
ol Augus||re's po|er|c aga|rs| ||s lorrer le||oW |ar|c|ees lor ||e l|rs| ||re
ca||s or a||egor|ca| exeges|s, as |earred lror Arorose. Augus||re's corcerr
|o preser| a |errereu||ca||y s|ruc|ured argurer| de|err|res ||e W|o|e
essay (weoer , - ). lr add|||or |o Arorose, a d|rec| deperderce or 181|1o
0r|ger's lor|||es or lev|||cusard 0r 0eres|s|s c|a|red oy weoer, lo||oW|rg
A||arer ( ) ard Tes|e ( ). 11 1z
A reW s|age |r Augus||re's apprer||ces||p |r o|o||ca| |errereu||cs Was
l|rr|y arrourced s|or||y al|er ||s accep|arce ol ||e presoy|era|e |r , |r 1
aro||er ar||-|ar|c|ear Wr|||rg 0e u|||||a|e crederd|, W||c| Was addressed
|o ||s lr|erd lorora|us, s|||| a reroer ol ||e sec|. lere |e carelu||y exp|a|rs |oW
|o d|s||rgu|s| lour poss|o|e serses ol scr|p|ure. `||s|or|ca|' (W|a|
|appered), `ae||o|og|ca|' (W|y || |appered, ae||a. `cause'), `ara|og|ca|' (|r
o| ard r|), ard `a||egor|ca|' (ro| |||era|, ou| l|gura||ve). T| |s |eac||rg Was
corrur|ca|ed jus| as |e rece|ved ||, |r p|rases W||| 0ree| |errs, securdur
||s|or|ar, securdur ae||o|og|ar, securdur ara|og|ar, securdur a||egor|ar.
lrred|a|e|y Augus||re exp|a|rs ||e lore|gr |errs, lor |rs|arce. `Accord|rg |o
a||egory, W|er ore exp|a|rs ||a| sore|||rg Wr|||er s|ou|d ro| oe |a|er |||era||y,
ou| oe urders|ood l|gura||ve|y' ror ad ||||erar esse acc|p|erda quaedar,
11|F|ever lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
quae scr|p|a sur|, sed l|gura|e |r|e||egerda( , ). Augus||re's correr|s or ||e
lour serses ol scr|p|ure ex|erd ur||| ||e erd ol , W||| |rs|s|er| quo|a||ors
ol Cor|r|||ars, 0a|a||ars ard Cor|r|||ars (||||era occ|d||, sp|r||us au|er 1 z
v|v|l|ca| Cor . ), spec|a||y W|er expard|rg or `a||egory.' loWever ||e z o
recourse |o scr|p|ure s|ops ||ere |r ||e |rea||se ard ||e |errereu||ca| |eac||rg
rera|rs W|||ou| ruc| ol ar app||ca||or. lrdeed aro||er |r|erpre||ve
approac| seers |o oe prac||sed |r ||e cor|erporary 0e u|||||a|e crederd|,
a Neop|a|or|c ore. `Augus||rs ar||rar|c|a|sc|e 3c|r|l|er s|rd |r ||rer
0e|a|| er|eo||sc| reup|a|or|sc| geprag|,' `Augus||re's ar||-|ar|c|ear Wr|||rgs
are d|s||rc||ve|y rar|ed |r ||e|r cor|er| oy Neop|a|or|sr' (3c|auo||r
18, ). o
0e 0eres| ad ||||erar |rperlec|us ||oers|ar|s as ar a||erp| a| a cor||ruous
exp|ara||or ol 0eres|s oy repea||rg Word lor Word ||e s|a|erer| aoou| ||e 1
lour scr|p|ura| serses (rod|) a|ready rade |r 0e u|||||a|e crederd|, ||oug| |r
||e `rore appea||rg order, ||s|or|a-a||egor|a-ara|og|a-ae||o|og|a' (3c|auo||r
18, ). 0rce rore, ||e |errereu||ca| s|a|erer| rera|rs ar aos|rac||or, |
|av|rg ro re|evarce lor ||e suosequer| expos|||or. T| e au||or ru|||p||es
relererce |o ||e re||g|ous cosro|ogy ol o||er C|r|s||ar correr|a|ors ol
0eres|s, |e |r|ersperses ||ese ooserva||ors W||| |rs|g||s ol ||s oWr W||c|
ruc| |a|er, |e Wou|d e|aoora|e |r ||s del|r|||ve 0e 0eres| ad ||||erar, ou|
a| |||s s|age |e does ro| ergage |r|o ary |errereu||c ol ||e `|||era| serse'
as suc|. T| a| ray oe ||e ra|r reasor W|y ||s l|rs| a||erp| a| a cor||ruous
correr|ary erds as ear|y as W||| 0r . . A ||eore||ca| lourda||or Was 11o
reeded, ||oug|| ou| oy Augus||re ||rse|l oelore |e cou|d resure suc| a
|as|. l| Wou|d oe ||s |rea||se 0r C|r|s||ar 0oc|r|re.
||. A T|eore||ca| lourda||or. 0e doc|r|ra c|r|s||ara (00C)
l| |s prooao|y a d|s||rc||ve rar| ol g|l|ed |r|e||ec|ua| |eaders |r ||e C|r|s||ar
roverer| |o ergage ||e|r crea||v||y s|ru||areous|y or a rore prac||ca| ard
a proper|y ||eore||ca| |eve|, W|er dec|d|rg |o ra|e a va|uao|e cor|r|ou||or
|o o|o||ca| |errereu||cs. 0r|ger Wro|e ||s |rea||se 0r l|rs|
lr|rc|p|ess|ru||areous|y W||| ||s Correr|ary or Jo|r, corp|e|ed a| a |a|er
da|e. Tycor|us,
||e l|rs| la||r ||eore||c|ar ol o|o||ca| |errereu||cs Wro|e ||s Correr|ary or
||e Apoca|ypsea| ||e ||re W|er |e locused or ||s l|oer begu|arur. Augus||re
does ||e sare |r s|ar||rg 0e doc|r|ra c|r|s||araa leW ror||s oelore |aurc||rg
||e redac||or ol ||s Corless|ors. Kar| 8ar|| Wou|d do ||e sare |r Wr|||rg
ard reWr|||rg ||s Correr|ary or borars, ard a| ||e sare ||re ou||d|rg up
||e ||eore||ca| cors|ruc| ol ||s so-ca||ed `d|a|ec||c ||eo|ogy.'
Augus||re ol l|ppo T| e projec| ol 00Crus| |ave oeer or ||s au||or's 11
r|rd lror ||e day
||a| |e |ad |o lace ||e pas|ora| du|y ol preac||rg ||e Word ol 0od. Fver
W|||ou| |||s c|er|ca| c|arge, Augus||re's da||y read|rg ol scr|p|ure |ep| ||r
We|| aWare ol ||e reeded procedures lor ||s |r|erpre|a||or. Jus| |o |roW
|oW |o se|ec| quo|a||ors |o cor|rad|c| ||e scr|p|ura| c|a|rs ol adversar|es
Was ro| eroug| lor r|r|s|er|rg |o ||e corrur||y. loW Wou|d |e arsWer
||e ques||ors ol ||e la|||lu| puzz|ed oy read|rgs ol ||e |||urgy |l |e |ad ro|
c|ar|l|ed lor ||rse|l ||e ra|r ru|es appropr|a|e lor urders|ard|rg o|o||ca|
|ex|s? w|||e ||e 00Cd|rec||y addresses ||e pas|ora| requ|rerer|s ol ||a|
exege||ca| |as|, || Was |r a Way rore s|gr|l|car| lor ||s au||or's |d|osyrcra||c
|r|eres|s ||ar ol ||e soc|a| ard ecc|es|as||c cor|ex| |r l|ppo arourd . lr o
||s ear|y lor||es Augus||re cer|a|r|y Wou|d ro| |ave oeer |rue |o ||rse|l |ad
|e ro| arc|ored ||s reW projec| |r a lres| reassessrer| ol ||s |rrer se|l. 0r
a ||eore||ca| |eve| ||s |errereu||c ol sacred scr|p|ure Wou|d r|rror ||e v||a|
|rajec|ory ol ||s oWr jourrey |oWard a sp|r||ua| goa|. T| e l|rs| 8oo| ol 00C,
||rear ard ur|l| ed |r ||s corpos|||or, l|rr ard c|ear |r ||s d|s||rc||ors, W|||
648
||e |r|ers||y ol ||s s|a|erer|s ard ||s cordersed asp|ra||ors, descr|oes |r
lor|y s|or| cap||u|a||e deepes| persora| ro||va||or ol ||e au||or ever rore
||ar ary exege||ca| ||eory. |aec surra es|, u| |r|e||ega|ur |eg|s e| orr|ur
d|v|rarur scr|p|urarur p|er||udo e| l|r|s esse d||ec||o, `T| e c||el purpose . . . |s
|o ra|e || urders|ood ||a| ||e lu|l|||rer| ard erd ol ||e |aW ard a|| ||e
d|v|re scr|p|ures |s |o |ove' (l, xxxv, , b. l. l. 0reer, ). 8|
8oo| l recap||u|a|es Augus||re's ques| dur|rg ||e pas| |er years. l| res|s
or ||s |rrer v|s|or ac||eved a| ||e erd ol ||a| decade s|rce oap||sr. l|
|a|es advar|age ol ||e |||erary crea||v||y gerera|ed oy Augus||re's sp|r||ua|
jourrey dur|rg ||a| recer| pas|. A| orce, || surrar|zes pas| exper|erces ard
a|ready arrources Corless|ors,||e rex| drara||c |r|||a||ve ours||rg lor||
lror ||e o|s|op's re||g|ous ger|us. lor |ac| ol ev|derce, a|| d|rec| da||rgs are
o|urred, ou| eroug| |s sa|d oy Augus||re ||rse|l |o a||oW us |o |oca|e ||e
corpos|||or ol ||e l|rs| r|re 8oo|s ol Corless|ors|r ||e |Wo years ol |r|erva|
oe|Weer 8oo| l ard 8oo| ll ol 00C. lrdeed ||e cor|erporar||y ol ||e
|Wo rajor projec|s ol 00Card Corless|ors||g|||g||s s|ruc|ura| all| r|||es. A
c|rcu|ar l|oW ol crea||ve ro||va||or re|a||v|zes ||e|r c|roro|og|ca| sequerce,
|||e |Wo corp|erer|ary express|ors ol a sare au||or|a| urge |o express a
se|l-aWareress. l||e ||e douo|e lace ol a sare co|r, Augus||re's lasc|ra||or
W||| scr|p|ure rar|s ||e au||or ol ||e 00CW|o s|ar|s oy cor|erp|a||rg
scr|p|ure a| ||e very core ol ||e sp|r||ua| jourrey oelore expard|rg |r|o ||e
de|a|| ol |errereu||ca| ard r|e|or|ca| ru||rgs, W|ereas, |r ||e reverse order,
Corless|orss|ar|s W||| a |org rev|eW ol de|a||ed |rc|der|s ard ||le exper|erces
oelore erd|rg W||| ||e ros| araz|rg se|l-descr|p||or, |r o|o||ca| |errs, ol ||e
11oF|ever lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
au||or's sp|r||ua| |der|||y |r a correr|ary or 0r . - |r 8oo|s Xl-Xlll. 11
00Cl's esser||a| purpose |s |o exp|a|r W|a| a C|r|s||ar ||eory ol o|o||ca|
|errereu||cs |s a|| aoou|. l| |s aoou| |roW|rg ||e r|g|| Way |o approac|
||e d|v|re rea||||es W||c| g|ve C|r|s||ar la||| ||s lourda||or ard or|g|ra|
prol||e. 3cr|p|ure |s par exce||erce||e pr|rary source lor suc| |roW|edge. l|
spea|s |o us as ||e cer|ra| reve|a|ory agercy rade ava||ao|e |r ||e c|urc|
oy 0od ||rse|l red|a||rg ||roug| ||s Wr|||er ressage a|| ||a| 0od War|s
us |o |roW lor our sa|va||or, ||erelore || rus| oe s|ud|ed |r ||e ros| ||oroug|
Way poss|o|e. l|s cors|s|er| ard accura|e |r|erpre|a||or |rp||es a |o|a|
ded|ca||or ol ||s readers' la|||, |ope ard |ove, |r o||er Words, ||e ac|ua|
accorp||s|rer| ol ||e laW.
Accord|rg |o |. |oreau's recer| ard |||ur|ra||rg proposa|, 8oo| l |s
d|v|ded |r|o |Wo par|s. `l-T| e res, oojec|s ol lru|or u||( , - , ),' ard z11
`ll-T| e res, suojec|s ol lru|ard u||( , - , )', ||e |Wo par|s are preceded oy zzzo|8
s|x pre||r|rary d|s||rc||ors. rodus |rver|erd||rodus prolererd|,
res|s|grur, lru||u||( , - , ), ard lo||oWed oy a corc|us|or ( , - , ). 11|| |o||
lr ||e l|rs| par| ol 8oo| l ||e resare ||e e|erra| rea||||es, oojec|s ol s|eer
erjoyrer|, grourded |r Tr|r||ar|ar la|||, as We|| as ||e |erpora| rea||||es
`uselu|' |o la||| |r 0od's sa|v|l|c ac||or, exerp||l|ed |r C|r|s| ard c|urc|
(T| us ||e l|rs| par| evo|es ||e |Wo cer|ra| all| rra||ors ol ||e Creed, oy W||c|
0od |s acc|a|red as ur|versa| Crea|or, ||er prolessed as ac||ve |r ||e ||s|ory
ol sa|va||or). T| e secord par| ol 8oo| l suor||s ||e suojec||ve exper|erce
ol lru|ard u|||o ar ara|ys|s ol ||e purpose ol scr|p|ure, ||s |e|os, |r || . zz
- ;|o. 0|||ges 0or|rur 0eur |uur. . . |o|a |ex perde| e| prop|e|ae`love
your lord 0od . . . or W||c| ||e W|o|e laW ard ||e lrop|e|s deperd.'
T| e r|c|ress ard ders||y ol oo|| par|s draWs |oge||er ||e ra|r s|rards
ol Augus||re's ear||er crea||v||y a| Wor| |r ||s r|rd lror Cass|c|acur |o
T| agas|e ard |s roW p|aced a| ||e serv|ce ol ||e reW o|s|op as |e correrces
||e Wr|||rg ol 00C. lror ||e 3o|||oqu|esder|ves ||e |rsp|ra||ora|
l|a|or|c `|ove,' a ro||or W||c| Augus||re Wou|d re|||r| a| ||e core ol 00C
l, ard |eep |r r|rd ||roug|ou| ||e corpos|||or ol 00C. lror 0e rag|s|ro,
d|c|a|ed |r a| T| agas|e, |e oorroWs ||e cruc|a| ro||or ol `s|grs' or|y |o 8
arp||ly ard deeper || oelore us|rg || |o s|ruc|ure ||e rex| |Wo 8oo|s ol 00C.
lr 00C, |e Wou|d rev|ve lror 0e quar|||a|e ar|rae, Wr|||er |r bore |Wo
years oelore 0e rag|s|ro, ||e oas|c |dea ol ||e |urar sou| pass|rg ||roug|
severa| s|ages ol |eve|s ol oe|rg, lror a `vege|a|' |eve| |o ||e `very v|s|or
ard cor|erp|a||or ol |ru||' W|ere ore reac|es `|r rea|||y, a |ore a| W||c|
ore arr|ves v|a ||ose |eve|s' (ll, - , cp. l, - `as a jourrey or voyage 11 ;1o
|ore'). T| e sare |dea |ad a|ready resurlaced |r 0e vera re||g|ore, W||| ||e
||ere ol ||e sever s|ages |r ||e sp|r||ua| jourrey lror ||e `o|d' |o ||e `reW'
Augus||re ol l|ppo rar. |ore suc| ||era||c all|r|||es oe|Weer 00Card 11;
ear||er Wr|||rgs ol
Augus||re ray oe |der||l|ao|e, ou| || |s ro| or|y a se| ol p|||osop||ca| ard
re||g|ous corrorp|aces W||c| ore l|rds resora||rg. ba||er, |r a C|r|s||ar
cor|ex|, 00C|s a rep||ca||or ol secu|ar r|e|or|cs ca|||rg or cer|ur|es o|d
|earr|rg, ro| a| a|| as a c|a||erge or a supp|erer| |o ||a| |earr|rg, ou|, rore
card|d|y, lor exp|o|||rg ||s sop||s||ca|ed resources |r order |o |eac| |oW |o
|r|erpre| scr|p|ure.
8oo| ll dea|s W||| oas|c da|a W||c| ||e 8|o|e |as |r corror W||| ary
649
o||er |rpor|ar| Wr|||rg. ||e very lac| ol ||e 8|o|e's oe|rg a Wor| ol |||era|ure
ard |a||rg |r|o cors|dera||or ||e pecu||ar s|y|e |r W||c| || |s Wr|||er |eads
Augus||re |r 8oo| lll |o d|scuss ||e o|o||ca| s|y|e as seer lror ||e ou|s|de,
lror a ror-o|o||ca| cu||ure. T| e cu||ura| d|ll ererce oe|Weer ||e o|o||ca| Wor|d
ard ||e Wor|d ol ||s reader crea|es spec|a| d|ll| cu|||es, lor |rs|arce, W|er
l|gura||ve p|rases are Wrorg|y |a|er as proper express|ors |o oe urders|ood
|||era||y, or W|er severa| l| gura||ve rear|rgs are equa||y poss|o|e. A| ||a| po|r|
a| ||e erd ol lll, xxv, , W||| a quo|a||or ol l| . , Augus||re |r|errup|ed 1z1
||e redac||or ol 00C. l| |oo| ||r |||r|y years |o resure ||s corpos|||or.
Augus||re's ||eore||ca| lourda||or ol o|o||ca| |errereu||cs Was s|a|er, |l ro|
corpror|sed, oy suc| ar aorup| erd|rg, a ur|que case |r ||e o|s|op's pro||l|c
exper|erce as a Wr||er. Cer|a|r|y, s|or| |r|errup||ors |appered e|seW|ere. we
ever ro|ed ore oe|Weer 00Cl ard 00Cll. |ajor Wor|s |||e 0e |r|r||a|e,
or 0e c|v||a|e de|, Wou|d reed |o oe reac||va|ed severa| ||res al| er per|ods ol
ousy d|s|rac||ors, ou| ||ere |s ro|||rg corparao|e |o Augus||re's apparer|
la||ure |o corp|e|e 00C|r - . Fver rore W|||ou| para||e| |s ||e lac| o;
||a| |r , ||e o|d o|s|op le|| oo||ged |o corp|e|e ||a| opus |rperlec|ur, |z;
W|||e o||er Wr|||rgs |rdeed rera|red `url|r|s|ed.'
Augus||r|ar cr|||cs lrequer||y |erd |o r|r|r|ze, |l ro| |grore, ||e ||ree
decades ol |r|errup||or, |rs|s||rg ||a| ||e au||or's ou|||re ard ro||va||or
lor 00Crera|red urc|arged, or ||a| ||e |r|errup||or Was pure|y c|rcurs|ar||a|,
ard |r ||e erd, |rs|gr|l|car|. var|ous lor|u||ous reasors lor ||a|
|r|errup||or are pos|u|a|ed. A. l|rc|er|e ( ), ca|cu|a||rg ||a| ||e |r|||a| 1|;
Wor| or Corless|ors|ad ar||c|pa|ed ||e corpos|||or ol 00Cl-lll, xxv, ,
||oug|| ||a| ||e |r|errup||or Was due |o Augus||re's eagerress |o cor||rue ||s
Wr|||rg or Corless|ors. l||| ( ) sugges|ed ||a| a reques| ol 8|s|op Aure||us 1o
d|ver|ed Augus||re's a||er||or |o aro||er ass|grrer|. 3|rauss ( ) argued 1
or ||e oas|s ol 00Clll, xxv, ||a| ||e puzz||rg ara|ys|s ol s|gra aro|gua
|oc|ed ||e au||or |r a dead erd. |ore recer||y, 0. le|||er| ( ) corc|uded 1;
||a| Augus||re |r|errup|ed 00CW|er |e rea||zed ||a| W|a| |e |ad Wr|||er
or reve|a||o|r Ad 3|rp||c|arur , Was |rcors|s|er| W||| ||e |errereu||ca| 1z
ard so|er|o|og|ca| s|ruc|ure ol 00C|r . lr a|| cases ||ese |ypo||eses rore o
118F|ever lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
or |ess |erd |o over|oo| ||e cor|rovers|a| c||a||or ol Tycor|us |r|roduced oy
Augus||re a| ||e secord s|ar| ol ||s Wr|||rg or 00C|r , ||us |r|v|a||z|rg |z;
||e ex|erded correr|ary or ||e Tycor|ar ru|es carelu||y e|aoora|ed ur|||
||e l|ra| ||re ol 00Clll (see c|ap|er , Xvl. `Tycor|us'). becer| puo||ca||ors 11
|ave succeeded |r oper|rg a reW deoa|e or ||a| |ssue, s|||| a ra||er
ol cor|roversy (8r|g|| , , , , 0u|aey, Karrerg|esser , 1881811 18
1, , lo||rarr , vercruysse ). 1 1o zooo
00Clv preser|s ||e rodus prolererd|, al| er 8oo|s l-lll |ad exposed
||e rodus |rver|erd|. lr o||er Words, || dea|s W||| ||e ar| ol corrur|ca||rg ||e
o|o||ca| |ru|| `lourd' ard cr|||ca||y es|ao||s|ed oy app|y|rg ||e precep|s |rcu|ca|ed
|r 8oo|s ll ard lll. `Corrur|ca||or,' |r 00Clv, ra|es
serse exc|us|ve|y W||||r ||e parare|ers ol ||e r|e|or|ca| cu||ure lar|||ar |o
Augus||re. T| e au||or opers 8oo| lv W||| a |oud ard c|ear Warr|rg lor
readers expec||rg ||r `|o ou|||re ||e precep|s ol r|e|or|cs W||c| l |earred
ard |aug|| |r secu|ar sc|oo|s,' qu| lor|e re pu|ar| r|e|or|ca da|urur esse
praecep|a, quae |r sc|o||s saecu|ar|ous e| d|d|c| e| docu|(lv, |, ). loWever ||e z
Warr|rg sourds paradox|ca| s|rce ||e W|o|e ol 8oo| lv W||| oe l|||ed W|||
r|e|or|ca| prescr|p||ors, |r ||e sare Way ||a| ||e rejec||or ol Tycor|us as `a
0ora||s| ard a |ere||c' (dora||s|a |ere||cuslll, , ) sourded paradox|ca| o|
g|ver ||e excep||ora| |rpor|arce W||c| Augus||re a||oWs |o Tycor|us's 8oo|
ol bu|es. lr oo|| cases, ||e aged o|s|op reac|s W||| s|r|c||y pas|ora| corcerrs,
ruc| rore cors|ra|r|rg a| ||e erd ol ||s ||le ||ar ||ey Were |r ||e ear||er
Wr|||rg ol 00C|r . lr lac|, 8oo| lv oll ers a very suos|ar||a| |essor or o
( ) ||e 8|o|e ||se|l as |eac|er ol sacred e|oquerce, ( ) or C|r|s||ar e|oquerce, 1 z
( ) or ||e e|||cs ol sacred e|oquerce. a l|ra| |r|ou|e pa|d |o C|cero oy ||e
ros| e|oquer| ard ||e ros| sop||s||ca|ed ol a|| ol C|cero's d|sc|p|es |r ||e
ep|scopa| oll| ce dur|rg ||e pa|r|s||c age.
|||. A lrac||ca| Fxerc|se |r 8|o||ca| lerrereu||cs.
Corless|ors
Al|er ror||s ol s|ud|ous |e|sure a| Cass|c|acur, ard a|ros| ||ree years ol
a cor|erp|a||ve re|rea| a| T| agas|e W|ere |e prooao|y sper| ruc| ol ||s
||re |r read|rg scr|p|ure, Augus||re |ad accep|ed |r ||e presoy|era| 1
ord|ra||or, ro| W|||ou| reques||rg |rs|ar||y lror ||e |oca| o|s|op a |eave
ol aoserce W||| ||e spec|l|c purpose ol |rprov|rg ||s |roW|edge ol sacred
scr|p|ure. Fr|er|rg ||e puo||c serv|ce ol ||e c|urc|, a c|urc| express|y ca|||rg
or ||s |r|e||ec|ua| |eaders||p, |e |ad corlorred |o a persora| agerda W||c|
|ad o|o||ca| s|ud|es as ||s l|rs| pr|or||y. T| roug| a|| ||ese years, Augus||re
Augus||re ol l|ppo |ad |ep| a||ve ||e v|v|d rerory ol ||s r|e|or|ca| ard 11
proless|ora| pas| oy
W||c| |e surpassed ros| ol ||s educa|ed cor|erporar|es |r borar Alr|ca.
650
loWever ||s reW ||le-corr||rer| as a Ca||o||c or ||e prov|rc|a| scere
ol a c|urc| d|v|ded oy ||e 0ora||s| sc||sr l|rr|y urged ||r |o suor|| ||s
s||||s |o ||e d|v|re au||or||y ol scr|p|ure. T| a| appeared |o ||r |o oe ||s
or|y respors|o|e op||or |r lace ol ||e |rouo|ed s||ua||or ol ||e corrur||y
ol oe||evers |o W||c| |e Wou|d oe ded|ca|ed lor ||e res| ol ||s ||le. l|s puo||c
rejec||or ol ||e |ar|c|ear sec| |ad a|ready er|a||ed a leW suos|ar||a| essays.
l|s rea| c|a||erge roW Was |o ga|r a grasp or scr|p|ure ro |orger ||r||ed |o
||e ||rd ol po|er|cs cord|||ored oy ||s urlor|ura|e r|re years |r ||e sec| ol
|ar|, ou| |ercelor|| or|er|ed |oWards a lru||lu| ass|r||a||or ol o|o||ca| ard
sp|r||ua| va|ues |rs|de ||e reW |rs|||u||ora| lrare ol ||s ||le. To oe a reroer
ol ||e c|urc| cou|d or|y rear lor Augus||re ||e presoy|er, |o exerc|se ||e
sare degree ol |||eracy |r ecc|es|as||ca| cu||ure W||c| |e |ad so or||||ar||y
d|sp|ayed |r ||s secu|ar pas|. T| erelore scr|p|ure Was lor ||r ||ec|a||erge |o
lace. lr order |o lace ||, ro| or|y d|d |e oeg lor |e|p arorg c|urc| au||or|||es
|||e Aure||us ol Car||age, ||s ||erarc||ca| super|or (le||er ), ou| |e a|so |1
roo|||zed ||e rary resources ol ||s r|e|or|ca| exper||se.
T| e pass|or ol ||s recer| corvers|or lused W||| ||s reW|y acqu|red
o|o||ca| |roW|edge dreW Augus||re |o corce|ve a projec| ||g||y s|gr|l|car|
ol ||s |r|rospec||ve crea||v||y, ||e Corless|ors. lsa|r|c |yr|cs ard lau||re
all|rra||ors Wou|d |e|p ||r |o projec| ar |rage ol ||s pas| jourrey, capao|e
ol oppos|rg sec|ar|ar c|a|rs ol 0ora||s|s ard |ar|c|ees a|||e, |r s|oW|rg
|oW a |rue s|rrer cou|d e|oquer||y a|so c|a|r |o oe a |rue reroer ol ||e
c|urc|.
Augus||re's |errereu||ca| approac| |o ||e 8|o|e |r Corless|orsWas ol a
prac||ca| ra|ure, ro| a|red |||e |r 00Ca| |eac||rg o||ers|oW |o use scr|p|ure, ou|
pr|rar||y se|l-serv|rg. T| e au||or, a|ready |rves|ed lor s|x years W|||
||e sacrarer|a| d|gr||y ol ||e presoy|era|e ard s|rce Apr|| so|e o|s|op ;
ol l|ppo al|er ||e dea|| ol va|er|us, Was roW depr|ved ol ||e sp|r||ua| suppor| ol
Arorose, ||s d|s|ar|, ou| s|||| |rsp|r|rg rode| ol |||ar (Arorose
d|ed Apr|| , ). w||| ||e ger|us ol ||s oWr sers|o||||y, Augus||re reeded |;
|o redel|re ||s W|o|e persor |r ||e sacred |errs ol d|v|re scr|p|ure, ||e or|y
lorr ol |arguage appropr|a|e |r ||e c|urc|, as |e |ad |earred lror Arorose.
Fager |o ac|roW|edge suc| a lurdarer|a| reed, Augus||re resporded |o ||
W||| ||e |||erary |rver||veress W||c| |e |ad so ruc| erjoyed a| T|agas|e,
|||us|ra|ed |r par||cu|ar oy 0e rag|s|ro, ||e d|a|ogues W||| ||s sor, Adeoda|us.
A res||ess |r|e||ec|ua|, de|err|red |o assure ||s reW pas|ora| d|rers|or,
|e corce|ved a |||erary projec| lor W||c| ||e C|r|s||ar |rad|||or d|d ro|
prov|de ary preceder|, rare|y a s|ory ol ||s ||le |||us|ra||rg ||e sp|r||ua|
11ooF|ever lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
va|ues oy W||c| |e Was re-del|r|rg ||rse|l ||roug| ||s scr|p|ure read|rgs
ard ||roug| ||s serv|ce |o ||e c|urc|.
3ore roderr ed||or |as cour|ed up |o sever|eer |urdred o|o||ca|
relererces |r Corless|ors, |rp||c|| quo|a||ors ard a||us|ors |rc|uded. 8u|
||e p|c|ure ol a rass|ve use ol scr|p|ure s|ou|d ro| r|s|ead. 8oo| l, lor |rs|arce,
s|ar|s jus| |||e aro||er 3o||qu|urW||| |ere ard ||ere prayerlu| |yr|cs
r|rg||rg W||| ||e lar|||ar vo|ces ol ||e lsa|rs, lau| ard Joo, ol Jerer|a|,
ever W||| sore a||us|ve 0ospe| Word|rgs, ou| ||e o|o||ca| s|ra|a a|Ways rera|rs
s||g|||y oe|oW ||e surlace ol ||e |ex| ard rever oecores exp||c|| as a
c||a||or. lr 8oo| ll, ||e au|oo|ograp||ca| purpose ga|rs sore rorer|ur,
ou| || does ro| er|a|| ary o|o||ca| quo|a||or. No| a s|rg|e d|rec| quo|a||or ol
||a| sor| |rposes ||se|l or ||e au||or ol Corless|ors|r ||e rex| l| ve 8oo|s.
0r ||e o||er |ard, Augus||re's purpose |o `corless' ||rse|l |r re|rac|rg
||e corvo|u|ed |||rerary ol ||s sp|r||ua| jourrey ou| ol ||s c|||d|ood ard
ado|escerce oy ro rears repud|a|es ||s groW|rg lar|||ar||y W||| scr|p|ure.
lr 8oo| lll |e |urrs |o ||e 8|o|e al|er ||s read|rg ol C|cero's lor|ers|us. le
oov|ous|y cor||rues |o oe |rsp|red oy scr|p|ure |r ||s au|oo|ograp||ca| rarra||or.
l|s ar||-|ar|c|ear ou|ours|s occas|ora||y corl|rr ||s suor|ss|or
|o ||e d|v|re au||or||y ol scr|p|ure |r 8oo| lv, v, ard vll. A|||oug| |r 8oo|
vl, |e ce|eora|es ||e rer||s ol Arorose's d|s||rc||or oe|Weer `|e||er' ard
3p|r||' |r ||e exeges|s ol ||e 8|o|e, ore rus| Wa|| ur||| rear ||e erd ol 8oo|
vlll (al|er 8oo| vll |ad exp|a|red prec|se|y W|a| ||e ooo|s ol ||e l|a|or|s|s
|grored |r ra||ers ol sp|r||ua| |ur||||y) lor ercour|er|rg |r Corless|ors||e
l|rs| exp||c|| o|o||ca| quo|a||or. vade, verde orr|a quae |aoes, da pauper|ous e|
|aoeo|s ||esaurur |r cae||s, e| ver|, sequere re, `0o, se|| your possess|ors ard
g|ve |o ||e poor, ard ||er you W||| |ave r|c|es |r |eaver, ard core, lo||oW
re' (|| . ). Fver |||s |ocus c|ass|cusol ||e evarge||ca| ca|| |o corvers|or, 1z1
lar lror oe|rg addressed |o ||e au||or, |s or|y a rerory, ou| a cruc|a| ore,
cross|rg ||s r|rd a| ||e c||rax ol ||s oWr re||g|ous cr|s|s. `lor l |ad |eard ol
Ar|ory (||e lerr||), ||a| oy |ear|rg ol ||e 0ospe| W||c| |e orce c|arced
|o core |r upor . . .' (loeo , ). lr reac||or |o ||e p|||osop||ca| pr|de ol 181z
||e l|a|or|s|s ard |r deep adr|ra||or lor v|c|or|rus's |ur||||y, oy W||c|
|||s larous r|e|or corver|ed lror p|||osop|y |o ||e ressage ol scr|p|ure,
Augus||re ||rse|l a| |org |as| reac|ed |o ||e reeded |ur||||y lor oper|rg
`||e Apos||e's ooo|. . . . l opered ||, ard |r s||erce l read. . . . 'No| |r r|o||rg ard
651
drur|erress, ro| |r c|aroer|rg ard |r War|orress . . .' (br . ).' le|ped 11
oy A|yp|us |e a|so read. `l|r ||a| |s Wea| |r la|||, rece|ve' (br . ). 1|1
lav|rg es|ao||s|ed ||rse|l |r ||e a||||ude ol |uro|e la|||, ||e au||or
ol Corless|orscar roW successlu||y appropr|a|e ||e sacred |ex|. lr 8oo| lX,
lor ||e l|rs| ||re |r ||s ||le, Augus||re dares |o purc|ua|e ||e W|o|e c|ap|er
Augus||re ol l|ppo W||| correr|s or d|llerer| verses c||ed |r ||e|r 11o1|
ra|ura| order ol lsa|r
|. l|s `|rars|||or' or `rerory' |r 8oo| X erds W||| a |ard|y percep||o|e
ec|o|rg ol Cor . , ou| lor ||e |as| ||ree 8oo|s Xl-Xlll, Augus||re adop|s z 18
ar |rqu|s|||ve s|y|e ard ru|||p||es ||e adr|ss|ors ol ||s |grorarce |r suc|
ar |r|erse d|scuss|or ol 0r . - , ||a| ||e o|o||ca| correr|ary |r ||se|l 11
oecores ||s corless|or, or v|ce-versa (see ||e lo||oW|rg cor|r|ou||or ol
l. 8r|g||). lor ||e roderr reader, over ||e aoyss ol a r|||err|ur ard a |a|l
ol wes|err ||s|ory, ||ese |as| 8oo|s ol Corless|orsa|ready arrource ||e
ruc| rore de||oera|e |errereu||ca| exper|rer|a||or |o W||c| Augus||re
Wou|d suor|| ||rse|l |r 0e 0eres| ad ||||erar.
A |as| ooserva||or or ||ese |as| ||ree ooo|s ol Corless|ors. lr 8oo| Xl,
||e |||era| erurc|a||or ol 0r . , `lr ||e oeg|rr|rg,' |rduces Augus||re |o 11
Worder aoou| ||e ra|ure ol ||re. l|s reac||or |s corparao|e |o ||e cross|rg ol ar
ocear ol cu||ura| |egac|es. ||e lu|| cyc|e ol sc|o|ar|y d|sc|p||res |s
|rves|ed |r ||s a||erp| |o de|err|re ||e ra|ure ol ||re, g|ver ||e lac| ol ||e
or|g|ra| crea||or ol a|| |||rgs. 0|v|re scr|p|ure c|a||erged ||e ded|ca|ed `se|l '
ol ||e |r|erpre|er oy |rpos|rg or ||r |o p|ace a|| ||s pas| |earr|rg a| ||e
serv|ce ol ||e o|o||ca| ||||era, lor ||a| ||||erara|es serse or|y, |r Augus||re's
v|eW, oy erao||rg ||r |o succeed |r a co|erer| re|r|ev|rg ol ||s oWr cu||ura|
|er||age. l| |s ro||ceao|e ||a| Augus||re's corcep|ua| c|ar|l|ca||or aoou| ||e
ra|ure ol ||re does ro| requ|re ore s|rg|e quo|a||or lror scr|p|ure ||a|
Wou|d cour| lor ||s argurer| (or|y a ||s|or|ca| c|rcurs|arce |s reca||ed oy
quo||rg || . |r Xl. ). lrp||c|| parap|rases, ra|r|y ol psa|rs, aoourd 1; o
W||| a leW rore ol |a|||eW, Jo|r ard lau|.
lr 8oo| Xll, ||e sare verse ol 0r . |urrs Augus||re's a||er||or |oWards space, 11
or aoserce ol space (a |urr s|r||ar |o ||e ore W||c| Wou|d oe
|rposed ruc| |a|er or lrrarue| Kar| oy |rarscerder|a| suojec||v|sr).
T| e ro||or ol `|eaver ol |eavers' |e|ps Augus||re |o erp|as|ze d|v|re
|rarscerdercy, W||| or|y ore d|rec|, ||oug| adap|ed, relererce |o Cor . z z1
|r Xll, . us|rg ||e l|gure ol |oses as au||or ol ||e 8oo| ol 0eres|s lor a 1
|||erary |rc|us|or ol ruc| s|gr|l| carce (Xll, - ), |e d|scusses ||e d|verse zz;
exege||ca| op|r|ors or ||e ra||er |r presur|rg ||a| ru|||p|e |r|erpre|a||ors ol
scr|p|ure are |o oe |rea|ed as a se| ol p|||osop||ca| op|r|ors W|ose
d|vers||y |s, |r ||e l|ra| ara|ys|s, ol ro |rpor|arce g|ver ||e |rarscerder|
ra|ure ol d|v|re |ru|| |r scr|p|ure.
lr 8oo| Xlll ||e poWerlu| |rage ol ||e `l|rrarer| ol your ooo|' |r|roduces ard
corc|udes, l|rrarer|ur ||or| |u|(Xlll, )l|rrarer|o scr|p|urae 1
|uae(Xlll, ), a ce|eora||or ol ||e Wor|s ol crea||or pro|orged ur||| ||e 18
erd ol ||e Corless|ors.
11ozF|ever lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
le||egr|ro, |., le `Corless|or|' d| 3ar|' Agos||ro. 3|ud|o lr|rodu|||vo. bore,
. 1o
les Corless|ors de 3a|r| Augus||r. lar|s, (`F|erer|s der|ves. |rl| uerce de 1o1
|a 8|o|e,' - ). zzoo
lor Augus||re's use ol scr|p|ure |r Corless|orsXl-Xlll, see.
8r|g||, l. `Corvers|rg W||| 0od ard 0||ers. 3cr|p|ure |r a Corrur||y ol
0|scourse (Corless|ors8oo|s X-Xlll)'. l. A||er, a|., eds., lrayer ard 3p|r||ua|||y
|r ||e Far|y C|urc|, l. Fver|or lar|, ueers|ard, , - . 18z;8
0'bour|e 8oy|e, |., `T| e lruder||a| Augus||re. T| e v|r|uous 3|ruc|ure ard
3erse
ol l|s Corless|ors'. bec|AugXXll ( ) - . 18;1zo
K|erz|er, K., `0er Aulo au der 'Corless|ores' des Augus||rus |r 3p|ege| der
8|oe|z||a|e'. bec|AugXXlv ( ) - . 181zo|
|v. T|e `Tru||' ol 3cr|p|ure. 0e Tr|r||a|e, l-lv
lr a s|rorg s||l|lror ||e |rver||ve lervor ol ||e |as| ooo|s ol Corless|ors|r|o
||e r|gorous derards ol corpos|rg ||e 0e Tr|r||a|e, ||e o|s|op ol l|ppo
rever|ed |o ||e |eac||rg s|arce |r W||c| |e |ad a|ready corposed ||e l|rs|
||ree ooo|s ol 0e doc|r|ra c|r|s||ara. As |r 0e doc|r|ra c|r|s||ara, |e |r|roduced
8oo| l ol 0e Tr|r||a|eoy derourc|rg ||ree ca|egor|es ol po|er||a|
adversar|es, ||e |||rd oe|rg ||e ros| uraccep|ao|e. `T| ey Wou|d seer oo|| |o
|roW W|a| ||ey do ro|, ard carro|, |roW' (l, ). T| e l|rs| lour ooo|s ol 0e 1
Tr|r||a|eare ar e|aoora||or ol o|o||ca| sources ol Tr|r||ar|ar ||oug||. T| ey
|ave rary lea|ures |r corror W||| ||e |as| ||ree ooo|s ol Corless|ors, ou|
||ey are very d|llerer| |r ||e|r use ol scr|p|ure. lror ||e au||or's very l|rs|
ooserva||or |r 0e Tr|r||a|eor `|o|y scr|p|ure W||c| su||s ||se|l |o oaoes' (l,
z) ar exp||c|| ard cors|s|er| o|o||ca| quo|a||or er|arces Augus||re's o|o||ca|
argurer|s. T| e dogra||c a|r ol ||e Wor| oov|ous|y er|a||s ||s proper
|errereu||cs, W||c| oe|org roW |o a derors|ra||vegerre Warrar|ed oy
652
caror|ca|ru|es, ard ro |orger |o ||e rarra||vegerre ol Corless|orslor W||c|
Augus||re |ad l|xed ||s oWr ru|es.
T| |r||rg over ||e s|eer poss|o||||y, as We|| as ||e cor|er|, ol |r|r||ar|ar la||| Was
lor ||e o|s|op |r ||se|l a roo|e er|erpr|se, `l| rs|, |oWever, We
rus| derors|ra|e accord|rg |o ||e au||or||y ol ||e |o|y scr|p|ure, W|e||er
||e la||| oe so' ( , ). Aro||er oas|c requ|rerer| Was |o corlorr W||| ||e 1|
|r|erpre||ve |rad|||or ol ||e c|urc|. `A|| ||ose ca||o||c expourders ol ||e
d|v|re scr|p|ures oo|| 0|d ard NeW W|or l |ave oeer ao|e |o read, W|o
|ave Wr|||er oelore re corcerr|rg ||e Tr|r||y W|o |s 0od, |ave purposed
Augus||re ol l|ppo |o |eac| |||s doc|r|re accord|rg |o ||e scr|p|ures . . .' 11o
( , ) surrar|zed oy 1;
||e Creed ard suppor|ed oy rurerous prool |ex|s. `lr ||ese ard |||e |es||ror|es
ol ||e d|v|re scr|p|ures oy ||e lree use ol W||c|, as l |ave sa|d, our
predecessors expourded suc| sop||s|r|es or errors ol |ere||cs, ||e ur||y ard
equa|||y ol ||e Tr|r||y are |r||ra|ed |o our la|||' ( , ). T| us ||e dogra||c 11|
d|scourse res|s or a jud|c|ous c|o|ce ol scr|p|ura| quo|a||ors a|ready deoa|ed
a| |erg|| oy (ra|r|y 0ree|) `predecessors' ol pas| cer|ur|es. l| oecores ||e
rore |r|r|gu|rg |o ooserve Augus||re's oWr cor|r|ou||or |o ||e ||s|ory ol
o|o||ca| |r|erpre|a||or |r ||s app||ca||or ol o|o||ca| |errereu||cs ||roug|ou|
0e Tr|r||a|e.
8elore erd|rg 8oo| l, Augus||re erp|as|zes a l|rs| `ru|e' lor suc| |errereu||cs.
`w|erelore, |av|rg ras|ered |||s ru|e lor |r|erpre||rg ||e scr|p|ures,
|s|a regu|a |r|e||egerdarur scr|p|urarur, corcerr|rg ||e 3or ol 0od, ||a| We
are |o d|s||rgu|s| |r ||er W|a| re|a|es |o ||e lorr ol 0od, |r W||c| |e |s
equa| |o ||e la||er ard W|a| |o ||e lorr ol a servar| W||c| |e |oo| |r W||c|
|e |s |ess ||ar ||e la||er, We s|a|| ro| oe d|squ|e|ed oy apparer||y cor|rary
ard ru|ua||y repugrar| say|rgs ol ||e sacred ooo|s' ( , ). ll Augus||re 1zz
Was aWare or ro| ol |ere cor|rg c|ose |o spec|l|c s|a|erer|s rade oy ||s
`predecessors' We do ro| reed |o dec|de, ou| ||e lac| |s ||a| `|||s ru|e lor
|r|erpre||rg scr|p|ure' |eads ||r l| rs| |o d|scuss ||e 0ospe|s, |r|roduc|rg
Jesus |r `||e lorr ol a servar|' oelore ergag|rg |r|o ary cors|dera||or ol ||e
d|v|r||y ol C|r|s|, ||us revers|rg ||e order, lor |rs|arce, ol ||e A||aras|ar
Cor|ra Ar|arosW|ere ||e d|scuss|or ol ||e logos lrcarra|e as a `servar|'
a|Ways lo||oWs ex|ers|ve deoa|es or ||e ra|ure ol ||s d|v|r||y.
A| ||e s|ar| ol 8oo| ll, ||e lrelace arrources a s|rorg reso|ve |o lace ||e
c|a||erges ol cor|erp|a||rg d|v|re Tr|r||y. `l W||| ro| oe s|oW |o searc| ou|
||e suos|arce ol 0od, W|e||er ||roug| ||s scr|p|ure or ||roug| ||e crea|ure,
lor oo|| ol ||ese are se| lor|| lor our cor|erp|a||or |o |||s erd, ||a| |e ray
||rse|l oe soug||.' T| e `ru|e' a|ready erurc|a|ed |r ||e lrelace |s repea|ed
a| ||e |op ol ||e ra|r expos|||or. `we |o|d ros| l|rr|y, corcerr|rg 0ur
lord Jesus C|r|s|, W|a| ray oe ca||ed ||e caror|ca| ru|e, as || |s oo||
d|sser|ra|ed ||roug| ||e scr|p|ures, ard |as oeer derors|ra|ed oy |earred
ard ca||o||c |ard|ers ol ||e sare scr|p|ures,' per scr|p|uras d|sser|ra|ar e| a
doc||s ca||o||c|s earurdur scr|p|urarur |rac|a|or|ous derors|ra|ar |arquar
caror|car regu|ar( , ) aoou| ||e |Wo ra|ures ol C|r|s|, `ye| ||ere are sore 1z
|||rgs |r ||e sacred |ex|s so pu| as |o |eave || aro|guous (u| aro|guur s||)
|o W||c| ru|e ||ey are ra||er |o oe relerred, W|e||er |o ||a| oy W||c| We
urders|ard ||e 3or as |ess, |r ||a| |e |as |a|er upor ||r ||e crea|ure, or |o
||a| oy W||c| We urders|ard ||a| ||e 3or |s ro| |rdeed |ess ||ar, ou| equa|
|o, ||e la||er, ou| ye| ||a| |e |s lror ||r, 0od ol 0od, l|g|| ol l|g||.'
11o|F|ever lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
l|rr|y |ear|rg or ||e dogra||c corc|us|ors ol ||s urrared `predecessors,' ard
rereroer|rg ||e recorrerda||or ol 0e doc|r|ra c|r|s||ara|r
||e case ol scr|p|ura| aro|gu|||es (cl 00Cll , ) oelore ||e erd ol 8oo| o;
ll, Augus||re |as|ers |oWards ||e lar|||ar |err||ory ol o|o||ca| syroo||sr
ruc| reeded lor ||s lor||cor|rg derors|ra||or. `Nor aga|r, as We ca|| ||e
3or a roc| (lor || |s Wr|||er, 'Ard ||a| roc| Was C|r|s|,' Cor . ), car We 1 1o|
so ca|| ||e 3p|r|| a dove or l|re. lor ||a| roc| Was a |||rg a|ready crea|ed,
ard al|er ||e rode ol ||s ac||or Was ca||ed oy ||e rare ol C|r|s|, W|or ||
s|gr|l|ed, |||e ||e s|ore p|aced urder Jacoo's |ead, ard a|so aro|r|ed, W||c|
|e |oo| |r order |o s|gr|ly ||e lord, or as lsaac Was C|r|s|, W|er |e carr|ed
||e Wood lor ||e sacr|l|ce ol ||rse|l. A par||cu|ar s|gr|l|ca||ve ac||or Was
added |o ||ose a|ready ex|s||rg |||rgs, ||ey d|d ro|, as ||a| dove (|| . ) 1o
ard l|re (Ac|s . ), sudder|y core |r|o oe|rg |r order s|rp|y |o s|gr|ly' ( , z z
11). w|||ou| us|rg |ec|r|ca| |errs Augus||re relers |o ||e ||rd ol |ypo|ogy a|ready
prac||sed |rs|de scr|p|ure oelore || Was lur||er e|aoora|ed oy
||s predecessors |r ||e ar| ol correr||rg or scr|p|ure. lr ||e lrelace ol
8oo| lll, |e repea|s W||| ar urusua| |rs|s|erce ||e deo| ol |earr|rg W||c|
|e oWes ||ose lorrer correr|a|ors W||| regard |o ||e scr|p|ura| lourda||or ol
Tr|r||ar|ar la|||, ro| d|scour||rg ||e rer||s ol ||s oWr researc|. `l
ryse|l corless ||a| l |ave oy Wr|||rg |earred rary |||rgs W||c| l d|d ro|
|roW . . . suppor|ed, ||er, very grea||y ard a|ded oy ||e Wr|||rgs We |ave
a|ready read ol o||ers or |||s suojec|. . . .'
T| e purpose ol 8oo| lll |s |o s|a|e ||e aoso|u|e |rarscerdercy ol 0od
653
oelore d|scuss|rg o| `||eop|ar|es.' T| ose d|v|re appar|||ors |o Aora|ar,
|oses ard o||ers, do ro| |rp|y ary v|s|o|e esserce ol 0od, ror ary c|arges
|r ||a| esserce. T| e ooo| locuses or ||a| |ssue. l| |s ro||ceao|e ||a| |r ||e
lrelace ol 8oo| lv, s|||| c|ose |o 00Cl, Augus||re recovers ||e |yr|ca| accer|s ol
prayer |r ||s Corless|ors. l|s |uro|e se|l-deprec|a||or |s oa|arced
oy a l|rr all| rra||or ol `||y |ru||,' ver||as |ua. `Ard |||s |ru||, c|argeao|e
||oug| l ar, l so lar dr|r| |r, as lar as |r || l see ro|||rg c|argeao|e . . . lor
||e esserce ol 0od, W|ereoy |e |s, |as a||oge||er ro|||rg c|argeao|e, re|||er
|r e|err||y, ro| |r |ru||, ror |r W|||.' w|||ou| lur||er |ec|r|ca|||y ||e au||or
expresses orce rore ||s cer|ra| corv|c||or. |r|erpre||rg scr|p|ure rears
accour||rg lor d|v|re |ru|| as suc|. w|a| |s read |r scr|p|ure relers a|Ways |o
||a| |ru|| persor|l|ed |r C|r|s|. `8ecause ||erelore ||e word ol 0od |s ore,
oy W||c| a|| |||rgs Were rade W||c| |s ||e urc|argeao|e |ru||, a|| |||rgs are
s|ru||areous|y ||ere|r, po|er||a||y ard urc|argeao|y, ro| or|y ||ose |||rgs
W||c| are roW |r ||e W|o|e crea||or, ou| a|so ||ose W||c| |ave oeer ard
||ose W||c| s|a|| oe.' T| e W|o|e |r|erpre|a||or ol 0eres|s l W||c| Augus||re
Augus||re ol l|ppo Wou|d deve|op |a|er or |r 0e 0eres| ad ||||erar|s 11o
arrourced |ere, oased
or ||s dogra||c corcep| ol d|v|re |ru|| |r scr|p|ure.
v. Fxp|or|rg ||e l||era| 3erse.
0e 0eres| ad ||||erar l-lX
T|e l|rs| r|re ooo|s ol 0e 0eres| ad ||||erarWere corposed |r ard |o1
|oz. 8oo|s X-Xll, |||e ||e |as| ||ree ooo|s ol Corless|ors, Were progress|ve|y
added |o ||e url|r|s|ed Wor| up |o . |1
lr Augus||re's rary-lace|ed |||erary ou|pu|, 0e 0eres|s ad ||||erarWou|d
rera|r a ur|que a||erp| |o Wr||e a proper correr|ary ol scr|p|ure. Al|er
||s ear||er relu|a||or ol |ar|c|ear |deas aoou| ||e crea||or ol ||e Wor|d,
ard ||s ||eore||ca| ou|||re or o|o||ca| |errereu||cs |r 00C, Augus||re |ad
a||erp|ed |o exerc|se a cors|s|er| use ol scr|p|ure |r ||e d|llerer| |||erary
gerres |o W||c| oe|org Corless|orsard ||e dogra||c |rea||se 0e Tr|r||a|e.
le d|d ro| cors|der ||e |as| ||ree ooo|s ol Corless|orsas a proper correr|ary
or 0eres|s l oecause ||ey Were rore a|red a| re|r|ev|rg ||s |rrer
jourrey |r ||e ||g|| ol 0eres|s ||ar a| locus|rg or ||e o|o||ca| |ex| lor ||se|l.
lr |ru|| |e |ad rever oelore laced ||e |as| a| expourd|rg lor ||se|l ||e o|o||ca|
||||era|r ||s |rred|a|e erurc|a||or ard ||s ra|ura| order. Augus||re's
cardor |r |urr|rg |o ||e r|s|y c|a||erge ol a proper correr|ary |s a rar|
ol ||s ger|us.
le rer||ors ro spec|l|c adversar|es W|ose ||oug|| Wou|d oo||er ||r a|
||e s|ar| ol ||e Wor|, ror does |e lee| ||e reed |o ca|| aga|r or ||e caror|ca|
au||or||y ol `predecessors' or c|urc| |rs|||u||ors as |e d|d |r ver|ur|rg |r|o
||e corpos|||or ol 0e Tr|r||a|e. l|s or|y 'adversary' |r |||s case Wou|d |ave
oeer ||s oWr |ac| ol a lorru|a|ed urders|ard|rg ol 0eres|s l-lll. le Wou|d
l|g|| ||s oWr del|c|er| ra||ora|e aoou| 0eres|s lror ore o|o||ca| Word |o
aro||er. T| e or|y sacred au||or||y |o W||c| |e Wou|d suor|| ||e corpos|||or ol
||s correr|ary Wou|d oe ||e d|v|re ||||era||se|l. T| ere |s sore|||rg
paradox|ca|, ever puzz||rg, |r ||e apparer||y |rrocer| recep||or ol ||e ||||era
oy Augus||re. A| orce |e qua||l|ed ||e ||||eraas `l|gura||ve,' `No C|r|s||ar
W||| dare say ||a| ||e rarra||ve rus| ro| oe |a|er |r a l|gura||ve serse' (l, , 1
1), ard goes or |o Worder. `w|a| rear|rg o||er ||ar ||e a||egor|ca| |ave
||e Words '|r ||e oeg|rr|rg 0od crea|ed |eaver ard ear||' (0r . )' (l, , ), 11 1z
or|y |o argue page al|er page ur||| ||e erd ol 8oo| l aoou| a|| ||e poss|o|e
rear|rgs ol eac| o|o||ca| Word |a|er a| lace va|ue.
lor |r ||e o|s|op's approac|, ||e ||||era|appers |o oe a lorr|dao|e screer,
11ooF|ever lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
a| orce s|oW|rg ard ||d|rg ||e rear|rg ol 0od's Wr|||er ressage, a screer or
W||c| ||e |r|erpre|er Wou|d urrer||||rg|y projec| ||s ques||ors ard reac||ors,
ro| W|||ou| ooserv|rg |oW |rre|evar| ||s oe|av|or r|g|| oe. `ler|aps |||s |s
ar aosurd|y ra|er|a| Way ol |||r||rg ard specu|a||rg or ||e ra||er' (l, , ). z
Ta|er ore Word al|er aro||er, ||re al|er ||re, ||e |ex| ol scr|p|ure cors|ar||y
|rposes ||se|l or ||e |r|erpre|er, ard re|rlorces ||s ca|egor|ca| requ|rerer|s
as ||e oojec||ve ard del|r|||ve express|or ol d|v|re |ru||s, oy del|r|||or,
urc|argeao|e. T| erelore, lor Augus||re, `|r|erpre|a||or' Wou|d rear a||oW|rg
ore's oWr ||oug|| |o oe corsorar| W||| ||e ||||era. T| us |r lror| ol ||e |||era|
`screer' ol scr|p|ure a drara deve|ops |r ||e |r|erpre|er's r|rd, |eep|rg ||e
||||era||se|l ur|ouc|ed ard urd|spu|ed, ou| p|urg|rg Augus||re |r|o a dec|s|ve
cr|s|s ol a |errereu||ca| ra|ure. T| roug| a cors|s|er| ques||or|rg ol
||e o|o||ca| |ex| (ard ol ||rse|l ) aoou| `||g||,' `Wa|er,' `dar|ress,' `|eaver ard
ear||,' ard ||e 3p|r|| `s||rr|rg aoove ||e Wa|ers,' |||s correr|a|or ol 0r . 1
- 1Wou|d corc|ude |r recogr|z|rg ||s apparer| la||ure. le |ad |ep| |rue |o
||s |r|||a| purpose, `|o d|scuss sacred scr|p|ure accord|rg |o ||e p|a|r rear|rg
ol ||e ||s|or|ca| lac|s, ro| accord|rg |o lu|ure ever|s W||c| ||ey lores|adoW'
(l. . ), ou| |e Wou|d W|se|y corc|ude. `0od does ro| Wor| urder ||e 1;|
||r||s ol ||re oy ro||ors ol oody ard sou|, as do rer ard arge|s, ou| oy ||e
e|erra|, urc|argeao|e ard l|xed exerp|ars ol ||s co-e|erra| word, . . . |erce
654
We rus| ro| |||r| ol ||e ra||er |r a |urar Way, as |l ||e u||erarces ol 0od
Were suojec| |o ||re ||roug|ou| ||e var|ous days ol 0od's Wor|s.' T|e ||||era
||se|l, oe|rg `u||erarces ol 0od,' |rarscerds |urar |||r||rg. A |rue |r|erpre|er
ver|l|es ||a| |rarscerdercy |r expos|rg |o ||e rys||c ev|derce ol ||e ||||era
a|| ||s |||r||rg, ra||ora| ye| del|c|er| as || ray oe.
8oo| ll, or 0r . - or or ls . , `car W||| good reasor oe urders|ood 1o8 1o
l|gura||ve|y,' or oe||er a||egor|ca||y, as spea||rg aoou| `sp|r||ua| ard carra|
persors |r ||e c|urc|' (ll, , ), ou| ||a| |s ro| Augus||re's preser| purpose. 1|
T| oug| o||er correr|a|ors s|ar| |r|erler|rg |r ||s exege||ca| exerc|se, suc|
as `peop|e W|o ergage |r |earred d|scuss|ors aoou| ||e We|g||s ol ||e
e|erer|s,' `a cer|a|r correr|a|or' (W|o |s 8as|| ol Caesarea, ll, , ), or aga|r |;
`cer|a|r Wr||ers' (ll, , ), `cer|a|r correr|a|ors' (ll, , ), rooody d|s|rac|s o1o
||r lror ru|||p|y|rg ||s oWr ques||ors ard corror-serse ooserva||ors.
le |s corl|der| ||a| `||e au||or||y ol scr|p|ure |r |||s ra||er |s grea|er ||ar
a|| |urar |rgeru||y' (ll, , ), ard ||a| `||e rarra||ve ol ||e |rsp|red Wr||er
or|rgs ||e ra||er doWr |o ||e capac||y ol c|||drer' (ll, , ). 0r|y orce o1
does ||e au||or reler |o ar |r|erpre|a||or ||a| Wou|d dev|a|e lror ||e p|a|r
serse ol ||e |ex| urder scru||ry, |r reca|||rg ||e oeau||lu| |rage ol ||e
scr|p|ure-l|rrarer| |r ||s lorrer Wor|. `|y a||egor|ca| |r|erpre|a||or ol
Augus||re ol l|ppo |||s passage (ls . , 'W|o s|re|c|es ou| |eaver |||e 11o; 1oz
a s||r') car oe lourd
|r ||e |||r|eer|| ooo| ol ry Corless|ors' (ll, , ). zz
8oo| lll, aoou| `T| e Wor|s ol ||e l|l|| ard ||e s|x|| days,' proceeds |r
||e sare or||||ar| ye| sore|oW pedes|r|ar Way as 8oo| l ard ll, oy or|rg|rg
||e ||||erac|ose |o da||y serse exper|erce, a procedure W||c| occas|ora||y
g|ves ||e au||or sore sa||slac||or. `Cors|derao|e ||g|| |s roW ||roWr or |||s
|ex| [0r l. | W||c| seered ooscure a| l|rs|' (ll, , ). 3evera| ques||ors z1 ;1o
are pos|pored. `Corcerr|rg |||s ques||or ||ere ray oe ar occas|or |a|er or,
0od W||||rg, lor a rore ||oroug| d|scuss|or' (lll, , )', la|er or ||ere W||| |
oe arp|e oppor|ur||y |o |rea| rore ||oroug||y ||e ra|ure ol rar' (lll, , 1
z), `T| |s ||eory [aoou| a poss|o|e `oaoy ooor' W|||ou| ||e la||| car oe
proposed, a|||oug| |oW || cou|d a|| oe exp|a|red |s aro||er ra||er' (lll, , ), z1
ard `As l |ave a|ready |rd|ca|ed, We s|a|| |a|er |rves||ga|e rore ||oroug||y
||e res| ol ||e o|o||ca| accour| ol ||e crea||or ol rar' (lll, , ). zz|
8oo| lv recap||u|a|es ||e cors|dera||or ol ||e s|x days |r ||e lorrer
ooo|s ard porders ||e o|o||ca| p|rase ol `0od's res|.' lr ||a| recap||u|a||or
ore l|rds a reW erp|as|s or W|a| Wou|d oecore a d|s||rc||ve|y Augus||r|ar
rar| |r ||e preser| correr|ary. T| e au||or |r|roduces ||e 8oo| oy po|r||rg ou|
very prec|se|y. `l| |s a |aoor|ous ard d|ll| cu|| |as| lor ||e poWers ol
our |urar urders|ard|rg |o see c|ear|y ||e rear|rg ol ||e sacred Wr||er |r
||e ra||er ol ||ese s|x days' (lv, , ). Al|er a or||||ar| surrary ol rys||ca| 11
rurero|ogy aoou| ||e `s|xdays,' l|ar|ed W||| ||e severe cavea|. `we rus|
l|rs| dr|ve lror our r|rds a|| ar||ropororp||c corcep|s ||a| rer r|g||
|ave' (lv, , ), Augus||re s|resses ||e rad|ca| |rarscerdercy ol 0od aoou| 81
||e `res|' ol ||e sever|| day, or|y |o corc|ude. `8u| roW, |r v|eW ol W|a|
We |ave seer aoou| ||e sever|| day, || |s eas|er |o adr|| our |grorarce ol a
|||rg ||a| |s oeyord our exper|erce. . . . l| |s eas|er |o corless our |grorarce
ol ||ese ra||ers ||ar |o go aga|rs| ||e oov|ous rear|rg ol ||e Words ol |o|y
scr|p|ure oy say|rg ||a| ||e sever|| day |s sore|||rg e|se ||ar ||e sever||
recurrerce ol ||e day ||a| 0od rade' (lv, , ). T| us ||e corless|or ol z18
|grorarcegerera|es ||e |dea ol sever recurrerces ol ||e sare pr|rord|a|
`day.' T| a| |dea, |rred|a|e|y exar|red ||roug| rore reasor|rg, a||oWs
Augus||re |o d|g ou| lror `||e ev|derce ol scr|p|ure' o||er argurer|s |r
lavor ol ||e |rarscerder| rear|rg ol `day'. `0||erW|se We r|g|| oe lorced
|o say, aga|rs| ||e ev|derce ol scr|p|ure ||a| oeyord ||e Wor|s ol ||e s|x
days a crea|ure Was rade or ||e sever|| day, or ||a| ||e sever|| day ||se|l
Was ro| a crea|ure' (lv, , ). T| a| |rarscerder| rear|rg, |e |rs|s|s, |as zo|
ro|||rg |o do W||| `sore l|gura||ve ard a||egor|ca| Way' ol |r|erpre||rg
`day,' `ever|rg,' or `rorr|rg', || `rus| oe urders|ood ro| |r a prop|e||c or
11o8F|ever lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
l|gura||ve serse', ou| |||era||y (lv, , ), W||c|, |e s|gr|l|car||y ooserves, z8|
does ro| exc|ude a var|e|y ol |r|erpre|a||ors.
lere ore reac|es ||e grourd ol ||e |r|erpre|er's |r||ra|e corv|c||or.
oy d|v|re |rsp|ra||or ||e |rue ra|ure ol ||e o|o||ca| ||||eracorveys eroug|
ol 0od's oWr |rarscerdercy lor erao||rg ||s |r|erpre|ers |o lorru|a|e suc|
paradox|ca| ro||ors as ||e ore |o W||c| Augus||re roW |urrs, ||e ro||or ol
||e s|ru||areous crea||or ol a|| |||rgs. `lor |||s scr|p|ure |ex| ||a| rarra|es
||e Wor|s ol 0od accord|rg |o ||e days rer||ored aoove, ard ||a| scr|p|ure
|ex| ||a| says 0od crea|ed a|| |||rgs |oge||er, are oo|| |rue. Ard ||e |Wo are
ore, oecause sacred scr|p|ure Was Wr|||er urder ||e |rsp|ra||or ol ||e ore
3p|r|| ol |ru||' (lv, , ). lr ||e lo||oW|rg ooo|s ol 0e 0eres| ad ||||erar, |
|| |s ||roug| ||e exper|erce ol sacred `|||era||sr' ||a| Augus||re deepered
||s d|s||rc||ve a||||ude as ar |r|erpre|er ol scr|p|ure. `ou rus| urders|ard
||a| |||s day (0r . ) Was sever ||res repea|ed |o ra|e up ||e sever days. . . . z
655
lo|y scr|p|ure |rdeed, spea|s |r suc| a Way as |o roc| proud readers W|||
||s |e|g||s, |err|ly ||e a||er||ve W||| ||s dep||s, leed grea| sou|s W||| ||s |ru||s,
ard rour|s| |||||e ores W||| sWee|ress' (v, , ). o
T| e |uro|e corless|or ol `|grorarce' oy ||e `grea| sou|' c|a|r|rg |ere
|o perce|ve ||e `|ru||' ol scr|p|ure W||| oecore rore ard rore, ||e cer|ra|
e|erer| |r ||e corp|e||or ol 0e 0eres| ad ||||erar, as || Was a|ready ||e case
|r Corless|ors. As |r v, , aoou| 0r . , ||e correr|ary Wou|d ol| er |a|e ;zz zo
or ||e s|ape ol accuru|a|ed ques||ors oegg|rg ||e|r arsWers. `lgrorarce'
W||| oe repea|ed|y ||r|ed W||| |r|erpre|a||or. `lr our |grorarce (resc|er||s)
We corjec|ure aoou| poss|o|e ever|s W||c| ||e Wr||er or|||ed |roW|rg|y. lr
our ellor|s accord|rg |o our ||r||ed ao||||y We |ry W||| 0od's |e|p |o see ||a|
ro aosurd||y or cor|rad|c||or |ave oe ||oug|| |o oe preser| |r sacred scr|p|ure |o
ollerd ||e r|rd ol ||e reader' (v, , ). `lr |||s W|o|e W|de ur|verse 8z
crea|ed oy 0od ||ere are rary |||rgs We do ro| |roW' (v, , ). `3cr|p|ure 18o
does ro| perr|| us |o urders|ard ||a| |r |||s rarrer ||e rar ard Worar
Were rade or ||e s|x|| day, ard ye| || does ro| a||oW us |o assure ||a| ||ey
Were ro| rade or ||e s|x|| day a| a||' (vl, , ). `w||||r ||e ||r||s ol our o11
|urar |r|e|||gerce We car |roW ||e ra|ure ol a oe|rg We |ave ooserved
oy exper|erce |r so lar as pas| ||re |s corcerred, ou| W||| regards |o ||e
lu|ure, We are |grorar|' (vl, , ). `ll ||e lorego|rg corc|us|or |s va||d We 1oz;
are a||erp||rg |r va|r |o l|rd a |||era| rear|rg' (vl, , ). `Never||e|ess, z1z
as l We|g| ||ese cors|dera||ors, l do ro| War| |o ra|e ary |as|y dec|ara||ors ou|
ra||er |o Wa|| ard see W|e||er ||e |ex| ol scr|p|ure e|seW|ere |s
ro| aga|rs| ry |r|erpre|a||or' (vl, , ). `w|e||er |r ||e preser| s|udy, z8
l s|a|| l|rd sore cer|a|r ard l|ra| arsWer (aoou| '||e proo|er ol ||e sou|'),
l |roW ro|' (vl, , ),||e l|ra| s|a|erer| ol 8oo| vl. z|o
Augus||re ol l|ppo lror 8oo| vll 0e 0eres| ad ||||erarergages |r|o a 11o
c|arged rode ol
corpos|||or. Fac| 8oo| locuses roW or g|ver |ssues W|ose p|||osop||ca|
d|scuss|or |s occas|ored oy ||e o|o||ca| |ex|. lr vll, || |s ||e or|g|r ard ra|ure
ol ||e |urar sou| relerred |o |r 0r . W||c| |s a| s|a|e. lr vlll, || |s ||e z;
`garder ol Fder' ol 0r . , |r lX, ||e crea||or ol Worar (0er . ), |r X, z8 zz1
aga|r, ||e or|g|r ol ||e |urar sou|, ard l|ra||y |r Xl, ||e s|r ol Adar ard
Fve (8oo| Xll, or ||e `|||rd |eaver' |s a |a|er add|||or, as ro|ed oy Augus||re
||rse|l, be|rac|ll, xx|v, duodec|rur add|d|). lr ||a| sequerce ol 8oo|s 1
Augus||re l|rds severa| occas|ors |o adr|| ||e ||r||s ol ||s urders|ard|rg
(vll, , . , , vlll, , , X, , , , , , , , , , , Xl, , , , , , ;z8| 1zo|;1z;z o81o11
zo), |e a|so repea|ed|y expresses (a| |eas| ur||| Xl, - !) ||s l|rr de|err|ra||or |o 1z
avo|d a||egor|z|rg ||e |ex| ol 0eres|s (vlll, , , , , , , , , , , 1z1|z|81o
o, , , , , , lX, , , , , Xl, , ), ou| ||e locus ol ||s a||er||or 1z;118; 1|z|1oo ||
|as oecore rore d|s|ar| lror ||e o|o||ca| ||||era, rore se|l-cor|a|red |r
p|||osop||ca| argurer|s. T| erelore ||e drara||c corless|or ol `|grorarce'
oourd W||| ||e |errereu||ca| |rqu|r|es aoou| ||e |||era| rear|rg ol 0eres|s
|r ||e lorrer 8oo|s ol 0e Tr|r||a|ero |orger occurs. l| c|ear|y s|oWs ||a|
Augus||re's |r|erpre||ve exper|erce |r 0e 0eres| ad ||||erar, de|err|red as
|e Was |o g|ve a lu|| accour| ol ||e very ||||eraol 0eres|s ard ol ||e ||||era
a|ore, corl|rred ||r |r ||e ||g||y |rsp|r|rg a||||ude ol |r|e||ec|ua| |ur||||y W||c|
|e |ad a|ready |rcreas|rg|y erp|as|zed |r ||s Corlesss|ors. T| e
|r|erpre|a||or ol scr|p|ure urders|ood as pervaded oy doc|a |grorar||a, as
Augus||re ca||ed || as le||er Wr|||er |r , W|er |e Was |r ||e r|ds| ol 1o |11
Wr|||rg 0e 0eres| ad ||||erar(corp|e|ed |r ), Wou|d ||ereoy rece|ve ||s |1o
proper Augus||r|ar rar|. lr be|rac|a||oresll, xx|v ||e aged o|s|op cors|s|er||y
ro|ed aoou| 0e 0eres| ad ||||erar. `lr |||s Wor| ||e|r are rore ques||ors ra|sed
||ar arsWers lourd, ard ol ||e arsWers lourd, ro| rary |ave
oeer es|ao||s|ed lor cer|a|r. T| ose ||a| are ro| cer|a|r |ave oeer proposed
lor lur||er s|udy' (|rars|. J. l. Tay|or , l, ), lr |oc opere p|ura quaes||a 18z |
quar |rver|a sur|, e| eorur quae |rver|a sur| pauc|ora l|rra|a, ce|era vero
||a pos||a, ve|u| ad|uc requ|rerda sur|(C3Fl xxxv|. ed. l. Kro||, . ll, l, 1oz
1l., CC3l lvll, ed A. |u|zeroec|er, . ll, xx|v, l.). 18| 1o
v|. T|e 8|o||ca| 3c|o|ar
T| e |Wo ear|y po|er|ca| essays ol ar exege||ca| ra|ure, 0e 0eres| cor|ra
|ar|c|aeos, 0e 0eres| ad ||||erar |rperlec|us ||oer, W||| ||e ruc| rore
|rpor|ar| ||eore||ca| Wor| 0e doc|r|ra c|r|s||araard ||e persora| |rver||veress
|r 0e 0eres| ad ||||erar,|ave a|ready rece|ved ro||ce. urder
11;oF|ever lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
||e preser| ruor|c are co||ec|ed |||erary produc|s ol Augus||re's sc|o|ar|y
prac||ce. a se| ol arsWers |o spec|l|c quaes||oresra|sed oy ||e `oro||ers' ol
||s roras||c group dur|rg ||e|r corror read|rg ol scr|p|ure, or oy peop|e
|||e ||e |||arese pr|es| 3|rp||c|arus. Added are a Correr|ary or |a|||eW
- ;, sore rarg|ra| ro|es or Joo, |Wo |e||ers |o Jerore, ard a |a|e sc|o|ar|y
exerc|se or ||e lep|a|euc|. A|| ||ese Wr|||er |races ol Augus||re's ||le-|org
ded|ca||or |o s|udy|rg scr|p|ure, l||| up ||e ||ree decades ol ||s presoy|era|
ard ep|scopa| r|r|s|ry. |os| |e|plu| prec|s|ors or ||ese sc|o|ar|y papers
are g|ver oy 0. |adec, lr|roduc||or aux 'bev|s|ors' e| |a |ec|ure des oeuvres
656
de sa|r| Augus||r, lar|s, . A|so. |.-J. lagrarge ( ). lor Augus||re as 1o 11
`rev|seur de |a 8|o|e,' 0e 8ruyre, , - , rera|rs |rd|spersao|e. 11z1ooo
0e d|vers|s quaes||or|ous oc|og|r|a |r|ous
T|e uaes||oresare |rdeed ex|rere|y d|verse, as express|y s|a|ed 8
oy Augus||re ||rse|l |r be|rac|l, . Co||ec|ed or lree s|ee|s ol paper oy zo
`oro||ers,' suc| as A|yp|us, 3everus, lrolu|urus, ard loss|d|us, |r Augus||re's
|rprov|sed corrur||y ol T| agas|e (la|| -r|d |ay|Augus| ), ||ey 88 8
rel|ec| a s||l||r lavor ol o|o||ca| s|ud|es al| er Augus||re's pr|es||y ord|ra||or |r 1
(Fp|s| , ). lror ||ve|y d|scuss|ors dur|rg ||e l|ve or s|x years z1
preced|rg Augus||re's ep|scopa|e ( | ) der|ved essays |||e 0e 0eres| ad ;
||||erar |rperlec|us ||oer, 0e serrore dor|r| |r ror|e, Fxpos|||o quarurdar
propos|||orur ex ep|s|o|a ad boraros, Fp|s|o|ae ad 0a|a|as expos|||o, Fp|s|o|ae
ad boraros |rc|oa|a expos|||o. T| e uaes||ores(casua||y assero|ed ard 8
ed||ed oy ||e `oro||ers' ou| ruroered oy Augus||re ||rse|l ) s|ar| W||| a
se| ol l|l|y, da||rg lror - , ard are ra|r|y p|||osop||ca|. A secord se| 8;1
cors|s|s ol groups ol quaes||oresde|err|red oy o|o||ca| |ex|s urder scru||ry, ard
c|ose |o Augus||re's o|o||ca| Wor|s ol ||e ||re. u - or o|, 1
- o;or Jo|r, - or |a|||eW, - , aga|r or Jo|r, - or borars, oo o1o ooo8
- o;oor Cor|r|||ars, or 0a|a||ars, or T||us, or l||||pp|ars, 1 ;1 ;z ;
;|or Co|oss|ars, aga|r or borars, or Jares, (|||e u ed||ed ; ;o ; ;
W||| pseudo Augus||r|ar e|erer|s) |r Fxodus, or leoreWs (sore ror 8z
exege||ca| uaes||oresare |rser|ed |ere ard ||ere. u , , , , ). As oz;;;88o81
a W|o|e ||e secord se| ol esser||a||y o|o||ca| `d|verse ques||ors' da|es lror
||e |eave ol aoserce lor o|o|e s|udy grar|ed |o Augus||re W|er orda|red
pr|es| |r 8o|| se|s ol 0e d|vers|s quaes||or|ous`|es||ly |o Augus||re's 1
sp|r||ua| jourrey dur|rg ||e per|od s|ar||rg W|er ||e o|ograp||ca| repor|
ol Corless|orserds' (|u|zeroec|er, , x||||). 1;
Augus||re ol l|ppo u 0r . 11;1 1 1zo
zo. Fx . , . , . - ls . , s|r|c||y p|||osop|ca| or oody, ; zz11z1zo| ;zz8
sou|, 0od. 3g . o;
oJr . , rurero|ogy. . - , rurero|ogy. || . - e|c., Jo|r ||e zzo ;z1o11 8 11z
8ap||s|. . - , |er v|rg|rs. . , doorsday. Jr . - . z11 ooz|o o1 o1
oz|. - . . , logos= ra||oor verour. 1zo11
o||. - , W||| a gerera| ru|e. |r orr|ous scr|p|ur|s surra oz
v|g||ar||a cus|od|r| opor|e| e| securdur l|der s|| sacrarer|| d|v|r| expos|||o( , 1;
l.). 11
oJr . - . 111;||
oobor . - . . ;1811
o;8. - . . . Cor . . . - . 0a| . . 18z|o8zoo1 1z8;o1|o;1 oz
;zT|| . . 1z
;l||| . . z;
;|Co| . - . 11|1
;leo . . 1;
;oJas . . zzo
( , . ror exege||ca|) ;;;8
;Fx - , or ||e r|rac|es perlorred oy l|arao|'s rag|c|ars. ;8
8oAdv Apo|||rar|s|as
810e quadrages|ra e| qu|rquages|ra
8zleo . . 1zo
80e cor|ug|o(|| . , Cor . - ). z1 ;1o1
lr ||e l|rs| se| ol l|l|y quaes||oresa very l|rs| a||us|or |o scr|p|ure occurs |r
u , ||e l|rs| quo|a||or ol scr|p|ure |r u . 0r|y lror u or o|o||ca| 11 z;
relererces ru|||p|y. lr u , , , , ard s|||| |r u , Augus||re's o8 |
11;zF|ever lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
argurer|s are a|r|rg |oWards ||e o|o||ca| quo|a||ors g|ver a| ||e erd ol
||e quaes||o, W|ereas |r ||e secord se| (u - ) ||e o|o||ca| |ex| |s cer|er 18
s|age |r eac| quaes||o. Al| er u , spec|a||y |r ||e secord |a|l ol u , lu|| ; o1
deve|oprer|s |r Augus||re's expos|||or oller ra|r|y a sequerce ol o|o||ca|
quo|a||ors.
Fxpos|||o quarurdar propos|||orer ex ep|s|o|a ad boraros
lr be|rac|l, , , Augus||re exp|a|rs ||a| ||e s|or| essay cors|s|s |r zz1
arsWers g|ver |o `oro||ers' |r . w|||ou| ruc| ed|||rg We |ear ec|oes ol |
d|scuss|ors er|er|a|red oy Augus||re ard ||s lr|erds dur|rg ||e |appy years
ol ||e|r sp|r||ua| |rcuoa||or a| T| agas|e. As a o|s|op, Augus||re Wou|d rever
use ||. T| e l|rs| |o rer||or || |r a ruc| |a|er ||re Wou|d oe Cass|odorus, lrs|
d|v , , . (3ee 0. 8arder|eWer, ||sc Agos| , , - ). 111 z118;88
Fp|s|o|ae ad 0a|a|as expos|||or|s ||oer urus(be|rac|l, ) z|
0l ||e sare ra|ure as ||e Fxpos|||oaoove, a||erp|ed al|er ||e re|urr
|o l|ppo.
Fp|s|o|ae ad boraros |rc|oa|a expos|||o(be|rac|l, ) z
Aro||er a||erp| qu|c||y |r|errup|ed W|er lourd |oo d|ll|cu||.
0e d|vers|s quaes||or|ous ad 3|rp||c|arur(w|r|er - . ler|er |ard o
1;;)
T| e Wor| |as oeer corposed accord|rg |o ||e gerre ol uaes||ores e|
657
bespors|ores|raugura|ed oy l|||o or 0eres|s ard Fxodus, ard acc||ra|ed
|o C|r|s||ar |||era|ure oy Aroros|as|er ca. - . ;o;
u. , or bor . - , opposes ||e |ar|c|ear exeges|s ol |Wo `laWs,' 11 ;;z
ore `good,' ||e o||er lor `dea||.' Augus||re proceeds oy exp|or|rg ||e passage
verse al|er verse |r a cor||ruous exeges|s W||c| ac|ua||y exceeds ||e
||r||s ol ||e gerre.
u. , or bor - , a passage |grored oy |arc|or, ou| used oy 0r|ger 1z z
|r delerse ol lree W||| ard d|v|re jus||ce. A s|r||ar use Was a|ready ro||ceao|e
|r Aroros|as|er, ard |r Augus||re, |r bor ard (|r | ). o oz |
u. , |s aoou| Kgs . ard . . |s ||e |||era| rear|rg cor|rad|c|ory? z1 1 1o1o 1o1|
u. , |rea|s Kgs . . |arc|or |ad a|so Wordered |oW 0od cou|d zz 1 111
`reper|' ard |e |ad corc|uded ||a| ||ere Was a d|llerer| 0od |r o| ard
r|. T| e sare ques||or Was ra|sed oy |ar|c|ees, |erce Augus||re's arsWer
delerds ||e o|.
u. , |s aoou| Kgs . - . lr ||re W||| a |rad|||or rar|ed oy z 1 z8;1
Augus||re ol l|ppo 0r|ger, Fus|a|||us, Aroros|as|er ard l|||as|er, 11;
Augus||re exp|a|rs ||a| ||e
py|or|ssadoes ro| rear ||a| ev|| poWer car exerc|se ||s dor|r|or over
v|r|uous sou|s.
u. , |rea|s Kgs . . Augus||re peacelu||y c|ar|l|es ||e |||era| z| z ;18
rear|rg.
u. , |rea|s Kgs . . l| |s a|so lree lror po|er|cs ard Augus||re's z 1;zo
arsWer rera|rs pure|y exege||ca|. lr ar e|oquer| parap|rase (l|a ergo d|c|ur
es|, ac s| d|cere|, `l| |s expressed as |o say . . .' ard oy ca|||rg or ||e oroader
scr|p|ura| cor|ex| (|u||a sur| au|er |r scr|p|ur|s quae, `|uc| |s sa|d |r
scr|p|ure W||c|') Augus||re c|ar|l|es ||e soreW|a| `ooscure,' (ooscurar)
ser|erce |r F||aja|'s oad|y |rarsr|||ed s|a|erer|, ror serva|a prorur||a||o.
3o ruc| lor ||e exege||ca| e|erer|s |r 0e d|vers|s quaes||or|ous, ||e res|
oe|org|rg |o |eres|o|ogy.
0e serrore dor|r|
T| e essay Was corposed oe|Weer |a|e Augus| ard |a|e as a z o
cor||ruous correr|ary or ||e |||era| rear|rg ol || - , W||| as cer|ra| ;
||ere ||e progress|ve acqu|s|||or ol C|r|s||ar perlec||or |r sever s|ages,
de|err|red oy ||e sever 8ea|||udes ol |a|||eW (||e e|g||| |rarscerd|rg ||e
ser|es |s a syroo| ol e|err||y. Augus||re ||r|s ||e oea|||udes W||| ||e sever
g|l|s ol ||e 3p|r|| accord|rg |o lsa|a| . - , ou| |e cor|erp|a|es ||er |r 11z
||e|r reverse order ard |r ||e ||g|| ol ||e sever (ro| s|x!) reques|s ol ||e
prayer, 0ur la||er.
8oo| l, correr||rg or 8ea|||udes - , locuses or || . 8oo| ll, d|scuss|rg 1
8ea|||udes ard , dea|s W||| || - . lrdeed ||e l|rs| l|ve 8ea|||udes o ; o;
d|rec| peop|e |oWards oora opera, ||e |as| |Wo |urr ||e|r a||er||or |oWard
cor|erp|a||o surr| oor|. lr 0e corsersu evarge||s|arur( , , ), da||rg lror 18
|oo, Augus||re Wou|d use ||a| sare d|v|s|or lor correr||rg or v||a ac||va
ard v||a cor|erp|a||va.
Ter years oelore Augus||re, Arorose |ad Wr|||er or ||e sare |op|c |r
||s Correr|ary or lu|e, v, ro| W|||ou| d|scree||y relerr|rg |o ||s source,
0regory ol Nyssa's e|g|| lor|||es or ||e 8ea|||udes de||vered dur|rg ler|
8;. T| a| Augus||re's exeges|s, ||oug| W|||ou| oe|rg serv||e, d|rec||y deperds
or Arorose |s cer|a|r, ||a| |e |reW a|so 0regory's lor|||es seers prooao|e,
ou| reeds lur||er ver|l|ca||or.
Adro|a||ores |r Joo
T| ey da|e lror . T| ey `are rarg|ra| ro|es added oy Augus||re |o
a codex, co||ec|ed ard ed||ed oy d|sc|p|es. lr Augus||re's oWr ooserva||or,
||ey are ||e rore d|ll| cu|| |o urders|ard as |r rary ol ||er ||e o|o||ca|
11;|F|ever lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
p|rases |r|erpre|ed |ave ro| oeer ro|ed, ard ||e very |ex| ol ||e o|o||ca|
ooo| Was severe|y ques||orao|e (be|rac|ll, ). T| e sare rus| oe sa|d ol ||e 1
Fxpos|||o. . . ep|s|o|ae lacoo|(be|rac|ll, ). T| ey are ro| proper ooo|s, ou| or|y z
va|uao|e W||resses |o Augus||re's s|udy ol ||e 8|o|e.' (0. |adec, lr|roduc||or
aux 'bev|s|ors' e| |a |ec|ure des oeuvres de 3a|r| Augus||r, lar|s, , ). 1oo
0e corseru evarge||s|arur( | ) |oo
Fxpos|||o ep|s|o|ae lacoo| ad duodec|r |r|ous(oelore , |os|). |11
Ad l|eroryrur presoy|erur ||or| duo
T| ese ||or| are, |r lac|, |Wo |e||ers g|ver |o 0ros|us |r lor oe|rg de||vered |o |1
Jerore. T| ey Were `puo||s|ed' or|y al| er Jerore's dea|| ( ). |zo
locu||ores|uaes||ores |r lep|a|euc|ur(be|rac|ll, - ) |
T| e Wor| Was corposed a| ||e ||re W|er Augus||re Was Wr|||rg 8oo|s
Xv-Xvl ol ||e C||y ol 0odprooao|y |r | . l| cors|s|s ol a r|ru|e exerc|se ol |1zo
|||era| exeges|s or ||e l|rs| sever ooo|s ol o| oy W||c| |d|ora|aard
propr|e|a|es, `Words' ard `par||cu|ar|||es' ol ||e 0ree| ard leoreW |arguage
|a|er over W|||ou| exp|ara||or |r|o ve|us la||ra|rars|a||ors ol ||e 8|o|e
are c|ar|l|ed. 0ccas|ora||y Augus||re corpares ||e la||r |ex| W||| ||e |xx
0ree|, ou| `|as|||y' |arquar a les||rar||ous(lrooer|ur). lor ||e ues||ors
or 0eres|s, see Cava||era ( ). 11
658
uaes||ores |r evarge||ur
uaes||ores Xvl |r |a|||aeur
v||. T|e ||r|s|ry ol ||e word
Frarra||ores |r lsa|ros
`T| e grea| o|o||ca| d|scovery ol Augus||re dur|rg ||s s|ay a| Cass|c|acur
Was ||e 0av|d|c lsa|rs' (la 8orrard|re , ), a d|scovery W||c| |e 18o||
Wou|d re||era|e ard deeper ||roug|ou| ||s pas|ora| ac||v||y ur||| ||e day
W|er psa|r|c verses cop|ed |r |arge c|arac|ers Wou|d oe pos|ed or ||e Wa||s
Were |e Was dy|rg |r . |o
As ro|ed oy ||e ed||ors ol 3|. Augus||re or ||e lsa|rs|r ACw., z
( ), ||e Frarra||ores(a ||||e |r use or|y s|rce Frasrus) `la|| |r|o lour 1oz
Augus||re ol l|ppo c|asses, |r W||c| ||e Wr|||er correr|ar|es ol|er d|ller 11;
cors|derao|y lror
||ose de||vered ora||y. (a) or|el exege||ca| ro|es (ls - ), (o) rore de|a||ed 11z
correr|ar|es (ls - ), (c) d|c|a|ed expos|||ors |r serror lorr, 11o
poss|o|y read a|oud |r c|urc| oy ||s pr|es|s, (d) proper serrors. Cer|a|r
psa|rs derarded rore ||ar ore correr|ary. ||ere are |Wo or rary ol
||er, ||ree or ls , ard , lour or ls ard , ard ro leWer ||ar z o o 1o
|||r|y-|Wo or ls ! 118
T| e da||rg ol ||e Frarra||oresWas suojec|ed |o ruc| scru||ry s|rce
w.w.ll. Zaro, . T| e rajor resu||s ol ||a| researc| are ||a| Frror ls 1|8
- 1zWere corposed as ear|y as , W|ereas ||e correr|ary or ls , z 118
Augus||re's |as| Frr, da|es lror . A c|roro|og|ca| ||s| ol ||e Frrara||ores |18
|s pr|r|ed |r ACw , - , aro||er ore |r CC3l XXXvlll, pp. xv-xv||| z1;1
add la 8orrard|re, bec|erc|es, , le larda|s, |., 0eux arrees( ). 1o 1
3ore ol ||e serrors or ||e psa|rs Were preac|ed a| l|ppo or Car||age
(0e 8ruyre, ), sever o||ers a| T| agas|e, ard ore a| u||ca. `T| ey |ave ||e 11
lreedor, ||e lorcelu|ress ard ||e pere|ra||rg s|rp||c||y ol ||e spo|er Word,
added |o ||e |rexorao|e rea||sr W||c| c|arac|er|zes a|| Augus||re's serrors
|o ||e peop|e. 0re ga||ers ||e |rpress|or, lror rary ol ||ese ||ve|y |or|||es
||a| ||ey are addresses ol a pas|or ol sou|s |o a l|oc| W|or |e |oves ard
|roWs |r||ra|e|y. T| e|r |ore|y re|ap|ors ard l|as|es ol W||, ||e|r Wordp|ay,
assorarce, ard r|y||rs rus| |ave ser| rary a ||s|erer |ore c|uc|||rg W|||
apprec|a||or.' T| e |rag|ra||ve percep||or ol Augus||re's preac||rg s|y|e oy
0are 3c|o|as||ca leog|r ard 0are le||c||as Corr|gar (ACw , , ) z1oo
|s represer|a||ve ol ||e urar|rous c|orus ol pra|se ragr|l|ed oy roderr
cr|||cs. T| e ||era||c r|c|ress ol Augus||re's serrors or ||e psa|rs adds |o
||e ||r||| ol ||e|r ||ve|y s|y|e.
T|e Frarra||ores, s|r||ar |o ||e C||y ol 0od, dep|c| a `sp|r||ua| ||s|ory
ol |urar||rd' (lor|e| , ). Jesus C|r|s| |s ||e ce|es||a| `lord' ol ||e 1|8;
ear|||y c|urc| ex|erded |o ||e ||r||s ol ||e |urar spec|es accord|rg |o
||e oas|c pr|rc|p|e ol ecc|es|o|ogy sys|era||zed oy Tycor|us. 8y locus|rg
or ||e `lord,' Augus||re exp|a|rs a|| ups ard doWrs ol |rd|v|dua| oe||evers
ard ol ||e W|o|e `oody' ol C|r|s||ar||y, as a ur|versa| ard orgo|rg drara
|r W||c| 0od opera|es ur|versa| sa|va||or. T| e preac|er's r|e|or|ca| s||||s,
jo|red W||| a re||g|ous |rag|ra||or |r cors|ar| a|er|ress, |e| ||r de|ec|
erd|ess poss|o|||||es lor a||egor|ca| app||ca||ors. lsa|r|c verses are c|ar|l|ed W|er
recessary |r ||e|r |||era| rear|rg, W||| ||e |e|p ol grarra||ca|
dev|ces, oy relerr|rg |o corror exper|erces or |o ||s|or|ca| |rlorra||or.
|ore cors|ar||y ||e|r sp|r||ua| rear|rg a||oWs ore or rore a||egor|es, a|Ways
|rsp|red oy Augus||re's v|s|or ol o|o||ca| sa|va||or ||s|ory. lr par||cu|ar ||e
8oo| ol 0eres|s ard ||e lau||re le||ers rera|r perrarer||y |r ||e oac|
11;oF|ever lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
ol ||e |r|erpre|er's r|rd. 0re psa|r ca||s or aro||er. T| ey are oes| urders|ood
|r ||e ||g|| ol ||e 0ospe|s W||c| ||erse|ves ca|| or ||e W|o|e 8|o|e.
lr ||e o||rd|rg ||g|| ol ||e d|v|re |rcarra||or as |e perce|ves || Augus||re
d|sperses lror ary |rves||ga||or ol ||e |||era| rear|rg ol psa|r|c verses,
ou| |e rever la||s |o arc|or ||s C|r|s||ar `drear-||re' exeges|s |r scr|p|ura|
ev|derce. `l|s ru|e Was |o |r|erpre| scr|p|ura| ooscur|||es or|y |r ||e ||g||
ol o||er very c|ear passages. lerce, ||oug| read|rg |r g|ver verses |||rgs
||a| Were ro| |r ||er, || prac||ca||y rever |appers ||a| |e reads |r ||er a
|ru|| ||a| Wou|d ro| oe |r ||e 8|o|e. A s|r|c||y |oca|ed error does ro| allec|
||e gerera| |ru|| ard |l p|||o|og|s|s d|sagree, ||eo|og|ars carro| pro|es|.'
(lor|e| , ). 1|8
3|ud|es
lor|e|, |., l'exegse de 3. Augus||r pred|ca|eur, lar|s . 1|
Zaro, 3., C|roro|og|a Frarra||orur 3. Augus||r| |r lsa|ros, |a||a . 1|8
borde|, l., `No|es d'exegse augus||r|erre', |r. b3b ( | ) - . 11z|1z1;
le larda|s, |., `0eux arrees de pred|ca||or de 3. Augus||r'. |r. F|udes
Augus||r|erres, lar|s . 11
var der |eer, l., Augus||re ||e 8|s|op. C|urc| ard 3oc|e|y a| ||e 0aWr ol ||e
||dd|e Ages. NeW or| ard Fvars|or, . 1o1
z. 0||er 3errors
A corpre|ers|ve survey ol Augus||re's serrors oy |. le||egr|ro lorrs
659
||e `0erera| lr|roduc||or' |o Fdrurd l|||'s supero |rars|a||or. T|e wor|s
ol 3a|r| Augus||re. A Trars|a||or lor ||e s| Cer|ury. lar| lll| `3errors z1 1
( - ) or ||e 0|d Tes|arer|' (8roo||yr N ), lll| `3errors( - ) 11 1o z zoo
or ||e 0|d Tes|arer|' ( ), lll| `3errors( - ) or ||e NeW Tes|arer|' 1o 1|
( ), lll| `3errors( A- A) or ||e NeW Tes|arer|' ( ). 1z | ; 1|; 1z
lr lll| , - , ||e `0erera| lr|roduc||or,' l|rs| puo||s|ed |r l|a||ar |r 111;
1;, s|ar|s oy ra|s|rg ||e ros| oov|ous ques||ors. `w|a| |s |o oe urders|ood oy
||e 3errors?' ( ), g|ver ||e var|e|y ol la||r |errs used lor ||er, 1
`loW |ave ||e 3errors core doWr |o us?' ( - ), g|ver ||e|r ruroer. 1zo
||, cour|ed oy l. l. verora|er ( ), ol W||c| or|y |a|l are ava||ao|e |r 1;o
sa||slac|ory ed|||ors, |er or lour|eer ||res rore ol ||er oe|rg |os|, `w|er
ard W|ere d|d Augus||re preac|?' ( - ), rare|y a| |eas| |W|ce a Wee|, z1z|
da||y dur|rg Fas|er Wee| ard or rary spec|a| occas|ors, W||| ` serrors 1|o
preac|ed a| l|ppo, a| Car||age, a dozer a| var|ous c|||es, ||ere |s ro 1o
c|ues a| a|| lor ' ( ). 188z
Augus||re ol l|ppo C|ap|er dea|s W||| `T| e use ol ||e 8|o|e |r ||e 11;; |
3errors' ( - ). z
T| e o|o||ca| read|rgs |r ||e |||urg|ca| assero|y, jo|red W||| ||e s|rg|rg ol
psa|rs er|a||ed as rary preac|ed correr|ar|es adap|ed |o aud|erces ard
c|rcurs|arces. w||| ||ese serrors || |s poss|o|e `|o recors|ruc| ||e |ec||orary ol
l|ppo lor ||e seasors ol C|r|s|ras, Fas|er ard ler|ecos|, ard |o g|ve
sore |rlorra||or lor a s|e|e|or p|ar ol ||e |essors ol ||e 3arc|ora|e' (w||||s
1oz, ). T| e o|s|op's |or||e||c correr|s or scr|p|ure, lar lror avo|d|rg 1o1
d|ll| cu|| passages erp|as|ze lor ||e corror oe||ever W|a| Augus||re used
|o ca|| o|o||ca| `rys|er|es,' passages `ra||er d|ll| cu|| |o urders|ard' or W|ose
lu|| exp|ara||or Was |rposs|o|e |o prov|de |r a s|or| serror. (3err , - , |
;). `|ary |||rgs |ave oeer read ||a| are |rpor|ar| ard recessary. lr lac|
every |||rg |s |rpor|ar| ard recessary, ou| sore |||rgs |r ||e scr|p|ures
are ||dder |r dar|ress ard ca|| lor s|udy W|||e o||ers are W||||r easy reac|,
oe|rg proposed W||| c|ar||y so as |o cure W|oever War|s |o oe cured' (3err
z, 1). lr lror| ol ||e c|a||erg|rg |ex| ol scr|p|ure, Augus||re's |r|erpre||ve
|ur||||y Was lor ||s ||s|erers ar exce||er| |rv||a||or |o oecore |uro|e |r
||e|r |urr.
|ore ||ar orce, ||e preac|er |r|errup|ed ||s correr|s |r |urr|rg |o
prayer, oegg|rg lor ||e reeded |r|e|||gerce ol ||e sacred |ex|. 0r |e gave
||s |r|erpre|a||or re|uc|ar||y ureasy W||| ||s oWr ||oug||s. No| or|y |ex|ua|
ooscur|||es, ou| a|so apparer| cor|rad|c||ors oe|Weer ore passage ard
aro||er, or oe|Weer ore gospe| ard aro||er, |arpered ||e progress ol ||s
expos|||ors, |o ||e po|r| ||a| |e occas|ora||y as|ed ||s corgrega||or |o rescue
||r lror ||s perp|ex||y ||roug| prayer ard rora| suppor| (3errz|, |). Jus|
as |r ||e Wr|||er |ex| ol 0e 0eres| ad ||||erar, W|er Augus||re spo|e lror
||e ca||edra, |e Wou|d ro| |es||a|e |o ru|||p|y ques||ors aoou| ||e o|o||ca|
|ex| W||c| |e Wou|d |eave W|||ou| arsWers.
l|s oov|ous locus |r ||e 8|o|e Was |r ||e r|, ||e o| oe|rg or|y cors|dered
oy ||r |r regard |o ||e r|. T| us ||e sp|r||ua| serse ol ||e o| equa|ed lor
||r ||e o|'s c|r|s|o|og|ca| ress|ar|sr. lrdeed rary va|uao|e |r|erpre|a||ors
cou|d corpe|e aoou| a g|ver ep|sode |r ||e o| |l or|y a|| ol ||er s|oWed
l||||rg W||| ||e c|r|s|ocer|r|c perspec||ve ol ||e |r|erpre|er. Augus||re rever
r|sses ||e occas|or |o derource |ere||ca| |r|erpre|a||ors, suc| as ||ose ol
|ar|c|ees or 0ora||s|s, ou| po|er|cs rever preva|| |r ||s serrors over ||e
pas|ora| care lor ||e educa||or ol ||e la|||lu|. 3ore||res ||e |earred r|e|or
d|d ro| relra|r lror s|oW|rg a prelererce lor rurera| syroo||sr (3err8, 1;,
1, z-, 1z, ;-1o, zoo|C, z-o, z;z|8, z-o), or |e cou|d reler |o ||e au||or||y
ol |earred predecessors or co||eagues (3erroo|C, ;), |e cou|d c|a|r d|rec|
|roW|edge ol o|o||ca| raruscr|p|s (3errz, 8, 1, , 1o, 1), ou| |r ||e l|ra|
erd || |s a|Ways ||e pas|ora| |eader W|ose vo|ce ore |ears |r ||e serrors, a
11;8 F|ever lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
|eader capao|e ol address|rg d|rec||y ||e la||| exper|erce ol ||s ||s|erers ou|
ol ||s oWr |rrer corvers|or, ard a cu||ura| corsersus |rs|de ||e c|urc| lor
W||c| ||e 8|o|e Was ||e exc|us|ve rode ol re||g|ous corrur|ca||or.
3ore Fas|er serrors ol Augus||re prooao|y da||rg lror |1zor |1,-3err
z11, z1z, , 0ue|llll, 0ue|lv, 1z1, zz;, z1, zz, z;, z|o, zo, z, z;ard
z8-|ave oeer s|ud|ed ard ed||ed oy 3. loque, Augus||r d'l|ppore. 3errors
pour |a lque, 3C 11o(1oo).
lor ||e Trac|a|us |r ep|s|o|ar loarr|s ad lar||os, preac|ed dur|rg ||e
Fas|er Wee| |1, ard s|or||y al|er, see l. Agaesse, 3C ;(1o1).
A|so.
T. C. laW|er, 3|. Augus||re. 3errors lor C|r|s|ras ard Fp|p|ary, ACw 1, 1z.
Augus||rus. 3errores l-l de ve|ere Tes|arer|o, ed. C. laroo|, CC3l Xll
(1o1).
Augus||rus. |r lo|arr|s Fvarge||ur Trac|a|us CXXlv, ed. b. w||||ars, CC3l
XXXvl (1|). 3errors 1-|preac|ed a| l|ppo |r |1, serrors -1z|,
d|c|a|ed prooao|y |18.
lr 1ol. 0o|oeau |der||l|ed aoou| |Wer|y ur|roWr serrors |r a l|l|eer||
660
cer|ury co||ec||or |ep| a| |a|rz (3|ad|o|o||o||e| l ). `3errors |red||s de
3. Augus||r dars ur raruscr|| de |ayerce (3|ad|o|o||o||e| l ),' bFAugo,
1o, -. 0r ||e zzlo||os ol ||e co||ec||ors, ore `reads ||ree groups ol
au||er||c serrors, correspord|rg |o |Wo arc|er| co||ec||ors ol Augus||r|ar
|rac|a|us. T| e l|rs| ard ||e |||rd group (l. 1-;ard 1oz-zzv) |rarsr|| a
ser|es c|ose |o a |os| co||ec||or ol W||c| or|y ||e ||||es |ave oeer preserved
|r a r|r|| cer|ury |rver|ory ol ||e 8ered|c||re Aooey ol lorsc|. . . .' T| a|
l|rs| group, corver|er||y ca||ed ||e `ser|es |a|rz-lorsc|,' |as oeer puo||s|ed
oy 0o|oeau |r Ar8o||11o(1z) zo-1o, ard |r b8er1o1(11) z|o-zo,
1oz(1z) ||-;|, zo;-z;, 1o(1) o;-8, 1o|(1|) |-;o.
T| e secord group ol serrors (l. ;-1oov), ca||ed `Car||us|ar,' |s apparer|, ou|
W||| a rore corp|e|e cor|er| ol aro||er co||ec||or, a Car||us|ar ore,
`|roWr ||roug| a |We|l|| cer|ury ed|||or. Araz|rg|y, ||a| secord group ol
|a|rz |rarsr||s a ser|es ol serrors |rc|uded oy loss|d|us |r ||e|r |||urg|ca|
order |r ||s lrd|cu|ur, c|ap|er X, l.' T| a| secord ser|es Was preac|ed oy
Augus||re lror |ay |o Augus| ;|r oas|||cas ol ||e reg|or ol Car||age,
||e d|scovery ol |a|rz corl|rr|rg ear||er da||rgs oy 0. 0e 8ruyre, b8er
|, 11, 18-1, ard C. laroo|, b8er|;, 1, 11|-1z|, oo, 1o, -;.
0o|oeau corc|udes. `T| |s raruscr|p| ol ||e secord |a|l ol ||e 1|| cer|ury
|rarsr||s a co||ec||or ol serrors ro| or|y Alr|car, ou| a|ready es|ao||s|ed |r
Augus||re ol l|ppo 11;Augus||re's ||le||re' (o). lr 11, 0o|oeau |der||l|ed
rore prec|se|y |r ||e
|or|||ary ol |a|rz r|re|eer ur|roWr serrors ard par|s ol sever o||ers
oy Augus||re, W||| |||r|eer ol l|l|y lragrer|s W|ose |rred|a|e cor|ex| car
roW oe |oca|ed (bFAug ;, 11, ;l.).
A prov|s|ora| puo||ca||or ol ||e secord group |as a|so oeer secured oy
l. b. 0o|oeau. `Nouveaux serrors de sa|r| Augus||r pour |a corvers|or des
paiers e| des dora||s|es,' bFAug;(11) ;-;8, zo1-oo, 8(1z) o-;8,
(1) ;-1o8, ;1-|z, |o(1|) 1|-1o.
T| e sersa||ora| l|rd|rg ol ||ese serrors l|rs| arrourced |r 1o|s
or|y corparao|e W||| J. 0|vja|'s |der||l|ca||or, |r |arse|||es ard lar|s |Wo
decades ear||er, ol a W|o|e se| ol le||ers Wr|||er oy ||e o|s|op ol l|ppo, or
ser| |o ||r, ou| rever ro||ced oy ||e rary lrerc| spec|a||s|s ol Augus||re.
A rev|sed cr|||ca| ed|||or ol ||e reW|y d|scovered serrors s|ou|d soor
oecore ava||ao|e. Cor|rary |o ||e reW le||ers, ||e reW serrors oller a r|c|
add|||or |o ||e Wr|||rgs ol Augus||re W||ress|rg |o ||s pas|ora| use ol scr|p|ure, lor
|rs|arce, |a|rz ollers a c|r|s|o|og|ca| |r|erpre|a||or ol lsa|r z1
(l. 0o|oeau, `Nouveaux serrors,' bFAug|o(1|) 1|-o).
3|ud|es
0o|oeau, l., ed. ard |rars|., Augus||r d'l|ppore. v|rg|-s|x serrors au peup|e
d'Alr|que. lar|s 1o.
lols|ed|, 8., `Tex||r|||sc|es urd sprac|||c|es zu der reugelurderer
Augus||rpred|g|er'. Augus||r d'l|ppore, v|rg|-s|x serrors au peup|e d'Alr|que.
lar|s
1o, z81-8;.
v|||. T|e C||y ol 0od
T|e C||y ol 0odcors|s|s ol |Wer|y-|Wo 8oo|s ol W||c| 8oo|s l-lll Were
corposed |r |1z-|1, W|er ||e au||or Was |r ||s |a|e l|l||es. A separa|e
puo||ca||or ol ||ese l| rs| ||ree 8oo|s Was We|| rece|ved. lr |1-|1;, Augus||re
Wro|e 8oo|s lv-X.Aro||er puo||ca||or ol 8oo|s l-X aga|r dreW ercourag|rg
resporses, lo||oWed W|||ou| lur||er de|ay oy ||e corpos|||or ol 8oo|s
Xl-Xlll |r |1;-|18, ard 8oo|s Xlv-Xvll |r |1-|zo. loss|o|y a |||rd par||a|
puo||ca||or ol 8oo|s X-Xlv |appered |r ||e rear||re. lr |z, Augus||re
added 8oo| Xvlll ard |r |zo-|z;, 8oo|s XlX-XXll. w|er |e s|ar|ed ||e
C||y ol 0od|e Was l|l|y-e|g|| years o|d, |r ||e process ol corpos|rg ||e Wor|,
|e secured ||e d|v|s|or ol eac| 8oo| |r|o ruroered c|ap|ers, |e corp|e|ed
||e Wor| a| ||e age ol sever|y-lour, ||ree years oelore ||s dea||.
118o F|ever lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
lr l, x|, 1, Augus||re dec|ares ||a| ||e very ro||or ol c|v||as de|Was g|ver
|o ||r oy scr|p|ure (see a|so v, 1, x|v, 1, xv, 1). lrdeed ||e `c||y ol 0od' |s
rer||ored |r leo 11.1o, 1-1o, 1z.zz-z, 1.1|, ard |r bv .1z, z1.z, 1o,
see a|so ||e s|rorg sugges||ors ol 0a| |.zz-zoard l||| .zo-z|. 8elore
Augus||re, |||s o|o||ca| ro||l |ad a||rac|ed ||e a||er||or ol Tycor|us, ard
Arorose, lr ls118, 1, (ll 1, 1|zzc). 8elore eroar||rg or 0e c|v||a|e
de|, Augus||re ||rse|l |ouc|ed or |||s ||ere |r a ruroer ol Wor|s. 0e
vera re||g|orez;, o(ca. o), Corless|ores1z, 11, 1z(|r ||e |a|e os), 0e
ca|ec||zard|s rud|ous(ca. |oo), Frarra||ores |r ls. o|, |r |1o-|1, ard |r ls.
11-1, prooao|y oelore 0e c|v||a|e de|8oo| vl, |r |1|or |1. lr|eres||rg
eroug|, |r be|rac|a||oresll, |, W|ere Augus||re g|ves |rlorra||or aoou| ||e
c|rcurs|arces W||c| ergaged ||r |r|o corpos|rg 0e c|v||a|e de|, |e res|r|c|s
||s cr|||ca| rerar|s or|y|o o|o||ca| da|a, as |r 8oo|s X ard Xvll.
lr 8oo| Xlll, xx|, ||e larad|se ol ||e or|g|rs (0eres|s z), |r|erpre|ed
a||egor|ca||y, lor ||e ros| par|, oy predecessors, rus| oe seer as rea|, as
rarra|ed|r ||e 8|o|e. dur |arre e| ||||s ||s|or|ae ver||as l|de||ss|ra rerur
661
ges|arur rarra||ore correrda|a creda|ur`ll or|y ore a|so oe||eves |r ||e
|ru|| ol ||a| s|ory as ros| accura|e|y recorded |r ||e rarra||or ol W|a| |appered.'
T| e apos||e lau| |s ||e ra|r au||or||y lor spea||rg aoou| ||e ood||y
ror|a||||y resu|||rg lror ||e la||. 8elore d|scuss|rg a| |erg|| ||e or|g|r ard
||e ra|ure ol `corcup|scerce,' Augus||re very de||oera|e|y s|a|es |r 8oo|
Xlv, |, v ||a| |e lourd |r scr|p|ure ||e ro||or ol ||e `|Wo c|||es,' ||e carra|
ore ard ||e sp|r||ua| ore. quas c|v||a|es duas securdur scr|p|uras ros|ras
rer||o appe||ar| posserus`(|Wo lorrs ol |urar soc|e|y) W||c| We cou|d
r|g|||y ca|| |Wo c|||es |r accordarce W||| our scr|p|ures.' lr ||a| d|scuss|or
(Xlv, |-|x), lau||re quo|a||ors aga|r preva|| rass|ve|y over Jo|arr|re ard
o| relererces.
lr ||re W||| |rad|||ora| c|urc| apo|oge||cs, 8oo| Xv parap|rases 0eres|s,
a|r|rg oo|| |o arsWer ques||ors cor|rg lror ror-C|r|s||ars, ard |o |eac|
||e o|o||ca| s|ory |o ||e corrur||y ol oe||evers. uo|a||ors lror 0eres|s
ard ||e lau||re corpus, |oge||er W||| o||er scr|p|ura| passages purc|ua|e
Augus||re's |ex|, W||ress|rg ||e cors|ar| prox|r||y ol ||e au||or |o ||e sacred
sources. T| e parap|rase arp||l|es ard |r|erpre|s ||e o|o||ca| rarra||ve or
||e |||era| |eve|, as ar ||s|or|ca| repor| W|ose verac||y |s oeyord ques||or.
lror 8oo| |o 8oo| ol 0e c|v||a|e de|, Augus||re's |r|erpre||ve reWr|||rg ol
scr|p|ure ac|ua||zes||e o|o||ca| s|ory W|||ou| c|arg|rg || |r ary Way ou| |r
s|ress|rg ||s erdur|rg re|evarce.
A rass|ve quo|a||or ol prop|e|s occup|es c|ap|. zo-ool 8oo| Xvlll,
ca||ed lor oy ||e rer||or ol Cyrus ard ||e re|urr ol ||e JeW|s| depor|ees
lror ex||e.
Augus||re ol l|ppo 1181Fac| 8oo| s|ar|s W||| a relorru|a||or ol ||e gerera|
||ere ol ||e `|Wo
c|||es,' ||e overarc||rg locus ol Augus||re's parap|rase ol ||e 8|o|e. 8oo| XX,
v||, 1-|x, , g|ves ||e au||or ar oppor|ur||y |o express |r lu|| de|a|| ||s v|eW
or ||e `||ousard year' re|gr ol Jesus a| ||e erd ol ||re (bv zo.1-). ba||er
||ar relu||rg |r de|a|| ||e ra|er|a||s||c projec||ors ol ||e `||||errar|s|s,'
Augus||re dec|des |o d|scuss d|rec||y ||e scr|p|ura| passage. le corc|udes
||a| ||e `||ousard years' rear syroo||ca||y `||e preser| ||re ol ||s (C|r|s|'s)
l|rs| cor|rg'|s|o |ar |erpore pr|or|s adver|us(XX, |x, 1), lo||oW|rg |r
par||cu|ar Tycor|us's |eac||rg |r |||s regard. Ar ex|erded quo|a||or ol z
T| es 1-z|r x|x, 1, |e|ps |o |rves||ga|e ||e `rys|ery ol |r|qu||y' ||r|ed W|||
Ar||c|r|s|, ol W||c| Augus||re corcedes. `l rus| corless ||a| l |o|a||y |grore
W|a| |e (lau|, |r zT| es z.;) War|ed |o say'Fgo prorsus qu|d d|xer|| re
la|eor |grorare(x|x, z), a card|d adr|ss|or ol |grorarce |rred|a|e|y lo||oWed oy a
s|or| surrary ol `|urar corjec|ures,' ard a oroad survey ol
o| prop|ec|es aoou| ||e l|ra| resurrec||or (xx, 1-xxx, o).
T| e |as| |Wo 8oo|s, XXl ard XXll ol 0e c|v||a|e de|dea| W||| le|| ard
leaver, ||e l|ra| des||ra||ors ol a|| |urars. T| e aged Augus||re exce||s |r
|rea||rg ||e |op|c W||| a rea||s||c ard sys|era||c app||ca||or ol ||s lar|||ar
|errereu||cs. ||s |||era|read|rg ol o|o||ca| da|a ca||s aga|r ard aga|r lor
|rves||ga||ors |r p|||osop||ca| ard sc|er||l|c ra||ers, ||s sp|r||ua|read|rg ol
scr|p|ura| s|a|erer|s g|ves ||r a l|ra| oppor|ur||y |r `|||s |rrerse Wor|'
(|rger||s |u|us oper|sxxx, ) |o ce|eora|e ||e lu|l|||rer| ol 0od's sa|v|l|c
Wor| or ear||.
lr ||s sever||es roW, Augus||re rece|ves lror scr|p|ure ar over-s|rear|rg
|rsp|ra||or lor dep|c||rg al| er||le, |e g|ves oac| |o scr|p|ure a correr|ary
err|c|ed W||| roro|o||ca| W|sdor ard |og|c, ou| exc|us|ve|y |r|erded |o |e|
scr|p|ure spea| lor ||se|l. T| e v|v|d sers|o||||y ol ||e au||or l|||s eac| ||re ol
||e |ex| W||| ||e sare l|re ol e|oquerce ||a| ourred |r ||e Wr|||rgs ol ||s
you||, ou| ||e suos|arce ol ||oug|| corsured |r ||e |as| c|ap|ers ol ||e
C||y ol 0od|s rore se|l-aWare ard corrur|ca||ve. T| e ded|ca|ed pas|or,
||e s|arp cr|||c ol soc|e|y, ||e pass|ora|e oe||ever ard ||e sc|o|ar eager |o
|rarscerd ||s oWr ||r||ed |roW|edge, a|| |r ore, express Augus||re's l|ra|
ressage |o ||e Wor|d |r ||e |as| par| ol ||s ras|erWor|.
3upp|erer|ary 8|o||ograp|y
Augus||re
Fd|||ors
0e u|||||a|e crederd|. loll rar, A. lor|C|rq (1z).
118z F|ever lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
Trars|a||ors
l|||, F., Augus||re ol l|ppo. 3errors. NeW|y 0|scovered 3errors. T| e wor|s
ol 3|. Augus||re. A Trars|a||or lor ||e z1s| Cer|ury lll|11. lyde lar|,
N.., 1;.
Kearrey, b., Augus||re. |arr|age ard v|rg|r||y. T| e wor|s ol 3|. Augus||re.
A Trars|a||or lor ||e z1s| Cer|ury l|. Fd. W||| ro|es ard |r|roduc||ors
oy 0. 0. lur|er. lyde lar|, N.., 1.
3|ud|es
Aorudar, 0. `vec||u| Tes|arer| ir sc|rer||e (scr|p||s) ler|c||u|u| (8ea||) Augus||r.'
3|Teo|1(1o). 1|1-|.
Ag|eroerg, |. `3. Augus||r exeg|e de |'Fcc|es|a v|rgo.' Aug(l)(18).
662
A|oer||re, b. `3e|ec|ed survey ol ||e ||ere 'sp|r||ua| sacr|l|ce' |o Augus| |re.'
Fl1o|
(1o). -o.
A|lec|e, |. `0roar|rg Crea||or |r ||e T|eo|ogy ol Augus||re.' Aug(l)|(18|).
-z.
. `T| e 8as|s ol lope |r ||e besurrec||or ol ||e 8ody accord|rg |o Augus||re.'
Aug(l)o(18o). z|o-o.
. `T| e use ol 3ore verses ol 1Cor 1|r Augus||re's T| eo|ogy ol ||e
besurrec||or.' Aug(l);(18;). 1zz-8o.
. `T| e b|s|rg ol ||e 0ead |r ||e wor|s ol Augus||re (1Cor 1.-;).' Aug(l)
(18). |-8.
A||arer, 8. `Augus||rus urd d|e reu|es|arer|||c|er Apo|ryp|er, 3|oy|||rer urd
3ex|usausspruc|e.' A8o;(1|). zo-|8.
. `Augus||rus urd d|e o|o||sc|er 0roras||ca.' FCarr|(1). |-o.
. `Augus||rus urd d|e reu|es|arer|||c|er Apo|ryp|er, 3|o|||er urd
3ex|usspruc|e.' lages zo|-1|r K|. pa|r|s|. 3c|r|l|er. Tu 8. 1o;.
. `Augus||rus urd 0r|geres.' lages zz|-z|r K|. pa|r|s|. 3c|r|l|er. Tu 8,
1o;.
Ardreae, 3. 0|e ver|e|ssurg des lara||e|er rac| der Fxegese des ||.
Augus||rus. 0|ss.,
0regor|ara, . 1oo
Aroz, J. `F| sa|ro er |os escr||os agus||r|aros.' Aug| ( ). - . o 118oz|z
. `Zaqueo er |a pred|cac|or de sar Agus||r.' Augus||rus ( ). - . 81;;1o1
Arz, w. `Zur Fxegese vor borer oe| 8u||rarr, lu||er, Augus||r.' ; lages 1-1
|r ls. F. 0|r||er. T|eo|og|a Cruc|s3|grur Cruc|s. Fd||ed oy C. Ardreser,
1;o.
Aroesrarr, b. `C|r|s| ||e red|cus |ur|||s |r 3|. Augus||re.' Augus||rus |ag|s|er
( ). 1|
Augus||re ol l|ppo Ar|eaga Na||v|dad, b. la creacor er |os corer|ar|os 118
de sar Augus|r a| 0eres|s.
|orogralas de |a bev|s|a |ayeu||ca . |arc|||a (Navarra). Cer|ro l||osol|co z
Teo|og|co ll. Agus||ros beco|e|os, 1|.
As|oW|||, 0. `Fze||e| ard 3. Augus||re. A Corpara||ve 3|udy.' J8b1(1|;).
zz|-z;.
Auco|r, |.A. `Augus||re ard Jo|r C|rysos|or. Correr|a|ors or 3|. Jo|r's
lro|ogue.' 3cFs1(1o). 1z-1.
`Augus||r, 0e|s| urd 8uc|s|aoe.' 83|o(1oz). -8o.
`Augus||re 0e 0oc|r|ra C|r|s||ara.' lr 0xlord Far|y C|r|s||ar Tex|s. Fd||ed ard
|rars|a|ed oy b. l. l. 0reer. 0xlord. C|arerdor, 1.
Ayer, C. `A||egor|a.' Augl ( ). - . 118oz
Ayres, l. `Agus|r y T|cor|o soore re|als|ca y exeges|s.' Augus||rus ( ). |o1
- 1o.
Azcora, J. Aspec|os cr|s|o|og|cos de |a |ur||dad er |os Tra|. de 3. Agus||r soore
3. Juar.
0|ss., Acader|ae A|p|ors|arae, . 1o
A|varez Tur|erzo, 3. beg|o red|a sa|u||s, lrager de| |orore y su pues|o er |a
creac|or, 3. Agus|r. 8|o|. 3a|r. Fs|. 3a|ararca. ur|v. lor||l| c|a, 188.
8aarda, T. `'A s|allor|y, ro| a s||c|,' d|s|arrory ol ||e gospe|s ard ||e |arrory
ol Ta||ar (|| 1o.l., || o.8l., l| ., 1o.|).' lages 11-|r T| e NT |r ear|y
C|r|s||ar||y. Fd||ed oy J.-|. 3evr|r. la recep||or des Fcr||s reo|es|arer|a|res
dars |e c|r|s||ar|sre pr|r|||l . louva|r. lee|ers, . 8o 18
8aococ|, b.0. `Augus||re's 0e 0eres| ad ||||erar ard lorace's 3a||re , .' 1z
bFAug
( ). - . 18;zoo8
8aococ|, w. 3. `Agus|r y T|cor|o, soore |a apropr|ac|or |a||ra de lao|o.' lr
Corgresso 0xlord = Aug| , s ( ), - . 1; zo1o 1811;z
. `Augus||re's lr|erpre|a||or ol borars (A0 - ).' Aug3| ( ). - |o 1o1;
. ;|
. `Augus||re ard lau|. T| e case ol borars lX.' 3|la|r ( ). - . 1o18|;;
8ac|rarr, |. `Zur 'argurer|ur resurrec||or|s' Kor . ll. rac| C|r|s|op| 1 11z
Z|rrer, Augus||r urd lau|us.' l|rg8|o| ( ). - . o;1zz
8agur Jover, l. la resurrecc|or de Cr|s|o er |os 'Trac|a|us |r lo|arr|s
evarge||ur' de
3ar Agus|r. 0|ss., larp|ora, . 18
8a||do, 0. `3|ru||ura |og|ca de||'eseges| agos||r|ara d| 0eres| . - ,' - . 1z|zo1
8arre|, C. l. `Augus||re, 0r|ger ard ||e Fxeges|s ol 3|. lau|.' Aug ( ). z1z
- |1o;.
. `lau||re Fxeges|s, |ar|c|ae|sr ard l|||osop|y |r ||e ear|y Augus||re.'
lages
- 1z|r C|r|s||ar la||| ard 0ree| l|||osop|y |r la|e Ar||qu||y. Fssays |r |r|ou|e
|o 0. C|r. 3|ead. Fd||ed oy l. b. w|c||ar ard C.l. 8arre|, ass|s|ed oy F. C. 0.
lur|er. 3v|gC|r . le|der. 8r|||, . 1 1
8ardy, 0. `la lorra||or du corcep| de 'C||e de 0|eu' dars |'oeuvre de sa|r|
Augus||r.' AT|A ( ) - . 1z1z1
663
118|F|ever lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
8ar||aeser, A. A. b. `Augus||r correr|a|eur de sa|r| lau| e| |'Aroros|as|er.'
3F o
( ). - . 1o1;o
8asev|, C. 3ar Agus||r. la |r|erpre|ac|or de| r|. Cr||er|os exege||cos propues|os
por
3. Agus||r er e| `0e 0oc|r|ra C|r|s||ara,' er e| `Cor|ra laus|ur' y er e| `0e
Corsersu Fvarge||s|arur.'Teo|og|ca . larp|ora. FuN3A, . 1| 1;;
. `C|rco 3errores de sar Agus||r soore bor .' Augus||rus ( ). - ; 1o1z;
. o1
. `las c||as de |a Fscr||ura, coro recurso de es|||o. Fs|ud|o er |os 3erroresde
sar
Agus|r soore bor .' Augus||rus ( ). - . 8 ;1zz;o1
8as||aerser, A. `la perdr|x ar|ra| rec|ar| l|gure du d|ao|e. Augus||r |er|||er
d'ure |rad|||or exege||que.' Aug(l) ( ). - . |o1o1z1;
8auer, J. 8. `0|||ge e| lac quod v|s.' w|we| ( ). l. zo1;o|
8ave|, T. `lara|||es, vocaou|a|re e| c||a||ors o|o||ques de |a 'begu|a 3. Augus||r|.'
Cor|r|ou|uor au proo|re de sor au||er||c||e.' Aug(l) ( ). - . 11z;;
8ave|, T. J. var. `Augus||re's v|eW ol Worer.' Aug(l) ( ). - . 18
. `worar as ||e |rage ol 0od |r Augus||re's 0e Tr|r||a|eXll.' lages - zo;88
|r
ls C. |ayer 3|grur p|e|a||s. . 18
8ge| 8ozzo, 0. `la |eo|oga de |a ||s|or|a er |a C|udad de 0|os.' Augus||rus
( ). - . 1o18o
8ea|r|ce, l. l. Tradux pecca||. A||e lor|| de||a do||r|ra agos||r|ara de| pecca|o
or|g|ra|e.3l|ed . |||ar. v||a e lers|ero, . 8 1;8
8ec|er, J. A. les oea|||udes evarge||ques dars |a pred|ca||or popu|a|re de 3.
Augus||r,
d'aprs |es Fr. |r lss. - . 0|ss., 3|rasoourg, . 1181 1o
8e|erWa||es, w. `Augus||rs lr|erpre|a||or vor 3ap. , .' bFAug ( ). - 11z1 11o81
. o1
8er|r, 3. 0. `3acr|l|ce as educa||or |r Augus||re ard C|rysos|or.' C|l z
( ). 18
- ;zo.
8er||o y 0urr, A. `3. lao|o er 3. Augus||r.' Augus||rus ( ). - . 1o|o
8er||vegra, 0. Fllus|ore de||o 3p|r||o 3ar|o e dor| car|sra||c|, |a |es||ror|arza
d|
3. Agos||ro. |ess|ra. lgra||arur, . 1o
. `Fllus|ore de||o 3p|r||o 3ar|o e dor| car|sra||c|, |a |es||ror|a d|
sar|'Agos||ro.'
Aug| ( ). l. ;1zo
8ergauer, l. 0er Ja|oousor|el oe| Augus||rus urd d|e dar|| verourderer
lroo|ere
der bec||ler||gurgs|e|re. v|erra. lerder, . 1oz
8errard, b. w. `T| e b|e|or|c ol 0od |r ||e l|gura||ve Fxeges|s ol Augus||re.'
lages
- 88|r 8|o||ca| lerrereu||cs |r l|s|or|ca| lerspec||ve. 3|ud|es |r loror ol
Kar|lr|ed lroe||c| or ||s 3|x||e|| 8|r||day. Fd||ed oy |. 3. 8urroWs ard
l. borer. 0rard bap|ds. Ferdrars, . 11
8errarde|||, A. lroo|er| d| ser|o||ca |es|ua|e |r 3. Agos||ro. l| proced|rer|o d|
|r|erpre|az|oe l|gura|e. 8o|ogra. Tes| d| |aurea (re|. u. Fco), . 18
8errard|, |. C. 'lr pr|rc|p|o lec|| 0eus cae|ur e| |errar' (0er . ) |r 3. Agos||ro 11
e |e
sue lor||.0|ss, Tur|r, - . 11oo
Augus||re ol l|ppo 8errouard, |. l. `l'erse|grerer| de 3. Augus||r sur |e 118
rar|age dars |e Trac|. , |r z
Jo|. Fv.' Augus||rus ( ). - . 1z1o;8o
. `l'e|re sacrarer|e| de |'euc|ar|s||e se|or sa|r| Augus||r. Correr|a|re de
Jear
o. - dars |e Trac|a|usXXvll, - e| - |r Jo|arr|s Fvarge||ur.' NbT A ooo 1o 111z
1o|| | ( ). - . 1;;;ozz1
. `0eux peup|es, ur seu| |roupeau, ur ur|que las|eur, ecc|es|o|og|e de sa|r|
Augus||r e| c||a||ors de Jear . .' lages - |r Co||ec|area 1o1o z;o1
Augus||r|ara.Fd||ed oy l. var l|e|erer. v|||arova. v|||arova ur|vers||y, - 18o
. 1o
. `l'exegse de sa|r| Augus||r pred|ca|eur du quar||re Fvarg||e, |e sers de
|'ur||e des Fcr||ures.' lZl|T| ( ). - . |18;118
. `le Trac|a|us , |r lo|arr|s Fuarge||ur de sa|r| Augus||r, |a paro|e, |e 8o
sacrarer| e| |a lo|.' bFAug ( ). - . 18;z|
8euc|o|, |. `la |errereu||ca er 3. Agus||r y er |a ac|a||dad.' bevA0 ( ). 81;
- 1o.
8|arc||, A. le uaes||ores |r 0eres|r d| Agos||ro. Aspe||| lorra|| e
proo|era||c|e
esege||c|e. ur|vers|| d| l|sa A.A.. Tes| d| |aurea |r le||era|ura Cr|s||ara Ar||ca,
664
1|.
8|erzyc|ude|, F. `la peregr|rac|or de| pueo|o de 0|os segr 3. Agus||r.' b8l z8
( ). - . 1oo;
8oc|e|, l. `'la |e||re |ue, |'Fspr|| v|v|l|e.' l'exegse augus||r|erre de Co . .' z o
NbT|
11|( ). - . 1z|1;o
8orrer, 0. `Augus||re or bor . .' 3|Fv ( ). - . 1z 1o8z|z|;
. `Augus||re as 8|o||ca| 3c|o|ar.' lages - , |r Caror|dge l|s|. ol ||e |1o;
8|o|e.Fd||ed oy l. b. Ac|royd. lordor, . 1;o
. `Augus||re's corcep||or ol de|l|ca||or.' JT| 3 ( ). - . ;18oo8o
. `Augus||re ard r|||erar|ar|sr.' lages - |r ls. l. C|adW|c|.Fd||ed oy z|
b. w||||ars. Caror|dge, . 18
. `T|e 3|gr|l|carce ol Augus||re's 0e gra||a Nov| Tes|arer||.' Aug(l) ( - |11o
11). - . 1
8orgoreo, l. l'Fg||se de ce |erps dars |a pred|ca||or de sa|r| Augus||r. bore.
F|udes
Augus||r|erres, . 1;z
8or|, l. C. `ur'ara||s| de|| 'Adversus ludaeos' d| Agos||ro.' lages - |r l'e s 11o
| a s |
de| prol||a. 8o|ogra. l| |u||ro, . 18
. `l|gure ra|erre e 3cr|||ura |r Agos||ro.' A3F ( ). - . 1z;|zo
. `'Fred|| d| Fva' e 'pecca|o or|g|ra|e' re||e Corless|or|d| Agos||ro (v. - ).' 8
b38
o( ). - . 1|zo;;
8ourassa, l. `T| eo|og|e |r|r||a|re de 3. Augus||r.' 0reg ( ). - . 81;;oz;;z
8oyar|r, 0. `'T| |s We |roW |o oe ||e carra| lsrae|' (Augus||re or Cor . |r 1 1o18
Adv. Jud.), c|rcurc|s|or ard ||e ero||c ||le ol 0od ard lsrae|.' Cr|||ca| lrqu|ry
18( ). - . 1z|;|o
118oF|ever lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
8oyd, w. J. l. `0a|||aeaa d|llererce ol op|r|or oe|Weer Augus||re ard
Jerore's
'0roras||ca 3acra.'' lages - |r 3|la|r, | . 1o 1;8|
8rreser, K. F. `l'ar||ropo|og|e ||eo|og|que d'Augus||r e| de T| oras d'Aqu|r,
|a
|ypo|og|e |orre-lerre dars |a |rad|||or e| dars |'eg||se d'aujour'|u|.' b3b o
( ). - . 181|oo
. `l'ar|ropo|og|a |eo|og|ca d| Agos||ro e d| Torraso d'Aqu|ro, sua |rl|uerza
su| rappor|| |ra dorre e uor|r| re||a C||esa d'ogg|.' lages - , - |r ;8;881o
la dorra re||a C||esa ogg|. Fd||ed oy A. Capr|o||. . 181
. 3uoord|ra||or ard equ|va|er|s. T| e ra|ure ard ro|e ol Worar |r Augus||re
ard
T|oras Aqu|ras. lar|ar, |d.. ur|vers||y lress ol Arer|ca, . 181
. `lr delerse ol Augus||re, |oW ler|ra|s |oro?' lages - |r Co||ec|area |11z8
Augus||r|ara. Fd||ed oy T. var 8ave|. louva|r, . 1o
8rarderourger, F. `lau||r|sc|e 3c|r|l|aus|egurg |r der Kor|roverse ur das
ver|e|ssurgsWor| 0o||es (bor ).' ZTK ( ). - . 8z181|;
8rezz|, l. `ura 'c|v||as |errera sp|r||ua||s' core |dea|e s|or|co-po||||co d| sar|'-
Agos||ro.' lages - |r vo|. ol Augus||rus. lar|s. F|udes augus||r|erres, 1zz z
1|.
8r|g||, l. `Augus||re ard ||e ||ousard year re|gr ol sa|r|s.' lages - |r ||;
Co||ec|area Augus||r|ara. Augus||rus. lresoy|er lac|us sur. Fd||ed oy J. T.
l|er|ard, F. C. |u||er, ard b. Tes|e. NeW or|. larg, . 1
. `8|o||ca| Aro|gu||y |r Alr|car exeges|s.' lages - |r Augus||re ol l|ppo. zz
0e doc|r|ra c|r|s||ara, a c|ass|c ol Wes|err cu||ure. Fd||ed oy 0. w. Arro|d ard
l. 8r|g||. No|re 0are, lrd.. No|re 0are ur|vers||y lress, . 1
8r|g||, l., ed. Augus||re ard ||e 8|o|e.T| e 8|o|e T| roug| ||e Ages . No|re z
0are,
lrd., . 1
8rur, 0. 'u| re vo||, vo|| |e lre' (Jr . ). la p|ace de ce verse| dars |a 1|
||eo|og|e
d'Augus||r dars |es Fr. |r lss.0|ss., lrs|. Ca||o||que de lar|s, . 1o
8rurrer, l. `C|ar|sra||sc|e urd re||od|sc|e 3c|r|l|aus|egurg rac| Augus||r's
lro|og zu 0e doc|r|ra c|r|s||ara.' Ku0o ( ). - , - . 11o81o
8urrs, J. l. `T| e |r|erpre|a||or ol borars |r ||e le|ag|ar cor|roversy.' Aug3| 1o
( ). - . 1;||
8urrs, l. `Augus||re's 0|s||rc||ve use ol ||e lsa|rs |r ||e Corless|ors. T|e
bo|e ol |us|c ard bec||a||or.' Aug3| ( ). - . z|11|o
Carpe|o, |. |. `Teo|og|a de ler|ecos|es er sar Agus|r.' Fs|Ag ( ). zz18;
- 1.
Carr|rg, b. `'love your re|g|oour as yourse|l ' (|| . ), 3. Augus||re or ||e zz
||rearer|s ol ||e se|l |o oe |oved.' Aug(l) ( ). - . |18|1|;
. `Augus||re or ||e |der|||y ol ||e re|g|oour ard ||e rear|rg ol |rue |ove
lor ||r 'as ourse|ves' (|| . - ) ard 'as C|r|s| |as |oved us' (Jr . ).' zz|o 1|
Aug(l) ( ). - . o18o1o1z
665
Augus||re ol l|ppo Car|a|aressa, b. `'ba||o pasc|ae.' la cor|rovers|a su| 118;
s|gr|l|ca|o de||a lasqua
re||'Aroros|as|er, |r 0|ra|oro e |r Agos||ro.' Aev ( ). - . ||1;oz1|1
Car|a|oup, l. les rappor|s des deux Tes|arer|s dars |e Cor|ra laus|ur de
3. Augus||r. 0|ss., lrs|||u| Ca||o||que de Tou|ouse, . 1
Car|e|r|, A. `la 3acra 3cr|||ura re||e le||ere d| 3ar|'Agos||ro.' Fures|s ( ). o1o
- 11o.
Capraga, v. `la doc|r|ra augus||r|ara de |a grac|a er |os 3a|ros.' Augus||rus
( ). - . 1oozoo
. `la doc|r|ra augus||ara de |a grac|a er |os 3a|ros.' 3|la|r ( ). - . o1oz1||
. `F| rec|ar de |os sa|ros er sar Agus|r.' Aug| ( ). - . z18|z
Car|e|or, A. l. Jo|r 3||res T| roug| Augus||re. lu||erWor|| lress, . 1oo
Caros|o, l. b|cerc|e su||e lor|| a||'eseges| agos||r|ara de||a 0eres|. 0|ss., Tur|r,
- 11
1z.
Corpus C|r|s||arorur. vo|. , Ca|a|ogus veroorur quae |r oper|ous 3arc|| o
Augus||r| |rver|ur|ur. l Trac|a|us |r Fvarge||ur loarr|s.F|rd|over.
T| esaurus l|rguae Augus||r|arae, . 1;o
Corpus C|r|s||arorur. vo|. , Ca|a|ogus veroorur quae |r oper|ous 3arc|| 8
Augus||r| |rver|ur|ur. ll. Frarra||ores |r lsa|ros - . F|rd|over. T| esaurus 1o
l|rguae Augus||r|arae, . 1;8
Corpus C|r|s||arorur. vo|. , Ca|a|ogus veroorur quae |r oper|ous 3arc||
Augus||r| |rver|ur|ur. lll. Frarra||ores |r lsa|ros - . F|rd|over. 11oo
T| esaurus l|rguae Augus||r|arae, . 18o
Corpus C|r|s||arorur. vo|. , Ca|a|ogus veroorur quae |r oper|ous 3arc|| |o
Augus||r| |rver|ur|ur. lv. Frarra||ores |r lsa|ros - . F|rd|over. 1o11o
T| esaurus l|rguae Augus||r|arae, . 181
Ca||areo, F. `l'ur|| de| due Tes|arer|| |r due pag|re d| 0r|gere e Agos||ro.'
lages - |r la |eo|og|a o|o||ca. Na|ura e prospe|||ve. lr d|a|ogo cor |o
0. 3ega||a (3agg|, ). Fd||ed oy F. lrarco. bore. Fd||r|ce A.v. F., . z; 18
Cava|car||, F. `l| s|gr|l|ca|o de||'eseges| |e||era|e |r 8as|||o e |r Agos||ro. 0re||e
su||'Fsarerore e 0e 0eres| ad ||||erar l-lll.' A3F ( ). - . |18;11|z
. `la 0eres| a||a |e||era (Agos||ro) |ra ' e ' .' A3Fs ( ). - . 8oo oo 188z;1
. `0a| '|es||ror|a' a||' 'arror|a de||e 3cr|||ure.' la racco||a de| prole|| re| ||oro
Xvlll de| 0e c|v||a|e 0e|.' A3F ( ). - . 111||11o
Cayre, l. `la p|||osop||e de |a pa|x dars |a c||e |ura|re d'aprs sa|r| Augus||r.'
Arree ||eo|og|que( ). 1|
. `le doc|eur des deux c||es.' bu0 ( ). - . 11|z81o
Cer|o|||, 0. `la preg||era de| 3a|r| |r 3. Agos||ro (l par|e).' berXvl| ( ). |181
- o1.
. `la preg||era de| 3a|r| |r 3. Agos||ro (ll par|e).' berXvll| ( ). 118z
- 8o11;.
1188F|ever lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
C|a|x-buy, J. `la C||e de 0|eu e| |a s|ruc|ure du |erps c|ez sa|r| Augus||r.'
lages
- z1|r Augus||rus |ag|s|er, vo|. ,F|udes augus||r|erres. lar|s, . z 1|
C|||||or, l. `0rc|es|ra||or scr|p|ura|re (er 3. Aug. - bor . ).' b |Al ( ). 1o1|
- z1o18.
C|eva||er, l., ard l. borde|. `l'|dee de 'var||e' dars |'oeuvre de 3. Augus||r.'
bFAug
( ). - . 1;zz1|
C|r|s||ar, w. A. `Augus||re or ||e Crea||or ol ||e wor|d.' lT|b ( ). - . |o11z
C|||erue|o, l. `3. Augus||re |r|erpre|e de |a 3. Fscr||ura.' C0|os ( ). - 11||
. 8
C|pr|ar|, N. `0|o re| pers|ero d| s. Agos||ro,' |r 0|o re| padr| de||a C||esa. |arro
co||aoora|o, A. 8ora|o e| a|., - . 0|z|orar|o d| 3p|r||ua||| o|o||co-la|r|s||ca z;;|
| grard| |er| de||a 3. 3cr|||ura per |a |ec||o, ro. . bore. 8or|a, . 1| 1o
T| e C||y ol 0od. A Co||ec||or ol Cr|||ca| Fssays. Fd||ed oy 0. l. 0orre||y. NeW
or|,
1.
C|zeWs||, w. `T| e rear|rg ard ||e purpose ol ar|ra|s accord|rg |o Augus||re's
0eres|s correr|ar|es.' lages - |r Co||ec|area Augus||r|ara. Augus||rus. o;
lresoy|er lac|us sur. Fd||ed oy J. T. l|er|ard, e| a|. NeW or|. l. larg, . 1
C|arcy, l. 0. `3|. Augus||re, l|s lredecessors ard Cor|erporar|es, ard ||e
Fxeges|s
ol T|r . .' 3|la|r ( ). - . z zzo z;1z|z|8
. `3ar Agus|r, sus predecesores y cor|erporreos y |a exeges|s a T|r z
. .' zzo
Augus||rus ( ). - . |o1o1
C|arcy, l. 0. J. 3|. Augus||re ol l|ppo or C|r|s|, ||s C|urc|, ard ||e lo|y 3p|r||,
a
3|udy ol ||e '0e 8ap||sro' ard ||e 'Trac|a|us |r lo|arr|s Fvarge||ur.' 0|ss.,
0xlord, . 1z
666
C|ar|e, T. F. T| e Fsc|a|o|og|ca| Trarslorra||or ol ||e |a|er|a| wor|d accord|rg
|o 3|.
Augus||re. 0|ss., 0regor|ara, . 1o
Coasso|o, 0. l. `'larer ros|rur quo||d|arur da roo|s |od|e' |r 3. Agos||ro.'
Corv|v|ur 0or|r|cur( ). - . 1oz|oo
Cocc||r|, l. `Cosro|og|a e ar|ropo|og|a re||'|r|erpre|az|ore agos||r|ara d| br . 8
- 1z(0e d|v. quaes|. lXvlll, q. ),' - . o; 1|;8
. `le uaes||oresd| Agos||ro su||'Fsodo. osservaz|or| s|or|c|e, esege||c|e,
do||r|ra||.' A3F ( ). - . 188;;o
. `la c||| d| 0|o g|or|osa e pe||egr|ra secordo Agos||ro.' l3v ( ). z81|
- z8.
. `l|ura||| e corl|uerza d| |rad|z|or| esege||c|e e d| d|spu|e do||r|ra|| re||a
|r|erpre|az|ore agos||r|ara d| 0v .' lages - |r 3|ud| su| cr|s||ares|ro |z|1
ar||co e roderro |r orore d||ar|a 0raz|a |ara = Aug ( ). bore. lrs|||u|o 1
la|r|s||co 'Augus||r|arur,' . 1
. `0a| 0e d|vers|s quaes||or|ouslXXXlll. No|e d| eseges| e d| s|or|a (qq.
ll-lXXXlll).' lages - |r Agos||ro d'lppora, `0e d|vers|s quaes||or|ous o;1
ac|og|r|a |r|ous,' `0e d|vers|s quaes||or|ous ad 3|rp||c|arur.' lec||o Augus||r|
. 1z
bore. C||| Nuova, . 1o
Augus||re ol l|ppo Co|er, J. `T| e JeWs as ||||ers ol C|r|s| |r ||e la||r 118
|rad|||or, lror Augus||re |o ||e
lr|ars.' Tr ( ). - . 181z;
Co|e-Turrer, b. 3. `Ar||-|ere||ca| |ssues |r ||e deoa|e over 0a|a||ars . - |r z111|
||e
|e||ers ol 3|. Augus||re |o Jerore.' Aug3| ( ). - . 1118o1oo
Co|||r, l. `vo|x pa|r|s||ques |'ecou|e de |'Fcr||ure. la |rad|||or augus||r|erre de
|a
paro|e |r|er|eure.' lages - |r lrpac|s. . |oo 1|
Co|||rs, b. l. `Augus||re ol l|ppo precursor ol roderr o|o||ca| sc|o|ars||p.'
louv3|
1z( ). - . 18;111
Co|urga, A. `0|e Aus|egurg der lrop|e||er |r Augus||rs 0o||ess|aa| (spar).'
Fs|ud|os soore |a C|udad de 0|os, vo|. , ( ). - . 11o;1||o11
. 3. Augus||r expos||or de |as prolecas er |a C|udad de 0|os. Fs|ud|os soore |a
C|udad de 0|os . C0|os, . 1o; 1|
A corl||c| ol C|r|s||ar |errereu||cs |r borar Alr|ca. Tycor|us ard Augus||re.
lro|oco| ol ||e . co||oquy. 0c|. . Fd||ed oy C. Karrerg|esser. 8er|e|ey, 8 1o 188
Ca||l.. Cer|er lor lerrereu||ca| 3|ud|es.
Corgar, . `C|v||as 0e| e| Fcc|es|a c|ez sa|r| Augus||r. l|s|o|re de |a rec|erc|e.
sor
e|a| preser|.' bFAug ( ). - . 1;11|
Cos|a lre||as, |. 8. da. `A |rager e sere||ara de 0eus, ur |era de
ar|ropo|og|a
Agos||r|ara.' 0|d(l) ( - ). - . 118;18z1|
Cource||e, l. `3. Augus||r a-|-|| |u l|||or d'A|exardr|e?' bFA ( ). - . o1o1;88
CoWard, l. 0. `|erory ard 3cr|p|ure |r ||e corvers|or ol Augus||re.' lages
- 1o|r 0race, po||||cs ard des|re, essays or Augus||re. Fd||ed oy l. A.
|eyre||.
Ca|gary. ur|v., . 1o
Coy|e, J. K. `Corcord|a, ||e lo|y 3p|r|| as 8ord ol ||e |Wo Tes|arer|s |r
Augus||re.' Aug ( ). - . zz18z|z;o
Crerer, l. 0. 0er 8e||rag Augus||rs zur Aus|egurg des las|ers|re||gesprac|s
(|| . z
- 18zzparr.) urd der F|rl|uss se|rer Fxegese aul d|e r|||e|a||er||c|e T|eo|og|e.
F|udes Augus||r|erres. lar|s, . 1;1
Cr|s||ar|, |. `l|us quar |oro. 3ar||| e urar|| de||'Fvarge||s|a 0|ovarr| lra
Agos||ro e 0|ovarr| Fr|ugera.' lages - |r 3|grur p|e|a||s. les|gaoe 1;zz
lur Corre||us le|rus |ayer 03A zur . 0eour|s|ag, vo|. . Fd||ed oy oo o|
A. Zur|e||er. wurzourg. Augus||rus, . 18
. `Terpo e paro|a de||a creaz|ore re| ||oro Xl de||e Corless|or|.' lages - |
|r la 0eres| re||e Corless|or|. A||| de||a g|orra|a d| s|ud|o su 3. Agos||ro, bora,
od|cerore (Acader|a la||ra|| loverdae, Ac|a, ). bore. lerder, . 1| 1o
0ar|oaar, w. l. `3c|r|l|gezag er Ker|gezag o|j Augus||rus.' NedT|T ( ). 111o
- ;.
0assrarr, F. `uoer|egurger zu Augus||rus vor|rager uoer das
Jo|arresevarge||ur.' TT|Z ( ). - . ;81oz;8z
. `3c|r|l|vers|ardr|s urd re||g|ose Fr|err|r|s rac| der |e|||ger Augus||rus.'
TT|Z ( ). - . 8;1;8z;;|
11oF|ever lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
0aWsor, 0. `Teor|a de| s|gro. lec|ura a|egor|ca y |rpu|so de| a|ra er 0e
0oc|r|ra
C|r|s||ara.' Augus||rus ( ). - . |o1o81
0e 8ov|s, A. `le C|r|s| e| |a pr|re, se|or 3. Augus||r.' bA| ( ). - . z1|18o
667
0e 8ruyre, 0. `les c||a||ors o|o||ques dars |e '0e C|v||a|e 0e|.'' bevue o|o||que|1
( ). - . 1zooo
0e doc|r|ra c|r|s||ara. A C|ass|c ol wes|err Cu||ure. Fd||ed oy 0. w. l. Arro|d
ard
l.8r|g||. No|re 0are, lrd.. ur|vers||y ol No|re 0are lress, . 1
de Jorge, l. J. `Augus||re or ||e lr|erre|a||ors ol ||e 0ospe|s.' lages - z|o1;
|r
vo|. ol T| e lour 0ospe|s . ls. lrars Ne|ryrc|.Fd||ed oy l. var 1z
3egoroec|,
e| a|. louva|r. ur|vers||y lress-lee|ers, . 1z
0e lu|s, l. `0e r|r|s|ro dora||s|a a r|r|s|ro ca|o||co. A propos||o de
'Adro|a||ores
|r loo . - ' de sar Agus||r.' bFAug ( ). - . 1z 1;|1
. `ur |ex|o de sar Agus||r soore |a v|da erere||ca. Adro|a||ores |r loo . -
.' 8
Augus||rus ( ). - . 811o8;
de |arger|e, 8. `lrepara||o cord|s ad p|ura perlererda. 3. Augus||r, 0e 3errore
0or|r| |r |or|el, x|x, e| xx, (|| . ss).' Aug ( ). - . oo z1z1|oo
. Ar lr|roduc||or |o ||e l|s|ory ol Fxeges|s. vo|. . 3a|r| Augus||re. le|ers|ar,
|ass.. 3a|r| 8ede's luo||ca||ors, . 1
0e||ers, F. `ur correr|a|re pseudo-augus||r|er sur |ro|s epi|res pau||r|erres
(bor, 0a|, Fp|), ll.' lages - |r l|||o|og|a 3acra. 8|o||sc|e urd pa|r|s||c|e oo1z
3|ud|er lur lerrarr J. lrede urd wa||er T| |e|e zu ||rer s|eoz|gs|er
0eour|s|ag,
l. A||es urd Neues Tes|arer|, ll. Apocryp|er, K|rc|erva|er,
versc||ederes.Fd||ed
oy b. 0rysor. lre|ourg. lerder, . 1
0e|arare, J. `lorsque 3. Augus||r exp||qua|| |es lsaures.' v3 ( ). - 8z1o11
. o
0e|aroc|e, 8. 3a|r| Augus||r |ec|eur e| |r|erpr|e de 3a|r| lau| dars |e 0e
pecca|orur
rer|||s e| rer|ss|ore (||ver - ). Co||ec||or des F|udes Augus ||r|erres, |11|1z
3er|e Ar||qu||e . lar|s. lrs|||u| d'F|udes Augus||r|erres, . 1|o 1o
0e|ear|, 3. `ur erprur| d'Augus||r |'Fcr||ure. 'bed||e, praevar|ca|ores, ad cor'
(lsaie . o).' bFAug ( ). - . |o8 81zz|
0e|lorge, T. `lrleras|rducas. A propos de || . dars |es oeuvres de 3. o1
Augus||r.' b8er ( ). - . o1|8|
0e||a Terza, 0. Trad|z|ore ed eseges|, serar||ca de||'|rrovaz|ore da Agos||ro a
0e
3arc||s. ladua. l|v|ara, . 18;
0e|ollre, J. l'erlar| e| |e boyaure, rec|erc|e sur |'|r|erpre|a||or de || . 18
par||r du
Nouveau Tes|arer| e| |es oeuvres de 3a|r| Augus||r. 0|ss., lar|s. lrs|. Ca||.,
. 18
0ereu|eraere, b. `le serror de 3. Augus||r sur |a rarc|e de Jesus e| de ;o
l|erre
sur |es eaux.' lages - |r lrs|urer|a la|r|s||ca. vo|. , ls. A. 8as||aerser 1o z|
Fu|og|a. Fd||ed oy 0. J. |. 8ar|e||r|. 3|eerorugge, . 11
. `le serror de 3. Augus||r sur |'|rv||a||or de Jesus au jeure |orre r|c|e. 8|
Fd|||or cr|||que.' lages - |r Aevur |r|er u|rurque. ls. 0. 3arders. Fd||ed o;;
Augus||re ol l|ppo oy |. var uy|larg|e ard b. 0ereu|eraere. lrs|r. la|r. 111
. 3|eerorugge. la z
laye, . 11
0|deoerg, 0. `Fspr|| 3a|r| e| c|ar||e. l'exegse augus||r|erre de Jr , e| .' 1 |8 1o
NbT| ( ). - , - . ;1;;1ozzo
. 3. Augus||r e| |a lrer|re Fp||re de 3. Jear. ure ||eo|og|e de |'agap. T|
eo|. l|s|.
|. lar|s. 8eauc|esre, . 1;
0|v|a|, J. `Zur Tex|uoer||elerurg der augus||r|sc|er Fxpos|||o |r ep|s|o|ar ad
0a|a|as.' 3|la|r ( ). - . 1|1;o|oz
0ju||, |. `T| e |errereu||cs ol0e ||oero aro||r|o lll. Are ||ere |Wo Augus||res?' lr
3|la|r, ( ). - . z;1z818
0o|gror, J. `l'exegse |a||re arc|erre de T| essa|or|c|ers . - sur |a 1 ||
possess|or de ro|re uas, sc|eras c|ass|ques e| ec|a|rages c|re||ers.' 8lF 8
( ). 18z
- 1o;;.
. `la prer|re exegse augus||r|erre de br . e| |'ur||e lorru|ee 'rore 8z8
|u|||aro' des qua|re ver|us dars |'arour.' Cr3| | ( ). - . |z18z81
. `3erv| . . . lac|er|es vo|ur|a|er 0e| ex ar|ro (Fp| . ). ur ec|a|erer| de |a oo
ro||or de serv||ude c|ez Aroro|se, Jerore, Augus||r?' b3l|T| ( ). o818|
- zo111.
. `A||egor|es du re|our dars |e Cor|ra Acader|cosde 3. Augus||r.' la|orus z
( ). - . 18ooo;
668
. `A||egor|es du re|our dars |e `Cor|ra Acader|cos' de sa|r| Augus||r.'
la|orus
z( ). - . 111|
. `0r|g|re e| essor d'ure var|ar|e de T| . dars |es c||a||ors de Jerore, 1 z1
Augus||r e| bul|r, l.' lages - |r l|||o|og|a 3acra. 8|o||sc|e urd pa|r|s||sc|e oo1
3|ud|er lur lerrarr J. lrede urd wa||er T| |e|e zu ||rer s|eoz|gs|er
0eour|s|ag.
l. A||es urd Neues Tes|arer|, ll. Apocryp|er, K|rc|erva|er, versc||ederes.
Fd||ed
oy b. 0rysor. lre|ourg. lerder, . 1
0o|oeau, l. `3errors |red||s de 3. Augus||r prec|es er , |c, 3erro super ;z
vero|s
Apos|o|| ad 0a|a|as.' b8er ( ). - . 1oz1z||o
. `le serror de 3. Augus||r sur |'Fp|p|ar|e. Fd|||or du |ex|e or|g|ra|.' ;|
lages
- z|r vo|. ol l|||o|og|a sacra, ls. l. J. lrede ard w. T||e|e. Fd||ed oy z
b. 0rysor. ve|us |a||ra . lre|ourg. lerder, . z| 1
. `les serrors de 3. Augus||r decouver|s |ayerce. ur prer|er o||ar,' - 1
. ;1
CbAl, . 1
. `3errors |red||s de 3a|r| Augus||r.' b8er ( ). - . 1o|1||;o
0o|oy |g|ca, |. de| C. `F| |orore coro |rager de 0|os er |a especu|ac|or
Agus||r|ara.' Aug| ( ). - . |1811|
0ouce|, 0. `Joo. |'Fg||se e| |a |r|ou|a||or. Augus||r, Adro|a||ores |r Joo - .' z1
lages
- 1|8|r le ||vre de Joo c|ez |es lres. Ca||ers de 8|o||a la|r|s||ca .
3|rasoourg.
Cer|re d'Ara|yse e| de 0ocurer|a||or la|r|s||que, . 1o
11zF|ever lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
0ouce|, l. `l'exegse augus||r|erre de Tr . , '0|eu veu| que |ous |es 1 z|
|orres
so|er| sauves.'' 8lCl ( ). - . ;18||o1
0roorer, l. b. lersor-Fxegese urd C|r|s|o|og|e oe| Augus||rus. zur ler|url|der
lorre| ura persora. l|||osop||a la|rur. le|der. 8r|||, - . 18|18o
. `0rarra||ca| Fxeges|s ard C|r|s|o|ogy |r 3|. Augus||re.' lages - |r |o
3|la|r
18, . Fd||ed oy F. A. l|v|rgs|ore. Ka|arazoo, ||c|.. C|s|erc|ar luo||ca||ors, |
1o.
. `0|e 0s|errac||spred|g| Augus||rs serro (0ue|leroy|arus ). F|r|e||urg zz1
urd uoerse|zurg.' Augus||rus ( ). - . 8118zoz
0uoo|s, |. `JeWs, Juda|sr ard lsrae| |r ||e ||eo|ogy ol 3a|r| Augus||re|oW |e
||r|s ||e JeW|s| peop|e ard ||e |ard ol Z|or.' lrr - ( ). - . zzz181ozz1|
0uc|roW, u. `3prac|vers|ardr|s urd o|o||sc|es lorer oe| Augus||r.' le r re r e
u | |s c | e
ur|ersuc|urger zur T| eo|og|e Xll ( ). - . 1o1z8|
0u|aey, |. `la s|x|re bg|e de Tycor|us e| sor resure dars |e 0e doc|r|ra
c|r|s||ara.' bFAug ( ). - . 1881o
. `le o|or |rarslorre er serper|. l'exegse augus||r|erre d'Fx . - e| Fx |z|
. ;
- 81z.' lages - |r Co||ec|area Augus||r|ara. |e|arges T. J. var 8ave|. ;81
louva|r, . 1o
0uva|, .-|. `3a|r| Augus||r e| |e Correr|a|re sur Joras de sa|r| Jerore.'
bFA 1z
( ). - . 1oo|o
FooroW|cz, w. `l'exegse augus||r|erre de Jear . .' Tu ( ). - . o|| 11z1;
Fro, b. 8. `lorra le|r|le|rus, l|gura Fcc|es|ae, ||e uses ol le|er (|r
Augus||re).'
Aug(l) ( - ). - . |11o11o;o
Fvars, 0. b. `Aosurd||as|r Augus||re's scr|p|ura| correr|ary.' 0b ( ). 181
- 1o18.
lau|, 0. `Fcc|es|a, 3porsa C|r|s||. 0r|geres y Agus|r ar|e |a exeges|s de Fp|
. .' z;
Augus||rus ( ). - . 11;ozoz8o
leder|co, C. lr|rc|p|| d| eseges| o|o||ca re| '0e doc|r|ra c|r|s||ara' d| 3.
Agos||ro.0|ss.,
lor|. ur|v. la|erarers|s, - . 1o1oo
lerrrdez baros, l. `los s|gros er |os Trac|a|us |r loarrer.' Aug| ( ). 188
- ;;o.
lerrar|, l. C. `T| e pecu||ar apperdage ol Augus||re's 'Frarra||o |r lsa|rur
lXl.''
Aug(l) ( ). - . z81;818
. `lror lagar l||era|ure |o ||e lages ol ||e lo|y 3cr|p|ures. Augus||re's
Cor less|ors as Fxerp|ary lropaedeu||c.' lages - |r ls. Ardreser, 1;8z
C. Kerygra ard logos. Fd||ed oy A. |. b|||er. 0o|||rger, . 1;
669
. `T| e |ree |r ||e Wor|s ol 3|. Augus||re.' Aug(l) ( ). - . 8188;
. `lsa|a| ard ||e ear|y Augus||re.' Aug(l) ( - ). - . |11o11;o
. `Augus||re's 'd|scovery' ol lau| (Corless|ors . . ).' Aug3| ( ). ;z1z; zz11
- ;o1.
Augus||re ol l|ppo lerraro, 0. `l'eseges| de| |es|| preura|o|og|c| de| 11
uar|o varge|o re|| 'lr lo|arr|s
Fvarge||ur |rac|a|us' e re| '0e Tr|r||a|e' d| 3ar|'Agos||ro.' la| ( ). z18o
- 8z1|.
l|es|as le-Ngoc, F. F| 'corpus pau||rur' er |as ooras ar||rarqueas de 3ar
Agus||r.
0|ss., larp|ora, . 18
l|gue|re|do, l. `A |eo|og|a dos 3a|ros er 3. Agos||ro.' bF8 ( ). - . ||18||;;o
l|sc|er, 8. `Zur |r|erpre|a||o c|r|s||ara des ls |r der Frarra||ores |r psa|ros 1
Augus||rs.' TT|Z ( ). - . o18;1zoo
l||zgera|d, A. `Ar|se! A scr|p|ura| rode| lor Augus||re's corvers|or.' Arg | o|
( ). - . 18;;
lo|gado l|orez, 3. `3er||do ec|es|a| ca|o||co de |a `C|v||as 0e|'.' Aug ( ). 1|1;|
- . 11|o
lo|||e|, 0. `les |ro|s ca|egor|es de c|re||ers, par||r de lc . ss, || . s, Fx 1;| z||o
. 1|
1|.' Aug|( ). 1|
. `la |ypo|og|e du saooa| c|ez 3. Augus||r. 3or |r|erpre|a||or r|||erar|s|e
er|re
8e| .' bFAug ( ). - . |oo z1o;1o
. `ur passage du Trac|a|us |r Joarrer , .' bFAug ( ). - . |zz 11
. `lroo|res 3cr|p|ura|res' bFAug ( ). - . 1z8;88
. `les c||a||ors de Ac|es . e| T||e . c|ez Augus||r.' bFAug ( ). 18z8 11z 111oz
- z.
. `3. Augus||r. 'Frarra||o |r ls . .' la lor|ure de ce |ex|e du veau Xlv 8
e
s|c|e.'
lages - |r 3|ud| Card. |. le||egr|ro. Tur|r, . 1 1;
. `la douo|e c||a||or de l bo|s ou 3arue| . par sa|r| Augus||r (Corless|ors z
Xlll, , e| C||e de 0|eu Xvll, .' b8er ( ). - . 18zz | 1oo1oz|o|
lor|a|re, J. `Augus||r, 0rego|re e| ls|dore, esqu|sse d'ure rec|erc|e sur |e s|y|e
des
|ora||a |r loo.' lages - |r 0rego|re |e 0rard. lar|s. CNb3, . |o 18o
lor|ar|er, J.-|. `3ur ure |rage ||eroryr|erre, |e v|sage s|dera| de Jesus (Fp
, o8
or ls . qu|ddar s|derur).' b3l|T| ( ). - . || ;11z1o
louoer|, J. `Ad g|or|ar corpor|s, au de| de 3agesse . , 'corpus quod 1
corrurp||ur
adgrava| ar|rar.'' lages - |r ls. J. lep|r 3op||as ra|e|ores.Fd||ed oy 8|oz
|.-0. 0ou|e|-Caze. lar|s, . 1z
lra||er, l. J. `l'|r|erpre|a||or du rec|| du jugerer| derr|er (|| . - ) dars z1|o
|'oeuvre d'Augus||r.' bFAug ( ). - . 18;;o8|
lrarser, l. `lragrer| |red|| d'ur serror perdu de 3a|r| Augus||r sur |e psaure
11.' lr |er 0e||r, - , . ;1o1
lredr||ser, l. Augus||re's Far|y lr|erpre|a||or ol lau|. 0|ss., lr|rce|or, . 1;
. `Augus||re or lau| aga|rs| ||e |ar|c|ees ard ||e le|ag|ars.' bec|Aug z
( ). - . 1888;11|
. `Apoca|ypse ard rederp||or |r ear|y C|r|s||ar||y, lror Jo|r ol la|ros |o
Augus||re ol l|ppo.' v|gC|r ( ). - . |11118
. `v||e 8od|es. lau| ard Augus||re or ||e besurrec||or ol ||e l|es|.' lages
- ;8;
11|F|ever lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
|r 8|o||ca| lerrereu||cs |r l|s|or|ca| lerspec||ve. 3|ud|es |r loror ol Kar|lr|ed
lroe|||c| or ||s 3|x||e|| 8|r||day. Fd||ed oy |. 3. 8urroWs ard l. borer. 0rard
bap|ds. Ferdrars, . 11
. `Tycor|us ard Augus||re or ||e Apoca|ypse.' lages - |r T|e zo;
Apoca|ypse
|r ||e ||dd|e Ages. Fd||ed oy b. K. Frrersor ard 8. |c0|rr. l||aca. Corre||
ur|vers||y lress, . 1z
lreerar, C. w. `l|gure ard l|s|ory. A Cor|erporary beassessrer| ol
Augus||re's
lerrereu||c.' lages - |r Co||ec|area Augus||r|ara. Augus||re. lresoy|er 1z
lac|us 3ur.Fd||ed oy J. T. l|er|ard, F. C. |u||er ard b. J. Tes|e. NeW or|.
le|er larg, . 1
lro|, . `No|e sur |'u||||sa||or de |a paraoo|e de |'Frlar| lrod|gue dars |'oeuvre de
3a|r| Augus||r.' lages - |r ls. v. 3axer |eror|ar 3arc|orur vererar|es. |||8
va||car. lor|. ls|. Arc|. Cr., . 1z
lurs|, A. `ver||as |a||ra. Augus||rs la||urg gegeruoer l|eroryrus'
8|oe|uoerse|zurger.' bFAug ( ). - . |o1|1ozo
0ae|a, 0. `le bego|e per |'|r|erpre|az|ore de||a 3cr|||ura da T|cor|o ad Agos||ro.'
670
A3Fs ( ). - . |18;1o18
0a||ay, J. `la corsc|erce de |a c|ar||e lra|erre||e d'aprs |es Trac|a|us |r Jo de 1
3. Augus||r.' bFAug ( ). - . 111zo
0a|||ce|, F. `'Nor d|co. 0|aoo|us lec||' (Agos||ro, 3err. , ). 0|o, || d|avo|o e zoz
|'uoro re||e pred|c|e d| 3ar|'Agos||ro.' lages - |r l'au|urro de| d|avo|o, zo
0|aoo|os, d|a|ogos, da|ror, Corvegro d| Tor|ro - o||oore . |||ar. 1;z1 188
8orp|ar|, . 1o
0a||us, T. `lr|rc|p|a exege||ca 3. Augus||r| ad 0er . app||ca|a.' v0 ( ). 1 z1|
- 1z|1.
0ard|||ac, |. de. `C||e des |orres e| C||e de 0|eu.' lages - |r 3a|r| 1o1
Augus||r, les doss|ers l, l'ge d'|orre. . 188
0arc|a de |a luer|e, 0. `Fxege||sc|e lr|erpre|a||or der 0eres|s |r Augus||rs
0o||ess|aa|. Kr|||sc|e Arrer|urger (spar).' C0|os ( ). - . 1o;1||oo
. lr|erpre|ac|or exege||ca de| 0eres|s er |a C|udad de 0|os. Fs|ud|os soore |a
C|udad de 0|os, vo|. . C|udad de 0|os, . 1o; 1|
0arc|a 0r|ra|dos, |. `Ar|ropo|og|a de 3. Agus||r er |os correr|ar|os a|
0eres|s.'
C0|os ( ). - . zo1oo1zo
0eer||rgs, w. C|r|s|us Fxerp|ur. 3|ud|er zur C|r|s|o|og|e urd
C|r|s|usver|urd|gurg
Augus||rs. TuoT3| . |a|rz. 0rureWa|d, . 1 1;;
. `Jesaja , o oe| Augus||rus. d|e 0esc||c||e e|res lruc||oarer ;
||ssvers|ardr|sses.' w|we| ( ). - . o18;1z
0er||r, A. `Corur|dad y rora||dad, prescr|pc|ores pau||ras a |os Cor|r||os
|r|erpre|adas er |a beg|a de sar Agus|r.' Aug| ( ). - . o1111zo
0|acooo|, A. la C||esa |r 3. Agos||ro l. ||s|ero d| corrur|ore. bore. C|||
Nuova,
18z.
Augus||re ol l|ppo 0||or|de, T. v. 3|. Augus||re's lr|erpre|a||or ol ||e 11
lau||re Ar||||es|s oe|Weer ||e
le||er ard ||e 3p|r|| |r ||s '0e 3p|r||u e| l|||era'.0|ss., Ca||o||c ur|vers||y ol
Arer|ca, . 1o8
0||sor, F. les re|arorp|oses de |a C||e de 0|eu. louva|r. luo||ca||ors
ur|vers||a|res, . 1z
. `Fg||se e| C||e de 0|eu c|ez sa|r| Augus||r.' Al0l ( ). - . zo1z
0|or|e, l. `0as 'zWe||e Aer|gra'|r Augus||rs 0puscu|orur lrd|cu|uscap. X , - |1|
'Trac|a|us lsa|rorur.'' lages - |r ls. F. 0e||ers Corora 0ra||arur l. z8o
1;.
0ode|, J.-|. l'|rage de 0|eu er |'|orre dars |es Frarra||ores |r lsa|ros de
3a|r|
Augus||r. 0|ss., lrs|||u|ur la|r|s||cur 'Augus||r|arur,' . 1
0o|dsc|r|d|, v. `Fxegse e| ax|ora||que c|ez 3. Augus||r (de 0er - ).' lages 1z
- 1||z|r lorrage |. 0uerou|. lar|s, . 1o|
0orz|ez |or|es, A. `la es|ruc|ura |eo|og|co-lurdarer|a| de |os 3errores
pascua|esde sar Agus||r soore |a resurrecc|or de Cr|s|o.' Augus||rus ( ). 81
- z|1oo.
0orz|ez, C. J. `|ar|a er e| correr|ar|o de 3ar Agus||r a| Fvarge||o de 3ar
Juar.'
FF | ( ). - . o1z18o|1
0orz|ez, 3. la preoccupac|or arr|ara er |a pred|cac|or de 3ar Agus||r. 0|ss.,
lrs|||u|ur la|r|s||cur Augus||r|arur, . 18;
0orday, l. T| e p|ace ol c|ap|ers - |r ||e argurer| ol ||e Fp|s||e |o ||e 11
borars. A
s|udy ol ||e borars exeges|s ol 0r|ger, Jo|r C|rysos|or, ard Augus||re. 0|ss.,
vardero||| ur|vers||y, . 18o
. lr|rc|p|es ol pa|r|s||c exeges|s. borars - |r 0r|ger, Jo|r C|rysos|or, 11
ard
Augus||re.3|ud|es |r ||e 8|o|e ard Far|y C|r|s||ar||y . NeW or|. |e||er, |
18.
0orrar, |. |. `A 3|udy ol T| e l||era| lr|erpre|a||or ol 0eres|s (0e 0eres| ad
l|||erar).' 0|ssAo ( - ). . 81;;1;8|oz
. `Ar ured||ed lragrer| ol ar lr|s| ep||ore ol 3|. Augus||re's 0e 0eres| ad
l|||erar.' bFAug ( ). z818z
. `A Caro||rg|ar ep||ore ol 3|. Augus||re's 0e 0eres| ad l|||erar.' bFAug z
( ). - . 181;||
. `Fug|ppus ard ||e or|g|rs ol ||e |rad|||or ol 3|. Augus||re's '0e 0eres| ad
||||erar.'' b8er ( ). - . 18;o
. `T| e urs|ud|ed correr|ary or 0eres|s |r |or|e Cass|ro .' |ar z z;
( ). . 188
. `|arg|ra||a |r ||e o|des| raruscr|p|s ol 3|. Augus||re's 0e 0eres| ad
l|||erar.'
3cr ( ). - . 818|;1;;
. `T| e |ex| ol 3a|r| Augus||re's '0e 0eres| ad ||||erar ||oer |rperlec|us.''
bec|Aug ( ). - . zo18o8o
671
0ou|ver, |. `le C|r|s| des paiers d'aprs |e 0e corsersu euarge||s|arurde
sa|r|
Augus||r.' bec|Aug ( ). - . zo1zo;
11oF|ever lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
0ousre||, C. `Crea||or order ard r|rac|e accord|rg |o Augus||re.' Fv ( ). oo188
- z1;|o.
0rasso, 0. `l|e|ro e lau|o re||a pred|caz|ore d| 3. Agos||ro.' 0reg ( ). - |1o;;
. 11z
0rec|, l. `l lr|rc|p| errereu||c| d| sar|'Agos||ro, ura va|u|az|ore.' la| ( ). |818z
- zooz.
. Frrereu||ca e |eo|og|a o|o||ca. bore. 8or|a, . 18o
0r|||, 3. `0er ||. Augus||rus urd das AT.' 8|l| ( - ). - . z111|1zzo
. `Augus||rus urd d|e lsa|rer.' 0er 3ee|sorger ( ). - . z1ozo8
0ross, J. Fr|s|e|urgsgesc||c||e des Frosurderdogras. vor der 8|oe| o|s
Augus||rus.
|ur|c|. be|r|ard|, . 1o1
0ross|, v. `la preserza d| 0r|gere re||'u|||ro Agos||ro ( - ),' pages - |zo|o 8
, o|
|r 0r|ger|ara u|r|a. Fd||ed oy b. J. 0a|y, 8FT|l . leuver. ur|vers||y lress, 1o
1z.
. `l| |era de| 'sargue sparso' re| correr|o d| 3. Agos||ro a| varge|o d|
0|ovarr|.' lages - |r A||| de||a 3e|||rara 3argue e ar|ropo|og|a o|o||ca |81
re||a pa|r|s||ca. Fd||ed oy l. va|||or|. bore, . 18z
. `la preserza |r l|||grara d| 0r|gere re||'u|||ro Agos||ro ( - ).' Aug |zo|o o
( ). - . 1o|z|o
. `0v - re||a ca|ec|es| de||a c||esa d'lppora a| |erpo d| s. Agos||ro.' zoz1
lages
- 1;8|r A||| de| lv 3|rpos|o d| Fleso su 3. 0|ovarr| Apos|o|o Turc||a. la
C||esa e |a sua s|or|a . bore. ls|||u|o lrarcescaro d| 3p|r||ua|||, lor||l|c|o o
A|ereo 'Ar|or|arur,' . 1|
. `Fvarge||zzaz|ore e 8|oo|a |r Agos||ro. lroo|er| d| eseges|. l'errereu||ca
re|
0e 0oc|r|ra C|r|s||ara.' lages - |r l||urg|a ed evarge||zzaz|ore re||'epoca z;1
de| ladr| e re||a C||esa de| va||caro ll.3|ud| |r orore d| Frzo lod|. Fd||ed oy
F. |ar|card| ard l. bugg|ero. 3|ud|o Teo|og|co Accader|co 8o|ogrese, 3ez|ore
3er|rar|o reg|ora|e. 8o|ogra. F08, . 1o
0ro|z, K. warur or|rg| Augus||r |r der |e|zer 8uc|err se|rer 'Corless|ores' e|re
Aus|egurg der 0eres|s?0|ss., Tuo|rger, - . 1o1;o
. `warur or|rg| Augus||r |r der |e|z|er 8uc|err se|rer Corless|orese|re
Aus|egurg der 0eres|s?' TlZ ( ). - . 1;o|o
0ru|ec, l. la ca||o||c||e de |'Fg||se dars |es 'Fr. |r lss.' de 3. Augus||r. 0|ss.,
0regor|ara, - . 1z1
0uy, J.-C. ur||e e| s|ruc|ure |og|que de |a `C||e de 0|eu' de sa|r| Augus||r. lar|s.
F|udes augus||r|erres, . 1o1
0u||gerarrs, F. lragrer|a ser|o||co-|errereu||ca, e|re Tex||errereu||| lur
der
urgarg r|| der l|. 3c|r|l| . lorur T| eo|og|ae l|rgu|s||cae . 8orr. l|rgu|s||ca
8|o||ca, . 18
lar|||or, 0. J. `Augus||re's re||ods ol o|o||ca| |r|erpre|a||or.' lages - |r 1o1
0race, po||||cs ard des|re, essays or Augus||re. Fd||ed oy l. A. |eyre||. Ca|gary.
ur|v., . 1o
Augus||re ol l|ppo larrar, A. 0. `3a|r| Augus||r, |a 8|o|e e| |a ||eo|og|e 11;
sp|r||ue||e.' Aug(l) |1
( - ). - . 1o11;;8z
lardy, b. l. `T| e lrcarra||or ard beve|a||or |r Augus||re's Trac|a|us |r lo|arr|s
Fvarge||ur.' FgT | ( ). - . z1;z1zzo
. Ac|ua|||e de |a beve|a||or d|v|re. ure e|ude des 'Trac|a|us |r Jo|. Fv.' de 3.
Augus||r. T| eo|. l|s|. . lar|s. 8eauc|esre, . z8 1;|
larr|sor, C. `'w|o |s lree lror s|r?' T|e l|gure ol Joo |r ||e ||oug|| ol 3|.
Augus||re.' lages - |r le||ure cr|s||ar| de| l|ore 3ap|erz|a||. Fd||ed oy |888
l. 8o|g|ar|. lrs|. la|r. Augus||r|arur, | . 11z
learey-lur|er, J. A. T| e ||r|s oe|Weer sexua|||y ard or|g|ra| s|r |r ||e Wr|||rgs
ol
Jo|r C|rysos|or ard Augus||re.0|ss., lord|ar, . 188
leoo|e||Wa||e, l. `3|. Augus||re's |r|erpre|a||or ol |a|||eW . .' 3|la|r 1; 1o
( ). 18
- 111o.
le|r|z, |. `T| e |rra|er|a|||y ard e|err||y ol ||e Word |r 3|. Augus||re's 3errors
or ||e lro|ogue ol Jo|r's 0ospe|.' lages - |r Co||ec|area Augus||r|ara. |oz
Augus||rus. lresoy|er lac|us sur. Fd||ed oy J. T. l|er|ard, F. C. |u||er, ard
b. Tes|e. NeW or|. l. larg, . 1
lerdr||s, F. `l|a|or|sc|es urd o|o||sc|es 0er|er oe| Augus||rus.' lages - z8z
|r
Aug|. lar|s. F|udes Augus||r|erres, . 1
672
lerr|rgs, b. 0er 8r|elWec|se| zW|sc|er Augus||rus urd l|eroryrus urd ||r
3|re||
ur der Karor des A||er Tes|arer|s urd d|e Aus|egurg vor 0a| . - .0|ss., z111|
le|de|oerg, - . 111z
. 0er 8r|elWec|se| zW|sc|er Augus||rus urd l|eroryrus urd ||r 3|re|| ur der
Karor des A||er Tes|arer|s urd d|e Aus|egurg vor 0a| . - . 3v|gC|r, . z111| z1
le|der. 8r|||, . 1
lerrarr, A. `0as s|e|r|ar|e lerz. Zur 0esc||c||e e|rer |e|ap|er.' JAC ( ). |1o1
- ;;1o;.
lesoer|, b. `3. Augus||r e| |a v|rg|r||e de |a lo|.' Aug|( ). - . 1|o|
loc|ey, l. `3|. Augus||re ard Jo|r . - .' lages - |r ls. 0|r||er. 1| |||
T|eo|og|a
Cruc|s3|grur Cruc|s. Fd||ed oy C. Ardreser. . 1;o
lo||, A. 0|e exege||sc|e |e||ode Augus||rs ur|ersuc|| ar se|rer wer|. 0|ss.,
v|erra,
1|.
. Augus||rus 8ergpred|g|exegese. Nac| se|rer lru|Wer| 0e serrore 0or|re
|r
ror|e ||or| duo. lerder, . 1oo
luoaux, J. `3a|r| Augus||r e| |a cr|se de |a l|r du lv
e
s|c|e.' AA8 ( ). |o1|
- o8;.
lureau, 0. les p|us oe||es |ore||es de 3. Augus||r sur |es lsaures. lar|s.
8eauc|esre, . 1|;
lr|zcoz, J. |. Cr|s|o bey y 3acerdo|e er |as 'Fr. lss.' y 'Tr. |r Jo. Fv.' de 3.
Augus||r.
larp|ora, . 1
lso|a, A. `l'eseges| o|o||ca de| 3erro d| Agos||ro.' ve|C|r ( ). - . z8o z18ozo;81
118F|ever lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
ls|ace, 0. `le ||vre er du '0e 0oc|r|ra C|r|s||ara' de 3. Augus||r.' FT|l 1 z
( ). 1o
- z8o.
l||erzor, 0. l. var. Augus||rus er de l. 3c|r|l| . 's-0raver|age. 8oe|ercer|rur,
r.d.
Jac|sor, 8. 0. 3erar||cs ard lerrereu||cs |r 3|' Augus||re's '0e doc|r|ra
c|r|s||ara.'
0|ss., a|e, . 1o;
Jac|sor, |. `lorr|ca 0e|, Augus||re's erarra||o |r lsa|rur . .' v|gC|r oo |o
( ). - . 18o1o8
Jacoo, F. `A propos d'ure arc|erre lorru|e sur |'ur||e des deux Tes|arer|s.'
lages
- zozo|r 8u||e||r du Cer|re lro|es|ar| d'F|udes , s. Fd||ed oy b. o
|ar||rAc|ard. . 18|
Jay, l. `Jerore e| Augus||r |ec|eurs d'lsaie. A lropos du 'Trac|a|us de psa|ro ' o
de
Jerore, l.' lages - |r C|ar|s|er|a Augus||r|ara losep|o 0roz be|a z1oz
d|c|a|a.
zvo|s. (= Augus||rus - , - ). |adr|d, - . 811| 11|
Jepsor, J. J. `3|. Augus||re. T| e lord's 3error or ||e |our|.' v0 ( ). z;1|
. z|o
Jorge, l. J. de. `Augus||re or ||e |r|erre|a||ors ol ||e 0ospe|s.' lages - z|o1;
|r
ls. l. Ne|ryrc|. T| e lour 0ospe|sFd||ed oy l. var 3eegoroec|. louva|r.
lee|ers,
1z.
Jouassard, 0. `bel|ex|ors sur |a pos|||or de 3. Augus||r re|a||verer| aux
3ep|ar|e
dars sa d|scuss|or avec 3. Jerore.' bFAug ( ). - . z1o
Jourre|, C. `No|e sur |'Fg||se sars |ac|e r| r|de. (Corr. Augus||re |r Fp| . ).' z;
bT|or( ). 1|
Kar|a|, w. C|r|s|er|ur urd 0esc||c||||c||e||.ur|ersuc|urger zur Fr|s|e|urg
des
C|r|s|er|urs urd zu Augus||rs `8urgersc|al|0o||es.'3|u||gar|, . 11
Karrerg|esser, C. `Frarra||o |r ls . 3c|erce de |a reve|a||or e| progrs 118
sp|r||ue|.'
bec|Aug ( ). - . z1oz81
. `loca| se|||rg ard ro||va||or ol 0e doc|r|ra c|r|s||ara.' lages - |r 1
Co||ec|area Augus||r|ara. Augus||rus. lresoy|er lac|us sur. Fd||ed oy J. T.
l|er|ard, F. C. |u||er, ard b. Tes|e. NeW or|. l. larg, . 1
. `T| e |r|errup|ed 0e doc|r|ra c|r|s||ara.' lages - |r Augus||re ol l|ppo. 1|
0e doc|r|ra c|r|s||ara, a c|ass|c ol Wes|err cu||ure. Fd||ed oy 0. w. Arro|d ard
l. 8r|g||. No|re 0are, lrd.. No|re 0are ur|vers||y lress, . 1
Ka|o, T. `la vo|x c|ez 0r|gre e| sa|r| Augus||r.' Aug(l) ( ). - . ls. |o1oz|8
673
T. var 8ave|. Co||ec|area Augus||r|ara . Fd||ed oy 8. 8rur|rg. |o
Ke||er, A. Aure||us Augus||rus urd d|e |us||. ur|ersuc|urger zu '0e rus|ca' |r
Kor|ex| se|res 3c|r|l||urs. Cass|c|acur . wurzourg. Augus||rus, . || 1
Kevare, F. `Augus||re's 0e doc|r|ra c|r|s||ara |r Wor|d-||s|or|ca| perspec||ve.'
Aug(l) ( - ). - . |11o111o111
K|erz|er, K. `0er Aulo au der 'Corless|ores' des Augus||rus |r 3p|ege| der
8|oe|z||a|e.' bec|Aug ( ). - . z|181zo|
K||rar||r, F. J. `T| e Fuc|ar|s||c g|l| , Augus||re ol l|ppo's |rac|a|e or Jo|r . z; o
Augus||re ol l|ppo - .' lages - |r lreac||rg |r ||e la|r|s||c 11oo;z 1oz8z
Age. Fd||ed oy 0. 0. lur|er.
NeW or|. lau||s|, . 18
K|rsc|rer, b. `TWo besporses |o Fpoc|a| C|arges. Augus||re ard ||e baoo|s or
ls
1;( ).' v|gC|r ( ). - . 1o ||1oz|zoz
Krauer, 0. N. lsa|rerz||a|e |r Augus||rs Korless|orer. 0o|||rger. varder|oec|
&
buprec||, . 1
Koe|||rg, 8. `Frdze||progroser zW|sc|er lac|ar||us urd Augus||rus.' lJ ;;
( ). 18
- 1z.
la 8orrard|re, A.-|. `le verse| pau||r|er bor . dars |'oeuvre de 3.
Augus||r.'
Aug|( ). - . 1|o;o
. `le Car||que dars |'oeuvre de sa|r| Augus||r.' bFAug ( ). - . 11zz;
. `les correr|a|res s|ru||ares de || . e| Jo . dars |'oeuvre de 3. o1z 18
Augus||r.'
bFAug ( ). - . 111z|
. `les ||vres de 3arue| e| des bo|s, |es ||vres des C|ror|ques e| d'Fsdras dars
|'oeuvre de sa|r| Augus||r.' bFA ( ). - . z1oo
. `8|o||a Augus||r|ara, . les douze le|||s lrop||es dars |'oeuvre de 3. z|
Augus||r.' bFAug ( ). - . 1;|1;|
. `l'epi|re aux leoreux dars |'oeuvre de 3. Augus||r.' bFAug ( ). - 1;1;
. oz
. `3a|r| Augus||r e| |es l|or| Tegrorur.' 3|la|r ( ). - . 11;;88
. `8|o||a Augus||r|ara. AT. ll. l|vres l|s|or|ques.' F|udes Augus||r|erres, - 1
1;z
1oo.
. `Tu es le|rus.la per|cope '|| . - ' dars |'oeuvre de 3. Augus||r.' lrer 1o1z |
( ). - . 1o1|1
. `ue|ques rerarques sur |es c||a||ors scr|p|ura|res du 0e gra||a e| ||o. aro.'
bFAug ( ). - . 1o;;8
. `ls . e| |'|r|erpre|a||or de bor . - dars |'oeuvre de 3. Augus||r.' 1 118
bec|Aug ( ). - . |1oo|o
. `la C|arareerre (|| . - ). lrel|gura||or de |'Fg||se des 0er|||s 1z1z8
d'aprs
3. Augus||r.' Augus||rus ( ). - . 1z1o;zo8
. `le T| re de |a '|erre' dars |e lsau||er d'aprs |es 'Fr. |r lsa|ros' de 3.'
Augus||r.' Fclra|lF|, be|Ar ( - ). - . ;81;o1;1zo
. `lesFr. |r lss.prec|ees par 3. Augus||r |'occas|or de le|es de rar|yrs.'
bec|Aug ( ). - . ;1;1;1o|
. `le l|vre de |a 3agesse dars |'oeuvre de 3. Augus||r.' bFAug ( ). 1;1;1
- . 1;1;
. `les |rer|e-deux prer|res Fr. |r lss.d|c|ees de 3a|r| Augus||r.' Fclra|lF|,
be|Ar ( - ). - . ;1;11;zz818|
. `bec|erc|es sur |'Fpi|re aux 0a|a|es dars |'oeuvre de 3. Augus||r.' Fclra|,
be|Ar
- 8o81( - ). - . 1;11;zz88
. `Ar|ra jus|| sedes sap|er||ae dars |'oeuvre de sa|r| Augus||r.' lages - 111
|r zo
Fpe||as|s. |e|arges pa|r|s||ques oller|s au Card|ra| Jear 0ar|e|ou. lar|s, . 1;z
1zooF|ever lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
. `la 'C||e |erres|re' d'aprs l.-l. |arrou.' lages - |r 3a|r| Augus||r e| |a 8;8
8|o|e. lar|s. 8eauc|esre, . 18o
ladrer, 0. 8. `3|. 0regory ol Nyssa ard 3|. Augus||re or ||e 3yroo||sr ol ||e
Cross (|r |uce Fp| . ).' lages - |r la|e C|ass. ard |ed|aev. 3|ud|es. 18 88
Fd||ed oy A. |. lr|erd. lr|rce|or, . 1
lalor|, 0. `le sacr|l|ce de |a C||e de 0|eu.Correr|a|re du 0e C|v||a|e 0e|, ||vre
X,
c|. 8 .' b3b ( ). - . 1 ; 1o1;;z1
laroer|g||s, |. `Augus||re, Ju||ar ol Aec|arur ard F. lage|'s 'Adar, Fve, ard
||e
3erper|.'' Aug(l) ( ). - . 18|o
. `Ju||ar d'Fc|are e| Augus||r d'l|ppore, deux corcep||ors d'Adar.' Aug(l) |o
( ). - . 1o;|1o
674
laroo|, C. `le serror de 3. Augus||r sur |a lerre lor|e (lrv ).' b8er 1 o
( ). 1
- zo81;.
. `le serror de 3. Augus||r. 0e 3usarra e| Josep|.' b8er ( ). - | oo1o1|
. 8
. `les serrors de 3. Augus||r sur |es le|es de laques (Fxode).' b3b o
( ). 1o
- zo|o.
. `ure ser|e pasca|e de serrors de 3. Augus||r sur |es jours de |a Crea||or.'
lages
- z1z1|r |e|. C. |o|rrarr. . 1o
lar|rarde, F. `l'Fg||se ce|es|e se|or sa|r| Augus||r.' lages - |r F|udes |;;
augus||r|erres. lar|s, . 1o
. `le rgre de |'Fg||se e| des sa|r|s.' lages - |r F|udes sur 18
|'ecc|es|o|og|e de
sa|r| Augus||r, c|. Xll. 0||aWa, . 1o
lar|rarde, F. `l'ac|ua|||e des 'Trac|a|us |r lo|arrer' de sa|r| Augus||r.' FeT | oz
( ). - . 1;1;
laro||e, J. `3a|r| Augus||r e| |a l|r du rorde.' Augus||r|ara ( ). - . 1z1ozzo
larga, l. `Ar||s|s agus||r|aro de 'cresc||e e| ru|||p||car|r|' (0er . ).' 1z8
Fs|Ag 18
( ). - , - . 1881|;;o
. `la au|or|dad de |a 3agrada Fscr||ura Cor|ra Crescor|ur.' Aug(l) ( - |11o
11). - . o1;z1
larraoe, J.-l. `F| ra|r|ror|o 'er Cr|s|o' y 'er |a lg|es|a' segr sar Agus|r (Fp| .
zz).' C0|os , ( ). zooz18;
lauras, A. `0eux c||es, Jerusa|er e| 8aoy|ore. lorra||or e| evo|u||or d'ur ||re
cer|ra| du '0e C|v||a|e 0e|.'' C0|os ( ). - . 1;1|11;o
lauras, A., ard l. borde|. `le ||re des deux C||es dars |'oeuvre de sa|r|
Augus||r.' lages - |r F|udes augus||r|erres. Fd||ed oy l. borde|. lar|s. ;1oo
Auo|er, . 1
laurer||r, A. `Jear . e| |a predes||ra||or du C|r|s| |a 0|o|re, c|ez 3. z;
Augus||r
e| ses predecesseurs.' bec|8|o( ). 18
lava||ee, l. `Augus||re or ||e Crea||or-days.' JFT3 ( ). - . z18|;o|
laW|ess, 0. `lsa|r ard Augus||re's roras||c |dea|.' Arg ( ). - . 1z 18zzo
Augus||re ol l|ppo . `Augus||re's use ol b|e|or|c |r ||s lr|erpre|a||or ol 1zo1
Jo|r . - .' Aug3| z11z z
( ). - . 1zo;
. `lao|||dad exege||ca de Agus|r. Jr . - .' Augus||rus ( ). - . z11z |o118;
. `l|s|er|rg |o Augus||re. Trac|a|e or Jo|r |x.' Aug3| ( ). - . || z81;1oo
le 8|ord, J. |. les corvers|ors de 3. Augus||r. lar|s. Auo|er, . 1o
le larda|s, |. `la secorde par||e de |'lr Jo de 3. Augus||r e| |a da|e du
correr|a|re.' b3b ( ). - . o1|1;|1
lee, A. b. `Nurer|ca| Taxorory bev|s||ed. Jo|r 0r|ll|||, C|ad|s||c Ara|ys|s ard
3|.
Augus||re's uaes||ores |r lep|a|euc|ur,' - . z|z
le|rarr, l. `Fsp|r||u de 0|os soore |as aguas, luer|es de |os correr|ar|os de
8as|||o y Agus||r soore e| 0eres|s , .' lages - |r 3ar Agus||r er 0xlord 1z 1z;
= Aug| , s ( ). Fd||ed oy J. 0roz bega. . zo1o 181 1;
ler||ar, 0. A. `T| e jus| War ||eory |r ||e Wor| ol 3a|r| Augus||re.' Aug3| 1
( ). - . 188;;o
le|||er|, 0. `la 0eres|re| ||oro Xll de||e Corless|ores. errereu||ca, creaz|ore,
predes||raz|ore,' - . ;
. l| serso de||a s|or|a |r Agos||ro d'lppora, || `saecu|ur' e |a g|or|a re| `0e
C|v||a|e
0e|'. Cu||ura cr|s||ara ar||ca. bore. 8or|a, . 188
. `la cr|s| de| 0e doc|r|ra c|r|s||arad| Agos||ro.' Cr3| ( ). - . 181;1oo
lecuyer, J. `l'oas|s d'F||r e| |es r|r|s|res dars |'Fg||se.' lages - |r ls. zz
C. vagagg|r|. lex orard| |ex crederd|. Fd||ed oy 0. J.8e|es. bore. Arse|r|ara,
18o.
l|er|ard, J. T. `'T| e g|ue ||se|l |s c|ar||y'. ls . |r Augus||re's ||oug||.' lages oz
- ;8||r Co||ec|area Augus||r|ara Augus||rus. lresoy|er lac|us sur. Fd||ed oy
J. T. l|er|ard, F. C. |u||er, ard b. Tes|e. NeW or|. l. larg, . 1
. `0r|ger ard Augus||re. lreac||rg or Jo|r ||e 8ap||s|.' Aug3| ( ). - zo1;
. |o
looa|o, A. `verdad y ||oer|ad. 3ar Agus||r y 3ar|o T| ors exege|as de Juar
. .' 8z
0C ( ). - . 18oz8
loc|er, 0. l. 0. `|ar||a er |ar|a |r de pred|||rg var Augus||rus.' NAK0 |o
( ). - . 1o|o8o
. `0e 'lere|se Ker|' |r |aar aardse |oes|ard vo|gers Augus||rus.' NedT|T z1
( ). - . 1o;z;;o1
675
. `le| proo|eer var |e| pr|raa| var le|rus o|j Augus||rus raar aar|e|d|rg var
z|jr u|||eg var 0a|a|er . - .' KT| ( ). - . z111| 18|z88o|
loeWer, l. J. `T| e use ol 3cr|p|ure |r Augus||re's ||eo|ogy.' 3JT| ( ). |181
- . zo1z|
lol, l. J. var der. `l'exegse exac|e e| oojec||ve des ||eop|ar|es de |'AT dars |e
'0e
Tr|r.' ' Aug(l) ( ). - . 1|1o||8
. `0|e Au|or||a| des Apos|e|s lau|us rac| Augus||r.' Aug(l) ( ). - . o18o1oz8
. `T| e 'prop|e|' Aora|ar |r ||e Wr|||rgs ol lreraeus, Ter|u|||ar, Arorose ard
Augus||re.' Aug(l) ( ). - . ||1|1;z
1zozF|ever lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
log|| des 3c|rec|ers. Augus||rus vor l|ppo, 0e d|vers|s quaes||or|ous ad
3|rp||c|arur l .Fd||ed oy K. l|asc|. Fxcerp|a c|ass|ca . |a|rz. 0|e|er|c|'sc|e z 8
ver|agsouc||ard|urg, . 1o
lo|se, 8. `Zur Fsc|a|o|og|e des a||erer Augus||r (0e C|v. 0e| , ).' v|gC|r zo z1
( ). - . 1o;zz1|o
lo|, l. var der. `0|e Au|or||a| lau|us rac| Augus||r.' Augus||r|ara-lv ( ). o18o
- 1oz8.
lols|ed|, 8. `Zu Augus||rs 3c|r|l|0e serrore 0or|r| |r ror|e.' 0rp| ( ). 188
- 8o;.
loss|, J. `Augus||rusFxege| oder l|||osop|? 3c|r|l|georauc| urd o|o||sc|e
lerrereu||| |r 0e uera re||g|ore.' w|we| | - ( ). - . oz1;11|
lu|s v|zc|aro, l. de. `la 3agrada Fscr||ura coro 'Tes|arer|o' de 0|os er |a oora
ar||dora||s|a de 3. Agus||r.' Fs|Ag ( ). - . 118o8
. los |ec|os de Jess er |a pred|cac|or de sar Agus|r, |a re|or|ca c|s|ca a|
serv|c|o
de |a exeges|s pa|r|s||ca. va||ado||d. Fs|Ag, . 18
. `Fxeges|s, apo|oge||ca y |eo|og|a, lorc|o l||a|o er |a oora agus||r|ara.'
Fs|Ag z|
( ). - . 18o
lu|s, l. de. `0e r|r|s|ro dora||s|a a r|r|s|ro ca|o||co. A propos||o de Adro|a||ores
|r loo xxx|x, - de 3. Agus||r.' bevAg ( ). - . 1z 1z;|1
lureau, A. l'||s|o|re du sa|u| c|ez |es lres de |'Fg||se. la doc|r|re des ges du
rorde.
T| eo|og|e ||s|or|que . 8eauc|esre, . z 1o|
lyorre|, 3. `bor . c|ez 3. Augus||r.' lr |e|. l. de luoac, - . T| eo|. 1 z;
, o
1o, - . z;z
. `A propos de bor . dars |'oeuvre de 3. Augus||r. No|e corp|erer|a|re.' 1z
8|o
|( ). l. 1o||1
. `Augus||r e| br . avar| |a cor|roverse pe|ag|erre.' NbT| ( ). 1z 81o;
- . 8|z|
|adec, 0. `Corra|ssarce de 0|eu e| ac||or de grces. Fssa| sur |es c||a||ors de
|'Fp.
aux bor . - dars |'oeuvre de 3. Augus||r.' bec|Aug ( ). - . 118z z1ozz;o
. `Augus||r e| |e reop|a|or|sre.' b|Cl ( ). - . 118o|1z
. la la|r|e e| |a vo|e, |e C|r|s| dars |a v|e e| |a persee de sa|r| Augus||r. JJC
. o
lar|s. 0esc|ee, . 18
|a|er, 0. l. 3|. Augus||re's 0elerse ol ||e lexaereror aga|rs| ||e
|ar|c|ears. 0|ss.,
0regor|ara, . 1|o
|arr|que, A. `lr|erpre|ac|or y u||||zac|or de |a 8|o||a er 3ar Agus||r.' C0|os 18z
( ). - . 1o1;;|
|ara, |. 0. `lrl|uss| po|er|c| re||a |r|erpre|az|ore Agos||r|ara d| 0a| . .' z
CC|Cr o
( ). - . 181;
. `No|e su| correr|o d| Agos||ro a||a |e||era a| borar|.' Aug ( ). - z18
. 1o|
. `3|or|a ed eseges| re||a Fxpos|||o ep|s|u|ae ad 0a|a|as d| Agos||ro.' A3Fs z
( ). - . 181oz
Augus||re ol l|ppo . `No|as soore e| correr|ar|o de 3ar Agus|r a |a 1zo
Car|a a |os boraros, expos|c|or de a|guras propos|c|ores de |a Fp|s|. ad
boraros.' Aug| ( ). 118o
- 18|.
. `l'|rl|usso d| lao|o |r Agos||ro.' lages - |r le ep|s|o|e pao||re re| 1zoz
rar|c|e|, | dora||s|| e || pr|ro Agos||ro. Fd||ed oy J. b|es, e| a|. 3uss|d| pa|r|s||c|
.
bore. lrs|||u|ur la|r|s||cur 'Augus||r|arur,' . 18
. `No|a su||a |rad|z|ore g|ovarrea preser|e re| u|s d|ves sa|ve|ur.' 3b0C 1|
( ). - . 11|;|
. `Agos||ro e |a po|er|ca ar||rar|c|ea. l| ruo|o d| lao|o e de| suo ep|s|o|ar|o.'
Augus||r|arur ( ). - . z1z11|
676
. `No|e su||a Fspos|||o ep|s|u|ae ad 0a|a|asd| Agos||ro.' lages - |r |
|eror|ar sarc|orur vererar|es. ||sce||area |r orore d| |ors|gror v|c|or
3axer. 3|ud| d| Ar||c||| Cr|s||ara . C||| de| va||caro. lor||l| c|o lrs|||u|o |8
d| Arc|eo|og|a Cr|s||ara, . 1z
. `l'|||rerar|o de||'uoro secordo Agos||ro. da 'sp|r||ua|e' a 'carra|e,' da
'carra|e'
a 'sp|r||ua|e'.' lages - |r b|cerc|e pa|r|s||sc|e |r orore d| 0or 8as|| o;1
3|uder 038.Fd||ed oy v. 0ross| ard A. d| 8errard|ro. Aug . bore, . 1
. `0a||a Fxpos|||o ep|s|u|ae ad 0a|a|asd| Agos||ro, aspe||| de||a po|er|ca
ar||rar|c|ea.' lages - |r |;8o d B \. 3|ud| s|or|co-re||g|os| d|
ugo 8|arc||. Fd||ed oy 0. 3larer| 0asparro. bore. l' 'Frra' d| 8re|sc|re|der,
. 1|
. `lr|erpre|az|ore agos||r|ara d| br . .' lages - |r A||| de| ll 3|rpos|o 8 1o
d| Tarso su 3. lao|o Apos|o|o. Turc||a. la C||esa e |a sua s|or|a . bore. ;
ls|||u|o lrarcescaro d| 3p|r||ua|||, lor||l|c|o A|ereo 'Ar|or|arur,' . 1|
. `l'|r|erpre|az|ore agos||r|ara de| pecca|o cor|ro |a 3p|r||o sar|o re||a
Fp|s|o|ae
ad boraros |rc|oa|a expos|||o.' lages - |r la|de|a cr|s||ara. 3|ud| |r z|o
orore d| |ar|o Na|d|r|. Fd||ed oy 0. A. lr|v||era. bore. 0ruppo Fd||or|a|e
lr|erraz|ora|e, . 1|
. `Agos||ro e |a le||era a| borar|.' lages - |r la le||era a| borar| |er| e z1z
ogg|. Fd||ed oy 3. C|pr|ar|. Fp|lar|a de||a laro|a . 8o|ogra. F08, . z 1
|ar|al|o||, 0. 3ar|'Agos||ro e |a Nueva A||earza. l'|r|erpre|az|ore agos||r|ara
d| 0erer|a xxx|, - re||'aro||o de||'eseges| pa|r|s||ca.bore. lor||l|c|a 1|
ur|vers|| 0regor|ara, . 1
|ar|r, |. `No|e su||a lor|ura de||'eseges| agos||r|ara d| || . - .' ve|C|r z11 18
( ). - . 181;
. `b|cerc|e su||'eseges| Agos||r|ara de||a paraoo|a de||e d|ec| verg|r| (|| . z
- 11).' ve|C|r ( ). - . 1o181z;;|
. `Agos||ro e |'|r|erpre|az|ore ar||ca d| 0a| . , ro|e su||a lor|ura d| a||egor|a |z|
|r
aro||o |a||ro.' ve|C|r ( ). - . z|18;z1
1zo|F|ever lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
. `be|or|ca ed eseges| |r 3ar|'Agos||ro, ro|e |r|rodu|||ve.' ve|C|r ( ). z|18;
- zo8.
. `l l|de|| 'c||ara|| a||a sap|erza' secordo Agos||ro.' ve|C|r ( ). - . z811o1;
. `Norer quas| ro|arer, ura ro|a su Aug. 0er. ||||. |rpl. , .' ve|C|r ozo z8
( ). - . 11zo;;
. `Norer quas| ro|arer. ura ro|a su Aug.0er. ||||. |rpl. . .' lages - ozo zz;|
|r la|de|a cr|s||ara. 3|ud| |r orore d| |ar|o Na|d|r|. bore. 0ruppo Fd||or|a|e
lr|erraz|ora|e, . 1|
. `l'approcc|o d| Agos||ro a||a 0eres|ed | suo| pr|r| Correr|ar|.' lages - 18
|r la 0eres| re||e Corless|or|. A||| de||a g|orra|a d| s|ud|o su3. Agos||ro, bora,
od|cerore . Acader|a la||ra|| loverdae, Ac|a, . bore. lerder, . 1| 1o
|ar|us, b. A. 3aecu|ur. l|s|ory ard 3oc|e|y |r ||e T| eo|ogy ol 3a|r| Augus||re,
- |;1. Caror|dge. ur|vers||y lress, . 1;o
|arrevee, w. l. T| e Ascers|or ol C|r|s| |r ||e wor|s ol 3|. Augus||re. 0||aWa,
. 1o;
|ar||re||o, J. bor . re| '0e ror|ous Fcc|es|ae ca||o||cae' d| 3. Agos||ro. 8z8
0|ss, lor|.
ur|v. 0regor|arae, . 1o8
|a|eo 3eco, l. l. `las c||as de Jr . er |a oora de sar Agus||r.' Augus||rus 1o18 8
( ). - . 1z|
. `la exeges|s de 3ar Augus|r er Cor . y Jr . .' bevAg | 1 11z 1 z 811
( ). 1;
- z.
|ayer, C. `'bes per s|gra.' 0er 0rurdgedar|e des lro|ogs |r Augus||rs 3c|r|l|
0e doc|r|ra c|r|s||araurd das lroo|er se|rer 0a||erurg.' bFAug ( ). zo1;|
- 1oo1z.
. `lr|rz|p|er der lerrereu||| Augus||rs urd daraus s|c| ergeoerde
lroo|ere.'
lKT| ( ). - . 1181;z11
. `A||egor|a.' lages - |r Augus||rus-lex||or. . z 18o
. `ler|url|urd Norra||v||a| des Terr|rus regu|a oe| Augus||r.' Aug(l) |o
( ). - . 1o1z;|
. `Kerr|r|s urd 8eWer|urg der Ze|c|er a|s vorausse|zurg der
8|oe||errereu|||
rac| Augus||rus.' lages - |r Nac| der Arlarger lrager, lerrr lrol. 0r. ;18
||eo|. 0er|ard 0au|zeroerg zur . 0eour|s|ag ar . Jaruar . Fd||ed oy oo o 1|
C. |ayer, K. |u||er, ard 0. 3c|ra|eroerg. 0|esserer 3c|r|l|er zur T| eo|og|e
urd be||g|orspadagog|| des lac|oere|c|s Fvarge||sc|e T| eo|og|e urd
Ka||o||sc|e T| eo|og|e urd derer 0|da|||| der Jus|usl|eo|gur|vers||a| . 8
0|esser. 3e|os|ver|ag des lac|oere|c|s Fvarge||sc|e T| eo|og|e urd
Ka||o||sc|e
677
T| eo|og|e urd derer 0|da||||, . 1|
|azzeo, J. A. `3|. Augus||re's b|e|or|c ol 3||erce (de |ypo|og|a e| a||egores|).'
Jll z
( ). - . 1oz1;o
|azzo|a, A. `No|e su| correr|o agos||r|aro a lo . - . |a ouce||a e || 1zoz;
|rad||ore
sve|a|o.' ve|C|r ( ). - . z188;oo
Augus||re ol l|ppo |cCa|||r, J. A. `T| e C|r|s|o|og|ca| ur||y ol 3a|r| 1zo
Augus||re's '0e C|v||a|e 0e|.'' lr
bFAug ( ), - . 1z1oo81o
|c0oWar, b. J. `Augus||re's sp|r||ua| qua|||y, ||e a||egory ol rar ard Worar
W|||
regard |o lrago 0e|.' bFAug ( ). - . 18;zo|
|c0ra||, A. F. `(bor . s) 'T| e r|g||eousress ol 0od' lror Augus||re |o 11o
lu||er.'
3T(v) ( ). - . o18zo;8
|c0uc||r, J. A. `0|d Augus||re's C|r|s|o|ogy deperd or T| eodore ol
|opsues||a?'
b3lb ( ). - . z18|||;
|cw||||ar, J. Augus||re, lror r|e|or |o ||eo|og|ar. wa|er|oo. w. laur|er ur|v.,
1z.
|e|s, A. `laz y v|o|erc|a segr sar Augus|r. 0e C|v||a|e 0e|, XlX, - .' Tyv 1o1;
z( ). - . 18|oz
|eres|r|ra, 0. `l'ep|s|o|a de ser|er||a lacoo| Apos|o|| (0|ac. , ) d| 1o; z1o
sar|'Agos||ro.' 8|oo|ae 0r|er|e ( ). - . zo1;8||
. `l'Fp|s|o|a de ser|er||a lacoo| apos|o|| (0c , ) d| Agos||ro.' lages 1o; z1
- 11|r Tra || Nuovo Tes|arer|o e | ladr|, lrel. d| C. |ores||r|. uaderr| per
|'ur|vers||. 8resc|a. |orce|||ara, . 1
. `'u|a repre|ers|o|||s era|.' 0a| . - re||'eseges| d| Agos||ro e 0ero|aro.' z111|
lages - |r Tra || Nuovo Tes|arer|o e | ladr|, lrel. d| C. |ores||r|. 11z
uaderr| per |'ur|vers||. 8resc|a. |orce|||ara, . 1
||e|go, C. `lr|erpre|ac|or agus||r|ara de a|guros sa|ros d|ll|c||es ( , , ).' 1||;z
Fs|Ag ( ). - . zz18;zo181
||ra||es, A. J. `la lr|erpre|ac|or de |os sa|ros er 3. Agus||r.' 3crT| ( ). 1;
- ;88z.
||ya|ar|, . 3p|r||us urd l|||era oe| Augus||r. F|re ||s|or|sc|-|errereu||sc|e
ur|ersuc|urg zu Kor . o. 0|ss., le|de|oerg, - . z o 1;z1;
||zz|, J. `la lorru|a de||e corsecraz|ore eucar|s||ca |r ura c||az|ore o|o||ca| d|
3. Agos||ro.' Fl ( ). - . o;1z1ozz
. `T| e la||r Tex| ol || ll. |r 3|. Augus||re's 0e serrore 0or|r| |r ror|e.'
Aug(l) ( ). - . |1||o|
. `T| e la||r Tex| ol ||e 0ospe| uo|a||ors |r 3|. Augus||re's '0e 0|vers|s
uaes||or|ous lXXXlll l|oer urus.'' Aug(l) ( ). - . 1z1ozz|o
|oreau, |., l. 8oc|e|, ard 0. |adec. 3a|r| Augus||r. la doc|r|re c|re||erre0e
doc|r|ra c|r|s||ara.Tex|e cr|||que du CCl, revu e| corr|ge. lr|roduc||or e|
|raduc||or de |. |. Arro|a||or e| ro|es corp|erer|a|res d'l. 8. e| 0. |.
8|o||o||que Augus||r|erre. 0euvres de 3. Augus||r, 3er l. 0puscu|es, vo|. | . 11z
lar|s. lrs|||u| d'F|udes Augus||r|erres, . 1;
|ose||o, l. `Fseges| agos||r|ara d| 0v .' lav| ( ). - . z18||;8o
|os|, w. 0. `T| e 3cr|p|ura| 8as|s ol 3|. Augus||re's Ar|||ro|ogy.' C8 ( ). 111
- z8|.
1zooF|ever lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
|ur|er, C. `la |rad|||or raruscr||e de |'Aorege d'l|ppore e| |e caror des
Fcr||ures
des Fg||se alr|ca|res.' 3F ( s). - . z11;z |
|u|zeroec|er, A. `uoer d|e Zusc|re|ourg der vor der |aur|rerr so oerarr|er
uaes||ores Xvll |r Fvarge||ur securdur |a|||aeurar Augus||r.' 3F z
( - ). - . 1;81;1zz
Neres|egy, l. `ur passage du Trac|. |r ev. lo|. . .' bFA ( ). - . 11o |188;8;
N|eW|adors||, J. `0|e 3orge ur d|e garze 8|oe|, Augus||rus' 8eru|urg ur der
o|o||sc|er 0o|| des Zorres.' 8|l| ( ). - . 18oz8||
Noror|a 0a|vro, l de. `we|s|e||sc|r|s|o|og|e urd we|s|e||spreura|o|og|e oe|
Augus||rus, e|re ur|ersuc|urg des Trac|a|us |r Jo|arr|s Fvarge||ur.' lages
- o1oo|r ls. J. ba|z|rger, we|s|e|| 0o||eswe|s|e|| der we||. Fd||ed oy
w. 8a|er. 3|. 0|||||ar, . 18;
Norr|s, J. |. T|e T| eo|og|ca| 3|ruc|ure ol 3|. Augus||re's Fxeges|s |r l|s
'Trac|a|us |r
lo|arr|s Fuarge||ur.' 0|ss., |arque||e ur|vers||y, . 1o
. `T| e ||eo|og|ca| s|ruc|ure ol Augus||re's exeges|s |r ||e Trac|a|us |r
Fvarge||ur
lo|arr|s.' lages - |r Co||ec|area Augus||r|ara. Augus||rus. lresoy|er 8|
lac|us sur. Fd||ed oy J. T. l|er|ard, F. C. |u||er, ard b. Tes|e. NeW or|. l.
larg,
1.
678
0oers|e|rer, J. `Augus||rus 'C|v||as 0e|' urd d|e 0esc||c||s||eo|og|e der 8|oe|.'
Fs|ud|os soore |a C|udad de 0|os,vo|. l, ( ). - . ;1|1z
0cc||a||r|, u. 0e spe |r Fr. |r ls. 3. Augus||r|. 0|ss., lor|. ur|v. la|erarers|s,
- 1o|
1o.
0der, A. 0. 0or|rar| lrages lor ||e C|urc| |r Augus||re's Frarra||ores |r
lsa|ros.
a 3|udy |r Augus||re's Fcc|es|o|ogy. 0|ss., 3ou||err |e||od|s| ur|vers||y, . 1o
`0sservaz|or| su||'vlll ||oro de||e Corless|or|.' lages - |r lo|yar||era. 8;8
3|ud|
su||a |e||era|ura cr|s||ara ar||ca oller|| a 3a|va|ore Cos|arza 3|ud| |ardoar||c|| . ;
|ess|ra. 3|car|a, . 18
0'Corre||, b. J. `lsa|a|'s ro||er|rg 0od |r 3|. Augus||re's Corless|ors.'
T|oug|| 8
( ). - . 18188zoo
. `T|e 0e 0eres| cor|ra |ar|c|aeosard ||e 0r|g|r ol ||e 3ou|.' bFAug
( ). - . 11z|1
0'0orovar, 0. `ususard lru|||o|r Augus||re, 0e doc|r|ra c|r|s||ara l.' JT| 3
( ). - . 181o1;
0'|eara, J. J. `'|agrorur v|rorur querdar corsersur ve||rus rac||rar|' (8o|
0), Fr|ugera's use ol Augus||re's 0e 0eres| ad ||||erar |r ||e ler|p|yseor.'
lages - |r Fr|ugera. Fd||ed oy w. 8e|erWa||es, - . 1o1o 1;18o
. T| e crea||or ol rar |r 3|. Augus||re's `0e 0eres| ad l|||erar.'v|||arova.
ur|v.,
18o.
lac|ore|, l. l'Fcr||ure 3a|r|e corre rg|e de lo| e| de rora|||e dars |'Fg||se
d'aprs |es
'Frarra||ores |r lsa|ros' de sa|r| Augus||r. 0|ss., luo||r, . 11
Augus||re ol l|ppo lage|s, F. `T| e po||||cs ol larad|se, Augus||re's 1zo;
exeges|s ol 0eres|s - versus ||a| 1
ol Jo|r C|rysos|or.' lT|b ( ). - . ;818o;
. Adar ard Fve ard ||e 3erper| |r 0eres|s - . 0ccas|ora| papers ol ||e 1
lrs|||u|e
lor Ar||qu||y ard C|r|s||ar||y . C|areror|, Ca||l., . 1z 188
la|rero baros, b. 'Fcc|es|a |a|er' er 3. Augus||r. Teo|og|a de |a |rager er |os
escr||os ar||dora||s|as. 0|ss., lor|. ur|v. 0regor|arae, - . 1o;1o8
leace, J. `3|. Augus||re or ||e Fduca||or ol a lreac|er.' FbT | ( ). - z181z8;
.
le||ard, 0. Augus||r e| |e deou| de |a 0erse. C|rq e|udes sur |es prer|ers
verse|s de
|'Fcr||ure. 0|ss., lor|. ur|v. 0regor|arae, . 1o
. C|rq e|udes d'Augus||r sur |e deou| de |a 0erse, co|. bec|erc|es. |or|rea|.
8e||arr|r-0esc|ee, . 1;z
le||egr|ro, |. `3ar lao|o re||e Corless|or| d| 3ar|'Agos||ro.' Ar8|o - | 1;18z
( ). - . 1oo1z
. `0opp|or| e var|ar|| re| correr|o d| 3. Agos||ro a 0|ov. . - .' z111
3|3b | 8z
( ). - . 1o;|o1
. `Appur|| su||'uso de||a 8|oo|a re| 3error| d| 3. Agos||ro.' b|v8|o ( ). z;1;
- . ;
lerra, A. `l| '0e corsersu Fvarge||s|arur' ed |, 'caror| euseo|ar|.'' 8|o o
( ). 1
- 11.
. `lo s|ud|o de||a 8|oo|a re||a sp|r||ua||| d| 3. Agos||ro.' lages - |r 1|;o8
3. Augus||rus. v||ae 3p|r||ua||s |ag|s|er . . 11
ler|er, 0. `Augus||rus urd d|e lsa|rer.' Ar|ra ( ). - . |1|8z8
lerrore, l. `l| gerere de||e quaes||ores e| respors|oresre||a |e||era|ura cr|s||ara
ar||ca l|ro ad Agos||ro.' lages - |r Agos||ro d'lppora, `0e d|vers|s 11||
quaes||or|ous oc|og|r|a |r|ous,' `0e d|vers|s quaes||or|ous ad 3|rp||c|arur.'
lec||o
Augus||r| . bore. C||| Nuova, . 1z 1o
lerro|, C. `la descer|e aux erlers e| |a pred|ca||or aux ror|s.' lages - |r z1|o
F|udes sur |a prer|re |e||re de l|erre. AClF8, . lar|s. Cerl, . 1; 18o
le|ers, F. `w|a| Was 0od do|rg oelore |e crea|ed ||e |eavers ard ||e ear||?'
Aug(l) ( ). - . |18|;|
. `Aer|gra 3a|oror|s, |ar|c|aear ar||-0eres|s po|er|c ard ||e v|||ur
cur|os||a||s |r Corless|ors lll, .' Aug(l) ( ). - . o o18o|8o|
le|erser, b. l. `To 8e|o|d ard lr|ao|| ||e 8|essed Cour|ry. beve|a||or,
lrsp|ra||or,
3cr|p|ure ard lrla|||o||||y. Ar lr|roduc|ory 0u|de |o bel|ec||ors upor
Augus||re, - .' Tr|rJ | ( ). - . 1|8o |z18z881
le|zer, J. l. `3|. Augus||re ard ||e la||r vers|or ol Ac|s.' Neo|es| ( ). - z11
. o
679
lep|r, J. `'lr|r|||ae sp|r||us' (bor . ). berarques sur ure c||a||or pau||r|erre 8z
des Corless|ors de 3. Augus||re.' blb ( ). - . 1|o111zoz
. `3. Augus||r e| |a lorc||or pro|rep||que de |'a||egor|e.' bec|Aug ( ). - 118z|
. 8o
. `le rar|erer| des prepos|||ors dars |a ||eor|e Augus||r|erre de |a
crea||or.'
bFAug ( ). - . 18z1;|
1zo8F|ever lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
lerez ve|zquez. `F| 0e doc|r|ra c|r|s||ara. 'ura oora ca|eque||ca''
Augus||rus |o
( ). - . 1z;8;
l|zzar|, u. `ua|c|e osservaz|ore su| corse||o d| arror|a cosr|ca |r Agos||ro e
Cass|odoro a||a |uce d| 3ap. , ( ).' Aug, - . 11z1zo o1zo1z
l|zzo|a|o, l. l. `3|ud| su||'eseges| agos||r|ara. l. 3. Agos||ro 'ererda|or.''
b3lb |
( ). - . 1o88;
. `3|ud| su||'eseges| agos||r|ara. ll. 3. Agos||ro 'exp|ara|or'.' b3lb ( ). |1o8
- o|8.
. ler lorarer acus, || cr|s||ares|ro ar||co d| lror|e a||a per|cope evage||ca de|
`g|ovare r|cco.'3|ud|a pa|r|s||ca red|o|arers|a . |||ar, . 1| 18o
lo||as|r|, A. `le quaes||ores d| Agos||ro su 0eres|, s|ru||ura de||'opera e
ro||vaz|or| s|or|co-do||r|ra||.' A3F ( ). - . 188;;o
. `0sservaz|or| su||a preserza de| corpus pao||ro re||e uaes||ores d|
Agos||ro
su 0eu|eroror|o, 0|osu e 0|ud|c|.' A3Fs , ( ). - . z1z|zoo
lo|rar, A. 0. b. 0e ||eo|og|e var Augus||rus. l. le| woord 0ods o|j Augus||rus.
Karper. Ko|, . 1o
. T| e word ol 0od Accord|rg |o 3|. Augus||re. lordor. lodder ard 3|oug||or,
1oz.
lor|e|, |. bec|erc|es cr|||ques sur |es correr|a|res des lsaures a||r|oues
3. Jerore e| 3. Augus||r. T| se supp|erer|a|re. 0|ss., lyors, . 1|o
. `l'exegse de 3. Augus||r, pred|ca|eur.' ArTo| ( ). - . 81|;1o
lopescu, 0. `lsa|r|| ir pred|ca ler. (8ea||) Augus||r.' 3|Teo| ( ). - . 11o1;z
loque, 3. `les |ec|ures |||urg|ques de |'0c|ave lasca|e l|ppore d'aprs |es
Tra||es de 3. Augus||r sur |a prer|re Fp||re de 3. Jear.' b8er ( ). ;|1o|
- z1;|1.
. `l'exegse augus||r|erre de lrov . - .' b8er ( ). - . z1z ;81o811;z;
. `l'a||erra||ve `d|c|ees ou prec|ees' pour |es Frarra||ores |r lsa|rosde sa|r|
Augus||r.' b8er ( ). - . 881;81|;z
lre|e, 8. `l pr|rc|p| esege||c| d| 3. Agos||ro.' 3ap ( ). - . 81z|
lr|rrer, A. `Augus||rus urd der As|ro|oge. Zu Frarra||o |r lsa|rur '. o1
C|ar|u|ae. ls. wo|lgarg 3peyer. JAC, Frgarzurgsoard ( ). - . z818zzoz
uacquare|||, A. `l| resso 'sap|er||a-e|oquer||a' re| |ra||a|o esege||co d| 3.
Agos||ro,
0e doc|r|ra c|r|s||ara lv.' A3F ( ). - . o1818zoz
u|ro|, 8. l' |r l|uerce de |'Fpi|re aux leoreux dars |es oeuvres pr|rc|pa|es de 3.
Augus||r. 0|ss., lor|. ur|v. 0regor|ara, - . 11oo
baros |ar||r, |. J. la |r|erpre|ac|or de |as ep|s|o|as de 3. lao|o er |as ooras
ar||pe|ag|aras de 3. Agus||r. 0|ss., larp|ora, . 1o
ba|z|rger, J. `ler|url|urd 3|rr der C|v||as-le|re Augus||rs.' lages - |r o;
vo|.
zol Aug|. lar|s, . 1|
baveaux, T. Augus||rus, Cor|ra adversar|ur |eg|s e| prop|e|arur, Ara|yse des
lr|a||s
Augus||re ol l|ppo urd ur|ersuc|urg des ge|s|esgesc||c||||c|er 1zo
l|r|ergrurds. Cass|c|acur . wu.. ;
Augus||rus, . 18|
bay, b. 0. `Augus||re's 0e corsersu Fvarge||s|arurard ||e ||s|or|ca| educa||or
ol
||e vererao|e 8ede.' lages - |r 3|la|r|s| Xvl 0xlord . Fd||ed oy F. A. ;o 1;
l|v|rgs|ore. 8er||r. A|ader|e, . 18
becc||a, v. `la reror|a d| Agos||ro re||'eseges| o|o||ca d| 0regor|o |agro.'
Aug z
( ). - . 18|o|
be|d, |. l. Ar ara|ys|s ol Augus||re's exeges|s ol borars l|ve, A |errereu||ca|
|rves||ga||or |r|o ||e cor|r|ou||ors ol Augus||re's exeges|s lor cor|erporary
|r|erpre|a||or. 0|ss., 3ou|Wes|err 8ap||s| T| eo|og|ca| 3er|rary.
bery, 0. le C|r|s| red|a|eur dars |'oeuvre de sa|r| Augus||r. 0|ss., lac. T| eo|.
Ca||.
3|rasoourg, . 1;;
beper|or|ur arro|a|ur operur e| |rars|a||orur 3. Augus||r|.la|e|r|sc|e
Fd|||orer
urd deu|sc|e uoerse|zurger ( - ). Fd||ed oy w. Fc|errarr ard 1;o1zo
A. Krurre| Cass|c|acur, | . wurzourg. Augus||rus - ver|ag, . |1 1z
680
b|ed|, J. `bor . ll. urd das le|| der le|der oe| Augus||rus urd T| oras.' z1|
3c|o|
|o( ). - . 1o18z1
b|es, J. `la 8|o|e c|ez 3. Augus||r e| c|ez |es rar|c|eers.' bFA ( ). - ;1o1z1
, |
( ). - . 1ozo11
. le ep|s|o|e pao||re re| |ar|c|e|, | 0ora||s|| e || pr|ro Agos||ro. 3uss|d|
pa|r|s||c|
. bore. Augus||r|arur, . 18
b|gg|, C. `3. Agos||ro pererre raes|ro d| errereu||ca.' 3a|es|arur ( ). ||18z
- ;11o1.
b|rg, T. 0. `borer |r der Frarra||ores |r lsa|ros.' lages - |r 3|grur ; 8|o;
p|e|a||s. les|gaoe lur Corre||us l. |ayer. Cass|c|acur . wurzourg. |o
Augus||rusver|ag, . 18
b|par||, 0. `l| proo|era de||a corprers|ore re||'errereu||ca agos||r|ara.'
bFAug
zo( ). - . 1;|88
. Agos||ro |eor|co de||'|r|erpre|az|ore. l||osol|a de||a re||g|ore T3 . 8resc|a.
la|de|a, . 18o
b|vera 0e ver|osa, F. `la es|ruc|ura de |a C|udad de 0|os, a |a |uz de |as lorras
lurdarer|a|es de| aror.' Augus||rus ( ). - . 1z1o;;|
booo|rs, J. lrod|ga| sor|e|der oro||er, |r|erpre|a||or ard a||er||y |r Augus||re,
le|rarc|, Kal|a, lev|ras. be||g|or ard los|roderr|sr. C||cago. ur|v., . 11
borr de |a lrracu|ada. `la 3. Fscr||ura coro luer|e de v|da esp|r||ua| segr
3. Agus||r.' bev. de Fsp|r||ua||dad( ). 1
borde|, l. `lax, |rarqu|||||as ord|r|s.' C0|os ( ). - . 1;1||o|
. `le syroo||sre de |a rer (cl. Apoc . ) c|ez 3. Augus||r.' Aug|( ). z11 1|
. `T| res o|o||ques. Fxegse augus||r|erre (resure + d|scuss|or).' Aug|
( ). 1
1z1oF|ever lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
. `C|roro|og|e augus||r|erre. le serror sur |e ls .' l|s|(8) ( ). - | ;;18|o
. o;
. `No|es d'exegse augus||r|erre. lsa||er|ur e| C|||ara.' b3b ( ). - |o18|o8
. 1
. `Fssa| sur |a c|roro|og|e des 'Frarra||ores |r lsa|ros' de 3. Augus||r.'
8lF o1
( ). - . 1ooz88o
. `la laraoo|e du l|ar|s|er e| du luo||ca|r dars |'oeuvre de 3a|r| Augus||r.'
3cFc
1( ). - . 1o|o;1;
. `le ||re du Car||que Nouveau dars |'oeuvre de 3. Augus||r.' lr |e|. l. de
luoac, - . T| eo| , . |1 o1o
. `Fssa|s sur |a c|roro|og|e des 'Frarra||ores |r lsa|ros' de 3. Augus||r (lll)
3errors |rdeperdar|s (sur |es ls - ).' 8lF ( ). - . |o o1o|11oo
. `3. Augus||r e| |es 'lsaures des |or|ees'.' bA| ( ). - . |11o18
. `le|||e |r|roduc||or |a |ec|ure des 'Fr. |r lss'.' 8lCl , ( ). - . |z81o;z1
borde|, |. la |ypo|og|e de |'Fg||se dars |e pred|ca||or e| |'exegse
augus||r|erres.
0|ss., 0regor|ara, . 1oo
boover, A. de. `l'exegse pa|r|s||que de luc . des or|g|res Augus||r.' lr 1
Fxcerp|a
ex 0|ss. lac. ||eo|. lor||l. ur|v. 0regor. Aooaye d'Averoode, 8e|g|que, . 1o
boover, A. de. `Augus||r d'l|ppore e| |'|r|erpre|a||or de lc . .' Alraer 1 |
( ). - , - . 1oz||1|o
bousseau, 0. `la |ypo|og|e augus||r|erre de |'lexaereror e| |a ||eo|og|e du
|erps.' lages - |r les|gaoe Josep| lor|z,vo|. . Fd||ed oy F. lser|o|, J. |;8 z
lor|z
ard l. |arrs. 8ader-8ader. 8ruro 0r|rr, . 18
. `la |ypo|og|e augus||r|erre de |'lexaereror e| |a ||eo|og|e du |erps.'
|0 o
( ). - . 1o18o
buara de |a laza, l.-A. `F| par de v|da er |os 'Trac|a|us |r lorrer.'' Aug| z
( ). - . 18|1|;
3. Agos||ro 0'lppora,la do||r|ra cr|s||ara,lr|r. e ro|e d| l. A||c|.le||ure cr|s||are
de| pr|ro r|||err|o . |||ar. Fd|z|or| lao||re, . ; 18
3age, A. `'lraepara|ur vo|ur|as a 0or|ro.'' bFAug ( ). - . 1o1o|1zo
3a|as, A. `ura lorru|a 'c||s||ca' er 3. Agus||r (e.g. |c . , Fr |r ls . , Zac| zz; z1
. ,
0er . ).' lages - |r ||sc. la|r|s|. A. C. vega. F| Fscor|a|, . 1z1o 8; 1o8
. `la '|o|ror|a' o|o||ca y |a 'corrur||as' agus||r|ara.' C0eos ( ). - 18z1ozz
. 8
3a|ror, l. `l| |es|o e |'|r|erpre|az|ore de| 3a|r| a| |erpo d| 3. 0|ro|aro e d|
3. Agos||ro.' b|v8|oll| ( ). - . 1|1z1
681
3arpsor, T. J. w. T| e 3cr|p|ures |r 3|. Augus||re's Corless|ors. 0|ss.,
3|rasoourg, . 1;o
3arc||s, 0. `3arar||arus |||e. l'exegse augus||r|erre de |a paraoo|e du 8or
3arar||a|r.' b3b ( ). - . |1o1|ooz
. `le syroo||sre corrur||a|re du Terp|e c|ez 3. Augus||r.' bA| ( ). ;1o1
- o, - . 1;|;
. `lauvre|e roras||que e| c|ar||e lra|erre||e c|ez 3. Augus||r. le corr.
augus||r|er de Ac| . - er|re e| .' 3||or ( ). - . |z |o |1oz;
Augus||re ol l|ppo 3argu|re||| |or|ero, A. 0ra|u|dad y respues|a de| 1z11
|orore a 0|os, es|ud|o er |as
'Frarra||ores |r lsa|ros' de 3ar Agus||r. 0|ss., |or|ev|deo. ls|. Teo|og|ca 3o|er,
18.
3ar|os lerre|ra, J. |. dos. `lreura|o|og|a de 3ar|o Agos||r|o.' 0|d(l) ( ). 118
- z;1o.
3asse, l. `3acra 3cr|p|ura. 8erer|urger zur lrsp|ra||ors|e|re Augus||rs.'
lages
- zoz;|r ls. lrarz 0orrse|ll .
3ca|aore||a, 3. `la 3arar||ara segro d| r|corc|||az|ore, |a |e||ura d| Agos||ro.'
3|ud|urb ( ). - . 8118;8;
3c|auo||r, C. `Augus||r, 0e u|||||a|e crederd|, uoer das ver|a||r|s des lr|erpre|er
zur Tex|.' v|gC|r ( ). - . |18o8
3c|||deroerger, J. `0egerWar|soedeu|urg exege||sc|er 0rurdsa|ze des ||.
Augus||rus.' Aug|( ). 1|
3c|r|d|, A. `K|e|re T| eo|og|e der lollrurg. Zur lred|g| des |e|||ger Augus||rus
uoer der . ( .) lsa|r.' FA | ( ). - . 1o1z oo1;||1zz
3c|oo|rger, J.-l. `la por|ee ||s|or|que des ||eor|es de |a |ec|ure (bel|ex|ors |a
|ur|re du 0e doc|r|ra c|r|s||arade sa|r| Augus||r).' bT|l| ( ). 11z18o
- |o.
3c|o|z, w. C|r|s|us oe| Augus||r. 0|ss., K|e|, . 1
3c|rara, |. `lr|ra |ec||o quae rec||a|a es|. T| e |||urg|ca| per|cope |r ||g|| ol 3|.
Augus||re's 3errors.' Augus||r|ara ( ). - . |11|1;
3c|u||z, 3. J. `Augus||re ard ||e 0T Caror.' Fv ( ). - . z81o1oo
3c|Woeoe|, 8. `Augus||re or b|e|or|c ard ||e 8|o|e.' llb , ( - ). - ;z;1;11;z;
. o8
3corza 8arce||ora, l. `la paraoo|a de||a z|zz|ar|a |r Agos||ro, a propos||o d|
uaes||ores |r |a|||aeur .' A3F ( ). - . 11 188z1z
3erp|e, w. l. `3ore |e||ers ol 3|. Augus||re (|o Jerore, or exege||ca|
ques||ors).'
8Jbl ( - ). - . 1o11111o
3|arzer, 0. `la|er| Narra||ve la||errs, A||egor|ca| C|o|ces, ard l||erary ur||y |r
Augus||re's Corless|ors.' v|gC|r ( ). - . |o1z|oo
3|eoer, l.-J. `0|e 'res' der 8|oe|. F|re Ara|yse vor Augus||rus, 0e doc|. c|r|s|.l-
lll.'
bFAug ( ). - . z11;;zo
. `0er lsa||er urd d|e 8e|e|rurg der v0CF3 urd AllFCTu3. Zu Augus||rus
Corl. lX, . urd X, .' T|l| ( ). - . |o z1;;|81;
3|ror, l. `0|e K|rc|e a|s 8rau| des lo|er||edes rac| der ||. Augus||rus.'
les|gaoe
J. Kard|ra| lr|rgs( ). 1oo
3|rore|||, |. `No|e su| |es|o d| a|cure Frerra||ores agos||r|are.' lages - z1
|r |eror|a| 0or Jear 0r|ooror| ( - ). 3|ud|a Fp|erer|d|s 1zo18o
'Augus||r|arur' . bore. lrs|||u|ur la|r|s||cur 'Augus||r|arur,' . z; 188
. `[0ue ro|e su |es|| d| Agos||ro e| Arroo|o || 0|ovare, Correr|ar|| |r
lsa|ros.' bllC ( ). - . 1111z|z
1z1zF|ever lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
. `0ue ro|e agos||r|are.' lages - |r b|cerc|e pa|r|s||c|e |r orore d| |1o
0or
8as|| 3|uder 038. Fd||ed oy v. 0ross| ard A. d| 8errard|ro.Aug. . bore,
1.
. ed. 3ar|'Agos||ro, l'|s|ruz|ore cr|s||ara.3cr|||or| grec| e |a||r|. |||ar. A.
|ordador|, . 1|
. `l'errereu||ca o|o||ca d| Agos||ro.' A3F ( ). - . 1z1|18
. `la 0eres|re||e Corless|or|. l| ||oro Xlll.' lages - |r la 0eres| re||e 81|
Corless|or|. A||| de||a g|orra|a d| s|ud|o su 3. Agos||ro, bora, d|cerore . o 1|
Acader|a la||ra|| loverdae, Ac|a, . bore. lerder, . 1o
3|r|sca|co, l. `lr|ra |r gaud|ur 0or|r| |u|No|e su ura c||az|ore d| |a||eo ( . z
z1e ) re||e Corless|oresd| Agos||ro. esper|erza r|s||ca e oea|||ud|re ce|es|e.' z
lages - |r lroo|ere p|||osop||sc|er |ys|||. les|sc|r|l|l. Kar| A|oer| 18;o
z. s|eoz|gs|er 0eour|s|ag. Fd||ed oy F. Ja|r ard b. |argre||er. 3ar|| Augus||r.
Acader|a ver|ag, . 11
3ra||orugge, |. `les ro||ors d''erse|grerer|' e| de 'paro|e' dars |e 0e rag|s|ro
e|
|'lr loarr|s Fvarg. Tr. .' Aug ( ). - . z z;18;z8
682
. `|| . - c|ez Augus||r, 3error , 'ves||ges de |a Tr|r||e', oppos|||or de 11; z
K. 8ar||.' bllr ( ). - . o181z1|
3ra||ey, 8. `lr|ra C|av|s 3ap|er||ae. Augus||r ard Aoe|ard.' lages - |r 1oo
lr||z
3ax| ( - ) |eror|a| Fssays. Ne|sor, . 18o1|8 1;
3r|d, l. l. `0e adurora||ore 33. Tr|r||a||s |r vT sec 3. Augus||re.' C|eb |
( ). 1o
|z;l.
3oerrec|er, 3. `0|e bo||e der lrau |r Augus||rs '0e 0eres| ad ||||erar.'' lages
- z8oo|r 3|grur l|e|a||s. Fd||ed oy A. Zur|e||er. wurzourg. Augus||rusver|ag,
. 18
3o|, l. de l. `la pa|err|ded de 3ar Jose er 3ar Agus||r.' Fs|Jos ( ). - 1811
. z|
3o||grac, A. `la corra|ssarce arge||que e| |es jours de |a crea||or (0er . dars 1
|e
0e 0er. ad ||||erarde 3. Augus||r).' Fclra|lF|, be|Ar ( - ). - . o1;11;zz;;;
. `le |ex|e o|o||que d'Augus||r e| |es raruscr||s de ses oeuvres exege||ques.'
Tu
1( ). - . 18;|z
3orers, l. `lrage de 0|eu. les sources de |'exegse augus||r|erre.' bFAug ;
( ). 1o1
- 1oz.
3padalora, l. `3. Agos||ro esege|a e |eo|ogo re| correr|o a| quar|o varge|o.'
la|C|
|( ). - . 1ooz1zo
3parreda, 0. l| r|s|ero de||a C||esa re| pers|ero d| 3. Agos||ro, - . 3assar|, z1z|
. 1||
3pr|rger, A. J. Augus||re's use ol 3cr|p|ure |r ||s Ar||-JeW|s| lo|er|cs. 0|ss.,
3ou||err
8ap||s| T| eo|og|ca| 3er|rary, . 18
3|ar|, J. C. `T| e lau||re |rl|uerce or Augus||re's ro||or ol ||e W|||.' v|gC|r |
( ). - . 18|o1
3|arres, C. `Augus||r|ar o|o||ca| exeges|s ard ||e or|g|rs ol roderr sc|erce.'
lages
- ||r Co||ec|area Augus||r|ara. Fd||ed oy J. C. 3c|rauoe|| ard l. var
l|e|erer. . 1o
Augus||re ol l|ppo . `la exeges|s o|o||ca agus||r|ara y |os or|geres de 1z1
|a c|erc|a roderra.' Augus||rus ( ). - . o11zo|
3|elaro, l. `lords||p over Wea|ress, C|r|s|'s graced |urar||y as |ocus ol d|v|re
poWer |r Augus||re's |rac|a|es or ||e 0ospe| ol Jo|r.' Aug3| ( ). 1o18
- 11.
3|e||, 3. l. lerrereu||cs ard ||e |o|y 3p|r||, Tr|r||ar|ar |rs|g||s |r|o a
|errereu||ca| |rpasse. 0|ss., lr|rce|or T| eo|og|ca| 3er|rary, . 188
3|ergers, J. `3. Augus||r e| |'|rerrarce o|o||que.' lages - |r |eror|a| J. z;
lreaux,
C|r|s||ar|sre d'||er e| d'aujoud'|u|. 8russe|s. ur|v. l|ore, . 1;
3|rars|y, T. l. `3|. Augus||re's use ol 3cr|p|ure.' AFb ( ). 1|1oo
3|rauss, 0. 3c|r|l|gedar|e, 3c|r|l|aus|egurg urd 3c|r|l|oeWe|s oe| Augus||r.
0|ss.,
0o|||rger, . 1
3|raW, C. F. `Augus||re as pas|ora| ||eo|og|ar, ||e exeges|s ol ||e parao|es ol
||e
l|e|d ard ||res||rg l|oor.' Aug3| ( ). - . 1|181z1
3|uder, 8. `le |e||ere pao||re re||e |eo|og|a |r|r||ar|a d| Agos||ro,' pages - , 1o8
|r
A||| de| lv 3|rpos|o d| Tarso su 3. lao|o apos|o|o.Fd||ed oy l. ladorese. bore.
lrs|. lrarcescaro d| 3p|r||ua|||, . 1o
. `3p|r||ua||| g|ovarrea |r Agos||ro (0sservaz|or| su| correr|o agos||r|aro
su||a lr|ro loarr|s),' |r A||| de| ll 3|rpos|o d| Fleso su 3. 0|ovarr| apos|o|o,
- ;8o. Fd||ed oy l. ladorese, Turc||a, |a c||esa e |a sua s|or|a . bore, . 1z
. `l 'Trac|a|us |r loarrer' d| 3ar|'Agos||ro.' lr A||| de| l 3|rpos|o d| Fleso su
3. 0|ovarr| apos|o|o, - . Fd||ed oy l. ladorese, Turc||a, |a c||esa e |a sua 1|o
s|or|a . bore, . z 11
. `Agos||ro d'lppora e || 0|o de| ||or| sap|erz|a||.' lages - |r le||ure 11z
cr|s||ar| de| l|ore 3ap|erz|a||. Fd||ed oy l. 8o|g|ar|. bore. lrs|. la|r.
Augus||r|arur, - . 111z
. `3p|r||ua||| g|ovarrea |r Agos||ro (osservaz|or| su| correr|o agos||r|aro
su||a lr|ra loarr|s).' lr A||| de| ll 3|rpos|o d| Fleso su 3. 0|ovarr| apos|o|o,
- ;1. Fd||ed oy l. ladorese, Turc||a, |a c||esa e |a sua s|or|a . bore, . 1z
3uda, |. `Augus||rs '0e doc|r|ra c|r|s||ara' a|s ||rc|||c|e lerrereu|||.' lages
- zz1z|r 0|e K|rc|e a|s ||s|or|sc|e urd esc|a|o|og|sc|e 0rosse. ls. l.
K. N|ederW|rrer zur . 0eour|s|ag. Fd||ed oy w. lra|sc|er ard 0. 3auer. o
lrar|lur|. l. larg, . 1|
683
3uda, |. J. `lsa|r , a|s 8e|egs|e||e lur Augus||rs Frosurder|e|re,' - . 1; 18;8
3W|l|, l. J. `0el| r|rg '0|or|a' |r Augus||re's C||y ol 0od dars.' lages - |r 1||
0|a|or|a. Fd||ed oy T. |a||or. was||rg|or, . 18o
Taoe| 8a|ady, |. A. `la errereu||ca o|o||ca de 3ar Agus||r er |a car|a a 3ar 8z
Jeror|ro.' Augus||rus ( ). - . 188181
Taoe|, |. A. `la expres|or|rago 0e|(0er . - ) er |a rel|ex|or agus||r|ara.' 1zoz;
Augus||rus ( ). - . 81|o;
Tarrer, b. 0. `T| e use ol ||e 0|d Tes|arer| |r 3|. Augus||re's 0e c|v||a|e de|.'
lages
- 1;o8|r T| e 8|o|e ard europear |||era|ure. l|s|ory ard |errereu||cs. l|rs|
1z1|F|ever lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
corlererce, |e|oourre, - ray, . Fd||ed oy F. 0soorr, e| a|. |e|oourre. 118 18;
Acader|a lress, . 18;
Tay|or, J. l. `3. Augus||re 0e 0eres| ad ||||erar ||oer duodec|rus.' ur|v. 3|.-
lou|s,
1|8.
Terres, l. `la lorrac|or de Fva er |os ladres la||ros |as|a 3ar Agus||r
|rc|us|ve.'
FF ( ). - . |1oo|z1
Te3e||e, F. `Na|ure ard 0race |r Augus||re's Fxpos|||ors ol 0er . - .' 11
bec|Aug
( ). - . 1o81;
Tese||e, F. `3erper|, Fve ard Adar. Augus||re ard ||e A||egor|ca| Trad|||or.'
lages
- |1o1|r Co||ec|area Augus||r|ara. Augus||re. lresoy|er lac|us 3ur.Fd||ed oy
J. T. l|er|ard, F. C. |u||er, ard b. J. Tes|e. NeW or|. le|er larg, . 1
Tes |e, b. J. `loro sp|r||ua||s|r 3|. Augus||re's 0e 0eres| cor|ra |ar|c|aeos.'
3|la|r
1o( ). - . 18;1
. `T| e |rage ard |||eress ol 0od |r 3|. Augus||re's 0e 0eres| ad ||||erar ||oer
|rperlec|us.' Aug ( ). - . o1o||11
. `F| loro sp|r||ua||s er e| 0e 0eres| cor|ra |ar|c|aeos.' Aug| ( ). o11
- o1o.
. `3|. Augus||re's v|eW ol ||e or|g|ra| |urar cord|||or |r 0e 0eres| cor|ra
|ar|c|aeos.' Aug3| ( ). - . zz111|1o
. `0r|ger ard 3|. Augus||re's l|rs| Correr|ar|es or 0eres|s.' lages - 1;8
|r
0r|ger|ara u|r|a. Fd||ed oy b. J. 0a|y. louva|r, . 1z
T| |ere, K. `Augus||rus urd der a||ere 8ruder (l| . - ).' lages - |r 1zz ;8
ur|vers||as, ls A. 3|o|r. |a|rz, . 1oo
. `Augus||rus urd der 'a||ere 8ruder.' Zur pa|r|s||sc|er Fxegese vor l| . - 1z
.' z
lrbu | - ( ). - . 1oz1o1z|z
T| orrard, l. J. `3ur |e pec|e er 3. Augus||r.' bFAug ( ). l. ;1o1zo
T|||ey, |. A. `urders|ard|rg Augus||re ||surders|ard|rg Tycor|us.' 3|la|r z;
( ). - . 1|o8
. `Agus|r |r|erpre|o ra| a T|cor|o?' Augus||rus ( ). - . |o1z;o1
T|acz, C. 8. `T| e 3ever |accaoees, ||e T| ree leoreWs ard a reW|y
d|scovered serror ol 3|. Augus||re (|ayerce ).' bFAugXll ( ). - . o 1;8
Tor|o|o, J. l. `F| pro|ogo de sar Juar er |a oora de sar Agus|r, uso exege||co y
|eo|og|co.' |ayeu||ca ( ). . 1z18o|o
Tourr|er, l. `les 'deux c||es' dars |a ||||era|ure c|re||erre.' F|udes ( ). 111o
- . o||
Trape, A. `la rarducaz|ore sp|r||ua|e re||a do||r|ra eucar|s||ca d| s. Agos||ro.'
l3v
;( ). - . 18zz|
Tr|gueros, J. A. F| corcep|o de 'v|da' er |os Tra|. soore 3. Juar de 3. Augus||r.
0|ss.,
0regor|ara, . 1;
Trurrer, l. `'vers|e|s| du auc|, Was du ||es|?' (Apg . ).' Ka|ros ( ). 8o zz18o
- . 1o11
urgar, A. `Agus||r de l|pora (s. lv-v, - ).' lages - |r F| or|ger ||o 1oz
d|v|ro
Augus||re ol l|ppo de| poder. Fs|ud|o l||o|og|co e ||s|or|a de |a 1z1
|r|erpre|ac|or de Jr . a. Fs|ud|os 111
de l||o|og|a Neo|es|arer|ar|a . Cordooa. F| A|rerdro, . z 18
var 8ave|, T. ` T| e Crea|or ard ||e |r|egr||y ol Crea||or |r ||e la||ers ol ||e
C|urc|, espec|a||y |r 3a|r| Augus||re.' Aug3| ( ). - . z11o1
var 8ave|, T. J. `worar as ||e lrage ol 0od |r Augus||re's 0e Tr|r||a|e Xll.'
lages - |r 3|grur l|e|a||s. les|gaoe lur Corre||us |ayer. Fd||ed oy zo;88
A. Zur|e||er. wurzourg. Augus||rus-ver|ag, . 18
var der lol, l. J. `Ter|u|||ar ard Augus||re or T||us . - .' lages - |r 1o11 11z
C|ar|s|er|a Augus||r|ara losep|o 0roz be|a d|c|a|a. vo|s. (=Augus||rus - z 8
[ - |. - ). |adr|d, - . 11|11z 11|
684
var l|e|erer, l. `ler 3pecu|ur e| |r aer|gra|e. Cor|r|||ars . |r ||e 1 11z
wr|||rgs
ol 3|. Augus||re.' Aug3| ( ). - . z1zo1oz
. `Augus||re's Fxeges|s ol w|sdor . .' lages - |r 3|la|r vo|. XXvll. 1 |o1o
lapers preser|ed a| ||e F|ever|| lr|erra||ora| Corlererce or la|r|s||c 3|ud|es
|e|d |r 0xlord . Cappadoc|ar la||ers, 0ree| Au||ors al|er N|caea, 11
Augus||re,
0ora||sr, ard le|ag|ar|sr. louva|r. lee|ers, . 1
. `Fxeges|s agus||r|ara de 3o , .' Augus||rus ( ). - . 1 |o1o1|
varres|e, A. `3a|r| lau| e| |a doc|r|re Augus||r|erre du pec|e or|g|re|.' Ar8|o
- 1;18| ( ). - . z1o1zz
varr|er, |.-A. `le ro|e de |'lexaereror dars |'|r|erpre|a||or augus||r|erre de |a
crea||or.' b3l|T| ( ). - . ;118;;|o
. `le ro|e de |'|exaereror dars |'|r|erpre|a||or augus||r|erre de |a crea||or.'
3|la|r ( ). - . zz18;z81
. `3a|r| Augus||r e| |a crea||or.' lages - |r Co||ec|area Augus||r|ara. |;1
Fd||ed
oy T. var 8ave|. louva|r, . 1o
. `Aspec|s de |'|dee de crea||or c|ez 3. Augus||r.' bev3b ( ). - . o11z1z
. `F| pape| de| |exareror er |a |r|erpre|ac|or agus||r|ara de |a creac|or.'
Aug|
o( ). - . 11|
. `Crea||o,' `corvers|o,' `lorra||o' c|ez sa|r| Augus||r. larados|s . 1
lre|oourg|3.
ur|v., . 11
varr|er, |.-A. `0r|gre e| Augus||r, |r|erpr|es de |a crea||or.' lages - |r ;zo
0r|ger|ara 3ex|a. 0r|gre e| |a 8|o|e|0r|ger ard ||e 8|o|e. Ac|es du Co||oqu|ur
0r|ger|arur 3ex|ur. C|ar||||y, aou| - sep|erore . Fd||ed oy o 1
0. 0or|va| ard A. le 8ou||uec, W||| ||e co||aoora||or ol |. A|exardre,
|. ledou, A. lour||er, ard J. wo||rs||. louva|r. lee|ers, . 1
vsquez 0orez, J. J. lr|erpre|ac|or pa|r|s||ca de| 0eres|s . - , s|gr|l|cado z18z
de |a
express|or 'ru|uur ad|u|or|ur' |as|a 3ar Agus||r. 0|ss., lor|. ur|v. 0regor|ara,
181.
veer, A. de. `bor . o dars |'oeuvre de 3. Augus||r (0rre quod ror es| ex 1|z
l|de,
pecca|ur es|).' bec|Aug ( ). - . 81;z1|8
1z1oF|ever lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
veer, A. de. `'beve|are-beve|a||o.' F|erer|s d'ure e|ude sur |'erp|o| du ro| e|
sur sa
s|gr|l|ca||or c|ez 3. Augus||r.' bec|Aug ( ). - . z1oz1;
ve|asquez, J. 0. `0|or|os|ss|rar C|v||a|er 0e|. A|guras cors|derac|ores er
|orro a
'g|or|a.'' Augus||rus ( ). - . 118oz88
verora|er, l. `l'ed|||or cr|||que des serrors de 3. Augus||r sur |'AT.' b8er ;z
( ). - . 1oz|o|8
. `le serror de sa|r| Augus||r sur |es gerea|og|es du C|r|s| se|or |a||||eu 1
e|
se|or luc.' b8er ( ). - . 1181zo|
. `le serror de 3a|r| Augus||r sur |a guer|sor des deux aveug|es de 88
Jer|c|o.'
b8er ( ). - . |18|;11o1
verora|er, l.-l. `le 3error de 3a|r| Augus||r sur |es 8ea|||udes se|or 3a|r|
|a||||eu.' b8er ( ). - . 1o|1|1
verges, 3. `la bercarrac|or de| veroo y |a lg|es|a er 3ar Agus||r. Teo|og|a de
s|roo|os o|o||co-ec|es|a|es.' FF | ( ). - . |z1oo1o;;11z
ver|e|jer, l. `T| e 3|raW, ||e 8ear, ||e Tuscu|ar 0|spu|a||ors ard ||e bu|e ol
3|.
Augus||re0r a 3urpr|s|rg Augus||r|ar Fxeges|s (ol || . - ).' Aug3| ; z
( ). - . 1;11;o
. 3a|r| Augus||re's |oras||c|sr |r ||e l|g|| ol Ac|s . - . 3|. Augus||re |z
lec|ures, . v|||arova, la.. ur|v., . 1; 1;
verW||g|er, A. l'|yrre aux l||||pp|ers dars |'oeuvre de sa|r| Augus||r. 0|ss.,
l. lrs|. ca||., . 18z
. C|r|s|o|og|e e| sp|r||ua|||e se|or sa|r| Augus||r. |'|yrre aux l||||pp|ers. Tl|s|
. ;z
lar|s. 8eauc|esre, . 18
. `le C|r|s| red|a|eur se|or l| . - dars |'oeuvre de sa|r| Augus||r.' zo;
Aug(l) |o
( ). - . 1o881o|
v|||egas, |. 8. `Cua|ro padres ar|e ur psa|ro. F| 3a|ro corer|ado por o1
l||ar|o,
Aroros|o, Jeror|ro y Agus||r.' Tyv ( ). - . zo1;o;
685
v|rcer|, |. la pr|re se|or sa|r| Augus||r d'aprs |es Frarra||ores |r lsa|ros.
0|ss.,
3oroorre, . 1;
. `la pr|re se|or sa|r| Augus||r d'aprs |es 'Frarra||ores |r lsa|ros.'' NbT|
11o
( ). - . 188;1|oz
. 3a|r| Augus||r, rai|re de pr|re, d'aprs |es Frarra||ores |r lsa|ros. T| l
. 8|
lar|s. 8eauc|esre, . 1o
vogue, A. de. `les p|us arc|ers exeg|es du lrer|er ||vre des bo|s. 0r|gre,
Augus||r e| |eurs ep|gores.' 3F ( ). - . z18o1z
wac||e|, A. `C|v||as 0e|, Fcc|es|a urd K|rc|e.' lages - |r 8e||rage zur 1o|1
0esc||c||s||eo|og|e des Aure||us Augus||rus, c|. . 8orr, . 8 1oo
weaver, 0. `lror lau| |o Augus||re. borars . |r Far|y C|r|s||ar Fxeges|s.' 1z
vT | ( ). - . z;1818;zoo
weaver, b. l. `Augus||re's use ol 3cr|p|ura| Adror|||ors Aga|rs| 8oas||rg |r l|s
l|ra| Argurer|s or 0race.' 3|la|r. ( ). - . z;1|z|o
Augus||re ol l|ppo . `loa av|sos escr||urar|os cor|ra e| orgu||o er sar 1z1;
Agus|r.' Augus||rus |o
( ). - . 11zo
weoer, 0. `Adar, Fva urd d|e 3c||arge. uoer||elerurg zu Augus||rs
lr|erpre|a||or
des 3urderla||s |r 0e 0eres| cor|ra |ar|c|aeos,' C3Fl , - . 1|o1o;
weoer, l. `l|uc|psa|rer |r augus||r|sc|er 3|c||.' T0l ( ). - . |818||o
. `Augus||rus urd d|e F|r|e|| der K|rc|e darges|e||| rac| se|rer lor|||e uoer
lsa|r .' T0l | ( ). - . z1 oz1oo1o1
. `0|e 3urde W|der der le|||ger 0e|s| rac| der Aullassurg des ||. Augus||rus
(3erro ).' 3a| ( ). - . ;1 zz1oooz8o
. `weserszuge der lsa|rerer||arurg des ||. Augus||rus.' T|l ( ). 1o1o1
- zzozo.
we|srarr, l. J. `Cr|s|o, veroo creador y reder|or, er |a cor|rovers|a
ar||dora||s|a
de |os 'Trac|a|us |r Jo|arr|s Fvarge||ur' l-Xvl de 3ar Agus||r.' 3|ror |z
( ). - . 18oo1zo
. `Teo|og|a y s|roo||sro er '0e 0eres| adversus |ar|c|aeos' de 3. Agus|r.'
3|ror ( ). - . |z18oz1;zo
. `lr|roducc|or a |a |ec|ura e |r|erpre|ac|or de |os 'Trac|a|us |r lo|arr|s
Fvarge||ur' de 3ar Agus|r.' 3|ror ( ). - , ( ). - . |z18oo1z8|18;1o
. `lr|rc|p|os de exeges|s o|o||ca er e| 0e 0oc|r|ra C|r|s||ara de 3ar Agus||r.'
Cu|or ( ). - . zz18;o1;
. `T|po|og|a er e| '0e 0eres| adversus rar|c|aeos' de 3ar Agus|r.'
be|Cu||
( ). - . 18;z|;8
. `8|o||a y v|da rors||ca er 3ar Agus||r.' Cu|or ( ). - . z1o1||
we|c|, l.-J. le lre e| |e l||s se|or 3. Augus||r. F|ude des Trac|a|us - sur 1|
|'Fvarg||e
de Jear. 0|ss., louva|r-|a Neuve, . 1;8
we|c|, l.-J. la lo| au 'veroe la|| c|a|r' dars |e 0e Tr|r||a|e de sa|r| Augus||r.
0|ss.,
louva|r, . 18o
werr|rg, 0. `0er F|rl|uss des |ar|c|a|srus urd des Aroros|us aul d|e
lerrereu||| Augus||rs.' bFAug ( ). - . o1o8oo
werre||rger, 0. `le caror des la||rs au |erps de Jerore e| d'Augus||r.' lages
- 1z1o, |r le caror de |'Arc|er Tes|arer|, sa lorra||or e| sor ||s|o|re. Fd||ed
oy J.-0. Kaes|||. 0ereva. laoor e| l|des, . 18|
wes|ra, l. J. `Augus||re ard poe||c exeges|s.' lages - |r 0race, po||||cs 8;1oo
ard
des|re, essays or Augus||re. Fd||ed oy l. A. |eyre||. Ca|gary. ur|v., . 1o
w||||s, 0. 0. `3|. Augus||re's Tex| ol ||e Ac|s ol ||e Apos||es.' 3|Fv. ( ). 1o8
- zzzz.
w|s|ll, C. lr. `Augus||r og l|eroryrus or de Jde|r|s|re og |ose|over
[NorWeg|ar. Augus||re ard Jerore or ||e C|r|s||ar JeWs ard ||e |osa|c
laW|.' TTK ( ). - . 11oo1zo8
wo||rs||, J. `la 3agesse c|ez |es lres de |'Fg||se (de C|erer| de bore
Augus||r).'
lages - |r la sagesse o|o||que. 0e |'Arc|er au Nouveau Tes|arer|, Ac|es |zo
du
1z18F|ever lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
Xv
e
Corgrs de |'AClF8 (lar|s, ). Fd||ed oy J. Truo|e|. l0 . lar|s. Cerl, 1 1oo
1.
686
wo|ru| |, J. ` T| eop|ar|e|ex|e |r der Fxegese des Augus||rs. F|r sys|era||sc|
or|er||er|es 0esprac| zW|sc|er Augus||rus urd der l|arorero|og|e.' lages
- 1zz
|r 3||ru||. Fxegese urd ||re lerrereu||| |r Ar|||e urd C|r|s|er|ur. les|sc|r|l|
lur Frrs| 0assrarr. Fd||ed oy 0. 3c|o||ger ard C. 3c|o||er. JAC|e, 8. . z
|urs|er. Asc|erdorll, . 1o
wr|g||, 0. l. `Trac|a|us - ol 3|. Augus||re's |r Jo|.' JT| 3 ( ). - . zozz 11o|1;o
. `T| e raruscr|p|s ol ||e 'Trac|a|us |r Jo|arrer,' a supp|erer|ary ||s|.'
bec|Aug
1o( ). - . 1811oo
. `Augus||re. l|s Fxeges|s ard lerrereu||cs.' lages - |r leoreW ;o1o
8|o|e|0|d
Tes | arer| . T| e l|s|ory ol ||s lr|erpre|a||or. vo|. . lror ||e 8eg|rr|rgs |o ||e 1
||dd|e Ages (ur||| ). lr co-opera||or W||| C. 8re|e|rars ard |. larar, 1oo
Fd||ed oy |. 3ao. lar| . Ar||qu||y. 0o|||rger. varder|oec| & buprec||, 1
1o.
wyrWa, 0. `Augus||rs ge|s|||c|e Aus|egurg des Jo|arresevarge||urs.' lages
- 18
z1o|r C|r|s|||c|e Fxegese zW|sc|er N|caea urd C|a|cedor. Fd||ed oy J. var
0or|
ard u. w|c|er|. Karper. Ko| l|aros, . 1z
a| e s , J. ` T| e Fp|s||e ol Jares |r Augus||re ard ||s le|ag|ar Adversar|es.
3ore
lre||r|rary 0oserva||ors.' Aug(b) ( ). - . zzoozz;o
Zac|er, A. 0e 0er. cor|ra |ar|c|. F|r versuc| Augus||rs, d|e ers|er dre| Kap||e|
vor
0eres|s zu er||arer urd zu ver|e|d|ger. 0|ss., lor|. ur|v. 0regor|ara, | . 1o1oz
Zaro, 3. `3|. Augus||re, ||e 8|o||ca| 3c|o|ar.' 3c . - . z11z||
. C|roro|og|a Frarra||orur 3. Augus||r| |r lsa|ros. Fx|rac|ur ex 'Arge||cur'
1z( )- ( ). la va|e||a. 3| 0or|r|c's lr|ory lv, . 1z1|8 1|8
Zedda, 3. `la ver|d|c|| de| varge|| re| '0e corsersu Fvarge||s|arur' d| 3.
Agos||ro
e re||a 'Fxpos|||o Fvarge||| securdur lucar' d| 3. Arorog|o.' 0T | ( ). oo|1o
- |z|1.
Z|rrerrar, A. `Na|ed ou| ro| as|ared.' T|e lr|es| , ( ). - . |81z|;|
Z|rcore, 3. `l| |era de||a creaz|ore de||'uoro ad |rrag|re e sor|g||arza d| 0|o
re||a |e||era|ura cr|s||ara ar||ca l|ro ad Agos||ro.' 0oc|or 3erap||cus ( ). ;1o
- ;1.
Zocca, F. `3ap|er||a e ||ore sap|erz|a|| scr|||| agos||r|ar| pr|ra de| .' lages o
- ;
11||r le||ure cr|s||ar| de| l|ore 3ap|er||az|a||. Fd||ed oy l. 8o|g|ar|. bore. lrs|.
la|r. Augus||r|arur, - . 111z
Zur|e||er, A. `8|o||sc|e urd a||c|r|s|||c|e le||o||der des ||os|er||c|er leoers |r
des ||. Augus||rus.' Aug(l) ( ). - . 181o8z1
ZW|rgg|, A. `0|e lor||aulerde 3c|r|l||esurg |r 0o||esd|ers| oe| Augus||rus.' Al| 1z
( ). - . 1;o81z

Augus||re ol l|ppo Augus||re. ||e |errereu||cs ol corvers|or 1z1
a spec|a| cor|r|ou||or
oy lare|a 8r|g||
|. T|e loW|y Access |o |ys|ery
T|e l|rs| decade ol Augus||re's ep|scopacy Was rar|ed oy a reW p|ase ol
||s ac||v||y as o|o||ca| correr|a|or, a p|ase ||a| Was |o produce ||ree
s|gr|l|car||y reW |r|||a||ves. 0e doc|r|ra c|r|s||ara, Corless|ores,ard 0e geres|
ad ||||erar. T| ese Wor|s, very d|llerer| |r gerre ard purpose, are a|| |rlused
W||| a reW serse ol ras|ery. T| e o|o||ca| apprer||ce ol |||ar, ||e jourreyrar ol
bore, T| agas|e, ard ||er l|ppo beg|us, Was roW, |er years al| er ||s
oap||sr, |o eroar| upor a ser|es ol projec|s W||c|, |r s|gr|l|car||y d|llerer|
Ways, Wou|d del|re ||s cor|r|ou||or |o o|o||ca| |errereu||cs. l| |s |r ||ese
||ree Wor|s ||a| Augus||re e|aoora|es ||s ra|ur|rg grasp ol |errereu||ca|
pr|rc|p|es W||| a po|r|edress ard a sWeep ol v|s|or ||a| |s rerar|ao|e.
lr 0e doc|r|ra c|r|s||ara (0e doc|r. c|r.), Augus||re laces square|y ||e
corp|ex||y ol ||e |errereu||ca| proo|ers posed |o ||e o|o||ca| |r|erpre|er
prec|se|y as r|r|s|er ol ||e word (|r sp||e ol a |||r|y-year ||a|us
1
|r ||e
corp|e||or ol ||e Wr|||rg). Al|er a| |eas| ||ree ear||er a||erp|s a| |r|erpre|a||or, 0e
geres| ad ||||erar|s c|arac|er|zed oy ||s reWlourd corl| derce |r
|ac|||rg ||e ro|or|ous|y d|ll| cu|| |ex| ol 0eres|s. A|||oug| ||e |rpor|arce
ol ||e Corless|ors (Corl.) lor ||e deve|oprer| ol Augus||re as a o|o||ca|
exege|e |s ro| |rred|a|e|y oov|ous, || |s |r |||s ex|raord|rar||y corcer|ra|ed
ard ru||va|er| Wor| ||a| Augus||re devo|es prec|se a||er||or |o |errereu||ca|
|ssues. T| e Corless|ors|s ar |rpor|ar| W||ress |o |||s reW p|ase ol
687
Augus||re's ra|ur|rg as a o|o||ca| |r|erpre|er, W||| ||e |as| lour ooo|s rar||rg a
s|gr|l|car| rorer| ol ||e crys|a|||za||or ol ||s ||oug||. l| |s |r ||ese
ooo|s ||a| Augus||re lorges s|rorg ||r|s oe|Weer ar ar||ropo|og|ca| ard a
c|r|s|o|og|ca| oas|s ol o|o||ca| |r|erpre|a||or. w|e||er as ||e se|l |r searc|
ol 0od, or as ||e |r|erpre|er ol ||e word ol 0od, ||e C|r|s||ar |s p|urged
|r|o ar aoyss ol rys|ery, ||e |eros|s ol ||e lrcarra||or, W|ere ||e pover|y
ard lra|||y ol oe|rg ard ol urders|ard|rg are paradox|ca||y |rarsl|gured.
A| |||s p|ase ol ||s ac||v||y as o|o||ca| |r|erpre|er, Augus||re Wr||es ro|
or|y as a ras|er prac||||orer ou| a|so as ar |rs|g||lu| ||eor|s| ol o|o||ca|
1. C|ar|es Karrerg|esser, `T| e lr|errup|ed 0e 0oc|r|ra C|r|s||ara,' |r 0e
0oc|r|ra C|r|s||ara. A C|ass|c ol wes|err Cu||ure (ed. 0uare w. l. Arro|d ard
lare|a
8r|g||, No|re 0are, lrd.. ur|vers||y ol No|re 0are lress, ), - . 11
1zzoF|ever lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
|r|erpre|a||or. To spea| ol Augus||re as ||eor|s|, l do ro| rear or|y ||e
||eory ard pr|rc|p|es ol |errereu||cs, ou| a|so as a ||eor|s| ol ||e urder|y|rg
suppos|||ors ol ||e r|r|s|ry ol ||e word. lr ||e ear|y years ol ||s ep|scopa|
career, Augus||re records ||s rel|ec||ors or ||e reed lor ||e |r|erpre|er |o oe
aWare ol ||e proper scope ol scr|p|ure |o ou||d up |ove (l|rer praecep|| esse
car||a|er, 0e doc|r. c|r. . , |o||
z
cl. Corl. Xll . ), ard ol ||e proper c|arac|er|s||cs ol scr|p|ure |r oe|rg 18z;
corlorred |o ||e `|urar cord|||or' (|urara
cord|c|o), as Augus||re argues |r ||e prooer|ur |o 0e doc|r|ra c|r|s||ara.
`A|| ||ose ra||ers cou|d |ave oeer dore oy arge|s ou| ||e |urar cord|||or
Wou|d |ave oeer degraded |l 0od Wou|d ro| seer |o War| |o r|r|s|er ||s
oWr Words |o |urar oe|rgs ||roug| |urar oe|rgs' (prooer|ur ). |
w|||e oo|| ||e Corless|orsard ||e 0e doc|r|ra c|r|s||aras|are s|r||ar
perspec||ves aoou| ||e scope ard c|arac|er ol ||e scr|p|ures, W|a| |s pecu||ar |o
||e Corless|ors|s ||a| ||ese pr|rc|p|es are exar|red |r ||e cor|ex|
ol ||e process ol corvers|or. T| e ||||e ol |||s s|udy, `T| e lerrereu||cs ol
Corvers|or,' |s ro| |r|erded |o s|gr|ly ar ara|ys|s ol ||e process ol corvers|or.
ba||er || arrources a locus or Augus||re's rel|ec||or or ||e |r|ersec||or
ol a ||eo|ogy ol ||e reedy ard Wourded se|l |r ||e process ol `re-lorra||or,'
or ||e ore |ard, ard a ||eory ol o|o||ca| |errereu||cs lourded or a ||rd
ol ex|s|er||a| esp|s|ero|ogy, or ||e o||er. `A|| |oo lrequer||y ||e pover|y
ol |urar |r|e|||gerce |as p|er|y |o say, lor |rqu|ry erp|oys rore Words
||ar ||e d|scovery ol ||e so|u||or'

(Corl. Xll . ) T| e lrac|ured se|l see||rg W|o|eress ard ||e ru|||-Worded 11

searc| lor |ru|| are ||eres ||a| are
|r|er|W|red ||roug|ou| ||e l|ra| ooo|s ol ||e Corless|ors. `lr ry reedy ||le
[|r |ac |rop|a v||ae reae|,
|
ry |ear| |s ruc| exerc|sed oy ||e Words ol your
|o|y scr|p|ure' (Corl. Xll . ). 11
T| e prograr arrourced |r ||e 3o|||oqu|es,as ear|y as ||s ca|ec|urera|e
days, `To |roW ryse|l, |o |roW you' (rover|r re, rover|r |e, 3o|. . ) |s z1
lo||oWed ass|duous|y |r ||e Corless|ors. `|ay l |roW you W|o |roW re.
|ay l |roW as l a|so ar |roWr' (cogroscar |e, cogr||or reus, cogroscar
s|cu| e| cogr||us sur, Corl.X . ), ou| W|a| Augus||re erp|as|zes |r ||e 11
z. b. l. l. 0reer, 0e 0oc|r|ra C|r|s||ara(0xlord. 0xlord ur|vers||y lress,
1), . z
. lerry C|adW|c|, 3|. Augus||re Corless|ors (0xlord. 0xlord ur|vers||y lress,
1z, repr. ), . T| e |rars|a||ors ol ||e Corless|ors|r |||s essay are 18z|o
|a|er
lror C|adW|c|.
|. lucas ver|e|jer, Corpus C|r|s||arorur 3er|es la||ra XXvll, 3arc|| Augus||r|
0pera. Corless|orur l|or| Xlll (Turr|ou|. 8repo|s, ). 3ee a|so Jares 181
J. 0'0orre||, Augus||re, Corless|ors( vo|s., 0xlord. C|arerdor, ). 1z
Augus||re ol l|ppo Corless|ors|s ||a| ||e see||rg ol |||s v||a| |roW|edge 1zz1
rus| oe urder|a|er
|r ||e p||gr|r rode ol |uro|e see||rg.
l ||erelore dec|ded |o g|ve a||er||or |o ||e |o|y scr|p|ures ard |o l|rd
ou| W|a| ||ey Were |||e. Ard |||s |s W|a| re| re. sore|||rg re|||er
oper |o ||e proud ror |a|d oare |o rere c|||drer, a |ex| |oW|y |o ||e
oeg|rrer ou|, or lur||er read|rg, ol rour|a|rous d|ll| cu||y ard erve|oped |r
rys|er|es (exce|sar e| ve|a|ar rys|er||s). (Corl.lll . )
lr |||s serse, ||e |r|erpre|er, as|r|erpre|er, |s ca||ed |o corvers|or. T| e proud,
so|||ary |r|erpre|er |o|d|rg |o a s|rg|eress ol |ru|| |s revea|ed as ar erp|y
ard ooas|lu| ||ar. w|er || |s `r|re a|ore, || |s a ||e,' lor your |ru|| does ro|
oe|org |o re ror |o aryore e|se ou| |o us a|| W|or you ca|| s|are || as a
puo||c possess|or' (quor|ar ver||as |ua rec rea es| rec ||||us au| ||||us, sed
orr|ur ros|rur, Corl.Xll . ). z|
688
T| e proper `scope' ol scr|p|ure |o ou||d up c|ar||y, s|ou|d ru|e |errereu||ca|
d|scourse, jus| as ||e ac|roW|edgerer| ol ||e `pover|y ol |urar
|r|e|||gerce' s|ou|d |erper ||e |erac||y W||| W||c| op|r|ors are c|urg |o
|r suc| d|scourse.
3ee roW |oW s|up|d || |s, arorg so |arge a rass ol er||re|y correc|
|r|erpre|a||ors W||c| car oe e||c||ed lror ||ose Words, ras||y |o asser|
||a| a par||cu|ar ore |as ||e oes| c|a|r |o oe |oses' v|eW, ard oy des|ruc||ve
d|spu|es |o ollerd aga|rs| c|ar||y ||se|l, W||c| |s ||e pr|rc|p|e
ol every|||rg |e sa|d |r ||e |ex|s We are a||erp||rg |o expourd|rg.
(Corl.Xll . ) z
Augus||re |s a|Ways aWare ol ||e paradox ol |ur||||y ard suo||r||y |r ||e
exerc|se ol ||e r|r|s|ry ol ||e word. T| e `access' ray oe |oW|y, ou| ||e
`suo||r||y'

ol ||e d|v|re rys|ery |s ce|eora|ed ||roug|ou| ||e Corless|ors.

lor We |ave ro| core across ary o||er ooo|s so des|ruc||ve ol pr|de,
so des|ruc||ve ol ||e `erery ard ||e delerder' W|o res|s|s your recorc|||a||or oy
delerd|rg ||s s|rs. l |ave ro| |roWr, lord, l |ave ro|
ree| W||| o||er u||erarces so pure, W||c| so persuas|ve|y rove re
|o corless|or, ra|e ry rec| ooW |o your yo|e, ard or|rg re |o a lree
Wors||p. (Corl. Xlll . ) 11;
l| |s |ard|y surpr|s|rg ||a| Augus||re, ||e se|l-|r-corvers|or, ard Augus||re,
||e o|o||ca| |r|erpre|er, core |o d|scover ||a| ||e er|ry |r|o ||e suo||r||y ol
rys|ery, oo|| lor ||e se|l ard lor ||e o|o||ca| |r|erpre|er, |as ||e sare |oW|y
. T| oras l|rar, `3|. Augus||re or ||e 'r|ra prolurd||as' ol 3cr|p|ure,' |r
3cr|p|ura| lr|erpre|a||or |r ||e la||ers. le||er ard 3p|r|| (ed. T| oras l|rar ard
v|rcer|
TWorey, 0uo||r. lour Corrers lress, ), . 3ee r. , ||e recurr|rg ro||l 11; o
ol
scr|p|ure's coro|ra||or ol a||||udoard |ur||||as.
1zzzF|ever lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
access. T| |s |s ||e spec|a| |rs|g|| ||a| rar|s ||e c|arac|er ol ||e |errereu||ca|
pr|rc|p|es adurora|ed |r ||e l|ra| ooo|s ol ||e Corless|ors.
||. T|e 3e|l, ur-lorred ard be-lorred
(Corless|ors X-Xlll)
T| e reed|ress ard |rcorp|e|eress ol ||e |urar cord|||or |s a cer|ra| ||ere
|r ||e l| ra| ooo|s ol ||e Corless|ors. l| |s |||s reed|ress ||a| draWs ||e 0|v|re
l|ys|c|ar |o us (8oo| X), W|||e ||e `ro|-ye|ress' ol ||e se|l |r ||e Weo ol
||re (8oo| Xl) ard ||e |rcorp|e|eress ol ||e urlorred ear|||se|l (8oo|
Xll) are revea|ed, paradox|ca||y, as ||e rea| source ol our ||ar|sg|v|rg||e
`corless|or ol pra|se' lor our re-lorra||or
o
|r ||e |rage ol ||e Tr|ure 0od
(8oo| Xlll).
lroceed W||| your corless|or, ry la|||. 3ay |o ||e lord your 0od.
'lo|y, |o|y, |o|y lord ry 0od,' (ls . , bv . ). lr your rare We are o |8
oap||zed, la||er, 3or, ard lo|y 3p|r|| (|a|| . ), |r your rare We z81
oap||ze, la||er, 3or, ard lo|y 3p|r||. Arorg us a|so |r ||s C|r|s| 0od
|as rade a |eaver ard ar ear||, rear|rg ||e sp|r||ua| ard carra|
reroers ol ||s c|urc|. |oreover, oelore our ear|| rece|ved lorr,
|rpar|ed oy doc|r|re, || Was '|rv|s|o|e ard urorgar|zed' (0r . ), ard 1z
We Were covered oy ||e dar|ress (ls . ) ol |grorarce. lor you 'correc|ed rar |o
lor ||s |r|qu||y,' ard 'your judgerer|s are |||e ||e grea|
aoyss' (ls . , . ). 8u| oecause your '3p|r|| Was oorre aoove ||e 81z;
Wa|ers,' your rercy d|d ro| aoardor our r|sery, ard you sa|d. 'le|
||ere oe ||g||' (0er . ). '0o per||erce, lor ||e ||rgdor ol |eaver 1
|as draWr rear' (|| . , . ). . . . 0ur dar|ress d|sp|eased us. we Were z|1;
corver|ed |o you (ls . ), ||g|| Was crea|ed, ard sudder|y We 'W|o o1
Were orce dar|ress are roW ||g|| |r ||e lord' (Fp| . ). (Corl. Xll 8
1z. ) 1
8oo| X. T|e wourded 3e|l
8oo| X oeg|rs W||| a carelu| erurc|a||or ol ||e purpose ol ||e Corless|ors.
|o ercourage ||s readers, `s|areres ol ry joy, corjo|red W||| re |r ror|a|||y,
ry le||oW c|||zers ard p||gr|rs' (X . ) |o |a|e |ear| ||roug| ||s douo|e |o
`corless|or' ol pra|se ard |arer|pra|se |o 0od lor W|a| Augus||re ||r- . |.-A. o
varr|er, `Crea||o, corvers|o, lorra||o c|ez 3. Augus||r,' co||. `larados|s'
(lr|oourg, , repr. ), , r. . 11 1;z; o
Augus||re ol l|ppo se|l |ad oecore oy 0od's grace, ard ||s |arer| over 1zz
||s pas| s|rlu|ress. le
eroar|s W||| |||s croWd ol W||resses or ||e |rrer jourrey |r|o `||e l|e|ds
ard vas| pa|aces ol rerory' (e| ver|o |r carpos e| |a|a prae|or|a reror|ae,
X . ) |ous|rg ||ree grea| s|ore|ousesl|rs| ||a| |a|d doWr oy ||e serses 81z
(X . - ), ||er ||a| acqu|red oy a ||le||re ol |earr|rg ||roug| ||e ||oera| ar|s 811
(de doc|r|r|s ||oera||s,X . ) ard ||e pr|rc|p|es ol ruroers ard 1o
689
d|rers|ors (X . ), ard l|ra||y ||a| |a|d up oy ||e reco||ec||ors ol allec||ors 1z1
||e `lour per|uroa||ors ol ||e r|rd, cup|d||y, g|adress, lear ard
sadress' (X . ). T| e see||rg lor 0od ||roug| ||e |rrer dep||s ol se|l 1|zz
|eads |o Augus||re's rel| ec||or or ||e oas|c |urar dr|ve lor |app|ress (X
zo. - . ), ard cu|r|ra|es |r ||e cry. `T| a| |s ||e au||er||c |appy ||le, |o zz||
se| ore's joy or you, grourded |r you, ard causede oy you. T| |s |s ||e rea|
|||rg, ard ||ere |s ro o||er' (X . ). `3ee |oW W|de|y l |ave rarged, lord, zzz
searc||rg lor you |r ry rerory' (X . ). T| e larous cry, `la|e |ave l z|
|oved you, oeau|y so o|d ard so reW. |a|e |ave l |oved you,' ercapsu|a|es
||e Wrorg-|eaded see||rg lor |app|ress ol ||s lorrer ||le. `3ee you Were
W||||r ard l Was |r ||e ex|erra| Wor|d. . . . ou Were W||| re, ard l Was ro|
W||| you.' T| |s |eads |o ||e l|ra| ac|roW|edgerer|.
w|er l |ave ad|ered (ls . ) |o you W||| ||e W|o|e ol ryse|l, l ;zz8
s|a|| rever |ave 'pa|r ard |o||' (ls . ), ard ry er||re ||le W||| oe 81o
lu|| ol you. ou ||l|up ||e persor W|or you l|||. 8u| lor ||e preser|,
oecause l ar ro| lu|| ol you, l ar a ourder |o ryse|l. . . . 3ee l do ro|
||de ry Wourds. ou are ||e p|ys|c|ar, l ar ||e pa||er|. (X . ) z8
T| |s `corless|or' se|s ||e s|age lor ||e secord |a|l ol 8oo| X, ar ara|ys|s ol
||e dep|| ol ||e Wourdedress ol ||e |urar cord|||or, |r ||e lrare ol Jo|r 1
z. , ||e corcup|scerces `ol ||e l|es|' 1o
;
(cl. 8oo| vl), ol `||e eyes' (cl. 8oo|
vll) ard ol `||e pr|de ol ||le' (cl. 8oo| vlll). 8u| |||s pa|rlu| |r|rospec||or
|r |errs ol `Wourdedress' |as oeer We|| prepared lor |r ||e ear||er rel| ec||or
or ||e |rrer se|l, W||||r ||e roors ol ||e pa|ace ol rerory. T| e cor||ru|rg
urru||ress ol serse |rages
8
(`ol ||e l|es|'), ||e d|ll| cu||y ol curo|rg ||e appe|||e lor `cur|os||as' (`ol ||e eyes'),
ard ||e |ydra-|eaded rar|les|a||ors
ol pr|de ard aro|||or (`||e pr|de ol ||le'), are ||e d|s|or|ed r|rror |rages
;. 3ee a|so Corl.Xlll . , . `T| e |aug|||ress ol pr|de, ||e p|easures ol |us|, z1o1
ard
||e po|sor ol cur|os||y are ||e pass|ors ol a dead sou|. . . . '8e ro| corlorred |o
||e
Wor|d,' br . .' 1zz
8. 3ee l|erre Cource||e, bec|erc|es sur |es Corless|ors de 3a|r| Augus||r
(lar|s.
F. de 8occard, ), . Cource||e sugges|s ||a| ||e 3o|||oqu|esreler |o ||e 1oz
oarr|e
aga|rs| ||e |erp|a||ors ol ||e l|es| W|||e ||e 0e 0rd|relocuses or |r|e||ec|ua|
d|ll| cu|||es.
1zz|F|ever lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
ol ||e pos|||ve lacu|||es ol rerory. ||e s|ore|ouse ol serse percep||or (X
8. - ), ol |roW|rg (X . - . ), ard ol ||e rarge ol |urar ero||ors 11 1o1z1
(X . ). As 8oo| X draWs |o ||s erd, Augus||re |urrs |o C|r|s|, ||e d|v|re 1|zz
p|ys|c|ar. `3o urder ||ree lorrs ol |us| l |ave cors|dered ||e s|c|ress ol
ry s|rs, ard l |ave |rvo|ed your r|g|| |ard |o save re' (|deoque cors|derva|
|arguores pecca|orur reorur |r cup|d||a|e |r|p||c|, e| dex|erar |uar |rvocav|
ad sa|u|er rear, X . ). o|1
8oo| Xl. T|e 3e|l-|r-T|re
lav|rg es|ao||s|ed ||e |urar cord|||or (ex|s|er||a||y) as ore ol reeda
reed|ress W||c| |rpe||s a reac||rg ou| |o C|r|s|, ||e |ed|a|orAugus||re
oeg|rs 8oo| Xl W||| a rel|ec||or or ||e r|r|s|ry ol ||e word, ||e r|r|s|ry
W||c| |e corl|rred as ||s voca||or |r ||e c|os|rg sec||or ol 8oo| X. lr ||e
very lace ol ||e vu|rerao||||y ol la||er |urar ra|ure, |e |a|es up ||e ourder
ard pr|v||ege ol r|r|s|ry (Xl . , X . ). As ||e word, ||roug| ||e Words zz |;o
ol scr|p|ure, resourds |r ||s ears |r ||e rarra||ve ol ||e crea||or ol |eaver
ard ear||, Augus||re |aurc|es |r|o jus||y larous rel|ec||or or ||re, cu|r|ra||rg |r
||s red||a||or or ||e se|l-|r-||re, ||e se|l (Xl . ), `d|s|erded' zo
oe|Weer pas|, preser|, ard lu|ure.
T| |s erp|as|s or |ers|or or d|s|rac||or (d|s|er||o ar|r|), |||s rear lrac|ur|rg ol
se|l, re|rlorces ||e ro||or ol reed|ress ard vu|rerao||||y ol ||e
|urar cord|||or es|ao||s|ed |r 8oo| X. loWever, |r ||e c|os|rg sec||ors
ol 8oo| Xl || |s ro| so ruc| ||e aojec||or ol reed|ress ||a| |s erp|as|zed.
ba||er, |||e ||e s||l||r |ore oe|Weer c|ap|ers ard ol lau|'s Fp|s||e |o ; 8
||e borars, lor Augus||re ||e pa|r ol |||s ex|s|er||a| aWareress ol oe|rg
`d|s| erded'

oe|Weer pas| ard lu|ure |s |rarslorred, urder grace, |r|o ar

`ex|ers|or' |oWards ||e |ed|a|or (Xl . ). Augus||re draWs |oge||er ||e z
ru|||s|rarded d|scourse ol 8oo| Xl.
'8ecause your rercy |s rore ||ar ||ves' (ls . ), see |oW ry ||le oz|
|s a d|s|er||or |r severa| d|rec||ors. 'our r|g|| |ard up|e|d re'
(ls . , . ) |r ry lord, ||e 3or ol rar W|o |s red|a|or oe|Weer 1;ooz
690
you ||e 0re ard us ||e rary, W|o ||ve |r a ru|||p||c||y ol d|s|rac||ors oy rary
|||rgs, so ||a| 'l r|g|| appre|erd ||r |r W|or l ar
appre|erded' (l||| . - ), ard |eav|rg oe||rd ||e o|d days l r|g|| 1z1|
oe ga||ered |o lo||oW ||e 0re, 'lorge|||rg ||e pas|' ard rov|rg ro| |oWards ||ose
lu|ure |||rgs W||c| are |rars||ory ou |o '||e |||rgs W||c|
. 3c|o|ars reler |o d|as|as|s|r Frreadslll , , . 3ee ||e survey ol ;111o
sc|o|ars||p |r
Jares J. 0'0orre||, Corless|orslll, - . z88o
Augus||re ol l|ppo are oelore' re, ro| s|re|c|ed ou| |r d|s|rac||or ou| 1zz
ex|erded |r reac|,
ro| oy oe|rg pu||ed apar| ou| oy corcer|ra||or. . . . T| e s|orrs ol |rco|erer|
|||rgs ever|s |ear |o p|eces ry ||oug||s, ||e |rros| er|ra||s
ol ry sou|, ur||| ||a| day W|er, pur|l|ed ard ro||er oy ||e l|re ol
your |ove, l l|oW |oge||er |o rerge |r|o you. (X . ) z
8oo| Xll. T| e TWo Aoysses. ||e 3e|l ard ||e 3cr|p|ures
w|||e ||re ard e|err||y dor|ra|e 8oo| Xl, |eaver ard ear|| are ||e locus
ol 8oo| Xll. Jus| as ||e se|l-|r-||re, ra||er ||ar ||e ques||or ol e|err||y, oecare
||e cer|er ol |rqu|ry |r 8oo| Xl, so |oo, lor a|| ||e Worderlu| passages
devo|ed |o ||e cor|erp|a||or ol ||e `|eaver ol |eavers,' `||a| ro exper|erce
ol ||re car ever |ouc|,' || |s ||e `urlorred ear||,' `rex| |o ro|||rg' (prope
r||||. . . quar lec|s|| de ru||a re paere ru||ar rer,Xll . ) ||a| oecores ||e 88
preoccupa||or ol 8oo| Xll. lrdeed, || |s ||e po|er||a| lor corvers|or
1o
ol ||e
`a|ros| lorr|ess ear||' ||a| cap|ures Augus||re's a||er||or.
l| |s |ure, lord, ||a| you rade |eaver ard ear||. . . . l| |s |rue ||a|
every|||rg ru|ao|e |rp||es lor us ||e ro||or ol a ||rd ol lorr|essress,
W||c| a||oWs || |o rece|ve lorr ard |o urdergo c|arge ard rod|l|ca||or. l| |s |rue
||a| ro exper|erce ol ||re car ever |ouc| W|a| |as so
c|ose ard ad|ererce |o |rru|ao|e lorr ||a|, ||oug| ru|ao|e, || urdergoes ro
c|arges. l| |s |rue ||a| lorr|essress W||c| |s rex| |o ro|||rg
(prope r||||) carro| suller |erpora| success|veress. . . . l| |s |rue ||a|
ol a|| |||rgs W||| lorr ro|||rg |s c|oser |o lorr|ess ||ar ear|| ard
||e aoyss. l| |s |rue ||a| you rade ro| or|y W|a|ever |s crea|ed ard
erdoWed W||| lorr ou| a|so W|a|ever |s capao|e ol oe|rg crea|ed ard
rece|v|rg lorr. l| |s |rue ||a| every oe|rg ||a| |s lorred ou| ol ||a|
W|||ou| lorr |s ||se|l l|rs| urlorred ard ||er lorred. (Xll . ) 1z8
lr W|a| seers a| l|rs| g|arce a d|gress|or lror ||s cor|erp|a||or ol ||e |Wo
`crea|ures,' ||e `|eaver ol |eavers' ard ||e `ear|| ard ||e aoyss,' Augus||re
a rajor par| ol 8oo| Xll |o ||e proo|er ol ||e d|vers||y ol scr|p|ura|
|r|erpre|a||ors. loWever, || |s ques||orao|e ||a| ||s a||er||or |o ||e proo|ers ol
||e `|ru||lu| d|vers||y' (Xll . ) ol scr|p|ura| |r|erpre|a||or |s a d|gress|or. lr o|1
cor|erp|a||rg ||e aoyss ol ||e l|rs| day ol crea||or, Augus||re |s
1o. |ar|e-Arre varr|er d|scusses Augus||re's |rea|rer| ol ru|ao||||y as a
source
ol |ope |r |er s|udy ol ore ol ||e reW|y d|scovered serrors ol Augus||re
(0o|oeau ), `l'appor| des rouveaux serrors |a c|r|s|o|og|e,' Augus||r zo
lred|ca|eur
( - ) (Co||ec||or des Fd|||ors Augus||r|erres , 3. |adec, lar|s. lrs|||u| |11 1
d'F|udes Augus||r|erres lress, ), - . 18zo;;
1zzoF|ever lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
|og|ca||y draWr |o ||e cor|erp|a||or ol aro||er aoyss, ||e prolourd dep||s
ol scr|p|ure. `w|a| Worderlu| prolurd||y [r|ra prolurd||as| ||ere |s |r your
u||erarces! T| e surlace rear|rg ||es oper oelore us ard c|arrs oeg|rrers.
e| ||e dep|| |s araz|rg, ry 0od, ||e dep|| |s araz|rg. To corcer|ra|e
or || |s |o exper|erce aWe||e aWe ol adora||or oelore ||s |rarscerderce
ard ||e |rero||rg ol |ove'
11
(Corl. Xll . ). T| e preserce ol `||e aoyss' |s 1|1;
pa|pao|e ||roug|ou| ||e Corless|ors. T| e |Wo `aoysses'are |r|er|W|red. 0r
||e ore |ard, ||ere |s ||e aoyss ol reed|ress ard vu|rerao||||y ol ||e |urar
cord|||or. `To ||e |oWer aoyss |e ca||s |r ||e Words. '8e ro| corlorred |o
|||s Wor|d, ou| oe relorred |r ||e reWress ol your r|rd'' (br . , Corl. 1zz
Xlll . ). 0r ||e o||er, ||e aoyss ol ||e scr|p|ures, W||| a|| ||s d|vers||y 11|
ard ru|||p||c||y, W|||e carelu||y orc|es|ra|ed ||roug| ||e |as| ooo|s ol ||e
Corless|ors,|s ||e spec|a| locus ol 8oo| Xll.
T| e `dep||' ol ||e scr|p|ures |as ||e prac||ca| resu|| ol allec||rg ||e very
rode ol scr|p|ura| d|scourse.
l see ||a| |Wo |ypes ol d|sagreerer|s car ar|se W|er sore|||rg |s
recorded oy |ru||lu| repor|ers us|rg s|grs. T| e l|rs| corcerrs ||e
|ru|| ol ||e ra||er |r ques||or. T| e secord corcerrs ||e |r|er||or ol
||e Wr||er. l| |s ore |||rg |o |rqu|re |r|o ||e |ru|| aoou| ||e or|g|r ol
crea||or. l| |s aro||er |o as| W|a| urders|ard|rg ol ||e Words or ||e
par| ol ||e readere ard |earer Was |r|erded oy |oses, a d|s||rgu|s|ed
691
servar| ol your la|||. (Xll . ) zz
Augus||re argues ||a| ||e lu||ress ol rear|rg |r|erded oy |oses carro| oe
grasped |r ||s s|rg|eress oy |a|er |r|erpre|ers. lr lac| ||e corp|ex||y ol ||e
|ru|| revea|ed oy |oses requ|res ar urlo|d|rg |r ru|||p|e |r|erpre|a||ors.
A spr|rg corl|red |r a sra|| space r|ses W||| rore poWer ard d|s|r|ou|es ||s l|oW
||roug| rore c|arre|s over a W|der exparse ||ar a
s|rg|e s|rear r|s|rg lror ||e sare spr|rg ever |l || l|oWs doWr over
rary p|aces. 3o a|so ||e accour| g|ver your r|r|s|er (|oses), W||c|
Was |o oerel|| rary expos|||ors, uses a sra|| reasure ol Words |o
pour ou| a spa|e ol c|ear |ru||. lror |||s eac| correr|a|or, |o ||e
oes| ol ||s ao||||y |r ||ese |||rgs ray draW W|a| |s |rue, ore |||s Way,
aro||er ||a|, us|rg |orger ard rore corp|ex c|arre|s ol d|scourse.
(Xll . ) z;;
T| e po|r| |s ||a| |ru|| carro| oe `grasped' or possessed |r a s|rg|e urla||er|rg
g|arce (a| |eas| |r ||e |urar cord|||or), re|||er car || oe possessed oy ||e
|rd|v|dua| |r|erpre|er. 3pea||rg ol ||ose |r|erpre|ers W|o reluse aro||er's
(|r |||s case Augus||re's!) |r|erpre|a||or |e correr|s.
11. T| oras l|rar, . 1;o
Augus||re ol l|ppo T| ey do ro| say |||s |o re oecause ||ey possess 1zz;
secord s|g|| ard |ave
seer |r ||e |ear| ol your servar| (|oses) ||e rear|rg W||c| ||ey
asser|, ou| oecause ||ey are proud. T| ey |ave ro |roW|edge ol |oses'
op|r|or a| a||, ou| |ove ||e|r oWr op|r|or, ro| oecause || |s |rue, ou|
oecause || |s ||e|r oWr. 0||erW|se ||ey equa||y respec| aro||er |rue
|r|erpre|a||or as va||d, jus| as l respec| W|a| ||ey say W|er ||e|r
all| rra||or |s |rue, ro| oecause || |s ||e|rs, ou| oecause || |s |rue.
(Xll . ) z|
l| |s s|gr|l|car| ||a| Augus||re |as se| |||s carelu| rel|ec||or aoou| |errereu||ca|
||eory ard exege||ca| prac||ce |r ||e cor|ex| ol a corp|ex red||a||or
or ||e 3|x 0ays ol Crea||or, rarg|rg lror ||e `a|ros| ro|||rgress' ol ||e
ear|| or 0ay 0re |o ||e `re-lorra||or' ol ||e |urar oe|rg |r ||e |rage ard
|||eress ol 0od |r 0ay 3|x. T| |s `ear||' W||c| |s us (as |e c|a|rs)|s ca||ed
lror `a|ros| ro|||rgress' |r 8oo| Xll |o lru||lu| ru|||p||c||y |r 8oo| Xlll
(Xlll . ). lr a s|r||ar |rvers|or (or corvers|or), ||e very `pr|va||or' ol 1z1
||e Words ol 0eres|s (parvo serror|s rodu|o, Corl. Xll . ) recess||a|es a z;;
ru|||p||c||y ol |rue |r|erpre|a||ors, so ||a| ||e Word ol scr|p|ure car rour|s|
oo|| ||e s|rp|e ard ||e sop||s|ca|ed, or car oe adjus|ed |o ||e reeds ol ||e
corrur||y as a W|o|e, or |o ||e |rd|v|dua| a| d|llerer| s|ages ol ||le. lr o||er
Words. `T| e surlace rear|rg ||es oper oelore us ard c|arrs oeg|rrers. e|
||e dep|| |s araz|rg.' (Xll . ) 1|1;
8oo| Xlll. T| e lurar Cord|||or as a l||gr|r 3|a|e
8oo| Xlll oeg|rs W||| a prayer ol ||ar|sg|v|rg. `8elore l ex|s|ed, you Were,
ard l |ad ro oe|rg |o W||c| you cou|d grar| ex|s|erce. Never||e|ess |ere l
ar as a resu|| ol your goodress, W||c| goes oelore a|| ||a| you rade re |o
oe, ard a|| ou| ol W||c| you rade re' (Xlll . ). T| e |ore ol ||ar|sg|v|rg 11
|s ra|r|a|red as Augus||re rel|ec|s or ||e Tr|r||y. `8e|o|d, ||e Tr|r||y, ry
0od, la||er, 3or, ard lo|y 3p|r||, crea|or ol a|| crea||or' (Xlll . ). T||s o
prayer cor||rues |r ||e cor|erp|a||or ol ||e 3p|r||. `8y your g|l|We are ses|
or l|re ard carr|ed upWards. We groWr red |o| ard ascer|. we c||ro '||e
ascer|s |r our |ear|' (ls . ), ard s|rg '||e sorg ol s|eps' (ls . ). l|| oy 8o 111
your l|re, your good l|re, We groW red-|o| ard ascer|, as We rove upWards
'|o ||e peace ol Jerusa|er'' (ls . , Corl. Xlll . ). 1z1o 1o
T| ere |s a cors|ar| |ragery ol our ||le as p||gr|rage.
lr ||e rorr|rg l W||| s|ard up ard cor|erp|a|e you. l W||| see ||e
'sa|va||or ol ry lace' (ls . - ), ry 0od, 'W|o s|a|| v|v|ly ever our |1o1z
ror|a| ood|es ||roug| ||e 3p|r|| W|o dWe||s |r us' (br . ). lor |r 811
||s rercy |e Was 'oorre aoove' ||e dar| ard l|u|d s|a|e, W||c| Was our
1zz8F|ever lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
|rWard cord|||or. lror ||r dur|rg |||s Warder|rg p||gr|rage, We
|ave rece|ved ar assurarce ||a| We are a|ready ||g|| (Fp| . ). (Corl. 8
Xlll . ) 1|1
lr 8oo| Xlll ||e |urar cord|||or, or as Augus||re p|rases ||, ||e `Wea| W|o
are or a |oWer |eve|,' |s cor|ras|ed W||| ||e lu||ress ol ||e appre|ers|or ol
|ru|| ol ||e |appy c|||zers ol ||e |eaver ol |eavers, ||e C||y ol 0od.
T| ere are, l oe||eve, o||er Wa|ers aoove |||s l|rrarer|, |rror|a| ard
|ep| lror corrup||or. le| ||er pra|se your rare (ls . - ). le| ||e 1|8z
peop|es aoove ||e |eavers, your arge|s, pra|se you. T| ey |ave ro reed
|o |oo| up |o |||s l|rrarer| ard |o read so as |o |roW your Word.
T| ey 'ever see your lace' (|| . ) ard ||ere, W|||ou| sy||ao|es requ|r|rg ||re |o 181o
prorource, ||ey read W|a| your e|erra| W||| |r|erds. T| ey
read, ||ey c|oose, ||ey |ove. T| ey ever read ard W|a| ||ey read rever
passes aWay. 8y c|oos|rg ard |ov|rg ||ey read ||e |rru|ao||||y ol
your des|gr. T| e|r codex |s rever c|osed, ror |s ||e|r ooo| ever lo|ded
s|u|. lor you yourse|l are a ooo| |o ||er ard you are 'lor e|err||y'
692
(ls . ). ou |ave se| ||er |r order aoove |||s l|rrarer| W||c| |;1
you es|ao||s|ed |o oe aoove ||e Wea| W|o are or a |oWer |eve| (super
|rl| rr||a|er |rler|orur popu|orur) so ||a| ||ey cou|d |oo| up ard
|roW your rercy, arrourc|rg |r ||re W|a| you |ad rade |r ||re.
(Corl.Xlll . ) 118
loWever, jus| as lr 8oo|s X, Xl, ard Xll, so |oo |r ||e l|ra| ooo| ol ||e
Corless|ors||ere |s a |rarsl|gura||or ol a pr|va||or |r|o a o|ess|rg. l| |s |||s
very `Wea|ress,' |||s |rcapac||y |o a||a|r |o ||e W|o|e ol |ru|| |r a s|rg|e
arge||c g|arce, ||a| |s |rarsposed |r|o o|ess|rg. |u|||p||c||y |s arrourced as
a rar| ol ||e goodress ol crea||or. FveryW|ere crea||or |s l|||ed W||| 0od's
`ru||||udes, aourdarce ard |rcrease' W||| ||e vo|ces ol your ressergers
(r|r|s|ers ol ||e word) `l|y|rg aoove ||e ear|| |r ||e oper l|rrarer| ol your
ooo| . . . ||e|r Words sourd|rg |o ||e erds ol ||e ear||' (Corl. Xlll . ). zozo
T| e process ol corvers|oras a ||le-|org p||gr|rage |o ||e 3aooa|| res| ol
||e lo|y C||y. `l W||| er|er ry c|aroer' (|| . ) ard l W||| s|rg you sorgs oo
ol |ove, groar|rg W||| |rexpress|o|e groar|rgs (br . ) or ry Warderer's 8zo
pa||, ard rereroer|rg Jerusa|er ry ro||er. . . . l W||| ro| |urr aWay ur|||
|r ||a| peace ol |||s deares| ro||er, W|ere are ||e l|rs|-lru||s ol ry sp|r||
(br . ) ard ||e source ol ry cer|a|r||es, you ga||er a|| ||a| l ar lror ry 8z
d|spersed ard d|s|or|ed s|a|e |o res|ape ard s|rerg||er re lorever, 'ry 0od
ry rercy' (Xll . ). 3o |oo |s ||e process ol |r|erpre|a||or ar orgo|rg 1oz
ecc|es|a| `co||oquy'. oo|| ||e se|l ard ||e o|o||ca| |r|erpre|a||or s|are ||e
sare p||gr|r s|a|us. T| ey are oo|| rar|ed oy a lrag||||y, ar |rcorp|e|eress
W||c||s ||e |urar cord|||or. lr a paradox ||a| Augus||re Wou|d apprec|a|e,
Augus||re ol l|ppo ||e p|ase ol ||s r|r|s|ry ||a| |s ros| rar|ed oy ||s 1zz
reWlourd ras|ery ol
o|o||ca| |r|erpre|a||or |s a|so ||e p|ase W|ere |e lu||y assures ||e ||r||a||ors
ol |errereu||cs. 8u| ||ere |s a very rea| d|s||rc||or oe|Weer a `||r||a||or'
ard a `rega||or.' Ar aWareress ol a ||r||a||or |s ar aWareress ol a reed,
ard || |s ||e aWareress ol reed|ress ard vu|rerao||||y ||a| |s lourda||ora|
|r ||e process ol corvers|or. lr ||eo|og|ca| |errs, || |s ||e |oW|y access |o
sa|va||or rode||ed ard |rcarra|ed oy ||e word ol 0od.
l soug|| a Way |o oo|a|r s|rerg|| eroug| |o erjoy you, ou| l d|d ro|
l|rd || ur||| l eroraced '||e red|a|or oe|Weer 0od ard rar, ||e rar
C|r|s| Jesus' ( T|r . ), 'W|o |s aoove a|| |||rgs, 0od o|essed lorever' 1 z
(br . ). le ca||ed ard sa|d, 'l ar ||e Way, ard ||e |ru||, ard ||e ||le'
(Jo|r . ). T| e lood W||c| l Was |oo Wea| |o accep| |e r|rg|ed W||| 1|o
l|es|, |r ||a| '||e word Was rade l|es|' (Jo|r . ) so ||a| our |rlar| 11|
cord|||or r|g|| core |o suc| r||| lror your W|sdor oy W||c| you
crea|ed a|| |||rgs. To possess ry 0od, ||e |uro|e Jesus, l Was ro|
ye| |uro|e eroug|. l d|d ro| |roW W|a| ||s Wea|ress Was rear|
|o |eac|. our word, e|erra| |ru||, ||g|er ||ar ||e super|or par|s ol
your crea||or, ra|ses ||ose suor|ss|ve |o ||r |o ||rse|l. lr ||e |rler|or par|s |e
ou||| lor ||rse|l a |uro|e |ouse ol our c|ay. 8y |||s |e
de|ac|es lror ||erse|ves ||ose W|o are |o oe rade ||s suojec|s ard
carr|es ||er across |o ||rse|l, |ea||rg ||e|r sWe|||rg ard rour|s||rg
||e|r |ove. T| ey are ro |orger |o p|ace corl|derce |r ||erse|ves, ou|
ra||er |o oecore Wea|. T| ey see a| ||e|r lee| d|v|r||y oecore Wea| oy
||s s|ar|rg |r our 'coa|s ol s||r' (0r . ). lr ||e|r Wea|ress ||ey la|| z1
pros|ra|e oelore |||s d|v|re Wea|ress W||c| r|ses ard ||l|s ||er up.
(vll . ) 18z|
Augus||re |e||s us c|ear|y ||a| |r ||s oWr jourrey |oWards corvers|or |e |ad
d|scovered ||a| se|l-sull| c|ercy |s ||e ar||||es|s ol corvers|or. `l soug|| a Way
|o oo|a|r s|rerg|| eroug| |o erjoy you, ou| d|d ro| l|rd || ur||| l eroraced
||e red|a|or oe|Weer 0od ard rar.' Corvers|or |s ||e |urr|rg ol ||e se|l
|oWards 0od, ard |r ||e very |urr|rg lror se|l-sull| c|ercy |s ||e d|scovery
||a| ||e ru|||p|e, lrac|ured se|l |s |rarsl|gured |r ||e |rage ard |||eress ol
||e 0od|ead W|or ore sees a| ore's lee|.
T| e res||ess args| ol ||e |urar cord|||or (Corl. l . ) |s ||e prec|ous 11
l|rs| g|l|ol ||e Crea|or |o ||e `a|ros| lorr|ess ear||' ||roug| W||c| ||e se|l|r-||re
s|ra|rs lorWard |oWards ||e `3e|l-3are' ||e lrru|ao|e 0re.
To |roW you as you are |r ar aoso|u|e serse |s lor you a|ore. ou are
|rru|ao|y, you |roW |rru|ao|y, you W||| |rru|ao|y. . . . lr your s|g||
|| does ro| seer r|g|| ||a| ||e ||rd ol se|l-|roW|edge possessed oy
urc|argeao|e ||g|| s|ou|d a|so oe possessed oy c|argeao|e ex|s|erce
1zoF|ever lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
W||c| rece|ves ||g||. Ard so ry sou| |s '|||e Wa|er|ess |ard oelore you'
(ls . ), jus| as || |as ro poWer |o |||ur|ra|e ||se|l. 'lor W||| your 1|zo
|s ||e lour|a|r ol ||le,' ard so a|so || |s '|r your ||g||' ||a| 'We s|a|| see
||g||.' (Corl. Xlll . ) 1o1
T| e se|l ||a| |s ro| se|l-sull| c|er| |s ||e se|l ||a| |s or|er|ed |r a |urr|rg,
or ra||er a re-|urr|rg |o ||e la||er, |||e ||e lrod|ga| 3or, W|ose preserce
|aur|s every s|age ol ||e rarra||ve ol ||e Corless|ors.
|||. T|e word |ade l|es|.
693
T|e C|r|s|o|og|ca| lrare ol lerrereu||cs
l| |s |ard|y surpr|s|rg ||a| ||e pr|rc|p|es ||a| goverr ||e |r|erpre|a||or ol
scr|p|ure e|aoora|ed |r ||e Corless|orsare |rlorred oy Augus||re's cer|ra|
C|r|s|o|og|ca| |rs|g|| ol ||e |ur||||y ol ||e word rade l|es|.1z
Jus| as ||e
word |r scr|p|ure |s adap|ed |o ||e |urar cord|||or, so |oo ||e lrcarra|e
word assures ||e ||r||a||ors ol ||e |urar cord|||or.
Augus||re |s ro| ||e l|rs| |o draW |oge||er |errereu||cs ard ar||ropo|ogy. lr ||e
lour|| ooo| ol ||e ler| Arc|or, 0r|ger ol A|exardr|a ||r|s
||e ||reelo|d ar||ro|ogy ol oody, sou|, ard sp|r|| W||| ||e ||ree `serses' ol
scr|p|ure.
T| e |rd|v|dua| oug|| ||er |o por|ray ||e |deas ol |o|y scr|p|ure |r a
||ree lo|d rarrer upor ||s oWr sou|, |r order ||a| ||e s|rp|e rar
ray oe ed|l|ed oy ||e `l|es|' as || Were ol ||e scr|p|ure, lor so We
rare ||e oov|ous serse, W|||e |e W|o |as ascerded a cer|a|r Way
ray oe ed|l|ed oy ||e `sou|' as || Were ol scr|p|ure. T| e perlec| rar,
aga|r . . . (ray rece|ve ed|l|ca||or) lror ||e sp|r||ua| |aW. lor jus| as
rar cors|s|s ol oody ard sou| ard sp|r||, so |r ||e sare Way does
scr|p|ure W||c| |as oeer arrarged |o oe g|ver oy 0od lor ||e sa|va||or ol rer
(lv ). 11
loWever, ||oug| Augus||re a|so ||r|s ar||ropo|ogy ard |errereu||cs |r ||e
|as| ooo|s ol ||e Corless|ors, |e ra|es ro a||erp| |o e|aoora|e a |errereu||ca|
d|scuss|or ol ||e `serses' ol scr|p|ure |r ar ar||ropo|og|ca| lrare. T| ese
|ec|r|ca| ques||ors |ad rece|ved ras|er|y a||er||or |r ||e secord ard |||rd
ooo|s ol 0e doc|r|ra c|r|s||ara, ou| |r ||e Corless|orsAugus||re's locus |s
1z. A|oer| verW||g|er, `Jesus C|r|s|. 3ource ol C|r|s||ar lur||||y,' Augus||re ard
||e 8|o|e(ed. l. 8r|g||, T| e 8|o|e T| roug| ||e Ages, , No|re 0are, lrd.. z
ur|vers||y
ol No|re 0are lress, ), - . 1o11z
Augus||re ol l|ppo ro| or |ex|ua| aro|gu||y as ar exege||ca| ques||or, ou| 1z1
or ||e aro|gu||y ol
||e |urar cord|||or ||se|l. l| |s ||e lrag||||y, ||e par||a| |roW|rg, ||e `ro|ye|ress'
ol ||e lu|| urders|ard|rg ol scr|p|ure ||a| cap|ures ||s a||er||or.
`NoW your Word appears |o us |r ||e 'er|gra||c ooscur||y' ol c|ouds ard
||roug| ||e 'r|rror' ol |eaver' ( Cor . , Corl. XXX . ). 1 11z 118
T||s rel|ec||or or ||e par||a|ress ol our |roW|rg |s |r ||e cor|ex| ol
||e es|ao||s|rer| ol ||e l|rrarer| or ||e secord day ol crea||or. Typ|ca||y,
Augus||re proposes a paradox. T|e l|rrarer|, |||s `l|rr' overarc||rg s|ruc|ure
rar||rg ||e ||r||s oe|Weer ||e `Wa|ers aoove' ard ||e `Wa|ers oe|oW,'
|s ar ara|ogy lor ||e `l| rrress' ol ||e au||or||y ol scr|p|ure, s|re|c|ed over
our ||ves. e| ||e `l|rrress' ol |||s au||or||y does ro| |rp|y sore|||rg ra|er|a| |o
oe grasped or possessed. l| |s re|||er ar oojec||ve |roW|edge |o oe
W|e|ded as a Weapor, ror |s || sore secre| |roW|edge |o oe Wres|ed lror a
||d|rg p|ace. l| |as |o oe approac|ed |uro|y, ard |r lu|| recogr|||or ||a|
||e scr|p|ures ||erse|ves s|are ||e ru|ao||||y ol ||e |urar cord|||or. T| e
Words ol scr|p|ure are adjus|ed |o ||e |urar cord|||or |r ||e sare Way ||a|
||e F|erra| word `|oo|ed ou| ||roug| ||e |a|||ce' ol ||e l|es|.
lor a|||oug| We are oe|oved oy your 3or, 'l| does ro| ye| appear W|a|
We s|a|| oe' ( Jo|r . ). 'le |oo|ed ||roug| ||e |a|||ce' ol our l|es| 1 z
ard caressed us ard se| us or l|re, ard We rur al|er ||s perlure
(Car| . , . , ). '8u| W|er |e appears, We s|a|| oe |||e ||r as |e |s' z111
( Jo|r . ). 'As |e |s' lord W||| oe ours |o see, ou| || |s ro| ye| g|ver |o 1 z
us. (Corl. Xlll . ) 118
|v. Corrur||y, 3e|l, ard ||e 3cr|p|ures
Jus| as a reW aWareress ol se|l |r roderr ||oug|| |as g|ver r|se |o a reW
|errereu||ca| aWareress, so |oo a| ||e erd ol ||e lour|| cer|ury, Augus||re's
ger|us |el|||s |rpr|r| oo|| or ||e urders|ard|rg ol ||e se|l ard or ||a| 3e|l|o-se|l
d|sc|osure ||a| |s word ol 0od |r |urar Words. T| e reW |or|zors
ol |errereu||cs ol our ||res |ave locused a||er||or or ||e se|l ard se|ld|sc|osure
|r |arguage ard |r corrur||y.
1
booer| 0e|We||er
1|
relers |o ar
essay Wr|||er oy |ar||r le|degger |r , `lo|der||r ard ||e Fsserce ol 1o
loe|ry.' le|degger quo|es lror ar url|r|s|ed poer ol lo|der||r.
1. Jares J. 0'0orre||, Augus||re's Corless|ors l. 3ee ||e d|scuss|or or
`oe|rg' ard
`d|scourse,' xv||.
1|. booer| 0e|We||er, 3|ory, 3|gr ard 3e|l (l|||ade|p||a. lor|ress, ), . 1;8;|
1zzF|ever lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
|uc| |as rar |earr|,
|ary ol ||e |eaver|y ores |as |e rared,
3|rce We |ave oeer a corversa||or
694
Ard |ave oeer ao|e |o |ear lror ore aro||er.
T| e poe|'s all| rra||or ol ||e se|l |r corrur||y, `s|rce We |ave oeer a
corversa||or,' |s a oeau||lu| ec|o ol Augus||re's oWr urders|ard|rg ol ||e
|rsull| c|ercy ol ||e se|l. T| |s all| rra||or ol ||e |rsull| c|ercy ol ||e se|l |s
lar lror jus| aro||er gr|r |a||y s|ee| ol W|a| |s r|serao|e aoou| ||e |urar
cord|||or. ba||er || |s ar all| rra||or ol ||e ||r|||rg cord|||ors ||a| ca|| us
|o ac|roW|edge ||a| ||e |urar cord|||or |s, as oase, soc|e|a|`s|rce We
|ave oeer a corversa||or.' Corrur||y derards corrur|ca||or, W||c| |r
|urr requ|res ||e cors|ar| exerc|se ol |r|erpre|a||or.
T| e |errereu||ca| pr|rc|p|es deve|oped oy Augus||re, par||cu|ar|y ou|
ro| exc|us|ve|y |r ||e |as| ooo|s ol ||e Corless|orsol a ru|||p||c||y ol |rue
|r|erpre|a||ors, `|||s d|vers||y ol |rue v|eWs' (Corl.Xll . ), ca|| lor a o|1
d|a|og|c rode ol |errereu||cs so ||a| cor|rad|c|ores(Corl. Xll . ), ||ose 11
W|o d|sagree, car oecore cor-|oqu||ors,||ose W|o are |r corversa||or W|||
eac| o||er, ard l|ra||y |o recogr|ze ||e|r corror r|r|s|ry as |auda|ores,
1
g|v|rg pra|se |oge||er (ever ||roug| d|ller|rg |r|erpre|a||ors) |r ||e corrur||y ol
||e c|urc|.
|ay a|| ol us W|o, as l a||oW, perce|ve ard all|rr ||a| ||ese |ex|s cor|a|r var|ous
|ru||s, s|oW |ove |o ore aro||er, ard equa||y ray We |ove
you our 0od, lour| ol |ru|||l |ru|| |s W|a| We are |||rs||rg al|er
ard ro| var||y. . . . 3o W|er ore persor |as sa|d '|oses ||oug|| W|a|
l say' ard aro||er 'No, W|a| l say,' l |||r| || rore re||g|ous |r sp|r||
|o say 'w|y ro| ra||er say oo||, |l oo|| are |rue?' Ard |l aryore sees
a |||rd or lour|| ard a lur||er |ru|| |r ||ese Words, W|y ro| oe||eve
||a| |oses d|scerred a|| ||ese |||rgs? lor ||roug| ||r ||e ore 0od
|as |erpered ||e sacred ooo|s |o ||e |r|erpre|a|o|rs ol ||e rary,
W|o cou|d core |o see a d|vers||y ol |ru||s. Cer|a|r|y, |o ra|e a oo|d
dec|ara||or lror ry |ear|, |l l ryse|l Were |o oe Wr|||rg sore|||rg
a| |||s suprere |eve| ol au||or||y l Wou|d c|oose |o Wr||e so ||a| ry
Words Wou|d sourd ou| W||| W|a|ever d|verse |ru|| |r ||ese ra||ers
eac| reader Was ao|e |o grasp, ra||er ||ar g|ve a qu||e exp||c|| s|a|erer| ol a
s|rg|e |rue v|eW ol |||s ques||or |r suc| a Way as |o exc|ude
1. Fcce au|er a||| ror repre|ersores, sed |auda|ores ||or| 0ereseos.
Augus||re ol l|ppo o||er v|eWsprov|ded ||ere Was ro la|se doc|r|re |o 1z
ollerd re.
(Corl. Xll . - . ). o|11|z
lror suc| a perspec||ve, |errereu||cs |r ||e ecc|es|a| corrur||y |s |o oe
goverred oy ||e scopeol scr|p|ureW||c| |s |o ou||d up ||e corrur||y |r |ove
(ro| |o d|v|de oy |uor|s), ard |o We|core d|vers||y ol op|r|or as a r|c|ress.
A| ||e sare ||re, |||s d|a|og|c rode Wou|d suojec| ||e |r|erpre||ve process
|o ar aus|ere cr|||ca| rel|ec||or. l| |s a oa|arced process ac|roW|edg|rg a
d|vers||y ol g|l|s ard ercourag|rg a gererous respors|veress |o ||e derards
ol r|r|s|ry ol ||e word ard a| ||e sare ||re exerc|s|rg ar urcorpror|s|rg
pass|or lor ||e |ru|| ol scr|p|ure.
T| e r|r|s|ry ol ||e word, |||e scr|p|ure ||se|l, |s a douo|e-edged sWord
(ls . , Corl. Xll . ) |r ro| or|y ca|||rg ||e corrur||y |o corvers|or, 1|o 1|1;
ou| |r ca|||rg ||e |r|erpre|er ol scr|p|ure |o a corvers|or |r ||e very exerc|se
ol |errereu||cs. l| |s a very spec|a| ca|| |o |ur||||y |r a deep aWareress
ol ||e lra|||y ard ||r||a||ors, ||e `ro|-ye|ress' ol |urar |roW|edge ard
urders|ard|rg. loWever, || |s ||e ra|ure ol |r|erpre|a||or, `d|verse' ard ye|
`|rue' ||a| es|ao||s|es ||e proper rode ol exege||ca| d|scourse as ecc|es|a|
ard d|a|og|c. T| e proper|y par||a| ard relrac|ed rode ol |roW|rg |r our
|urar cord|||or |s W|a| draWs us |oge||er ard ||erelore es|ao||s|es our
reed lor eac| o||er |r oo|| c|urc| ard |urar soc|e|y.
T| e |r|erpre|a||or ol scr|p|ure |s |rex|r|cao|y ||r|ed W||| ||e |urar
cord|||or. T| e se|l |s ro| se|l-sull| c|er|, ||e scr|p|ures ca|| lor a corrur||y
ol |r|erpre|ers. T| e se|l |s ru|ao|e, ||e |ru|| ol scr|p|ures |s ro| |o oe
appre|erded |r a s|rg|e, |rru|ao|e rorer| ol urders|ard|rg. To s|ard |r
||e preserce ol orese|l, or oe||er, |o er|er |r|o ||e |rrer recesses ol se|l, |s |o
approac| rys|ery, |roWr, par||y |roWr, oeyord lu|| |roW|edge, ||e aoyss
ol scr|p|ures |s a cors|ar| |rage |r ||e Corless|ors. w|a| Augus||re says
ol ||e poWer ol rerory||e |rros| recesses ol se|l|r 8oo| X car oe
|rarsposed |o descr|oe ||e scr|p|ures. `ar aWe-|rsp|r|rg rys|ery, ry 0od, a
poWer ol prolourd ard |rl|r||e ru|||p||c||y. l| |s c|arac|er|zed oy d|vers||y, oy
||le ol rary lorrs, u||er|y |rreasurao|e' (Corl. X . ). `0eep' s|||| `ca||s 1;zo
|o deep' (ls . , Corl. Xlll . ). 8o|| ||e se|l, as se|l-|r-||re, ard ||e |18 1z1
scr|p|ures, reasured |r ||e sy||ao|es ol ||re, s|ard a| ||e or|r| ol rys|ery
W||c| car oe accessed or|y |r ||e corpary ol ||e |oW|y word-rade-l|es|,
oo|| assur|rg ard |rarslorr|rg ||e |urar cord|||or.

1z|F|ever lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
Xvlll
lFlA0lu3 CA. 354-427
695
8orr ca. |r 8r||a|r, We|| educa|ed ard ever |roW|rg sore 0ree|, le|ag|us |
se|||ed |r bore urder lope Aras|as|us ard Was oap||zed oe|Weer - , 8o8|
poss|o|y oe|Weer - . A |ay asce||c, We|| rece|ved |r borar upper c|ass ;8o
soc|e|y |r W||c| |e oecare |rl|uer||a| as a sp|r||ua| adv|sor, le|ag|us lourd
reluge |r Car||age al|er ||e la|| ol bore |r ||e surrer, . le soor Wer| |1o
|o Jerusa|er W|ere 8|s|op Jo|r |oo| ||s delerce |r , aga|rs| 0ros|us |1
ard o||er la||r ex||es. 3pea||rg lor ||e 0r|ger|s|s, le|ag|us er|ered |r|o
corl||c| W||| Jerore. A| ||e erd ol , |e avo|ded a corderra||or a| ||e |1
Courc|| ol 0|ospo||s aoou| ||s oWr op|r|or or |urar lree W||| capao|e
ol |rpeccao||||y as crea|ed oy 0od. 8u| lror ||a| da|e |e Wou|d ro |orger
lree ||rse|l lror ||e a||ac|s ol ||e Alr|car c|urc| urder ||e |eaders||p ol
Augus||re, ur||| ||s dea|| |r ex||e, apparer||y |r Fgyp|, rear (v. 0ross|. |z;
uas|er lv, , 0lAC ll, - ). |o z;oz;z
|. Fxege||ca| wr|||rgs
l|oer de |rdura||ore cord|s l|araor|s. 0. |or|r, ed., |r 0. de l||rva|, Fssa|
sur |e s|y|e e| |a |argue de le|age, lr|oourg, , lp. - , ll3 l ( ) 11; 1;zo 1
- 1oo1. Fxpos|||ores Xlll ep|s|o|arur lau||. A. 3ou|er, ed., le|ag|us's
Fxpos|||ors ol T| |r|eer Fp|s||es ol 3|. lau|(T3 , ), Caror|dge, , ll3 z 1zo
l ( ) - . T| . 0e 8ruyr, ed., le|ag|us's Correr|ary or 3|. lau|'s 1111o1;|
Fp|s||e |o ||e borars. Trars|. W||| lr|roduc||or ard No|es, 0xlord, . 1
Fxpos|||o |r|er||rear|s ||or| loo. ll , - . z1|;18
0e |rdura||oreWas Wr|||er ca. - , oelore ||e uaes||ores CXvll ;8
ol Aroros|as|er ard ||e la||r vers|or ol 0r|ger's ler| Arc|oroy bul|rus
Were c|rcu|a||rg |r bore, oo|| ol ||ese Wor|s dea||rg W||| ||e sare lau||re
asser||ors |r bor . - ard Tr . - (l||rva|, Fssa|, ). le|ag|us z z zzoz1 1|
s|ar|s oy arrourc|rg ||e l|ve ques||ors ol ||s agerda. ) Fx . , `l pur|s| 1 zo
||e c|||drer lor ||e s|rs ol ||e la||ers |o ||e |||rd ard lour|| gerera||ors
ol ||ose W|o |a|e re', ) l|arao| (Fxodus - , bor . ), ) Fsau ard z ;11 1;
Jacoo (0eres|s ), ) ||e va|ued ard c|eap vesse|s ( Tr . - , ) ||ose z;| z zzoz1
corcerred oy d|v|re lore|roW|edge ard predes||ra||or. le a|so l|rr|y
s|a|es ||s |r|er||or, rec ||||era||s e| doc|or|ous sed, roo|s s|r|||ous, rus||c|s
e| s|rp||c|or|ous s|rp||c| serrore sersur scr|p|urae d|v|rae exposu|sse,' | o
expourd ||e rear|rg ol d|v|re 3cr|p|ure |r s|rp|e |errs, ro| lor exper|s
le|ag|us 1z
ard |earred peop|e ou| lor ||e ursop||s||ca|ed ard s|rp|e ores |||e us' ( , z
ll3, ). lr a gerera| cors|dera||or ol ||s |r|roduc|ory sec||or ( - ), 1o; 11
|e oases ||s |errereu||cs or ar ara|ogy W||| ||e crea||or ol |urar||rd.
`lor as |e crea|ed ||e |urar oe|rg W||| |Wo rea||||es, sou| ard oody, so
Was, We are |o|d, ||e oody ol ||e ore laW corposed ol |Wo Tao|e|s. Ard as
|e pu||ed ou| ol ||e r|o ol ||e ra|e aro||er |urar persor, oo|| oe|rg ore
l|es|, desp||e ||e lac| ||a| ||ey are |Wo, so d|d |e produce |Wo Tes|arer|s,
ore ou| ol ||e o||er, rare|y ||e NeW ou| ol ||e 0|d, ||oug| oy ra|ure ||ey
are ore' ( - , ll3, ). T| e ara|ogy |s ||er ex|erded |o s|rlu| |urar||y, | 1o;
o| ard r| d|d ro| e||r|ra|e ev|| ou| ||ey serve as a correc|or|ur ar|rarur,
a `re|ao||||a||or ol sou|s'. ||ey gu|de ||e sou| |oWard ||e `l|re ol la|||,' ad
|grer l|de|, |l or|y ||e sou|s corser| |o oe res|aped |r ||, |r ||e sare Way,
o| ard r| |eep ||e|r secre|s ||dder ur||| |ur||||y preva||s |r ||e|r |r|erpre|er,
serv|rg aga|r quas| correc|or|ur, `as a re|ao||||a||or' ( , ll3, ). o 1o8
As our ood|es cour| rary reroers, sore v|s|o|e, o||ers ro|, ||a e| |ex, cur
urur vocaou|ur sor||a|ur, securdur |or|r|s s|r||||ud|rer (u| d|c|ur es|)
ru||a |aoere rerora prooa|ur. v|s|o|||a e| |rv|s|o|||a, |uc|d|ss|ra e| ragr|s
ac ooscur|s oo|ec|a rys|er||s, `so does ||e laW, des|gra|ed oy a s|rg|e Word,
|r ara|ogy W||| ||e |urar oe|rg (as sa|d oelore) |rc|ude rary reroers,
v|s|o|e ard |rv|s|o|e, sore crys|a| c|ear ard o||ers ||dder |r deep ard dar|
recesses' ( , ll3, ). le|ag|us rourds up ||s argurer| al|er a rore de|a||ed ; 1o
corpar|sor oe|Weer ||e laW ard ||e very corp|ex |urar oody.
|eger d|v|rar |r l| gura |or|r|s per |oyser da|ar cogrosce, queradrodur
|oro ad |rag|rer de| lac|us reler|ur, `Ard ||us, as || |as oeer sa|d aoove,
adr|| ||a| d|v|re laW Was g|ver |o |oses |r resero|arce W||| ||e |urar
oe|rg, jus| as ||e |urar oe|rg |s sa|d |o |ave oeer rade |r ||e |rage ol
0od' ( , ll3, ). ; 1o
lr ||e |og|c ol suc| prer|ses ard W||| cors|ar| relererce |o ||s oas|c
ara|ogy, le|ag|us d|scusses c|ear ard ooscure o|o||ca| passages (0e
|rdura||ore ), apparer| o|o||ca| cor|rad|c||ors (0e |rdura||ore - ), ard l|ra||y 1o11
||s arrourced `ques||ors' |o . ||e say|rg aoou| ||e sors pur|s|ed lor 1
||e s|rs ol ||e|r la||ers, |o oe |a|er as a paraoo|a, ro| u| soraoa| ||s|or|a
( , ), ||e predes||ra||or ol Jacoo ard Fsau ( - , - ), ||e 1z11z 11o11z11|
oo||racy ol l|arao| ( - , - ), ||e vesse|s ol d|llerer| qua||||es 1;111z|
( - , - ). l|s correr|s or ||e `vesse|s' |ead d|rec||y |o ||e ||81z|1|
||eo|og|ca| v|eWs ard ex|or|a||ors ol `ques||or ,' oy W||c| ||e essay erds
( - , - ). |1|1
1zoF|ever lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
||. T|e lau||re Correr|ary
le|ag|us Wro|e || oe|Weer ard , as a seque| |o ||s ora| |eac||rg |r |o |1o
696
ar|s|ocra||c c|rc|es ol ||e cap||a|, W|ere ||s rodera|e asce||c|sr |e|d a r|dd|e
pos|||or oe|Weer ||e ex|reres ol Jov|r|ar ard Jerore. 8elore ||r, |ar|us
v|c|or|rus, ar aroryrous ras|er, ard Aroros|as|er |ad |ssued |r lour||
cer|ury bore s|r||ar correr|ar|es. Aga|rs| |arc|or|sr, ||e reed lor
|r|erpre||rg lau|'s Fp|s||es |ad oecore a gerera| corcerr arorg educa|ed
C|r|s||ars. T|e corl||c| W||| ||e |ar|c|ears ca||ed lor reassess|rg ||e rear|rg
ol C|r|s||ar asce||c|sr |r ||e ||g|| ol lau|'s |eac||rg. lr add|||or, ||e
o|der |rad|||or ol s|ress|rg |urar lreedor aga|rs| 0ros||c de|err|r|sr, a
|rad|||or exerp||l|ed |r ||e la||r ed|||or ol 0r|ger's ler| Arc|oroy bul|rus
ol Aqu||e|a, err|c|ed le|ag|us's ro||or ol ||e |urar oe|rg ard des||ry.
le|ag|us's |r|erpre|a||or ol borars la||s |r|o lour ||era||c sec||ors.
||e l|rs|, c|ap|ers - , |rea|s ||e ||s|or|es ol ||e 0er|||es ard ||e JeWs 1|
|r order |o s|oW ||a| ||e|r resporse |o ||e reve|a||or ol 0od |as oeer
||e sare ard ||a| corsequer||y ||ey are or ar equa| loo||rg oelore
0od. T| e secord sec||or, c|ap|ers - , cors|ders ||e |rars|||or lror 8
||e 'dea||' ol s|r |o ||e '||le' ol r|g||eousress. T| e pr|vo|a| po|r| |r |||s
|rars|||or |s oap||sr, W||c| |rcorpora|es ||e oe||ever |r|o C|r|s|. 0r
e|||er s|de ol |||s |rars|||or ||ere ||es a de||oera|e Way ol ||v|rg . . . ||e
|||rd sec||ors, c|ap|ers - , cors|ders ||e s|a|us ol ||e JeWs |r ||e 11
C|r|s||ar era ol sa|va||or. T| e ourder ol ||e argurer|, W||| a v|eW
l|rs| |o ||e pas| ard ||er |o ||e preser|, |s |o s|oW ||a| ||e cord|||or lor sa|va||or
|s ||e sare roW as || Was oelore, rare|y a oe||ev|rg resporse |o d|v|re
reve|a||or. T| e l|ra| sec||or, c|ap|ers - , 1z1o
d|scusses var|ous prac||ca| ra||ers |r a |or|a|ory rode, a|Ways |o ||e
erd ||a| ||e C|r|s||ar s|ou|d oe||er |r||a|e C|r|s| (0e 8ruyr, - ). o
le|ag|us's |r|erpre|a||or ol ||e o||er lau||re Fp|s||es lo||oWs exac||y ||e sare
pa||err ol a cor||ruous quo|a||or ol verses or par|s ol verses, lo||oWed oy
corc|se correr|s. 8y co||ec||rg le|ag|us's c||a||ors, || oecores poss|o|e |o
|der||ly W||| a la|r accuracy W||c| o|o||ca| |ex| |e used lor ||s exeges|s (0e
8ruyre, 3ou|er, lrede, T|rrele|d, Ne||esser, 8orse, wo|lgar|er, accord|rg |o
T| . 0e 8ruyr, `Apperd|x. le|ag|us's 8|o||ca| Tex|,' - ). T| e |ec|r|que 11
ol |r|erpre||rg a|so rera|rs urc|arged ||roug|ou| ||e Correr|ary, lor
|rs|arce, |r ||e correr|s or borars (3ou|er, 0e 8ruyr).
1) ||e reed |o exp|a|rlau|'s p|ras|rg ca||s lor s|or| parap|ases oac|ed
up oy corp|erer|ary quo|a||ors, sore a|so lror lau|, suc| as |r . , , 1
z, . , , , . , . , . , , , , , . , . , . , . , . , , . , , z;z8||1z;81o18oo;88zz11z1||z11|o
8, , , , e|c., sore||res ||e s|or| exp|ara||or d|perses lror ary add|- 1zoz
le|ag|us 1z;
||ora| relererces |o scr|p|ure ( . , , , , , , , , , , . , . , 1o1z1118z1z|zozo8z1
11. , , , . , , , - ), or suc| relererces s|ay oy ||erse|ves as 11z1z1z|zo1
exp|ara|ory ( . , , . , , . , . , . , . , , ). 1|1;81;181z1z11z11;zz
z) 3ore g|osses ||r|| ||erse|ves |o erurc|a|e a del|r|||or. ar|ra pro
|o|o |or|re d|ca|ur( . ), `3acr||ege |s sore|||rg ||a| |s corr|||ed s|r|c||y z
aga|rs| 0od, as a v|o|a||or ol ||e sacred' ( . ), `var||y |s every|||rg ||a| zzz
sore day cores |o ar erd' ( . ), . l., `T| a| ('a ||v|rg sac|l|ce, |o|y') |s 8zo111o
pure ard lree lror ||e |o|a| dea|| ol s|r ( . ), `le s|oWs ||a| a ga||er|rg 1z1
ol oe||evers |s ca||ed a c|urc|' ( . ) e|c. 1o
) A leW correr|s are de||vered |r lorr ol s|or| ex|or|a||ors. `we |oo
s|ou|d lear . . .' ( . ), `l| |s ||e |our lor you |o s|r|ve lor ||a| W||c| |s rore z1
perlec| . . .' ( . ), e|c. 111
|) |ore s|gr|l|car| are ||e rerar|s spread over ||e W|o|e Correr|ary
or borars express|rg le|ag|us' cr|||ca| aWareress as ar |r|erpre|er. le
regu|ar|y arrources ||e d|vers||y ol |r|erpre|a||ors g|ver lor cer|a|r verses oy
sore urrared predecessors (esser||a||y Aroros|as|er ard 0r|ger-bul|rus),
ro| W|||ou| rar||rg occas|ora||y a d|s|arce |o ||er ( . , . , . , , z81;11zozo
1|., ), le ever s|e|c|es a s|or| ||s|ory ol |r|erpre|a||or ( . ). le s|resses z 81
||e d|llererce oe|Weer ||e |||erary serse (||s|or|a) ard W|a| |s sa|d a||egor|ca||y
(per a||egor|ar, . , a||egor|ce, . ), or or|y sugges|ed ( . l|gura, 1o18 1oz1 zz8
. , . |ypus, , . , sp|r||a||s gra||ae praecep||s, ror ||||erae |eg|s, `oy z;1| 18;|o
||e precep|s ol sp|r||ua| grace, ro| oy ||ose ol ||e |e||er ol ||e laW' . , 8|
. ||s|or|ae sersus. . . |r prop|e||a au|er . . z8 1o8
) 3evera| g|osses ol ||e correr|a|or are corcerred W||| |||erary cr|||c|sr( . , 1o
. , , . , . , . , suo|||||er). lau| |s seer as a oorus doc|or ;1z11181|11
( . , . ), ore d|s||rc||ve rar| ol ||s |eac||rg cors|s||rg |r ||s corsorrarce 11111|
W||| ||e Jo|arr|re ressage ( . , . , . , pass|r). 11o1z11|
o) bare g|osses ex|erd over |er ||res or a lu|| page ol our ed|||ors( . , , z|1
z1, . , . , , . , . , . , , . , , . , . ). T| ey are due |o ||e z8||1|;|811;11zo1z1
var|e|y ol |r|erpre||ve |rad|||ors repor|ed ou| a|so |o spec|a| corcerrs ol
||e au||ors.
;) T| oug|ou| ||e Correr|ary, le|ag|us |der||l|es W||| lau|'s |||erary
persora |r us|rg `We'|a|| ard `you'addresses W|er arp||ly|rg lau||re
s|a|erer|s.
Fd|||ors
de l|de |r|r||a||s. ll , - . ll3 , - . z18zzoo 11||oo
697
0er.. ll , - , , - , Kraooe, |. K. C., was||rg|or . o1|1o11zo 1o
exp.. 3ou|er, A., Caror|dge . 1zo
1z8F|ever lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
Trars|a||ors
Frg||s|
0er.. Kraooe, aoove. bees, 8. b., woodor|dge . 11
exp.. 8ruyre, T. de, 0xlord . 1
0errar
0er.. 0res|a|e, 0. ard w. 0eer||rgs, ue||er ge|s|||c|er leoers, |a|rz , 18o
- 1|1;8.
3|ud|es
A||arer, 8. `0er l|oer de l|de(ll , - , , - ) e|r wer| des z111z||8|188
le|ag|arers
bul|rus des '3yrers'.' T ( ). - . 1o1o|z|8
Arergua| 8a||e, J. `la exeges|s de Jo . - er e| per|odo de |as cor|rovers|as o|||
pe|ag|ara y ser|pe|ag|ara.' T0eus|o ( ). - . 1z1;|11o1
Ar||r, l. `bul|r e| le|age dars Jerore, lro|ogue |r l|erer|ar.' la|orus 1 zz
( ). - . 1o;z|
Araud, b. `u|dqu|d ror es| ex l|de pecca|ur es|'. ue|ques |r|erpre|a||ors
pa|r|s||ques. lr l'|orre devar| 0|eu. |e|arges lerr| de luoac l, - . T| 1z;|
eo|og|e
o(lar|s ). 1o
8asev|, C. `la jus||l|cac|or er |os corer|ar|os de le|ag|o, lu|ero y 3ar|o Tors
a |a
Fp|s|o|a a |os boraros.' 3cr|pTlarp ( ). - . 118;11;
8o|||r, T. 0|e T| eo|og|e des le|ag|us urd ||re 0eres|s. uppsa|a ur|v. Arss|r|l| .
lurdequ|s|, . 1;
8orse, u. 0er Ko|osseror|el|ex| des le|ag|us.0|ss, 8orr, . 1oo
C|ar||er, C. `Cass|odore, le|age e| |es or|g|res de |a vu|ga|e pau||r|erre.' lr
3|ud.
lau||r. Corgressus, vo|. , - . bore, . z|o|;o 1o
C|pr|ar|, N. `la rora|e pe|ag|ara e |a re|or|ca.' Aug ( ). - . 11oo1oz;
C|ar|, F. A. `lror 0r|ger|sr |o le|ag|ar|sr, e|us|ve |ssues |r ar arc|er|
deoa|e.'
l38.3l ( ). - . 1z11z8o
0assrarr, F. `'Tar Aroros|us quar Cypr|arus' (c. lu|. |rp. , ), Augus||rs |11z
le|ler
|r pe|ag|ar|sc|er 3|re||.' lr ls. w. 3c|reere|c|er, 0ecurer|ca, - , . zo818
0e 8ruyr, T. 3. A |rars|a||or, W||| |r|roduc||or ard correr|ary, ol le|ag|us'
'Correr|ary or borars.'0|ss., Toror|o. 3|. ||c|ae|, . 18;
. `le|ag|us' lr|erpre|a||or ol bor . - , Fxeges|s W||||r ||e l|r||s ol 1zz1
lo|er|c.' TJT ( ). - . |188o|
. `Cors|ar||us ||e Trac|a|orAu||or ol ar aroryrous Correr|ary or ||e
lau||re Fp|s||es?' JT| 3 ( ). - . |1z8|
. le|ag|us's Correr|ary or 3a|r| lau|'s Fp|s||e |o ||e borars. 0xlord.
C|arerdor,
1.
le|ag|us 1z
0e||us, w. `le|ag|us-lroo|ere (spec. Cor. Fp. pau|.).' le|||or s ( s). - 11 1;1 ||
. ;
0uva|, .-|. `le|age es|-|| |e cerseur |rcorru de |'Adversus lov|r|arur bore
er ? ou. du `por|ra||-rooo|' de |'|ere||que c|ez 3. Jerore.' blF ( ). ;18o
- z;.
. `la da|e du '0e ra|ura' de le|age, |es prer|res e|apes de |a cor|roverse sur
|a
ra|ure e| |a grce.' bFAug ( ). - . o1oz;8
Fsser, l. l. 0as lau|usvers|ardr|s des le|ag|us rac| se|rer
lau|us|orrer|ar. 0|ss.,
8orr, | . 1ooo1
. `T| eser urd Arrer|urger zur exege||sc|er lau|usvers|ardr|s des
le|ag|us.'
lr ZW|sc|ers|a||or, ls K. Kup|sc| , ed. l. 0o||W||zer ard 3. loppe, - . 1 z;|z
|ur|c|. Ka|ser, . 1o
. `T| eser urd Arrer|urger zur exege||sc|er lau|usvers|ardr|s des
le|ag|us.'
3|la|r ( ). - . ;1oo||o1
lergusor, J. `lr delerce ol le|ag|us.' T|eo| ( ). - . 818o11|1
lo|||e|, 0. `le lragrer| d'l||a|re 'uas Joo ||||eras.' 3or |r|erpre|a||or d'aprs
l||a|re, le|age e| Augus||r.' lr l||a|re e| sor |erps, Ac|es du Co||oque de
lo|||ers, - . lar|s, . 1|8 1o8
lox, l. F. `8|o||ca| T| eo|ogy ard le|ag|ar|sr.' Jb ( ). - . |11o11o81
lrede, l. J. `le|ag|us. 0er |r|sc|e lau|us|ex|, 3edu||us 3co|us (ve|us la||ra. Aus
der
0esc||c||e der |a|e|r|sc|er 8|oe| ).' lre|ourg. lerder, . 1o1
698
. `0er lau|us|ex| des le|ag|us.' 3F ( , ed. ). - . 1o1o 1oo1o8
. `F|r reuer lau|us|ex| urd Korrer|ar, l. ur|ersuc|urger, ll. 0|e Tex|e. Aus
der
0esc||c||e der |a|. 8|oe|, - .' lr. lerder, | . ;8 1;;|
0arc|a-A||er, C. A. `T| e |||urg|ca| roo|s ol C|r|s||ar sp|r||ua|||y accord|rg |o
le|ag|us.' 3pTo ( ). - . 1811;|
laroer|, 8. `borars . . 0|d la||r ard vu|ga|e |r ||e le|ag|ar Cor|roversy,' 1z
- zo1o|.
Ar |r|roduc||or |o Ce|||c C|r|s||ar||y (|rc|ud|rg le|ag|us oy |. l. N|c|o|sor).
Fd||ed
oy J. l. |ac|ey. Fd|rourg|. T & T C|ar|, . 18
Jo|rsor, 0. w. lurg|rg ||e po|sor. T| e rev|s|or ol le|ag|us' lau||re
correr|ar|es oy
Cass|odorus ard ||s s|uder|s.0|ss., lr|rce|or T| eo|og|ca| 3er|rary, . 188
laverder, F. 0. T| e deve|oprer| ol le|ag|us' ||oug|| W||||r a |a|e lour||-cer|ury
asce||c roverer| |r bore.0|ss., 3|. lou|s, . 11
lucas, J. b. lreedor ard 0race (le|ag|us ard Augus||re). lordor. 3lCK, . 1;o
lyorre|, 3. `Augus||r e| bor . avar| |a cor|roverse pe|ag|erre.' NbT| 1z 8
( ). - . 1o;8|z|
|ar||, l. `0|e Aus|egurgsgrurdsa|ze des le|ag|us.' 3T| u ( ). - . z1oz;181
|ar||re||o, 0. `les prer|res reac||ors ar||augus||r|erres de le|age.' bFAug 1;
( ). - . 1;1811;
|orr|s, J. `le|ag|ar l||era|ure (Cor. Fp. lau|).' JT| 3 ( ). - . 1o1ozooo
1z|oF|ever lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
Nuvo|ore-Noo||e, l. 0. `lroo|res d'ure rouve||e ed|||or du 0e lrdura||ore
Cord|s
l|arar|sa||r|oue le|age.' bFAug ( ). - . zo18o1o1;
le|ag|us. le|ag|us's Correr|ary or 3|. lau|'s Fp|s||e |o ||e borars. 0FC3.
Trars|a|ed
ard arro|a|ed oy T. 0e 8ruyr. 0xlord. C|arerdor, . 1
l||pps, w. F. `T| e leres|arc|. le|ag|us or Augus||re?' AT|b ( ). - . oz18o1z|
l||rva|, 0. de. `le|age. 3es ecr||s, sa v|e e| sa relorre ( , ).' bll|b z81|8 zo
( ). 1|o
- ozo.
. Fssa| sur |e s|y|e de le|age, su|v| du |ra||e |red|| 0e |rdura||ore l|araor|s.
Co||.
lr|oourg, vo|. N3 . lr|oourg. l|ora|r|e de |'ur|vers||e, . 1 1|;
. `vue d'ersero|e de |a ||||era|ure pe|ag|erre.' bFl ( ). - . z11z8||
lre|e, 3. `lo scr|||o pe|ag|aro '0e Cas|||a|e' l d| le|ag|o?' Aev ( ). - 1o11
. zz
bees, 8. b. le|ag|us, a re|uc|ar| |ere||c. wo|leooro, N.l.. 8oyde|| & 8., . 188
3cag||or|, C. `'0ua| a vo| r|cc||!' le|ag|o e g|| scr|||| pe|ag|ar|.' lr ler lorarer
acus,
- o18.
3c|aler, K. T. `le|ag|us urd d|e vu|ga|a.' NT3 ( s). - . 1oz o1oo
. `0er lau|us|ex| des le|ag|us.' lr 3|ud. lau||r. Corgressus, vo|. , - . z|oo
bore,
1o.
3pe|g|, J. `0er weg e|res le|ag|uslragrer|s. F. 0e||ers, C|av|s ( ) a = 1o1;o
le|ag|us, lau|us|orrer|ar zu 0a| . (3ou|er ll , - , ).' v|gC|r | 1| |1;z z
( ). - . 1;zz;z
Tauer, J. `Neue 0r|er||erurg zur lau|usexegese des le|ag|us.' Aug ( ). |1|
- 18.
T|rrele|d, l. l. ur|ersuc|urger zur a|||a|e|r|sc|er uoer||elerurg des . 1
T|ro||eusor|eles. 0er |a|e|r|sc|e lau|us|ex| |r der lardsc|r|l|er 0 F l 0 urd
|r der Korrer|arer des Aroros|as|er u. le|ag|us. K|ass.-l|||o|. 3|ud|er . o
w|esoader. larrassoW||z, . 1o
va|ero, J. 8. les oases ar|ropo|og|cas de le|ag|o er su |ra|ado de |as
Fxpos|||ores. 0|ss.,
|adr|d. lor|. ur|v. 0regor|ara, . 18o
vogue, A. de. `lragrer|s d'ur |ex|e roras||que |rcorru e| du correr|a|re de
le|age sur 3. lau| dars |e raruscr|| de lar|s N.a.|. .' b8er ( ). z1 1oo1o
- |8zz.
werre||rger, 0. `Neue lorsc|urgs|or|roverser ur Augus||rus urd le|ag|us.' lr
3yrpos|ur, - , | . 18z1;18;8
w||es, |. l. T| e 0|v|re Apos||e. T| e lr|erpre|a||or ol 3|. lau|'s Fp|s||es |r ||e
Far|y
C|urc|. lordor. Caror|dge ur|vers||y lress, . 1o;
a| e s , J. ` T| e Caror|ca| 3|gr|l|carce ol ||e c||a||or ol Jares |r le|ag|us'
FT|l ;8
( ). - . zooz|8z8
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| XlX 1z|1
lAullNu3 0l N0lA 355-431
699
|e|rop|us lor||us lau||rus Was oorr |r 8ordeaux |r , ||e sor ol We|||o-do
parer|s oe|org|rg |o ||e sera|or|a| ar|s|ocracy. A s|uder| ol Ausor|us,
||e ros| larous 0a|||c r|e|or ol ||s ||re, |e cu|||va|ed ||s poe||c |a|er|s,
ou| ergaged |r|o ||e career ol a c|v|| servar| (||e cursus |ororur), prooao|y
|r rep|acerer| ol ||s la||er |r ||e 3era|e ol bore, W||c| |ed ||r |r |o ;
||e pos|||or ol goverror ol Carpar|a. T| ere |e oecare acqua|r|ed W||| ||e
cu|| ol 3|. le||x ol No|a, a |oca| rar|yr lror ||e ||re ol ||e persecu||or ol
0ec|us. lr , W|er ||e `Ar|ar' va|er||r|ar ll rep|aced Frperor 0ra||ar, |e 8
aoardored ||e c|v|| serv|ce, re||red W||| T| eras|a, ||s W|le, |r|o a roras||c
so|||ude |r 3pa|r, accep|ed ||e pr|es||ood |r 8arce|ora, ard d|s|r|ou|ed ||e
coup|e's r|c| proper||es arorg ||e poor. lr , lau||rus ard ||s W|le es|ao||s|ed
||erse|ves |r |Wo roras|er|es rex| |o No|a, |r C|r||||e, sou||err
l|a|y (lor sore ||re ||ey |ad adop|ed |o|a| cor||rerce). Ca. - , al|er |o|1o
||e dea|| ol T| eras|a, |e corser|ed |o serve aso|s|op ol No|a lor ||e rex|
|Wo decades.
lr ||e educa|ed soc|e|y |o W||c| |e oe|orged, lau||rus Was rerar|ao|y g|l|ed lor
lr|erds||p. le We|cored as v|s||ors or v|s||ed ||rse|l rary
ol ||e larous C|r|s||ars ol ||s ||re. l||e ||s poe|ry, ||s corresporderce
|es||l|es |o a ||ve|y re|Wor| ol persora| re|a||ors||ps. 0r|y le||ers - are |o|8
ol ar urcer|a|r or|g|r arorg ||e l|l|y-ore a||r|ou|ed |o lau||rus. Jerore
c|a|red ||a| lau||rus's |e||ers deserved |o oe rar|ed W||| ||ose ol C|cero
(Fp. , . ll , ). lour ol ||er are addressed |o Augus||re. le||er 81 zz;z |
||ar|s Augus||re lor |av|rg ser| a copy ol ||s |rac|a|es 0e 0eres| cor|ra
|ar|c|aeosard 0e vera re||g|ore||roug| A|yp|us. lr le||er , lau||rus urges o
||e o|s|op ol l|ppo |o ree| ||r ard ||s W|le |l ever poss|o|e. le||er oegs
Augus||re lor ar |rs|ruc||or aoou| ||e ra|ure ol arge|s |r ||e ||g|| ol ard 1
zCor|r|||ars. lr le||er , |e as|s |o |ear Augus||re's exeges|s ol ls . - , o 1|
1o. , . , ard |e ||s|s a ser|es ol reques|s aoou| lau||re |e||ers (Fp| . , 1|o;zz |11
1Tr . , bor . , Co| . - ) ard ||e gospe|s, W|ere ||e appar|||ors z1 11z8 z18z1
ol ||e b|ser C|r|s| |rpose ques||ors ol ar esc|a|o|og|ca| ra|ure. W|a| Was
||e rea| ra|ure ol ||e resurrec|ed oody?
A ||oroug| s|udy ol ||e W|o|e co||ec||or ol lau||rus's |e||ers Wou|d
derors|ra|e ||e|r de||oera|e ard cors|ar| recourse |o scr|p|ure. T| ey |||us|ra|e
oeyord reasure ||e W||| ol ||e ||g||y |||era|e o|s|op ol No|a |o express
||s ||oug|| ard ||s lee||rgs exc|us|ve|y |r o|o||ca| |errs, or oy parap|ras|rg
scr|p|ure. le ||ereoy |r|egra|es ||e |||era| cor|er| ol ||e la||r 8|o|e |r|o ||e
1z|zF|ever lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
r|y||r ard ||e syr|ax ol ||s pos|-c|ass|ca| prose ard poe|ry. Augus||re rus|
|ave recogr|zed ||e s|r|||rg s|r||||ude oe|Weer suc| a c|o|ce ard ||s oWr
ass|r||a||or ol psa|r|c verses ard lau||re p|rases |o persora| s|a|erer|s
|r ||e Corless|orsor |r ||s correspordarce.
lar|e| cour|s |||r|y-||ree poers, carr|ra, ol W||c| r. , , ard are | z
cer|a|r|yro|, ard carr. ard prooao|yro|, lror lau||rus, ||e ros| o
|rpor|ar| oe|rg carr. ard lor Ausor|us, carr. lor Jov|us, lor 1o 11 zz 1;
N|ce|as, ard lor T|||a, ||e daug||er ol Ju||ar ol Fc|arur, or ||e occas|or z
ol |er rarr|age. Carrer |s a vers|l|ed corso|a||olor ||e |oss ol a lr|erd's 1
c|||d. Carr|ra ra|a||c|a(carr. - , - , , - , ard a lragrer| 1z1o18z1zzoz8
ol ) Were corposed |r |orour ol ||e leas| day, ||e d|es ra|a||s(Jaruary z
1|) ol 3|. le||x. Jo|r ||e 8ap||s| |s ||e |op|c ol carr. . larap|rases ol ls , o 1
zard l||| respec||ve|y carr. , ard . T| oug| ||eo|ogy ard exeges|s 1o ;8
rera|r corver||ora| |r ||e ||oug|| ol lau||rus, ||s poe||c express|or ol
ary doc|r|ra| cor|er| represer|s ||s oWr ac||everer|, ard ||s p|ras|rg |s
cors|ar||y perrea|ed oy ||e o|o||ca| |ex|.
l|r||ed as || r|g|| oe, ||s |||erary |egacy |s ||g||y or|g|ra|. `le p|aces ||e
|as| ol poe||c crea||or |r d|rec| ||re W||| ||e |ec||o d|v|raol ||e scr|p|ures.
durque |eges ca|us e| scr|oes r|racu|a surr|| vera de|, propr|or d|sces e| car|or
|ps|| esse deo, 'lr read|rg ard corsp|cuous|y descr|o|rg ||e au||er||c rarve|s
ol ||e suprere 0od, you W||| |earr |o core c|oser |o 0od ||rse|l, ard |o oecore
dearer |o ||r' (carr. , - ). lerce || |s ar oper poss|o||||y ||a| ||e zzz1
poe||c ac||v||y ard ||e var|ous exerc|ses ol asces|s co|rc|de . . . loe|ry s|oWs
up as ||e sp|r||ua| exerc|se par exce||erce' (lor|a|re, Na|ssarce, ). 1z
lr suc| ar exerc|se, ||e ac|ua||z|rg ol o|o||ca| rarra||ves proceeds or
||e |eve| ol persora| devo||or. `Ne rarear |errerus Adar.|ay l ro| rera|r ||e
ear|||y Adar, ou| oe oorr lror ||e v|rg|ra| so|| ard, lree lror
||e o|d, oecore ar |rage ol ||e reW ore. |ay l oe gu|ded lar aWay lror
ry cour|ry ard oecore a||er |o ry |r|oe, rurr|rg |r |as|e |o ||e |oreyed
r|vers ol ||e pror|sed |ard, preserved lror ||e lurrace ol ||e C|a|daear
l|re. T| a| ry |osp||a|||y oe as easy as || Was lor lo|, a|Ways W||| oper doors,
||oera|ed lror 3odor, ard l Wou|d ro| |urr ry eyes oac|, |r ||e lear ||a|
l Wou|d |urr |r|o a co|urr ol sa|| lor |ac| ol ||e sa|| ol ||e |ear|. l||e ||e
c|||d lsaac, ray l oe ollered |o 0od as a ||v|rg |os|, ard, carry|rg ry Wood,
ray l lo||oW ry la||er urder ||e cross. l Wou|d l|rd ||e We||s, ou| || |s ry
prayer, ||ey Wou|d ro| oe oos|ruc|ed oy ||e erv|ous Ara|e| W|o corrup|s
||e ||v|rg Wa|ers. |ay l oecore a lug|||ve lror ||e Wor|d, |||e o|essed Jacoo
700
W|o l|ed lror ||s oro||er Fdor, ard l Wou|d |ay a sacred s|ore urder ry
ex|aus|ed |ead, ard |r C|r|s| l Wou|d res|' (carr. , - ). z;oo8ozz
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| Fd|||ors 1z|
lar|e|, w. vor. C3Fl - ( ) zo18|
Trars|a||ors
0u|c|
8oura, J. A., . 1o8
|uys, A. l., . 1|1
Frg||s|
wa|s|, l. 0.. ACw , , ( - ). 1o|o1oo;
lrerc|
0e 3re|, J. |., . 11z
l|e|r|, C., . 1o|
3ar|eu|, C. de, . 1;o
0errar
8ur|e, 0., . 1o1
l|a||ar
Cos|arza, 3., . 1;1
|ercucc|, A., . 1;o
l|sc||e||| Carp|ro, T., . 18
bugg|ero, A., . 1o
3ar|ar|e||o, 0., . 1z
3|ud|es
C|ar|e|, J.-l. `lruderce |ec|eur de lau||r de No|e. Apropos du e qua|ra|r du z
0|||oc|aeor(qu| resure |e ls ).' bFAug ( ). - . 1o z11;oz
C|r|s|ou, l. K. 0ree| la|ro|ogy , - cer|.T| essa|or|||. |ere|a||s, . | 18;
C|r|||o, l. 0. l|eroryrus. le |re |e||ere de| 3. 0o||ore a 3. lao||ro d| No|a. T|vo||
. 18
Cos|arza, 3. `l gerer| |e||erar| re||' opera poe||ca d| lao||ro d| No|a'. Aug 1|
( ) 1;|
- o;o.
. `le corcez|or| poe||c|e d| lruderz|o e || c. Xvlll d| lao||ro d| No|a'. 3|c0yr
N3 ( ) - . 11;o1z|
. `Cr|s||ares|ro e rorar|| d| lao||ro d| No|a'. l3 3. lug||a|||, v. |||ar , 1;8
1;.- . z
0o|gror, J. `ur rec|| de r|rac|e dars |es Carr|rade lau||r de No|e. loe||que
v|rg|||erre e| |eor apo|oge||que'. bl3p ( ) - (= Na|a||c|urXlll). |81;z1z||
0uva|, .-|. `les prer|ers rappor|s de lau||r de No|e avec Jerore, ro|re e|
p|||osop|e? po|e ou exeg|e?' lr ls. 3. Corsrarza, lo|yar||era, ( ) - 181;;
. z1o
lau||rus ol No|a 1z|
1z||F|ever lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
lerrua, A. `Carce||| d| C|r||||e cor scr|||e o|o||c|e (d| lao||ro d| No|a).' b o8
( ). - . 1;oo8
lor|a|re, J. `le syroo||sre de |a c|||are dars |a poes|e de lau||r de No|e'. l3
wasz|r|. Ars|erdar . 1;
. Na|ssarce de |a poes|e dars |'0cc|der| c|re||er. lar|s , - . 1811|;o
0orce, 0., lau||r d| No|e. lar|s . 1
0reer, b. l. l., T| e loe|ry ol lau||rus ol No|a. A 3|udy ol l|s la||r||y. 8russe|s
. 1;1
0u|||||a, 0. `lao||ra d| No|a e 0|ro|aro.' 0rp| ( ). - . 11zz;8|
Jurod Arreroauer, l., `le po|e c|re||er se|or lau||r de No|e. l'adap|a||or des
||res c|ass|ques dars |e Na|a||c|a'. bFAug ( ) - . z11;1|
learza, 3., `Aspe||| esege||c| de||' opera d| lao||ro d| No|a'. A||| de| Corvegro
per ||
XXXl c|rquar|erar|o de||a ror|e d| 3. lao||ro d| No|a ( - ), No|a - |1181 zoz1
rarzo . bore , - . 18z 18o;1
. `lau||rus vor No|a'. TbF ( ) - . zo1o1z
l|er|ard, J. T., `lau||r de No|e'. 03p ( ) - . 1z18|zooz
Nazzaro, A., `la paralras| sa|r|ca d| lao||ro d| No|a'. A||| de| Corvegro per ||
XXXl
c|rquar|erar|o de||a ror|e d| 3. lao||ro d| No|a ( - ), No|a - rarzo |1181 zoz1
18z. bore , - . 1811
l|sc||e||| Carp|ro, T., `l| Car||co de| Car||c|re||' eseges| d| lao||ro d| No|a'.
3FAug
;( ) - . 1z8;|oo
l|zzo|a|o, l. l. `Arorog|o e lao||ro d| No|a, per ura p|prec|sa da|az|ore de||a
Fxpos|||o lsa|r| CXvlll d| Arorog|o.' lr ls. 3. Corsrarza, lo|yar||era,
- |, . 18
lre|e, 3. `lau||ro d| No|a. |a paralras| o|o||ca de||a|aus Jo|arr|s[8ap|.| (carr. . o
lc
1. - . , . - , |c . - ).' Aug ( ). - . o;8o1; 1zo 1|1;|oz
b|zza, 0. `lr||az|ore o|o||ca ed |rl|uerza re|or|ca re||'opere d| lao||ro d| No|a.' lr
||sc. d| 3|ud. d| le||. Cr|s|. Ar|., vo|. ( ). - . 11|;1o|
701
3ava|or|, A., `l'aspe||o o|o||co-re||g|oso re| prograrra poe||co d| lao||ro d|
No|a'.
Arruar|o l|ceo l. 0|arrore Caser|a - , - . 1oo1ozz
3orrer||ro, 0. `Nuove prospe|||ve su lao||ro d| No|a.' Asp ( ). - . |z1|1z|
w||rar|, A., `l'|yrre de lau||r sur lazare dars ur raruscr|| d'Au|ur'. b8 z
( ) - . 1zzz;|
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| XX 1z|
FuTb0llu3 FAbl 5Tl C.
A pr|es| lror ||e ror|| ol 3pa|r (|adoz) or lror Aqu||a|re (Cource||e),
Fu|rop|us W|o adr|red Arorose ard Was c|ose |o lau||rus ol No|a. le
Wro|e |e||ers ol adror|||or ard corso|a||or |o ||e |Wo daug||ers ol a cer|a|r
0erur||us, oecause ||ey |ad oeer d|s|r|er||ed oy ||e|r la||er al|er |av|rg
voWed v|rg|r||y. lr ||e l|rs| |e||er, 0e |es|arer|o 0erur|||, |e urges ||er,
W||| ruc| |og|c ard au||or||y, |o aos|a|r lror |ega| procedures aga|rs|
||e|r la||er's dec|s|or. T| e secord |e||er, 0e vera c|rcurc|s|ore, Was spec|l|
ca||y addressed |o ||e rur Ceras|a. lr ||, Fu|rop|us erp|as|zed ||e reed
lor a sp|r||ua| exeges|s ol ||e c|rcurc|s|or prescr|oed |r ||e 8|o|e |r order
|o perce|ve ||s rea| rear|rg, argu|rg |r ||re W||| ||e W|o|e |r|erpre||ve
|rad|||or, lror l|||o |o Zero ol verora, ||s cor|erporary (3avor, ). 18z
l|s d|spu|a||oca||ed or ||e acader|c oojec||ors ol JeWs, Fu|rop|us's ra|r
goa| oe|rg |o prescr|oe lor ||s addressee a ||re ol corduc| prescr|oed oy
||e gospe|. u|||ra|e|y ||e `|rue c|rcurc|s|or' represer|s a c|arge ol `ra|ure'
de|err|red oy gospe| va|ues, ard |r corlorr||y W||| lau| as a ro|e
rode|, ||e |dea| `ra|ure' oe|rg |rcarra|e |r C|r|s|. T| roug|ou| ||e essay,
Fu|rop|us's ||oug|| rera|rs urcorcerred `W||| ||e proo|er ard ||e so|u||ors ol
Augus||r|ar|sr' (3avor , ). T| e oas|c ar||||es|s oy W||c| 18z|oz
||e au||or opposes `ra|ure' ard a oe|av|our de|err|red oy ||e gospe|
|eads ||r |o ar or|g|ra| exeges|s ol bv . , `||e larous ooo| Wr|||er |rs|de 1
ard ou|s|de, secre| ard puo||c, oper ard c|osed' (0e vera c|rcurc|s|ore , o
1C- 0) ( C- C). 1| 1 zo1
Fu|rop|us a|so corposed |Wo |rea||ses, 0e perlec|o |or|re(Co| . ) ard 1z8
0e s|r||||ud|re carr|s pecca||(br . ). A|| ol Fu|rop|us's Wor|s are s||||lu||y 8
Wr|||er |r ar e|egar| prose. T| ey rera|r c|ose |o ||e r|, ro| or|y ||roug|
appropr|a|e quo|a||ors, ou| a|so |r ||e de|a|| ol ||e au||or's argurer|s.
Fd|||ors
ll , - , - . ll3 l ( ) - . o|o188zzo 1zo
ll , - . ll , - . o;1o| ;8
3|ud|es
Cava||era, l., `l'epi|re pseudo-l|eroryr|erre '0e v|ro perlec|o''. bA| , l3 z
|. v|||er ( ) - . 1|18o;
1z|oF|ever lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
. `l'|er||age ||||era|re e| sp|r||ue| du pre|re Fu|rope'. bA| ( ) - . z|1|8oo;1
Cource||e, l., `ur rouveau |ra||e d'Fu|rope, pre|re aqu||a|r vers |'ar '. bFA |oo o
( ) - . 1|;zo
Fyrarr, l. 3. `'lr C|r|s|o er|r poss|derdur es| quod cur C|r|s|o es|
poss|derdur.' br a|s vers|e|ers|or|zor| lur as|e||sc|es leoer |r e|rer 8
Tros|or|el
des Fu|rop|us, ll.' lr l|||o|og|a 3acra. 8|o||sc|e urd pa|r|s||c|e 3|ud|er lur
lerrarr J. lrede urd wa||er T| |e|e zu ||rer s|eoz|gs|er 0eour|s|ag, l. A||es
urd
Neues Tes|arer|, ll. Apocryp|er, K|rc|erva|er, versc||ederes, ed||ed oy
b. 0rysor, - . lre|ourg. lerder, . 1|zz 1
|adoz, J., `lererc|a |||erar|a de| preso||ero Fu|rop|o'. FF ( ) - . 1o1|zz;|
. `Fu|rop|o || preso||ero'. FrcC , . |
||c|e|, A., `la cu||ure er Aqu||a|re au e
s|c|e'. A||d| ( ) - . ;11111z|
|ora|, T.. 0l0F ( ) - . 1o1o;;8z
3avor, l. `le pre|re Fu|rope e| |a 'vra|e c|rcorc|s|or.'' blb ( ). - . 118zz;oz
. `le pre|re Fu|rope e| |a 'vra|e c|rcorc|s|or.' ll. le |ra||e d'Fu|rope. |rad|||or
po|er|que e| lropagarde asce||que.' blb ( ). - . 118z81|o|
Tr|a, l., '0e s|r||||ud|re carr|s pecca||.' l| suo au|ore e |asua |eo|og|a. bore
. 1o
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| XXl 1z|;
Fv00lu3 0l uZAll3
C0NTF|l0bAb 0l Au0u3TlNF
T| e Alr|car o|s|op Fvod|us Was a d|sc|p|e ard c|ose lr|erd ol Augus||re.
lour |e||ers ser| oy ||r |o ||e o|s|op ol l|ppo |r - l|gure, W||| ||e|r |1||1
arsWers, |r ||e corresporderce ol Augus||re. C3Fl , le||ers ol Fvod|us ||
|o Augus||re, epp. , , , , le||ers ol Augus||re |o Fvod|us, epp. 181oo1o11o
1, , , . T| ey dea| W||| ques||ors corcerr|rg ||e sou|, lree W||| 1oz1o|1o
ard grace, Ca||o||c la||| vs. |ar|c|ae|sr, ard |r par||cu|ar W||| ||e
ar|||ar|c|ear |r|erpre|a||or ol scr|p|ure. Aro||er |a||er, da|ed , exposes |zo
lor va|er||rus ol ladrure|ur ||e proo|er ol lree W|||. Ar ar||-|ar|c|ear
|rea||se, 0e l|de cor|ra |ar|c|aeos, very c|ose |o Augus||re |r ||s s|y|e ard
702
|rsp|ra||or, |s a|so a||r|ou|ed |o Fvod|us.
Fd|||ors
8Aug . le||er |o va|er||rus ol ladrure|ur. z|
C3Fl , . 0e l|de cor|ra |ar|c|aeos. zz
C3Fl . le||ers ol Fvod|us |o Augus||re, ep. , , , , le||ers ol || 181oo1o11o
Augus||re |o Fvod|us, ep. , , , . 11oz1o|1o
3|ud|es
le||ers, J.-l., Fvod|us d' uza||s. Cor|r|ou||or |'e|ude de |'Fg||se c|re||erre
d'Alr|que.
0|ss. lar|s . 1o|
. `l'u||||sa||or de |a 8|o|e dars |'oeuvre d'Fvod|us'. bFAug ( ) - . 1z1oo|1o|
1z|8F|ever lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
XXll
|AXl|u3 0l TublN 0. 408|423
As ||e l|rs| ver|l|ao|e o|s|op ol Tur|r (ro| |o oe corlused W||| |ax|rus ||e
Ar|ar!), |ax|rus |s or|y docurer|ed oy 0errad|us, 0e v|r|s |r|us|r|ous, , |1
|r ||e |a|e l| l|| cer|ury. l|s |egacy cors|s|s |r a l|xedco||ec||or ol e|g||y-|Wo
au||er||c serrors, ard |Wer|y-lour o||er au||er||c serrors `ou|s|de ol ||a|
co||ec||or,' ex|ravagar|es, ol| er |rarsr|||ed urder ||e rare ol Augus||re,
(A. |u|zeroec|er, ). |os| ol ||e serrors Were preac|ed |r ||e years 1oz
- |1. le Was s|rorg|y |rl|uerced oy ||e Wr|||rgs ol Arorose. le d|ed
urder ||e re|gr ol loror|us ard T| eodos|us ll ( - ). |o8|z
T| oug| pas|ora| ard prac||ca| |r purpose, oe|rg d|rec|ed aga|rs| pagar|sr a| a
||re ol rass|ve corvers|or |o C|r|s||ar||y, ard aga|rs| cor|erpoary
JeWs, seer as a po|er||a| ||rea| lor ||e |oca| c|urc| corrur||y, ||e serrores
ol |ax|rus derors|ra|e a s|ardard |eac||rg or 3cr|p|ure ard o|o||ca| exeges|s
ol ||s ||re. T| e o|s|op |roWs aoou| scr|p|urarur cae|es||ur sacrarer|a,
`||e rys|er|es ol |eaver|y scr|p|ures' serro , ||re ). le exp|ores |r scr|p|ura 1
d|v|ra( , ), par||cu|ar|y |r ||e lau||re le||ers, evarge||cae scr|p|urae zz
secre|ur,. . . C|r|s|| secre|a rys|er|a`||e secre| ol ||e 0ospe| . . . C|r|s|'s secre|
rys|er|es' ( , , ). w|||ou| ary specu|a||ve a||egor|z|rg, |e repea|ed|y ||1
|rv||es ||s ||s|erers |o reac| ara|||orer |r|e||ec|ur, `||g|er urders|ard|rg'
( , - ) W|er porder|rg a o|o||ca| read|rg |r c|urc|. T| e o|r|| ol Jo|r |zzz
||e 8ap||s| `|rc|udes, l |||r|, sore rys|ery,' rys|er|ur a||quod aro||ror
cor||rere( , ). T| e recorrerda||or ol |a|||eW . , |o go ard l|rd |z 1o11
|osp||a|||y |r ary c||y v|s||ed, sourds ra||er doWr |o ear||, ou|. 3ed repe|arus
sarc|ar |psar d|v|rarque ser|er||ar! 3| er|r |r ||||era p|ace|, |r rys|er|o
lors||ar p|us p|aceo||`ou| |e| us repea| ||a| |o|y ard d|v|re s|a|erer|. ll || |s
|||era||y p|easar|, || W||| prooao|y p|ease rore |r ||s rys|ery' ( , - ). T| e |181
verd|c| ol || . aga|rs| ||ose W|o are a cause ol s|uro||rg |s a|so a 18o
`rys|er|ous' ser|erce. lu|o er|r |||ar (ser|er||ar) a||quod rys|er|ur cor||rere,
`lor l guess ||a| suc| a verd|c| |rc|udes sore ||rd ol rys|ery' ( , ). T| e |8;|
sare |s |rue ol ||e `lor|y days' ol ||e l|ood |r 0eres|s . - , l|gura||ve ol ;1;zo
oap||sr ( , - ). lr a|| cases, ||e `rys|ery' rears ||e C|r|s||ar rea|||y ooo
ol ||e preser| c|urc| as prel|gured |r oo|| Tes|arer|s. T| e very o|r|| ol
Jesus |s u||er `rys|ery'. lr|e||ego p|are rys|er|ur`l urders|ard || as u||er
rys|ery' ( , - ). l|s oap||sr adds aro||er secre|. lr|e||ego rys|er|ur oz8o8;
agrosco e||ar sacrarer|ur`l perce|ve ||e rys|ery, l a|so ac|roW|edge ||e
sacrarer|' ( , - , , ), ard so does ||s er|ry |r|o Jerusa|er accord- o|;81oo;
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| |rg |o Jr . ( , ). T| e 1z| 1z1zo8oo
dea|| ol ||e 8ap||s| |rc|udes a `grea| rys|ery'.
|r quo lac|o grarde rys|er|ur cor||re|ur( , - ), ard ||e Ascers|or ol 88o|o
Jesus g|ves ||e `rys|ery' a paradox|ca| |W|s|. uodar er|r rys|er|o, dur
l|||us de| l| ||ur |or|r|s sus|u||| ad cae|ur, |psa cap||v||as por|a|ur e| por|a|
`oy sore rys|ery, as ||e 3or ol 0od up||l|ed ||e sor ol rar |o |eaver,
cap||v||y ||se|l carr|es ard |s carr|ed or' ( , - ), oy relerr|rg |o ls . ooo| o;
1, Ascerders |r a||ur cap||var dux|| cap||v||a|er, `ascerd|rg |o ||e ||g|es|
|e carr|ed or cap||v||y as cap||ve.' 8e||rd ros| ol ||ese asser||ors, s|ress|rg
||e sp|r||ua| rear|rg ol ||e scr|p|ura| |ex|s urder cors|dera||or, ore l|rds
Arorose's Fxpos|||o evarge||| securdur lucar, ol W||c| as rary as s|x|yl|ve
passages are ec|oed |r |ax|rus's serrors (CCl , ). z||
T| e |or||e||c prose ol |ax|rus, Wr|||er |r a l|u|d ard ||rp|d la||r,
addressed ||s corgrega||or W||| a cor||ruous s|rear ol o|o||ca| |rages ard
relererces. Corver||ora| |r ||e|r doc|r|ra| cor|er|, ard rodes| W|er corpared
W||| ||e cor|erporary preac||rg ol Augus||re, |ax|rus's serrors
preser| a|| ||e lea|ures ol ar |rver||ve |rsp|ra||or. T| ey are ar ou|s|ard|rg
rorurer| ol pas|ora| care W|ose serere ard ||oug||lu| ressage deserves
lur||er s|udy.
Cll - zzozzo
Fd|||ors
|u|zeroerger, A., |ax|r| Fp|scop| Taur|rers|s Co||ec||orer 3errorur
Ar||quar Norru|||s 3error|ous Fx|ravagar||ous Adjec||s. CCl XXlll
Turr|au| . 1;z
3|ud|es
703
8org|ovarr|, l., 3. |ass|ro vescovo d| Tor|ro e || suo pers|ero |eo|og|co. 0|ss.
Tur|r
1z.
Cerve|||r, l., `ler 3cr|p|urae secre|ur(3err. XXXlX, ). l'|r|erprez|ore de||a |
3cr|||ura re| 3error| d| |ass|ro d| Tor|ro'. 3a| ( ) - . |1z;o;
Corroy, |. C. lragery |r ||e 3errores ol |ax|rus, 8|s|op ol Tur|r. lr Ca||o||c
ur|vers||y ol Arer|ca la|r|s||c 3|ud|es . was||rg|or. Ca||. ur|v. ol Ar. lr.,
1o.
0regor|, 0. |. 0e, l|gure o|o||c|e rar|are ve|ero|es|arer|ar|e |r 3. |ass|ro,
vescovo
d| Tor|ro. 0|ss. bore - . 1o81o
3aerz, A. `F| r|s|er|o de |a rav|dad er |os 3errores de 3ar |x|ro de Tur|r.'
3|ror ( ). - . z;1;1o11o
|ax|rus ol Tur|r 1z|
1zoF|ever lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
. `F| r|s|er|o de |a Fp|p|ar|a er |os 3errores de 3ar |x|ro de Tur|r.'
3|ror
z8( ). - . 1;z;1|1;
Zargara v. `l serror| d| |ass|ro d| Tor|ro re| d|es ra|a||sde| ss. l|e|ro e lao|o.'
C8|la ( ). - . 111o;8
. `l 'rarda|a' d|v|r| re||a pred|caz|ore d| |ass|ro d| Tor|ro,' - . |18
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| XXlll 1z1
u00vulT0Fu3 0. CA. ||
A deacor ard |a|er o|s|op (ca. ) ol ||e c|urc| ol Car||age, uodvu||deus |;
as|ed Augus||re |r |o Wr||e a corperd|ur ol |eres|es lor ||r |z8
(Augus||re, le||ers , , 0e |aeres|ous). le Was expe||ed oy ||e Ar|ar zz1zz
War|ord 0a|ser|c ard lourd reluge |r Nap|es W|ere |e d|ed ca. . Fr||re|y ||
ded|ca|ed |o pas|ora| Wor|, |e |el|oe||rd ||r a co||ec||or ol serrors, a leW
|e||ers ard ||e l|oer pror|ss|orur e| praed|c|orur de|.
Al|er relererces |o ||e Crea||or ard la||, Ca|r ard Aoe|, Noa|'s Ar| ard
||e ToWer ol 8aoe| |r ||s |r|roduc|ory cap||u|a, uodvu||deus s|ar|s ||e l| rs|
par| ol ||e l|oerW||| ||e cyc|e ol Aora|ar cover|rg |er cap||u|a, lo||oWed
oy ||e s|ory ol lsaac ard Jacoo, ||e cyc|e ol Josep| ard ||e l|gura||ve ever|s
||r|ed W||| |oses. T| e secord par| ol ||e l|oercorrer|s or ||e |osa|c
|rs|||u||ors, lsrae|'s jourrey |r ||e deser|, Jos|ua, Judges, bu|| ard K|rgs,
||er or ||e prop|ec|es ol 0ar|e| ard Fze||e|, ard l|ra||y or Fsdras, Fs||er,
Jud|||, Too|| ard ||e |acaoees. T| e |||rd par| adds veroa| prop|ec|es ard
pror|ses para||e|ed oy spec|l|c da|a |r 0ospe| rarra||ves. l| erds W||| |Wo
add|||ora| se|s ol Tes||ror|a, or ||e 0|r|d|ur |erpor|sard ||e 0|or|a
3arc|orur, s|rorg|y |rsp|red oy ||e C||y ol 0od, XX-XXll.
uodvu||deus's exeges|s |s ||oroug||y sp|r||a||sor |ypo|og|ca|. lr ||s
v|eW o|o||ca| sa|va||or-||s|ory |s a |ex|ure ol c|ose|y ||r|ed s|gra, rys|er|a,
sacrarer|a, arrourc|rg ||e C|r|s||ar lu|l| ||rer|. T| roug|ou| ||e W|o|e
Wor|, ||e au||or ca|egor|zes ard d|v|des ||s aourdar| ra|er|a| W||| ar
a|ros| rarrer|s| a||er||or |o de|a||. T| e au||or's or|g|ra|||y cors|s|s |r
add|rg |o |rad|||ora| |ypo|ogy a de|a||ed |||us|ra||or oy W||c| sra|| or ||||er|o
reg|ec|ed e|erer|s ol l|gura||ve da|a are sys|era||ca||y |r|erpre|ed as
s|gr|l|car|. A||egor|ca| rurero|ogy, |earred lror Augus||re, cor|r|ou|es |o
uodvu||deus's exeges|s. lor |rs|arce, || a||oWs ||e ||r||rg ol ||e `sever|yl|ve
sou|s' ol 0eres|s . W||| lsa|r (l, , ), or ||e e|ever ve||s ol |oz; ; ||1|
||e Taoerrac|e W||| lsa|r (ll, , ). |ora| app||ca||ors ru|||p||ed lor 11 |
pas|ora| reasors |rc|ude a |or||e||c d|a|r|oe aoou| del|c|er| c|ar||y ard ||e
aouse ol r|c|es, urWor||y pr|es|s ard persecu||rg ||rgs. 3cr|p|ure |s usua||y
quo|ed lror rerory, W||| occas|ora| |raccuracy, or parap|rased ard
accorroda|ed |o ||e au||or's syroo||c |r|erpre|a||ors. l|s lree quo||rg ol
scr|p|ure |s pa|red W||| a s|r||ar|y lree use ol var|ous |ex|ua| |rad|||ors. |e
res|s or Jerore's |rars|a||or lror ||e leoreW, |r par||cu|ar lor 0ar|e| ard
Joo, ou| rore lrequer||y or 0|d la||r vers|ors, c|rcu|a||rg |r Alr|ca (8raur,
3C , - ). 1o1
1zzF|ever lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
Fd|||ors
Cll . |1
ll , - . ll3 ( ), . 1;8| 1o1|
8raur, b.. CCl ( ) - . oo1;o11zz
8raur, b.. 3C - ( ). 1o11oz1o|
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| XXlv 1z
JullAN 0l FClANu| CA. 380|385CA. 454
Ju||ar Was ||e sor ol 8|s|op |erorus, ||e |oca||or ol W|ose see |r sou||err
l|a|y |s ur|roWr. we|| educa|ed, rarr|ed |o T|||a, ||e daug||er ol aro||er
o|s|op, Ju||ar oecare a deacor |r ard Was orda|red o|s|op ol Fc|arur |o8
oy lope lrrocer| |r . w|er s|||| a deacor, |e v|s||ed l|ppo a| ||e |rv||a||or ol |1o
Augus||re. lr Car||age |e a||erded d|scuss|ors or ||e or|g|r ol ||e
sou|, d|rec|ed oy ||e |ar|c|ear, lorora|us. lr , |e Wro|e |W|ce |o lope |18
Zos|rus |r pro|es||rg aga|rs| ||e Trac|or|aol Zos|rus, corderr|rg le|ag|us.
704
le lourd ||rse|l corderred ard Was s|e||ered oy T| eodore ol |opsues||a
|r C|||c|a. le oecare |rcreas|rg|y a l| erce adversary ol ||e Augus||re W|ose
a||eged |ar|c|e|sr |e derourced |r ros| ol ||s |a|er Wr|||rgs. T| e |og|ca|
s|rerg|| ard ||e ar||cu|a|e d|c||or ol a ra||ora||s| ||eo|ogy pervade ||s |||erary
|egacy. 0re l|rds ||e sare qua||||es r|rrored |r ||s exeges|s.
0re ol Ju||ar's ear||es| Wor|s Was a |rars|a||or ard adap|a||or ol T|eodore ol
|opsues||a's Correr|ary or ||e lsa|rs, lo||oWed oy ||e Fxpos|||o
||or| loo(CCl , l. 0e Cor|rc|), vague|y |rsp|red oy Jo|r C|rysos|or 88
ard deperder| or lo|yc|ror|us, W||| a l|rs| express|or ol ||s a||eg|erce
|o le|ag|us. 3oor al|er |e produced Correr|ar|us |r Car||cur
car||corur(lragrer|s |r 8ede, lr Car||ca car||corur a||egor|ca expos|||o, l, CCl
88, - ), |r W||c| sore ol ||s pecu||ar p|rases |ave oeer ro|ed oy 8|o1
0. 8ouWrar. 0r|y al|er (oe|Weer ard . l||rva| ) d|d |e |z |z |o 1
puo||s| sore Fxp|ara||ores dudec|r prop|e|arur qu| r|rores. . . ror|rar|ur,
W|ose gerera| ||||e |s urcer|a|r ard ol W||c| correr|ar|es or 0see, Joe|
ard Aros surv|ve, a reasorao|e guess oe|rg ||a| |e |el|||e |rac|a|e url|r|s|ed
(8ouWrar, ). `T| e Wor| |s adr|rao|e as ar essay ol ||s|or|ca| ard
ress|ar|c |errereu||cs, ||s exeges|s |s or|g|ra| ard ol|er accura|e. 0re |as
lor good reasors ce|eora|ed ||e qua||||es ol ||s s|y|e' (0e Cor|rc|, CCl , 88
Xl, rore deprec|a||ve|y, 0. de l||rva|, b3b ). T| e o|o||ca| |ex| lor ||e 1
Fxp|ara||ores|s Jerore's vu|ga|e, lree|y quo|ed, W||| sore var|ar|s, oorroWed
lror ||e |xx (o. c.,XXlX-XXX).
0l ||e Fxpos|||o ||or| loo|rarsr|||ed urder ||e rare ol ||e pr|es| l||||p,
a d|sc|p|e ol Jerore, or|y a leW ||res are r|ss|rg a| ||e erd (CCl , - ). 881o
`Jerore |ad jus| |ssued a Correr|ary or Jerer|a|l|||ed W||| ar||-le|ag|ar
po|er|cs, ou| Ju||ar produces a loo er||re|y ar||-Augus||r|ar. . . . C|oser
|o ||e gerre sc|o||a||ar |o ||e ore ol ex|erded o|o||ca| correr|ar|es,
||e Fxpos|||opos|||ors Ju||ar as a corpe|er| exege|e ol ||e Ar||oc|ear
sc|oo|. le lavours ||e '|||era|' or '||s|or|ca|' serse ol scr|p|ure ard avo|ds
1z|F|ever lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
orrarer|a| parap|rase. le all| rrs ||a| Joo Was |rsp|red |||e ||e lrop|e|s
ard ||a| |e raraged |o arrource ||e rys|er|es ol ||e gospe|. 0r|y rare|y
Wou|d a||egor|es or relererces |o ||e 'rys||ca|' serse oe scru||r|zed |r ||e
Wor| ol |||s oorr ra||ora||s|, rou|ded oy |rper|a| 3|o|c|sr' (Karrerg|esser,
03p ). lr lac|, ou| ol a relererce |o |rcarra||or|s dor|r|cae ror||sque 1zzz
sacrarer|ur, `||e rys|ery ol ||e lord's |rcarra||or ard dea||' (xxxv|||,
- 1o1;, , ), Ju||ar l|rds or|y s|x o||er oppor|ur|||es |o rer||or ||e 1oo8|
lu|ure lu|l|||rer| ol sa|va||or-||s|ory. a cor|ex|u d|spu|a||or|s exs|||ers |r
lu|ura rys|er|a os aper||, e| de pass|ore dor|r|ca va||c|ra|ur, `|eap|rg ou| ol
||e ra||er urder d|scuss|or, |e oecores voca| aoou| lu|ure rys|er|es ard
pred|c|s ||e lass|or ol ||e lord (lX, , , - , ), v|de|ur de lu|ur|s z|z81o|z1oo
rys|er||s po|||cer|, `|e seers |o arrource lu|ure rys|er|es' (Xll, , , 1;8
- o1oz), spec|acu|o prolurdarur rerur a||er||or reddeoa|ur, u| de red|a|or|s
rys|er|o, de resurrec||or|s ve| l|de ve| |erpore a||qua s|re aro|gu||a|e ser||re|
ac d|cere|, `oy ||e s|g|| ol deep rea||||es, |e oecare rore a||er||ve, as |o
lee| ard |o spea| ou| W|||ou| urcer|a|r|y sore |ru||s aoou| ||e rys|ery ol
||e red|a|or, or e|||er ||e la||| or ||e ||re ol ||e resurrec||or' (Xv, , , 1z|z
- ), ea quae |egur|ur d|spersa||or|s prolurdo ror po|es||s ocu||s rer||s
|rsp|cere, `||e rea||||es corcea|ed |r ||e aoyss ol ||e (d|v|re) d|spersa||or,
you carro| |rves||ga|e W||| your r|rd's |rs|g||s' (Xvll, , , - ), e| 1o|ooo
|deo prop|e|a|| p|erus sp|r||u de sa|va|or|s ros|r| ve| |rcarra||ore ve|
resurrec||ore prae|oqu||ur, `ard ||erelore, l| ||ed W||| ||e sp|r|| ol prop|ecy, |e
arrources ||e |rcarra||or or ||e resurrec||or ol our sav|our' (XlX, , , zo|
- ozo|), rys|er|a pos| lu|ura cogrosc||, u| ra|ura carr|s suae |rdu|ur deur
se d|ca| esse v|surur, quod rar|les||ss|re ad |rcarra||or|s dor|r|cae per||re|
sacrarer|ur. Nec |||ud ad r|ror|s gra||ae spec|a| |es||ror|ur, quod ||a p|ere
e| aper|e |||o |ar |erpore sper resurrec||or|s arrur||a|, `|e |roWs rys|er|es
lo||oW|rg ||res |o core, ol suc| a ra|ure ||a| |e says |e Wou|d see 0od
dressed oy ra|ure W||| ||s oWr l|es|, a s|a|erer| W||c| very c|ear|y relers |o
||e rys|ery ol ||e lord's |rcarra||or. 3uc| |es||rory rears ro |esser grace,
lor || arrources |o ||r a|ready |r ||s ||re W||| lu|| c|ar||y ||e |ope ol a
resurrec||or.' ( , , - ), ou| |e rever rer||ors oy rare, ror does z;|1o1o8
||s correr|ary rel|ec| ary c|r|s|ocer|r|c |errereu||cs. lr add|||or |e |ac|s
||e esc|a|o|og|ca| ||rus| ol le|ag|us' s v|s|or ol ur|versa| sa|va||or, ||oug|
||s s|rorg persuas|or aoou| al|er||le corrards a|| |e |as |o say corcerr|rg
A|r|g||y 0od's jus||ce. l|s exp||c|| ro||or ol de||y |r XXXvlll, - , 0eus qu| 1z
|ar|ae esse| po|er||ae, |ar|ae oor||a||s, cu|us curar erga |or|res crea|urarur
ve| |rs|||u||o ve| adr|r|s|ra||o puo||care|, `0od ol suc| poWer, ol suc| goodress
W|ose corcerr lor |urar oe|rgs Wou|d oe rade puo||c ||roug| ||e
|rs|||u||or ard adr|r|s|ra||or ol crea|ures.' ( , - ), ou||| up a|| a|org ||e 8
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| prev|ous c|ap|ers ol ||e 1z
correr|ary, exerp||l|es a rore s|a||c percep||or
ol ||e C|r|s||ar exper|erce. Accord|rg |o Ju||ar, ||e C|r|s||ar Way ol ||le
cors|s|s |r a syr||es|s ol ra||ora| |roW|edge ard v|r|uous ||v|rg, |r|egra||rg
705
||e e|||ca| rorrs ol cu||ure W||| ||e precep|s ard exarp|es ol 3cr|p|ure |r
oo|| Tes|arer|s. lerce ||s |r|erpre|a||or ol ||e 8oo| ol Joo, W|||e r|ss|rg ||e
||g| |ragedy ol Joo's sull er|rg, ass|duous|y |rars|a|es eac| verse |r a
corror prose s|y|e |r order |o all| rr ||e re|evarce ol ||ese verses lor ||e
average oe||ever ol ||s day. T| us Ju||ar pers|s|er||y e||r|ra|es ||e r|c| poe|ry
ol ||e |rages |r ||e o|o||ca| |ex|, ||e s|r||||ud|resol ||s syroo||c d|scourse,
|r order |o c|ar|ly W|a| a verse rea||y rears accord|rg |o ||r. (Xv, , XlX, o
- 8, XX, , XXvll, , XXX, , - , , Xll, ). le ru|||p||es p|rases 1 z1 1zz1zzz o
|||e ac s| d|cere|, `as |l |e sa|d', |d es|, |oc es|, `W||c| rears', pro, ` |rs|ead
ol,' W|er g|v|rg prosa|c equ|va|er|s lor o|o||ca| re|ap|ors. 3ore||res ||e
re|ap|or ard ||s |rars|a||or are s|rp|y jux|aposed. 'aosque raru,' aosque
opere ve| |aoore, `W|||ou| a |ard, W|||ou| Wor| ard ell or|' (XXlv, ),'v|arur zo
e|us,' |d es| operur, `ol ||s Ways, W||c| rears ol ||s Wor|s' (XXvl, ), 'sorur z
de ore' |or||ru d|c||, `||e 'sourd ol ||s rou||' rears ||urder' (XXXvll, ), |
'|urer' pro p|uv||s posu||, `|e p|aced '||g||' lor ra|rs' ( ), 'aur|' vero ror|re 11
d|v|||as quas d|versae rerur spec|es lac|ur| |rd|cav||`lor oy ||e |err 'go|d'
|e |rd|ca|ed ||e r|c|es W||c| ||e d|llerer| spec|es ol |||rgs represer|' (Xll,
zz). T| e sare v|rd|ca||or ol ||e |rpor|arce ol ||e very reasorao|eress ol
||e 8oo| ol Joo seers |o urge Ju||ar, v| ra||or|s pressus, `urged oy ||e lorce
ol reasor' (as |e ro|es aoou| 8a|dad ||e 3|u|||e |r XXv, ), repea|ed|y |o z
s|ress ||e cors|s|er| |og|c ol o|o||ca| s|a|erer|s. ||ey proceed per ord|rer,
`|r order' (XXvll, ), corsequer|er, |r a `cors|s|er|' rarrer, (pass|r). T| ey
a|Ways |rp|y a de||oera|e order. urde ror es| repe||||o super|orur, sed |rrova||o,
u| |||ud ad auc|or||a|er, |oc ad gra||ar spec|are v|dea|ur, so ||a|
||ere |s ro repe||||or ol W|a| |as a|ready oeer sa|d, ou| ra||er |rrova||or,
so ||a| ore sees |oW ore s|a|erer| relers |o au||or||y, W|ereas ||e o||er
relers |o grace' (XXlX, ), 3cr|p|or ||or| cap||a d|c|orur d|s|r|ouers roo|s, z
pr|rc|p||s sequer||a d|c|a corec|||. `||e au||or ol ||e ooo| d|sp|ays lor us ||e
c|ap|ers ol W|a| |s sa|d, W||| ||e l|rs| s|a|erer| |e correc|s ||e lo||oW|rg'
(XXXvl, - ), uod super|us ooscure d|xera|, ||c aper|e lec|| |r|e||eg|, `W|a| 1z
|e |ad sa|d |r urc|ear |errs, |ere |e g|ves oper|y |o urders|ard' (XXXvll,
1). T| e del|r|||ors ol o|o||ca| da|a g|ver oy Ju||ar cor|r|ou|e |o ||e sare
accu||ura||or ol Joo |r|o ||e au||or's r|e|or|ca| |rad|||or, 'Aer|gra|a' d|x||,
qu|a orev||a|e d|c|orur p|us |r|e||egerdur re||quera| quar erur||avera|
aud|erdur, `|e rer||ored 'er|gra|a' oecause, due |o ||e corc|seress ol ||e
s|a|erer| rore rera|red |o oe urders|ood ||ar W|a| |e |ad sa|d |o oe |eard'
(Xlll, ), 'laraoo|a' propr|e d|c||ur quardo p|us cor||re|ur |r sers|ous quar 1;
Ju||ar ol Fc|arur 1z
1zoF|ever lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
prorurc|a|ur |r vero|s, ve| arp||us quar |r superl|c|e sora| rerur corsequer||a
ve| |r|e||ec|us ra||ore corl|c||ur, `'parao|e' |s r|g|||y sa|d W|er ||e rear|rg
exceeds ||e Words prorourced, or W|er ||e cors|s|ercy ol ||e rea||||es
ra|es rore serse ||ar |r ||s rere appeararce, or |s l|xed oy ||e |og|c ol
||e |r|e||ec|' (XXlX, ), '|eg|s|a|ores' d|c||, qu| |r d|vers|s reg|or|ous |rs|||u|a 1
ror|a||a qu|ous regerer|ur corver|er|es |r urur popu|| cord|derur|, `|e ca||s
'|aW-g|vers' ||ose W|o, |r d|ll erer| par|s ol ||e Wor|d, or|rg|rg |oge||er ||e
per|s|ao|e |rs|||u||ors over W||c| ||ey are supposed |o goverr, es|ao||s|
peop|e |r ur||y' (XXXvl, ). zz
w|er a o|o||ca| p|ras|rg ray surpr|se ||e reader, Ju||ar |roWs |oW |o
ca|| or scr|p|ure's |ao||s. lar|||are es| er|r d|v|rae scr|p|urae porere d|c|a pro
lac||s, `lor || |s usua| |r scr|p|ure |o s|a|e dec|ara||ors as lac|s' (l, ), lossur| o
orr|a per corru|a||orer |erporur |eg|, quod qu|der es| d|v|r|s scr|p|ur|s
lar|||are, u| s|| sersus, `a|| car oe read |r c|arg|rg ||e |erse ol ||e veros,
sore|||rg ||a| |s lar|||ar |o ||e d|v|re scr|p|ures W|er ||e rear|rg ca||s
lor ||' (vlll, ), lar|||are es| scr|p|ur|s sarc||s u| d|car| |d, |r quod praec|p||ar|ur
|ud|car|ur ser|er||as, ex vo|o e| s|ud|o suscep|sse, corsue|o scr|p|urae
es| excursores |os||ur '|a|rores' vocare, `|| |s cus|orary lor ||e |o|y scr|p|ures
|o say ||a| |l ore |s p|urged |r sore|||rg, || |as oeer urder|a|er oy c|o|ce
ard |r|er|, || |s corror prac||ce lor scr|p|ure |o ca|| ||e sp|es ol ||e erer|es
'|||eves'' (XlX, ). 1z
le Worders W|e||er ||e o|o||ca| rarra||ve ol 3a|ar c|a||erg|rg ||e lord
s|ou|d ro| oe |a|er rore scr|p|urarur, `accord|rg |o ||e |ao|| ol ||e scr|p|ures'
(ll, ). uaer||ur u|rur ac|ur s||, u| es| |r s|rp||c| re|a||ore veroorur,
ar rore scr|p|urarur |d, quod |r vo||s d|aoo|| e| perr|ssu de| lu||, oo |oc ad
lorrar rerur ges|arur |rars|a|ur s||, u| pos|erorur reror|ae |erac|us
|r|aerere|. ra|orer er|r su| |radur| reror|ar lac|a, quar d|c|a`ore Worders
|l |||rgs |appered jus| as rarra|ed, or, as || |s ||e |ao|| ol scr|p|ure, |l W|a|
corresporded |o ||e W|s|es ol ||e 0ev|| ard |o 0od's perr|ss|or lor ||a| very
reasor Was ro| |rarsposed |r |errs ol ac||or, |r order |o oe oe||er |rp|ar|ed
|r ||e rerory ol lu|ure gerera||ors, oecause lac|s |eave a s|rarger |rpress|or
or ||e rerory ||ar Words' (ll, - ), ard |e ooserves. 'lo|' securdur 1
rorer scr|p|urae pro causa posu||, ror pro |oco, `'||ere' |s sa|d accord|rg |o
||e |ao|| ol scr|p|ure ro| lor |rd|ca||rg a p|ace, ou| a causa||or' (XXXv,
1z), or |os scr|p|urae es| ragrarur rerur descr|p||ores veroorur curu||s
706
serper a||o||ere, `|| |s a|Ways ||e |ao|| ol scr|p|ure |o erp|as|ze ||e desc|p||or ol
|rpor|ar| lac|s oy accuru|a||rg Words' (Xll, ). T| us ary s|y||s||c z1
ooscur||y |r scr|p|ure s|ou|d l|rd ||s c|ar|l|ca||or. 0oscsura sa||s e|ocu||o, sed
quae |u|usrod| |r|e||ec|ur suggera|, `||e express|or |s qu||e ooscure ou| |r
v|eW ol sugges||rg |||s ||rd ol urders|ard|rg' (XXvlll, ).
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| lr s|or| Ju||ar's exeges|s preser|s 1z;
a rerar|ao|e case ol a geru|re la||r
|errereu||cs oy W||c|, securdur regu|as d|spu|a||or|s, `accod|rg |o ||e ru|es
ol ||e deoa|e' (XXXlv, ) ||e |r|erpre|a||or ol Joo |s a ce|eora||or ol ||e 1o
wes|err r|rd ard ||e wes|err Way ol ||le.
3|ud|es
8arc||l|, l. l. `lr cor|roversy W||| 3a|r| Augus||re, Ju||ar ol Fc|arur or ||e
ra|ure
ol s|r.' bTA| ( ). - . 811zo
8ouWrarr, 0. `Zur wor|sc|a|z des Ju||ar o. Aec|arur (lrop|. ||r.).' Al|A z;
( ). - . 1;1|1o|
. 0es Ju||ar vor Aec|arur Korrer|ar zu der lrop|e|er 0see, Joe| urd
Aros.
Ara|ec|a 8|o||ca . bore. lor||l|c|o lrs|||u|o 8|o||co, . 18
. `Ju||ar| Aec|arers|s correr|ar|us |r prop|e|as r|rores |res. 0see, Joe|,
Aros .' v0 ( ). - . 18 o18z8|1
. `0es Ju||ar vor Aec|arur Korrer|ar zu der lrop|e|er 0see, Joe| urd
Aros.
F|r 8e||rag zur 0esc||c||e der Fxegese.' Ar8|o ( ). | - . 1ozo11|
Ja|oo|, b. `Frerda||orer zu der exege||sc|er 3c|r|l|er des Ju||ar vor
Aec|arur.'
b|l ( ). - . 1;1|;
|ar|us, b. A. `Augus||re's Corless|ors ard ||e Cor|roversy W||| Ju||ar ol
Fc|arur,
|ar|c|ae|sr rev|s||ed.' Aug(l) ( ). - . |11o1z
l||rva|, 0. de. `Ju||er d'Fc|are devar| |a 8|o|e.' b3b ( ). - . |;1|oo
Ju||ar ol Fc|arur 1z;
1z8F|ever lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
XXv
0lu3 l|lFblFCTu| lN |ATTlAFu|
FAbl 5Tl C.
T|e 0pus|s a co||ec||or ol serrors, ||e Wor| ol ar ur|roWr la||r au||or, a
sp|r||ua| |eader, a o|s|op ( A), ol a sra|| Ar|ar, ard ||erelore persecu|ed, o;;
corrur||y. l| |s ||e |orges| correr|ary or |a|||eW |r C|r|s||ar ar||qu||y,
|rcorp|e|e or|y oecause ol a delec||ve |rarsr|ss|or, a correr|ary rore
prec|se|y or || . - . , . - . , . - . , W|||ou| ||e lass|or 1181o1o1o1111z||
rarra||ves preserved |r ||e |rarsr|ss|or.
T| e purpose ol ||e au||or, W|o expresses a s|rorg ||eo|og|ca| corv|c||or
aga|rs| ||e N|cere Creed ( 8, A8, 0), Was loreros| ol a prac||ca| 8o; 88 o
ra|ure. le s|resses ||e e|||ca| va|ues ol rarr|age ard lar||y ||le, rejec|s s|avery,
ard p|eads lor |ores|y urder oa|| ard |r ra||ers ol rorey. lr a|| ol ||,
||s lerver||y ded|ca|ed corcerr locusses or ||e preser| erdurarce ard ||e
|r|a| s|||| |o core, |rposed or ||s r|gra||rg corrur||y. lr lac|rg ||e la|a|
reasures aga|rs| Ar|ar|sr |a|er oy ||e |a|e Cors|ar||r|ar ard T|eodos|ar
adr|r|s|ra||ors, ||e aroryrous pas|or W|o poss|o|y preac|ed ard cer|a|r|y
Wro|e W|a| Was |ooecore |roWr as ||e 0pus, s|resses a sorore |rage ol
||e lu|ure W||| ar |rr|rer| |r|erver||or ol Ar||c|r|s| ard |rdeed ||eFrd
ol ||e Wor|d ( 0, 0, 0). o;z o;| 8|o
T| e 0ree| or la||r proverarce, ||e da|e ard au||ors||p, ard ever ||e
||eo|og|ca| cor|er| ol ||e 0pus|ave occas|ored a ||ve|y deoa|e s|rce , 1o
W|er Frasrus dec|ared || |o oe a la||r Wor| ol ||e Ar|ar |ax|rus ol
Tur |r.
T| oug| ||e au||or |rs|s|s or ||e |||era| rear|rg (s|rp||c||as ||s|or|ae
;A), ||e a||egor|ca| lea|ures (a||egor|ca ra||o A, rys|er|ur 0) ol ||e ; 8o
0pusreca|| 0r|ger's exeges|s, W||| ruroers, ar|ra|s, or p|ar|s arorg o||er
ra|er|a| |||rgs |r|erpre|ed |r syroo||c Ways. F|yro|og|es pro||lera|e W|||
ar aro||rary |rcorpe|erce corcerr|rg leoreW rares. T| e d|s||rc||or oe|Weer
|e||er ard sp|r|| |r scr|p|ure |s oased or a dua||s||c ro||or ol l|es| ard
r|rd (|urarae ra|urae rys|er|ur 8, C, C, & 8C, A, A), || o ;o; 1 8;| 8z8
oourd |o a vo|ur|ar|s||c ||eory ol lree W||| ( 8, C, A8), W||c| |eads 8 8o| ;
||e au||or |o lorru|a|e s|rorg, ard sore||res rov|rg s|a|erer|s aoou|
||e c|a||erge ol |rue C|r|s||ar la||| ( C, A, A). le Was aWare ol ||e ;oo 8|; 1
precar|ous surv|va| ol ||s corgrega||or ( 8C, 80, A8), ard ever 8;8 o1 1
rore, ol ||e oas|c Wea|ress ol |urar oe|rgs ( 8C, C0), exposed |o oo1 ooz
||e s|ra|eg|es ol ||e 0ev|| ( - , 8). Terp|a||or ( C, C, C, oooo|o;1 o11 ;o; ;z
;o8) ard dea|| ( 8C, C0) Were a|Ways |rr|rer|. oo1 ooz
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| T| e au||or Was eager |o |earr 1z
lror ear||er |r|erpre|ers ol |a|||eW
( 8C), |e cores c|ose |o copy|rg ||er ( C, A, A), ard |e 8z ;o ;1
707
ra|es d|rec| use ol Jerore's correr|ary (J. 3||g|rayer). l|s |r|erpre|a||or
ol parao|es |s rerar|ao|e, lor |rs|arce, |r lor||y ard . lr a|| ||s deeds 1 |1
ard say|rgs, Jesus serves as ||e |dea| parad|gr proposed lor ||e |r||a||or
ol ||e la||lu| ( C0, 8, 0, ll., 0, 8). lrayer |s esser||a|. o11 o; oo| o;o 8z; 8z
lor||y ( - ) correr|s or ||e `0ur la||er' (|| . - ), a We|| 1|;11;1 o1
c|oser prayer `oecause ||e la||er W||||rg|y respords |o a prayer d|c|a|ed
oy ||e 3or' ( A). lar|||ar||y W||| scr|p|ure |s a ||g| recorrerda||or, ;1|
oecause |r ary rora| s|a|us ore l|rds |r || ||e r|g|| red|c|re, ||e proper
sp|r||ua| rour|s|rer| ( C0). lor||y ( - ) ca||s or ||e rarra 8oz |188o
|r ||e deser| ard deve|ops |r lu|| de|a|| ar ara|ogy oe|Weer read|rg ard
`ras||ca||rg' scr|p|ure. lr ||e ||le ol la||| everyore reeds |o red||a|e or
scr|p|ure lor ||s or |er We||-do|rg, ||oug| or|y a `sp|r||ua| persor, exper| |r
0od's sp|r||ua| rarra||ves' ca|c|es ||e deeper rear|rg ol o|o||ca| rys|er|es
(lor. , A). T| erelore ore reeds ||e |e|p ol pr|es|s `||e |ey-|o|ders 18;z
|o W|or |s g|ver ||e c|arge |o |eac| ard |r|erpre| ||e scr|p|ures. T| e |ey
||se|l |s ||e |eac||rg ol ||e scr|p|ures, oy W||c| ||e door ol |ru|| |s opered.
l|s oper|rg |s ||e correc| |r|erpre|a||or' (lor. , 8- ). ||881 88z
Fd|||ors
l0 , - . oo11|o
8arr|rg, J. var. CC3l 8 ( ). 8; 188
F|a|x, b.. b8er ( ) - . 8|1;|z;1oo
3|ud|es
8arr|rg, J. var, 0pus |rperlec|ur |r |a|||aeur. l|s T| eo|ogy, lroverarce ard
lrl|uerce. 0|ss., 0xlord . 18
. `l| ladre Nos|ro re||' 0pus |rperlec|ur |r |a|||aeur'. 0reg. ( ) ;11o
- z1.
8arr|rg, J. var, l. |a||, `0pus lrperlec|ur |r |a|||aeur'. TbF ( ) - z1o|
. o;
8ou|o|. J.-l., `berarques sur |'||s|o|re du |ex|e de |'0pus |rperlec|ur |r
|a|||aeur'. vC ( ) - . z|1;o1;zo
Cre|ar, J. l., `3|rlu| |arr|age ard ||e lseudo-C|rysos|or'. Kyr |a|or, l3
J. uas|er, ( ) - . 11;o|o8
Fra|x, b., `lragrer|s |red||s de |'0pus lrperlec|ur |r |a|||aeur'. b8er 8|
( ) 1;|
- z;1oo.
larsor, b. l. C., T| e 3earc| lor ||e C|r|s||ar 0oc|r|re ol 0od. Fd|rourg| . 188
0pus lrperlec|ur |r |a|||aeur 1z
1zooF|ever lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
Kopper, K.-l., `Zur 0a||erurg des 0pus |rperlec|ur |r |a|||aeur'. wZ(0) |
( - ) - . 1|1z||o
larra|r, C., l'0pus |rperlec|ur |r |a|||aeur. 3or u||||sa||or se|or |es s|c|es,
sor
cor|eru, sor |ex|e o|o||que. 0|ss. lar|s . 1;o
|aggaz, C. `|o||v| ercra|||| re||'0pus lrperlec|ur |r |a|||aeur.' lages - |z;
|z
|r p 0\ 3|ud| s|or|co-re||g|os| |r orore d| ugo 8|arc||. Fd||ed oy
0. 3larer| 0asparro. bore. l' 'Frra' d| 8re|sc|re|der, . 1|
|a||, l., 0as 0pus lrperlec|ur |r |a|||aeur urd se|r ver|a||r|s zu der
|a|||aus|orrer|arer vor 0r|geres urd l|eroryrus. lrrsoruc|er
T| eo|og|sc|e 3|ud|er . lrrsoruc|. Tyro||a-ver|ag, . | 11
|es||r, |., les Ar|ers d'0cc|der|. lar|s , - . 1o;|o
3c|||||rg, 0., `F|ger|ur urd FrWero rac| der 0pus lrperlec|ur |r |a|||aeur'.
T ( ) - . z11oz1||
3c||a||er, l. w., `T| e 0pus lrperlec|ur |r |a|||aeurard ||e lragrer|s |r
lucar'.
vC ( ) - (3ee JT| 3 ). 188|z |
3|eoer, l. J., `Jear C|rysos|ore (ls.), '. 03p ( ) . z 81;|ozo
3|rore|||, |., `No|e su|| 0pus lrperlec|ur |a|||aeur'. 3||ed , 3er. | 1o1
( ) 1o
- 11;zoo.
. `ler ura re||a va|u|az|ore de|| 0pus lrperlec|ur |r |a|||aeur'. ve|C|r 8
( ) - . 1;18;;
3||g|rayr, J., `0as 0pus lrperlec|ur |r |a|||aeur'. ZKT| ( ) - , |11o18
- . |;
3|u|oer, A., `F|r gr|ec||sc|er Tex|zeuge lur das 0pus lrperlec|ur |r |a|||aeur'.
vC ( ) - . z;1;1|o|;
wo| |e, l., `0pus lrperlec|ur |r |a|||aeur'. l|w , ( ) - . 1811|z8z|zo
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| XXvl 1zo1
lFTFb 0l bAvFNNA, Clb30l00u3
CA. 380-450
|e|ropo|||ar ol baverra sore||re oelore (W|er T|eodore| Wro|e |1
a |e||er |o ||r) ur||| ||s dea|| oe|Weer ard , le|er oecare larous lor ||s || |8
` serrors ol ||e Co||ec||o le||c|ara (saec. vlll)ard 1o8 1
ex|ravagar|es, . . . |or|||es or passages lror ||e 0ospe|s, ou| a|so or ||e
708
lau||re |e||ers, ||e lsa|rs, ||e oap||sra| syroo|, ||e lord's lrayer ard ||e
sa|r|s, . . . (||ey) |rc|ude |||eW|se ex|or|a||ors |o perarce. lr correr||rg
or ||e 8|o|e ard |a||rg ||s cue lror |||urg|ca| ce|eora||ors, C|ryso|ogus
g|ves au||or||a||ve W||ress |o ||e ||eo|og|ca| preoccupa||ors ol ||s age'
(3|uder, ). ;o
T|e exege||ca||or|||es, de||vered oy le|er C|ryso|ogus as a regu|ar
correr|ary ol o|o||ca| read|rgs |rc|uded |r ||e |||urgy, are oy lar ||e ros|
rurerous ol ||s ex|ar| Wor|s. As |rarsr|||ed oy ||e so-ca||ed Co||ec||o
le||c|ara(oecause ol 8|s|op le||x ol baverra s|gr|rg ||s lrelace, ll , z
;;), da||rg lror ||e e|g||| cer|ury, ||ey address r| read|rgs exc|us|ve|y.
lr or|g|ra| se|s ol ||ree |o |We|ve or rore |or|||es, ||ey locus or a g|ver
passage, ||e spea|er relerr|rg |o ||s lorrer expos|||or or arrourc|rg ||e
lo||oW|rg |op|c |rs|de eac| se|, W||c| g|ves ||e |rpress|or ol a We|| p|arred
|ec|ure prograrre. T| us ore reads correr|s or lu|e |r lor|||es - , 1 1o
or |a|||eW |r lor|||es - , or |a|||eW |r lor|||es - , or lu|e o ;1| 8 1z1
1z|r lor|||es - , or |a|||eW |r lor|||es - , e|c., ||e |orges| sequerce zzz; z81
relerr|rg |o ||e 0ospe|s |s |o oe lourd |r lor|||es - lor Fas|er. ;8|
Fver rore rerar|ao|e, ||e ros| suos|ar||a| ol a|| ||e group|rgs ol le|er's
serrors locuses or borars |r lor|||es - , ||e |as| |or||y carelu||y 1z 1o81zo
para||e||rg ||e l|rs| as a |||erary lrar|rg lor ||e W|o|e se|.
3errors |a|r 8|o||ca| locus Add|||ora| 8|o||ca|
locus
1l| . - 1111;
zl| . - 11;1
l| . - 1zoz|
|l| . - 1zz
1zozF|ever lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
l|gura||ve recap||u|a||or
olarere||c ac|ua||za||or
;|| . o1o
8|| . ozo
|| . - o1z
1ols z8
11|| . - |1|
1z|| . |8
1|| . - |
1|ls |o
1|| . - 8
1o|| . - 8z8z
1;|| . - 11z
18|| . - 81|1
1|| . - 818zz
zo|| . - 8zz;
z1|| . - |o
zzl| . - 1zz;
zl| . - 1zz
z|l| . - 1z8
zl| . - 1zz
zol| . - 1z|1|8
z;larere||c recap||u|a||or
z8|| . - 1
z|| . z1|
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| || . - 1zoo 1
1|| . - 1|1
z|| . - 1
|| , , zzz
||| . - zoz
|| . - zoz1
o|| . - z
;l| . - 11zo
8|| .
l| . - 111o
|o
|1l| . 11|1
|zl| . 8|o||ca| recap||u|a||or 11|1
|
||ls 1
|ls o
|ols |
|;|| . - 1||
|8|| . - 1o
||| . - o1|
o|| . - 1;
1, , ( ) || . - z 1;1
709
||| . l| . - 1z 111o
l| . - 11111
- oo10r ||e Apos|o||c Creed
oJr . - , , - 11|1zoz;
le|er ol baverra, C|ryso|ogus 1zo
1zo|F|ever lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
o|Jr . , - 11zo|
oJr . - 118||
ool| . - 1o11
- o;;z0r ||e lord's lrayer
|| o
- ;8Fas|er 3. . || Jr . - (lrg|) 8 ;1|1
8ol| . 1
8;l| . - 1o
88l| . - 1111
8l| . - 1;
ol| . - 11zz
1l| . - 11;
zl| . - 1z|z
l| . - ;oo
|l| . - ;oo
l|gura||ve recap||u|a||or
o|| . - 1z|z
;|| . - 1z|z
8l| . - (seed) 1181
l| . - 1zoz1
1oo(pg) |||| . - (oread) ;zz8
1o1l| . 1z|
1ozl| . - ;z
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| l| . - 1zo1o ;1z1;
1o|l| . - 1z1ozo
1ol| . - 11o1
1ool| . - 1o
1o;
1o8bor . 1z1
1obor . 1z1
11obor . - |zz
111bor . 1;
11zbor . , - 11;zo
11bor . - o1|
11|bor . - o11
11bor . - ;1
11obor . - ;;11
11;|| Cor . . 1 1|o
118|| Cor . - 1 11|
( ) 11
1zobor . - +bor . - 1zz1o 1|o
1z1l| . - 1o1z1
1zzl| . - 1ozz|
1zl| . - 1oz|1
1z|l| . - 1o1zz
1zl| . - 1o18
1zol| . - 1o8
le|er ol baverra, C|ryso|ogus 1zo
1zooF|ever lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
- 1z;1leas| ol sa|r|s. `rorexege||ca|'
1|ol| . - 1zoz
1|1l| . (lrg|) z
1|zl| . - 1o8
1|l| . - 1zoz8
1||l| . - 1o
1||||| . - 1181
1|o|||| . - 1181
1|;lrcarra||or || ? z
1|8lrcarra||or (ro| a s|rg|e
o|o||ca| relererce!)
( ) 1|
1o|| . z1
11|| . z1
1z|| . z1o
1|| . z1o
1o|| . - z1z
1;|| . - z1z
18|| . - z8
710
( ) 1
1ool|gura||ve ac|ua||za||or
1o1l| . - 1;;1o
1ozl| . 1z1
1ol| . - 1zzz1
1o|l| . - 1z|
1o;|| . - 1z
1o8l| . - 1z;
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| 1zo;
1ol| . - 181o
1;o
1;1l| . || || . , - || || . - ;|| ;zoz oo;
1;zl| . 11z
1;|| . - o1|z8
1;||| . - o1|z|
Add A. 0||var, ll3 lll, - . 1o1;
110e ler|ecos|e
1z0e pass|ore 0or|r|(l)
10e pass|ore 0or|r|(ll)
1|lor|||a |r |a|||aeur . . 11z
|os| ol ||e spur|a, ro|ed oy 0||var, are ror-exege||ca| serrors.
A| a l|rs| g|arce, ore ray ooserve ||a| lu|e preva||s |r prov|d|rg ||e ra|r
locus lor l|l|y-||ree |or|||es, aga|rs| or|y |Wer|y-r|re correr||rg or
|a|||eW, ||e |a||er |r |urr corp|e|e|y overs|adoW|rg |ar| W|o |s reduced
|o ||e secordary ro|e ol a para||e| relererce (excep| |r lor|||es - , 1;1;|
W|ere |ar| secures ||e ra|r locus). T| e very ||r||ed use ol Jo|r |s s|r|||rg.
0r|y |r lor|||es - does ||e lour|| 0ospe| prov|de a ra|r locus, oo
|r ||e Fas|er lor|||es - , Jr . - |s quo|ed as a secordary relererce ;8 ;1|1
or|y, |r ||e lragrer| ol lor||y , a lur||er secordary locus oe|rg g|ver 8
|o lor||y oy Jr . - . T| e ||ree lor|||es( - ) or lsa|rs preser||y |o 1o1|18 |||o
|rc|uded |r a sequerce lrared oy lu|e , a||oW ||e suppos|||or ||a| 11
a ruc| |arger ruroer ol suc| psa|r|c expos|||ors |as ro| surv|ved. T| e
|We|ve lor|||es( - ) ded|ca|ed |o borars ard |o Cor|r|||ars as a 1o81zo 1
para||e| relererce, Wou|d deserve lur||er s|udy.
lr sur, le|er preac|ed ex|ers|ve|y or.
|a|||eW
c|ap|er . - lor|||es - 1181 1|1|o
z. - - 1z1o1;
- 818
- 11o11
- 1o1z1
le|er ol baverra, C|ryso|ogus 1zo;
1zo8F|ever lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
. - 1z1o;
|. - 1|11
- 1
81z
. 8
o. - 1z
1o;
zo8
8. - 1
- 1|118
- 18zz1
- zz;zo
- z8z1o
. - 1;o
- 1z8, o
1z|
- 1|11
- zoz1
- zoz||
11. 0||var, z 1|
1. - - z|zo;
- |||;
- o|8
|ar|
c|ap|er . z1|z
. - 1z
|. - oz1
. - zzz
- zo
o. - 1||
- o;1;o
711
- 1|z|1;|
- 1|z81;
;. - zz81oo
lu|e
c|ap|er . 18o
- ;8
- 1;1
- o8;
- 11188
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| - 1zo1zzo
- z|zz
- zoz1|o
- o1||
- o81|z
;. - z1oz
- oo
||1;1
11. - 1o
- 111
- zo;
|1|1, |z
z1;z
1z. |1o1
- 1ozo1o|
- zz, z
- z;zz
- 8z|
- |1|8zo, z;
1. - o1oo
- 1o11o
1. - z;1o8
- 81o1o
- 111;1
- 1;1z
- zoz|
- zz|, , o
1o. - 181z
- 81zo
- 1z11z1
- 1zz1z|
- 11oo
- zz|1zz
- z|11z
1;. - ;1o1o1
1. - 11o|
Jo|r
c|ap|er . - ;1|18
1o. - 1|18|o
11. - , , - |1zoz;o
le|er ol baverra, C|ryso|ogus 1zo
1z;oF|ever lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
zo, - |o|
- 8||o
borars
c|ap|er . - 1|o1zo
|. - zz11o
. 1;111
o. - 1|11
- 1111|
;. - 111
- ;1111o
1z. 11o8
- z1o1zo
1Cor|r|||ars
c|ap|er . - 11|118
|, o11;
le|er rera|rs s||er| or |a|||eW - , ard or |ar| - (excep| lor 1|z8 81o
. - ), l| . - , ro| |o spea| ol ros| par|s ol Jo|r. 3|ou|d We |rler 1;1 111z|
||a| ||e pass|or ard resurrec||or rarra||ve Were ro| cors|dered as appropr|a|e
locuses lor ||s preac||rg r|r|s|ry? T| a| Wou|d oe |ard |o oe||eve.
ba||er s|ou|d |||s |acura |ead us |o ||e poss|o||||y ||a| a suos|ar||a| par| ol
le|er's exege||ca| |or|||es per|s|ed |r ||e |rouo|ed c|rcurs|arces lo||oW|rg
||s dea||.
Fd|||ors
712
ll , - . 3errores - , - . 3erroresvll (add|||ora|). z18ooo 11;oooo8o
ll3 lll, - . a ||s| ol au||er||c ard |rau||er||c serrors, oy A. 0||var, 118
serro Cor|ra l|ar|saeos, lu|e . - , serro 0e |racurd|a lra|rur ; 1|1| 8
|a|||eW . - , serro 0e |r|r|c|s d|||gerd|s, |a|||eW . - , serro z1zz |||
1zlr |a|||aeur, lu|e . - . 1;|
ll3 v, - . 0e ler|ecos|e. o8
0||var, A.. CC3l XXlv. 3errors - o|s, CC3l XXlv A. 3errors - , 1oz o1z|
( ), W||| 0errar |r|roduc||or. 1;
Trars|a||ors
Frg||s|
0.-F. 0arss. laC| ( ), - , se|ec||ors. 1;1ozz8;
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| l|a||ar 1z;1
A. las|r|, 3|erra ( ), 1
|. 3p|re|||, bore ( ). 1;8
0errar
|. le|d. 8Kv ( ), 18;|
0. 8o|rer. 8Kv, rd ed., ( ). z |1z
3|ud|es
8orrer, 0. Tbl ( ) - zo1ozo1
K|aas, A. `le|er C|ryso|ogus or ||e 0ur la||er.' CrCr ( ). - . 11|1
la bosa, v. l| Correr|o a| la|er Nos|er re| serror| d| 3. l|er Cr|so|ogo. 0|ss.,
bore.
lor|. ur|v. la|erarers|s, - . 1o|1o
0||var, A. `F|s pr|rc|pus exeg||cs de 3ar| lere Cr|so|og.' lr ||sc. 8|o|. 8. uoac|,
- |1;, . 1
. `C|av|s 3. le|r| C|ryso|og|.' 3F ( ). - . o1|z;|z
. los serrores de 3ar le|ro Cr|so|ogo. |orserra| . 1oz
. `l|e|ro Cr|so|ogo'. 833 ( ) - . 1o1oo81
. `besera de |as puo||cac|ores rec|er|es relerer|es a 3ar ledro Cr|so|ogo'.
0|d(l)
;( ) - . 1;;1z11
la|ardy, w. 8. T| e C|urc| ard ||e 3yragogue |r ||e serrors ol 3a|r| le|er
C|ryso|ogus. 0|ss., was||rg|or. Ca||o||c ur|vers||y, . 1z
la|ardy, w. 8. `le|er C|ryso|ogus' lr|erpre|a||or ol ||e ba|s|rg ol lazarus.' lr
3|ud|a la|r|s||ca. vo|. XXv. lapers preser|ed a| ||e F|ever|| lr|erra||ora|
Corlererce
or la|r|s||c 3|ud|es |e|d |r 0xlord . 8|o||ca e| Apocryp|a, 0r|er|a||a, 11
Asce||ca, - . louva|r. lee|ers, . 1z 1
le|er ol baverra, C|ryso|ogus 1z;1
1z;zF|ever lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
XXvll
J0lN CA33lAN 0. 435
lror a C|r|s||ar lar||y ol |ardoWrers |r ||e borar prov|rce ol 3cy|||a
||ror or ||e Wes|err s|ore ol ||e 8|ac| 3ea, Cass|ar rece|ved a c|ass|ca|
educa||or W||| a ||oroug| grourd|rg |r 0ree|. Arourd - , W|||e s|||| 8o8z
very yourg, |e ergaged |r|o ||e ceroo|||c ||le W||| ||s lr|erd 0errarus |r
a roras|ery a| 8e|||e|er, oelore ercour|er|rg ||e ror|s |r Fgyp|, ro|ao|y ||e
|err||s se|||ed |r ||e deser| ol 3ce|e. Fxcep| lor a s|or| re|urr |o
8e|||e|er |r or , |e rera|red |r Fgyp| ur||| . lr Cors|ar||rop|e, 8o 8;
Jo|r C|rysos|or orda|red ||r a deacor, aga|rs| Cass|ar's oWr W|s|es. le
Wer| |o bore |r , ard ||er roved or |o sperd ||e res| ol ||s ||le |r |o|
|arse|||es as a pr|es|, lourd|rg |Wo roras|er|es, ore lor rer ard aro||er
lor Worer, |r ||e |ope ol ra|er|a||z|rg |r ||e wes| a roras||c re|urr |o ||e
|rad|||ors ol ||e Apos||es. lr |arse|||es |e corposed ||s |Wo ra|r Wr|||rgs,
0e |rs|||u||s coeroo|orurard ||e Cor|a||ores, oe|Weer ard , as We|| |zo |z
as a ||eo|og|ca| parp|e|, 0e |rcarra||ore cor|ra Nes|or|ur(ca. ). |o
T| e |ey |o Cass|ar's W|o|e Wor| ||es |r ||s aourdar| use ol scr|p|ure' (0.
C|adW|c|, ). `lr ||s roras||c d|rec|ory, Cass|ar a||ac|es oz
pr|rary |rpor|arce |o ||e scr|p|ures ard |o prayer, ||e ore |ead|rg
|o ||e o||er ||roug| ||e Wor| ol ||e sare Ager|, ||e lo|y 3p|r||.
T| e 8|o|e |s ||e ooo| ard ||e read|rg ra|er|a| par exce||ercelor ||e
ror|. T| e rurerous o|o||ca| c||a||ors cor|a|red |r ||e lrs|||u||ores
ard ||e Cor|a||oresard ||e var|ous e|aoora||ors or ||e scr|p|ures are
||e reasure ol ||e pr|racy ol p|ace W||c| ||e sacred ooo|s occupy
|r roras||c sp|r||ua|||y. . . . T| e ror| rus| a|Ways oe rur|ra||rg or
sore par| ol ||e sacred |ex|, e.g., a passage lror ||e lsa||er, |r order
|o succeed |r pere|ra||rg ||s prolurd||y, |.e. ||e sp|r||ua| rear|rg |r
pur||y ol |ear|. T| |s |s espec|a||y |rue W||| regard |o ||e psa|rs
(A. larrar. uas|er lv, ). 1
Cass|ar quo|es scr|p|ure (`||s source par exce||erce,' F. l|c|ery, ) |r o
Jerore's vers|or, ou| sore||res a|so |r o|der ores, occas|ora||y |e relers |o
||e 0ree| |ex|. l|s lrequer| scr|p|ura| a||us|ors ard c||a||ors, ros| ol ||e
|a||er lror rerory, oear W||ress |o |||s deep lar|||ar||y W||| ||e sacred
713
ooo|s.
Cor|a||ores XXlvpreser|s a se| ol |ec|ures ard adror|||ors a||eged|y
corrur|ca|ed oy larous so|||ar|es |r ||e lorr ol corversa||ors W|||
0errarus or Cass|ar ||rse|l. T| ey lo||oW ||e s|ages ol Cass|ar's jourrey |r|o
||e roras||c Wor|d ol Fgyp|. A l|rs| par| (Cor|a|.l-lX) oe|orgs |o Cass|ar's
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| l|rs| v|s|| |o 3ce|e ard de||vers ||e 1z;
equ|va|er| ol a |rea||se or roras||c perlec||or. 3ever d|s||rgu|s|ed ras|ers ol
||e deser| arsWer ||e ques||ors ol
||e v|s||ors. A secord par| (Cor|a|. Xl-Xvll), da||rg lror , |e|s o||er |z;
ror|s add corp|erer|ary |essors or s|r||ar |op|cs. A |||rd par| (Cor|a|.
Xvlll-XX), da||rg lror arourd - ard |oca|ed a| 0|o|cos, ergages |r|o |z8|z
rore gerera| cors|dera||ors aoou| ||e rary ca|egor|es ol ror|s, ||e purpose
ol ceroo|||c ard erer|||c exper|rer|s, ard perarce. A lour|| par| (Cor|a|.
XXl-XXlv) erds W||| suo||re ||oug||s or |rrer lreedor, ||e |erp|a||ors
ol ||e l|es|, ||e rever ac||eved s|r|essress, ard ||e sWee|ress ol serv|rg 0od.
T|e Cor|a||ores, Cass|ar's ras|erp|ece, |rl| uerced 8ered|c| ol Nurs|a ard
Cass|odorus. T| ey prolourd|y err|c|ed roras||c |rad|||ors |r ||e Fas| ard
||e wes|. T| e|r proluse c||a||or ol o| ard r|, |r ||e lorr ol quo|a||ors ard
|rrurerao|e a||us|ors, s|||| Wa||s lor a corpre|ers|ve ard |r dep|| s|udy.
Aooo| |oses ded|ca|es par| ol ||s l|rs| |essor |o |rlorr|rg 0errarus
aoou| ||e cral||ress ol ||e deror W|o |erp|ed Jesus W||| a r|s|ead|rg
|r|erpre|a||or ol scr|p|ure (l, ), a |essor |a|er lror 0r|ger, Correr|ary or zo
lu|e. lr ||s secord |essor, |e |e|s Ar|ory ||e |err|| ce|eora|e ||e rer||s ol
sp|r||ua| d|scre||or |r ||e ||g|| ol |Wo o|o||ca| exerp|a, 3au| |r 3arue| ard 1
A|ao |r Kgs (ll, ). lr ||s oWr speec|, Aooo| lap|rus does ||e sare, |e 1 zo
ca||s or o|o||ca| exerp|a|o corl|rr ||s ro||or ol ||e `||ree rerurc|a||ors'.
`T| ese ||ree rerurc|a||ors l|| perlec||y W||| ||e ||ree ooo|s ol 3o|oror. lor
lroveros addresses ||e l|rs| rerurc|a||or W||c| |s |o e||r|ra|e l|es||y des|res
ard ear|||y v|ces, Fcc|es|as|es, ||e secord, as || s|a|es ||a| every|||rg |s var||y
urder ||e sur, ||e |||rd, Car||c|e ol Car||c|es, as ||e r|rd |rarscerds |r ||
a|| |||rgs v|s|o|e |r oe|rg ur||ed W||| 0od's word ||roug| ||e cor|erp|a||rg
ol |eaver|y rea||||es' (lll, ). 3ee Aora|ar, Froc|, |oses, `A|| |||s |appered o
l|gura||ve|y |r advarce |o ||e JeW|s| peop|e, ou| roW We see || lu|l|||ed |r
our s|a|us ard Way ol ||le' (lll, ). Aooo| 0ar|e| ergages |r|o a |ex|ca| ard ;
||era||c ara|ys|s ol `l|es|' |r scr|p|ure. vocaou|ur carr|s |r scr|p|ur|s sarc||s
ru|||lar|e |eg|rus ror|rar|, `||e |err 'l| es|' |s used |r |o|y scr|p|ures W|||
rary d|llerer| rear|rgs' (lv, ). Aooo| 3arap|or specu|a|es a| |erg|| or 1o
|erp|a||or as exper|erced oy C|r|s|. le l|rds |r `|oses' ard ||e Apos||e
lau| s|rorg suppor| lor ||s doc|r|re ol e|g|| cap||a| v|ces. Aooo| T| eodore
|urrs |o ||e 8oo| ol Joo lor arsWer|rg ques||ors aoou| ev||, verar scr|p|urarur
del|r|||orer |erer|es r|r|re |rl|de||ur |or|rur decep|erur errore,
|l or|y `We |o|d l| rr |o W|a| scr|p|ure del|res, We s|a|| ro| oe dece|ved oy
ror-oe||evers' (vl, ), ||a| |eads ||r |o deeper ||e o|o||ca| ro||or ol |es|s z
ard |r|a|s (ra|a),as Aooo| 0ar|e| |ad dore lor `l|es|' (vl, ). lr ||e l|g|| o
aga|rs| ev|| sp|r||s, Aooo| 3ererus recorrerds lau||re Weaporary ard
|rvo|es ||e psa|rs (vll, - ). o
Jo|r Cass|ar 1z;
1z;|F|ever lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
lr ||s secord |ec|ure, 3ererus s|ar|s oy adr||||rg ooscur|||es |r scr|p|ure, due |o
||e rary |eve|s ol |r|erpre|a||or |r |oc uoerr|ro sp|r||a||ur
scr|p|urarur parad|so, `|r |||s ler|||e parad|se ol sp|r||ua| scr|p|ures', |e
d|s||rgu|s|es oe|Weer `|||era|' ard `sp|r||ua|' rear|rgs, oe|Weer ||s|or|a
ard a||egor|a, |rs|s||rg or ||e rary d|ll erer| op|r|ors oper |o d|scuss|or
|r ary `sp|r||ua|' |r|erpre|a||or. As a prool ol || |e s|oWs |oW 0eres|s - 1
car oe urders|ood |r d|llerer| Ways (vlll, - ). Aooo| lsaac, |r ||s secord |
|a||, d|scours|rg or prayer, ollers a correr|ary or ||e lord's lrayer (lX,
- 1;z|). le reac|es a c||rax W||| ||e pray|rg ol ||e lsa|rs. Asce||c|sr ard
|rrer lervour |||era||y appropr|a|e ||e psa|r|c verses lor ||ey rev|ve |r us ||e
very ero||ors W||c| Were or|g|ra||y surg |r ||e lsa|rs ard W||c| produced
||er |r ||e l|rs| p|ace. we oecore au||ors ol ||e lsa|rs, |roW|rg |r advarce
||e|r Word|rgs, ra||er ||ar |earr|rg ||er or|y W|er ||ey are erurc|a|ed,
We ca|c| W|a| ||ey rear oelore |roW|rg W|a| ||ey say (X, ). T|roug| 11
Aooo| lsaac's d|scourse ore car eas||y surr|se ||e erjoyrer| ol ||e ror|s
|r read|rg A||aras|us's le||er |o |arce|||rus or ||e lsa|rs.
Aooo| Nes|eros, |r ||s l|rs| |ec|ure, 0r 3p|r||ua| 3c|erce, de||vers a ressage
W||c| c|ar|l|es ard del|res o|o||ca| |errereu||cs as prac||sed |r ||e deser|.
T| ere |s a d|llererce oe|Weer pra||||ard ||eore|||sc|erce. '||eore|||' vero
|r duas d|v|d||ur par|es, |d es| |r ||s|or|car |r|erpre|a||orer e| |r|e||eger||ar
sp|r||ua|er.. . . 3p|r||ua||s au|er sc|er||ae gerre sur| |r|a, |ropo|og|a, a||egor|a,
aragoge, `||e '||eore||ca|' |s d|v|ded |r |Wo par|s, ||e ||s|or|ca| |r|erpre|a||or
ard ||e sp|r||ua| urders|ard|rg. . . . T| e gerre ol sp|r||ua| sc|erce cour|s ||ree
|eve|s, rare|y |ropo|ogy, a||egory ard aragogy' Appropr|a|e c||a||ors |||us|ra|e
eac| |err ol ||e lour d|rers|ors (qua||uor l|gurae) proper |o o|o||ca|
`||eor|a' (Xlv, ). w|er We |earr ||e sacred scr|p|ures oy |ear|, ||e|r ros| 8
714
||dder rear|rgs W||| a| |as| er||g||er us |r our very s|eep. Crescer|e au|er
per |oc s|ud|ur |rrova||ore rer||s ros|rae e||ar scr|p|urarur lac|es |rc|p|e|
|rrovar|, e| sacra||or|s |r|e||eger||ae pu|c|r||udo quodarrodo cur prol| c|er|e
prol|c|e|, `As oy suc| a s|udy our r|rd groWs |r reWress ol urders|ard|rg,
||e scr|p|ures ||erse|ves |a|e or lor us a reW lace. ||e|r deeper urders|ard|rg
eroe|||s|es W||| our progress. lor ||ey accoroda|e |o ||e capac||y ol
||e |urar r|rd, |erres|r|a| lor l|es||y peop|e, ||ey oecore d|v|re lor ||e
sp|r||ua|,' (Xlv, ). Aooo| T| eoras g|ves ||ree |ec|ures. |r ||e l|rs|, |e |rdu|ges
|r sore a||egor|ca| ar|||ro|ogy |r order |o exp|ore ||e rys|ery ol ler|ecos|
(XXl), |r ||e secord, `0r ||e 0ecep||ors ol ||e N|g||,' |e |rvo|es lau| lor
ra||rg c|ear ||a| or|y C|r|s|, ||oug| |erp|ed |r ||e deser|, rera|rs W|||ou|
ary s|r (XXll), |r ||e |||rd ore, `0r 3|r|essress,' 0e ararar|e|o, |e locuses
or borars . T| e l|ra| Cor|a||ooy Aooo| Aora|ar ru|||p||es o|o||ca| ;
exerp|aaoou| ror||l|ca||or, ||e ra|r ||ere ol ||s |ec|ure.
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| 0e |rs|||u||s coeroo|orur, a Wor| 1z;
ol Cass|ar's ra|ur||y, cour|ed |We|ve
ooo|s ol W||c| 8oo| v-Xll es|ao||s|ed ||e|r oWr, |rdeperder| raruscr|p|
|rad|||or. 8oo| l s|ar|s oy descr|o|rg ||e dress ol Fgyp||ar ror|s lror ||e|r
oe|| ard ||e|r garrer| |o ||e|r s|allard sarda|s, as `|| W||| oe eas|er |o preser|
||e|r |rrer devo||or, al|er |av|rg descr|oed ||e|r ex|erra| appeararce'
(l, ). Fac| de|a|| ol ||a| appeararce ca||s ||roug|ou| 8oo| l or para||e| 1
ves||rer|ary |rlorra||or lourd |r scr|p|ure, a|Ways reca||ed |r ||e|r proper
cor|ex| ard W||| ||e|r rora| re|evarce. As a resu||, ||e o|o||ca| ||s|or|a|s
ellec||ve|y ac|ua||zed |r ||e ood||y appeararce ol ||e ror|s.
8oo| ll s|ar|s W||| a ser|es ol e|g||eer cap||u|a, s|or| surrar|es ol a
leW Words, ore ser|erce a| ros|, oy W||c| ||e cor|er| ol ||e lo||oW|rg sec||ors |s
arrourced. T| ey dea| W||| ||e roc|urra| prayer ||le ol ||e ror|s
|r Fgyp|, ru|ed oy l|xed (caror|ca|) corver||ors. T| e|r |rd|v|dua| or co||ec||ve
rec||a||or ol ||e lsa|rs serves as a cer|rep|ece |r ||e sp|r||ua| les||va|
ol prayer, ce|eora|ed oy ||e ror|s r|g|| al|er r|g|| |r ||e s||erce ol ||e|r
ce||s or dur|rg ||e|r ga||er|rgs. T| e|r exper|erce ol a pray|rg corrur||y
re-erac|s |r a roras||c las||or ||e |dea| descr|p||or ol ||e ear||es| d|sc|p|es
W|o |rver|ed ||e gospe| ||les|y|e, accord|rg |o Ac|s . (ll, ). |z
8oo| lll |urrs |o ||e d|urra| prayer ol ||e so|||ar|es |r 3yr|a (lll, ), 1
Fgyp| (lll, ), ard |r `||e W|o|e 0r|er|' (lll, - ). A| |eas|, suc| |s ||e z 1z
arrourcerer| rade oy ||e |r|roduc|ory cap||u|a. lr rea|||y, ||e expos|||o |s
|ess d|v|ded geograp||ca||y as || |s c|roro|og|ca||y, accord|rg |o ||e caror|ca|
|ours, ||e |||rd, ||e s|x|| ard ||e r|r|| W|er prayers are ordered oy |rad|||or. T|
e o|o||ca| syroo||sr ol ||ese |ours resourds W||| relererces |o ||e
W|o|e sa|va||or ||s|ory, a v|v|d serse lor ||e scr|p|ura| eroeddedress ol
roras||c prayer ||le v|ora||rg ||roug|ou| Cass|ars's descr|p||ors.
T| e |org 8oo| lv, |rc|ud|rg lor|y-||ree c|ap|ers ol W||c| ||e |as|
ollers a recap||u|a||o, exp|a|rs prac||ca| regu|a||ors ol ||e corrur||y ||le |r
Fgyp||ar roras|er|es. l| |s a ||le oased or rerurc|a||or, ooed|erce, |ur||||y
ard pa||erce, |rsp|red oy ||e 0ospe| (lv, - ) ard ||e parad|gra||c l|gure o
ol |oses (lv, ), a ||le exerp||l|ed oy ou|s|ard|rg asce||cs |||e Aooo| Jo|r ;
(lv, - ) or la|erru||us (lv, - ), W|o erood|ed ||e rad|ca|||y ol ||e zzo z;z8
0ospe| |o ||e po|r| ol oecor|rg parad|gra||c |r ||e|r oWr r|g||.
T|e lrs|||u||orspreser| a s|gr|l|car| use ol lsa|rs ard |a||||eW, as oe|rg
oy lar ||e ros| |e|plu| o|o||ca| sources lor descr|o|rg ||e soc|a| ard psyc|o|og|ca|
oe|av|our ol ror|s. 8oo| ll, as a|ready ro|ed, s|resses ||e rec||a||or
ol lsa|rs dur|rg ||e r|g||. 8oo| v ca||s or Cor . - , 8oo| vl or 1 zoz; 1
T| essa|or|ars ard leoreWs aoou| ||e reWards ol c|as|||y, |r par||cu|ar | 1z
||e |rdWe|||rg ol ||e lo|y 3p|r|| ( T| es . - ) ard ||e v|s|or ol 0od (leo 1 |8
1z. - ). 8|o||ca| exerp|acorcerr|rg ||e greed lor r|c|es, p|||argyr|, l| || 1|1o
Jo|r Cass|ar 1z;
1z;oF|ever lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
8oo| vll, o||ers, or recorc|||a||or, W||| a spec|a| d|scuss|or or || . , l||| zz
8oo| vlll W||c| d|scusses arger. lorg correr|s or T| es . - , T| es 1 |11z
. - , Fp| . (W||| Ac|s . - , . - ) are jo|red W|er ||e au||or o1 |z8 181zo
derources a|de|a, ooredor, |r 8oo| X, o|o||ca| exarp|es cor||rue |o pro||lera|e
|r ||e |as| |Wo 8oo|s, Xl ard Xll, or |d|eress ard pr|de.
Fd|||ors
ll - (ursa||slac|ory). |o
0uy, J. C.. 3C ( ) 0e |rs|||u||s coeroo|orur. 1o1o
le|sc|er|g, |.. C3Fl ( ), ( ). 1188o1;188
l|c|ery, F.. 3C , , ( - , rd ed., - ) Cor|a||ores. |z|o|11z 1o;1;1
Trars|a||ors
0u|c|
Kar, A., var de, . 1o8
Frg||s|
lNll , rd ser|es, ( ) - . 11z 18|1;zo1zo
barsey, 8., Jo|r Cass|ar. T| e Corlererces. ACw . NeW or| . ; 1;
lrerc|
715
0uy, J. C. ard l|c|ery, F..see aoove.
0errar
Ao|, A., l. Ko||urd, . 18;8
l|a||ar
Frre|||, l. |., , lar|, 0., . 1o 1o
3par|s|
3arsegurdo, l. |. ard l. |., . 1o1
3|ud|es
8ur|or-C|r|s||e, 0., `3cr|p|ure, se|l-|roW|edge ard cor|erp|a||or |r Cass|ar's
Corlererces.' 3|la|r ( ). - . z1|
C|adW|c|, 0., Jo|r Cass|ar, Caror|dge, rd ed. , l. z 1881o1
. `Cass|arus, Jo|arres'. TbF ( ) - . ;1;1oo;
lrar|, 3., `As|e||sc|er Fvarge||srus. 3c|r|l|saus|egurg oe| Jo|arres Cass|ar.'
lr 3||ru||, ls. F. 0assrarr, - . Fd||ed oy 0. 3c|o||ger ard C. 3c|o||er. ||
|urs|er. Asc|erdorll, . 1o
0uy, J. C., Jear Cass|er, v|e e| doc|r|re sp|r||ue||e, lar|s, . `la 3a|r|e 1o1
Fcr||ure.'
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| la|rd, |. 3., `Cass|ar's 1z;;
CorlerercesN|re ard Ter. sore ooserva||ors regard|rg cor|erp|a||or ard
|errereu||cs.' bTA| ( ). - . oz11|oo
leyser, C., `'lec||o d|v|ra, ora||o pura.' b|e|or|c ard ||e |ec|r|ques ol asce||c|sr
|r
||e Corlerercesol Jo|r Cass|ar.' lr |ode||| d| sar|||, - . Fd||ed oy ;1o
0. 8arrore, |. Call|ero, ard l. 3corza 8arce||ora. Tur|r, . 1|
beo|||ard, F., `uas| lurarou||. Cass|er e| |a cor|roverse pe|ag|erre sur |a
perlec||or.' bFAug ( ). - . |o1|1;z1o
b|gg|, C., `la g|ur|ura '|rper|ur |rro cors|||ur' re||'eseges| d| Cass|aro a||a
per|cope ra||eara su| g|ovare r|cco (Cor| . ).' lr Fseges| e ca|ec|es| re| z|z|
ladr|
(secc. lv-vll). Corvegro d| s|ud|o e agg|orrarer|o, laco|| d| le||ere cr|s||are
e c|ass|sc|e (lor|. lrs|. A|||or|s la||r||a||s), bora - rarzo , - . zz; 11z1|o
Fd||ed oy 3. le||c|. 83be| . bore. lA3, . 11z 1|
3|eWar|, C., `3cr|p|ure ard Cor|erp|a||or |r ||e |oras||c 3p|r||ua| T| eo|ogy ol
Jo|r Cass|ar.' lr 3|la|r vo|. . lapers preser|ed a| ||e F|ever|| lr|erra||ora| z
Corlererce or la|r|s||c 3|ud|es |e|d |r 0xlord . 8|o||ca e| Apocryp|a, 11
0r|er|a||a, Asce||ca, - . louva|r. lee|ers, . |;o1 1
varr|er, |.-A., `l'|rl|uerce de Jear C|rysos|ore sur |'argurer|a||or scr|p|ura|re
du 0e lrcarra||ore de Jear Cass|er.' bev3b ( ). - . o1|oz
Jo|r Cass|ar 1z;;
1z;8F|ever lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
XXvlll
All0Nlu3 ll.405-415
|ere|y a rare, poss|o|y a borar au||or W||| a JeW|s| or 0r|er|a| oac|grourd,
Apor|us Wro|e a Correr|ary or Car||c|e, rer||ored oy 8ede (ll
1, . lr Car||ca Car||corur a||egor|ca expos|||o, ), l| rs| ed||ed |r bore, 11oz |
18|, oy l. 8o|||ro ard J. |ar||r|, ard repr|r|ed |r ll3 l, - , ||e 8oo111
||||e g|ver oy ||e raruscr|p|s (Aroros|arur 0 sup., 3essor|arur ) ; 1z
oe|rg. Apor|| |r Car||cur Car||corur exp|ara||or|s ||or| Xll.
A rorurer| ol syroo||c ||eo|ogy, represer|a||ve ol wes|err roras||c
cu||ure or ||e ||res|o|d ol ||e l|g| ||dd|e Ages, Appor|us's correr|ary
expourds a c|r|s|o|og|ca| ard ecc|es|o|og|ca| |r|erpre|a||or ol ||e Car||c|e,
deep|y roo|ed |r ||e |rad|||or ol 0r|ger|ar exeges|s.
8oo| l correr|s or Car||c|e . - , 11o
8oo| ll, or Car||c|e . - , 1;8
8oo| lll, or Car||c|e . - . , 1zo
8oo| lv, or Car||c|e . - , z;1
8oo| v, or Car||c|e . - . , z1o11
8oo| vl, or Car||c|e . - , |1;
8oo| vll, or Car||c|e . - . a, |8z
8oo| vlll, or Car||c|e . o- , z
8oo| lX, or Car||c|e . - . , o8;1
8oo| X, or Car||c|e . - , ;z
8oo| Xl, or Car||c|e . - ,. , ;1o8|
8oo| Xll, or Car||c|e . - . 81|
T| e s|or| pro|ogue ol ||e Fxpos|||os|oWs all| r|||es W||| ||e |rars|a||ors
ol 0r|ger's |or|||es oy Jerore ard bul|rus. Appor|us cores a|so c|ose |o
Arorose ard |o ||e 0pus |rperlec|ur |r |a|||aeur. le uses ||e 0roras||cor
ol lseudo-l|||o, adap|ed oy Jerore |r as l|oer |r|erpre|a||or|s |eora|corur 8
ror|rur. le |reW ro 0ree| ou| Was a||rac|ed oy ra||era||cs ard ra|ura|
sc|erces, ||s geograp||ca| ro||ors Were poor, ou| W||| sore c|earer |roW|edge
ol ||s|ory, ||ar|s |o ||e Fcc|es|as||ca| l|s|oryol Fuseo|us. l|||osop||ca|
d|scuss|ors lasc|ra|ed ||r. lor quo||rg Car||c|e, |e used Jerore's vu|ga|e ol
, 8
lor quo|a||ors ol o||er par|s ol scr|p|ure, ||s |ex|ua| oas|s |rc|uded vers|ors
716
oe|org|rg |o d|llerer| |rad|||ors. l|s exeges|s |s ||oroug||y sp|r||ua|. 0rr|a
|r rys|er|o eo |erpore ac|a |r|e||egar|ur, `A|| ||e e|erer|s ol ||e rys|ery are
|o oe urders|ood as accorp||s|ed |r ||a| ||re.'
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| T| e Car||c|e |as ro prolare 1z;
re|evarce, || |s er||re|y a rup||a|e carrer,
a `rup||a| sorg,' surg oy ||e 3p|r|| |o ce|eora|e ||e Wedd|rg ol C|r|s| ard
||e C|urc| (v, , vlll, ). l| |s a prop|e||c |ex| W||c|, ||roug| l|gures ard |8
er|gra|a, prel|gures ||e rys|ery ol ||e lrcarra||or. 0|llerer| serses ol scr|p|ure
reed |o oe d|s||rgu|s|ed. ||e ||s|or|a, W||c| |s reg||g|o|e |r |||s case,
||e |r|e|||ger||a rys|er|orur, W||c| |s esser||a|. Necesse es|, uo| l|gur|s ag||
3p|r||us sarc|us, ros a||egor|ae orr|rodo deserv|re, `W|ere ||e lo|y 3p|r|| ac|s
|r l|gures, We rus| oy a|| rears use a||egor|es' (ll, ), ||e sersus rora||s z
(v, ), ragr|ly|rg ||e |ove W||c| ur||es ||e d|v|re logos ard ||e |urar 8o
sou| ol Jesus (spec|a||y lX ard Xll), ||e |ove oe|Weer C|r|s| ard C|urc|
(pass|r), ard ||e |ove jo|r|rg C|r|s| ard |urar sou|s |r gerera|. T| ere |s
ro d|rec| |rl|uerce ol 0r|ger percep||o|e |r Appor|us.
Accord|rg |o Appor|us, ||e Car||c|e ce|eora|es ||e W|o|e d|v|re ecorory ol
crea||or ard sa|va||or. 8oo| l exposes 0od's projec|. 8oo| ll s|oWs
||e perlec| sou| gu|ded ard suppor|ed oy C|r|s|, |r ||s searc| ol 0od ard ol
||e |rue lsrae|, rare|y ||e C|urc|. 8oo| lll s|rgs ||e oeau|y ol ||e C|urc|.
8oo| lv arrources ||e lrcarra||or, 8oo| v descr|oes ||e corsequerces ol
||e resurrec||or ol Jesus, rare|y ||e corvers|or ol JeWs |r Jerusa|er ard ||e
ree||rg W||| 0er|||es. 8oo| vl |e|s C|r|s| descr|oe ||e d|llerer| ca|egor|es ol
C|r|s||ars. 8oo| vll s|oWs |oW ||e C|urc| |s groW|rg ||roug| ||e persecu||ors.
8oo| vlll derources |eresy ard |rv||es |ere||cs |o corvers|or. 8oo|
lX sees ||e 3ou| ol C|r|s| a| ||e |op ol a|| ecc|es|a| orders. 8oo| X rer||ors
||e corvers|or ol bore, l|||a pr|rc|p|s, `||e daug||er ol ||e pr|rce (C|r|s|).
8oo| Xl c|a|rs ||a| ||e |rvas|ors ol 8aroar|ars er|a|| ||e |a||er's corvers|or,
W||c| |eads |o `||e doors' ol ||e Frd. 8oo| Xll, |r a l|ra| v|s|or We|cores
||e |r|urp| ol ||e 3ou| ol C|r|s| over Ar||c|r|s|. T| e C|urc| reac|es ||e
erd ol a p||gr|rage or ear|| oy spea||rg a|| |er l|ve |arguages. leoreW,
0ree|, Fgyp||ar, la||r, ard Assyr|ar.
Fd|||ors
8o|||ro, l. ard 0. |ar||r|. ll3 , - ( ) = (bore ). 18oo1o118 18|;
vreg|||e, 8. de, ard l. Neyrard. CC3l ( ). 118o
. 3C , , ( - ), lr|roduc||or ard o|o||ograp|y. - |zo|z1|o1;18 1z
1z8.
Trars|a||ors
lrerc|
vreg|||e, 8. de, l. Neyrard. see aoove.
Appor|us 1z;
1z8oF|ever lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
0errar
Kor|g, l., Appor|us. 0|e Aus|egurg zur l|ed der l|eder. lre|ourg, . 11
l|a||ar
Croc|ar|, l., Appor||, lr Car||cur Car||corur exp|ara||ores l|or| vl. bore,
1o.
3|ud|es
Appor|us, 0|e Aus|egurg zur l|ed der l|eder. 0|e e|rlu|rerder 8uc|er l-lll urd
das
c|r|s|o|og|sc| oedeu|sare 8uc| lX. lr|roduc||or, |rars|a||or, ard correr|ary
oy l. Kor|g. lre|ourg. lerder, . 1z
8e||e|, l., `la lorra |or||e||ca de| correr|ar|o d| Apor|o a| Car|ar de |os
Car|ares'. Fs|8 ( ) - . 1z1z8
8|sc|oll, 8., `werdepur||e |r der 0esc||c||e der |a|e|r|sc|er Fxegese |r
lru|r|||e|a||er'. 3F ( ) - ) = ||||e|a||er||c|e 3|ud|erl. 3|u||gar| o1|18z;
1oo, - . zo;
0|dore, |., `l'Fxp|ara||o d| Appor|o |r re|az|ore a||' Fxpos|||o d| 8eda ed a||e
Frarra||ores |r Car||co d| Arge|or|'. CC|Cr ( ) - . ;18o;;11
lrar|, 3., `Appor|us. lr Car||cur Car||corur Fxp|ara||o'. vC ( ) - 18;o
. 8
Kor|g, l., Appor|us. 0|e Aus|egurg zur l|ed der l|eder. 0|e e|rlu|rerder
8uc|er
l-lll urd das c|r|s|o|og|sc| oedeu|sare 8uc| lX. F|rge|e||e|, uoerse|z| urd
|orrer||er|. lre|ourg . 1z
la|s|rer, |. l. w., `3ore Far|y |ed|eva| Correr|ar|es or ||e 0|d Tes|arer|'.
lT|b ( ). - . |o1z;|o
0||y, l., lo|er||ed-3|ud|er. w|esoader . 1o
3|uoerrauc|, 8., 0er le|||ge 0e|s| oe| Appor|us. Zur ||eo|og|sc|er 0e|a|| e|rer
spa|ar|||er lo|e||edaus|egurg. bor|sc|e uar|a|sc|r|l|. 3upp|. . lre|ourg. |o
lerder, . 11
. `Appor|us urd se|r Korrer|ar zur lo|er||ed. Arrer|urger zu
Fr|W|c||urg urd 3|ard der lorsc|urg.' Aug ( ). - . z1z1o1;o
we|sersc|e|ro, l., `0as K|rc|ero||d der gr|ec||sc|er va|er|orrer|are zur
717
lo|er||ed'. ZKT| ( ) - , - . ;o1|8;||oo1|
w||e|, l., `Apor|us'. bAC3upp|. ( ) - . |18ooo1|
w|||e, J., 0er Korrer|ar des Apor|us zur lo|er||ede. 0|ss. Fr|arger . 1o
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| XXlX 1z81
lb03lFb 0l AulTAlNF CA. 390CA. 455
A |ayrar W||| a so||d c|ass|ca| educa||or, lrosper oecare a lerver| delerder
ol Augus||re |r ||e so-ca||ed 3er|-le|ag|ar cor|roversy. le corposed a
correr|ary or sore lsa|rs, Fxpos|||o lsa|rorur - , dur|rg ||s ||re 1oo1o
|r bore ( - ). `T| e au||er||c||y ol ||e lro|ogue (pro|ogus re|r|cus, ll ||||z
o, ) |s d|spu|ed, 0. |or|r, W|o repuo||s|ed || |r b8 ( ) , |s |r |o1|o
lavour, W|||e |. Cappuyrs (8TA| r. ) |s opposed. T| e CCl cors|ders 1
|| |o da|e lror ||e Caro||rg|ar era, ard |o oe per|aps a Wor| ol wa|alr|d
3|raoo ard ||us orr||s ||' (A. larrar. uas|er lv, ). |
lr lac|, W||| sore |||era| excerp|s, lrosper surrar|zed Augus||re's
Frarra||ores |r psa|ros. l|s psa||er |ex| |s ro|||rg ou| a r|x|ure ol
Augus||re's lsa||er ard ||e borar lsa||er (Ca||ers, |x),
Fd|||ors
ll , - . 1z;;|zo
Ca||ers, l.. CCl A ( ) - . o8 1;z1z11
3|ud|es
0or|, l. `0a ura corp||az|ore red|eva|e su| 3a|r|. recuper| per | correr|ar| d|
0|ro|aro, d| lrospero d| Aqu||ar|a e d| Arroo| || 0|ovare.' A3F ( ). 1o1
- 1;o.
1z8zF|ever lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
XXX
vAlFblAN 0l Cl|Fllu| ll. |l05Tl C.
As o|s|op ol C|re||ur (C|r|ez, rear N|ce, sou||err lrarce), va|er|ar
er|er|a|red a c|ose re|a||ors||p W||| ||e ror|s ol ler|rs. le au||ored a
le||er|o ||ese ror|s, Fp|s|o|a ad rorac|os de v|r|u||ous e| ord|re doc|r|rae
apos|o||cae, ard |Wer|y lor|||es, a|ros| er||re|y ded|ca|ed |o rora| |ssues,
suc| a ||e reeded d|sc|p||re, pror|ses ur|ep|, |rso|arce, |d|e |a||, paras|||sr,
va|r-g|ory, ||e oerel|| ol peace, ||e ||g| va|ue ol rar|yrdor, ||e |accaoees,
ard avar|ce. va|er|ar's sop||s||ca|ed s|y|e oe|rays ||s r|e|or|ca| lorra||or.
le a||udes |o 3ereca, arorg o||ers. l|s ra|r au||or||y |s ||e gospe|. |ary
o|o||ca| quo|a||ors ard relererces err|c| ||s d|scourse. lor||y |s er||re|y 18
ded|ca|ed |o ||e |accaoees.
Fd|||or
ll = 0a||ard|, 8|o||o||eca ve|erur la|rur, X. ver|ce . z 1;;|
3|ud|es
|ara, |. 0., `ura par||co|are u||||zzaz|ore de| corpus pau||ro re||a Fp|s|o|a ad
rorac|os'. |eror|a| 0or Jear 0r|ooror| ( - ). bore , - . 1zo18o 188|1118
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| XXXl 1z8
FuClFblu3 0l l0N CA. 380-450|455
T| e sor ol a sera|or|a| lar||y ol lyor, We|| educa|ed ard |roW|edgao|e |r
0ree|, Fuc|er|us separa|ed lror ||s W|le ard lour c|||drer (arorg ||er
|Wo sors W|o oecare o|s|ops |r ||s ||le||re), ard re||red |r|o ||e erer|||c
so|||ude ol ore ol ||e ler|rs |s|ards lror W||c| |e Was e|ec|ed |o ||e see
ol ||s |ore|oWr |r . |
l|s l|oer lorru|arur sp|r||a||s |r|e||eger||ae, ded|ca|ed |o ore ol ||s
sors, erurera|es |r |er sec||ors sore exarp|es ol a||egor|ca| exeges|s. T| e
|r|roduc||or d|s||rgu|s|es oe|Weer ||e |||era|, |ropo|og|ca| ard aragog|ca|
rear|rg ol scr|p|ure. l|s lrs|ruc||orur ||or| duo ad 3a|or|urexp|a|rs
|r 8oo| l passages lror ||e o| ard r|, |r 8oo| ll, || correr|s or sore
leoreW ard 0ree| Words |||e la||e|u|a|or Zaoao||, accord|rg |o Jerore.
T| e W|o|e Wor| proceeds oy rears ol ques||or ard arsWer. Fuc|er|us's
exeges|s lo||oWs c|ose|y rode|s prov|ded oy Arorose ard Augus||re. le
Was ||g||y es|eered |r red|aeva| roras|er|es.
Fd|||ors
ll . o
wo||e, C.. C3Fl ( ). Fuc|er|us 0pera. 118|
Trars|a||ors
lrerc|
Cr|s||ar|, l., . F|oge de |a so|||ude, W||| ||e lr|roduc||or ol ||e l|oer 1o
lorru|arur.
3|ud|es
8ardy, 0., `la ||||era|ure pa|r|s||que, des 'uaes||ores e| respors|ores' sur
|'ecr||ure
3a|r|e.'. b8( ) - . 11|zo
Cr|s||ar|, l., `Fuc|er (sa|r|)'. 03p ( ) - , o|o||ograp|y. |1oo1ooo
Cur||, C. `'3p|r||a||s |r|e|||ger||a.' No|a su||a do||r|ra esege||ca d| Fuc|er|o d|
l|ore.' lr ls. C. Ardreser, Kerygra urd logos, ed||ed oy A. |. b|||er, - . 1o8zz
0o|||rger, . 1;
l|r|e, J. 0. `0oc|r|ra scr|p|ur|s||ca e| |ex|us o|o||cus 3. Fuc|er|| Fp|scop|.' 0|ss.,
bore.
718
lor|. A||erae| uroar|ar| de lropagarda l|de, . 1|o
1z8|F|ever lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
|ardo|lo, C., `0sservaz|or| su||' eseges| d| Fuc|er|o d| l|ore'. A3F ( ) - o18z1;
. z
. `l'|rl|usso de||e 'leora|cae quaes||ores |r ||oro 0ereseos' d| 0|ro|aro su||e
'lrs|ruc||ores' d| Fuc|er|o d| l|ore,' - . |
. `ler ura ruova ed|z|ore de||e opere ragg|or| d| Fuc|er|o d| leore,' - . o1|o
. `le bego|ed| T|cor|o e |e 'uaes||ores e| respors|ores' d| Fuc|er|o d|
leore.'
A3F ( ). - . 811|o
. `3u||e lor|| d| Fuc|er|o d| l|ore. l'|rl|usso de| Correr|ar|o|| |r lsa|rosd|
0|ro|aro su| l ||oro de||e lrs|ruc||ores.' l r Fseges|, paralras| e corp||az|ore |r
e| |ardoar||ca. A||| de| Terzo Corvegro de||'Assoc|az|ore d| 3|ud| Tardoar||c||,
- z|;1. Fd||ed oy C. |oresc||r|. Co||ec|area . Nap|es. |. 0'Aur|a Fd||ore,
1.
0'loug|||r, T. `T| e 3yroo| g|ves l|le. Fuc|er|us ol lyor's lorru|a lor
Fxeges|s.' lr
3cr|p|ura| lr|erpre|a||or |r ||e la||ers. le||er ard 3p|r||, ed||ed oy T. l|rar ard
v. TWorey, - . zz1z
l|r|us, 0. |. `l| oes||ar|o de| d|avo|o. l'eseges| o|o||ca re||e 'lorru|ae sp|r||a||s
|r|e|||ger||ae' d| Fuc|er|o d| l|ore.' 3arda||or. uaderr| d| cu||ura c|ass|ca,
cr|s||ara e red|eva|e - ( - ). - . 1z1181o11|
. `Au|or|| d| 0|ro|aro e |es|o o|o||co |r ur passo de||e lorru|ae sp|r||a||s
|r|e|||ger||aed| Fuc|er|o d| l|ore.' 3arda||or ( ). - . 11z1o;|
lourra|, l., `Fuc|er'. Ca|| ( ) - . |1ooooo1
busc|, w., T| e la|er la||r la||ers, lordor ( ), - . 1;;1oo
w|c||ar. l. b., `Fuc|er|us vor lyor'. TbF ( ) - . 1o18zzzz
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| XXXll 1z8
3Al0Nlu3 0l 0FNFvA |l05Tl C.
3a|or|us, sor ol Fuc|er|us, ||e o|s|op ol lyor, Was educa|ed a| ler|rs W|ere
||s la||er |ad sper| a leW years W||| ||s W|le ard ||e|r |Wo c|||drer. 8e|Weer
|z8ard , 3a|or|us rece|ved ||ere ||e |Wo vo|ures ol lrs|||u||ores, W||c| ||
Fuc|er|us ded|ca|ed |o ||r, cor|a|r|rg ques||ors ard arsWers or scr|p|ure.
8elore , |e oecare o|s|op ol 0ereva, ||s oro||er, verarus, occupy|rg ||e |
see ol verce. 3a|or|us Wro|e a `3p|r||ua| lr|erpre|a||or ol 3o|oror's larao|es
ard Fcc|es|as|es,' Fxpos|||o rys||ca |r laraoo|as 3a|oror|s e| Fcc|es|as|er,
|r ||e lorr ol a corversa||or oe|Weer verarus ard ||rse|l. T| e d|ll| cu||
passages ol oo|| o|o||ca| |ex|s, lroveros ard Fcc|es|as|es, are a||egor|zed.
urder a s||g|||y rod|l|ed ||||e, ||e sare Wor| |s |rarsr|||ed as oe|org|rg |o
loror|us ol Au|ur (ll , - ). 3a|or|us d|ed s|or||y al|er . 1;z11|8 |o
Fd|||or
ll , - . o;1o1z
3|ud|es
8ardy, 0., la ||||era|ure pa|r|s||que des `quaes||ores e| respors|ores' sur
|'Fcr||ure
sa|r|e. lar|s , - . 18|8o
8essor, |., `ur exeg|e de 0erve au r||eu du v
e
s|c|e, sa|r| 3a|ore'. Arze|ger lur
sc|We|zer|sc|e 0esc||c||e. Neue lo|ge, lX ( - ) - . 1ozozzo
1z8oF|ever lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
XXXlll
AbN08lu3 TlF 0uN0Fb 0. AlTFb 451
Ar Alr|car ror|, |av|rg l|ed ||e varda|s, W|||e |r bore ca. , Arroo|us |z
opposed Augus||re's doc|r|re ol grace. lr par||cu|ar, |e Wro|e ar a||egor|ca|
Correr|ar||or ||e lsa|rs |r W||c| |e opposes Augus||r|ar|sr, ard ||e
Fxpos|||urcu|ae |r evarge||urW||c| oller sc|o||aor passages lror |a|||eW,
lu|e ard Jo|r.
Fd|||ors
0aur, K. 0. CC3l ( ), Correr|ar|| |r lsa|ros. z1o
3|ud|es
0or|, l. `0a ura corp||az|ore red|eva|e su| 3a|r|. recuper| per | correr|ar| d|
0|ro|aro, d| lrospero d| Aqu||ar|a e d| Arroo| || 0|ovare.' A3F ( ). 1o1
- 1;o.
|clug|, |. l.. FFCl . 1zo
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| XXXlv 1z8;
lF0 l, TlF 0bFAT 0. 4o1
8|s|op ol bore, - , poss|o|y oorr |r bore ol a Tuscar lar||y, leo ||o|o1
occup|ed ar |rpor|ar| pos|||or |rs|de ||e papa| adr|r|s|ra||or lor a| |eas| a
decade oelore er|er|rg ||e por||l|ca| oll| ce. A rar ol s|rorg all| rra||or, |e
|der||l|ed ||rse|l W||| ||s ecc|es|a| r|ss|or, ||e apos||e le|er |o oe spea||rg
||roug| ||r. le es|ao||s|ed ||e supreracy ol ||e borar 3ee |r ||e wes|
a| a cruc|a| ||re W|er ||e Frp|re Was co||aps|rg. l|s |r|erver||ors |r ||e
Fas| (Torus ad l|av|arur, Courc|| ol C|a|cedor , ||s |e||ers corcerr|rg |1
719
||e ror|s ol la|es||re, - , ||e ecc|es|as||ca| peace |r Fgyp| - ) |z|| |;|8
as We|| as ||s regao||a||or W||| A||||a, , ard ||s Wor|d-W|de ep|s|o|ary |z
ac||v||y gave ||s r|r|s|ry a ur|versa| d|rers|or.
leo ||rse|l secured ||e loca| co||ec||orol ||s serrors, r|re|y-sever ol
||er |r C|avasse's ed|||or, `arrarged ro| or|y |r ||e|r |||urg|ca| order (oeg|rr|rg
lror 3ep|eroer |o ||e serrors lor ||e eroer days ol (||e lo||oW|rg) z
3ep|eroer), ou| a|so |r c|roro|og|ca| order W||||r ||e sare |||urg|ca|
arrargerer|' (3|uder, ), |r par||cu|ar, |er serrors lor C|r|s|ras, e|g|| ;
lor Fp|p|ary, |Wo lor Fas|er, |Wo lor||e Ascers|or, sever lor ler|ecos| ard
||e ||re ol ler|ecos|a| las||rg, |We|ve lor ler|, r|re|eer lor lo|y wee| (0e
lass|ore), r|re lor ||e eroer days ol 3ep|eroer, ard s|x lor ||e so-ca||ed
Co||ec|s. 3errors ard |e||ers are leo's |||erary |egacy. `leo's |e||ers ard serrors
are |r lac| d|s||rgu|s|ed oy ||e|r rel|red s|y|e, r|y||r|c prose, pur||y
ol |arguage, corsc|erce ol express|or ard c|ar||y ol ||oug||. leW Wr||ers
ol ||a| ||re exce||ed |||e leo |r ||s dor|ra||or ol la||r r|e|or|c ard ||s
ac||everer| ol suc| a perlec| corcordarce oe|Weer cor|er| ard lorr. T| |s
ao||||y |o express |r a borar las||or ||e C|r|s||ar ||eres deares| |o ||r |s
a c|arac|er|s||c ol leo. lr leo, borar ger|us Was ur||ed W||| ||e C|r|s||ar
sp|r|| |r a |ru|y s|rgu|ar rarrer' (3|uder, ).
T| e C|r|s|ras serrors cover |Wo per|ods ol l|ve years eac|, |rac|a|us
- z1z, |r - , ard |rac|a|us - |r - . T| ey |es||ly |o leo's ||o||| zoo |o||
dogra||c ard parere||c |rsp|ra||or, 3cr|p|ure corl|rr|rg ||s doc|r|ra| s|a|erer| or
ar||cu|a||rg ||e rys|ery ce|eora|ed |r ||e |||urgy. T|e expos|||or
s|oWs ro |race ol ary rarra||ve s|y|e. lror a c|ear del|r|||or ol ||e d|v|re
rys|ery corcerred, ||e preac|er s||l|s over |r|o |rpera||ve ex|or|a||ors.
belorra||or|s |urarae sacrur d|v|rurque rys|er|ur sarc|o a|que s|rcero
|orera|e serv|||o. Arp|ec||r|r| C|r|s|ur |r ros|ra carre rascer|er, `8y a |o|y
ard s|rcere serv|ce, |orour ||e sacred ard d|v|re rys|ery ol ||e res|ap|rg
ol |urar||y. Frorace C|r|s| oorr |r our l|es|' (|rac|. , , - , zz1oozoz
1z88F|ever lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
C|avasse). leo |s rore corcerred W||| ar adequa|e del|r|||or ol ||e |Wo
ra|ures ol C|r|s|, or a derurc|a||or ol c|r|s|o|og|ca| |eres|es, arorg W||c|
|e cour|s |ar|c|e|sr, ||ar |e |s W||| ||e parap|rased re|r|ev|rg ol 0ospe|
rarra||ves. A c|oser parap|rase ol || . - , or ||e Trarsl|gura||or, |s |rc|uded |r 1;1
|rac|a|us , de||vered `a| ||e |ass W||c| c|osed ||e v|g||s ol ||e 1
3a|urday |o ||e secord 3urday ol ler|' (C|avasse, CCl A, ). 18 z
T|e serrors 0e pass|ore, - , corpr|se a|so ||ose de||vered dur|rg z;z
||e Fas|er v|g||. 3ore||res ca||ed 0e resurrec||ore, ||ey are s|or|, ex|rere|y
We|| locused ard |rc|s|ve aga|rs| ||ose lar|as||c| c|r|s||ar|, `lar|as|z|rg
C|r|s||ars' (|rac|. , , C|avasse) W|o r|surders|ard ||e rea|||y ol o8;1
C|r|s|'s lass|or. lror ||a| ser|es ol |or|||es (||e o|des| co||ec||or, secured
oy leo ||rse|l ) We go d|rec||y |o |Wo serrors lor ||e Ascers|or, |rac|. - , ;;|
da||rg lror ard ard ||er |o ||e ser|es ol serrors lor ler|ecos| ||| ||
ard ||s ||re ol las||rg. lr o||er Words, We ro|e ||e aoserce ol ||e Fas|er
so|err||as, so ruc| erp|as|zed |r leo's ||re oy ||s cor|erporary le||oWo|s|op,
le|er ol baverra.
leo s|oWs |||||e corsc|ousress ol spec|l|c |errereu||ca| corcerrs. le
rer||ors scr|p|ure or|y lor ||e purpose ol quo||rg ||. 8||s ard p|eces ol
scr|p|ura| p|rases surlace spor|areous|y |r ||s d|scourse, ou| ||s use ol ||e
8|o|e exerp||l|es a ||g||y s|gr|l|car| erergerce ol ||e borar por||ll 's
se|laWareress. `l| |s ro| so ruc| ||a| ||s preac||rg |s a| ||e serv|ce ol 3cr|p|ure
as ||a| 3cr|p|ure |s a| ||e serv|ce ol ||s preac||rg' (A. lauras). Tac|||y, leo
erood|es ||e auc|or||asol 3cr|p|ure as |e quo|es || oy all| rr|rg ||rse|l as
le|er red|v|vus(w. u||rarr, F. u||er). lor a sys|era||c ara|ys|s ol leo's
exeges|s, see 8. 3|uder, `0|e F|rl|usse.'
Fd|||ors
ll - . |o
C|avasse, A.. CCl - A ( ), 3errors. 1818 1;
0o||e, b.. 3C o|s ( ), o|s ( ), o|s ( ). zz 1o|| 1o;| 1;o
Trars|a||ors
0u|c|.
luyg, A., . 1|1
Frg||s|.
le||oe, C. l., lNll , ser. ( , ). 1z z181o
lrerc|.
0o||e, b.. see aoove.
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| l|a||ar. 1z8
|ar|ucc|, T., . 1o
3|ud|es
Carp|ore, A. `3u||a preserza de||a 3cr|||ura re||e ep|s|o|e de| papa pr|ra d|
leore
|agro,' A3F ( ). - . ;1o|o;8
0o||e, b. `Fcr||ures 3a|r|es, 3. leor'. 03p ( ) - . |1oo18
. `3a|r| leor |e 0rard, correr|a|ur de |a lass|or'. As3e|gr ( ) - . |1o;8;
720
0rara|a, A., `No|e su||e lor|| d| 3. leore |arro'. b3Cl ( ) - . 1|1oozo8z
lauras, A. `3a|r| leor |e 0rard e| |'Fcr||ure 3a|r|e.' 3|la|r ( ). - . o11z;|o
|urp|y, l. X. `T| e 3errors ol lope leo ||e 0rea|, Cor|er| ard 3|y|e'. 0. 0.
lur|er, ed., lreac||rg |r ||e la|r|s||c Age. l3 w. J. 8urg|ard|, N ( ), - 1818
. ;
u||er, F. `0er laps| |s| le|ruse|r o||d|al|er verg|e|c|, e|r Arac|ror|srus oder
e|re oegrurdoare lder|||a|?'. T|0| ( ) - . oz1;z|zo8
b|eux, 0. `le |erps du sa|u| c|ez sa|r| leor.' 8lF ( ). - . ||111z
3|uder, 8. `0|e F|rl|usse der Fxegese Augus||rs aul d|e lred|g|er leos des
0rosser.'
lages - |r lorra lu|ur|. 3|ud| Card. |. le||egr|ro. Tur|r. 8o||ega 1o
d'Frasro, . 1;
u||rarr, w., `leo l ard ||e T| ere ol lapa| lr|racy'. JT| 3,r.s., ( ) - 111ooz
. 1
leo l, ||e 0rea| 1z8
1zoF|ever lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
XXXv
lAu3Tu3 0l blFZ CA. 405CA. 490
lrooao|y a 8r||or oy o|r||, laus|us er|ered ||e roras|ery ol ler|rs aoou|
|z|, oecare ||s |||rd aooo| ca. ard Was e|eva|ed |o ||e see ol b|ez arourd |
|;. lr add|||or |o serrors ard |e||ers |e Wro|e a po|er|ca| |rea||se 0e
sp|r||u sarc|o ||or| duo, ard, s|or||y al| er ||e syrod ol Ar|es , a |rea||se |;
0e gra||aaga|rs| ||e predes||rar|ar pr|es|, luc|dus.
lr 0e gra||a, ||e use ol scr|p|ure ra|es up ||e ra|r s|ruc|ure ard laor|c ol
laus|us's d|scourse (3|rore|||). 3cr|p|ure |s quo|ed ||res |r ||e z
ex|ar| |ex|, rear|y |a|l ol ||e o| c||a||ors oe|rg lror psa|rs, ard |||r|y-l|ve
c||a||ors lror ||e r| der|v|rg lror borars. `Jus| as ||e r|e|or|c ol ||e
0e gra||a|s esser||a||y o|-po|ar exc|ud|rg ex|rere pos|||ors |r lavour ol a
r|dd|e Way, so laus|us's use ol scr|p|ure a|rs a| |rc|us|veress ard equ|||or|ur.
3cr|p|ure rus| oe |r|erpre|ed ard urders|ood |r ||e oroades| Way,
|a||rg |r|o accour| ||e W|o|e ol sacred Wr||. . . . 'w|er ore |||rg |s asser|ed
W|||ou| ||e o||er, ||e o||er |s urrer||ored, ro| der|ed, Accord|rg |o ||e
ru|e W||c| o|s|op Augus||re |r|roduces. No| every|||rg W||c| |s urrer||ored |s
der|ed' (l, , , - , cl. 0e doc|r|ra c|r|s||arall, vl, , lX, , zo111| 8 1|
ad sersur)' (3r|||, ). 11o
Fr||re|y ro||va|ed oy ||s ||eo|og|ca| corcerrs |r ||e cor|ex| ol ||e soca||ed 3er|-
le|ag|ar cor|roversery,
laus|us's g|ooa| approac| |o 3cr|p|ure |s ro| s|rp|y ||e d|s|r|eres|ed
re||od ol ar exege|e a||erp||rg |o dea| equ||ao|y W||| ||e 3cr|p|ures.
T| e re||od ||se|l, lor a|| ||s apparer| equar|r||y, |s a|so derors|rao|y
a lurc||or ol laus|us's persuas|ve ard po|er|ca| |r|er||or. w|||ou|
douo| ||e use ol 3cr|p|ure |r ||e 0e gra||aac|ua||zes ||e cer|r|s| |dea|
expressed, lor exarp|e, oy v|rcer| ol ler|rs |r ||e Corror||or|ur. . . .
w|||e |e rever d|rec||y d|spu|es W||| ||e o|s|op ol l|ppo, laus|us
cer|a|r|y jo|rs oa|||e prec|se|y a| ||e po|r| ol sore ol Augus||re's
lavoured ar||-le|ag|ar prool-|ex|s. 0r corpar|rg ||e exeges|s d|rec||y
W||| Augus||re's or ||ese |ex|s, |oWever, ore l|rds laus|us a|r|rg ro|
a| Augus||re, ou| a| a ||rd ol |yper-Augus||r|ar predes||rar|ar use ol
||e 8|o|e. l| ray We|| oe ||a| laus|us regarded suc| rad|ca| |r|erpre|a||ors |o oe
aouses ol Augus||re's oWr |errereu||ca| carors' (3r|||,
- 1z|z).
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| Fd|||ors 1z1
C3Fl . z1
CCl ard , A, 8. o| 1o11o1 1o1
Trars|a||ors
0errar
C. |. Kasper, |orc|spred|g|er des laus|us vor b|ez. FA. . 11
3|ud|es
3|rore|||, |., `l| 0e gra||ad| laus|o d| b|ez'. 3|ud| 3|or|co be||g|os| | ( ), 111;;
- 1z|.
3r|||, T. A., 0e gra||a. laus|us's ol b|ez's Trea||se or 0race ard l|s l|ace |r ||e
l|s|ory
ol T| eo|ogy(C|r|s||ar||y ard Juda|sr |r Ar||qu||y, ), No|re 0are, . | 1o
laus|us ol b|ez 1z1
1zzF|ever lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
XXXvl
lATblCK AN0 FAbl lbl3l llTFbATubF
|. la|r|c|us (la|r|c|) (390|410-4o1 or 491)
lo|||us, a grardla||er ol 3|. la|r|c|, Was a presoy|er. l|s la||er, Ca|porr|us,
Was a deacor ard a decur|or, possess|rg |ard ard s|aves. lror 8r|||arr|ae,
W|ere |e Was oorr, la|r|c| Wer| as a r|ss|orary, |r , |o lre|ard. lr , |z |||
|rad|||or c|a|red ||r |o |ave lourded ||e c|urc| ol Arrag|. le d|ed a||eged|y |r
or (larsor). |o1 |1
721
la|r|c| Wro|e a Corless|oard ||e Fp|s|u|a r|||||ous Caro||c|, |Wo rerar|ao|e
docurer|s a||oW|rg |rs|g||s |r|o ||e da||y s|rugg|e ol ore ol ||e rare
|roWr r|ss|orar|es ol |a|e Ar||qu||y. la|r|c| |s ||e or|y |roWr borar
c|||zer g|v|rg a repor| ol ||s |rpr|sorrer| as a s|ave arorg ||e 8aroar|ars
(oelore ||s r|ss|orary |erure).
TWo le||ersol la|r|c| are `ras|erp|eces' (loW|e||). `3|ou|d || |apper
||a| la|r|c| Was a |oro ur|us ||or|(rar ol a s|rg|e ooo|), ||a| ooo| Wou|d
oe ||e la||r 8|o|e, W||c| |e quo|es a| orce rare|y ard per||rer||y' (loW|e||
1o, ). le used ||s p|ras|rg |r c|a|r|rg ||a| ||s oWr voca||or Was equa|
|o ||a| ol |oses ard ol lau|. l|s ar|-prose, W||| ||s rary Wordp|ays, preser|s
`a use ol ||e cursus ard a o|o||ca| or||ograp|y, d|c||or ard syr|ax, W||c|
are correc|' (loW|e||, TbF, ). la|r|c| dec|ared ||rse|l |o oe ||e `o|s|op'
ol lre|ard, |rs|||u|ed oy 0od. l|oer|ore cors|||u|ur ep|scopur re esse la|eor
(Fp. ). 1
Fd|||ors
8|e|er, l., l|or| Fp|s|o|arur 3arc|| la|r|c|| Fp|scop|, vo|s. 0uo||r . z 1z
loW|e||, 0. b., l|oer Fp|s|o|arur 3arc|| la|r|c|| Fp|scop|, T| e 8oo| ol le||ers
ol 3|. la|r|c|, ||e 8|s|op. 0uo||r . 1|
Trars|a||ors
8ersc||r, w., `'lc| la|r|c|us' . . . 0|e Au|oo|ograp||e des Apos|e|s der lrer'.
l. loWe, ed., 0|e lrer urd Furopa |r lru|erer ||||e|a||er, l. 3|u||gar|
18z(Corless|o, - ). z
8|e|er, l.. T| e wor|s ol 3|. la|r|c||3|. 3ecurd|rus's lyrr or 3|. la|r|c|. ACw
1;( ). 1
larsor, b. l. C. ard C. 8|arc, 3a|r| la|r|c|. Corless|or e| le||re Caro||cus.
3C . lar|s . z| 1;8
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| loW|e||, 0. b. (see aoove). 1z
wo| |e, l., 0as 8e|err|r|s des ||. la|r|c| urd e|r 8r|el ar d|e 0elo|gs|eu|e des
Caro||cus, e|rge|. u. uoerse|z|.
3|ud|es
8|e|er, l. `0er 8|oe||ex| des ||. la|r|c|.' 8|o ( ). - , - . z81|;18zoo
. T| e l|le ard legerd ol 3|. la|r|c|. 0uo||r . 1|
. ed. T| e la|r|c|ar Tex|s |r ||e 8oo| ol Arrag|(3ll ). 0uo||r . 1o 1;
8|rc|y, 0. A., la|r|c| ard l|s 8|ograp|ers Arc|er| ard |oderr. 3|l|o ( ) z1oz
- ;1;.
Corree|y, 0., e| a|., eds. 3|. la|r|c|'s le||ers. |ayrou|| . 1
0Wyrr, J., ed., 8oo| ol Arrag|. T| e la|r|c|ar 0ocurer|s. 0uo||r . 11
larsor, b. l. C., 3a|r| la|r|c|. l|s 0r|g|rs ard Career. 0xlord - NeW or| . 1o8
. l|le ard wr|||rgs ol ||e l|s|or|ca| 3|. la|r|c|. 3ar lrarc|sco . 18
Ke||y, J. l. `A ca|a|ogue ol ear|y red|eva| l|oerro-la||r o|o||ca| correr|ar|es, l.'
Tr ( ). - . ||188;;1
|cNa||y, b. F. T| e 8|o|e |r ||e ear|y r|dd|e ages. A||ar|a. 3c|o|ar's lress, . 1
. `TWo l|oerro-la||r Tex|s or ||e 0ospe|s.' Tr ( ). - . 118;|o1
|cNarara, |. `l|oerro-la||r 8|o||ca| 3|ud|es, l. Ar Adderdur [|o lT|
( ) - |.' lT| ( ). - . 1;z;| |o1;o|o;
. `Ce|||c C|r|s||ar||y, Crea||or ard Apoca|ypse, C|r|s| ard Ar||c|r|s|.' ||||3| z
( ). - . 188
. `lsa|r |r ||e 8|o|e, |r Far||er ard lr|s| Trad|||or.' ||||3| ( ). - . 1o o1zo
. `T| e lr|s| |rad|||or ol o|o||ca| exeges|s, A.0. - .' lr lroceed|rgs ol ||e o8oo
lX||
lr|erra||ora| Co||oqu|ur ol ||e 3oc|e|y lor ||e proro||or ol Fr|ger|ar s|ud|es,
leuver ard louva|r-|a-Neuve, Jure - , , ed||ed oy 0. var b|e|, C. 3|ee|, ;1o1
ard J. |cFvoy. Arc|er| ard red|eva| p|||osop|y, 3er|es , vo|. . louva|r. 1 zo
ur|v. lress, . 1o
|a|asp|ra, F., la|r|z|o e| |'accu||uraz|ore |a||ra de||' lr|arda. bore . 18|
|o|rrarr, C., T| e la||r ol 3|. la|r|c|. 0uo||r . 1o1
||. la||cer (d. ) oo1
A ror| ol C|orler|ru||oe, |oday Ky|e, |r le|x Cour|y, sou||err lre|ard,
la||cer (or la|d|gger), Was cour|ed oy No||er 8a|ou|o arorg `||e larous
rer W|o correr|ed or sacred scr|p|ures W||| grea| care,' |||us|ros v|ros qu|
ex |r|er||ore sacras scr|p|uras exporeoar|. l|s Fc|oga(`0|ges|') ol 0regory
||e 0rea|'s |ora||a |r Joocovers pages |r ||s very l|rs| pr|r|ed ed|||or, o|
la|r|c| ard Far|y lr|s| l||era|ure 1z
1z|F|ever lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
da||rg lror . la||cer |s a|so ||e au||or ol ||e lor|ca ol 0||das(||e |a||er |s 1o
rer||ored as `au||or' or|y |r a |a|e raruscr|p|), a r|y||r|ca| prayer
W||c| Was |o erjoy a |org-|as||rg popu|ar||y (Fspos||o , ll.). 1zz8
Fd|||ors
Adr|aer, |., Fg|oga quar scr|ps|| la||cer l|||us 8a||| de |ora||ous loo quas
0regor|us lec||. CC3l ( ). 1|1o
3|ud|es
Kerrey, J. l., T| e 3ources ol ||e Far|y l|s|ory ol lre|ardl. NeW or| . 1z
Fspos||o, |., `A 3ever||-Cer|ury Correr|ary or ||e Ca||o||c Fp|s||es'. JT| 3z1
( ) - . 1zo1o18
722
0rosjear, l., `3ur que|ques exeg|es |r|arda|s du vlle
s|c|e'. 3F ( ) - . ;1o;8
vaccar|, A., `No|u|ae la|r|s||cae'. 0reg ( ) l. |z1o1;z;
|||. T|e `lr|s| Augus||re' (r|d- || c.) ;
T| e `lr|s| Augus||re' Was a d|sc|p|e ol a cer|a|r `doc|or |arc||arus,' W|o
d|ed |r , aooo| ol |ordre||d, |r lao|g||s Cour|y. T| |s ror| ray |ave oz
Wr|||er a Correr|ary or |a|||eW, ol W||c| or|y a leW lragrer|s surv|ve
(Fspos||o , ). T| e `lr|s| Augus||re' Was ca||ed so, prooao|y soor al| er 1zo1;
||s dea||, oecause ||s ros| popu|ar Wr|||rg, 0e r|rao|||ous sacrae scr|p|urae,
da||rg lror , Was pervaded oy a s|rorg Augus||r|ar l|avour, |o ||e po|r| o
||a|, lor over a r|||err|ur, || Was cors|dered as a Wor| ol Augus||re ol
l|ppo ||rse|l. A| |eas|, ||e r|s|a|er a||r|ou||or |e|ped grea||y lor a oroad
d|s|r|ou||or ol ||e lr|s| |rea||se.
Fd|||ors
Cll, r. . 11z
ll , - . z1|zzoo
3|ud|es
0az y 0az, |. C., `ls|dor|aral. 3oore e| l|oer de ord|re crea|urarur'. 3F
( ) 1
- 1|;oo(ol lr|s| or|g|r, |rl|uerced oy ||e lr|s| Augus||re's l|oer de r|rao|||ous
sacrae scr|p|urae, da||rg ca. ). oo
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| |c0|r|y, 0., `T| e lr|s| Augus||re's 1z
KroW|edge ard urders|ard|rg ol 3cr|p|ure'.
T. l|rar ard v. TWorey, eds. 3cr|p|ura| lr|erpre|a||or |r ||e la||ers. le||er ard
3p|r||. 0uo||r , - ( - . Apperd|x, `A 0e|a||ed Ara|ys|s ol ||e 1z81z1
Tex|s ol 3cr|p|ure uo|ed').
NcNa||y, b. F., T| e 8|o|e |r ||e Far|y ||dd|e Ages. woods|oc| lapers, . . |1
3|rore|||, |., `0e r|rao|||ous sacrae scr|p|urae. ur |ra||a|o |r|ardese su| r|raco||
de||a sacra 3cr|||ura'. bor8aro ( ) - . |1;zz1
3|arpe, b., `Ar lr|s| Texua| Cr|||c ard ||e Carrer lasc|a|eol 3edu||us Co|rr's
le||er |o leradac|'. J|edla| ( ) - . z1z|||
0||er 3|ud|es or Far||es| lr|s| l||era|ure
8|sc|oll, 8., `werdepur||e |r der 0esc||c||e der |a|e|r|sc|er Fxegese |r
lru|r|||e|a||er'. 3F ( ) - , rev|sed ed|||or |r 8|sc|oll, 8., o1|18z;
||||e|a||er||c|e
3|ud|erl. Aulsa|ze zur 3c|r|l||urde urd l||era|urgesc||c||e. 3|u||gar| , 1oo
- zoz;. Frg. |rars|. oy Co|r 0'0rady. |. |cNarara, ed., 8|o||ca| 3|ud|es. T|e
|ed|eva| lr|s| Cor|r|ou||or, ed. 0uo||r , - . 1;o;1oo
. `l| rorac|es|ro |r|ardese re| suo| rappor|| co| cor||rer|e'. ||||e|a||. 3|.l,
Ausa|ze zur 3c|r|l||urde urd l||era|urgesc||c||e. 3|u||gar| . 1oo
Ca||||, |., `T| e lsa|r C||a||ors |r ar Far|y Correr|ary or |ar|'. b8er 1o1
( ) - . 11z;o;
Cocc|a, F., `la cu||ura |r|ardese precaro||rg|a. ||raco|o o r||o?'. 3||ed ( ) 81o;
- z;|zo.
Fspos||o, |., `T| e KroW|edge ol 0ree| |r lre|ard dur|rg ||e ||dd|e Ages'.
3|ud|es ( ) - , |. Fspos||o, la||r learr|rg |r |ed|eva| lre|ard, 111zoo8
ed. |. lap|dge. lordor , sec||or . 188
0orrar, |., `A Cr|||que ol 8|sc|oll 's T| eory ol lr|s| Fxeges|s. T| e Correr|ary
or 0eres|s |r |ur|c| C|r (werdepur||e )'. J|edla| ( ) - ooz z ;1;1;8
z.
lerrer, |., `0r ||e Far||es| lr|s| Acqua|r|arce W||| ls|dore ol 3ev|||e'. F. Jares,
ed., v|s|go|||c 3pa|r. 0xlord , - . 18oz|o
lap|dge, |. ard b., 3|arpe, A 8|o||ograp|y ol Ce|||c la||r l||era|ure - . |oo1zoo
0uo||r . 18
lapor|e, 0or J., `F|ude d'au||er||c||e des oeuvres a||r|ouees sa|r| Co|oroar
( | - )'. bev|ao ( ) - , ( ) - . zoo1 |11z8|o1o18
loWe, F. A., `Ar ured||ed lragrer| ol lr|s| Fxeges|s |r v|s|go|||c 3cr|p|'. Ce||
( ) - . 1oo|o
|c Na||y, b. F., ` TWo l|oerro-la||r Tex|s or ||e 0ospe|s'. Tr ( ) 11
- 8;|o1.
|cNarara, |., `l|oerro-la||r 8|o||ca| 3|ud|es'. lT| ( ) - . 1;z;|
la|r|c| ard Far|y lr|s| l||era|ure 1z
1zoF|ever lour||- ard l|l||-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
. `l|oerro-la||r 8|o||ca| 3|ud|es, l. Ar Adderdur'. lT| ( ) - . |o1;o|o;
. `lsa||er Tex| ard lsa||er 3|udy |r ||e Far|y lr|s| C|urc| (a.d. - )'. ooo1zoo
llA
C ( ) - . ;1;zzo
|a|asp|ra, F., `lr|arda'. 0lAC - . 181;z8
|os|er|, |., `Ce|||c, Arg|o 3axor or lrsu|ar? 3ore Cors|dera||or or 'lr|s|'
|aruscr|p| lroduc||or ard Cu||ura| lr|egra||or'. 0. Fde|, ed., lre|ard ard
Furope |r ||e Far|y ||dd|e Ages. 0uo||r , - . 1;z11
0'Cro|rr, 0., `A 3ever|| Cer|ury lr|s| Corpu|us lror ||e C|rc|e ol Curr|arus'.
llA , ( ) - . 8zz18z|oo
0'Ne|||, l., `T| e 0|d lr|s| Trea||se or ||e lsa||er ard l|s l|oerro-la||r
723
8ac|grourd'. Fr|u ( ) - . o1;1|8o|
la|r|er, K. 3., `0rar 8re|agra e lr|arda'. 0lAC - . 1o;;;
3|arpe, F., A lard||s| ol la||r wr||ers ol 0rea| 8r||a|r ard lre|ard oelore . 1|o
Turr|ou| . 1;
3|arc||lle, C., `Far|y 'lr|s|' 8|o||ca| Fxeges|s'. 3|la|r , Tu ( ) - . ; 111;o1;o
TWer||e|| cer|ury sc|o|ars||p or ear|y lr|s| exeges|s erded W||| a ooros|e||
|r ||e pages ol ||e ||g||y respec|ao|e bevue 8ered|c||re. ||c|ae| 0orrar's
cr|||ca| rev|eW ol W|a| |e ca||ed `T| e |y|| ol l|oerro-la||r Fxeges|s,'
b8er ( ) - . lr relererce |o `la cu||ura |r|ardese precaro||rg|a. 11ozooo|z8
||raco|o o r||o?'. 3||ed ( ) - , oy Fdrordo Cocc|a, ard |r ||re 81o;z;|zo
W||| ||s lorrer ar||c|e `A Cr|||que ol 8|sc|oll 's T| eory ol lr|s| Fxeges|s. T| e
Correr|ary or 0eres|s |r |ur|c| C|r (werdepur||e )'. J|edla| ooz z ;
( ) - , ||e lr|s| 0orrar oeg|rs ||s ar||c|e |r b8erW||| a vo||ey ol 1;1;8z
ooserva||ors. `very leW ol ||e ||ers ||s|ed oy 8|sc|ollare lourd corp|e|e |r
a raruscr|p| W||c| car W||| cer|a|r|y oe a||r|ou|ed |o lre|ard, ard ||e rary
aroryrous ||ers do ro| preser| ary ev|derce ol lr|s| or|g|r |r a ruo|c or
co|op|or' ( ), `||ere |s ro ev|derce ||a| ary Wor| ||s|ed |r 'werdepur||e' |8
Was crea|ed as ar or|g|ra| o|o||ca| correr|ary |r lre|ard dur|rg ||e per|od urder
ques||or ( - )' ( ), `||e var|ous aroryrous correr|ar|es ooo8oo |
||s|ed |r 'werdepur||e' do ro| seer |o |ave exer|ed ary |rl| uerce or |a|er
exege||ca| Wor|' ( ). o
Al|er c|ear|rg ||e grourd, 0orrar ||er preser|s a s|ra|egy lor lu|ure
s|ud|es ol l|oerro-la||r exeges|s. `lor a|| ||ese reasors, || seers |o re ||a|
||e ||re |as core lor a rora|or|ur or produc|rg ca|a|ogues ol l|oerrola||r
exege||ca| Wor|s. lrs|ead, sc|o|ars |r|eres|ed |r |||s proo|er s|ou|d
corcer|ra|e or |rarscr|o|rg ||e var|ous urpuo||s|ed Wor|s 8|sc|oll||s|ed |r
1|so ||ey car oe read ard ara|yzed ard ||e va||d||y ol 8|sc|oll 's descr|p||or
car oe ver|l|ed. . . . l douo| ||a| || |s Wor||W|||e |o crea|e geru|re cr|||ca|
ed|||ors ol a|| ol ||er. l| seers |o re rore |rpor|ar| |o |ave |rarscr|p||ors
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| ol a|| ol ||ese Wor|s ava||ao|e or 1z;
||e wor|d w|de weo a| ro cos| |o readers
as soor as poss|o|e' ( ). 1
lr o||er Words, lor ||e s|udy ol ear|y lr|s| |||era|ure, as lor rary o||er
areas ol pa|r|s||c exeges|s, ||e e|ec|ror|c age ray We|| oper reW perspec||ves
W||c| reduce |o s|eer docurer|ary va|ue ||e resu||s ol cer|a|r |rerds
ol |Wer||e|| cer|ury researc|. 0orrar erds ||s cor|r|ou||or |r b8erW|||
a s|arp ard |||ur|ra||rg `upda|ed 8|o||ograp|y or ||e l|ers l|s|ed |r
'werdepur||e'' ( - ), W||c| cas|s a pere|ra||rg ||g|| or ||e erud||e 8
|rlorra||or |r ||e preser| sec||or ol |||s lardooo|.
la|r|c| ard Far|y lr|s| l||era|ure 1z;
v| A|p|aoe||ca| l|s| ol lr|rc|pa| Au||ors & Aroryrous wor|s 0|scussed
T||s page |r|er||ora||y|el|o|ar|
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| 1z
ClAlTFb TwFlvF
3lXTl- AN0 3FvFNTl-CFNTub
lATlN Clbl3TlAN llTFbATubF
cor|er|s
l. Av||us 1301
ll. Fug|pp|us 1303
lll. lu|ger||us ol buspe 1305
lv. Ara|or 1307
v. Caesar|us ol Ar|es 1310
vl. Fuseo|us 0a|||carus 1314
vll. verecurdus ol Jurca 131o
vlll. 0|orys|us Fx|guus 1317
lX. 8oe|||us 1318
X. 8ered|c| ol Nurs|a 1320
Xl. v|c|or ol Capua 1324
Xll. lr|ras|us ol ladrure|ur 1325
Xlll. lur|||us Alr|carus 132o
Xlv. Cass|odorus 1327
1z
1ooTWe|ve 3|x||- ard 3ever||-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
Xv. 0regory ||e 0rea| 133o
oy 3|ep|ar C. Kess|er, 3.J.
Xvl. 0regory ol Agr|ger|ur 13o9
Xvll. ls|dore ol 3ev|||e 1370
Xvlll. l|delorsus ol To|edo 1375
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| l 1o1
AvlTu3 450CA. 518
8y o|r||, A|c|rus Fcd|c|us Av||us oe|orged |o ||e 0a||o-borar ar|s|ocracy
ol sera|or|a| rar| |r Auvergre. Arorg ||s re|a||ves Were ||e wes|err
Frperor Fparc||us Av||us, W|o ru|ed lror |o , ard ||e poe| | |o
3|dor|us Apo|||rar|s. lo||oW|rg ||s la||er, Av||us oecare o|s|op ol v|erre,
724
||e re|ropo||s ol 0au| |r , ard succeeded |r corver||rg ||e 8urgurd|ar |o
||rg 3|g|srurd lror Ar|ar|sr |o ||e Ca||o||c la|||. w||| s|x|y-s|x le||ers,
||s |||erary |egacy |rc|udes ||e apo|oge||c 0|a|og| cur 0urdorado rege, ||e
la||er ol 3|g|srurd W|or |e |ad |r|ed |r va|r |o corver| as We||, |||r|ylour
lor|||es, ol W||c| or|y ||ree are |rarsr|||ed |r lu||. T| e ep|c Wor|
0e sp|r||ua||s ||s|or|ae ges||s|s Wr|||er |r l| ve ooo|s, da||rg lror . T| |s o;
o|o||ca| ep|c ol |exare|ers descr|oes Crea||or, la|| (||e ||ere ol larad|se zz
los|) ard Judgrer|, lo||oWed oy ||e l|ood ard ||e Cross|rg ol ||e bed
3ea. lr a rel|red s|y|e, prec|ous ard v|rg|||ar, Av||us |r||a|es ||e c|ass|cs
as We|| as ||s cor|erporary, 3|dor|us Apo|||rar|s. 8oo| v W||resses |o ar
e|egar| ard l|re|y Wroug|| psyc|o|og|ca| sers|||v||y. l| ollers `ar exce||er|
c|o|ce ol exarp|es |||us|ra||rg ||e ||s|ory ol a |||erary decaderce' (laor|o||e,
ool.).
Fd|||ors
ll . 3upp|. .
lecque|-No||, N.. 3C ( ), 0e sp|r||a||s ||s|or|ae ges||s. |||1
le|per, b.. |0l. AA | , - . oz1z|
3|ud|es
Cos|arza, 3., Av|||ara, l. l rode||| ep|c| de| 'de sp|r||a||s ||s|or|ae ges||s.' . 1o8
0eproos|, l., `le pore 0e d||uv|o rurd|d'Av||us'. JAC ( ) - . |11881o|
F||ers, w., `8|oe|szerer |r ep|sc|er 0es|a||. F|r 8e||rag zu A|||rus Av||us'.
vC
( ) - . 18o
Fvars, J. |., larad|se los| ard ||e 0eres|s Trad|||or. 0xlord . 1o8
0oe|zer, l., ard |ey, A., le la||r de 3a|r| Av||, lar|s ( ). 1o
Kasper, C.. lACl rd ed. , - . z 18o
K|r|corre||, w., `Av||us's Fp|c or ||e la||'. lTl ( ) - . 1|;zzz|z
laor|o||e, l. de, l|s|o|re de |a ||||era|ure |a||re c|re||erre. lar|s , - . 1zooo1
|c0oroug|, C. J., `No|es or ||e Tex| ol Av||us'. vC ( ) - . 1811;o;
1ozTWe|ve 3|x||- ard 3ever||-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
Nodes, 0. J., `Av||us ol v|erre's 3p|r||ua| l|s|ory ard ||e 3er|-le|ag|ar
Cor|roversy. T| e 0oc|r|ra| lrp||ca||ors ol 8oo|s l-lll'. vC ( ). - . 818|18
. `lur||er No|es or ||e Tex| ol Av||us'. vC ( ). - . 18;81
. `3uo||ar|a paer||er||a|r le||ers ol laus|us ard Av||us'. bTA| ( ). 188
- o|1.
. `Av||us ard a l|l||-Cer|ury 3|a|erer| ol la|||'. JFC3 ( ). - . z1|;11
la|arque, J.-b., `Av|| (sa|r|)'. 0l0F ( ). - . 111zo1zo8
booer|s, |., Fp|c ard b|e|or|ca| larap|rase. l|verpoo| . 18
borcoror|, A., `l'ep|ca o|o||ca d| Av||o'. ve|C|r ( ). - . 1;zoz
3|rrore|||, |., `Av||o d| v|erre'. 0lACl ( ). - . 18|oo
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| ll 1o
Fu0llllu3 4o5|4o7CA.533
lrooao|y ol borar oac|grourd, Fug|pp|us er|ered ||e roras|ery ol 3ever|rus
ol Nor|cur, rex| |o ||e 0aruoe b|ver. 8aroar|ar |rvas|ors drove ||r,
|oge||er W||| ||s W|o|e corrur||y, |o sou||err l|a|y W|ere |e oecare
||e aooo| ol a roras|ery rear Nap|es urder ||e por||l|ca|e ol 0e|as|us l
( - ). l|s re|a||ors||p W||| 0|orys|us Fx|guus, W|o ded|ca|ed |o ||r |z|o
||s |rars|a||or ol 0regory ol Nyssa's 0e s|a|u |or|r|s, ard W||| lu|ger||us
ol buspe, Cass|odorus, lasc|as|us, ard lrooa, pos|||or ||r as a sp|r||ua|
ard |r|e||ec|ua| |eader, c|ose |o ||e borar ar|s|ocracy W||c| lavoured ||e
8yzar||re po||||cs ol ||e ||re. l|s Correrora|or|ur v||ae sarc|| 3ever|r|
s|resses ||e o|o||ca| |rsp|ra||or ol 3ever|rus lac|rg ||e drara||c des|ruc||or
ol ||e borar prov|rce ol Nor|cur. le Wro|e ||s s|gr|l|car| accour| |r ||e
ar|-prose ol |a|e Ar||qu||y W||| r|y||r|c c|ausu|aeard C|r|s||ar s|rp||c||y.
Al|er , |e produced a corp||a||or ol Fxcerp|a ex oper|ous sarc|| Augus||r|, 11
ded|ca|ed |o lrooa.
Fd|||ors
Kro||, l.. C3Fl , ( ), Fxcerp|a, , ( = ), v||a 3ever|r|. 1188 z188o 1o;
|orrser, T|., Fxcerp|a. 8er||r = . 188 1;8
No||, b., 8er||r = . 1o 181
Nuss|e|r, T., 3|u||gar| . 18o
begera|, l.. 3C ( ). ;|11
3auppe, l., 8er||r = . 18;; 1o1
Trars|a||ors
Frg||s|
8|e|er, l. - l. Kres|ar. laC| . was||rg|or . 1o
lrerc|
begera|. aoove.
0errar
No||, b., Fug|pp|us. 0as leoer des ||. 3ever|r. 8er||r . 1o
1o|TWe|ve 3|x||- ard 3ever||-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
3|ud|es
8re||rarr, 8.. lACl rd ed. ( ) l. z 1zo;
725
0|esrer, l. J., `3ever|rus urd Fug|pp|us'. K|rc|e urd 3|aa| |r spa|ror|sc|er
be|c|.
8er||r , - . 1o|1o;
uacquare|||, A., `la v||a sarc|| 3ever|r|de Fug|pp|o. e|ope|a e ser|erze'. ve|
C|r 1
( ) - (corcerr|rg ||e |||erary gerre ol ||e v||a). 1;ozz
uy|larg|e, |. var, `F|erer|s evarge||ques dars |a s|ruc|ure e| |a corpos|||or de
|a
'v|e de sa|r| 3ever|r' d'Fug|pp|us'. 3F ( - ) - . z11;z;1|;8
. `la 8|o|e dars |a 'v|e de 3a|r| 3ever|r' d'Fug|pp|us.' la|orus | ( ). z1;|
- z|z.
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| lll 1o
lul0FNTlu3 0l bu3lF 47o-532
8orr |r 8yzcera (roderr Tur|s|a) |r|o a sera|or|a| lar||y ol Car||age urder ||e
varda| occupa||or, lu|ger||us oecare a |ax-co||ec|or W||| a good
|roW|edge ol 0ree|. lav|rg read Augus||re's Frarra||o |r ls. , |e c|ose o
|o er|er a roras|ery. le erjoyed ||e Wor|s ol Cass|ar ard ||e Wr|||rgs ol
||e 0eser| la||ers W||| spec|a| devo||or. lr , |e Was e|ec|ed o|s|op ol oo
buspe, or|y |o oe ex||ed |o 3ard|r|a, W|ere |e served as a ||eo|og|ca| adv|sor
arorg ||s le||oW o|s|ops, a|so ex||ed ca. oy ||e varda| adr|r|s|ra||or ol 1
K|rg T|rasarord. T| rasarord ca||ed ||r oac| |o Car||age lor a ||eo|og|ca|
deoa|e, W||c| |urred |o lu|ger||us's advar|age. A| orce, ||e o|s|op Was
c|ased aWay aga|r. le rera|red |r 3ard|r|a ur||| T| rasarord's dea|| |r
z. lr a roras|ery rear Cag||ar|, ou||| oy ||r ard sore lor|y o||er ror|s,
|e erjoyed rore ||ar ary|||rg e|se d|scuss|rg d|ll|cu|| ques||ors ol o|o||ca|
exeges|s. T| e |a|e par| ol ||s ||le Was ded|ca|ed |o ||e c|urc| |r buspe.
lu|ger||us Wro|e |Wo ra|r Wor|s. 0|c|a reg|s Trasarurd| e| cor|ra ea
respors|ores, or Cor|ra ar|aros, ard Ad T(|)rasarurdur reger(oo|| |r ll
o). Ar aroryrous ar||-Ar|ar lsa|rus aoecedar|us, |r||a||rg Augus||re's
lsa|rus cor|ra par|er 0ora||, ray a|so |ave lu|ger||us as ||s au||or. 0l ||e
ar||-Ar|ar 8oo|s Cor|ra lao|arurex|ers|ve lragrer|s surv|ve. lor a p||r|r
er rou|e |o Jerusa|er, lu|ger||us corposed a |ardooo| 0e l|de seu de regu|a
l|de| ad le|ruraga|rs| a|| |eres|es, W||c| Was |o serve as ar arces|or lor
red|eva| co||ec||ors ol `3er|erces.' A|ros| a|| ||s cap||u|aex||o|| rurerous
quo|a||ors ard relererces |||us|ra||rg ||e o|o||ca| lourda||or ol c|ass|ca| or||odoxy
|r ||e C|r|s||ar wes|. 3ore |e||ers ard serrors add |o ||e
|||erary |egacy ol lu|ger||us. berar|ao|e lor ||s c|ass|ca| c|ar||y, ||e Alr|car
o|s|op's ||oug|| expresses a s|r|c| l|de|||y |o Augus||r|ar doc|r|re. 3ever
8oo|s aga|rs| laus|us ol b|ez are |os|. lu|ger||us's l|rr grasp ol ||eo|og|ca|
|ssues, ar||cu|a|ed |r a s|y|e ol derse asser||ors, expressed ||s lar|||ar||y W|||
scr|p|ure, lau||re relererces preva|||rg |r ||s ar||-Ar|ar Wr|||rgs.
Fd|||ors
ll . o
lra|por|, J.. CCl - A ( ). 11 1o8
1ooTWe|ve 3|x||- ard 3ever||-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
Trars|a||ors
0errar
Koze||a, l.. 8Kv, rd ser|es, . |ur|c| . z 1|
3|ud|es
Co|||rs, b. J. l.. TbF ( ) - . 1118;zz;
0|esrer, l. J., lu|ger||us a|s T| eo|oge urd K|rc|erpo|||||er. 3|uggar| . 1oo
lso|a, A., `3u||a s|ru||ura de| serrores d| 3. lu|gerz|o'. uaderr| de||' ls|||u|o d|
l|rgua e| le||era|ura |a||ra - ( - ) - . z18o181;|;
Jourjor, |.. 03p ( ) - . 1oz1o1z1
larg|o|s, l.. bAC ( ) - . 81;zozo1
lerar|e, J., `ur serror |red|| sur || . - de |'eco|e de lu|gerce de buspe.' 1o11
bFAug ( ). - . 181;z11oz
|cC|ure, J., `lardooo|s Aga|rs| leresy |r ||e wes|, lror ||e la|e lour|| |o ||e
la|e 3|x|| Cer|ur|es'. JT| 3r.s. ( ) - . o1;18o;
|apWar, 8., la po|er|que ar||-ar|erre de 3|. lu|gerce er Alr|que du Nord (v
e
-vl
e
s|c|es). bore . 188
lardo, F. C., `0|rers|or sacr|l|c|a| de |a ruer|e de Cr|s|o er |os escr||os de 3ar
lu|gerc|o de buspe.' FF | - ( ). - . |;18z81;z|8
3c|arz, C., C. los|us, 0. Kruger, 0esc||c||e der ror|sc|er l||era|ur. | . |z
|ur|c|
1, - . ;81
3c|re|der, l.. lACl rd ed ( ) - . z 1z|1||
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| lv 1o;
AbAT0b llb3T lAll oTl C.
8orr |r l|gur|a, Ara|or Was educa|ed |r |||ar urder ||e d|rec||or ol ||e
726
larous poe| Frrod|us. le s|ud|ed |aW ard er|ered ||e career ol a c|v|| servar| a|
||e cour| ol ||e 0o||s |r baverra. 3||l||rg over |r|o c|er|ca| s|a|us
urder ||e por||l|ca|e ol v|r|||us, |e Was orda|red a suo-deacor. le Wro|e
ar ep|c parap|rase, 0e ac||ous apos|o|orur, |r |Wo ooo|s ol , ard , 1o;o 1zo
|exare|ers, rerar|ao|e lor ||s c|ass|ca| vocaou|ary ard ||s e|aoora|e
|r|erpre|a||ors, |r par||cu|ar aoou| rurero|og|ca| syroo||sr (l. Kral|).
8oo| l correr|s or Ac|s - , lror ||e Ascers|or |o le|er's roc|urra| 11z
escape lror pr|sor. 8oo| ll lo||oWs ||e rarra||ves lror Ac|s |o . Fvery 1 z8
|||r|y ol lor|y verses, a s|or| surrary |r prose ol ore or |Wo ser|erces
s|gra|s ||e par| ol ||e 8oo| ol Ac|s W||c| |s |o oe vers|l|ed. T| e verses
||erse|ves s|oW lror oeg|rr|rg |o erd ||e au||or's lar|||ar||y W||| v|rg||, 0v|d,
ard 3a|a||us, ard a|so W||| ||e W|o|e |rad|||or ol C|r|s||ar la||r poe|ry.
lr|erspersed W||| exc|ara||ors (Nova porpa |r|urp||!l , W||| relererce |
|o ||e Ascers|or, 0 quar|ur d|s|ar| |urara superr|s|lud|c||s!l - , 1o81o
0 gra||a quar|ur||rprov|sa para|!ll - , 0 sacer e| le||x rurer| rodus! 11o
ll ), ard re|evar| |r|erroga||ors (u|d ror creder||ous oller||lrduo||a|a ozo
l|des?l - ), ||e parap|rase |a|es or a ||ve|y ard er|er|a|r|rg |ore oy z
W||c| ||e |ex| ol Ac|s |s la|||lu||y ard |r a|| cardor accoroda|ed |o ||e |as|e
ol Ara|or's cu|||va|ed readers||p.
T| eo|og|ca| ||eres ol ||e pa|r|s||c |rad|||or surlace |ere ard ||ere |r
s|or| a||us|ors. C|r|s|us pos|, rys||cus Adar, `la|er, C|r|s|, ||e rys||c Adar,'
l . T| e o| secures a re|evar| oac|grourd lor drara||c sceres. sed cur 1o8
v|g||are| |r |||o|uae resc|| dorr|re l|de, |oc Car||ca c|arar|. '0orr|o corde
v|g||', `ou|, as la||| W||c| |roWrs ol ro s|eep Was aWa|e |r ||r, ||e Car||c|es
proc|a|r. 'l s|eep ou| ry |ear| |eeps aWa|e' (3g . ),' l - , see a|so z 1ozz;
ll - . we||-|roWr |errereu||ca| ca|egor|es err|c| rurera| syroo||sr. u| 1o;
car|| ecc|es|ae |r|a dogra|a saep|us ed|||l|s|or|cur, rora|e sorars,
|yp|curque vo|urer.|3|c e|er|r |erras cap|ur| sex vasa re|re|as.|uae ve|er|
de |ege rovo ruouere ||quore,`T| e ore [lau|| W|o s|rgs ||e ||ree oe||els
ol ||e c|urc|, ol|er dec|ares ||e 8oo| ||s|or|ca|, W||| a rora| sourd|rg,
ard |ypo|og|ca|. lor ||us ||e s|x vases cor|a|r ||ree reasures ol o| dr|r|
ruo|ed oy r|' ll - . T| e ed||or ol C3Fl adds very |r|eres||rg |rdexes 8o
`ra||or|s |yp|cae,' ||g|||g|||rg ||e p|ay ol cor|ras||rg ||g|| ard s|ade |r
Ara|or's |rag|ra||ve poe|ry ( - ), ||s agr|cu||ura| re|ap|ors ( - ), 1818z 18z8
||s so-ca||ed `rys||c l|gures' l|||ed W||| |rad|||ora| |ypo|ogy ( - ), ard ||s 188
1o8TWe|ve 3|x||- ard 3ever||-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
syroo||c rurero|ogy ( - ). lr ||e scr|p|ura| |rdex ||e relererces |o ||e 18o
Jo|arr|re Apoca|ypse ou|ruroer ||ose |o |a|||eW ard Jo|r. Arorg ||e
ecc|es|as||ca| au||ors 3edu||us, W||| ||s Carrer pasc|a|e, dor|ra|es, W|ereas
arorg ||e c|ass|ca| au||ors v|rg|| rera|rs ||e ros| quo|ed or a||uded |o. l|
|s ro| surpr|s|rg ||a| Ara|or oecare ore ol ||e ros| apprec|a|ed C|r|s||ar
poe|s |r red|eva| |urar|||es.
Fd|||ors
ll . o8
Frrod|us, Fp|s|u|ae , , , , , , 0|c||ores , , , prael., Carr|ra 8|111 1118zz
z, , , Cass|odorus, var |ae , . 1o11| 81z
|cK|r|ey, A.. C3Fl ( ), rev|eW oy J. 3c|W|rd, Ara|or 3|ud|er. 0o|||rger ;z11
. 1o
booer|s, J. l. lll, J. F. |a|oWs||, ard b. J. 3c|rader, eds. ard |rars|., Ara|or's
0e ac||ous Apos|o|orur. A||ar|a . 188
Trars|a||ors
Frg||s|
booer|s. aoove, |r reed ol rev|s|or.
3|ud|es
0eproos|, l. A., `la ror| de Judas dars |'l|s|or|a apos|o||cad'Ara|or (l, - )'. 81oz
bFA ( ) - . 181o
. l'Apo|re l|erre dars ure epopee du vl
e
s|c|e. l'l|s|or|a Apos|o||ca d'Ara|or. lar|s
1o.
0eproos|, l. A. ard J.-C. lae|eWyc|, `le |ex|e o|o||que des Ac|es e| |'au||er||c||e
des sorra|res er prose dars |'l|s|or|a apos|o||cad'Ara|or'. b. 0rysor, ed.
l|||o|og|a 3acra, ls. l. J. lrede ard w. T| |e|e. lre|ourg , vo|. , - . 1 z8oo|
l||||er, b., Ara|or or ||e Ac|s ol ||e Apos||es. A 8ap||sra| Correr|ary. 0xlord
1.
0ror, A. l., F|r aroryrer Ara|or|orrer|ar|r ls. lordor boya| |s. A. v. 1
Fd|||o pr|rceps, Te|| l (Ara|or, Ad l|or|arur l|s|or|a apos|o||ca , ). 1 11|
|eror|a| 0e||ers. leuver - , - (ex|erded o|o||ograp|y ard 1811;1
ed|||or).
3c|rader, b. J., `Ara|or. be-eva|ua||or'. C|ass|ca| lo||a ( ) - . 11;;o|;;
3c|W|rd, J., Ara|or-3|ud|er. 0o|||rger . 1o
. `0r|geres urd Ara|or'. bFAug ( ) - . |1111z
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| . 3prac|||c|e urd exege||sc|e 1o
8eooac||urger zu Ara|or. |a|rz . 1
727
. lACl rd ed. , l. z 1|8
T|raede, K., `Ara|or'. JAC ( ) - . bAC, 3upp|-l|el. ( ) - . |1o118;o |18o;
wasz|r|,J. l., `No|es or ||e lr|erpre|a||or ol Ara|or'. vC ( ) - . 81|8;z
Ara|or 1o
11oTWe|ve 3|x||- ard 3ever||-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
v
CAF3Ablu3 0l AblF3 4o9|470-542
Al|er a s|or|-||ved erer|||c exper|rer| a| ler|rs, Caesar|us se|||ed |r Ar|es
W|ere |e oecare a pr|es|, ||er ||e aooo| ol a roras||c corrur||y. Corsecra|ed
o|s|op ol Ar|es s|or||y oelore C|r|s|ras , |e raraged, urder oz
||e 0o|||c ru|ers, |o ra|r|a|r c|ose re|a||ors W||| ||e o|s|ops ol bore, |r
par||cu|ar lope 3yrrac|us. l|s pas|ora| ac||v||y erood|ed ||e relorr|rg
|dea|s ol ler|rs, W|||e ||s ||eo|ogy Was s|r|c||y Augus||r|ar. l|s ora|or|ca|
accorp||s|rer| corrur|ca|ed a v|s|or ol soc|e|y oased or a c|r|s||ar|zed
3|o|c|sr |r|er||ed lror C|rysos|or ard o||er pa|r|s||c au||or|||es.
Caesar|us rade || ||s cus|or |o |r|erpre| 3cr|p|ure |r ar urpre|er||ous
s|y|e. `l| Was '|oW|y speec|,' a |rue serro |ur|||s, ol| er rode||ed or ||e 8|o|e
W||| ||e prorurc|a||or, rorp|o|ogy, ard d|c||or ol ||e verracu|ar la||r
spo|er oy ||s aud|erce. Caesar|us prelerred 'ord|rary, everyday, rus||c speec|'
(serro , , , , , ) |o ||e 'e|egar| ard |uxur|ar| Wor|d|y e|oquerce' 1zo8o111|z
(serro , ) ||a| o|s|ops |||e 3|dor|us ard Av||us erp|oyed oecause |e 1zo
oe||eved ||a| || cou|d oe urders|ood oy ||e W|o|e corgrega||or W|ereas
||e |a||er cou|d oe apprec|a|ed oy or|y a leW cu|||va|ed persors (serro , 1
zo)' (K||rgs||rr, ). 1|8
T| a| s|ra|egy gave Caesar|us ||e poss|o|||y ol popu|ar|z|rg a Wea||| ol
sp|r||ua| va|ues des||red |o corso||da|e ||e corrur||y ||le ol ||s par|s||orers. l|
a|so a||oWed ||r |o reWr||e lor peasar| aud|erces sop||s||ca|ed
serrors oorroWed lror Arorose, Jerore, Augus||re, ard o||ers. T| e
co||ec||ors ol Caesar|us's serrors, l|rr|y secured |r ||e |ard-Wr|||er |rad|||ors
oy
rurerous W||resses lror ||e ear|y e|g||| cer|ury or, Were |r|||a||y arrarged
oy Caesar|us ||rse|l lo||oW|rg ||e exarp|e ol Augus||re. Arorg ||er
l|gure a Co||ec||o o|o||ca de rys|er||s ve|er|s Tes|arer||, cour||rg |Wer|yr|re
serrors ard a Co||ec||o o|o||ca a||era de rys|er||s ve|er|s Tes|arer||,
cour||rg l|l|y o||er serrors.
0or |or|r's ed|||or `ll 3errores de 3cr|p|ura' |rc|udes serrors - 8118o
(pp. - ). ||e l|rs| l|l|eer dea| W||| ||e s|or|es ol ||e la|r|arc|s, a |||rd ol 1;1
||er ded|ca|ed |o Josep|, ||e rex| |Wer|y-ore serrors correr| or Fxodus,
lev|||cus (or|y ore serror), ard 0eu|rorory. T| |s rears ||a| serrores
- 8111locus or ||e ler|a|euc|. 3erro , dea||rg W||| Fx . - , . - , 1oo ;1zzo
|s oorroWed lror Augus||re, serrores , or Nur . - , ard , or 11o 1o; 11
Nur , are |a|er over lror Jerore. T| e 8oo|s ol Jos|ua, Judges, 3arue| zz
ard K|rgs prov|de ||e read|rgs or W||c| Caerar|us preac|es |r serrores
- 11|1o. Aga|r Augus||re prov|des ||e suos|arce ol serrores (or 118
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| Judges - ard ), (or 111 11| 1o1z1 1
3ar , 0av|d ard 0o||a||), (or 3ar 1; 1zz z
z|. - ), (or Kgs . - ), (or Kgs . - ), ard Arorose 1o181z 1 1oz81z| 1 1;11
prov|des serro or Jgs . - . T| |r|eer o||er serrors dea| W||| ||e 11; o111
o|. serro ard ||e l|rs| |a|l ol , or Joo, (secord par|)- , or 11 1z 1z 1;
lsa|rs, - , or lroveros, (lror Augus||re) ard or Fcc|es|as|es, 181 1|o 1|1
1|z(or|y!) or ls . , ard , or Jora|. z 1|
T| e r| |s |r|erpre|ed |r lor|y-s|x serrors ( - , add A, A, 1||18o 18 1oo
1oo8), ol W||c| s|x|eer dea| W||| |a|||eW, or|y ore locus|rg or |ar|, a
propor||or|rg s|r||ar |o W|a| car oe ro|ed |r le|er ol baverra. N|re serrors
( - , add A ard 8) correr| or passages lror lu|e, r|re 1oo1oo 1oo
o||ers ( - ) or Jo|r. 0r|y ore ( ), oorroWed lror Augus||re, dea|s 1o;1; 1;o
W||| Ac|s ( . - ). F|g|| rore ( - ) exp|a|r lau||re le||ers, ||ree ol 1o1 1;;18|
||er ( , , ) der|v|rg lror Augus||re. T| e |as| |Wo serrors ol ||e 1;;1;z18
o|o||ca| ser|es ( - ) locus or Jo|r, ||e o||er apos|o||c |e||ers ol ||e 1818o 1
r| ard ||e ooo| ol beve|a||or oe|rg |grored.
T| e rex| sec||or, lll. 3errores de |erpore(pp. - ), s|ou|d a|so oe 11z;11z
|a|er |r|o cors|dera||or lor a rore corp|e|e survey ol Caesar|us's exege||ca|
preac||rg. lrdeed serrors de||vered lor Adver|, C|r|s|ras, ard Fp|p|ary
(serrores - ), ler| (serrores - ), Fas|er (serrores - ), 18;1 1ozoz zozoo
Ascers|or, Tr|r||y 3urday, ard ler|cos| (serrores - ), po|ar|ze ||e z1oz1
||s|erers' a||er||or or scr|p|ure, or rore prec|se|y, or ||e 0ospe| rarra||ors.
lr add|||or |o serrors er||re|y adap|ed lror ore or ||e o||er ol ||s
pres||g|ous predecessors, W|er corpos|rg ||s oWr serrors Caesar|us |eeps
c|ose |o ||e sources |e d|rec||y used, quo|ed, or |r||a|ed. l| Was ar esser||a| par|
ol ||s pedagogy as a o|o||ca| correr|a|or |o |e| ||s corgrega||or
|ear ||e vo|ces ol ||e `la||ers' lror ||e pu|p||. T| us |r a ||re ol severe|y
reduced |||eracy, ||s corgrega||or a| Ar|es oerel||ed lror Caesar|us's oWr
`pa|r|s||c' cu||ure, W||c| |e dreW upor W||| ||e so|e purpose ol correr||rg or
scr|p|ure.
728
lr ||e ser|es ol exege||ca| serrors or ||e o|, Caesar|us's co||ec||or W||resses a
cors|ar| recourse or 0r|ger lor expourd|rg ||e ler|a|euc|. 0r|ger's
lor|||es or 0eres|srera|red oper or ||e o|s|op's des|, W|er |e prepared
||s oWr serrors or ||e ooo| ol 0eres|s, ard ||e sare |s |rue lor Fxodus,
lev|||cus, ard Nuroers. 0r|y rare|y d|d |e ca|| upor o||er pa|r|s||c au||or|||es,
suc| as Jerore, Arorose, le|ag|us, Cypr|ar, or or cor|erporar|es |||e
3a|v|ar ol |arse|||es or ||e aroryrous au||or ol ||e 3yroo|ur a||aras|arur.
lr ||e corpos|||or ol ||e o||er o| serrors, ra|r|y or lsa|rs ard
w|sdor |||era|ure, Augus||re |a|es ||e |ead as a rode|. le s|ards oe||rd
ros| ol ||e serrors ol ||e r|, rep|aced or|y |r lour or l|ve cases oy Fuseo|us
0a|||carus. l| |s s|r|||rg |o ro|e |oW Caesar|us read Augus||re's serrors
Caesar|us ol Ar|es 111
11zTWe|ve 3|x||- ard 3ever||-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
|r ||e|r proper order lror serro , W|er corpos|rg ||s oWr serro 8 1|
|o serro , or ||e eve ol de||ver|rg ||s serro . Ar |r|errup||or ol ||e z11 18
recourse |o Augus||re's serrors Was occas|ored oy Caesar|us's |r|eres| |r
||e Augus||r|ar uaes||ores evarge||orur, W|er prepar|rg serrores , 1o1
1o, ard , ard |o ||s use ol ||e |or|||es ard lor ||e Fp|p|ary oy 1o z
||e rys|er|ous Fuseo|us 0a|||carus, W|er Wr|||rg serrores ard . 1o; 1o8
|or|r's arro|a||or |rd|ca|es ||e ra|r da|a ol ||e pa|r|s||c sources d|sp|ayed
oy Caesar|us |r ||s serrors.
0re car eas||y suoscr|oe |o a rerar| rade oy |. J. 0e|age aoou|
Caesar|us's oorroW|rgs lror pa|r|s||c au||ors ||roug|ou| ||s co||ec||or ol
serrors. `l|ra||y, |r ||s oorroW|rgs |||e |r o||er lea|ures ol ||s |||erary |egacy,
We ray perce|ve ||e sare rar|s ol ||s persora|||y. a s|rcer||y s|rorg eroug|
lor oe|rg ur|rouo|ed oy appeararces, ruc| rodes|y, |rue sers|o||||y, a grea|
a||er||or |o ||e reeds ard ||e ao|||||es ol ||s puo||c ard a cors|ar| corcerr
aoou| ell| cac||y' (3C , ). lr ||e lr|roduc||or |o |er ed|||or ol ||e 1;11o
`3errors au leup|e,' 0e|age ollers a oroad ara|ys|s ol Caesar|us's `la|r|s||c
3ources ard 8|o||ca| uo|a||ors' ( - ), W||| a cavea|s|||| accura|e s|rce |11;
1;1. `T| e Wor||rg re||od ol Caesar|us, ||s Way ol c|oos|rg ard |r|egra||rg
||s oorroW|rgs deserved a rore ex|ers|ve s|udy' ( ). 11o
Fd|||ors
CCl - ( ), 0. |or|r. 1o1o|1
Courreau, J.. 3C ( ), 3errors sur |'Fcr||ure (3errors - ). 0e|age, ||;zooo 811o
|. J.. 3C ( , o|o||ograp|y. ro| a s|rg|e ||||e or Caesar|us's use ol 1;1;1
scr|p|ure), ( ), ( ). z|1;8o18o
Trars|a||ors
lrerc|
Courreau, 0e|age. aoove.
3|ud|es
Cesreo de Ar|es. Correr|ar|o a| Apoca||ps|s. lr|roducc|or, |raduc|or y ro|as de
F. borero lose. 8|o||o|eca de la|r|s||ca . |adr|d. Fd||or|a| C|udad Nueva, zo
1|.
Courreau, J., ard 3. 8ouque|, Trars|a|ors. l'Apoca|ypse exp||quee par Cesa|re
d'Ar|es.
3c|o||es a||r|ouees 0r|gre. les lres dars |e lo|. lar|s. 0esc|ee de 8rouWer,
18.
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| le||c|, 3. `l'|r|egraz|ore |ra 11
eseges| e ca|ec|es| |r Cesar|o d| Ar|es.' lr Fseges| e ca|ec|es| re| ladr| (secc.
lv-vll). Corvegro d| s|ud|o e agg|orrarer|o, laco||d|
le||ere cr|s||are e c|ass|c|e (lor|. lrs|. A|||or|s la||r||a||s), bora - rarzo zz;
1, - . Fd||ed oy 3. le||c|. 83be| . bore. lA3, . 18; 11z 1|
lerre|ro, A. `lrequer|er |egere. T| e lropaga||or ol l||eracy, Fduca||or ard
0|v|re
w|sdor |r Caesar|us ol Ar|es'. JFl ( ) - . |1z1
0asparro, 0. 3. `Cesar|o d| Ar|es e 0r|gere. ur |es||rore de||a |rad|z|ore
or|ger|ara |r 0cc|der|e.' lr Aevur |r|er u|rurque ls. 0. 3arders (lrs|r. la|r,
), z
- 8. Fd||ed oy |. var uy|larg|e ard b. 0ereu|eraere. 3|eerorugge
(8e|g.). la laye, . 11
0r|lle, F. `l'|dea| pas|ora| se|or 3a|r| Cesa|re d'Ar|es'. 8lF ( ) - . 8118oo|
larggar|rer, 0. `0er Apo|a|ypse-Korrer|ar des Caesar|us vor Ar|es.' T0| ;
( ). - . 1o;z1oz
3larer| 0asparro, 0. `Cesar|o d| Ar|es e 0r|gere. ur |es||rore de||a |rad|z|ore
or|ger|ara |r 0cc|der|e.' lr Aevur |r|er u|rurque ls. 0. 3arders (lrs|r. la|r,
z), - . Fd||ed oy |. var uy|larg|e ard b. 0ereu|eraere. 3|eerorugge 8
(8e|g.). la laye, . 11
Caesar|us ol Ar|es 11
11|TWe|ve 3|x||- ard 3ever||-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
vl
Fu3F8lu3 0AlllCANu3 7Tl C.
A se| ol |or|||es or|g|ra||y co||ec|ed oy Caesar|us ol Ar|es, corp|e|ed W|||
serrors oy laus|us ol b|ez ard o||ers, Was corp||ed |r 0au| dur|rg ||e
729
sever|| cer|ury. T| e rare ol ||e corp||a|or |s ur|roWr. T| e Wor| c|rcu|a|ed
|r raruscr|p| |rad|||ors urder ||e rare ol lseudo-Fuseo|us Fres|rus
or Fuseo|us `0a|||carus.' l| preserves a |o|a| ol e|g||y-l|ve |or|||es da||rg
lror ||e |||rd |o ||e s|x|| cer|ury, lror Nova||ar (CCl Cl, lX), Cypr|ar ol
Car||age, Zero ol verora, Fuseo|us ol verce||, Arorose, Augus||re, l||ary
ol Ar|es, laus|us ol be|z, a `Fuseo|us A|exardr|rus,' ard o||ers. ll `Fuseo|us'
gave ||e rare |o ||e l|ra| corp||a||or, || |s oecause, |r ||e or|g|ra| co||ec||or,
Caesar|us ol Ar|es oorroWed ||s serrors de pasc|ara|r|y lror expos|||ors
|rarsr|||ed urder ||a| rare (l. 0|or|e, CCl , XXl). lr lac|, `Fuseo|us' 1o1
Was a la||r |rars|a||or ol a 0ree| co||ec||or ol |or|||es, da||rg lror ||e
erd ol ||e l|l|| or lror ||e s|x|| cer|ury (J. leroy - l. 0|or|e, - ). |o|;
3cr|p|ure |s addressed ard |r|erpre|ed |r ||e lo||oW|rg |or|||es.
l-ll 0e ra|a|e dor|re
lll 0e sarc|o 3|ep|aro pro|orar|yre
lv-vll 0e ep|p|ar|a dor|r| (lv. . . . e| de |rrocer||ous)
vlll 0e quadrages|ra
Xll-XXlll 0e pasc|a
XXlv 0e |a|rore oea|o
XXvl 0e paer||er||a N|r|v||arur
XXvll-XXvlll 0e ascers|ore dor|r|
XXlX 0e ler|cos|er
XXX-XXXl 0e sarc|o Jo|arre 8ap||s|a
XXXll 0e |ac|aoae|s
XXXlll lr ra|a|e apos|o|orur le|r| e| lau||
XXXlv 0e |r|r||a|e
Xlvl 0e v|dua `uae duo aera |r gazop|y|ac|ur r|s||' expec|ar|e dor|ro (|ar|
. , lu|e . ) 1z|z z1z
Xlvll lr ra|a|e ecc|es|ae, l
XllX lr ded|ca||ore ecc|es|ae
l 0e eo quod de dor|ro d|c||ur. `Arurd|rer quassa|ar
ror corlr|rge|'
|a|||eW . . 1zzo
lll 0e eo quod a|| `uo| duo ve| |res luer|r| corgrega|| |r
ror|re reo |o| sur e| ego |r red|o eorur' (|| . ) 18zo
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| llv 0e eo quod a|| `Fcce quar 11
oorur e| quar |ucurdur |ao||are
lra|res |r urur' ls . ) 1z1
llv 0e eo quod d|c|| |r evarge||o. `0por|e| serper orare e| ror
del|cere' (l| . ) 181
lXXlll 3erro cas||ga||or|s
CCl Cl8 3erro 3. Augus||r| (0e parasceve) 0e pass|ore dor|r|
8lor|||a Fuseo|| (Caesar|ers|s) 0e resurrec||ore dor|r| 0e |r|r||a|e
Fd|||ors
0|or|e, l.. CCl Cl ( ), ClA ( )-Cl8 ( ). 1;o 1;1 1;1
8|o||ograp|y. raruscr|p|s, ed|||ors, s|ud|es |r CCl Cl, x|v|-||.
Fuseo|us 0a|||carus 11
11oTWe|ve 3|x||- ard 3ever||-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
vll
vFbFCuN0u3 0l JuNCA 0. 552
8|s|op ol Jurca |r ||e Alr|car lrov|rce ol 8yzcera (||e sou||err par| ol
roderr Tur|s|a), Wro|e a correr|ary or ||e r|re Car||c|es lourd |r ||e
o|, Correr|ar|ur super car||ca ecc|es|s||ca ||or| rover(l||ra, 3p|c||eg|ur
3o|esrerse, lv, lar|s, , - ). ||e Car||c|e ol |oses |r Fxodus , 188111 11
||s lareWe|| Car||c|e, 0eu|erorory , ||e larer|a||or ol Jerer|a| over
||e des|ruc||or ol Jerusa|er, larer|a||ors , ||e Car||c|e ol laoa||u|,
laoa||u| , ||e prayer ol |arasse|, ||e prayer ol Jora| lror ||e oe||y ol
||e W|a|e, Jora| , ||e sorg ol 0eoora|, Judges . T| e pervas|ve a||egor|sr
|r ||e Wor| ol verecurdus does ro| exc|ude a lu|| recogr|||or ol ||e |||era|
serse. le |s ra|r|y corcerred |o l|rd uselu| app||ca||ors lor ||e sp|r||ua|
progress ol ||s readers.
Fd|||ors
ll3 , - . |z|
8|arco, N. 0., Carrer de paer||er||a. Nap|es . 18|
0ereu|eraere, b.. CCl ( ). 1;o
l||ra, J. 8., 3p|c||eg|ur 3o|esrerse. Correr|ar|| super car||ca ecc|es|as||ca.
lar|s . 188
3|ud|es
8|arco, |. 0., `verecurdo ur poe|a arcora |rasura|o'. Tardo|, v., 0|s|ec||
rerora
poe|ae. logg|a , - . 18|z1o1
8rou, l., `F|udes sur |es Co||ec|es du lsau||er'. 3F ( ) - . o1|;
|agazz, C., Tecr|ca esege||ca re| Correr|ar|| super car||ca d| verecurdo.
|ess|ra
18.
730
bousseau, 0., `la p|us arc|erre ||s|e des Car||ques'. b3b ( ) - . 1|81zoz
3c|re|der, l., 0|e a|||a|e|r|sc|er o|o||sc|er Car||ca. 8euror . 18
. `0|e o|o||sc|er 0der |r c|r|s|||c|er A||er|ur'. 8|o ( ) - . o1|z8o
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| vlll 11;
0l0N3lu3 FXl0uu3 llb3T lAll oTl C.
Cor|rg lror 3cy|||a (roderr 0oorudja or ||e Wes|err s|ore ol ||e 8|ac|
3ea), ||e |earred ror| 0|orys|us ||ved |r bore lror , |e d|ed |r bore |;
oe|Weer ard . Cass|odorus |reW ||r persora||y. A |ega| exper| |r ;
ecc|es|as||ca| ra||ers, |e served urder severa| popes as a ded|ca|ed suppor|er
ol borar pr|racy aoove Cors|ar||rop|e ard o||er c|urc|es. 8y co||ec||rg
ard sor||rg ou| papa| dec|s|ors, ||e `0ecre|a|es,' ard oy ||s la||r ed|||or
ol syroda| carors lror ||e 0ree| |rad|||ors, |e es|ao||s|ed a va|uao|e oas|s
lor ||e borar ecc|es|o|ogy ol lu|ure cer|ur|es. lerlec||y o|||rgua|, |e Was
eager |o |rars|a|e lror 0ree| |r|o la||r |ag|ograp||ca| sources ard p|||osop||ca|
Wor|s, suc| as 0regory ol Nyssa's 0e op|l|c|o |or|r|s, |o W||c| |e
Was cr|||ca|, ard dogra||c docurer|s suc| as |e||ers ol Cyr|| ol A|exardr|a,
or lroc|us ol Cors|ar||rop|e's Torus|o ||e Arr|r|ars, W||c| |e er|arced
W||| a quo|a||or lror Augus||re!
bequ|red |o so|ve ||e proo|er ol a poss|o|e d|screparcy oe|Weer ||e
da|e ol Fas|er |r bore ard |r A|exardr|a, 0|orys|us (W|o surrared
||rse|l `||e l||||e') Wor|ed ou| a |rea||se 0e lasc|a|eor ||e oas|s ol ||e
A|exardr|ar cyc|es ol r|re|eer years (loz||o), ou| |r rep|ac|rg ||e relererces
|o ||e re|gr ol 0|oc|e||ar oy a ||re-cour| lror `||e |rcarra||or ol our lord
Jesus C|r|s| (arro dor|r|),' |r W||c| |e rade a lour-|o-sever year error.
le d|scussed pr|rc|p|es ol sacred scr|p|ure (loz||o, Cu|||), ard |e |rvo|ed
||e a||eged au||or||y ol ||e Courc|| ol N|caea |r ||e ra||er. Al| er ||s dea||,
|| |oo| aoou| a cer|ury ur||| ||s de|err|ra||or ol ||e C|r|s||ar era oecare
gerera||y accep|ed.
Fd|||ors
ll , - , , - , - . o;zo;zz8zoo1o|
ll3 ( ) - . |1o;1;zz
3|ud|es
loz||o, v., `0|| |rord|ra|| c|rcu||re||a po|er|ca 0e lasc|a|ed| 0|or|g| e| l|cco|o'.
ve|C|r ( ) - . 1;zz||
. Cu||| e |deo|og|a po||||ca reg|| au|or| cr|s||ar|. 8ar| , - . 18;;;z
baroaud-8u|o|, J.. NCF ( ) - . |1o;8;;8
we|gard, b.. lACl rd ed., , - . z 11;|;8
118TWe|ve 3|x||- ard 3ever||-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
lX
80FTllu3 CA.480-524
Ar|c|us |ar||us 3ever|rus 8oe|||us Was oorr |r bore oe|Weer ard |;
|8o. l|s arces|ry Was C|r|s||ar s|rce ||e lour|| cer|ury. Fduca|ed |r la||r
ard 0ree| c|ass|cs, |r 8oe|||us a||a|red ||e |op pos|||or ol a c|v|| zz
servar| as rag|s|er oll|c|orur(||e equ|va|er| ol a lr|re ||r|s|er) a| ||e
cour| ol T| eoder|c. T| e v|c||r ol a po||||ca| p|o|, |e Was |or|ured |o dea||
|r 0c|ooer . lav|rg ded|ca|ed rary years ol ||s ||le |o ||e |rars|a||or z|
ol l|a|o ard Ar|s|o||e |r|o la||r, |e Wro|e ||s ras|erp|ece, ||e Corso|a||o
l|||osop||ae, W|er |rcarcera|ed. T| ese |||r|y-r|re expos|||ors |r prose,
a||erra||rg W||| |||r|y-r|re poe||c passages, represer| a d|a|ogue oe|Weer
8oe|||us ard persor|l|ed l|||osop|y. T| e Wor| |ac|s ary rer||or ol C|r|s|
or ary o|o||ca| relererce (ou| see |agee). l||e 8oe|||us's |ardooo|s ded|ca|ed
|o eac| d|sc|p||re ol ||e quadr|v|v|urar|||re||c, rus|c, geore|ry,
ard as|rorory||e Corso|a||oexerc|sed a dec|s|ve |rl|uerce or wes|err
|urar|sr ur||| ||e r|se ol |oderr||y.
8oe|||us corposed sore opuscu|a sacra(Cass|odorus corl|rrs ||e|r
au||er||cy. Arecdo|or lo|der|) or Tr|r||y ard re|ap|ys|cs, Aga|rs| Fu|yc|er
ard Nes|or|us, ard var|ous correr|ar|es or ||eo|og|ca| del| r|||ors ol ||e
|urar persor, ol ra|ure |r gerera|, ard e|err||y. l|s cor|r|ou||or |o ||e
||s|ory ol o|o||ca| exeges|s rera|rs very ||r||ed ard per|p|era|.
Fd|||ors
ll - . oo|
8|e|er, l.. CCl ( ). Corso|a||o l|||osop||ae. |1;
8rard|, 3.. C3Fl ( ). |81oo
0puscu|a sacra.
F|sasser, |.. larourg . 188
le|per, b.. lordor . 18;1
3|eWar|, l. l. ard F. K. bard. lordor - NeW or| , , . 1181zo1;
Trars|a||ors
Frg||s|
3|eWar|. aoove.
0errar
F|sasser. aoove.
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| 3|ud|es 11
8a|xau||, |. l., la s|r|es|s |eo|og|ca de 3ever|ro 8oec|o. larp|ora . 11
731
8ar|, w., `8oe|||us's lour|| Trac|a|e, ||e so-ca||ed 0e l|de ca||o||ca'. lT|b
( ) - . 1|oo
C|adW|c|, l., `T| e Au||er||c||y ol 8oe|||us's lour|| Trac|a|e 0e l|de ca||o||ca'.
JT| 3r.s. ( ) - . 118o1o
. T| e Corso|a||ors ol |us|c, log|c, T| eo|ogy, ard l|||osop|y. 0xlord . 181
Cooper, l., A Corcordarce ol 8oe|||us. T| e l|ve T| eo|og|ca| Trac|a|es ard ||e
Corso|a||or ol l|||osop|y. Caror|dge . 1z8
0|osor, |., ed., 8oe|||us. l|s l|le, T| oug|| ard lrl| uerce. 0xlord . 181
0|e|, b. l.. lACl rd ed. , - . z 11o81o
|agee, J., `No|e or 8oe|||us, Corso|a||o , , , , , a reW o|o||ca| para||e|'. 11;
vC |z
( ) - . 188;8z
lozz|, l.. TbF ( ) - . ;18118z8
userer, l., Arecdo|or lo|der|. le|pz|g - 8orr . bepr|r|, l||des|e|r, . 18;; 1o
8oe|||us 11
1zoTWe|ve 3|x||- ard 3ever||-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
X
8FNF0lCT 0l Nub3lA CA. 480CA. 5o0
8ered|c|, oorr |r Nurs|a (roderr Norc|a), rear 3po|e|o, uror|a, Wer| |o
bore lor corp|e||rg ||s educa||or, ou| c|ose |o jo|r a group ol asce||cs. lr
3uo|aco, |e |eaded a se|||erer| ol so|||ar|es lo||oW|rg ||e ru|e ol lac|or|us.
lror ||ere, |e l|ed W||| a leW ror|s, a| ar ur|roWr da|e, |o ||e |op ol
|or|e Cass|ro. 0|ll|cu|| cord|||ors ol surv|va| |r ||e va||eys ol ||e reg|or,
due |o oaroar|ar |rvas|ors, acce|era|ed ||e groW|| ol ||s corrur||y. Aoou|
|o, |e Wro|e a bu|elor ||s ror|s. le d|ed |Wer|y years |a|er. A|ros| ||ree
cer|ur|es Were reeded oelore ||e bu|e'sW|despread accep|arce |r ||e wes|,
a resu|| ol ||e re||g|ous po||||cs ol C|ar|eragre ard ||s descerdar|s. T| e
ra|r source lor ||e o|ograp|y ol 8ered|c| |s 0regory ||e 0rea|, 0|a|ogues
(ll , - , 3C ). oo1zozo| z1
T| e |erreu||ca| pr|rc|p|es regu|a||rg ||e use ol scr|p|ure |r ||e bu|e
|ave oeer We|| po|r|ed ou| |r a larvard paper oy |. |arr|or (`8|o||ca|
|errereu||cs'). 0od spea|s |o ||e ror|s |r ||e ur||y ol a|| scr|p|ures, |||s
sap|er||a| address ca||s ||e ror|s |o a resporse W||c| ac|ua||zes scr|p|ure |r
||e roras||c Way ol ||le. T| us a cor||ru||y |s es|ao||s|ed oe|Weer ||e o|o||ca|
Wor|d ard ||e ror|s' Wor|d. A ||oroug| ara|ys|s ol o|o||ca| relererces
|r ||e sever|y-||ree c|ap|ers ol ||e bu|e, or a| |eas| |r lor|y-s|x ol ||er, oy
J. 3c|||deroerger, s|resses ||e preva|erce ol ||e lsa|rs (Fg||, or ls ) ard 1|
||e pas|ora|, or prac||ca| a||||ude ol 8ered|c| |oWards scr|p|ure. l. 0ordar
erp|as|zes ever rore ||a| a||||ude |r regard |o 8ered|c|'s relererces |o
lau||re |||era|ure. ||ey serve esser||a||y a prac||ca| ard ecc|es|a| purpose
|r order|rg ||e da||y ac||v||y ol ||e ror|s. A|| 8ered|c||re correr|a|ors
ol ||e bu|e|eep |r r|rd ||e sare r|e|or|ca| ques||or oy W||c| 8ered|c|
erded ||s Wr|||rg. quae er|r pag|ra, au| que serro d|v|rae auc|or||a||s ve|er|s
au| rov| |es|arer||, ror es| rec||ss|ra rorra v||ae |urarae, `0oes ro|
eac| page ard eac| s|a|erer| ol d|v|re au||ors||p |r o| ard r| prov|de a
perlec| rorr lor |urar ||le?' ( , ). ;
Fd|||ors
lry, T.. Co||egev|||e, lA (Apperd|x . `T| e bo|e ard lr|erpre|a||or ol 181 o
3cr|p|ure |r ||e bu|e ol 8ered|c|,' - ). |o;|;;
lars|||, b.. C3Fl ( ). ;1oo
lo|z|err, 0.. F|rs|ede|r . 18z
lr|coco, 3.. |||ar . 1
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| 3a|zourger Ao|e|orlererz. 8euror 1z1
. 1z
3|e|d|e, 8.. 8euror, || ed. . | 18|
vogue, A. de, ard J. Neulv|||e. 3C - ( - ). 1818o1;11;;
Trars|a||ors
Frg||s|
lry. aoove.
lo|z|err, 0.. 0uo||r . 1|
lrerc|
vogue. aoove.
0errar
lo|z|err, 3a|zourger Ao|e|orlererz, 3|e|d|e (see aoove).
l|a||ar
lr|coco. aoove.
3par|s|
3aerz, l.. lujr . 1o
3|ud|es
8a|||asar, l. u. vor. `les ||res jo|arr|ques de |a bg|e de 3. 8eroi| e| |eur
ac|ua|||e.' Co|e|C|s| ( ). - . ;1;1|
8aroerg, C. `'N|c||s ausser|a|o der we|surg des lerrr' (b8 , ). z|
urevarge||sc|es
|r der b0,' - . b83, . z; 1z
732
8oc|rarr, A. `'ler duca|ur Fvarge|||' (b8, lro|og ). 3|ru||urara|yse e|res z1
oered||||r|sc|er Kerrsa|zes.' b83 ( ). - . z;1z81o8
. `0|e l|. 3c|r|l|a|s ue||e der b8. 'AusWa||' der 8|oe||ex|e |r verg|e|c| zur
|ag|s|errege|. F|r Zugarg zur lersor 8ered|||s.' b83 ( ). - . 181|o
Ca|a||, 8. `0a||a 3cr|||ura a||a bego|a d| 3. 8erede||o.' l3v ( ). - . 118o1;;8;
Fg||, 8. `0er . lsa|r |r lro|og der bege| des ||. 8ered|||'. lr 8e||age zur 1|
Ja|resoer|c|| des Ko||eg|urs 3arrer, - . 1o11oz
. `0er v|erze|r|e lsa|r |r lro|og der bege| des |e|||ger 8ered|||.' FA |
( ). - . 1o;;88
l|sc|er, 8. `0|e lsa|rerlrorr|g|e|| der begu|a 3. 8ered|c||.' lu| | ( | ). |1|o
- zz| - . o|;
. `Zu 8ered|||s lr|erpre|a||or vor bor . .' lr Co|||gere lragrer|a, ls. A|oar 81
0o|d, - , . 1z|zo1z
lorrar, |. `3cr|p|ure ard ||e bu|e ol 8ered|c| as sources ol 8ered|c||re
3p|r||ua|||y.' Ar8erb , - . 81o1188
lrar|, K. 3. `0|e va|erurser-Fr||arurg der begu|a |ag|s|r|.' JAC
Frgarzurgsoard 8
( ). - . 18o|8;1
8ered|c| ol Nurs|a 1z1
1zzTWe|ve 3|x||- ard 3ever||-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
0a|op|r, l.-|. `la |ec|ure de |a 8|o|e par 3. 8eroi|.' 8vC ( ). - . 1o|o;;
0eres|ou|, A. `ur||e de corpos|||or de |a rg|e de s. 8eroi| e| de |a rg|e du
|ai|re
d'aprs |eur rar|re d'|r|rodu|re |es c||a||ors de |'Fcr||ure.' 3|Ars - 181
( ). - . 1|;zz;;z
0ordar, l. `lau|us a|s le|rer der |orc|e.' FA ( ). - . o1oo1oo8
lars|||. b. `Neu|es|arer|-Z||a|e |r der a||es|er K|os|errege|r'. v||eder ed., ls. l.
lo|d|. v|erra , - . 1;o;o|
. `3prac|e'. b83 ( ). - . 11;z1zo;
lo|ze, l. Frla|rurg urd T| eo|og|e |r lru|er |orc||ur. ur|ersuc|urger zu
e|rer
T| eo|og|e des roras||c|er leoers oe| der Agyp||sc|er |orc|sva|err,
Jo|arres
Cass|ar urd 8ered||| vor Nurs|a. 0o|||rger . 1z
larpe, 0. w. l. `To 0regory ||e 0rea|'. 0. w. l. larpe ed. T| e Caror|dge
l|s|ory
ol ||e 8|o|e. lages - . Caror|dge . 18z 1;o
l|rage Corde, A. `la 8|o||a er |a expres|or |||erar|a de |a 'begu|a 8ered|c||'.'
b83
18( ). - . 1|1|
luoac, l. de. Fxegse red|eva|e. les qua|re sers de |'Fcr||ure, l. lar|s , 1
- 1oo118, - , - . 18;8;18
|ac||oe|, 3. `0|e Kor|gs|errsc|al|C|r|s|| |r 3c|r|l|urd bege|.' FA ( ). 1
- .
|ar|or, |. `8|o||ca| |errereu||cs |r ||e begu|a 8ered|c||.' 3||or ( ). o188
- 1;|o.
|arr|or, |., `0od ||e la||er as lourda||or lor Cors|ar| lrayer |r ||e begu|a
8ered|c||'. 3||or ( ). - . z181zoo
|urdo, A., `8|o||o||eca. 8|o|e e| |ec|ure du Carere d'aprs sa|r| 8eroi|'.
b8er oo
( ). - . (o|o||o||eca= 8|o|e). 1ooz
lau||, J. `Zur bezep||or der 8ergpred|g| |r der 8ered|||srege|.' b83 ( ). 181|
- 1o;;.
laW|oWs||, 3. 0|e o|o||sc|er 0rurd|ager der begu|a 8ered|c||. 0|ss., v|erra.
Ka||.-||eo|., . 1oz
. 0|e o|o||sc|er 0rurd|ager der begu|a 8ered|c||. w|erer 8e||rage zur T|
eo|og|e
. v|erra. lerder, . 1o
bousseau, 0. `3|. 8eroi| e| |e prop||e F||see'. bl| ( ). - . 1||1o1o1|
3c|||deroerger, J. `3ar|| 8ered||| urd d|e |e|||ge 3c|r|l|.' FuA | ( ). oo18o
- ||;.
3|eo. |. lACl rd ed. , l. z 11oo
vaccar|, A. `la '|eor|a' esege||ca de||a scuo|a Ar||oc|era.' l r 3cr|||| do|
Frud|z|ore
e|c, - . bore, . 1o1|z 1z
vogue, A. de. `la 8|oo|a re||' aro|er|e d| 3. 8erede||o'. 8|o ( ). - . z1|8z1||
. `ler duca|ur Fvarge||o.la rg|e de 3. 8eroi| e| |'Fvarg||e.' CC|s| ( ). 1;
- 18o8.
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| . `'ler duca|ur Fvarge|||.' la 1z
beg|a de 3. 8er||o y e| Fvarge||o.' Cu|or ( ). 81;
- 8;8.
. `8ered||| vor Nurs|a'. TbF ( ). - . 18o8|
Ze|zer, |. `0regors 8ered|||v||a urd d|e 8|oe|. 0|e Fr|sc||usse|urg e|res
exege||sc|er lrograrrs.' b83 ( ). - . 181|zz1z
733
8ered|c| ol Nurs|a 1z
1z|TWe|ve 3|x||- ard 3ever||-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
Xl
vlCT0b 0l CAluA ll. 541-554
v|c|or, o|s|op ol Capua lror |o , a v|r doc||ss|rus e| sarc||ss|rus |1 |
accord|rg |o 8ede, 0e |erporur ra||ore, (CCl 8, , - ), Was 1 1z ||18;88
larous dur|rg ||e ||dd|e Ages lor |av|rg corp||ed pa|r|s||c sources |o oe
used |r ||s correr|ar|es or o|o||ca| ooo|s. T| e a||r|ou||or |ac|s cer|a|r|y.
v|c|or ordered ard ed||ed a copy ol ||e r| (cod. lu|ders|s, da|ed | ) |rc|ud|rg |o;
||e 0|a|essaror. lr ||s lrelace, 0e evarge||cas |arror|as Arror||,
v|c|or repor|s or ||e d|scovery ol ||e 0|a|essaror, jo|red W||| ||e la||r
apocryp|a| le||er ol lau| |o ||e laod|c|ars.
Fd|||ors
ll , - . o8z1zo
l||ra, J.-8., 3p|c||eg|ur 3o|esrerse, l, lar|s , - . F ||oe||o be||cu|o seu 18zz8;8
de arca Noe, repr|r|ed oy A. larrar |r ll3 , - , add Ara|ec|a |118
sacra e| c|ass|ca, va. lar|s , . 18881o
3|ud|es
8ardy, 0.. 0TC , ( ) - . 1z1oz8;|;o
8o|g|ar|, v., v|||or|o de Capua e || 0|a|essaror. Tur|r . 1oz
0e 8ruyre, b., `la prelace du 0|a|essaror |a||r avar| v|c|or de Capoue'.
b8er
( ) - . 1z;11
l|sc|er, 8., `8|oe|ausgaoer des lru|er ||||e|a||ers'. la 8|oo|a re||' a||o red|oevo.
3po|e|o , - . 1o|;
. 8e||rage zur 0esc||c||e der |a|e|r|sc|er 8|oe||ex|e. lre|ourg , - . 18oz1;1
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| Xll 1z
lbl|A3lu3 0l lA0bu|FTu| ll. 550-5o0
8|s|op ol ladrure|ur (roderr 3ousse |r Tur|s|a) |r ||e ler|||e lrov|rce
ol 8yzcera |r ||e r|d-s|x|| cer|ury. lr|ras|us Wro|e a correr|ary or ||e
Apoca|ypse, W||c| oorroWed lror ||e |os| Correr|ary ol Tycor|us ard
Was |rl|uerced oy Augus||re. Cass|odorus rer||ors lr|ras|us's Wor| |r
lrs|||u||ores d|v|rarur |||erarur , |r - . |||
Fd|||ors
ll , - . o8;o
Adars, A. w.. CCl ( ). z18
3|ud|es
Cource||e, l., `lragrer|s ror |der||l|es de l|eury-sur-lo|re (ll)'. bFl ( ) z1|
- z;(|v. lr|rase, lr Apoca|yps|r, ). o
Kre|sc|rar, 0., 0|e 0lleroa|rurg. 0|e 0esc||c||e ||rer Aus|egurg. 3|u||gar|
, 18
111l.
3|e|r|auser, K., T| e Apoca|ypse-Correr|ary ol Tycor|us. lrar|lur| , - 18;o
. 8
voge|s, l. J., ur|ersuc|urger zur 0esc||c||e der |a|e|r|sc|er Apo|a|ypse-
uoerse|zurg, 0usse|dorl, , - . 1zo1o|
1zoTWe|ve 3|x||- ard 3ever||-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
Xlll
luNlllu3 AlblCANu3 3FC0N0 lAll oTl C.
As quaes|or sacr| pa|a|||a| Jus||r|ar's cour| a| Cors|ar|rop|e aoou| , |z
lur|||us Wro|e ar essay er||||ed lrs|||u|a regu|ar|a d|v|rae |eg|s, or 0e par||ous
d|v|rae |eg|s ||or| duo, cors|s||rg ol a |oose la||r |rars|a||or ol a Wor| Wr|||er
|r 0ree| oy ||e lers|ar, lau| ol N|s|o|s, W||c| |r ||se|l Was ar |r|roduc||or
|o o|o||ca| s|ud|es ||roug| |eac||rgs repea|ed lror Ar||oc|ear exege|es.
T| e ques||ors ol 0(|sc|pu|us) ard ||e arsWers ol |(ag|s|er) proceed
|r a ca|ec|e||ca| Way, |r ru|||p|y|rg del|r|||ors ard d|s||rc||ors. T| e o| |s
l|gura||ve ol ||e r| ( 0). lrop|ecy s|ou|d ro| a|Ways oe seer as a||egor|as zo
rys||cas, oecause || Wou|d |arr rarra||or|s ver||as, ard |ead |o aouses ( 0). 18
Typus, or lorra|l| gura, |s ||e oes| |errereu||ca| ca|egory ( C- 0). T| e |
|ac| ol a c|r|s|o|og|ca| locus |s s|r|||rg.
Fd|||ors
ll , 8- 0 o81 |z
3|ud|es
K||r, l., T| eodor vor |opsues||a urd Jur|||us a|s Fxege|er, lre|ourg, , 188o
- . |oz8
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| Xlv 1z;
CA33l000bu3 485|490CA. 580
8orr ol ||g| roo||||y lror a lar||y ol 3yr|ar arces|ry, ||s la||er oe|rg
praelec|us prae|or|o,l|av|us |agrus Aure||us Cass|odorus Was ror|ra|ed
quaes|er sacr| pa|a|||oy ||e 0s|rogo|||c K|rg T| eoder|c ||e 0rea| ( - ) |;|zo
as ear|y as - . le Was corsu| ord|rar|us|r , ard |r |e rep|aced ooo; 1| z
8oe|||us as rag|s|er oll|c|orur. lr |e oecare praelec|us prae|or|ourder ||e
ru||rg ol A||a|ar|c, ou| |r ||e 8yzar||re |a|eover oy Jus||r|ar ;
ard ||s corrarder-|r-c||el 8e||sar|us oroug|| ||r oac| |o pr|va|e ||le.
734
le |el|baverra a| ||e |a|es| |r . Ter years |a|er, |e |s rer||ored |r |o
Cors|ar||rop|e, c|ose|y ||r|ed W||| lope v|g|||us. le rus| |ave |el|||e
eas|err cap||a| |r al|er ||e puo||ca||or ol Jus||r|ar's lragra||ca sarc||o. |
lr roderr Ca|aor|a, rex| |o ||s o|r||p|ace |r 3cy||aceur, |oday's 3qu|||ace,
|e lourded a douo|e roras|ery |r a p|ace ca||ed v|var|ur Cas|e||ur, |o
W||c| |e added a We|| lurr|s|ed ||orary, a|| cos|s oe|rg covered oy ||s pr|va|e
lurds. le Was a r|re|y-|Wo year o|d |ayrar W|er |e corp||ed lor ||s
ror|s ||s |as| Wor|, a |rea||se 0e or||ograp||a. |os| prooao|y urrarr|ed,
|e devo|ed ||s asce||ca| |dea||sr |o ||e preserva||or ol ||e cu||ura| |er||age
ol ||e c|urc|.
3oor al|er ||s re|urr |o pr|va|e ||le |r , W|er s|||| |r baverra, Cass|odorus |ad ;
s|ar|ed |o Wr||e ar Fxpos|||o lsa|rorur, or Correr|a lsa||er||, or W||c| |e
cor||rued Wor||rg lor a lu|| decade. us|rg Augus||re's
Frarra||oresas a ra|r source, ard oas|rg || or ||s oWr r|e|or|ca| ard s|y||s||c
|deas, Cass|odorus correr|ed or ||e lsa|rs ||re oy ||re |r s|ress|rg
||e|r |||erary lorr. lr ||s es||ra||or ||e W|o|e ressage ol ||e lsa||er Was
ress|ar|c. lor ||e ror|s ol v|var|ur, |e Wro|e lrs|||u||ores, rore prec|se|y
lrs|||u||ores d|v|rarur ||||erarur, ar |r|roduc||or |o ||e s|udy ol scr|p|ure,
ard lrs|||u||ores saecu|ar|ur ||||erarur, a|so er||||ed 0e ar||ous ac d|sc|p||r|s
||oera||ur |||erarur, a s|or| ou|||re ol ||e sever ||oera| ar|s. lr ||s |a|er
years, Cass|odorus corposed ar Fxpos|||o ep|s|o|ae ad boraros, W||c| Was
a reW ed|||or ol le|ag|us's Correr|ary or borarsexpurged lror ary
|eresy, ard Corp|ex|ores apos|o|orur, s|or| surrar|es ol Ac|s, r| le||ers,
ard beve|a||or. Arorg ||e |rars|a||ors lror 0ree| |r|o la||r secured a|
v|var|ur ard relerred |o |r ||e lrs|||u||ores, l| gure |rars|a||ors ol Jo|r
C|rysos|or oy |u||arus (l0 ) ard ol `0|dyrus,' Fxpos|||o sep|er o
caror|carur (= ca||o||carur) ep|s|o|arur, W||c| roderr sc|o|ars||p |der||l| ed
as
a s|x|| cer|ury ca|era, see K. 3|aao, `0|e gr|ec||sc|er Ka|erer|orrer|are
zu der |a||o||sc|er 8r|eler'. 8|o ( ) - . o1z|1|18
1z8TWe|ve 3|x||- ard 3ever||-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
T|e Fxpos|||o lsa|rorur|s proper|y a s|rg|e correr|ary corce|ved as
a W|o|e, accord|rg |o a se| ol |r|erpre||ve ro||ors carelu||y erurera|ed |r
a |erg||y pedagog|ca| |r|roduc||or ( ). T| e Wor| Was addressed |o lope z
v|rg|||us ( - ). Accord|rg |o Cass|odorus, ||ere are sever|eer oas|c ;
ro||ors, or d|s||rc||ors, |o |eep |r r|rd W|er read|rg ||e lsa|rs.
1) lrop|ecy.
T| e lsa|rs Were `prop|es|ed' oy ||e 3p|r||, per 3p|r||ur sarc|ur psa|ros
lu|sse prop|e|a|os, ( ). lerce ||ey prel| gure W|a| |s |o core or exp|a|r W|a| ;
|appered. As prop|ecy ||ey are. ragr|l|cur r|r|s e| ver||ocu|ur d|cerd|
gerus, `a ragr|l| cer| ard |ru||lu| Way ol corrur|ca||rg' ( ), ||e|r |rsp|ra||or 8
Warrar|s ||e|r cors|ar| ac|ua||za||or oy |rsp|r|rg ||e|r |r|erpre|ers.
Nar e| qu|ous da|a es| lacu||as oere |r|e||egerd| ve| |r|erpre|ard| scr|p|uras
d|v|ras, a rurere prop|e||ae ror v|der|ur excep||, `To W|or ||e capac||y
|s g|ver We|| |o urders|ard, or |o |r|erpre| d|v|re 3cr|p|ures, ||ey are ro|
||erse|ves depr|ved ol ||e g|l|ol prop|ecy' ( ).
z) 0av|d|c lsa|rs.
T|e d|llerer| rares |r ||e ||||es ol lsa|rs do ro| des|gra|e `au||ors,' ou|
or|y execu|ar|s. No ||s|or|ca| |es||rory spea|s |r lavour ol rary psa|r|s|s.
lsa|r|grap|os au|er lu|sse ||s|or|a ru||a |es|a|ur( ). lerce, pa|er Augus||rus 1o
Was r|g||. corgruer|ur orres psa|ros d|c|| esse dav|d|cos, `|e corver|er||y
s|a|ed ||a| a|| psa|rs are 0av|d|c' ( ), a ur|que au|ors||p ol ||e psa|rs 11
l||||rg We|| W||| Cass|odorus's oWr ur|l|ed s|ra|egy as a correr|a|or.
) `lr l|rer.'
lrequer||y ||e ||||es |rc|ude ||e p|rase |r l| rerW||c| ca||s or C|r|s|,
accord|rg |o borars . , l|r|s er|r |eg|s, . . .as a locus lor our a||er||or 1o|
W|er read|rg psa|rs.
|) lsa||er.
T| e psa||er |s a rus|ca| |rs|rurer| rer|rd|rg us ||a| psa|rs are |der||l|ed W|||
rus|c ard sorgs.
) lsa|r.
A psa|r |s crea|ed, lsa|rus es|, cur ex |pso so|o |rs|rurer|o rus|co, |d
es| psa||er|o, rodu|a||o quaedar du|c|s e| carora prolurd||ur, `W|er ou| ol
||e very rus|ca| |rs|rurer|, ||e psa||er, a sWee| ard |arror|ous re|ody
|s poured ou|' ( ). 1z
o) Car||cur.
0re produces a `car||c|e' oy `lree|y erp|oy|rg ore's vo|ce' W|||ou| ar
|rs|rurer|.
;) lsa|rocar||cur.
w|er ||e c|o|r jo|rs ||e |rs|rurer|s, al|er ||e |||urgy ol ||e word,
d|v|r|s dur|axa| serror|ous oosecu|us, `exac||y lo||oW|rg ||e read|rg ol
sacred scr|p|ure' ( ). 1
Cass|odorus 1z
8) Car||cur psa|rus.
735
w|er ||e |rs|rurer|s repea| |r ur|sor ||e sorg ol ||e c|o|r.
) l|ve 8oo|s.
T| e d|v|s|or ol psa|rs |r|o l|ve ooo|s ray occas|ora||y cor|r|ou|e |o ||e
sp|r||ua| rear|rg ol ||e verses read, rys||ca |r|erpre|a||ore cor|radur|( ). 1
1o) T|||es ol lsa|rs lr|erpre|ed.
3ore ||||es seer |rre|evar|, |arquar sacra|a ve|a perder|, `||ey |arg
|||e sacred cur|a|rs' ( ), ||d|rg W|a| ||e psa|rs rear. T| ey reed |o oe 1|
|rea|ed ad |rop|cur |r|e||ec|ur, ||roug| a `syroo||c percep||or.'
11) 0|apsa|ra.
0l ||a| cor|rover|ed ro||or, Jerore der|ves ||e serse ol `ever,' `||roug|ou|,'
lror ||e leoreW, ou| Augus||re urders|ards || rore as relerr|rg |o a
d|v|s|or. lrdeed || |rd|ca|es serrorur rup|a cor||rua||o docers uo|curque
reper|ur luer||, au| persorarur au| rerur l|er| perru|a||orer, `a oro|er
success|or ol Words, |rd|ca||rg |r a|| ||s occurerces a s||l|ol persors or |||rgs'
( ). 0re cou|d corpare W||| Tycor|us's bu|e lv, de spec|e e| gerere. 1
1z) T| e ur||y ol ||e 8oo| ol lsa|rs.
Jerore d|v|des ||e prop|ec|es ol ||e lsa|rs |r|o l|ve, ore prop|ecy lor
eac| 8oo|, ou| W||| l||ary ard Ac|s . , `We' (Cass|odorus) preler spea||rg ol 1zo
ore8oo|, lr ||oro psa|rorur( ). 1
1) C|r|s|o|ogy ol lsa|rs.
T| e psa|rs |e| C|r|s| spea| |r ||s |urar||y, ||s d|v|r||y, ard as ||e
lead ol ||e c|urc|.
1|) 3|eps |r lr|erpre|a||or.
l|rs|, ||e ||||e s|ou|d oe |r|erpre|ed. 3ecord|y, ||e psa|r reeds |o oe
proper|y d|v|ded. T| |rd|y, ||e ||dder s|gr|l|carce ol ||e psa|r rus| oe c|ar|l|ed,
par||r securdur sp|r||a|er |r|e||eger||ar, par||r securdur ||s|or|car
|ec||orer, par||r securdur rys||cur sersur, suo|||||a|es rerur d|scu||ers
propr|e|a|esque veroorur, `par||y |r ||s sp|r||ua| s|gr|l| carce, par||y |r a ||s|or|ca|
read|rg, par||y |r ||s rys||c re|evarce, oy d|scuss|rg ||e suo||e||es
ol ||e da|a ard ||e propr|e||es ol ||e Words' ( ). lour|||y, ||e `ell| c|ercy,' 1;
v|r|us, ol ||e psa|r s|ou|d oe derors|ra|ed, ||s `d|v|re |rsp|ra||or, oy W||c|
||s |eaver|y |r|er||or |s urve||ed lor us, ||us ||e 0av|d|c |ex| reroves us
lror v|ces ard ergages us |r|o a correc| Way ol ||le' ( ). l|ra||y, ||e ruroer|rg 1;
ol cer|a|r psa|rs W||| oe cors|dered.
1) 3cr|p|ure's 0|c||or (0e e|oquer||a |o||us |eg|s d|v|rae).
l|rr|y oeyord ||repas|, preser| ard lu|urescr|p|ura| |ru|| |eeps
||s re|evarce |r regard |o ||e ||ree |erpora| d|rers|ors. l|s d|v|re au||or||y
adr||s `ord|rary |a||,' corrures serroresard `||g||y sop||s||ca|ed' |rqu|r|es,
suo||||ss|ra. l| a|so adr||s a lu|| d|sp|ay ol r|e|or|ca| dev|ces, ror
|arer ao e|s acc|p|ers ex|rareur decorer, sed po||us ||||s propr|ar corlerers
1oTWe|ve 3|x||- ard 3ever||-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
d|gr||a|er, `ro| so ruc| lor ga|r|rg lror ||er ar ex|erra| decora||or, as lor
erao||rg ||er |o oear ||s oWr d|gr||y' ( ). lo||oW|rg Augus||re's rerar|s 1
|r 0e doc|r|ra c|r|s||ara, lll, ard ||e exarp|es ol Jerore, Arorose, l||ary,
`We' (Cass|odorus) express|y rer||or ||ese dev|ces. lrdeed Cass|odorus
rever r|sses ar oppor|ur||y |o s|ress ||er |r ||s correr|ary.
1o) T| e 0|c||or lroper |o ||e lsa||er.
3|ar||rg W||| C|r|s|'s oea|||ude |r lsa|r , ||e lsa||er rurs ||roug| 1
`a|| rys|er|es ol ||e 0|d ard NeW Tes|arer|s' (rov| e| ve|er|s |es|arer||
sacrarer|a percurrers), || ce|eora|es ||e lord's |r|urp| over a|| ca|ar|||es
all||c||rg ||e C|urc|, ard g|ves corso|a||or ard s|rerg|| |r regard |o
a|| |urar r|ser|es, as A||aras|us |ad erp|as|zed so We|| |r a |e||er Wr|||er |o
||s `very dear |arce|||rus' ( , W||| a quo|a||or ol Ad |arce|||rur, ). zz 11
1;) laus Fcc|es|ae.
T| e psa|rs are ||e vo|ce ol ||e ur|versa| c|urc| proc|a|r|rg la||| |r
C|r|s| ard 0|v|re Tr|r||y.
T|e Fxpos|||ocovers rore ||ar pages |r ||e CC ed|||or, eac| 1oo
psa|r ca|||rg lor ar average ol ||ree |urdred ||res ol correr|, or|y ||e
|as| l| ve exp|ara||ors oe|rg s|or|ered, W|ereas lsa|r ( ) |o|a|s 11811 o
||res ol exeges|s. T| e s|y|e ard ||e d|spos|||or ol Cass|odorus's |ex| rera|r
urc|arged lror oeg|rr|rg |o erd ol W|a| oecare ||e ur|que Correr|ary
or a|| ||e psa|rs, |arded doWr |r ||s |r|egr||y lror la|e Ar||qu||y. C|ear|y
deperder| or Augus||re, lor W|or |e expresses a s|rcere adr|ra||or |r ||e
very l|rs| page ol ||e lrelace, ard W|ose Frarra||ores |r lsa|ros|e |ep| oper
or ||s des| W|er corpos|rg ||s Wor|, Cass|odorus rore ||e |ess ac|ed as a
crea||ve |r|erpre|er |r ||s oWr r|g||. le assured ||e gerera| rorrs ol ||e
pa|r|s||c |rad|||or lor ||s |as|, ou| |e app||ed ||er W||| a carelu| s|ra|egy
||a| |e dec|ded lor ||rse|l. l|s Wor| s|||| Wa||s lor a ||oroug| s|udy.
0e |rs|||u||ore d|v|rarur ||||erarur, Wr|||er lor ||e ror|s ol v|var|ur
W|er ||e au||or Was a| |eas| |r ||s sever||es, preser|s a corc|se |r|roduc||or
|o ||e s|udy ol ||e 8|o|e, apparer||y urpre|er||ous, ou| |r lac| surpr|s|rg|y
or|g|ra|. l| |s a sc|o|ar|y Wor| lor ureduca|ed readers, ard spec|l|ca||y des||red
lor ||e |oca| corrur||y ol v|var|ur.
T| e lrelace s|ar|s W||| sore o|ograp||ca| rer|rders ol ||e ||re W|er
736
Cass|odorus, ||er praelec|us prae|or|o( - ) oecare |rvo|ved W||| lope ;
Agape|us l (|ay -Apr|| ) |r ||e lourda||or ol a borar sc|oo| ol o
||eo|ogy. T| e lope |ad a|ready corver|ed ||s lar||y |ouse or ||e C||vus
3caur| |r|o a ||orary |o oe par| ol ||e p|arred acadery, ou| Warlare |r
l|a|y (oe||a lerver||a e| |urou|er|a 0) ru|red ||e W|o|e er|rerpr|se. 11oo
Cass|odorus corlesses ||a| grav|ss|ro sur (la|eor) do|ore perro|us, quod
Cass|odorus 11
scr|p|ur|s d|v|r|s rag|s|r| puo||c| deesser|, cur rurdar| auc|ores ce|eoerr|ra
procu| duo|o |rad|||ore po||erer|, `l ar (l rus| corless) u||er|y saddered oy
||e lac| ||a| scr|p|ure |s s|||| oar|s|ed lror educa||or W|er secu|ar au||ors
s|rorg|y oerel|| lror a very popu|ar |rad|||or' ( 0). To overcore ||s 11o
lrus|ra||or, |e roW produces oo|| lrs|||u||ores, ore or d|v|re, ard ||e o||er
or secu|ar |||era|ure.
A| orce, ||e 0e |rs|||u||ore|s arrourced as ar |r|roduc||or |o scr|p|ure
|r ||re W||| ||e ||s|ory ol pa|r|s||c exeges|s, a very urusua| corcep| |rdeed,
|raugura||rg oy ar||c|pa||or red|eva| sc|o|ars||p. `w|||ou| |es||a||or, deares|
oro||ers, |e| us c||ro |o d|v|re scr|p|ure ||roug| ||e Wor||y expos|||ors
ol ||e la||ers, |||e or a sor| ol v|s|orary |adder. Corveyed oy ||e|r percep||ors
We ray ellec||ve|y oe grar|ed |o cor|erp|a|e ||e lord. loss|o|y ||a|
|s Jacoo's ladder or W||c| arge|s go up ard doWr (0r . )' ( A8). 181z 11o;
Cass|odorus adds a curr|cu|ur ol o|o||ca| s|ud|es, jo|red |o a ser|es ol sargu|re
ercouragerer|s, suppor|ed oy ||e au||or||y ol Augus||re ard ear||er
|r|erpre|ers, oo|| 0ree| ard la||r.
C|ap|ers |o |r|roduce ( ) ||e 0c|a|euc|, ||a| |s, ||e ler|a|euc| |o 1 1
Judges ( ) K|rgs, ( ) lrop|e|s, ( ) lsa|rs, ( ) ||e 8oo|s ol 3o|oror, ( ) z | o
lag|ograp|ers, ( ) 0ospe|s, ( ) Apos|o||c le||ers, ard l|ra||y, ( ) Ac|s ard ; 8
beve|a||or. Fac| ||re Cass|odorus s|resses |oW ||e o|o||ca| ooo|s Were rade
ava||ao|e |o ||e c|urc| a| |arge, ||ar|s |o ||e s|udy ol g|ver la||ers. C|ap|er
1ora|es a spec|a| rer||or ol a group ol |r|erpre|ers `W|or l pu| |oge||er
(rare|y |r a codex) W||| d|||ger| cur|os||y' T|cor|ur 0ora||s|ar, sarc|ur
Augus||rur, `0e doc|r|ra c|r|s||ara,' ladr|arur, Fuc|er|ur e| Jur|||ur quos
sedu|a cur|os||a|e co||eg|( 0), ||e `corror purpose,' s|r|||s |r|er||o, ol 11zz
||ese au||ors oe|rg |o c|ar|ly o|o||ca| ooscur|||es due |o ||e syroo||c |arguage ol
scr|p|ure. `T| ey s|ar| |o oper lor us W|a| rera|red c|osed' aper|re
roo|s |rc|p|ur|, quae pr|us c|ausa rarserur|, |r |eac||rg us `s|x Ways ol
urders|ard|rg,' sex rodos |r|e||eger||ae( A), ||e rore rys|er|ous passages 11z
ol ||e 8|o|e. Cass|odorus oov|ous|y relers |o ||e pro|ogue ol Tycor|us's 8oo|
ol bu|es, quo|ed oy Augus||re |r 0e doc|r|ra c|r|s||aralll. lr c|ap|er |e 11
adds a s|or| rer||or ol ||e lour gerera| syrods ol N|caea, Cors|ar||rop|e,
Fp|esus ard C|a|cedor, oelore g|v|rg a de|a||ed survey ol W|a| |e ca||s d|v|s|o
scr|p|urae, ||e caror|ca| ||s|s ol o|o||ca| Wr|||rgs. l| rs|, ||e ooo|s as ||s|ed
oy Jerore (c|. ), ||er oy Augus||re (c|. ), l|ra||y oy ||e au||ors ol ||e 1z 1
ar||qua |rars|a||oard ||e 3ep|uagu|r| (c|. ). T| e |org c|ap|er ru|||p||es 1| 1
adv|ce ard exarp|es W||| regard |o ||e sys|era||c correc||or, ererda||o
ol cop|es ol ||e 8|o|e, er|rus|ed |o ||e ror|s. T| e |a||er s|ou|d a|Ways oe
aWare ol ||e|r respors|o|||y. cors|dera|e |g||ur qua||s voo|s causa corr|ssa s||.
u|||||as c|r|s||arorur, ||esaurus ecc|es|ae, |urer ar|rarur, `Cors|der, ||er,
1zTWe|ve 3|x||- ard 3ever||-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
||e |as| you are er|rus|ed W|||, ||e We||-do|rg ol ||e C|r|s||ar peop|e, ||e
c|urc|'s |reasure, ||e er||g||er|rg ol sou|s' ( 0). 11o
C|ap|er , 0e v|r|u|e scr|p|urae d|v|rae, descr|oes scr|p|ura| `poWer' |r 1o
||s prop|e||c d|rers|or ard ac|ua| re|evarce. lec||o d|v|ra curc|a v|r|us es|,
verour ror |rar||er caders, rec |arda| ellec|us quod pror||||| allec|us, `T| e
read|rg ol scr|p|ure |s a|| poWer, ro Word la||s va|r|y, || does ro| |a|e |org
oelore ||s |rpress|or produces ||e pror|sed ellec|,' ( 0). 3cr|p|ure's 111
ell|c|ercy |rves|s ||e W|o|e |urar psyc|e, |r la|||, || |rarsl|gures ||le as suc|. l|
|s Wor|| exp|or|rg ||e accour|s g|ver ol scr|p|ure oy ear||er |r|erpre|ers, suc|
as ||e c|urc| ||s|or|ars W|o lo||oWed Josep|us (c|ap|er ), l||ary (c|ap|er 1;
18), Cypr|ar (c|ap|er ), Arorose (c|ap|er . or|y lour ||res!), Jerore 1 zo
(c|ap|er ), Augus||re (c|ap|er ), ard |as| ou| ro| |eas| ||e accour|s ol z1 zz
|Wo cor|erporar|es, ||e Aooo|s Fug|pp|us ard 0|ory|us (Fx|guus, d|ed ca.
z;), as gerera| e||ar |od|eque ca||o||ca ecc|es|a v|ros |||us|res, prooao|||ur
dogra|ur decore lu|ger|es, `ever |oday ||e ca||o||c c|urc| gerera|es larous
rer, g||||er|rg W||| ||e oeau|y ol prover op|r|ors' ( 8). 11;
lrvar|ao|y, scr|p|ure s|ou|d a|Ways oe read W||| ||s |r|repre|ers(c|. ). z|
Cosrograp|y ray a|so |e|p (c|. ), aoorev|a||ors oe used (c|. ), l|gures ol z zo
s|y|e ard o||er r|e|or|ca| sc|eres ara|ysed (c|. ), ever |||||era|e reroers z;
ol ||e corrur||y deserve |o rece|ve ||e reeded |e|p |r |||s regard (c|. ). z8
Al|er a leW add|||ora| recorrerda||ors, ||e Fxpos|||oerds W||| a lerver|
prayer |r c|ap|er a ruroer as a|Ways |r Cass|odorus's Wr|||rgs c|arged
W||| `o|o||ca|' syroo||sr, espec|a||y as || Was lor ||r ||e age ol C|r|s| (0e
ar||ous ac d|sc|p||r|s ||oera||ur ||||erarur, lrelace, C0). 11|
Corp|ex|ores |r ep|s|u||s apos|o|orur|s a surrary ol lau||re ard o||er
apos|o||c le||ers, ||r||ed |o ||e|r esser||a| cor|er|. lav|rg ass|r||a|ed a||
737
|||s |rlorra||or, ||e reader Wou|d oe ao|e |o c|a|r u| a|||us ad |r|e||ec|ur
perver|a|, `a ||g|er urders|ard|rg' ( A). 1z1
0l borars, Cass|odorus quo|es |||r|y-s|x verses, |r par| or |r lu||, accord|rg |o
||e vu|ga|e ( . , , , , . , , . , , . , , e|c., 8- A). 11818z|z11|1z;1z8 1z1 1z
Fac| quo|a||or |s lo||oWed oy a parap|rased |rd|ca||or ol ||s cor|er| ard
|rred|a|e cor|ex|. 3ore exp||c|| relererces |o o||er passages ol ||e 8|o|e
ard o||er o|o||ca| l|gures or oojec|s err|c| ||e parap|rase. C|ear|y, ||e |r|er||or |s
|o |eep ||e surrary or ||e |||era| |eve| ol lau|'s |ex|. No ||eore||ca|
ooserva||or ol ar |r|erpre||ve ra|ure, ror ary ca|| or o||er |r|erpre|ers
|r|erlere |r ||ese cordersed exp|ara||ors ol lau||re verses. T| e correr|s
|ard|y ever exceed |er ||res |r ||gre's co|urrs, ||e sare oe|rg |rue lor ||e
res| ol ||e Corp|ex|ores, corcerr|rg ||e o||er lau||re le||ers, ||e `sever
caror|ca| |e||ers,' ( 0- 0), Ac|s ard beve|a||or ( A- A). 1o1 18o 181 1|81
T| e |as| sec||or |s ||e or|y ore |r|roduced oy a lro|ogue, ard |r ||a|
Cass|odorus 1
lro|ogue ||e or|y |r|erpre||ve au||or||y |rvo|ed |r ||e W|o|e Wor| |s
Tycor|us, W|o exp|a|red ||e 8oo| ol beve|a||or `W||| suo||e|y ard d|||gerce'
suo|||||er e| d|||ger|er exposu||( A). lr ||e correr| or bev . 18z 11
1, Cass|odorus adds a very urusua| relererce |o Tycor|us, s|cu| Tyc|or|us
reler|( 8), or|y pa|red W||| a rore gerera| ca|| or ||e `corsersus ol ||e 1|11
la||ers' aoou| ||e `||ousard years' rer||ored |r ||e correr| or bev . 11;
( 8). A| a c|oser ara|ys|s rore Tycor|ar rer|r|scerces Wou|d prooao|y 1|1
surlace |r Cass|odorus's ro|a||ors.
Fd|||ors
l0 , - . 0e |rs|||u||ore d|v|rarur ||||erarur. ;o11o11o
Adr|aer, |.. CCl - ( ). Fxpos|||o lsa|rorur. ;818
Trars|a||ors
Frg||s|
weooer Jores, l., Ar lr|roduc||or |o 0|v|re ard lurar bead|rgs oy
Cass|odorus 3era|or, NeW or|, . 1|o
3|ud|es
As|Wor||, l. `T| e lsa||er Co||ec|s ol lseudo-Jerore ard Cass|odorus.'
8Jbl |
( - ). - . 1oz1oz8;o|
8a||ey, b. N. `8ede's |ex| ol Cass|odorus' correr|ary or ||e lsa|rs.' JT| 3 |
( ). - . 1818
8|a||, l. `berarques sur |'||s|o|re des |raduc||ors |a||res'. C|ass|ca e|
|ed|aeva||al
( ). - . 18z1;|z
8|ur, l. `uoer der Codex Ar|a||rus urd Cass|odors 8|o||o||e| vor v|var|ur.'
Z8w ( ). - . o|1oz;
Ceresa-0as|a|do, A. `Cor|eru|o e re|odo de||'Fxpos|||o psa|rorurd|
Cass|odoro.'
ve|C|r ( ). - . 1o8o1;1
. `la |rad|z|ore v|rg|||ara re||'eseges| o|o||ca d| Cass|odoro.' b3C ( ). 1o1o8
- o|.
C|ar||er, C. `Cass|odore, le|age e| |es or|g|res de |a vu|ga|e pau||r|erre.' lr
3|ud.
lau||r. Corgressus, vo|. , - . bore, . z|o|;o 1o1
Cour|s, J. |. `l|gures e| |ropes dars |e (Cor. du) lsau||erde Cass|odore.'
bFl |z
( ). - . 1o|o1;
0e 3|rore, 0. `l'Fxpos|||o psa|rorurd| Cass|odoro. lr|roduz|ore s|or|co-cr|||ca
e
cara||er|s||c|e lordarer|a||.' N.3. ( ). - . v|var|ur, vo|. . 11|8;; 1
1|TWe|ve 3|x||- ard 3ever||-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
0e 3|rore, 0. l. Cass|odoro e |'Fxpos|||o lsa|rorur. ura |e||era cr|s|o|og|ca
de|
3a|r|. Coserza. Fd||or|a|e lroge||o , . zooo1
Fspos||o, 3. C. `Cass|odoro, |a 8|oo|a e |a Cu||ura 0cc|der|a|e.' 0T|orl | - o1z
( ). - . 181zo|
lors|rer, K. `3c|r|l|lragrer|e des . u(rd) lru|er . Ja|r|urder|s |r 3a|zourger 8
8|o||o||e|er.' 3cr ( ). - . 1|1oozo
lr|d|, A. TbF ( ). - . ;181o;o
lr|d|, C. `Cass|odorus' d|gress|or or rus|c, var ll .' Fr ( ). - . |o 8o188|1
la|rer, u. `Cass|odors lsa|rer|orrer|ar sprac|||c|e ur|ersuc|urger.' 0|ss.,
lre|ourg | 8., . 1;z
. Cass|odors lsa|rer|orrer|ar. 3prac|||c|e ur|ersuc|urg (|8| ) . 11;
la|porr, J. w. `lardec|es, lardec|a, ard ||e Cass|odorar Correr|ary or ||e
lsa|rs.' b8er ( ). - . o18ozooo
. `lur||er or Far|y Frg||s| raruscr|p|s ol Cass|odorus' Fxpos|||o lsa|rorur.'
C|l| ( ). - . 8o18|oo
738
. `Cass|odorus' Correr|ary or lsa|rs ard , |ex| ard correr|.' zo z1
bFAug z
( ). - . 18oz1oz
. `T| e roderr ed|||or ol Cass|odorus' lsa|r correr|ary.' Tu ( ). 118;
- . z|;
Jo|rsor, 0. w. `lurg|rg ||e po|sor, ||e rev|s|or ol le|ag|us' lau||re
correr|ar|es oy
Cass|odorus ard ||s s|uder|s.' 0|ss., lr|rce|or T| eo|og|ca| 3er|rary, . 18
lucc|es|, F. `No|e sur ur ||eu de Cass|odore la|sar| a||us|or aux sep| ||vres
d'Aroro|se sur |es la|r|arc|es.' v|gC|r | ( ). - . o|1;oo;o
|acp|ersor, b. bore |r |rvo|u||or, Cass|odorus' var|ae |r ||e|r |||erary ard
||s|or|ca| se|||rg. lgK|as . lozrar. ur|v., . 1| 18
|ord|r, 8. `la pr|ra sco|as||ca, 8oez|o, Cass|odoro, 3co|o Fr|ugera.' F0 ||
( ). 11
- o.
|urdo, A. `F| co|olo a Fs|er de |a 'lardec|es r|ru||ore raru' de Cas|odor.' lr
||sce||ara 8|o||ca 8. uoac|, - . Fd||ed oy 0. Caroore|| ard |. borva|do. 1o1;o
|or|serra|, . 1
|urp|y, l. X. `Cass|odorus 3era|or, l|av|us |agrus Aure||us'. NCF ( ). 1o;
. 18|
0'0orre||, J. J. Cass|odorus. 8er|e|ey. ur|vers||y ol Ca||lorr|a lress, . 1;
l|zzar|, u. `ua|c|e osservaz|ore su| corse||o d| arror|a cosr|ca |r Agos||ro e
Cass|odoro a||a |uce d| 3ap. , ( ).' Aug, - . 11z1zo o1zo1z
uacquare|||, A. `l'eproas| |r Cass|odoro (Fxp. |r lss.).' ve|C|r ( ). - 11o|z;
. |
. `b|l|ess|or| d| Cass|odoro sug|| sc|er| de||a re|or|ca a||raverso | 3a|r|.' ve|
C|r
z( ). - . 188o;
3c||rde|, u. `Tex||r|||sc|es zu |a|e|r|sc|er l|gurer|e|rer (Arecdo|or, lar|s|rur,
Cass|odor, u|r||||ar).' 0|o||a ( ). - . z1;|11|
3c|||eoer, b. Cass|odorus lsa|rerexegese. F|re Ara|yse ||rer |e||oder a|s
8e||rag
zur ur|ersuc|urg der 8|oe|aus|egurg der K|rc|erva|er urd der vero|rdurg
c|r|s|||c|er T| eo|og|e r|| ar|||er 3c|u|W|ssersc|al| . 0|ss., Tuo|rger, . 1;o
Cass|odorus 1
. C|r|s|||c|e T| eo|og|e urd l|||o|og|e |r der 3pa|ar|||e. d|e sc|u|W|ssersc|al|
||c|er
|e||oder der lsa|rerexegese Cass|odors. AroK|0 . 8er||r. 0e 0ruy|er, . |o 1;|
3c|o|e|, l. A. `F| es|ud|o |||erar|o de |a 8|o||a.' bl ( ). - . 1;18|o;o
. `lr|erpre|ac|or de |os 3a|ros |as|a Cas|odoro, desde Cas|odoro |as|a
0ur|e|,
s|r|es|s ||s|or|ca.' F3|8 ( ). - , - . |;18zo1|o|
vaccar|, A. `Cass|odoro e || lasuq de||a 8|oo|a eora|ca.' 8|o ( ). - = |o1oz1
380 , - . 11;8;
we|ssergruoer, l. `8eru|zurg des Aroros|us durc| Cass|odor.' 3l|ed ( ). ;1;o
- ;88.
1oTWe|ve 3|x||- ard 3ever||-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
Xv
0bF00b TlF 0bFAT C. 540-o04
a spec|a| cor|r|ou||or
oy 3|ep|ar C. Kess|er, 3.J.
1. 0regory ||e 0rea| ard ||e 8|o|e
As au||or |r ||e la||r spea||rg Wes| ol ||e borar Frp|re a| ||e erd ol ||e
pa|r|s||c era, 0regory ||e 0rea| ( - ) |s ||e |e|r |o a |org |rad|||or ol |ooo|
C|r|s||ar |r|erpre|a||or ol ||e 8|o|e. 8u| ||e all|r||y ol ||s exege||ca| Wr|||rgs W|||
||e Wor|s ol ||s predecessors as 0r|ger, Augus||re or Cass|odorus
s|ou|d ro| a||oW ourse|ves |o oe r|s|ed. As d|s||rgu|s|ed lror ||e ||res ol
||s |rsp|r|rg rode|s lor expourd|rg ||e lo|y 3cr|p|ures 0regory's Wor|d |ad
del|r|||y c|arged. A| ||e erd ol ||e || cer|ury || |ad oecore a C|r|s||ar o
Wor|d. 0regory cou|d |a|e C|r|s||ar||y lor grar|ed. T|erelore ||e lrareWor|
ol 0regory's urders|ard|rg, ol exp|ara||or ard d|scourse Was del|red oy
C|r|s||ar au||ors, ra|r|y Augus||re ard Jo|r Cass|ar. T| erelore ||s cu||ure
Was esser||a||y a o|o||ca| cu||ure ard |r|erpre||rg ||e scr|p|ures ol ||e 8|o|e
oy correr|ar|es ard |or|||es rear| lor 0regory |o address ar aud|erce
a|ready We|| es|ao||s|ed |r ||e C|r|s||ar la|||. Corsequer||y, ||e |r|erpre|a||or ol
||e scr|p|ures |ad |o a||er as We||. loW |o oe a C|r|s||ar, |oW |o
||ve ||e perlec| C|r|s||ar ||le Was 0regory's cer|ra| preoccupa||or |r a|| ||s
exege||ca| Wr|||rgs. w|a| |r|eres|ed 0regory |r expourd|rg ||e scr|p|ures
Was W|a| ||ey say aoou| ||e C|r|s||ar ||le.1
lr accordarce W||| ||e corserva||ve prograr ol ||e s|x|| cer|ury ||e
locus ol 0regory's ||eo|og|ca| |r|eres| Was ro| pr|rar||y cer|ered or sys|era||c
deve|oprer| ol doc|r|ra| |ssues. lr ||s s|g|| ||eo|ogy ard ||eo|og|ca|
ques||ors Were a|ready arsWered oy ||e au||or||y ol ||e |rad|||or ard ||e
del|r|||ors ol ||e `lour 3yrods' (Fp , [CCl , ). 0regory Was ro| 1z| 1|oz1
739
a sys|era||c ||eo|og|ar. l|s a|r Was ||e |r|erpre|a||or ol ||e 8|o|e |r ||e
s|g|| ol a corr||ed C|r|s||ar ||le. Corvers|or, cu|r|ra||rg |r ||e asce||c
||le ol cor|erp|a||or, |s ||s perspec||ve ol urders|ard|rg ||e scr|p|ures.
us|rg ||e |rad|||ora| pa|r|s||c pa||err ol o|o||ca| |r|erpre|a||or |e deve|oped
||roug| ||s pas|ora| ard a| ||e sare ||re sp|r||ua| |r|erpre|a||or a re||od
ol exeges|s as au||er||c |rs|rurer| ol a d|s||rc||y asce||c-roras||c ||eo|ogy.
z
w|||ou| dery|rg ||e d|llerer| sources ol ||s c|ass|ca| |ra|r|rg ard ||e
1. |ar|us, 0regory ||e 0rea|, , - . 1;|oo
z. J. lapor|e, `ure ||eo|og|e sys|era||que c|ez 0rego|re?,' 0rego|re |e 0rard
0regory ||e 0rea| ru|||p|e |rl|uerces ol C|r|s||ar |||era|ure ||e 8|o|e ard 1;
||s |r|erpre|a||or
are ||e urd|spu|ed cer|re ol 0regory's ac||v|||es. T| e ro|e ol ||e 8|o|e |r ||e
Wor|s ol 0regory surrour|s a|| o||er e|erer|s ol ||s ac||ors.
besearc| or 0regory ||e 0rea| ard |r ||e l|e|d ol ||e ||s|ory ol exeges|s
|r recer| years |as oroug|| |o v|eW ra||er reW |rs|g||s.

0esp||e ||e urder|ao|y grea| |rl|uerce ol Augus||re's ||oug|| or ||s Wr|||rgs,

0regory rod|l|es
||e exege||ca| prac||ce ol la|e Ar||qu||y oy go|rg oac| |o ||e 0r|ger|s| |rad|||or.
|T| us ||e l|rs| pope lror a roras||c oac|grourd oecare ||e lourder
ol a reW ard |rdeperder| 8|o|e-||eo|ogy or ||e eve ol ||e ||dd|e Ages.
8y ||s exege||ca| Wor| 0regory deve|oped ar |rdeperder| ||eo|og|ca| ard
ros| ol a|| pas|ora| access |o ||e Wor|d ol ||e 8|o|e.
1. 8|ograp||ca| berar|s 1
A|||oug| 0regory |el|ro au|oo|ograp|y, |e |s |roWr qu||e We|| oy o|ograp||ca|
ro|es |r ||s oWr Wr|||rgs, espec|a||y |r ||s |e||ers W||c| care
doWr |o us. 0regory Was oorr |r bore arourd . l|s lar||y oe|orged |o |o
||e |ead|rg e|||es ol ||e c||y ard Was ros| prooao|y ol sera|or|a| rar|. l|s
la||er 0ord|arus ard ||s arces|ors Wor|ed |r ||e c|v|| serv|ce ard ecc|es|as||ca|
adr|r|s|ra||or W|ereas ||ree aur|s ard a|so ||s ro||er 3||v|a al|er ||e
dea|| ol |er |usoard eroraced ||e asce||c ||le. T| e lar||y Was |ardsore|y
r|c| W||| es|a|es |r 3|c||y |r add|||or |o ||e pa|ace or ||e Cae||ar |||| ard
proper||es |r ||e re|g|oour|ood ol bore. 0regory Was oorr |r|o a Wor|d |r
W||c| peace ard s|ao||||y cou|d ro| oe |a|er lor grar|ed. l|g|||rg ol 0o|||c
|rvaders ard |rper|a|-oyzar||re delerders, des|ruc||or, depopu|a||or ard,
espec|a||y, lar|re rus| |ave oeer arorg 0regory's ear||es| reror|es.
0ue |o ||e res|ora||or ol 8yzar||re poWer |r par|s ol l|a|y urder ||e
re|gr ol Jus||r|ar . ( - ) 0regory sper| ||e |rpor|ar| years ol ||s 1z;o
lorra||or |r a ||re ol re|a||ve peace. T| e lragra||ca sarc||o ( ) erded |
( ) - , 0. Zev|r|, `la re|odo|og|a de|| 'lr|e|||gerza sp|r||ua|s' de||a 18ozz|z
3acra
3cr|||ura core eseges| o|o||ca secordo 0regor|o |agro,' laro|a e sp|r||o (3|ud|
|r
orore d| 3. C|pr|ar|), C. Casa|e |arc|ese||| (ed.), 8resc|a , - . 18z8o;1
. |arger|e, lr|roduc||or ( ) - , ||j||er, 0as lo|e||ed ( ), 1o1|1181 11
l|edroW|cz, 0as K|rc|ervers|ardr|s 0regors ( ), bever||oW, Fpoc|er der 1
8|oe|aus|egurg( ) - , 3. C. Kess|er, 0regor der 0roe a|s 1|1o11|
Fxege|( ), 1
becc||a, 0regor|o |agro papa ed esege|a( ), 3. C. Kess|er, `0regory ||e 1o
0rea|.
A l|gure ol |rad|||or ard |rars|||or |r C|urc| Fxeges|s.' lr leoreW 8|o|e|0|d
Tes | arer| . T| e l|s|ory ol ||s lr|erpre|a||or, . , - . Fd||ed oy |. 3aeoo. 1z1|;
0o|||rger, . zooo
|. v. becc||a, `la reror|a d| Agos||ro re||a eseges| o|o||ca d| 0regor|o |agro,'
Aug ( ) - , Kess|er, 0regor der 0roe a|s Fxege| ( ). - . z18|o|| 11;1o
18TWe|ve 3|x||- ard 3ever||-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
||e War aga|rs| ||e 0o||s ard decreed rorra|||y oelore ||e corques| ol ||e
grea|es| par|s ol l|a|y oy ||e loroards |r . 0regory rece|ved ||e oes| o8
educa||or ava||ao|e |r s|x|| cer|ury bore W||| spec|a| erp|as|s or grarrar ard
r|e|or|c, ard |e prooao|y |ad |ega| |ra|r|rg as We|| W||c| qua||l|ed
||r lor a career |r puo||c serv|ce ard |a|er as a ||eo|og|ar ard o|s|op. lr
;0regory reac|ed ||e surr|| ol ||s puo||c career |||e|y oe|rg lrelec| ol
||e C||y (praelec|us uro|), ||e ||g|es| c|v|| d|gr||ary |r bore.
lr | |e res|gred lror puo||c ||le, so|d par|s ol ||e pa|r|rory ard ;|
c|arged ||s pa|ace |r|o a roras|ery ded|ca|ed |o 3|. ArdreW. le exper|erced
||s corvers|or (corvers|o) |o roras||c ||le ard, as a s|rp|e ror|, |e sper|
||s |app|es| years Wor||rg or ||e expos|||or ol o|o||ca| scr|p|ures. lror
roW ||e 8|o|e s|ards a| ||e very cer|re ol 0regory's ac||v|||es ard oecores
a ra|r source ol |rsp|ra||or lor ||s ac||rg ard Wr|||rg. 8u| |||s cor|erp|a||ve
|rarqu|||||y ol ||e roras||c ||le Was s|or|-||ved, lor |r | |e Was ;8
ca||ed oy ||e lope |o serve ||e C|urc| as a deacor ard |a|er as papa| |ega|e
(apocr|sar|us) |o ||e cour| ol Cors|ar||rop|e, W|ere |e Was accorpar|ed
oy a group ol le||oW ror|s ard rus| |ave |earred a| |eas| sore 0ree|.
740

`urW||||rg ard res|s||rg,' 0regory accep|ed ||e ecc|es|as||ca| ass|grrer|

W||| `||e ourder ol pas|ora| care' || oroug|| ||r. le re|urred |o bore |r
||e r|dd|e ol ||e rex| decade ard perlorred ||e du||es ol a deacor W|||e
||v|rg |r ||s roras||c corrur||y ard Wor||rg or o|o||ca| correr|ar|es. 8u|
aga|r |e cou|d s|ay or|y lor a |||||e W|||e a| ||e `|rarqu|| s|ores ol prayer,'
oecause |e Was e|ec|ed lope |r leoruary . o
Cors|der|rg ||e orea|doWr ol c|v|| au||or|||es dur|rg ||e s|x|| cer|ury
||e o|s|op ol bore oecare rore ard rore respors|o|e lor ||e ecoror|c ard
po||||ca| des||ry ol ||e c||y. T| erelore 0regory `Was |ossed aoou| or ||e seas
ol secu|ar alla|rs,' ard ye| |e lourd ||e ||re lor ||e expos|||or ol ||e 3acred
3cr|p|ures oy popu|ar serrors ard ser|es ol |or|||es |o 8|o||ca| ooo|s. 0l
grea| s|gr|l|carce lor ||e deve|oprer| ol wes|err C|r|s||ar||y Was ||s r|ss|orary
ac||v||y |r ||e reg|ec|ed rura| par|s ol l|a|y ard aoroad. 8y serd|rg
r|ss|orar|es |o ||e lrar||s| ard Frg||s| C|urc|es 0regory es|ao||s|ed a
rode| ol a Furopear C|urc|, ro |orger corl|red |o ||e |ed||errarear Wor|d
as ||e ra|ura| r|||eu ol C|r|s|erdor. le |e|d oll| ce ur||| ||s dea|| al|er |org
per|ods ol |||ress or || |arc| . 1z oo|
o
lr ||e persor ard Wor| ol 0regory
. Kess|er, 0regor der 0roe a|s Fxege| ( ) - , 0. J. |. 8ar|e||r|, 1181oo
`lope 0regory
||e 0rea|'s |roW|edge ol 0ree|,' 0regory ||e 0rea|. A 3yrpos|ur ( ) - 111;
. 1o
o. l|s|or|ca| ard o|ograp||ca| da|a. b|c|e, 0rego|re ( ), |ar|us, 0regory 1
( ), |. l|edroW|cz, `0regor l., der 0roe,' lex||or der ar|||er c|r|s|||c|er 1;
l||era|ur, ed. 3. 0epp - w. 0eer||rgs, lre|ourg. lerder , - . z1zoz
0regory ||e 0rea| ||e |dea| ol arc|er| borar |rad|||ors ard ol C|r|s||ar 1
|oya||y oecare lused
|oge||er. as ||e |as| borar or le|er's c|a|r, ||s ep||ap| c|arac|er|sed ||r
as las|or ard Corsu| 0e|.
z. 0regory's wr|||rgs
T| e ||le ol 0regory ard par||cu|ar|y ||e years ol ||s por||l|ca|e Were
overs|adoWed oy ||e corques| ol l|a|y ||roug| |rvaders, oy |urger ard
deseases. urder d|ll| cu|| cord|||ors |e reorgar|sed oy rears ol ||s capac|||es
|r ||e l|e|d ol adr|r|s|ra||or ard sp|r||ua|||y ||e c|ergy, ||e ecc|es|as||ca|
posses|ors ard ||e c|urc|'s c|ar||y. loWever, ||e ||g| es|eer ol 0regory
|r ||s|ory Was ro| es|ao||s|ed oy ||s ecc|es|as||ca| relorr ou| |r ||s Wor|
as a o|o||ca| ||eo|og|ar. T| e lo|y 3cr|p|ures ard ||e|r |r|erpre|a||or Was
||e urd|spu|ed locus ol 0regory's ||le as ror| ard rera|red ||e We|| ol
|rsp|ra||or lor ||s ac||v|||es as o|s|op. l|s exege||ca| Wor|s rade 0regory
`||e l|rs| pope- exege|e |r ||s|ory|e prer|er pape exeg|e de |'||s|o|re.'
;
0regory's |egacy |r ||e |r|erpre|a||or ol scr|p|ure cores doWr |o pos|er||y
|r d|ll erer| exege||ca| Wor|s. 8u| ra|ura||y, ||e p|ace accorded oy 0regory
|o ||e 8|o|e ard ||s |r|erpre|a||or carro| oe ||r||ed |o ||s exege||ca| Wor|s
a|ore. lr lac|, |e rever ceases |o |rvo|e ||s au||or|||y as car oe s|oWr c|ear|y
|r ||e ro| express|y exege||ca| Wor|s ol 0regory.
z. T| e Nor-Fxege||ca| wor|s 1
0l or|g|ra||y vo|ures ol |e||ers Wr|||er dur|rg ||e ||re ol 0regory's 1|
por||l|ca|e surv|ved a co||ec||or ol rore ||ar docurer|s (beg|s|rur 8o
Fp|s|u|arur).
8T| ese |e||ers a||oW deep |rs|g||s |r|o ||e Way |oW ||e pope
app||ed ||e 8|o|e |o ||e d|llerer| s||ua||ors ol ||s ||le. T| e |arge ruroer
ol o|o||ca| quo|a||ors c|ear|y s|oWs |oW ||e |||erary Wor|s ol 0regory are
|roued W||| a prolourd o|o||ca| orc|es|ra||or. 0esp||e ||e rore oll| c|a|
c|arac|er ol ||e rajor||y ol ||ese docurer|s addressed |o erperors, ||rgs
ard o|s|ops, |o ror|s, deacors ard s|rp|e c|||zers dea||rg W||| ques||ors
ol c|urc|-adr|r|s|ra||or, pas|ora| course|||rg ard sp|r||ua| adv|ce a grea|
ruroer ol ||ese |e||ers are very persora| |es||ror|es W||c| allord ar |rs|g||
|r|o 0regory's use ol ||e 8|o|e as prac||ca| gu|de lor ||e every-day proo|ers
;. |arger|e, lr|roduc||or ( ) . 1o1|z
8. Cl. lrdex |ocorur 3acrae 3cr|p|urae, CCl 8, - . 1| 11111zo
1|oTWe|ve 3|x||- ard 3ever||-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
ol ||s corresporder|s.

lr ||s |yp|ca| erpa|||c rarrer |e g|ves adv|ce ever

|o read ard red||a|e ||e lo|y 3cr|p|ures. le recorrerds 8aroara ard
Ar|or|ra |o |ove |o read ||e |o|y scr|p|ures ||a| ||ey ray |roW |oW |o
||ve ard |oW |o rur ||e|r |ore (Fp , [CCl A, |). 8|s|op Na|a||s 1 1|o oo
ol 3a|ora d|d ro| l|rd eroug| ||re |o read ||e 8|o|e oecause |e Was |oo
ousy. 0regory adror|s|es ||e o|s|op ||a| ||e Word ol 0od |s Wr|||er |o
corso|e ||e d|s|ressed, ||erelore ||ose urder pressure s|ou|d read regu|ar|y ||e
Word ol 0od (Fp , [CCl , |). le Wro|e |o T| eodore ||e z|| 1|o1
741
Frperor's p|ys|c|ar |o read ard red||a|e ||e o|o||ca| scr|p|ures oecause
||ey are a `|e||er ol ||e a|r|g||y 0od |o ||s crea|ureep|s|u|a orr|po|er||s 0e|
ad crea|urar suar'. `w|a| e|se are ||e 3acred 3cr|p|ures |l ro| a
|e||er ol ||e orr|po|er| 0od |o ||s crea|ure?' ll || Were a |e||er lror ||e
Frperor0regory assuresT| eodore Wou|d ro| res| ur||| |e urders|ood
||s ressage. T| erelore |e s|ou|d read ard ruse eac| day or ||e |e||er Wr|||er
lor ||s sa|va||or oy ||e Frperor ol |eaver (Fp , [CCl , |). 3|rce |o 1|o
|| |s ro| eroug| jus| |o read ||e 8|o|e, 0regory adror|s|es ||a| ore a|so
s|ou|d corlorr ||s ac||ors W||| ||e |o|y |ex|s. le Wr||es |o a o|s|op ||a|
|e s|a|| a|Ways ac| |r suc| a Way ||a| ||ose W|o are |||||era|e s|ou|d oe ao|e
|o read ||e 8|o|e ||roug| ||s deeds (Fp , [CCl , |). T| e co||ec||or 1 |o1oo
ol ||e |e||ers |s a prool ||a| 0regory as a pas|ora||y r|rded rar does ro|
|oo| or ||e 8|o|e lror a ||eore||ca| po|r| ol v|eW. lror ||e scr|p|ure |ex|s
|e goes |rred|a|e|y |o ord|rary ||le.
T| e |rpor|arce ol ||e 8|o|e lor 0regory |s a|so s|oWr |r ||e las|ora|
bu|e (begu|a las|ora||s). luo||s|ed s|or||y al|er ||e oeg|rr|rg ol ||s por||l|ca|e
||e reW|y e|ec|ed pope draWs ||s |dea| ol rer |r poWer accord|rg |o
||e 8|o|e. le d|s||rgu|s|es oe|Weer ||ose W||| Wor|d|y du||es ard po||||ca|
poWer (rec|or) ard ||ose W||| a sp|r||ua| |as| (praed|ca|or).
1oT| e ra|r ass|grrer| ol oo|| cors|s|s |r ru||rg over ||e ||ves ard sou|s ol ||e
la|||lu|
ores. lr order |o ge| acqua|r|ed W||| |||s po||||ca| ar| (ars ar||ur) ol goverr|rg ||e
sou|s || |s ||e|r l|rs| oo||ga||or |o ruse or ||e `d|v|re |aWs' (bpas| l,
| [3C , |). T| erelore 0regory requ|res ard erp|as|zes o|o||ca| s|ud|es 811z8
as ura||erao|e cord|||or lor a|| pas|ors. T| e rec|or or preac|er |as |o ra|e
. 0. bap|sarda lo |erzo, `l'Fcr||ure 3a|r|e corre gu|de de |a v|e quo||d|erre
dars |a correspordarce de 0rego|re |e 0rard,' 0rego|re |e 0rard ( ) - 18oz1
. z
1o. 0. Crerasco||, `la 8|oo|a re||a 'bego|a las|ora|e d| 3ar 0regor|o |agro,'
ve|C|r ( ) - , 8. Jud|c, `la 8|o|e r|ro|r des pas|eurs dars |a 'bg|e o1o|;;o
pas|ora|e' de 0rego|re |e 0rard,' |r. 8|o|e de |ous |es |erps, vo|. . le rorde z
|a||r ar||que
e| |a 8|o|e, ed. C|. Karrerg|esser, lar|s. 8eauc|esre , - , b. A. 18|;
|ar|us,
`0regory ||e 0rea|'s 'bec|or' ard ||s 0eres|s,' 0rego|re |e 0rard ( ) - . 18o1;|o
0regory ||e 0rea| ||e 8|o|e spea| ||roug| ||s Words ard ||s ||le |r a|| ||e 1|1
Ways || |s des|gred
|o do, ard |o ra|e ||rse|l a su||ao|e |r|erpre|er ol ||s ressage. T| erelore
0regory pos|u|a|es |r|erpre||rg ||e oars |r ||e go|der r|rgs ol ||e ar| (Fxod
z. - ) ||a| rer |r Word|y or sp|r||ua| poWer s|ou|d `red||a|e d|||ger||y 1z1
ard every day or ||e precep|s ol ||e sacred Word' oecause ||e oars s|a||
oe pu| ||roug| ||e lour go|der r|rgs, W||c| are ||e lour ooo|s ol ||e |o|y
0ospe|s, lor || |s ev|der||y recessary ||a| ||ey W|o devo|e ||erse|ves |o ||e
oll| ce ol preac||rg s|ou|d rever depar| lror ||e occupa||or ol sacred read|rg
(bpas| , [3C , - |). T| e |rue pas|or accord|rg |o 0regory z11 81zzz|
s|ou|d a|Ways |eep a oa|arce oe|Weer ||e |rrer ||le ol red||a||rg ||e |ru||
ol ||e 3cr|p|ures ard ||e ou|Ward ac||v|||es ol ||le. T| e rode| ol |||s equ|||or|ur
accord|rg |o ||e las|ora| bu|e |s ||e o|o||ca| l| gure ol |oses. `T| us
|oses lrequer||y goes |r ard ou| ol ||e Taoerrac|e, ard W|||e W||||r |e |s
caug|| up |r cor|erp|a||or, ou|s|de |e devo|es ||rse|l |o ||e alla|rs ol ||e
Wea|. lrWard|y |e cors|ders ||e ||dder |||rgs ol 0od, ou|Ward|y |e oears
||e ourders ol ||e carra| rer' (bpas| , [3C , |). z 8118
11
T| e |as| ror-exege||ca| Wor||r ||e s|r|c| serse ol ||e Wordare ||e
lour ooo|s ol ||e 0|a|ogues (0|a|ogorur ||or| qua|uor de r|racu||s pa|rur
||a||corur), a |ag|ograp||ca| co||ec||or ol r|rac|e-s|or|es, Wr|||er oy 0regory
dur|rg ||e ear|y years ol ||s por||l|ca|e, ros| prooao|y oe|Weer | . A| |
l|rs| s|g|| || seers ||a| ||e scr|p|ures ol ||e 8|o|e |r |||s Wor| or `||e ||le
ard ||e r|rac|es ol ||e l|a||ar la||ers' do ro| p|ay ||e sare ro|e W||c| |s
grar|ed |o ||er |r ||e o||er Wor|s ol 0regory. lror ar exege||ca| po|r| ol
v|eW, ||e 0|a|oguesseer so d|llerer| lror ||e res| ol ||e corpus ol 0regor|ar
|ex|s ||a| ||e au||er||c||y ol |||s Wor| |as oeer d|spu|ed.
1zT|e corversa||or
ol ||e au||or W||| ||s d|a|ogue-par|rer, ||e deacor le|er, g|ves ||e arsWer
|o ||e d|llerer| s|ruc|ure ol |||s Wor|. ||ere are pedagog|ca| ard pas|ora|
reasors W||c| |ead ||e au||or |o a d|llerer| use ol ||e 8|o|e. 0regory s|a|es
||a| ||ere are sore peop|e rore |rsp|red oy exarp|es ol |o|y ||ves ||ar oy
preac||rg ||e 3cr|p|ures (0|a| , pro|. [3C , |). lrs|ead ol expos|rg 1 zoo1o
o|o||ca| passages |r ||s 0|a|ogues 0regory |r|erpre|s ||e ||le ard deeds ol
cor|erporary |o|y rer. le regards ||e r|rac|es ol ||s days as ||e cor||rua||or
ol ||e ||s|ory ol sa|va||or ard app||es ||e sare exege||ca| re||od |o
11. Cl. |or , , (CCl 8, s). zzo8 1| 11;z
1z. l. C|ar|, T| e lseudo-0regor|ar 0|a|ogues (3|ud|es |r ||e l|s|ory ol C|r|s||ar
742
T| oug|| . ), le|der. 8r||| , aga|rs| ||e ||eor|es ol C|ar|. l. |eyvaer|, `T| ;8 18;
e
er|gra ol 0regory ||e 0rea|'s 0|a|ogues. A resporse |o lrarc|s C|ar|,' |r. JFl
( ) - , A. de vogue, `les 0|a|ogues, ceuvre au||er||que e| puo||ee 18881
de
0rego|re |u|-rere,' 0regor|o |agro e || suo |erpo ( ) - . 11z;|o
1|zTWe|ve 3|x||- ard 3ever||-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
||ese r|rac|e-s|or|es as |r ||s o|o||ca| Wor|s. T| e sare 0od W|o spo|e ard
ac|ed |r ||e |Wo Tes|arer|s ol ||e 8|o|e |s roW a| Wor| |r ||e ||ves ol ||ese
l|a||ar sa|r|s ol ||e s|x|| cer|ury. T| erelore |e|||rg ||e ||le ol a sa|r| ol |||s
Wor|d rears a rore popu|ar ||rd ol pas|ora| exeges|s lor ||ose C|r|s||ars
ro| ao|e |o read ard red||a|e or ||e 8|o|e.
0esp||e ||e ror-o|o||ca| cor|er|s |r ||e |egerdary Wor| ol ||e 0|a|ogues
aga|r ||e 8|o|e p|ays a de|err|ra|e ro|e. 8|o||ca| pa||errs are ||e |ey lor ||e
correc| urders|ard|rg ol ||e s|ruc|ure ol ||e r|rac|e-s|or|es.
1
0regory |e||s
||e rerar|ao|e s|or|es ol |o|y rer perlorr|rg r|rac|es accord|rg |o o|o||ca|
corcep|s. T| e |eroes ol ||e 0|a|oguesare s|aped accord|rg |o ||e pro|o|ypes
ol o|o||ca| persora||||es. 8ered|c|, ||e cer|ra| l|gure ol ||e secord ooo|, ac|s
|||e |oses, F||s|a, F||ja| ard 0av|d (0|a| , , [3C , - |). z88 zoo1o|1oo
1|
lr ||e
s|g|| ol 0regory ||e secu|ar Wor|d |as oecore ar a||egory W||c| |as |o oe
|r|erpre|ed |||e ||e lo|y 3cr|p|ures. T| e 0|a|oguesadap| |r a rarra||ve lorr
||e exege||ca| re||od |roWr |r ||e exp||c|| o|o||ca| Wr|||rgs ard ||erelore
car oe regarded as ar au||er||c Wor| ol 0regory Wr|||er lor ||e ed|l|ca||or
ol a rore popu|ar aud|erce.
z. T| e Fxege||ca| wor|s z
0regory's ear||es| exege||ca| Wor| |r ||e proper serse ol ||e Word |s ||e
|r|erpre|a||or ol ||e 3org ol 3orgs (Fxpos|||o |r Car||c|s Car||corur). T|e
correr|ary orea||es exc|us|ve|y ||e cor|erp|a||ve sp|r|| ol a roras||c
se|||rg ard || Was ros| prooao|y deve|oped dur|rg ||s l|rs| years as ror|
oe|Weer - ou| del|r|||ve|y corp|e|ed oelore ||s por||l|ca|e. T| e ;;
|r|erpre|a||or s|oWs 0regory's groW|rg |r|eres| |r ||e roras||c Wor|d ol
cor|erp|a||or s|rce ||e |ex| ol ||e 3org ol 3orgs Was regarded as a ooo|
or cor|erp|a||or accord|rg |o ||e exege||c |rad|||or ol ||e |r|erpre|a||or
ol ||e ooo|s a||r|ou|ed |o 3o|oror. Al|er a |erg||y |r|roduc||or W||| exege||ca|
rerar|s |e |r|erpre|s or|y ||e l|rs| e|g|| verses ol ||e o|o||ca| |ex|
ou| ore ge|s ||e |rpress|or ||a| |||s lragrer| |s ||e corp|e|e |ex| ol |||s
correr|ary oecause every|||rg seers |o oe sa|d.
1
lr JeW|s| exeges|s, as
We|| as |r ||e |r|erpre|a||or ol ||e Far|y C|urc|, |||s o|o||ca| ooo| ol |ovesorgs |s
regarded as a |ex| W||c| |as ro s|gr|l|carce |r ||s |||era| rear|rg
1. 3. C. Kess|er, `0as ba|se| der 0|a|oge 0regors des 0rosser. la|sc|urg oder
8earoe||urg?,' T|l| ( ). - . l. o1ooo;8;o
1|. |. |a||er, `Fvoca||ors o|o||ques e| |ag|ograp||ques dars |a 'v|e de 3a|r|
8ero||' par 3a|r| 0rego|re,' b8er ( ). - . 81;8|z
1. |u||er, 0as lo|e||ed ( ). . 11z|
0regory ||e 0rea| ou| or|y ar a||egor|ca| ore. `lr ||ese ood||y ard ex|erra| 1|
Words ore rus|
|oo| lor W|a| ||es W||||r, ard |a|||rg aoou| ||e oody We rus| oecore as
|| Were ou|s|de ||e oody.'
1oT| e oojec||ve ol 0regory's read|rg ol ||e 3org
ol 3orgs |s ar |der||l|ca||or W||c| perr||s ||e reader ol ||s correr|ary
|o er|er |r|o ||e ro|e ol ||e or|de. W|a| |s urders|ood ||ere |s ar ex|or|a||or aoou|
||e rup||a| garrer|. `we rus| core |o |||s |o|y Wedd|rg ol
or|degroor ard or|de W||| ||e |r|er|or |roW|edge ol |ove, |||s rears W|||
||e rup||a| garrer|. T| |s |s recessary oecause |l We do ro| dress W||| ||e
rup||a| garrer| W||c| |s ||e d|gr|l|ed |roW|edge ol |ove, We r|g|| oe repud|a|ed
lror ||e Wedd|rg oarque| |r|o ||e ex|erra| dar|ress W||c| rears
|r|o ||e o||rdress ol |grorarce' (|r Car| [CCl , l.|). lr ||e 3org ol | 1|||
3orgs 0od descerds |o ||e |arguage ol |urar |ove |r order |o |rl|are
ard |o exa|| rar |o ||e d|v|re |ove (lr Car| [CCl , ). T| erelore 1|||1
a||egor|ca| |r|erpre|a||or |s ||e appropr|a|e ard or|y Way |o exp|a|r ||ese
verses ol ||e 8|o|e. 0regory corpares ||e |ec|r|que ol a||egory |o a l||||rg
rec|ar|sr or pu||ey (quardar rac||rar) W||c| ra|ses up ||e sou|s W|o
are lar lror 0od ||roug| s|r (lr Car| [CCl , |). T| e |ove-re|a||ors||p z 1||
ol ||e 3org ol 3orgs descr|oesaccord|rg |o 0regory W|o lo||oWs |r |||s
||e pa|r|s||c |rad|||or, espec|a||y 0r|ger||e |ove ol C|r|s| lor ||s C|urc|
or lor ||e s|rg|e sou| ol a la|||lu|C|r|s||ar. lerlec||or ol ||e C|urc| ard
ol ||e s|rg|e sou| |s ||e a|r ol ||e exeges|s ol ||e 3org ol 3orgs. lror |||s
lo||oWs a |Wolo|d sc|ere ol |r|erpre|a||or. gerera| (gerera|||er) |r regard
743
|o ||e c|urc|, spec|a| (spec|a|||er) |r regard |o ||e |rd|v|dua| sou| (|r Car|
[CCl , |). T| e preva|||rg ecc|es|o|og|ca| d|rers|or ol 0regory's 1||8
exeges|s l|rds ||s express|or |r ||e |r|erpre|a||or ol ||e passage W|ere ||e
||rg |r|roduces ||e or|de |r|o ||s c|aroer. lor 0regory |||s `cuo|cu|ur'
s|gr|l|es ||e C|urc| W||c| |s s|r||ar |o a roya| |ouse W|ere ore er|ers
||roug| la||| (|r Car| [CCl , l.|). zo 1||z;
lr Cors|ar||rop|e dur|rg ||s years |r d|p|ora||c serv|ce ( - ) ;8
0regory |a|d ||e lurdarer| W||| exege||ca| |ec|ures or ||e prop|e| Joo |o
ar aud|erce ol |||e-r|rded lr|erds |o ||s ooo|s ol ||e |ora||a (|ora||ur
l|or| s|ve Fxpos|||o |r l|orur 8ea|| Joo).
1;
lr ||e years al|er ||s re|urr |o bore,
1o. lr Car| [CCl , |, K. 3. lrar|, `lo|es||ed,' bAC ( ). - , b. J. | 1||| 1o1|88;
0e3|rore, T|e 8r|de ard ||e 8r|degroor ol ||e la||ers. Ar Ar||o|ogy ol
la|r|s||c
lr|erpre|a||ors ol ||e 3org ol 3orgs (3uss|d| la|r|s||c| ), bora. ls|||u|o 1o
la|r|s||co
`Augus||r|arur' . zooo
1;. la|r|s||c exeges|s ol Joo. F. 0assrarr, `l|oo,' bAC ( ). - , le 111oo||z
l|vre
de Joo c|ez |es lres (Ca||ers de 8|o||a la|r|s||ca ), 3|rasoourg. Cer|re
d'Ara|yse
e| de 0ocurer|a||or la|r|s||ques , l. Caz|er, `lec|ures du l|vre de Joo c|ez 1o
Aroro|se, Augus||r e| 0rego|re |e 0rard,' 0rap| ( ). - . o1;81111
1||TWe|ve 3|x||- ard 3ever||-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
ou| oelore ||s e|ec||or |o ||e papacy, |e Was occup|ed |o rearrarge ||ese
ora| |a||s as a verse-oy verse correr|ary |r ooo| lorr.
18
w|a| |r|eres|ed
0regory |r expourd|rg ||e ooo| ol Joo Was W|a| || says aoou| ||e corr|||ed
C|r|s||ar ||le. Corvers|or, cu|r|ra||rg |r ||e W|sdor ol cor|erp|a||or,
|s ||e oojec||ve ol ||s urders|ard|rg ol Joo ard ||e 8|o|e. 0regory exp|a|rs
||e ooo| ol Joo oecause |r ||e ||le ard |eac||rgs ol |||s o|o||ca| l|gure |e
d|scovers ar |rsp|r|rg exarp|e ol ||e ordo praed|ca|orur. lr add|||or |o
|||s |e lee|s a c|ose re|a||ors||p ard a very persora| |der||l|ca||or W||| ||e
erdur|rg r|g||eous ore ol ||e 8|o|e. T| roug| ||s oWr suller|rgs 0regory
oe||eves |e urders|ards Joo oe||er ||ar o||ers. `ler|aps Was || ||e p|ar ol
||e d|v|re prov|derce, ||a| as a oea|er rar l s|a|| exp|a|r ||e oea|er Joo
(percussur Joo percussus exporerer)' (|or, ep.ded|c. [CCl , |). lr ||s 1|o
exeges|s Joo |s s|y||zed as ||e |dea| rar W|o lourd W|sdor.
1
le oears a|| ||e
suller|rgs 0od serds ard, desp||e ||e v|c|ss||udes ol ||le, |s a|Ways ca|r ard
ol s|eadlas| |r r|rd (cors|ar||a rer||s). 0re s|ou|d |earr |o suller advers||y
ard prosper||y as Joo d|d, oo|| |ov|rg ard lear|rg 0od |r ||e ups ard doWrs
ol ||le.
zoT|e suller|rg r|g||eous ore |r ||e |ora||a |s |r|erpre|ed a| l|rs| as a
|ypos ol Jesus C|r|s| W|o a|so |ad |o oear |r|ou|a||ors. 3|rce C|r|s| |s |ead
ard oody ol ||e C|urc| Joo car a|so s|gr|ly ||e corrur||y ol ||e C|urc|
(|or , , [CCl , |). T| e ra|r ||eo|og|ca| ques||or ol 0regory's 1z| 1||
correr|ary or Joo |s g|ver ||roug| ||e d|scuss|or ol ||e ordea|s sullered
oy ||e r|g||eous. T| e proo|er ol ev|| ard suller|rg |s corveyed a| ||e |||era|
|eve| ol ||e ooo| ol Joo, ard ||e popedesp||e |erg||y d|sgress|ors a|Ways
re|urrs |o |||s cruc|a| ques|. T| e W|o|e correr|ary or ||e o|o||ca| ooo| ol
Joo |as ||e |r|er||or |o g|ve ||roug| ||e exege||ca| exp|ara||ors a lu||
corperd|ur ol ||eo|ogy as 0regory corce|ved ||. T| e |ora||a |s ||e a||erp| |o
oe ar ercyc|oped|a ol ||e C|r|s||ar ||le. T| e perspec||ve ol |||s corperd|ur
|s asce||c-roras||c ard ||s s|ruc|ure ro| |og|ca| ou| s|r|c||y o|o||ca|.
T| e lor|||es or ||e 0ospe|s (lor|||ae |r Fvarge||a Xl.) |s a co||ec||or ol |o
serrors or r| passages ol ||e |||urg|ca| read|rgs ol ||e borar
l||urgy ra|r|y de||vered a| euc|ar|s||c ce|eora||ors a| ||e oeg|rr|rg ol
0regory's por||l|ca|e oe|Weer Adver| ard leoruary . T| |s co||ec- . Fp o z 18
, (CCl , ) |rd|ca|es ||a| ||e rev|s|or ol ||e |ora||a rus| |ave oeer 1|1 1|o|
oas|ca||y corp|e|ed a| ||e oeg|rr|rg ol 0regory's por||l|ca|e a| ||e |a|es| oy . 1
T|e l|ra| puo||ca||or ard |rarsr|ss|or |oo| p|ace |r (Fp , [CCl , |). 1|o|8
1. 3.F. 3c|re|rer, `'w|ere s|a|| W|sdor oe lourd?' 0regory's |r|erpre|a||or ol
Joo,' A8erb ( ). - . 188z1|z
zo. C.F. 3|raW, `'Advers||as' e| 'lrosper||as'. ure |||us|ra||or du ro||l s|ruc|ura| de
|a
corp|erer|ar||e,' 0rego|re |e 0rard ( ). - . 18oz;;88
0regory ||e 0rea| ||or W||| |or||e||c |r|erpre|a||ors ol ||e |||urg|ca| 0ospe| 1|
read|rgs |s ar
a||erp| a| a popu|ar exeges|s W|ere exarp|es p|ay ar |rpor|ar| ro|e. `3|rce
exarp|es rore ||ar Words (p|us exerp|a quar veroa) rouse ||e |ear|s ol
744
||e ||s|erers |o ||e |ove ol 0od ard ||e re|g|oor, ... ore s|a|| repor| |o you
a r|rac|e s|ory (rarrare r|racu|ur)' (lFv , , [lor|C|r . , |). z1o z8z8z8
0regory reads ||e 8|o|e |r ||e ||g|| ol ||e ac|ua| ever|s ol ||s days W|er
|e e.g. s|a|es ||a| ||s exper|erce ol ||e po||||ca| s||u|a||or ol bore s|gr|l|es
||e lu|l||rer| ol ||e esc|a|o|og|ca| prop|ec|es ol ||e 0ospe| (l| . - ). z1z
T| e largooard |rvas|or ol ||e l|a||ar per|rsu|a |s a secure s|gr ||a| ||e erd
ol ||e Wor|d rus| oe a| |ard. `8u| W|er rary ol ||e |||rgs lore|o|d |ave
a|ready core |o pass, ||ere |s ro douo| ou| ||a| ever ||e leW ||a| rera|r
W||| lo||oW. T| e accorp||s|rer| ol |||rgs pas| |s a c|ear |rd|ca||or ol ||e
|||rgs |o core.' (lFv[lor|C|r . , - | cl. , [ - |). 8y rears ol z81oz |zz|
||e 8|o|e 0regory |r|erpre|s ||s preser| ||re, W||c| oecores a corl|rra||or ard
accorp||s|rer| ol ||e d|v|re Words. As |r ||e s|g|| ol 0regory
oo|| ||e o| ard ||e r| rel|ec| ||e ore rys|ery ol ||e sa|va||or |r C|r|s|
ard ||ey e|uc|da|e eac| o||er (lFvl,| , [lor|C|r . , - |, , , 1 z811881ozz
[lor|C|r . , - |). z8z|o|z
z1T| erelore Words ard exarp|es, espec|a||y lror
||e o|, err|c| ard deeper ||e urders|ard|rg ol ||e r|. 8eyord ||e prool
ol ||e |ru|| ol ||e 0ospe| ||e a||egor|ca| |r|erpre|a||or ol ||e o| passages
|eads |o ||e sp|r||ua| urders|ard|rg ol ||e r| ra||rg || rore rear|glu| lor
||e |rd|v|dua| (lFv l , - [lor|C|r . , - |) ;81z z81z;8z88
T| e |Wer|y-|Wo |or|||es or ||e v|s|ors ol ||e prop|e| Fze||e| (lor|||ae
|r Fzec||e|er lrop|e|ar) are ro| a lu|| correr|ary ol ||e o|o||ca| ooo| a|||oug|
0regory ros| prooao|y |r|erded |o g|ve a corp|e|e |r|erpre|a||or ol
||e o|o||ca| |ex| s|r||ar |o ||s exeges|s ol ||e ooo| ol Joo.
zz
8u| ||e po||||ca|
c|rcurs|arces prever|ed a verse-oy-verse exeges|s. T| e l|rs| |We|ve |or|||es
exp|a|r ||e ca|| rarra||ve ol ||e prop|e| ard ||s |r|||a| v|s|or (Fze||e|
1, - , ). T| e s|a|e ol s|ege ol ||e c||y ol bore ||roug| ||e largooards 1|
oe|Weer | caused ar |r|errup||or ol ||ese |or||e||c exp|ara||ors. 8u| |
||e sp|r||ua||y |r|eres|ed aud|erce ol c|er|cs ard ror|s ercouraged 0regory
|o resure ||s exeges|s ol Fze||e|. 0esp||e ||e po||||ca| d|ll| cu|||es |e s|ar|ed
aga|r W||| ||s |or|||esros| prooao|y de||vered a| ||e ra||rs-serv|ces
|r ||e 8as|||ca ol ||e la|erar. lor ||e |as| decade ol |or|||es de||vered |r
a secord ooo| |e c|ose ||e corc|ud|rg v|s|or ol ||e reW |erp|e (Fze||e|
z1. l. 0|ordaro, `l'ar||co |es|arer|o re||e 0re||e su| varge|| d| 0regor|o
|agro,'
A3Fs ( ). - , |der, `la re|ap|ora re||e 0re||e su| varge|| d| z18z;oz
0regor|o
|agro,' A3Fs ( ). - . 811o1
zz. 3. C. Kess|er, `0|e Fxegese 0regors des 0roer ar 8e|sp|e| der 'lor|||ae
|r
Fzec||e|er.'' 3|la|r ( ). - . o1;|
1|oTWe|ve 3|x||- ard 3ever||-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
- |o|8). T| e l|gure ol ||e prop|e| Fze||e| W|o ||ved |r ex||e ard W||ressed
||e des|ruc||or ol Jerusa|er ard ||e |erp|e descr|oed lor 0regory ard ||s
aud|erce ||e ac|ua| po||||ca| s||ua||or ||ey |ad |o go ||roug|. As ||e peop|e
ol lsrae| Was W|||ou| |ope ol re|urr lror ex||e |r ||e days ol Fze||e| 0regory
sees ||e cord|||or ol bore ard l|a|y as |ope|ess. T| e pope |der||l|es ||rse|l
ard ||s |as| W||| ||e s||ua||or ard ||e ro|e ol prop|e|. As Fze||e| Was ||e
Wa|c|rar lor lsrae| (Fze||e| , ) 0regory sees ||rse|l roW as ||e guard|ar 1;
(specu|a|or) ol bore ard ol ||e C|urc| (lFz l, l , [CCl , - |). 1|o 1|z1;o1;z
T| |s Way ol persora| |der||l|ca||or W||| ||e o|o||ca| l|gures |s ||e reasor lor
||s very persora| approac| |r ||e exege||ca| Wr|||rgs or lo|y 3cr|p|ure.
z
0regory deve|ops a spec|a| exege||ca| |ec|r|que |o |der||ly W||| ||e o|o||ca|
persora||||es, prelerao|y |a|er lror ||e o|, ard |o d|scover |r ||er rode|s
lor ||s asce||c |dea| ol a roras||c ard pas|ora| ||le, ||v|rg ard Wor||rg |r
||e Wor|d ard a| ||e sare ||re s|r|v|rg lor ||e |e|g||s ol cor|erp|a||or.
z|
l| seers ||a| ||e d|ll| cu|||es |r urders|ard|rg Fze||e| ard ||e dar|ress ol
||s v|s|ors Were ol spec|a| |r|eres| |o 0regory. le descr|oes ||e v|s|ors as
`s|u| |r deep ooscur||y|r ragr|s ooscur||a||ous c|ausur' (lFz , , [CCl 11
1|z, |) ard ||e arc|||ec|ure ol ||e reW |erp|e |r ||e l|ra| v|s|or as so 1z
corp||ca|ed ard covered oy |rpere|rao|e log ||a| |r|e||ec|ua| urders|ard|rg
car |ard|y recogr|ze ary|||rg |r ||e v|s|or (lFz , prael. [CCl , |). z 1|zzo
T| e `ooscur||y' ol ||e 8|o|e |s a c|arac|er|s||c s|gr ol 0regory's ||eo|ogy ol
scr|p|ure. 0regory overcores ||e ||dder aspec|s ol ||e 8|o|e ||roug| persora|
|der||l|ca||or W||| ||e l|gures ol ||e |ex| ard a||egor|ca| |r|erpre|a||or
oecause scr|p|ure |s d|v|ded |r par|s lor |||era| ard a||egor|ca| exeges|s (lFz
z, , [CCl , |). T| roug| ||e |ec|r|que ol sp|r||ua| |r|erpre|a||or 18 1|zzo
0regory surrour|s ||e d|ll|cu|||es ol urders|ard|rg ||e |ex|.
T| e |as| exege||ca| Wor| al|er |org d|scuss|ors |arded doWr urder ||e
rare ol 0regory |s a correr|ary or c|ap|ers ol l 3arue| urder ||e 1o
745
|rad|||ora| |xx ||||e 0r l K|rgs (|r lr|rur begur). becer| researc| |ed |o
z. belora|or|sc|es 3c|r|l|pr|rz|p |r der sa|u|arer we||, ed. l. l. 3c|r|d
|e|||auser, 0u|ers|o|. |o|r , - . 11zoz;8
z|. 8|o||ca| l|gures as exarp|es ol C|r|s||ar ||le ard rode|s ol a recorc||ed
|arrory oe|Weer cor|erp|a||or ard ac||or |r ||e lFz. Josep| |r Fgyp| ( , , z1
[CCl , l.|), bac|e| ard lea ( , , [CCl , l.|, |oses ( , , - 1|z; zz1o 1|zz1 1;111
[CCl
1|z, s|), , , [CCl , - |), Aaror ( , , [CCl , ), 3arue| o zz1 1|zzz| 1;1z 1|z11
( , , 1;1z
[CCl , ), F||ja| ( , , [CCl , l.|), 0av|d ( , , [CCl , |), Joo 1|z11 zz 1|zzzo 1;1| 1|zz
( , , l. [CCl , l.|, , , [CCl , - |), le|er ( , , - [CCl 11| 1|z1o z;zo 1|zz| zo11
, - 1|zoo
oz|, , , [CCl , l .|), lau| ( , , - [CCl , - , , , [CCl zo 1|zz|o zo1z1 1|zozo1z11z
1|z, |j| , , - [CCl , l.|), 3|ep|ar ( , , - [CCl , l.|). z18111181 1|z1;o zo1|1 1|zo
0regory ||e 0rea| ||e assurp||or ||a| |||s Wor| oy |r|erra| ard ex|erra| 1|;
reasors seers |o oe
lseudo-0regor|ar.
z
or accour| ol ||e |erg|| ol ||e |r|erpre|a||or ard ol
raruscr|p| ev|derce le|er ol Cava-verosa a ||-cer|ury aooo| Was proposed 1z
as au||or.
zo
e|, || seers ||a| au||er||c ra|er|a| lror 0regory Was
used oecause ||ere are urr|s|a|ao|y au||er||c 0regor|ar |ra||s.
z;
3|r||ar
|o ||e |ora||a ard ||e o||er exege||ca| Wr|||rgs, |r ros| cases a |Wolo|d
sp|r||ua| |r|erpre|a||or |o eac| passage |s g|ver. |ypo|og|ca| ard rora| or
rere|y sp|r||ua|. lr |||s o|o||ca| correr|ary ||e C|urc| ard ||s s|ruc|ure
are rore exp||c|||y |r locus, espec|a||y |r ||s rora| |r|erpre|a||or W|ereas
0regory |r ||s au||er||c correr|ar|es ra|r|y dea|| W||| ||eres |||e ||e
arrourcerer| ol ||e Word ol 0od (praed|ca||o) ard ||e |ers|or oe|Weer
ac||or ard cor|erp|a||or (v||a r|x|a). 0||er exege||ca| Wor|s ol 0regory
rer||ored |r ||e beg|s|rur Fp|s|u|arur as or ||e lep|a|euc|, ||e lroveros
ard o||er o|o||ca| prop|e|s seer |o oe |os| (Fp , [CCl A, |). 1zo 1|o;
. T|eory ard prac||ce ol 0regory's o|o||ca| |r|erpre|a||or
T|eore||c lurdarer| ol 0regor|ar exeges|s.
||||eraard sp|r||us
TW|ce |r ||s |||erary Wor|, 0regory g|ves ar exp||c|| repor| or ||e ||eore||ca|
lourda||ors ol ||s exege||ca| prac||ce. |r ||e |org proer|ur |o ||e
Correr|ary or ||e Car||c|e, ard |r ||e prograrra||c Wor| oy W||c| |e
ded|ca|es ||e |ora||a|o learder ol 3ev|||e,
z8
||s ep|scopa| co||eague ard
z. A. de vogue, `l'au|eur du Correr|a|re des bo|s a||r|oue 0rego|re. ur
ro|re
de Cava?,' b8er ( ). , A. de vogue (ed.), 0rego|re |e 0rard 1oo1o11
(l|erre
de Cava), Correr|a|re sur |e lrer|er l|vre des bo|s (3C ), lar|s. Cerl , |z 18
- z8. l.
zo. A. de vogue (ed.), 0rego|re |e 0rard(l|erre de Cava), Correr|a|re sur |e
lrer|er l|vre des bo|s (3C ), lar|s. Cerl , - . || zooozo
z;. l. C|ar|, `Au||ors||p ol ||e correr|ary 'lr begur'. lrp||ca||ors ol A. de 1
vogue's d|s cover y,' b8er ( ) - . l., cl. rev|eW ar||c|e ol A. de 1o818o1;o
vogue's
ed|||or ol lr l bg (3C ). 3. C. Kess|er, ZK0 ( ). - . |z 111zooozz|
z8. Tr Car| - (CCl , - , 3C , - ), |or, Fp|s|u|a ad leardrur (= 111 1||1| 1|o888
|or, Fp. ded|c.). CCl , - , 3C o|s, - , 3. C. Kess|er, `0regor des 1|1; z 11|1|
0roe
urd se|re T| eor|e der Fxegese. 0|e 'Fp|s|u|a ad leardror.'' lr l' eseges| de|
ladr|
la||r| da||e or|g|r| a 0regor|o |agro, - . 3FA o8. bore, .T| e oo;oo zooo
de|a||ed
preser|a||or ol ||e exege||ca| ||eor|es ol Tr Car| corpr|ses rore ||ar a quar|er
ol ||e correr|ary ( ol |oge||er c|ap|ers). T| e |ex| |s regarded as a 11 |o
gerera|
|r|roduc||or |o 0regory's exeges|s (|u||er, 0as lo|e||ed [ | ). 11||
1|8TWe|ve 3|x||- ard 3ever||-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
lr|erd. 8o|| |ex|s, serv|rg as |r|roduc||ors, are carelu||y Wr|||er ou| accord|rg |o
c|ass|ca| cr||er|a. T| e au||or preser|s ||e |errereu||ca| corcep||or,
||e s|ruc|ure ol expos|||or, ard ||e purpose ol ||s exege||ca| erdeavor. A
c|oser ara|ys|s perce|ves 0regory's urders|ard|rg ol scr|p|ure, ||s |rp||c||
||eory ol exeges|s, ard ||s or|g|ra|||y as ar |r|erpre|er ol scr|p|ures rear
||e erd ol ||e pa|r|s||c age.
746
T| e prelace ol ||e correr|ary or ||e Car||c|e, as We|| as ||e ded|ca|ory
|e||er ol |ora||as|ar| oy ||r||rg ||e|r exege||ca| cors|dera||or W||| ||e |op|c
ol ||e a||ac|rer| |o ||e la||er Wor|d. Keep|rg |urar asp|ra||ors |rapped
|r c|rcurs|ar||a| s||ua||ors, ||a| Wor|d (praesers rurdus) |as reac|ed o|d
age (rurdus serescers) |r ||e v|eW ol |||s pope a| ||e c|os|rg ol Ar||qu||y
(l Fvl. . [lC . . . |). T| e lasc|ra||or ol peop|e W||| rurdare rea|||y 1 z81ooo
resu||s |r a o||rdress ol ||e |urar |ear|.
z
lor ||a| reasor peop|e ro
|orger urders|ard |o|y Wr||, ror lo||oW ||s precep|s W||c| are sp|r||ua| oy
ra|ure. T| ey |ave |os| ||e |rd|spersao|e sp|r||ua| |rs|g||s (|r|e|||ger||a sp|r||a||s)
requ|red oy ||e 8|o|e. `ll ||e d|v|re vo|ce Wou|d say |o ||e o||rd |ear|
'lo||oW 0od' or 'love 0od,' as || |s sa|d |o || oy ||e |aW, orce ex||ed ard groWr
s||lloy |rsers|o||||y, || does ro| ca|c| or |o W|a| || |ears' (|r Car| [CCl 1
1||, |). T| e |ora||aexp|a|rs ||a| ||e Wrorg a||ac|rer| |o rurdare alla|rs
ra|es || d|ll|cu|| lor peop|e |o corver| |o a ||le ol cor|erp|a||or (corvers|or|s
gra||a). w||| ro||ors lar|||ar |o ||r, 0regory exposes ||e cer|ra| ||eres
ol ||s sp|r||ua| ar||ropo|ogy, presupposed oy ||s exeges|s.
o
s|rce ||s ex||e
lror larad|se, due |o ||e la||, ||e |urar oe|rg |as oecore o||rd |o d|v|re
rea|||y. |erce, peop|e r|ss ||e sp|r||ua| urders|ard|rg ol scr|p|ure (|r|er|or
scr|p|urae |r|e|||ger||a coe|es||s) app|y|rg |o || or|y ||e|r ex|erra| serses.
T| ey are deal ard urreac|ao|e lor 0od's ca|| |o lo||oW ||r as |rarsr|||ed oy
||e o|o||ca| Wr|||rgs. loWever, peop|e are s|||| l|||ed W||| a deep |org|rg lor
||e ce|es||a| |ore|ard ard ||s ursearc|ao|e rys|er|es.
1
lr 0regory's v|eW
z. lr Car| (CCl , ) . 0regory rece|ved ||e |dea ol ||e `o||rd |ear|cor 1 1||
caecur' lror Augus||re (Trac|a|us |r Joarr|s evarge||ur , [CCl , |, ||1 o81
, |
[CCl , |, 3erro , [CCl , |). begard|rg ||e corcep| ol ||e Wor|d |r o1 z8 |1o1
||s o|d age ard 0regory's esc|a|o|og|ca| ||eory. l. 3|r|sca|co, `l' e| de| rordo |r
0regor|o |agro,' 0rego|re |e 0rard ( ). - . 18o;;8o
o. T| e gregor|ar sp|r||ua| corcep| ard |err|ro|ogy. C. 0agers, 3a|r| 0rego|re
|e 0rard ( ). - , C. F. 3|raW, lerlec||or |r lrperlec||or ( ), 1;;1ozo| 188
|. 3c|aroec|, Cor|erp|a||o a|s ||ss|o ( ). 1
1. `los|quar a parad|s| gaud||s expu|sur' lr Car| [CCl , |, `cae|es|| sur 1 1||
des|der|o all| a|us' (|or, Fp. ded|c. [CCl , |), `pa|r|a cae|es||s' (0|a| , [3C 1 1|1 |1
zo, ), `rys|er|a |ar|ae prolurd||a||s aper|rer' (|or, Fp. ded|c [CCl , |). 181 1 1||z
0regory ||e 0rea| suc| ar a||era||or car or|y oe overcore oy a 1|
cor|erp|a||ve ||le ded|ca|ed |o
||e s|udy ol d|v|re scr|p|ure. lr scr|p|ure 0od |as g|ver |os| |urar oe|rgs
||e poss|o||||y |o corver| ard |o recupera|e ||e aWareress ol ||e|r ear||es|
o|essedress.
z
w||| a relererce |o ls. . , ||e 8|o|e |s seer as a ||g|| |r 111o
||e dar|ress ol ||a| p||gr|rage,

a r|rror ol ||e sou| (specu|ur ar|rae)

a||oW|rg aga|r |r|er|or |r|e|||gerce ard se|l-aWareress,
|
a lood ard dr|r|
|eep|rg peop|e a||ve.

As s|rrers carro| appropr|a|e|y urders|ard 0od's ressage, d|v|re

d|spersa||or raraged |o |e| 0od ree| peop|e or ||e|r oWr |eve| ||roug|
sacred scr|p|ure. lr spea||rg, 0od |oWered ||rse|l (se |oquerdo |ur|||a|),
lor |rs|arce, |r ||e Car||c|e |e addresses |urars |r ||e lar|||ar |errs ol
ood||y |ove (aror|s quas| corpore|) |r order |o |urr ||er |oWard d|v|re
|ove (ad arorer qu| supra es|).
o
lerce, scr|p|ure addresses peop|e or |Wo
d|llerer| |eve|s. `T| e derard ol ||s corrardrer|s |s or ore s|de ||g|, or
aro||er |oW. w|a| perlec| peop|e ca|| sp|r||ua|, l||s ||e Wea| ores |||era||y,
ard W|a| ||e sra|| ores |a|e accord|rg |o ||e |e||er, ||ose W|o are |rs|ruc|ed
|urr || upWards |r ||e|r sp|r||ua| urders|ard|rg.' (l Fzl. . [CCl , |). oz 1|zo;
lr corsequerce, 0regory s|a|es |r gerera| a douo|e s|ruc|ura| pr|rc|p|e lor
o|o||ca| |ex|s. eac| passage ol scr|p|ure s|oWs ar |rrer ard ar ou|er aspec|.
T| e 8|o|e as a W|o|e |s d|v|ded |r|o |e||er ard a||egory (|r ||||era d|v|d||us e|
a||egor|a), as || ollers a |||era|-||s|or|ca| ard ar a||egor|ca|-sp|r||ua| Way |o
oe urders|ood (l Fz , , [CCl , |). z18 1zzo
0regory lo||oWs W||| |||s |errereu||ca| corcep| ||e c|ass|ca| lau||re pa||err ol
||||era ard sp|r||us ( Cor , ) ard ||e dec|s|ve |ra|| ol z o
747
z. |or , , (CCl , ), l. l|eo|arg, 0rurdlrager der rys||sc|er 8z8| 1||oo
T|eo|og|e
rac| 0regor des 0roer |ora||a urd Fzec||e||or|||er (lre|ourger ||eo|og|sc|e
3|ud|er ), lre|ourg. lerder , - , |. 3c|aroec|, Cor|erp|a||o a|s ; 1|z|
||ss|o
( ) - . 181o1
. |or , , (CCl A, l ), bpas| , (3C , ), lFz , , (CCl 11118 1|o z| 8z|zo 1;1;
1|z, l ).
|. |or , , (CCl , ), gregor|ar cor||rua||or ol ar Augus||r|ar re|ap|or. z11 1|
A.-|. la8orrard|re, `le specu|ur qu|s |grora|,' 3a|r| Augus||r e| |a 8|o|e (8|o|e
de |ous |es |erps ), lar|s.8eauc|esre , - . 18o|o1
. |or , , (CCl , l.), cl. lFz , , (CCl , l.). 0regor|ar 1z1z 1||o 11o 1|z1|
|ragery
ol ||e 8|o|e cl. Ca|ry, l|re |'ecr||ure ( ). 1;z
o. lr Car| (CCl , ). T| e |dea ol 0od |ur|||a||rg ||rse|l ||roug| ||s Word 1|||
|r order |o exa|| ||e |urar sp|r||. lr Car| (CCl , ), s|r||ar |r |or , 1||| z
( , ). 1|81
1oTWe|ve 3|x||- ard 3ever||-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
JeW|s|-c|r|s||ar o|o||ca| |r|erpre|a||or over cer|ur|es.
;
Fvery page ol ||e
8|o|e |as accord|rg |o 0regory |Wo d|rers|ors. or ||e ore |ard s|de, ||e
|||era| ard ||s|or|ca| serse W||c| |s ||e oeg|rr|rg ard lurdarer| ol a|| exege||ca|
|rves||ga||or ard, or ||e o||er |ard, ||e sp|r||ua| rear|rg W|ose
d|scovery |s ||e proper a|r ol exeges|s.
8T| |s, |rdeed, |s ||e lurdarer|a|
d|c|o|ory ol ||e 8|o|e, ||e d|s||rc||or oe|Weer |||era| ard a||egor|ca|, carra|
ard sp|r||ua|, ||s|or|ca| ard |yp|ca| serse ard oe|Weer ou|er ard |rrer
urders|ard|rg. 0regory deve|ops a poWerlu| re|ap|or lor ||e |||era||||s|or|ca|
d|rers|or ol scr|p|ure W|er correr||rg or ||e ro|| |rscr|oed rec|o ard
verso, W||c| ||e prop|e| Fze||e| |s ordered oy 0od |o devour (Fze||e| , , z8
, ). `T| e ooo| ol ||e lo|y 3cr|p|ure |s Wr|||er a||egor|ca||y |rs|de ard |
a||egor|ca||y ou|s|de. lrs|de lor sp|r||ua| urders|ard|rg, ou|s|de |r ||e s|rp|e
|||era| serse' (lFz , , [CCl , |). 1o 1|z1

T| e |r|erpre|er's ra|r |as| accord|rg |o 0regory cors|s|s |r crea||rg ar

equ|||or|ur W|||e expos|rg ||e |ex| oe|Weer ||e ou|Ward `|e||er' ard ||e
`|rrer' sp|r|| ol ||e 8|o|e. T| e p|ar lor ||e correr|ary or Joo perlec||y
corpr|ses ||e |dea ol a correc| oa|arce oe|Weer ||e |rWard ard ||e ou|Ward
|r exeges|s, as || |s sa|d aoou| Joo, Fze||e| or o||er o|o||ca| l|gures W|o |r
a|| ||e|r ex|erra| ordea|s are ar exarp|e ol a oa|arced ard ever |erpered
rood (cors|ar||o rerus). 0regory recogr|zes ||e reed |o |eep ar equ|||or|ur
oe|Weer s|ra|r|rg lor ar |rWard ard sp|r||ua| |r|erpre|a||or, or ||e
ore |ard, ard lorc|rg a ||s|or|ca| |r|erpre|a||or ol ||e |e||er, or ||e o||er.
T| ere |s a|Ways a We|g||rg ol ||e read|rg ol ||e o|o||ca| |ex| oe|Weer |||era|ress
ard a||egor|ca| rys||c|sr.
;. lor 0regory's use ol Cor , . e.g. |or , , (CCl A, ), . . z o 111oz 1| oo118oo
(CCl A, ), lr Car| (CCl , ), |. 3|rore|||, le||era e|o a||egor|a. ur 1| zo | 1||
cor|r|ou|o a||a s|or|a de||' eseges| pa|r|s||ca (3FAug ), bora. lrs|||u|ur z
la|r|s||cur
Augus||r|arur . 18
8. Accord|rg |o 0regory ||e JeWs rere|y urders|ard ||e 8|o|e |r ||e |e||er (|or
18, , [CCl A, |). begard|rg ||e |errereu||ca| corsequerces cl. b. A. oo 1|z;
|ar|us, `T| e JeW as |errereu||c dev|ce. T| e |rrer ||le ol a 0regor|ar |opos,'
0regory ||e 0rea|. A 3yrpos|ur ( ). - , J. 3|err, `lsrae| e| |'Fg||se dars 111
|'exegse de 3a|r| 0rego|re,' l'eseges| de| ladr| la||r| da||e or|g|r| a 0regor|o
|agro
(3FAug ), bora. lrs|||u|ur la|r|s||cur Augus||r|arur , - . o8 zoooo;8
. T| e corp|erer|ary corcep| ol |rWard ard ou|Ward urders|ard|rg ol ||e
8|o|e
|s regarded as ||e core ol ||e 0regor|ar exeges|s. C. 0agers, 3a|r| 0rego|re |e
0rard
( ). - . , l. Auo|r, `lr|er|or||e e| ex|er|or||e dars |es |ora||a |r Joo de 1;;z|z;z|z
3a|r| 0rego|re |e 0rard,' bev3b ( ). - , s|r||ar |r. l|eroryrus, lr oz1;|11;1oo
Fz.
1, ,|a (CCl , ). ;1
0regory ||e 0rea| . . T| e |ec|r|que ol 0regor|ar exeges|s. 11z
T| e s|eps lror a||egor|ca| |r|erpre|a||or |o rora| ac||or
0r ||e oas|s ol ||e |Wo d|rers|ors ol ||e lo|y 3cr|p|ures 0regory deve|oped ||s
||ree s|eps ol exeges|s. lror ||e ||ree d|rers|ors ol ||e c|ass|ca|
ar||ropo|ogy (oody-r|rd-sou|) ard lror ||e |rad|||or ol C|r|s||ar o|o||ca|
|r|erpre|a||or 0regory |r|er||ed ||e ||reelo|d lorr ol exeges|s (|||era|sp|r||ua|-
rys||ca|). le adap|ed |||s sys|er lor ||s purposes. Fvery page ol
||e 8|o|e rel|ec|s ||ree serses W||c| ||e exege|e |as |o recogr|ze ard |o
748
exp|a|r (|r|p||c||er |rdagarus) oecause `|r ore ard ||e sare ser|erce ol
3cr|p|ure a| ||e sare ||re a|| ||ree serses car oe lourd' (lFz , , [CCl 1;1o
1|z, |). Accord|rg |o |||s ||eore||ca| |r|ad ||e l|rs| s|ep |r dea||rg W||| 88
||e 3cr|p|ures |s ||e |||era| urders|ard|rg ol ||e |ex| as || |s g|ver (veroa
||s|or|ae). T|ereal|er ||e sare passage s|ou|d oe |r|erpre|ed |r ||s a||egor|ca|
rear|rg (a||egor|arur sersus), ard ||er a| a |||rd |eve| ||e |ex| s|ou|d
oe app||ed |o ||e rora| prac||ce ol a C|r|s||ar asce||c ||le (|or, ep. ded|c.
1[CCl , |). lr a prograrra||c passage 0regory corpares |||s exege||ca| 1|z
re||od re|ap|or|ca||y W||| ||e cors|ruc||or ol a rer|a| ed|l|ce as a
sp|r||ua| s|rorg|o|d.
0re s|ou|d |roW, ||a| We s|a|| rur qu|c||y ||roug| sore passages
W||| a ||s|or|ca| expos|||or, sore We s|a|| exar|re oy rears ol a||egory lor ||e|r
|yp|ca| serse, o||ers aga|r We s|a|| d|scuss oy rears ol
a||egory or|y lor ||e|r rora| oear|rg, sore, l|ra||y, We s|a|| |rves||ga|e
||oroug||y |r a|| ||ree Ways. lr ||e l|rs| p|ace We |ay ||e lourda||ors
ol ||e ||s|ory, ||er We ra|se |r sp|r|| a rer|a| ed|l|ce as a s|rorg|o|d ol la||| oy
||e |yp|ca| rear|rg, ard l|ra||y ||roug| ||e decora||or ol ||e rora| |r|erpre|a||or
We pu|, as || Were oy pa|r|, co|our
or ||e ou||d|rg (|or, ep. ded|c. [CCl , |). ||
0regory ra|es a d|s||rc||or oe|Weer a |||era| or ||s|or|ca| serse, ard ar
sp|r||ua| or a||egor|ca| serse, W||c| ray oe e|||er |yp|ca|, rora| or rys||ca|.
T| e |||era| |r|erpre|a||or ol ||e ||s|or|ca| lac|s |s ||e urd|spu|ed lurdarer|
ol a|| exeges|s. `lr ||e Words ol ||e lo|y 3cr|p|ures We rus| l|rs| a||erd |o
||e |||era| |ru||, ard ||ar see| |o urders|ard ||e sp|r||ua| a||egory. T| e lru||
ol ||e a||egory |s eas||y p|uc|ed W|er || |s roo|ed |r ||e |ru|| ||roug| ||e
|||era| rear|rg' (lFv , , [lor|C|r . , |). lr ||e |ora||a 0regory z|o1 z8z8o
repea|ed|y |a|es a spec|a| corcerr lor ||e |e||er ol 3cr|p|ure ard lor ||s|ory.
`w|o sore||res |grores accep||rg ||e Words ol ||e ||s|ory accord|rg |o
||e |e||er, ||des ||rse|l lror ||e ||g|| ol |ru||' (|or, ep. ded|c. [CCl |
1|, |).
|o
upor ||e ||s|or|ca| lac|s ol ||e |ex| ||e |r|erpre|er |as |o cors|ruc|
|o. |or, prael. , (CCl , ), , (CCl A, ), cl. l. Ca|ry, 1oz1 1|z|zz|; 1|1oo
`Fpreuves
1zTWe|ve 3|x||- ard 3ever||-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
||e sp|r||ua| ed|l|ce as a s|rorg|o|d ol la||| oy |ypo|og|ca| a||egor|sa||or.
T| e a||egory W||| ||s sp|r||ua| |r|erpre|a||or l|ra||y |eads |o ||e goa| ol a||
exeges|s. C|r|s||ar rora|||y ard cor|erp|a||ve ascer| W||c| |s ||e co|our
or ||e ou||d|rg ol C|r|s||ar ex|s|erce.
8u| |||s ||reelo|d order ol exeges|s (ordo exege||cus) W||| ||e ||s|or|ca|,
a||egor|ca| ard rora|-rys||ca| |r|erpre|a||or ex|s|s ra|r|y |r ||e ||eory
ol ||e |r|roduc|ory par|s ol ||e |ora||a ard sore rare exarp|es |r ||s
o|o||ca| |r|erpre|a||ors. T| e exege||ca| prac||ce ol 0regory |oo|s qu||e d|llerer|.
oeg|rr|rg a|ready W||| ||e lour|| ooo| ol ||e |ora||a ||e or|g|ra|
|r|ad ol serses |s ro rore recogr|zao|e.
|1
0r|y a leW passages ol ||s 8|o|e
correr|ar|es s|oW ||a| ||e au||or app||es ||e proposa| |r ||e ||eore||c
loreWords. 0esp||e ||s erp|as|s or ||e |||era| urders|ard|rg as oas|s |r ||s
exeges|s 0regory rorra||y passes ra||er qu|c||y over ||e |||era|-||s|or|ca|
serse ard goes |rred|a|e|y |o ||e a||egor|ca| ard rys||ca| |r|erpre|a||or.
Fxeges|s lor 0regory |r prac||ce |urrs ou| |o oe rere|y |Wolo|d, desp||e ||s
s|rorg erp|as|s ol ||ree serses. T| |s, |rdeed, |s ||e lurdarer|a| d|c|o|ory
ard ||e d|s||rc||or var|ous|y s|a|ed |r 0regory's exege||ca| Wor|s oe|Weer
carra| ard sp|r||ua|, |||era| ard a||egor|ca|, ||s|or|ca| ard |yp|ca|, ou|er ard
|rrer urders|ard|rg.
A||egor|ca| |r|erpre|a||or ol ||e o|o||ca| |ex|s lor 0regory oecores a
syroryr lor sp|r||ua| exeges|s urder a dua| aspec|. o|o||ca| respec||ve|y
c|r|s|o|og|ca| |ypo|ogy ard rora| |ropo|ogy lor ||e ac||ve ard cor|erp|a||ve ||le. l|
|s |rposs|o|e |o d|scerr ||ese |Wo s|ages ol 0regory's sp|r||ua|
|r|erpre|a||or. lr ||s s|g|| ||ey re|| |r|o ||e ore sp|r||ua| serse ||a| s|ou|d
|ead |oWards ||e rora|||y ol a C|r|s||ar ||le ard ||e |e|g||s ol cor|erp|a||or.
A||egory |r ||e v|eW ol 0regory as a pas|ora||y r|rded c|urc|rar |rp||c|||y
rears a rora| |r|erpre|a||or a|r|rg a| ||e prac||ce ol la|||. 0regory descr|oes ||e
pas|ora| a|r ol ||s exeges|s. . . . `||a| l do ro| |r|erpre| ||e Word|rg
ol ||e rarra||ve or|y accord|rg |o ||e a||egor|ca| rear|rg (veroa ||s|or|ae
per a||egor|arur sersus excu|erer), ou| a|so app|y || |o ||e rora| corduc|
du jus|e e| rys|re de 0|eu. le correr|a|re ||||era| du l|vre du Joo par sa|r|
0rego|re |e 0rard,' beAug ( ) - = |der, laro|es de 0|eu, arour e| 181;z1z|1||
Fspr||-3a|r| c|ez sa|r| 0rego|re |e 0rard (v|e |oras||que ), 8egro||es er 1;
|auge.
Aooaye de 8e||elor|a|re , - . 18|88
749
|1. T| e |as| ||res ol |or , , (CCl , ) arrource ||a| ||e ||reelo|d ;;o 1|1;
exeges|s |s cor|rg |o ar erd. 3|ar||rg W||| ooo| l|ve |or , , (CCl , ) 11 1|z18
0regory
correr|s or ||e o|o||ca| |ex| ol Joo |r a so|e|y a||egor|ca| ard rys||ca| Way.
0regory ||e 0rea| (|r exerc|||ur rora|||a||s |rc||rarer) (|or, Fp. ded|c. l 1
[CCl , |). T|e 1|z
percep||ve locus ol 0regor|ar exeges|s ard ||e scope ol ||s |r|erpre|a||or ol
||e 8|o|e oe|org |o ||e sp|r||ua| |r|erpre|a||or, oourd |o ||e e|||ca| or rora|
prax|s ol ||e C|r|s||ar Way ol ||le. lor g|v|rg ar |rpress|ve |||us|ra||or ol
||a| corcerr, 0regory uses |es||ror|es ard exarp|es. lr ||e exege||ca| Wr|||rgs
as ||e |ora||a or ||s lor|||es or Fze||e| ||ese `exerp|a' are s|r|c||y
|a|er lror ||e 8|o|e W|ereas |r ||e rore popu|ar |r|erpre|a||ors ol o|o||ca|
passages 0regory uses r|rac|e s|or|es lror ||e ||ves ol ||e sa|r|s, e.g. |r ||s
0ospe| lor|||es or |r ||e 0|a|ogues.
lr regard |o ||s exege||ca| procedure, 0regory lorru|a|es ||e re||odo|ogy ol ||s
|r|erpre|a||or. ||e exeges|s ol ||e sacred |ex| proceeds `par||y oy
serv|rg ||e [|||era|| serse, par||y ||roug| ||e ||g|er percep||or ol cor|erp|a||or,
par||y |r a rora| |rs|ruc||or,' ard ||e au||or s|gra|s ||a| |e Wou|d lree|y
s||l|lror ore ol ||ese |eve|s ol |r|erpre|a||or |o aro||er |r order |o s|ress
||s oWr v|eWpo|r|s (|or. Fp. ded|c. . [CCl , |). le |r|erds |o erp|as|ze z 1|
cer|a|r e|erer|s ol ||e c|ass|ca| ||reelo|d d|v|s|or (ordo expos|||or|s.
|||era|a||egor|ca|, rora|), |r order |o occas|ora||y reduce ||e |||era| exp|ara||or |r
lavor ol a rore exp||c|| preser|a||or ol ||e rys||c ard rora| serse, W||c|
|r lac| W||| oe rore ard rore ||e case. lr v|eW ol ||e sp|r||ua| ed|l|ca||or
ard ||e de|ec|a||ool ||e ||s|erers or readers, 0regory cors|ders || as ||e l|rs|
requ|rerer| ol ar exege|e |o corrur|ca|e |o ||er ||e rec|us |oquerd| ordo.
T| erelore ||e |r|erpre|er |as ||e ||cerce ard ||e poWer |o rod|ly ||e ordo
expos|||or|s. 0regory projec|s ||e |dea| |rage ol ||e exege|e oy corpar|rg
||r W||| rurr|rg Wa|er. T| e good expos||or ol ||e 8|o|e s|a|| |a|e |urrs
|||e a rearder|rg r|ver. `le ||a| |rea|s ||e 3acred 3cr|p|ures s|ou|d lo||oW
||e Way ol a r|ver, as || l|oWs a|org ||s c|arre|, ree|s W||| oper va||eys or
||s s|de, |r|o ||ese || |rred|a|e|y |urrs ||e course ol ||s currer|, ard W|er
||ey are cop|ous|y supp||ed, preser||y || pours ||se|l oac| |r|o ||s oed. T| us
urques||orao|y, ||us s|ou|d || oe W||| everyore ||a| |rea|s ||e 0|v|re word,
||a| |l, |r d|scuss|rg ary suojec|, |e c|arce |o l|rd a| |ard ary occas|or ol
seasorao|e ed|l|ca||or, |e s|ou|d, as || Were, lorce ||e s|rear ol d|scourse
|oWards ||e adjacer| va||ey, ard W|er |e |as poured lor|| eroug| upor
||s |eve| ol |rs|ruc||or, la|| oac| |r|o ||e c|arre| ol d|sourse W||c| |e |ad
prepared lor ||rse|l ' (|or, Fp. ded|c. [CCl , |). T| |s ||rd ol ra|ura| z 1||
oe|av|or ol a r|ver, 0regory ro|es, oug|| |o serve as a rode| lor ||e |r|erpre|er ol
3cr|p|ure. le s|a|| |a|e every reasorao|e oppor|ur||y |o d|ver| ||e
course ol ||s |r|erpre|a||or, as || Were, ard prov|de uselu| exeges|s lor ||s
aud|erce or readers. T| e |ec|r|que 0regory uses ros| ol| er lor l|rd|rg or
|rver||rg as |e expourds ||e o|o||ca| |ex| |s Word assoc|a||or W||c| |s |o us a
1|TWe|ve 3|x||- ard 3ever||-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
ra||er arroy|rg sys|er. 0regory c||es severa| o||er o|o||ca| passages a|| W|||
||e sare |err. le adduces ||ese `|es||ror|es' |r accordarce W||| ||e ru|e
||a| ore passage |r 3cr|p|ure car oe |r|erpre|ed oy corpar|sor W||| o||ers.
T| e sp|r||ua| |r|erpre|a||or ol ||s |ex| sugges|s aro||er |ex| cor|a|r|rg ||e
express|or W||c| |as ||e sare sp|r||ua| rear|rg as ||e l|rs|. T| |s secord |ex|
|s ||er |r|erpre|ed accord|rg |o ||s sp|r||ua| rear|rg, |||s sugges|s aro||er,
ard so or, ur||| ||e correr|a|or la||s `oac| |r|o ||e c|arre| ol d|scourse
W||c| |e |ad prepared lor ||rse|l.'
lr|erpre|a||ve ||eory ard prax|s |r 0regory's exege||ca| Wor| s|oW a
cer|a|r |rrer |ers|or oe|Weer ||er. ||e presured ||reelo|d |r|erpre|a||or
s|r|r|s |r ||e prax|s ol ||s exeges|s |o ||e c|ass|ca| dua|||y ol ||e |||era| ard ||e
sp|r||ua| |r|erpre|a||or. 0r|ger's |r|ad ol a l|es||y, rora|, ard sp|r||ua|
urders|ard|rg ol scr|p|ure |s |rarslorred |r 0regory |r|o ar exp|ara||or W||c| |s
|||era|-||s|or|ca|, a||egor|ca|-|ypo|og|ca|, ard l| ra||y, rora|-cor|erp|a||ve. T| e
||reelo|d exeges|s |s reduced |o a or|el rer||or ol |||erary-||s|or|ca| da|a, ard
or ||e |eve| ol a||egory 0regory |r|es ros| exp||c|||y |o reac| a prac||ca|-rora|
urders|ard|rg.
|z
0regory does ro| e|aoora|e or ||e ||eore||ca| assessrer|
ror or ||e sys|era||c corr||rer| ol Augus||re, W|o expourded ||s
|errereu||ca| pr|rc|p|es |r ||e 0e doc|r|ra C|r|s||ara.T| oug| lar|||ar W|||
||e Augus||r|ar |egacy, 0regory |grored ||s ara|y||ca| ard sys|era||c s|arce.
|e a|so d|sr|sses Augus||re's lurdarer|a| d|s||rc||or oe|Weer resurd s|gra.
l|s a|r |o cross over lror s|gra |gro|a e| aro|gua |o ||e res s|gr|l|ca|ae relers
|o ||e 0r|ger|ar |r|ad ol scr|p|ura| serses, W||c| |e |ad prooao|y |earred
||roug| Fvagr|us lor||cus ard Jo|r Cass|ar. lope a| ||e c|os|rg years ol
Ar||qu||y, 0regory ||ved a| a ||re W||c| ca||ed lor a reW lorr ol exeges|s.
lr|or |o ary dogra||c corcerr, ||e o|o||ca| cu||ure ol 0regory Was d|rec|ed
750
|oWards ||e rora| ard sp|r||ua| p|are. 8ased or ||s oWr o|ograp||ca| exper|erces
|r ||e dora|r ol ar |r|erpre|a||or ol scr|p|ure a| orce ac||ve ard
cor|erp|a||ve, ||s exeges|s reac|ed ||s proper goa| |r ||e sp|r||ua|||y ol ||e
cor|erp|a||ve ||le. 0regory |r|erpre|s scr|p|ure |r order |o ac||eve ||e
|rarsparercy ol ||e pas| |r regard |o ||e lu|ure, ol ||e v|s|o|e rea|||y |r regard |o
||e |rv|s|o|e, ard ||e |erres|r|a| da|a |r regard |o ||e |eaver|y.
|z. |or , , (CCl , , , ( ), lFz , , (CCl , ) , , z;o 1|1oooz88 11zzo 1|z1z1o
( ). 8o
|. K. lo||rarr, 0oc|r|ra C|r|s||ara. ur|ersuc|urger zu der Arlarger der
c|r|s|||c|er lerrereu||| ur|er oesorderer 8eruc|s|c|||gurg vor Augus||rus, '0e
doc|r|ra
C|r|s||ara' (larados|s ), lre|ourg|3c|We|z. Fd|||ors ur|vers||a|res , - |1 1o1|;
. 1o
T| ree serses |r 0r|ger e.g.. lor. |r 0er. , (0C3 . , ). l. de luoac zo z1o
descr|oed
||e re|a||ors||p oe|Weer 0r|ger ard 0regory as `peu|-e|re corra|ure||e'
(Fxegse
red|eva|e. les qua|re sers de |'ecr||ure | (T| eo|(l) ), lar|s. Auo|er , 11 |1 1
. z11
0regory ||e 0rea| 3.3. T| e 0regor|ar dyrar|c ol exeges|s. 0roW|rg 1
3cr|p|ure
(d|v|ra e|oqu|a crescur|)
0regory |s W||ress lor a dyrar|c urders|ard|rg ol ||e 8|o|e. l| |s a ||v|rg
rea|||y W||c| revea|s ||se|l cors|ar||y ||roug| a||er||ve read|rg (|ec||o d|v|ra).
lr ||s s|g|| ||e o|o||ca| 3cr|p|ures |ave d|llerer| grades or |eve|s accord|rg
|o ||e rer|a| ard sp|r||ua| capac||y ol ||e reader or |earer ol ||e Word.
0regory cors|rues ||e Augus||r|ar |dea, ||a| a|| |roW|edge uselu| |o rar
|s cor|a|red |r 3cr|p|ure, |o rear ||a| eac| |ex| cor|a|rs, or po|r|s |oWards,
W|a| |s uselu|. 3cr|p|ure resero|es ||e W|ee|s |r ||e v|s|or ol Fze||e|. T|e
W|ee|s ol 0od's ||rore seer oy ||e prop|e| are descr|oed as |ouc||rg ||e
grourd ard |ead|rg upWards a| ||e sare ||re. Correspord|rg|y ||e 8|o|e
g|ves s|rp|e Words |o ||ose or ||e grourd ol ar ac||ve ||le ard |eads W|||
||e sare Words |o ||e |e|g||s ol cor|erp|a||or ||ose W|o are sp|r||ua||y
ra|ure. T| |s dyrar|c urders|ard|rg ol ||e Word ol 0od l|rds |r 0regory
||s express|or |r ||e |dea ol a groW|rg urders|ard|rg ol ||e 8|o|e. `w|||e
oe|rg read ||e d|v|re 3cr|p|ures groWd|v|ra e|oqu|a cur |eger|e crescur|.'
||
bead|rg ||e d|v|re 3cr|p|ures |eads |r|o a process ol sp|r||ua| groW|| ever ol
||e |ex| ol ||e d|v|re reve|a||or W||c| |s a|Ways appropr|a|e |o ||e s||ua ||or
ol ||e reader.
|T| e 3cr|p|ure leeds ||e ||le ol ||e sp|r|| a| every |eve|. l| accoroda|es ||se|l |o
||e capac|||y ol ||e |r|e||ec| see||rg |o urders|ard ||. `ou
|ave progressed |o ||e ac||ve ||le, || Wa||s W||| you. ou |ave arr|ved |o ar
urc|arg|rg cors|arcy ol sp|r||, || s|ards W||| you. ou |ave core oy 0od's
grace |o ||e cor|erp|a||ve ||le, || l||es W||| you' (lFz, , [CCl , |). ;1o |z
T| e 8|o|e |eac|es oo|| ||e perlec| ac||or ard ||e oeg|rr|rg ol ||e ||le ol
cor|erp|a||or (lFz , , [CCl , l.|). Correspord|rg|y 0regory app||es ||e zzz 1|zz
|||era| |r|erpre|a||or |o ||e ac||ve ||le W|ereas ||e sp|r||ua| exeges|s
relers |o ||e rys||ca| pa|| ol cor|erp|a||or.
|oT| e 3cr|p|ures cor|a|r r|c|es
|o exerc|se ||e |earred ard |o ercourage ||e Wea|, ||ey are a| ||e sare ||re
||. lFz , , (CCl , ), cl. |or , , (CCl A, ) ard Jo|r Cass|ar, 1;8 1|z8; zo11 1|1oo
Cor|a||ores , (C3Fl , ). 0re car l|rd a s|r||ar |dea |r Augus||re's 1|11 1|11
0eres|s-exeges|s, Corless|ores , , (CCl , ), , , ( l.). 1zoz; z;z;1z|;zo
|. l. C. 8or|, `C|rco|ar||a e sv||uppo re||'|r|erpre|az|ore sp|r||ua||. '0|v|ra e|oqu|a
cur |eger|e crescur|,'' A3Fs ( ) - , |der, l'|r|erpre|az|ore |rl|r||a. 18ozoz;|
l'errereu||ca cr|s||ara ar||ca e |e sue |raslorraz|or|, 8o|ogra. l| |u||ro 18;
(lrerc|. l'|r|erpre|a||or |rl|r|e, lar|s ). 11
|o. 8. |c0|rr, `Cor|erp|a||or |r 0regory ||e 0rea|,' 0regory ||e 0rea|.
A 3yrpos|ur ( ) - . 11|oo;
1oTWe|ve 3|x||- ard 3ever||-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
`a deep ard a s|a||oW r|ver, W|ere a |aro car Wa|| ard ar e|ep|ar| sW|r'
(|or, ep. ded|c. [CCl , |). | 1|o
T| e er|gra||c |ex|s ol ||e 8|o|e g|ve |o ||e au||or ||e c|arce |o s|oW
||a| ||e |||era| rear|rg ol ||e 8|o|e ex|s|s or|y lor ||e sa|e ol a ||g|er
sp|r||ua| |r|erpre|a||or. T| e 3cr|p|ures lor 0regory are dar| ard corcea|ed,
occu|| ard rys||c (||oer |rvo|u|us. lFz , , [CCl , |). 1z 1|z18
|;
No| a|| par|s
ol 3cr|p|ure |ave a |||era| rear|rg. T| e d|rers|ors ol ||e |erp|e-ou||d|rg
descr|oed |r Fze||e| lor exarp|e |ave accord|rg |o 0regory's |or||e||c
|r|erpre|a||or ro |as||rg s|gr|l|carce. le de|err|res ||a| || |s |rposs|o|e ||a| ||e
arc|||ec|ure cou|d |ave ary durao||||y accord|rg |o a |||era| urders|ard|rg.
`|ux|a ||||erar acc|p| ru||a|erus po|es|' (lFz , , [CCl , |). T| ere |s, z1 1|zzo8
751
0regory says, ev|derce lor |||s |r ||e o|o||ca| |ex| ||se|l. Fze||e| spea|s ol a
`quas| aed|l|c|ur.' T| e reW |erp|e |s or|y descr|oed `as |l ' || Were a ou||d|rg
ard ||erelore ||e |ex| rus| oe |r|erpre|ed |r ar a||egor|ca| serse. 3|rce ||e
or|g|r ol ||e 8|o|e ||es |r 0od ||ere car oe ro cor|rad|c||or |r ||e 8|o|e
ard ||erelore |||s passage rus| oe urders|ood ard |r|erpre|ed |r a sp|r||ua| Way.
Apparer| cor|rad|c||ors resu|| |r ||e Wrorg urders|ard|rg ol ||e
3cr|p|ures. l| |s ||e |as| ol ||e exege|e |o d|scerr ||e |Wo s|des ol 3cr|p|ure.
|rs|de ard ou|s|de.
lr ||e v|eW ol 0regory ||ere |s ar |rseparao|e ur||y oe|Weer ||e |Wo
Tes|arer|s ol ||e 8|o|e. T| erelore accord|rg |o ||e pa|r|s||c corcep| ol ||e
corcordar||a |es|arer|orur eac| passage ol ||e o| car oe |r|erpre|ed |r a r|
serse. T| e |dea ol ||e |rsp|ra||or ol ||e W|o|e 8|o|e oy ||e lo|y 3p|r|| g|ves
ore ||eo|og|ca| lourda||or, 8u| desp||e ||e|r d|llererces oo|| Tes|arer|s
arrource corcordar||y C|r|s| as ||e red|a|or oe|Weer 0od ard rar||rd
(lFz , , [CCl , |). 0regory po|r|s ou| ||a| urder ||e |e||er ol ||e o| 1o 1|z;o
||e r| |s ||dder ||roug| a||egory. `|r Tes|arer|| ve|er|s ||||era Tes|arer|ur
rovur |a|u|| per a||egor|ar' (lFz , , [CCl , |). 1o1z 1|z;
|8T| e ur||y ol ||e
8|o|e as a W|o|e prov|des ||e reasor lor ||e cors|derao|e o| orc|es|ra||or
ol a|| ||e Wor|s ol |||s ror| ard o|s|op ol bore. 0regory expourds ||s
||eory ol ||e esser||a| ur||y ol ||e 8|o|e |r ||e exeges|s ol Fze||e|'s v|s|or
ol ||e W|ee| |r ||e W|ee|. T| e |Wo W|ee|s represer| ||e |Wo Tes|arer|s ol
|;. begard|rg ||e |dea ol `ooscur||as' ol ||e 8|o|e cl. Augus||re, 0e doc|r|ra
C|r|s||ara , (C3Fl , l ). z; 8oo
|8. lara||e|s |o ||e ur||y ol ||e |Wo Tes|arer|s ol ||e 8|o|e. Augus||re, Frarra||o
|r
lsa|rur , (CCl , ), , ( ), Jerore, Correr|ar|orur |r 1oo |o1o;118zzo;
Fsa|ar
, , | (CCl , ). z1z ;;|
0regory ||e 0rea| ||e 8|o|e. T| e o| |s ||e `prop|ecy' ol ||e r| ard ||e r| 1;
|s ||e `expos|||or' ol
||e o| (lFz , , [CCl , |). T| e a|r ol ||e 8|o|e as a W|o|e res|s or 1o1 1|z;o
||e proc|ara||or ol C|r|s|. T| e o| arrources C|r|s| W|o |s |o oe oorr as a
rar W|ereas ||e r| |e||s aoou| Jesus W|o |s |o core a| ||e erd ol ||re (lFz
z, , [CCl , |) 8es|des ||e c|r|s|o|og|ca| |r|erpre|a||or espec|a||y ol |1| 1|zzo8
o| passages 0regory deve|ops a secord orarc| ol ar ecc|es|o|og|ca| read|rg
|r accordarce W||| ||s ||eory ||a| `C|r|s| ard ||e C|urc| are ore persor.'
|
Jus| as every persor ard every ever| ol ||e 8|o|e car oe |r|erpre|ed as a
|ypos ol C|r|s|, |r ||e sare Way ||e sare |||rgs car oe urders|ood as a
syroo| ol ||e C|urc|. T| e C|urc| |s ||e predor|rar| |errereu||ca| p|ace
lor read|rg ard |r|erpre||rg ||e scr|p|ures ol ||e 8|o|e.
Fxeges|s lor 0regory a|Ways rears ar ac|ua||sa||or ard ar |der||ly|rg
|ec|ure ex|s|er||e||e ol ||e d|v|re Words.
o
lr|erpre||rg ||e 8|o|e lor ||r |s
lar rore ||ar a rere |ec|r|ca| app||ca||or ol ||e ||eory ol d|llerer| serses.
T| e p|ace |o read ard |o |r|erpre| ||e 3acred 3cr|p|ures |s ||e c|urc|. T| e
ra|sor-d'e|re ol ||e c|urc| |s ||e read|rg ol ||e 8|o|e ard or|y ||ere ||e
Word ol 0od cores |o ||s lu|l||rer| (lFz , , [CCl , |). 0esp||e 11o; 1|z1o
||e lac| ||a| 0regory oWed very ruc| |o ||e |||r||rg ol Augus||re, |r ||s
exeges|s |e lo||oWed ||e 0r|ger|ar pa||err ol |r|erpre|a||or ard rece|ved
prac||ca| |rlorra||or lror Jerore, W|ereoy |r ||s pas|ora| perspec||ve |e
Was |rl|uerced oy Arorose ard orea||ed over a|| ||e roras||c sp|r||ua|||y
lror Jo|r Cass|ar ard o||ers||e 8|o|e ard ||s |r|erpre|a||or rera|red
||e urd|spu|ed cer|re ol ||s |||r||rg, Wr|||rg ard pas|ora| ac||v|||es. w|||
||s par||cu|ar Way ol |r|erpre||rg ||e 8|o|e 0regory opered a Way |o ||e
cor|rg cer|ur|es ol C|r|s||ar exeges|s.
A| ||e erd ol ||e age ol Ar||qu||y ||e l|rs| pope cor|rg lror a roras||c
oac|grourd crea|ed ar or|g|ra| Way ol |r|erpre||rg ||e 8|o|e. 0regory's
correr|ar|es ard |or|||es |o s|rg|e passages ard |o W|o|e o|o||ca| ooo|s
su||ed lor ||e ||eo|og|ca| ard sp|r||ua| recess|||es ol ||e cor|rg cer|ur|es.
0r ||e ore |ard s|de |e surrar|zed ||e exege||c |rad|||ors ol ||e pa|r|s||c
era ard opered or ||e o||er |ard ||e Way |o ||e red|eva| urders|ard|rg
|. |. 0ouce|, `'C|r|s|us e| ecc|es|a es| ura persora.' No|e sur ur pr|rc|pe
d'exegese sp|r||ue||e c|ez sa|r| 0rego|re |e 0rard,' |r. CC|s| ( ) - . |o18|;8
o. 8. 3|uder, `0|e pa|r|s||sc|e Fxegese, e|re A||ua||s|erurg der le|||ger 3c|r|l|.
Zur |errereu||sc|er lroo|era||| der lru|c|r|s|||c|er 8|oe|aus|egurger,'
|ys|er|ur Car||a||s. 3|ud|er zur Fxegese urd Tr|r||||s||eo|og|e |r der A||er K|rc|e
(3|Ars ), bora. lor||l|c|o A|ereo 3. Arse|ro , - . 1z; 1;1z;
18TWe|ve 3|x||- ard 3ever||-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
ol ||e 3cr|p|ures.
1
0regory ||erelore car jus||y oe ca||ed `ore ol ||e |eys
752
|o ||e urders|ard|rg ol ||e red|eva| rer|a|||y' ard ||s exege||ca| re||od
Was ap||y c|arac|er|zed as `per|aps ||e ros| s|gr|l|car| s|rg|e |rl|uerce
upor ||e de|a||ed Wor||rg ou| |r ||e wes| ol ||e sys|er ol |r|erpre|a||or.'
z
begard|rg ||e cors|ar| s|rear ol |rl|uerce exer|ed oy ||e exege||ca| Wr|||rgs
ol 0regory or ||e o|o||ca| cu||ure ol ||e ||dd|e Ages ||e express|or ol `||e
0regor|ar ||dd|e Ages|e royer age 0regor|er' Was co|red ard ore jus||y
car reler |o 0regory as `la||er ol red|eva| 8|o|e-exeges|s.'

0re ol ||e l|rs| W||resses lor ||e par||cu|ar |r|eres| |a|er |r 0regory's
exeges|s |s ||e l|oer |es||ror|orur ol la|er|us. As papa| oll| c|a| |e |ad lree
access |o ||e ro|es ol 0regory's exege||c Wor|s preserved |r ||e arc||ves
ol ||e la|erar. T| ere |e corp||ed ar ar||o|ogy ol o|o||ca| |r|erpre|a||ors
arrarged |r order ol ||e ooo|s ol ||e 8|o|e. le War|ed |o produce a correr|ary
or ||e W|o|e 8|o|e draWr lror 0regory's Wr|||rgs. T| e ||g| es||ra||or lor |
0regory's Wr|||rgs ard |r par||cu|ar lor ||e |ora||a |s s|oWr
oy ||e spar|s| o|s|op Ta|o ol Zaragoza W|o Was ser| or purpose |o bore
oe|Weer ard |o oo|a|r a copy ol ||e ooo| lor 3pa|r. o|o o|

lror |||s
Wor| |e puo||s|ed |Wo corp||a||ors ol passages arrarged accord|rg |o doc|r|ra|
|ssues ard |o o|o||ca| ooo|s ro| exp|a|rded oy 0regory.
o
Aoou| ||e
sare ||re ||e lr|s| ror| la||cer (la||acer) rade ye| aro||er corp||a||or
ol ||e |ora||a, |||s ore lo||oW|rg ||e or|g|ra| order ol ||e ooo| ou| W|||
1. l. 8ac|us (ed.), T| e recep||or ol ||e C|urc| la||ers |r ||e wes|. lror ||e
Caro||rg|ars |o ||e |aur|s|s ( vo|.), le|der. 8r||| , 0. 0a|ar, l'e x e g s e z 1;
c | r e | | e r r e d e
|a 8|o|e er 0cc|der| red|eva| (Xlll
e
-Xl
e
s|c|e), lar|s. Cerl , - . 1;;
z. b. |arse|||, 0regor|o ( ). , 0. b. Fvars, T| e ||oug|| ol 0regory ||e 1o;o
0rea|
(Caror|dge 3|ud|es |r |ed|eva| l|le ard T| oug|| . ), Caror|dge. Caror|dge |z
ur|vers||y lress , . 1881|;
. l. de luoac, Fxegse red|eva|e. les qua|re sers de |'ecr||ure | (T| eo|(l) 11
), |1
lar|s. Auo|er , , - , l. 0ral bever||oW, Fpoc|er der 118;;|8
8|oe|aus|egurg
( ). . 1|11|
|. T| e l|rs| vo|ure (0eres|s - 3org ol 3orgs) ol or|g|ra||y ||ree care doWr |o
us. la|er|us, l|oer de expos|||ore ve|er|s ac Nov| Tes|arer|| de d|vers|s ||or|s
3arc||
0regor|| corc|rra|us (ll , - ), b. F|a|x, `le 'l|oer |es||ror|orur' de ;o81o
la|er|us,' bev3b ( ). - . z18oo;8
. b. wasse|yrc|, `les '|ora||a |r Joo' dars |es ouvrages de rora|e du lau|
|oyer Age |a||r,' bTA| ( ). - . 11o|1
o. Ta|o ol Zaragoza, 3er|er||arur ||or| qu|rque (ll , - , ll3 , - 8o;z;o |1o;o
1o;8), b. wasse|yrc|, `les corp||a||ors des '|ora||a |r Joo' du vll
e
au Xll
e
s|c|es,'
bTA| ( ). - . z1ozz
0regory ||e 0rea| par||cu|ar a||er||or |o 0regory's a||egor|ca| 1
|r|erpre|a||or.
;
0ur|rg ||e
||dd|e Ages 0regory Was gerera||y cors|dered as r|racu|ous |r|erpre|er
ol ||e d|v|re scr|p|uresscr|p|urarur d|v|rarur r|rao|||s |r|erpre|a|orard
|a||ed as exege|e W|o `opered rear|y a|| ||e rys|er|es ol ||e NeW ard ol ||e
0|d Tes|arer|paere |o||us Nov| ac ve|er|s Tes|arer|| pa|elec|| arcara.'
8
0u|oer| ol Noger| pra|ses 0regory as ||e ras|er ol `sp|r||ua| exeges|s,' |r
W|ose Words `||e |eys |o |||s ar| ray oes| oe lourd' ard c|a|rs ||a| rooody
surpassed ||r |r |roW|edge ol ||e 8|o|e (sacrae pag|rae sc|er||ar).
T|e
s|rorges| |rpress|or |el|oy 0regory ard ||s |r|erpre|a||or ol ||e 3cr|p|ures
or red|eva| 8|o|e s|udy Was descr|oed as ||e |dea ||a| `exeges|s |s |eac||rg
ard preac||rg' ard ||a| `|eac||rg ard preac||rg |s exeges|s.'
oo
753
T| e belorra||or ard ||e Age ol Fr||g||errer| W||| ||e|r reW ||s|or|ca|
approac| ard cr|||ca| exeges|s regarded ||e exeges|s ol 0regory ard espec|a||y
||s a||egor|ca| re||od as secord-c|ass |r|erpre|a||or ol ||e 8|o|e. l|s Way
ol dea||rg W||| ||e 3cr|p|ures Was urWarrar|ed cors|dered as pre-cr|||ca|
ard ursys|era||c. T| e roderr cr|||c|sr la||ed |o la||or ||e lecord||y, ard
crea||v||y ol ||e ||eo|og|ca|, rora| ard sp|r||ua| rea||||es ol ||e gregor|ar
read|rg ol ||e 3cr|p|ures W||c| er|arges ||e |r|erpre|a||ve capac|||es ol
||s reader. As 0regory prooved |o oe a l| gure ol |rad|||or ard |rars|||or |r
exeges|s oe|Weer ||e la|r|s||c Fra ard ||e ||dd|e Ages ||s exege||ca| Wr|||rgs
s|||| are ar appropr|a|e Way |o urders|ard ||e oojec||ve ol ||e d|v|re
reve|a||or ||roug| ||e Words ol 3cr|p|ure `||a| We ray |earr ||e lervor ol
|ovelervorer d|scarus aror|s' (|r Car| [CCl , |). 1o 1||1|
;. la||cer, Fg|oga quar scr|ps|| la||cer l|||us 8a||| de |ora||ous quas
0regor|us
lec||, ed. |. Adr|aer (CCl ), aro||er ar||o|ogy W||| |op|cs corcerr|rg 1|
rora|||y. le|er ol wa|d|ar, bered|arur Corversorur. A syr||es|s |r |a||r ol
|ora||a
|r Joo oy 0regory ||e 0rea|,J. 0||dea (ed.), v|||arova. la. , erg|.. A 18|
syr||es|s ol
|ora||a |r Joo oy 0regory ||e 0rea|. A |rars|a||or ol le|er wa|d|ar's
'bered|arur
Corversorur,' J. 0||dea (ed.), NeW or| . 11
8. Ta|o ol Zaragoza, Fp|s|u|a (|0l.AA , ). | 1|z88
. 0u|oer| ol Noger|, 0e v||a sua (ed. 0. 8ourg|r, lar|s , ) `... 1o;oo
0regor|ara
d|c|a, |r qu|ous ar||s |u|us po||ss|rur reper|ur|ur c|aves ...', |der, l|oer quo
ord|re
serro l|er| deoea| (ll , 8). 1oz
oo. 8. 3ra||ey, T| e s|udy ol ||e 8|o|e |r ||e ||dd|e Ages, 0xlord. 8|ac|We||
, , 18|
b. wasse|yrc|, l'|rl|uerce de |'exegse ( ). - . 1o1;zo|
1ooTWe|ve 3|x||- ard 3ever||-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
8|o||ograp|y
3ources
A cr|||ca| ed|||or ol a|| ||e Wor|s ol 0regory ||e 0rea| |s ro| ye| ac||eved.
T| e |ex| g|ver |r Jacques-lau| ||gre's la|ro|og|a la||ra vo|. - ( ) ;;18|
|s a repr|r| W||| rary r|s|a|es ol ||e |aur|r|ar ed|||or oy 0or 0er|s
de 3a|r|e-|ar||e (lar|s , correc|ed vers|or oy 0|ovarr| 8. 0a|||cc|o|||, 1;o
verez|a - ). T| e cr|||ca| ed|||ors are puo||s|ed |r var|ous ser|es 1;o81;;o
(cl. Cll - ). Trars|a||ors |r|o roderr |arguages see. A. Ke||er, 1;o81;zo
Trars|a||ores la|r|s||cae. 8|o||ograp||e der uoerse|zurger a||c|r|s|||c|er
ue||er, Te|| . A-l, 3|u||gar|. Ar|or l|erserarr . 0regor|us l lapa 1 1;
[|agrus|. - . oo|
Fxpos|||or Car||cur Car||corur (aoor. |r Car|). CCl , - (ed. l. |||o
verora|er), 3C (ed. b. 8 arger). 1| o1
|ora||a s|ve Fxpos|||or|oo (aoor. |or). CCl . A. 8 (ed. |. Adr|aer). |1|1|
|or|- . 3C o|s (ed. b. 0|||e|), |or - . 3C . ' (ed. A. 8ocograro). z z 11o z1zzz
begu|a pas|ora||s (aoor. bpas|). 3C . (ed. 8. Jud|c - l. borre| - C|. 818z
rore|). lor|||ae |r Fvarge||a Xl (aoor. lFv). lor|C|r | . (ed. |. z81z
l|edro W|cz).
0|a|ogorur ||or||v. 0e r|racu||s pa|rur l|a||corur (aoor. 0|a|). 3C
z1. . (ed. A. de vogue). zoozo
lor|||ae |r l|ezec||e|er lrop|e|ar XXll (aoor. lFz). CCl (ed. |. 1|z
Adr|aer), 3C . (ed. C|. |ore|). z;oo
beg|s|rur Fp|s|u|arur (aoor. Fp). CCl . A (ed. 0. Noroerg), Fp- . 3C |o|o z
;o. (ed. l. ||rard). ;1
Trad|||ora||y regarded as 0regor|ar correr|ary, roW a||r|ou|ed |o ||e
red|eva| au||or le|er ol Cava.
lr l|orur lr|rur begur (lr l bg). CCl , - (ed. l. verora|er) 1|||o1|
0rego|re |e 0rard, |r l bg , - , . 3C (ed. A. de vogue) 11zz8 1
0rego|re |e 0rard, |r l begur , - , . 3C (ed. C|. vu|||aure) zz; 1
0rego|re |e 0rard (l|erre de Cava), lr bg , - , . 3C (ed. A. de 8|;8 |z
vogue)
0rego|re |e 0rard (l|erre de Cava), lr bg , - . 3C (ed. A. de |;z1; ||
vogue).
0regory ||e 0rea| A la||r-l|a||ar ed|||or ol ||e corp|e|e Wor|s ol 0regory 1o1
||e 0rea| |s oe|rg puo||s|ed. 0pere d| 0regor|o |agro (8|o||o||eca 0regor||
|agr|, ed.
l. 3|r|sca|co e| a|.) bora. C|||e Nuova ll. 1z
0erera| wor|s
lor |||era|ure oelore cl. booer| 0odd|rg, 8|o||ogral|a d| 0regor|o |agro 18
- 18o18(0pere d| 0regor|o |agro, Corp|erer|| ), bora. C|l|a Nuova 1
1o.
754
Ca|a||, 8erede||o, `3. 0regor|o |agro e |a 8|oo|a,' 8|oo|a e sp|r||ua|||, C.
vagag|r| -
0. lerco (ed.), bora , - . 1o;1z1;8
Ca|ry, la|r|c|, `l|re |'ecr||ure se|or 3a|r| 0rego|re |e 0rard,' CC|s| ( ), |1;z
- ;;zo1= |der, laro|e de 0|eu, arour e| Fspr||-3a|r| c|ez 3a|r| 0rego|re |e
0rard(v|e |oras||que ), 8egro||es-er-|auges Aooaye de 8e||elor|a|re ;
18|.
0agers, C|aude, 3a|r| 0rego|re |e 0rard. Cu||ure e| exper|erce c|re||erres
(F|udes
Augus||r|erres), lar|s. F|udes Augus||r|erres . 1;;
l|edroW|cz, ||c|ae|, 0as K|rc|ervers|ardr|s 0regors des 0roer. F|re
ur|ersuc|urg
se|rer exege||sc|er urd |or||e||sc|er wer|e (b.3 ) lre|ourg|8ase||w|er. o
lerder . 1
0rego|re |e 0rard.Co||oques |r|erra||oraux du Cer|re Na||ora| de |a bec|erc|e
3c|er||l|que-C|ar||||y .- . sep|erore , ed. J. lor|a|re - b. 0|||e| - 11 18z
3. le|||s|rard|, lar|s. Fd|||ors du Cer|re Na||ora| de |a bec|erc|e 3c|er||l|que
18o.
0regor|o |agro e || suo |erpo. XlX lrcor|ro d| s|ud|os| de||'ar||c|||e c|r|s||ara
bora .- . ragg|o (3|ud|o Fp|erer|d|s Augus||r|arur . ) bora. 1z 1o |
lrs|||u|ur la|r|s||cur Augus||r|arur . 11
0regory ||e 0rea|. A 3yrpos|ur, J. C. Cavard|r| (ed.), No|re 0are. ur|vers||y
ol
No|re 0are lress . 1
lolrarr, 0|e|rar, 0|e ge|s||ge Aus|egurg der 3c|r|l|oe| 0regor der 0roer
(|urs|ersc|Warzac|er 3|ud|er ), |urs|ersc|Warzac|. v|er-Turre-ver|ag o
1o8. Kess|er, 3|ep|ar C|., 0regor der 0rosse a|s Fxege|. Zur ||eo|og|sc|er
lr|erpre|a||or der Fzec||e||or|||er (lrrsoruc|er T| eo|og|sc|e 3|ud|er ), |
lrrsoruc||w|er. Tyro||a , `0regor der 0rosse urd se|re T| eor|e der 1
Fxegese. 0|e 'Fp|s|u|a ad leardrur,'' l'eseges| de| ladr| la||r| da||e or|g|r| a
0regor|o |agro (3|ud|a Fp|erer|d|s Augus||r|arur ), bora. lrs|||u|ur o8
la|r|s||cur Augus||rarur , - . zoooo1;oo
. `0regory ||e 0rea|. A l|gure ol |rad|||or ard |rars|||or |r C|urc| Fxege s|s,'
leoreW 8|o|e|0|d Tes | arer| . T| e l|s|ory ol ||s lr|erpre|a||or, vo|. | . 1z
||dd|e Ages, ed. |. 3aeoo, 0o|||rger. varder|oec| & buprec|| . zooo
1ozTWe|ve 3|x||- ard 3ever||-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
|arse|||, baou|, `0regor|o |agro e |a 8|oo|a,' la 8|oo|a re||'A||o |ed|oevo.
3e|||rare d| s|ud|o de| cer|ro ||a||aro d| s|ud| su||'a||o red|oevo ( ). 1o1o
- o;1o1.
|arger|e, 8er|rard de, lr|roduc||or |'||s|o|re de |'exegese vo|. . l'occ|der| |a||r |
de
leor |e 0rard 8errard de C|a|rvaux, lar|s. Cerl . |ar|us, booer| A., 1o
lror Augus||re |o 0regory ||e 0rea|. l|s|ory ard C|r|s||ar||y |r la|e Ar||qu||y,
lordor. var|orur bepr|r|s . 18
. 0regory ||e 0rea| ard ||s Wor|d, Caror|dge. Caror|dge ur|vers||y lress
. 1;
|u||er, 3usarre, `lervorer d|scarus aror|s.' 0as lo|e||ed urd se|re
Aus|egurg oe|
0regor der 0roer (0|ss.T ), 3|. 0|||||er. F03 . |o 11
becc||a, v|rcerzo, 0regor|o |agro papa ed esege|a o|o||co (uaderr| `lrv|g||a|a
|ucerr|s' ), 8ar|. 0|par||rer|o d| 3|ud| C|ass|c| e Cr|s||ar|. ur|vers|| d| 8ar| |
1o.
bever||oW, lerr|rg 0ral, Fpoc|er der 8|oe|aus|egurg, vo|. . vor der z
3pa|ar|||e o|s
zur Ausgarg des ||||e|a||ers, |urc|er. C. l. 8ec| . 1|
b|c|e, l|erre, le|||e v|e de sa|r| 0rego|re |e 0rard, lar|s. 0esc|ee de 8rouWer
1
(gerrar |r.. 0regor der 0roe. leoer urd wer|, |urc|er|Zur|c||w|er. Neue
3|ad| ). 1o
3c|aroec|, ||rjar, Cor|erp|a||o a|s ||ss|o. Zu e|rer 3c||usse|p|arorer oe|
0regor der 0rosser (33T| ), wurzourg. Fc||er . z 1
3|raW, Caro|e F., 0regory ||e 0rea|. lerlec||or |r lrperlec||or(Trarslorra||or ol
||e
c|ass|ca| |er||age ), 8er|e|ey. ur|vers||y ol Ca||lorr|a lress . 1| 188
wasse|yrc|, bere, `l'|rl|uerce de |'exegse de 3. 0rego|re |e 0rard sur |es
correr|a|res o|o||ques red|evaux,' bTA| ( ). - . z1o1;zo|
3upp|erer|ary 8|o||ograp|y.
gregory ||e grea|
Aooa|e, 0. A. la l|gura d| 0|oooe re| '|ora||a' d| 3. 0reg. |agro. 0|ss., ladua,
. 1;1
As|Wor||, l. `lur||er lara||e|s |o ||e 'ladr|arur' lror 3|. 0regory ||e 0rea|'s
Correr|ary or ||e l|rs| 8oo| ol K|rgs.' Tr ( ). - . 1o1ooo|;
Auo|r, l. `lr|er|or||e e| ex|er|or||e dars |es|ora||a |r Joode 3. 0rego|re le
0rard.'
755
b3b ( ). - . z1o|11;oo
8aas|er, |. lr|de accord|rg |o 0regory ||e 0rea|, a s|udy ol ||e |ora||a. 3|ud|es
|r
||e 8|o|e ard Far|y C|r|s||ar||y . leW|s|or, N... |e||er, . ; 18o
8arr|ard, |. `'lux|a ur|uscu|usque qua|||a|er', |'Fcr||ure red|a|r|ce c|ez
0rego|re
|e 0rard.' lr 0rego|re |e 0rard, ed||ed oy J. lor|a|re, - . lar|s. Clb3, |;;88
. 18o
8a|||es, l. l. A Trars|a||or ard Cr|||ca| 3|udy ol ||e l|rs| 8oo| ol ||e lor|||es or
Fzec||e| ol 0regory ||e 0rea|. 0|ss., lar|lord 3er|rary, . 1o
0regory ||e 0rea| 8e|arger, b. le correr|a|re de sa|r| 0rego|re |e 1o
0rard sur |a Car||que des Car|| ques.
0|ss., lava|, . 18o
. `Ar||ropo|og|e e| laro|e de 0|eu dars |e correr|a|re de 0rego|re |e 0rard
sur
|a Car||que des Car||ques.' lr 0rego|re |e 0rard, ed||ed oy J. lor|a|re, - . z||
lar|s. Clb3, . 18o
. `Fcc|es|a ao exord|o rurd|, rod|es e| degres d'appar|erarce |'Fg||se
c|ez
0rego|re |e 0rard.' 3b ( ). - . 1o18;zo;
8|ac|, J. `0e c|v||a|e 0e| ard ||e correr|ar|es ol 0regory ||e 0rea|, 8ede ard
lraoarus |aurus or ||e ooo| ol 3arue|.' lr Augus||r|ar 3|ud|es, vo|. , , 111|
18|.
8og||or|, l. ||rac|e e| rerve|||eux re||g|eux c|ez 0rego|re |e 0rard. T|eor|es e|
||res.0|ss., lor|. ur|v. 3. T| orae de uroe, . 1;|
8or|, l. C. `C|rco|ar|| e sv||uppo re||'|r|erpre|az|ore sp|r||ua|e. 0|v|ra e|oqu|a
cur
|eger|e crescur|,' 0reg. |. lr l|ez. l,ll, .' A3Fs ( ). - . 8 z18zo;|
8raga, 0. `|ora||a |r looep||or| de| seco|| vll-X e |oro evo|uz|ore.' lr 0rego|re
|e 0rard, ed||ed oy J. lor|a|re, - . lar|s. Clb3, . o1o8 18o
Ca|a||, 8. `Corur|| e 3cr|||ura re| pers|ero d| 0regor|o |agro.' v||a |oras||ca
1, . - . 8oz|
. `0regor|o |agro e |a 8|oo|a.' lr 8|oo|a e sp|r||ua|||a, ed. da C. vagagg|r|,
- 1z1
;8. bore. Fd|z. lao||re, . 1o;
. `3agg|o per ura |e||era de| d|a|og|| d| 3. 0regor|o |agro secordo |a
re|odo||a
de| serso sp|r||ua|e de||a scr|||ura |r|eso da| padr| red|eva||.' lr lex orard|,
lex crederd|. ls. C. vagagg|r|, ed||ed oy 0. J. 8e|es, - . bore, . 1oo 18o
. `0|e Juder |r 0er|er 0regors des 0rosser, 8erer|urger zu |ora||a |r Joo
. .' Juda|ca ( ). - . zo |;111;
. `'3cr|p|ura cresc|| cur |eger|e' re||e ore||e d| s. 0regor|o |agro.' l3v z|
( ). - . 11z|;o
Ca|ry, l. `Fpreuves du jus|e e| rys|re de 0|eu. le correr|a|re ||||era| du l|vre
de
Joopar 3. 0r. |e 0rard.' bFAug ( ). - . 181;z1z|||
. laro|e de 0|eu, Arour e| Fspr||-3a|r| c|ez sa|r| 0rego|re |e 0rard. v|e
roras||que . 8egro||es. 8e||elor|a|re, . 1; 18|
Cava||ero, J. l. `la |ecr|ca d|dc||ca de sar 0regor|o |agro er |os '|ora||a |r
Joo'.'
le|r. ( ). - . |11o1z88
C|osa larrs, J. `3ar 0regor|o |agro y |a evoca||or de |a bora cr|s||ara, ll.' lr
XlX
lrcor|ro d| s|ud|os| de||'ar||c||| cr|s||ara |r co||aooraz|ore cor |'Fco|e lrara|se
de bore. bora, - ragg|o , vo||. l. 3|ud| s|or|c|, ll. ues||or| |e||erar|e 1z 1oz
e do||r|ra||), - . 3|ud|a Fp|erer|d|s 'Augus||r|arur' - . bore. 18; |
lrs|||u|ur la|r|s||cur 'Augus||r|arur,' . 11
Colley, J. `0regory ||e 0rea| ad lopu|ur, a read|rg ol Xl. lor|||arur |r
Fvarge||a
l|or|.' 0|ss, lord|ar, . 18;
1o|TWe|ve 3|x||- ard 3ever||-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
Crerasco||, 0. `la 8|oo|a re||a bego|a las|ora|ed| 3ar 0regor|o |agro.' ve|
C|r o
( ). - . 1o|;;o
. `le syroo||sre des rorores dars |es oeuvres de 0rego|re |e 0rard.' lr
0rego|re, - , | . |||18z8o
0ardo, |. `T|e |ora||a |r Joool 0regory ||e 0rea| as a 3ource lor 0|d 3axor
0eres|s 8.' C| ( , ed. ). - . o1o 1;||zo
0eleeuW, l. A. `0regory ||e 0rea|'s 'lor|||es or ||e 0ospe|s' |r ||e Far|y ||dd|e
Ages.' 3||ed ( ). - . zo188o
0o|gror, J. `'8|essure d'all||c||or' e| 'o|essure d'arour' (|ora||a , , ), ure oz|z
lorc||or de ||re de |a sp|r||ua|||e pa|r|s||que de Cypr|er Augus||r.' lr
0rego|re,
- z;o, | . 18z8o
756
0o||ore, b. `ur |es|o de| |ora||a d| 3. 0regor|o |agro reg|| 'Fxcerp|a 3. 0regor||
|r Car||ca Car||corur' d| Ta|o (d| 3aragossa |l , - ) e re||a |1o8o1;
'lraela||o ep|||a|ar||' d| 0regor|o d| F|v|ra.' 0|v ( ). - . z|18oz|
0ouce|, |. `la v|erge |re de 0|eu dars |a ||eo|og|e de sa|r| 0rego|re |e
0rard.'
8lF ( ). - . 8|181o;;
. `'C|r|s|us e| Fcc|es|a es| ura persora', ro|e sur ur pr|rc|pe d'exegse
sp|r||ue||e
de 3. 0rego|re |e 0rard.' CC|s| ( ). - . |o18|;8
Fvars, 0. b. `0u|oer| ol Noger| ard 0regory ||e 0rea| or preac||rg ard
exeges|s.'
T|or ( ). - . |18|o
F|a|x, b. `No|e sur |a |rad|||or raruscr||e des lore||es sur |'Fvarg||e de sa|r|
0rego|re |e 0rard.' lr 0rego|re, - , | . 118z8o
les|a, |. `3. 0regor|o |agro pred|ca|ore. la pred|ca core '|ec||o o|o||ca.''
lav| 1z
( ). - , - , - , ( ). - . 1o;1zz188zo|z8|o11o81;z;
lor|a|re, J. `Augus||r, 0rego|re e| ls|dore, esqu|sse d'ure rec|erc|e sur |e s|y|e
des
|ora||a |r loo.' lr 0rego|re, - , | . |o18z8o
lrarser, l. `Trer|e-qua|re ques||ors sur 3a|r|-lau| passees sous |e ror de
3. 0rego|re.' b8er ( ). - . 81oz||;o
0ardo|lo, F. l'esper|erza urara a||a |uce de||a 8|oo|a |r Agos||ro, 0regor|o,
8errardo.
|||ar. lll, . 1;o
0arc|a de |a luer|e, 0. `ber|r|scerc|as o|o||cas er e| ||oro l de |os 0||ogos de
0regor|o |agro.' Fxcerp|a l|||o|og|ca ( ). - . 111zz1
0as|a|de|||, l. `l| reccar|sro ps|co|og|co de| pecca|o re| |ora||a |r Joo d| 3ar
0regor|o |agro.' 3a| ( ). - . z;1oooo
0|ordaro, l. `l'Ar||co Tes|arer|o re||e ore||e su| varge|| d| 0regor|o |agro.'
A3Fs ( ). - . z18z;oz
. `|orous aced|ae, da 0|ovarr| Cass|aro e 0regor|o |agro a||a e|aooraz|ore
red|eva|e.' ve| C|r ( ). - . zo18zz1|
. `la re|alora re||e 0re||e su| varge||d| 0regor|o |agro.' A3F ( ). 811
- o1.
0regory ||e 0rea| . `No|e su| s|roo||sro de| lraed|ca|or re||e 0re||e 1o
su| varge|od| 0regor|o
|agro.' lr A||| de| Corvegro '0regor|o |agro. l| raes|ro de||a corrur|caz|ore
sp|r||ua|e e |a |rad|z|ore gregor|ara |r 3|c|||a,' a cura d| l. 0|ordaro,
- 1;;. Ca|ar|a. C.u.F.C.|., . 11
0odd|rg, b. `0rego|re |e 0rard e| |ar|e-|ade|e|re.' lr |eror|ar sarc|orur
vererar|es. ||sce||area |r orore d| |ors|gror v|c|or 3axer, - . va||car |o81
C||y.
lor||l|c|o lrs|||u|o d| Arc|eo|og|a Cr|s||ara, . 1z
0regor|o |agro e || suo |erpo. lr XlX lrcor|ro d| s|ud|os| de||'ar||c||| cr|s||ara
|r co||aooraz|ore cor |'Fco|e lrara|se de bore. bora, - ragg|o , 1z 1oz
vo||. l. 3|ud| s|or|c|, ll. ues||or| |e||erar|e e do||r|ra||. 3|ud|a Fp|erer|d|s
'Augus||r|arur' - . bore. lrs|||u|ur la|r|s||cur 'Augus||r|arur,' |
11.
0regory ||e 0rea|. lor|y 0ospe| lor|||es. Fd||ed ard |rars|a|ed oy 0. lurs|.
C|s|erc|ar 3|ud|es. Ka|arazoo, ||c|.. C|s|erc|ar, . 1o
0rego|re |e 0rard. `lr|roduc||or |a |ec|ure sp|r||ue||e des ||vres de 3arue|.'
8vC
z1( ). - . 18|
0r|ooror|, J. `le |ex|e o|o||que de 0rego|re.' lr 0rego|re, - , | . |oo18z8o
lesoer|, b.-J. `le oes||a|re de 0rego|re.' lr 0rego|re, - , | . |oo18z8o
lolrarr, 0. 0|e ge|s||ge Aus|egurg der 3c|r|l|oe| 0regor der 0rosser.
|urs|ersc|Warzac|er 3|ud|er . |urs|ersc|Warzac|. v|er-Turre-ver|ag, . o 1o8
Kasper, C. |. `Fra| v|r urus ( 3ar . ) |r der Aus|egurg der va|er (e|rz|gar||ge 1 11
uoerse|zurg des 0r|geres |rsp|er|e 0regor|us, 0eda, a|. r|| der ldee, ||er
se|) e|re Kurzlorre| zu weg urd Z|e| as|e||sc|er 3|reoers.' T|l| ( ). o188
- zo|1.
. `0|e Fxegese 0regors des 0roer ar 8e|sp|e| der lor|||ae |r Fzec||e|er.'
3|la|r ( ). - . o1;|
Kess|er, 3. C. 0regor der 0roe a|s Fxege|. F|re ||eo|og|sc|e lr|erpre|a||or der
Fzec||e||or|||er. lrrsoruc|. Tyro||a, . 1
. `|oras||sc|e |ys||| aul 0rurd|age. T| eor|e urd lrax|s der |or|erp|a||or
oe|
0regor der 0roer.' Froe urd Aul|rag ( ). - . ;zoo1;zo
learza, 3. `0regor|o |agro e |'Fcc|es|as|e.' lr XlX lrcor|ro d| s|ud|os|
de||'ar||c|||
cr|s||ara |r co||aooraz|ore cor |'Fco|e lrara|se de bore. bora, - ragg|o 1z
, vo||. l. 3|ud| s|or|c|, ll. ues||or| |e||erar|e e do||r|ra||, - . 1oz 11z;
3|ud|a Fp|erer|d|s 'Augus||r|arur' - . bore. lrs|||u|ur la|r|s||cur |
757
'Augus||r|arur,' . 11
|a|evez, l. `le ressage e| |e ry||e.' 8vC ( ). l. 11o11;
|arse|||, b. `0regor|o |agro e |a 8|oo|a.' lr la 8|oo|a re||'A||o |ed|oevo, - o;
. 1o1
3po|e|o, . 1o
|ar|r, |. `l'esc|us|ore deg|| e|e|||. 0regor|o e |a paraoo|a de||e d|ec| verg|r|.' lr
XlX lrcor|ro d| s|ud|os| de||'ar||c||| cr|s||ara |r co||aooraz|ore cor |'Fco|e
1ooTWe|ve 3|x||- ard 3ever||-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
lrara|se de bore. bora, - ragg|o , vo||. l. 3|ud| s|or|c|, ll. ues||or| 1z 1oz
|e||erar|e e do||r|ra||, - . 3|ud|a Fp|erer|d|s 'Augus||r|arur' - . 1| |
bore. lrs|||u|ur la|r|s||cur 'Augus||r|arur,' . 11
|a||er, |. `Fvoca||ors o|o||ques e| |ag|ograp||ques dars |a v|e de 3. 8eroi| par
3. 0rego|re.' b8er ( ). - . 81;8|z
|cCready, w. 0. 3|grs ol sarc|||y, r|rac|es |r ||e ||oug|| ol 0regory ||e 0rea|.
3T . 1
Toror|o. lor|. lrs|. |ed|aeva| 3|ud|es, . 18
|cFr|ery, l. `lope 0regory ||e 0rea| ard lrla|||o||||y (Jo . ard ||e lreserce 1|1;
ol
||e 3p|r|| |r ||e C|urc|.' JF3 ( ). - . 111;|zo8o
|e||rarr, J. `'||rus quar |r|er duos car||as |aoer| ror po|es|.'' v0 ( ). |1o;
- ;1o.
|eyvaer|, l. `T| e 0a|e ol 0regory ||e 0rea|'s Correr|ar|es or ||e Car||c|e ol
Car||c|es ard or K|rgs.' 3F ( s). - . 1 z1;8 11z1o
. `urcover|rg a |os| Wor| ol 0regory ||e 0rea|. lragrer|s ol ||e Far|y
Correr|ary or Joo.' Tr ( ). - . o1;|
||cae|||, C. `l'arge|o|og|a d| 0regor|o |agro |ra 0r|er|e e 0cc|der|e.' Ko|r 1o
( ). - . 1z1
|ore|, C. `la 'rec|||udo' dars |es |ore||es de 0rego|re |e 0rard sur Fzec||e|
(l|vre
l).' lr 0rego|re |e 0rard, ed||ed oy J. lor|a|re, - . lar|s. Clb3, . z8 18o
|u||er, 3. 'lervorer d|scarus aror|s.' 0as lo|e||ed urd se|re Aus|egurg oe|
0regor
der 0rosser. 0|sser|a||orer. T| eo|og|sc|e be||e . 3|. 0|||||er. F03 ver|ag, |o
11.
Noroerg, 0. Cr|||ca| ard exege||ca| ro|es or ||e |e||ers ol 3|. 0regory ||e 0rea|.
l||o|og|s|| ar||v . 3|oc||o|r. A|rqv|s| & w., . z; 18z
0pe||, l. `F||ro|og|e eora|c|e re| |ora||ad| 0regor|o |agro.' lr XlX lrcor|ro d|
s|ud|os| de||'ar||c||| cr|s||ara |r co||aooraz|ore cor |'Fco|e lrara|se de bore.
bora, - ragg|o , vo||. l. 3|ud| s|or|c|, ll. ues||or| |e||erar|e e do||r|ra||, 1z 1oz
- . 3|ud|a Fp|erer|d|s 'Augus||r|arur' - . bore. lrs|||u|ur 1| |
la|r|s||cur 'Augus||r|arur,' . 11
0rre, A. 0. T| e 0oc|r|re ol 3cr|p|ure |r ||e ( ) 0oc|ors ol ||e wes|err C|urc|. |
0|ss.,
ur|vers||y ol 0eorg|a, . 1;|
0'lara, |. l. `Tru|| |r 3p|r|| ard le||er. 0regory ||e 0rea|, T|oras Aqu|ras, ard
|a|ror|des or ||e ooo| ol Joo.' lr lror C|o|s|er |o C|assroor. |oras||c ard
3c|o|as||c Approac|es |o Tru||. T| e 3p|r|| ol wes|err C|r|s|erdor lll, - . |;;
Fd||ed oy F. b. F|der. C|s|erc|ar 3|ud|es 3er|es . Ka|arazoo, ||c|.. C|s|erc|ar o
luo||ca||ors, . 18o
le|erser, J. |. `0ree| |rl|uerces or 0regory ||e 0rea|'s exeges|s ol lu|e . - 11
11
|r lore|e|a |r Fvarge||ur ll, .' lr 0rego|re |e 0rard, ed||ed oy J. lor|a|re, |
- z1. lar|s. Clb3, . 18o
bap|sarda |o |erzo, 0. `l'Fcr||ure sa|r|e corre gu|de de |a v|e quo||d|erre
dars
0regory ||e 0rea| |a correspordarce de 0rego|re |e 0rard.' lr 0rego|re 1o;
|e 0rard, ed||ed oy
J. lor|a|re, - , . z1z18o
becc||a, v. l'eseges| d| 0regor|o |agro a| Car||co de| Car||c|. T. 3.F.l., . 1o;
. le 0re||e d| 0regor|o |agro su Fzec||e|e ( - ). uadve|C|r . 8ar|. 1 8
Adr|a||ca
Fd., . 1;|
. `l| 'lred|ca|or' re| pers|ero e re||'az|ore d| 0regor|o |agro. lrrag|r| e
rodu|| espress|v|.' 83cb ( ). - . 181;1z;o8
. `la reror|a d| Agos||ro re||'eseges| o|o||ca d| 0regor|o |agro.' lr ls. A.
Trape
Aug ( ). - . z18|o|
. `l| correr|o a||egor|co d| 0eres|, - re||e opere esege||c|e d| 0regor|o 1
|agro.' ve| C|r ( ). - . z188|z1|
. `l rodu|| espress|v| de||'esper|erza cor|erp|a||va re||e 0re||e su Fzec||e|e
d|
0regor|o |agro, sc|er| |rop| e r||r|.' ve|C|r ( ). - . z1z;11z
. 0regor|o |agro papa ed esege|a o|o||co. uaderr| d| 'lrv|g||a|a |ucerr|s' . |
8ar|.
758
0|par||rer|o d| 3|ud| C|ass|c| e Cr|s||ar|, ur|vers|| d| 8ar|, . 1o
be|r|ar|, J. |. `ure l|gure s|y||s||que dars |a |raduc||or v|eux-s|ave des lore||es
sur |es Fvarg||es de 0rego|re |e 0rard er corpara|sor avec |es |ex|es
scr|p|ura|res.' lr 0rego|re, - , | . ;ooo18z8o
3avor, l. `( Jr . .) l'Ar||c|r|s| dars |'oeuvre de 0rego|re |e 0rard.' lr 1 z18
0rego|re
|e 0rard, ed||ed oy J. lor|a|re, - . lar|s. Clb3, . 8|o 18o
3c|re|rer, 3. F. `'w|ere 3|a|| w|sdor 8e lourd?'. 0regory's lr|erpre|a||or ol
Joo.'
A8erb ( ). - . 188z1|z
3|elare|||, l. T|po|og|a e |eo|og|a s|roo||ca re||e 0re||e sug|| Fvarge|| d| 3ar
0regor|o
|agro. 0|ss., bore. lor||l| c|a ur|vers||as uroar|ara, lacu||as ||eo|og|ca,
1z.
3u|c||lle, F. l. `A No|e or 3|. 0regory's lor. |r Fvarge||a.' lT| ( ). 1 z;1oo
ll. o
verora|er, l. `le correr|a|re de 3. 0rego|re sur |e lrer|er l|vre des bo|s.'
b8er
o( ). - . 1o1z1;
. `le |ex|e du correr|a|re sur |es bo|s a||r|oue 3. 0rego|re.' b8er oo
( ). 1o
- oz.
. `0rego|re |e 0rard.' lr Co||oques |r|erra|. du CNb3, - . lar|s. Fd. du o8o
CNb3, . 18o
vogue, A. de. `les vues de 0rego|re |e 0rard sur |a v|e re||g|euse dars sor
Correr|a|re des bo|s.' lr 3|ud|a roras||ca, vo|. , - , . zo1;o1;8
. `|a|er|a e| ses der|ves dars |e Correr|a|re de 0rego|re |e 0rard sur |e
prer|er ||vre des bo|s.' b8er ( ). - . o18oz1z|
. `berorcerer| e| des|r, |a del|r|||or du ro|re dars |e Correr|a|re de
0rego|re |e 0rard sur |e prer|er ||vre des bo|x.' CC|s| ( ). - . |818o|;o
. `ure c||a||or rerarquao|e de 0rego|re |e 0rard (lr l beg , ) dars |a 'v|e de 1
Jear de Car||rpre.'' b8er ( ). l. 8188z;
1o8TWe|ve 3|x||- ard 3ever||-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
. `'|ar|yr|ur |r occu||o.' le rar|yre du |erps de pa|x c|ez 0rego|re |e 0rard,
ls|dore de 3ev|||e e| va|er|us du 8|erzo.' lr `lruc|us cer|es|rus.' |e|arges
oller|s 0erard J. |. 8ar|e||r| |'occas|or de sor so|xar|e c|rqu|re
arr|versa|re,
- 1z|o. Fd||ed oy A. A. b. 8as||aerser, A. l|||ors|, ard C. l. Kreep|ers.
lrs|rurer|a pa|r|s||ca . 3eerorugge. K|uWer Acader|c luo||s|ers, . 1 18
. `b|rurc|a e des|der|o. |a del|r|z|ore de| roraco re| Correr|o a| lr|ro
l|oro
de| be d| 0regor|o |agro.' 0ra e| laoora ( ). - . |o118o8
. `l'au|eur du correr|a|re des bo|s a||r|oue sa|r| 0rego|re. ur ro|re de
Cava?' b8er ( ). - . 1oo1o11
wasse|yrc|, b. `les |ora||a |r Joode 3. 0rego|re |e 0rard e| |eur |rl|uerce sur
|a
rora|e du lau| |oyer Age la||r.' 0|ss., lac. Ca||. l|||e, . 1z
wasse|yrc|, T. `l'|rl|uerce de |'exegse de 3. 0rego|re |e 0rard sur |es
correr|a|res o|o||ques red|evaux (vll
e
-Xll
e
s.).' bTA| ( ). - . z1o1;zo|
w||||rs, w. J. `'3uor||||rg ||e rec| ol your r|rd', 0regory ||e 0rea| ard Worer
ol poWer.' Clb ( ). - . ;;118|
w|||er|rg|or, 8. worer ard ||e geres|s ol C|r|s||ar||y, Caror|dge. Caror|dge
ur|v. lress. . 1o
wyrWa, 0. `0er persor||c|e Zugarg |r der 8|oe|aus|egurg 0regors des 0roer.'
lr
3o|a 3cr|p|ura. 0as relorra|or|sc|e 3c|r|l|pr|rz|p |r der sa|u|arer we||, - . zoz;8
0u|ers|o|. 0u|ers|o|er ver|ags|aus, . 11
o u r , v. 0e |er|a||or|ous qua|erus deperder| a 0eo, 3arc||l|ca|ore |or|r|s,
sec.
3. 0regor|| |agr| |ora||a |r Joo. 0|ss., lor|. ur|v. 0regor|ara, - . 11oo
Ze|zer, |. `0regors 8ered|||v||a urd d|e 8|oe|. 0|e Fr|sc||usse|urg e|res
exege||sc|er lrograrrs.' lr Ac||er lr|erra||ora|er begu|a,8ered|c||
Korgress.
Ao|e| |or|serra|, . - . . , l||des|e|r = b83 ( ), - , z;1o1 1| 181|zz1z
1|.
Zev|r|, 0. `la re|odo|og|a de||' '|r|e|||gerza sp|r||ua|e de||a sacra 3cr|||ura' core
eseges| o|o||ca secordo 0regor|o |agro.' lr laro|o e 3p|r||o. ls. 3. C|pr|ar|,
- 8o;1. 8resc|a. la|de|a, . 18z
Z|rdars-3War|z, 3. `A corl|uerce ol |ragery, exeges|s ard C|r|s|o|ogy accord|rg
|o 0regory ||e 0rea|.' lr 0rego|re |e 0rard, ed||ed oy J. lor|a|re, - . lar|s. z;
759
Clb3, . 18o
Z|rr, 0. A. `Tex|s W||||r Tex|s. T| e 3org ol 3orgs |r ||e Fxeges|s ol 0regory ||e
0rea| ard lug| ol 3|. v|s|or.' lr 3|ud|a la|r|s||ca. vo|. XXv. lapers preser|ed a|
||e F|ever|| lr|erra||ora| Corlererce or la|r|s||c 3|ud|es |e|d |r 0xlord . 11
8|o||ca e| Apocryp|a, 0r|er|a||a, Asce||ca, - . louva|r. lee|ers, . zo1 1
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| Xvl 1o
0bF00b 0l A0bl0FNTu| 0. o30
8|s|op ol Agr|ger|ur |r 3|c||y dur|rg ||e re|gr ol Jus||r|ar ( - ), o8;11
0regory au||ored a cor||ruous Correr|ary or Fcc|es|as|es|r |er 8oo|s. lr
|| pr|or||y |s g|ver |o ||e |||era| rear|rg, ou| rora||z|rg a||egor|es are ro|
er||re|y or|||ed. T| e au||or |a|es |r|o accour| ||e |r|erpre|a||ors ol
predecessors. le s|oWs exper||se ard la|rress |r ||s exeges|s, W||| a
rerar|ao|e
operress |o 0ree| c|ass|cs, Ar|s|o||e, ard 0ree| pa|r|s||c au||or|||es, suc| as
0regory ol Naz|arzus. le |s a| var|arce W||| |xx |r rary ol ||s o|o||ca|
relererces. `T| |s correr|ary |as |ard|y oeer s|ud|ed so lar' (Auoer|, ). 1|o|
Fd|||ors
l0 , - . 8;|11181
3|ud|es
Auoer|, b.. 0l0F ( ) - . z118o1|o|o;
F||||rger, 0. l, `T| e lorr ard |e||od ol ||e Correr|ary or Fcc|es|as|es oy
0regory ol Agr|ger|ur'. 3|la|r , ( ) - . 181181;zo
learza, 3., `3u| correr|ar|o a||' Fcc|es|as|e d| 0regor|o d| Agr|ger|o'. l.
3a|va|ore,
ed. l| cr|s||ares|ro |r 3|c|||a. Ca||ar|sse||a , - . 18;11zzo
1;oTWe|ve 3|x||- ard 3ever||-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
Xvll
l3l00bF 0l 3FvlllF CA. 5o0-o3o
ls|dore Was ||e yourges| sor ol l|sparo-rorar parer|s. le rep|aced ||s
oro||er, learder, as arc|o|s|op ol 3ev|||e, W|er |e Was approx|ra|e|y lor|y
years ol age, ||s exege||ca| ac||v||y oe|org|rg |o ||e ear|y s|age ol ||s ep|scopa|
career. ls|dore's ercyc|oped|c re|r|ev|rg ol ||oera| ar|s |r F|yro|og|es
(J. lor|a|re, ls|dore) ca||ed lor a ||eo|og|ca| corp|erer|. `No|||rg |s pure|y
secu|ar, |o g|ve ar accour| or ||e Wor|d rears reac||rg ou| |o ||e rys|er|es
ol crea||or erg|reered oy 0od, |o s|udy vocaou|ary, grarrar ard r|e|or|cs,
s|gr|l|es |o ras|er ||e |ey ol o|o||ca| |r|erpre|a||or' (l. Caz|er, ls|dore, ). o
ls|dore's ac||everer| as ar exege|e cors|s|s |r s|or| |ardooo|s, corce|ved
as |oo|s lor ||e |r|erpre|a||or ol o|o||ca| |ex|s. le d|d ro| corpose ary
proper correr|ary, ou| |e care c|ose |o ore |r ||s |ys||corur expos|||ores
sacrarer|orur seu uaes||ores |r ve|us |es|arer|urll , - , Cll, 8zo;|z|
zrd, ed., ), dea||rg W||| 0eres|s (co|. - ), Fxodus ( - ), 11 zo;z8; z8;z1
lev|||cus ( - ), Nuroers ( - ), 0eu|erorory ( - ), Jos|ua z1 ;o
( - ), Judges ( - ), l-lv K|rgs ( - ), Fsdras ( - ), ;1; ;z 1|zz |zz|z|
|accaoees ( - ). |z|z|
lr ||e lrelace ol uaes||ores, ls|dore l| rs| s|a|es ||a| a|| scr|p|ure |s aoou|
||e prael|gura||or|s rys|er|ur, `rys|ery ol prel| gura||or' ( 8), arrourc|rg |r zo;
advarce W|a| Was |o core. ls|dore's purpose |s |o exp|ore quae |r ea
l|gura||r d|c|a ve| lac|a sur|, e| sur| p|era ry||c|s sacrarer||s, `||e l| gura||ve
say|rgs ard deeds, l|||ed W||| sp|r||ua| rys|er|es,' |r co||ec||rg lorrer
s|a|erer|s rade aoou| ||er |r ||e c|urc|, |||e We||-c|oser ard p|easar|
l|oWers or ||e l|e|ds. ls|dore |rs|s|s or ||e s|or|ress ol ||e |es||ror|es co||ec|ed,
l| | |o |r|eres| ever readers las||d|os|s |ec|or|ous, `qu|c||y oored' . le
ro|ed. e| qu|a |ar pr|der |ux|a ||||erar a roo|s serro |o|us cor|ex|us es|,
recesse es| u|, praeceder|e ||s|or|ae lurdarer|o, a||egor|cus sersus sequa|ur,
`||oug| our W|o|e expos|||or rera|rs oourd |o ||e |e||er (ol scr|p|ure), ||
|s recessary al| er |av|rg re|raced ||e s|ory as a s|ar||rg po|r|, |o lo||oW ||e
a||egor|ca| serse,' add|rg, `lor We perce|ve |r ||er (||e scr|p|ures) sore da|a
as l|gura||ve, W||c| rears as prop|e||c ro|a||ors ar||c|pa||rg W|a| Was |o
core' ( 8). ls|dore reluses |o spec|ly ||e dora|r ol a||egory |oo rarroW|y. zo8
`C|ear|y, ro| a|| ||e Wr|||rgs ol ||e laW ard ||e lrop|e|s are covered W|||
r|dd|es ol rys|er|es, ou| ||ose ||a| |ave suc| a rear|rg are ||r|ed W|||
||ose ||a| do ro|.' 0re |as ou| |o |ouc| ||e s|r|rgs ol a c|||ara, ard ||e
W|o|e |rs|rurer| v|ora|es, ||e sare |s |rue W|er soreore |r|erpre|s pro-
ls|dore ol 3ev|||e p|e||c |ex|s |r W||c| `e|||er sore e|erer|s resourd |r 1;1
s|gr|ly|rg ||e lu|ure
or, |l ||ey do ro| resourd, lurc||or |r correc||rg ||e ores W|o resourd'
( C- A). T| e oorroW|rgs lror lorrer |r|erpre|ers, cordersed or zo8 zo
corp|e|ed, de ru|||s orev||er pers|r|rger|es, p|eraque e||ar adj|cer|es( 8), zo;
W|||
oe corpressed |r a ore vo|ure surrary, |r W||c|. quod er|r ego |oquor
|||| d|cur|, e| vox rea |psorur es| ||rgua, `||e reader Wou|d ro| read us ou|
read aga|r arc|er| au||ors, lor |l l say sore|||rg, ||ey say || ard ry vo|ce |s
||e|r |arguage.' As quo|ed au||or|||es, lsadore erurera|es 0r|ger, v|c|or|rus,
Arorose, Jerore, Augus||re, lu|ger||us, Cass|ar, `ard our ||g||y e|oquer|
760
cor|erporary, 0regory (||e 0rea|)' ( A). zo
T| e |earred arc|o|s|op ol 3ev|||e cou|d ro| |ave oeer c|earer |r preser||rg ||s
Wor|. lar lror produc|rg a s|rp|e ca|era ol pa|r|s||c |r|erpre|a||ors,
|e orgar|zes ||s correr|ary or ||e o| as a cor||ruous |ex| ol ||s oWr,
|r g|v|rg || ||e lorr ol ar |r|r|ca|e |aceWor| ol |ac|| c||a||ors. T| e g|gar||c
puzz|e s|||| Wa||s lor ||e roderr exper| W|o Wou|d s|udy ||s rary p|eces
ard ||e|r ru|||p|e correc||ors, ou||d|rg or ||e |r|||a| Wor| ol |der||l|ca||or
oy l. Areva|o, puo||s|ed |r ard pr|r|ed oy ||gre. 1;;
A||egor|ae quaedar sacrae scr|p|urae(= 0e ror|r|ous |eg|s e| evarge|||),
(ll ClFCK , - , Cll rd ed., ) seers ar au||er||c Wor| ol 8;1o z 11o
ls|dore (b. J. l. Co|||rs, ). w||| ar average ol or|y ore ser|erce, ||e 1z
a||egor|ca| s|gr|l| carce ol o| l|gures ard r| l|gures |s c|ar|l|ed |r ||e 1z; 1z1
||g|| ol ||e |rad|||ora| c|r|s|o-ecc|es|o|og|ca| locus.
0|llerer||arur, s|ve de propr|e|a|e serrorur ||or| duo(ll , - , Cll 88
zrd ed., ) ray We|| oe ls|dore's ear||es| Wr|||rg. lr 8oo| l, c|ass|ca| |errs, 118;
lror A |o Z are del|red oy pa|rs ol ro||ors c|ose |o eac| o||er, lror ||e pa|r . 1
lr|er 'ap|ur' e| 'u|||e'. ap|ur ad |erpus, u|||e ad perpe|uur( A), ur||| ||e pa|r
o1o. lr|er 'ze|ur' e| '|rv|d|ar'( 8). As rary ||res as reeded, ls|dore spec|l|es ;o
||e use ol scr|p|ure, ||ereoy ou||d|rg a or|dge lror corror |o o|o||ca| la||r.
8oo| ll ollers a ||eo|og|ca| corp|erer| ||roug| a ||s| ol `d|llerer| rea||a'.
0od ard lord, Tr|r||y ard ur||y, d|v|re suos|arce ard esserce, ur|ger||us
ard pr|roger||us, ||e d|ll erer| ||||es ol ||e 3or, `C|r|s|'s o|r|| ard ours', ||e
douo|e larad|se, or ear|| ard |r |eaver, arge|s ard |urar oe|rgs, ||e ||s|
s||l||rg over |o ||eo|og|ca| ar||ropo|ogy, |errereu||cs, sp|r||ua|||y, e|||cs.
|ore ||ar ore ser|erce |s reeded |r 8oo| ll lor c|arac|er|z|rg eac| ol ||ese
`d|llererces.' T| oug| scr|p|ure |s rare|y quo|ed, ever |ard|y rer||ored, |r
8oo| ll, ||e ara|ys|s ol eac| ro||or res|s or a o|o||ca| lourda||or.
lro|ogus |r ||orur sed|c|r prop|e|arurCll, rd ed., ). z 11o
lraela||o |r lsa||er|ur(Cll, rd ed., ). ls|dore s|ar|s oy descr|o|rg z 11;
0r|ger's lexap|a, ||er |e goes or |o locus or ||e lsa|rs, or a| |eas| or ||e|r
|rscr|p||ors (ll , - ). 81;1;z
1;zTWe|ve 3|x||- ard 3ever||-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
0e or|u e| oo||u pa|rur, 0r ||e 8|r|| ard ||e 0ea|| ol ||e la||ers(Cll,
zrd ed., ), ol d|spu|ed au||er||c||y, ollers a s|or| ou|||re |o oe |earred 111
oy |ear| or s|x|y-lour ou|s|ard|rg l|gures ol ||e o|, lror Adar |o ||e
|acaoees, ard |Wer|y-|Wo r| l|gures lror Zec|ar|a| ard F||zaoe|| |o
T||us. lr ||e |a||er ser|es, |ary |s |r|roduced W||| a |||ary ol devo||ora|
||||es ( C), Judas lscar|o| |s corp|e|e|y |grored, ard ||e evarge||za||or ol 1|8
3pa|r |s a||r|ou|ed |o ||e Apos||e Jares ( A). Arorg ||e o| l|gures, sore 1|
are rer||ored W||| ||e|r |ypo|og|ca| re|evarce |r regard |o ||e r|, s|ar||rg
W||| |e|c||sedec| (|r |ypo v|r| sacr|l| c|| C), lo||oWed oy lsaac W|o `|r ||e 1z
l|gure (|r l| gurar) ol C|r|s| d|d ro| reluse dea||' ( C), Aaror, W|o `oy 1
oller|rg v|c||rs ard o|oody sacr|l|ces expressed ||e lu|ure pass|or ol C|r|s|'
( A), 0av|d, our|ed |r 8e|||e|er `W|ere a|so 0ur lord Jesus C|r|s| Was 18
oorr |r ||e l|es|' ( A), 3o|oror, W|o `revea|ed ||e sacrarer|aol C|r|s| 1|o
ard ||e C|urc|' ( 8). T| e our|a| p|aces are |oca|ed accord|rg |o o|o||ca| 1|o
ard apocryp|a| |rad|||ors, |r par||cu|ar lor Noa| `|r Arrer|a or ||e |op
ol |our| Arara|' ( 8). 1z
lr ||oros ve|er|s ac rov| |es|arer|| prooer|a(Cll, rd ed., ), a s|r||ar z 11z
|oo| lor reror|zed |roW|edge, s|ar|s oy a carelu| ||s||rg ol ||e sever|y|Wo
caror|ca| ooo|s ol oo|| Tes|arer|s, ||e |as| ol ||er, ||e Jo|arr|re
Apoca|ypse, ls|dore s|rorg|y recorrerds as oe|rg d|v|re|y |rsp|red |||e ||e
o||er 8oo|s. lr , ||e lour|| ra||ora| Courc|| ol To|edo, over W||c| ls|dore o
pres|ded, |ad ||rea|ered excorrur|ca||or oy Caror aga|rs| ||ose W|o 1;
relused |o cors|der ||e Apoca|ypse as au||er||c scr|p|ure or exc|uded ||
lror |||urg|ca| read|rgs oe|Weer Fas|er ard ler|ecos| (A. luroer|, l.). o;|
`lrooer|a' equa|s `surrar|es', ||e esser||a| cor|er| ol eac| o|o||ca| ooo| |s
very corc|se|y re|raced, d|llererces oe|Weer ||e `leoreWs,' W||c| rears ||e
JeW|s| |rad|||or ol caror|ca| ooo|s, ard ||e `la||rs' are ro|ed accord|rg |o
Jerore, ||e ros| la||r ol ||e `la||rs,' ||e |xx oe|rg prac||ca||y |grored oy
ls|dore W|o prooao|y |reW ro 0ree|. A leW a||egor|es ard rary prel|gura||ors
are rer||ored. 0escr|o|rg ||e 8oo| ol lsa|rs, ls|dore s|a|es. `lor |||s
8oo| |s rerar|ao|e oecause ol ||s a||egor|ca| ard |ypo|og|ca| rys|er|es, |r
par||cu|ar, aoou| C|r|s|'s o|r||, dea|| ard resurrec||or ||e |rs|rurer| ol
a|ros| a|| ||e psa|rs resourds,' Fs| au|er ||c ||oer a||egor|c|s ac |yp|c|s
sacrarer||s s|gra|us, spec|a|||er au|er, quod ra|us, quod passus, quod
resurrex||
C|r|s|us, pere |oc orr|ur psa|rorur resora| orgarur( 8). 1o
Arorg ||e r| Wr|||rgs, ||e |orges| surrary oy lar |s ded|ca|ed |o ||e
Apoca|ypse ( C- A). 1;8 18o
ll , (co|. - ) cour|s ard ara|yses, W||| a lerver| |r|eres| lor ||e|r 8 1;zoo
syroo||sr, rary ol ||e ruroers re| |r scr|p|ure. l| arrources e|erer|ary
pr|rc|p|es ol rurero|ogy (c|ap. - ) oelore |rves||ga||rg scr|p|ura| o|rar|es 1z
761
ls|dore ol 3ev|||e (c|ap. ), |errar|es (c|ap. ), qua|errar|es (c|ap. ), e|c.. 1; |
T| e ruroer sever
possesses a very r|c| syroo||sr (c|ap. ). 8
A |rea||se 0e l|de ca||o||ca cor|ra Judaeosor|g|ra|ed lror a co||ec||or
ol Tes||ror|a.
Fd|||ors
Areva|o, l.. 3. ls|dor| l|spa|ers|s ep|scop| opera orr|a, vo|s., bore - ; 1;;
18o= ll - . 818|
Arspac|, A. F.. Ta|or|s e| ls|dor| rova lragrer|a e| opera, |adr|d , 1o
- o1.
3|ud|es
||sce||area |s|dor|ara. lorreraje a 3. ls|doro de 3ev|||a er e| Xlll cer|erar|o
de su
ruer|e. bore, . 1o
0|az y 0|az, |. C., ed., ls|dor|ara. Fs|ud|os soore sar ls|doro de 3ev|||a er e| Xlv
cer|erar|o de su rac|r|er|o, leor. Cer|ro de Fs|ud|os `3ar ls|doro,' . 1o1
lor|a|re, J., ls|dore de 3ev|||e e| |a cu||ure c|ass|que dars |'Fspagre
W|s|go|||que,
vo|s. lar|s, vo|. - , , vo|. , . `T| eor|e e| pra||que du s|y|e c|ez 1z1 18
ls|dore
de 3ev|||e'. vC ( ). - . `lroo|res de re||ode dars |'e|ude des 1|1ooo1o1
sources |s|dor|erres'. ls|dor|ara, - . 111
0arc|a de |a luer|e, 0., `3ar ls|doro de 3ev|||a |r|erpre|e de |a 8|o||ca'.
C0|os 1;
( ) - . 1ooo
. 03p ( ) - . ;1;1z1o|1o
luroer|, A., `ls|dore ol 3ev|||e, 3|.'. NCF ( ). - . ;1ooo;|;o
|u|||rs, l. J., T| e 3p|r||ua| l|le Accord|rg |o 3|. ls|dore ol 3ev|||e, was||rg|or,
. 1|o
Co|||rs, b. J. l., `ls|dor vor 3ev|||a'. TbF ( ). - . 1o18;1o1
Caz|er, l., ls|dore de 3ev|||e e| |a ra|ssarce de |'Fspagre ca||o||que, lar|s, , 1|
`le
||vre de bg|es de Tycor|us, sa |rarsr|ss|or du 0e doc|r|ra C|r|s||ara aux
3er|erces d'ls|dore de 3ev|||e'. bFAug ( ). - . 11;z|1o1
0or|rguez de| va|, u., `la u|||||zac|r de |os padres por s. ls|doro'. ls|dor|ara,
- z11z1.
lor|a|re, J. e| l. Caz|er, `0rarra|re sacree e| grarra|re prolare. ls|dore de
3ev|||e
devar| |'exegse o|o||que'. los v|s|godos, l|s|or|a y C|v|||zac|r.Ac|as de||a
serara |r|errac|ora| de Fs|ud|os v|sg||cos (|adr|d - To|edo - A|ca| de
lerares, - oc|. ), |urc|e, , - . z1z 18 18o1zo
|adoz, J., `F| l|or||eg|o pa|rs||co de| corc|||o ll de 3ev|||a'. ||sc. |s|dor., - . 1;;zzo
l|||gar||, J. N., `T| e los|||or ol ls|dor|ar 3|ud|es. A Cr|||ca| bev|eW ol ||e
l||era|ure 3|rce '. ls|dor|ara, - , `vl. c. ls|dore ard ||e 8|o|e,' - . 1 11;z |
1;|TWe|ve 3|x||- ard 3ever||-Cer|ury la||r C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
Ayuso |azarue|a, T., `A|guros proo|eras de| |ex|o o|o||co de ls|doro'. ls|dor|ara,
- 1|1.
C|||||or, J., `ls|dore e| 0r|gre. bec|erc|es sur |es sources e| |'|rl|uerce des
uaes||ores |r ve|us Tes|arer|urd'ls|dore de 3ev|||e'. |e|arges o|o||ques
red|ges er |'|orreur d' Ardre booer|, lar|s, , - . 1;o|;
vaccar|, A., `ura lor|e de| '0e or|u e| oo||u la|rur''. ||sc. |s|dor., - , 3cr||||, 1o;
ll, - . z;181
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| Xvlll 1;
ll0Fl0N3u3 0l T0lF00 CA.o10-oo7
loss|o|y ol v|s|go|||c s|oc|, l|delorsus rece|ved a good educa||or oelore
||s ord|ra||or |o ||e d|acora|e ca. . Aoou| |e oecare aooo| ol ||e oz oo
roras|ery Aga||erse |r ||e ou|s||r|s ol To|edo, ard |r arc|o|s|op ol ||e o;
sare c||y. Arorg ||s leW Wr|||rgs l|gures a |rac|a|e 0e v|rg|r||a|e perpe|ua
oea|ae |ar|ae, W|ose |r|r|ca|e r|e|or|c ce|eora|es ||e v|rg|r||y ol |ary, as
0|az y 0|az sugges|s, a| ||e ||re ol ||e |er|| syrod ol To|edo |r . Aro||er oo
essay, Arro|a||ores de cogr|||ore oap||sr|, g|ves a pas|ora| exp|ara||or ol
oap||sr oorroWed lror Augus||re, ls|dore ard 0regory ||e 0rea|. T| e essay |s
corp|e|ed W||| a secord par|, 0e progressu sp|r||a||s deser||, W||c|
res|s aga|r or Augus||re's Frarra||ores |r lsa|ros, 0regory's |ora||a, ard
or ls|dore. lr ||e l|rs| essay, l|delorsus adap|ed ||e o|o||ca| l|gure ol |ary
|o 3par|s| devo||or, |r ||e secord, |e corpared ||e sp|r||ua| progress ol
||e oap||sed |o ||e Warder|rgs ol lsrae| |r ||e deser|.
Fd|||ors
ll , - . o1o
8|arco 0arca, v. ard J. Carpos, |adr|d . 1;1
Trars|a||or
8|arco 0arca, v., |adr|d , 3aragossa . 1; 1|
3|ud|es
762
8raege|rarr, A. T| e l|le ard wr|||rgs ol 3|. l|delorsus ol To|edo. was||rg|or
. 1|z
8arre, l. `le serror 'Fx|or|a|ur' es|-|| de sa|r| l|delorse?'. b8er ( ). - o;1;1o
.
0az y 0az, |. C. 03p , ( ). - . ;z1;11zz
|uoz leor, 0. `F| uso de |a 8|o||a er e| |radado '0e v|rg|r||a|e perpe|ua
3arc|ae
|ar|ae' de 3ar l|delorso de To|edo.' lages - |r 0oc|r|ra y p|edad z18
rar|ara er |orro a| lll Corc|||o de To|edo (a. ). lreser|ac|or de F. llara. 8
3a|ararca. 3oc|edad |ar|o|og|ca Fspao|a = F|ar|a . 1o
boo|es, l. `Aro|ac|ores a |a oora de 3ar l||delorso '0e cogr|||ore oap||sr|''.
TF 1
( ). - . 1o;|;
v| A|p|aoe||ca| l|s| ol lr|rc|pa| Au||ors & Aroryrous wor|s 0|scussed
T||s page |r|er||ora||y|el|o|ar|
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| 1;;
ClAlTFb TllbTFFN
3blAC Clbl3TlAN llTFbATubF
cor|er|s
l. A 0erera| 3urvey ol 3yr|ac Trad|||ors 1379
ll. Ap|raa|es 1392
lll. Fp|raer ||e Fxege|e8|o||ca| Correr|ary
|r ||e wor|s ol Fp|raer ||e 3yr|ar 1395
oy 3|drey l. 0r|ll| ||
lv. |ar Aoa 1429
v. baoou|a 1430
vl. lsaac ol Ar||oc| 1431
vll. Narsa| ol Fdessa 1432
vlll. l|||oxerus ol |aooug 1433
lX. Jacoo ol 3arug 1435
X. 3yreor ol |esopo|ar|a 143o
Xl. Jo|arres oar Ap||oraja 1437
Xll. 0ar|e| ol 3a|a| 1438
Xlll. 3|reor ol Fdessa 1439
Xlv. |ar|yr|os-3a|dora 1440
1;;
1;8T| |r|eer 3yr|ac C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
Xv. lsaac ol N|reve| 1441
Xvl. Jacoo ol Fdessa 1442
Xvll. lso'oar Nur 1444
Xvlll. ls|o'dad ol |erW 1445
XlX. |oses oar Kep|a 144o
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| l 1;
A 0FNFbAl 3ubvF 0l 3blAC TbA0lTl0N3
3yr|ac cu||ure urderWer| a deve|oprer| W||c| d|llerer||a|ed Wes|err 3yr|ac
ard eas|err 3yr|ac |rad|||ors. loWever, ||roug| ||e lourda||ors |a|d oelore
||e l|l|| cer|ury ar ever|ua| rapproc|erer| Was rade poss|o|e oe|Weer ||e
|Wo exege||ca| |rad|||ors ol Fas| ard wes|. 0ur|rg ||e l|l|| |o ||e sever||
cer|ur|es, oo|| |ypes ol 3yr|ac |rad|||ors progress|ve|y |erded |o ree| |r
lru||lu| |r|erac||or (l. var borpay , surrar|zed |ere). T| e exege||ca| 1
|||era|ure or r| |r 3yr|ac |s surveyed oy 0.C. |cCu||oug| , ard or o| 18z
oy l. var borpay . 1o
Fas|err 3yr|ac exeges|s Was g|ver a reW |rpe|us a| Fdessa |r ||e ear|y
l|l|| cer|ury oy ||e Wor| ol ||e 3yr|ac |rars|a|ors ol T| eodore ol |opsues||a's
|egacy (l. var borpay , be|r|r| ). T| e s|udy ol T| eodore's 18; 1
correr|ar|es Was so |r|erse |r ||a| sc|oo| ||a| || |erded |o oo|||era|e ||e ear||er
|eac||rg W||c| |ad oeer ra|r|y oased or Fp|raer. T| e sare |r|eres| |r
||s|ory ard |r ||e ||s|or|ca| aspec| ol o|o||ca| rarra||ves c|arac|er|zed ||e
exege||ca| r|rd se| |r Ar||oc| ard Fdessa. lerce |r oo|| sc|oo|s, |eac|ers
|ad a ||rd ol ra|ura| ar||pa||y |o ||e A|exardr|ar approac| |o scr|p|ure,
W|ose parad|grs |ad oeer l|xed oy l|||o ard 0r|ger.
T| e s|r|c| re||od ol T| eodore coro|red ||s|or|ca| exac|ress W||| p|||o|og|ca|
accuracy. l| resu||ed |r a dras||c reduc||or ol ||eo|og|ca| |ypo|ogy.
or|y a r|r|ra| ruroer ol o| passages Were s|||| recogr|sed as prop|ec|es
relerr|rg |o C|r|s| ard c|urc|. loWever, |r ||e r|d-l|l|| cer|ury, |Wo g|l|ed
poe|s ol Fdessa vo|ced oppos|||or |o T| eodore. oo||, Narsa| oe|org|rg |o
||e eas|err 3yr|ac |rad|||or, W|o lo||oWed Fp|raer |r ||s re|r|ca| |or|||es,
ard Jacoo ol 3arug, ol ||e Wes|err 3yr|ac |rad|||or, pass|ora|e|y opposed
T| eodore |r ||e rare ol Fp|raer (lr|s|rar , , A|War , 3ory 181z 18
- 1;8o).
0ur|rg ||e s|x|| cer|ury, ||e gap oe|Weer oo|| exege||ca| |rad|||ors W|dered. T|
eodore's d|sc|p|es |el| Fdessa ard es|ao||s|ed ||e|r sc|oo| |r N|s|o|s,
lror W|ere ||e o|o||ca| sc|o|ars||p ol Ar||oc|ere `dyop|ys||es' (s|ress|rg
||e dua|||y ol ra|ures |r C|r|s| accord|rg |o Nes|or|us) spread a|| over ||e
763
lers|ar erp|re. Ar |rproved s|udy ol T| eodore |ed |o ||e crea||or ol a
proper gerre ol o|o||ca| correr|ary |r ||e eas|err 3yr|ac |rad|||or. T| oug|
us|rg T| eodore's re||od as a oas|c lrare, ||e |eac|ers ol Fdessa s|||| c|urg
|o cer|a|r lea|ures ol Fp|raer's s|y|e, ||ey a|so deve|oped reW |erderc|es ol
||e|r oWr. l|ra||y, a cr|s|s occurred rear ||e erd ol ||e s|x|| cer|ury arourd
lerara ol Ad|aoer, d|rec|or ol ||e sc|oo| ol N|s|o|s, W|er |e dec|ded |o
18oT| |r|eer 3yr|ac C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
|r|egra|e Jo|r C|rysos|or's |egacy W||| ||a| ol T| eodore as a lourda||ora|
rode| lor ||s exeges|s (vooous , |ac|ra - ). 1o 18z18
Ca. , |r ||e Wes|err 3yr|ac |rad|||or, 0ar|e| ol 3a|a| corposed ar o
|rpor|ar| Correr|ary or ||e lsa|rs, ||e o|des| |roWr o|o||ca| correr|ary
|r ||a| |rad|||or (CoWe ). l| s|oWs all| r|||es W||| ||e rodera|e ||re |e|d 18;
oy T| eodore|, |a|l-Way oe|Weer Ar||oc|ere ard A|exardr|ar |errereu||cs.
T| e au||or c||ros lror ||e ||s|or|ca| |eve| `|o ||e |e|g|| ol ||e sp|r||ua|
v|s|or' (|ad . . .re| 'a|||rar |Wo| raWro d-|e'or|ya) (0|e||r|c| , , - ). 1o11111z
w||| a oo|d |r|||a||ve, |e added |o ||ese `|Wo ||eor|es' (0|e||r|c| , , 1o11;
z) a |||rd, rore oov|ous|y a||egor|ca|.
0ver a cer|ury |a|er, urder ||e ru||rg ol ls|ar, Jacoo ol Fdessa (d. ), ;o8
W|o, |||e 0ar|e| ol 3a|a|, oe|orgs |o ||e Wes|err 3yr|ac |rad|||or, |e|d a
|ead|rg pos|||or |r ||e C|r|s||ar corrur||y. l|s co||ec||ors ol sc|o||es
ard ||s |e||ers |es||ly |o ||s spec|a| |r|eres| |r ||e |||era| |rarsr|ss|or ard
|r|erpre|a||or ol scr|p|ure. Toge||er W||| ||e 3yr|ac vers|or ol ||e 8|o|e,
||e les||||o, |e used ||e leoreW o|o|e ard ||e |xx, |r ||re W||| Ar||oc|ere
sc|o|ars||p. l|s |r|erpre|a||or Was ||s|or|ca| (|as ||oroyo), W||| a sporad|c
add|||or ol `a sp|r||ua| ||eory' (|e'or|ya ru|oroy|o) |rc|ud|rg syroo||c ard
a||egor|ca| |r|erpre|a||ors. le prooao|y |reW ||e Wr|||rgs ol Fuseo|us ol
Fresa (l|||||ps , Nau , 8uy|aer| ). 18o| 1o 1|
lr ||e secord |a|l ol ||e sever|| cer|ury, 0ad|so' a|raya, ar asce||c ard
a ror| ol ||e eas|err 3yr|ac |rad|||or, dea|s W||| exeges|s |r ||e Correr|ary
ol ||e wor| ol Aooa lsa|a(|ac|ra , - , 8e|||o|o , 0rague| ). 18zo;z 18o 1;z
le d|s||rgu|s|es oe|Weer ||ree |eve|s ol exeges|s. `||s|or|ca|,' `|or||e||c,' ard
`sp|r||ua|.' T| e l|rs| |eve|, corlorr|rg |o ||e ru|es ol T| eodore ol |opsues||a,
|s proper |o ||e Wor| ol proless|ora| exege|es, ||e secord |eve|, exerp||l|ed |r
||e |ore||es ol 8as|| ol Caesarea ard Jo|r C|rysos|or, addresses
|ay peop|e, ard ||e |||rd |eve| |s reserved |o roras||c c|rc|es. lrl| uerced
oy a lerver| read|rg ol Fvagr|us' Wr|||rgs (8e|||o|o ), ard poss|o|y oy 18
|acar|us (T| urer ), 0ad|so ua|raya |rs|s|ar||y p|eaded |r lavour ol a 18
roras||c use ol scr|p|ure. lsaac ol N|r|ve, oy o|r|| c|ose |o 0ad|so, |s a W||ress |o
||e sare |rl|uerce. lsaac Was de|err|red |o ra|r|a|r ||s a||eg|arce
|o T| eodore ol |opsues||a `|r accord W||| Fvagr|us, |r a dua| exege||ca|
po|ar||y W||c| Was |o rera|r a proper rar| ol |esopo|ar|ar roras||c|sr'
(8roe| ). 1
0ur|rg ||e e|g||| ard r|r|| cer|ur|es oo|| |rad|||ors prac||sed ar
ureasy co|ao||a||or. ||e exege|es ol ||e eas|err |rad|||or pers|s|ed |r ||e|r
|oya||y |o ||e |egacy ol T| eodore ol |opsues||a, ||ose ol ||e Wes|err |rad|||or
adr|||ed a rore ec|ec||c c|o|ce ol au||or|||es (Fp|raer, A||aras|us,
Cyr|| ol A|exardr|a, ||e Cappadoc|ars, e|c.). lr ||e Fas|err |rad|||or, cor-
A 0erera| 3urvey ol 3yr|ac Trad|||ors p||a||ors ol exege||ca| Wr|||rgs 181
|rc|uded a Correr|ary or 0eres|s-Fxodus
. , preserved rs. 0|yaroa||r , da||rg prooao|y lror ||e l| rs| |a|l ol ||e z zz
e|g||| cer|ury (var borpay ), T| eodore oar Kor|'s 8oo| ol 3c|o||es 18o
lror ||e |a|e e|g||| cer|ury (3c|er - , 0rague| - ), ard lso'oar 11o1z 1818z
Nur (d. ), ues||ors ard ArsWers(C|ar|e , |o|eroerg ). T| e 8z8 1oz 1o
|a||er Was pr|rar||y |r|eres|ed |r ||e `||eor|a' ol ||e o|, ||ereoy |r|roduc|rg
sp|r||ua| ard a||egor|ca| exeges|s |r|o ||e s|r|c| re||odo|ogy |r|er||ed lror
Ar||oc|, a c|ear s|gr ol ||e W|despread |rl|uerce ol 0|d|so' arorg eas|err
3yr|ac sc|o|ars.
T| e suprere |eve| a||a|red |r ||a| sare |rad|||or da|es lror r|d-r|r||
cer|ury W||| lso'dad ol |erv's ||g||y |earred Correr|ar|es. T| |s au||or
corsu||ed a grea| var|e|y ol sources, T| eodore ol |opsues||a ard o||ers, |e
a|so Was |r corrard ol a r|c| ora| |rad|||or. loWever, |e depar|ed lror
T| eodore |r l|rd|rg rore relererces |o C|r|s| |r o|. T|oug| adr||||rg
or|y lour lsa|rs as d|rec||y ress|ar|c, |e proposed a douo|e app||ca||or
ol o||er par|s ol lsa|rs, ore or lsrae|, ||e o||er or C|r|s| (vos|e, var der
Fyrde ). le c|a|red a ress|ar|c re|evarce lor par|s ol ||e TWe|ve 1o
lrop|e|s, pr|v||eged Jo|r C|rysos|or as a source lor |r|erpre||rg ||e ooo|
ol Joo ard ca||ed or 0regory ol Nyssa ard Jo|r C|rysos|or, |r add|||or
|o T| eodore, lor correr||rg or ||e Car||c|e. le a|so |r|roduced |r|o ||s
oWr |rad|||or ||e 3yro-lexap|ar |ex| ol ||e 8|o|e, ol Wes|err 3yr|ac or|g|r,
es|ao||s|ed |r ||e ear|y sever|| cer|ury oy 8|s|op lau| ol Te||a (8raur , 1o1
8|daW|d ). C. var der Fyrde ( ) |der||l|ed lso'dad as represer||rg 1o 1o
`||e au||er||c Nes|or|ar exeges|s ol ||s ||re.' 8y ||s rodera|e syr||es|s |e
grea||y cor|r|ou|ed |o ||e rapproc|erer| oe|Weer oo|| 3yr|ac |rad|||ors.
l|s Wor| Was cor||rued oy |oses oar Kep|a (d. ) (be||er , ), o 1o1|
764
|| excerc|sed a rajor |rl| uerce or ||e wes|err 3yr|ar `bera|ssarce' |r ||e
|We|l|| ard |||r|eer|| cer|ur|es (KaWerar ), W||| 0|orys|us oar 3a||o| 1
(d. ) (8aur , 3ar|r , 3|ro||rarr ) ard 8ar|eoraeus 11;1 18z 1;8 188
(d. ) (8urdy ), W|o rea||zed a corp|e|e syr||es|s ol oo|| 3yr|ac 1z8o 1
|rad|||ors (3prerg||rg-0ra|ar , l|ey , 0o||soerger , wers|rc| 11 18o 1oo
11).
Fd|||ors ard 3|ud|es
A|War, K., Jacques de 3aroug. ua|re |ore||es re|r|ques sur |a crea||or, C3C0
- o8
o|3yr. - (leuver ). z1|z1 18
8ar||o|dy 0|er||oj, J., Ca|r ard Aoe| |r 3yr|ac ard 0ree| wr||ers ( ||- || | o
cer|ur|es).
C3C0 , 3uos|d|a . leuver. lee|ers, . o; 1;
8e|||o|o, l., `Fseges| e purezza d| cuore. la |es||ror|arza d| 0ad|so a|raya (vll
18zT| |r|eer 3yr|ac C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
sec.), res|or|aro e so|||ar|o'. l.-|. 8ogaer|, ed., lec|ures o|o||ques. Co||oque du
11rov. . 8russe|s , - =A3Fs ( ) - . 18o 18|zo11 18ozo11
. `l|rearer|| d| pa|ro|og|a s|r|aca'. Ar|or|o uacquare|||, ed., Corp|erer||
|r|erd|sc|p||rar| d| pa|ro|og|a(bore ) - . 188|8
8|daW|d, b.J., les |e||res du pa|r|arc|e res|or|er T|ro||ee l, 3|ud| e Tes||, 18;
(va||car ) - . 1oo;
8|ur, 0. 0.. `0|orys|us oar 3a||o|'. TbF ( ) - . 18zo
8ou|os 3ory, 8. |., `la re||ode exege||que de Jacques de 3aroug'. lar0r
( - 1;
18o) - . o;1o
8rade, l., ur|ersuc|urger zur 3c|o||erouc| des T| eodoros 8ar Kora|. 0|e
uoerra|re des Fros vor T| eodor vor |opsues||a |r der res|or|ar|sc|er
K|rc|e (0o|||rger 0r|er|lorsc|urger. be||e , 3yr|aca, vo|. ). w|esoader 1 8
1;.
8raur, 0., `F|r 8r|el des Ka||o|||os T|ro||eos l uoer o|o||sc|e 3|ud|er des ,
Ja|r|urder|s'. 0rC|r ( ) - . 11o1z1
8roc|, 3., lsaac ol N|reve| (lsaac ||e 3yr|ar). T| e 3ecord lar|, C|ap|ers lv-
Xll,
C3C0 - | 3yr. - (leuver ). | zz|zz 1
8urdy, 0., `T| e 0eres|s Correr|ary ol 0|orys|us oar 3a||o|'. 3|la|r. z
(leuver
1) - . z||z
8uy|aer|, F.|., `l'|er||age ||||era|re d'Fusoe d'Frse. F|ude cr|||que e|
||s|or|que'.
|useor ( ) - . z|1||
C|ar|e, F.0., T| e 3e|ec|ed ues||ors ol ls|o oar Nur or ||e ler|a|euc|. Fd||ed
ard
|rars|a|ed lror |s.Caror|dge Add. . w||| a s|udy ol ||e re|a||ors||p ol zo;
lso'dad ol |erW, T| eodore oar Kor| ard lso'oar Nur or 0eres|s. 3|ud|a
los|8|o||ca (le|der ). 1oz
CoWe, 3.l., `0ar|e| ol 3a|a| as Correr|a|or ol ||e lsa||er'. 3|la|rX ( ) 18;
- 1z.
0|e||r|c|, 0., F|re ja|oo|||sc|e F|r|e||urg |r der lsa||er |r vero|rdurg r|| zWe|
lor|||er aus der grosser lsa|rer|orrer|ar des 0ar|e| vor 3a|a|. 8e||el|e
zur Ze||sc|r|l|lur d|e a|||es|arer|||c|ew|ssersc|al| (0|esser ) - . 1o11zo;
0rague|, b., Correr|a|re du ||vre d'Aooa lsa|e (|ogo| l-Xv) par 0ad|so
a|raya(vll
s), C3C0 - |3yr. - (leuver ). zoz; 1||1| 1;z
0rague|, b., ard booer|, l., T| eodore oar Kor|. l|vre des sco||es (recers|or de
3eer|),
C3C0 - |3yr. - (leuver - ). |1|z 18;188 18118z
0r|jvers, l. J. w., `Far|y 3yr|ac C|r|s||ar||y. 3ore becer| luo||ca||ors'. vC o
( ) - . 1o1;;
l|ey, J. |., `Fsqu|sse d'ure o|o||ograp||e de 8ar leoraeus ( )'. lar0r 1z8o 1
( ) 18o
- z;1z, ser. - . z8|88
lr|s|rar, J., `Type ard bea|||y |r ||e Fxege||ca| lor|||es ol |ar Narsa|'.
3|la|r zo
( ). - . 181o;
A 0erera| 3urvey ol 3yr|ac Trad|||ors . T| e ways ard |ears ol ||e 18
0|v|re Fcorory. Ar ed|||or, |rars|a||or ard s|udy
ol s|x o|o||ca| |or|||es oy Narsa| (0|ss. le|der ). 1z
lr|s|rar, J. - var borpay, l., T| e 8oo| ol 0eres|s |r JeW|s| ard 0r|er|a|
C|r|s||ar
lr|erpre|a||or. A Co||ec||or ol Fssays (Trad|||o Fxege||ca 0raeca ). leuver . 1;
0o||soerger, J., 8ar|eoraus urd se|re 3c|o||er zur le|||ger 3c|r|l| , 8|o||sc|e
3|ud|er
, - (lre|ourg ). | 1oo
0ra|ar, |. 3. w. C., 8ar|eoraeus' 3c|o||a or ||e 0|d Tes|arer|, l. 0eres|s-ll
765
3arue|, 0r|er|a| lrs|||u|e luo||ca||ors (C||cago ). 1 11
KaWerau, l., 0|e Ja|oo|||sc|e K|rc|e |r Ze||a||er der syr|sc|er bera|ssarce.
(8er||r
1).
Krea|||rg |cKay, 0., `T| e Fas|err C|r|s||ar Fxege||ca| Trad|||or ol 0ar|e|'s
v|s|or
ol ||e Arc|er| ol 0ays'. JFC3 ( ) - . ;11o1
|ac|ra, b., `l'|orre |'eco|e de 0|eu. 0'Ar||oc|e N|s|oe. lrol||
|errereu||que,
||eo|og|que e| |erygra||que du rouverer| sco||as|e res|or|er. |orograp||e
prograrra||que'. l0C ( ) - ard - , ( ) - . z18z8o1z| zoo1181o
(c||e. |ac|ra, l'|orre |'eco|e de 0|eu).
|ess|ra, 0., `ur 0|a|esseror lers|aro de| seco|o lv |rada||o da| 3|r|aco'. 8|o z
( ) - , ( ) - . 1|zzo8oz|1|1oo
|o|eroerg, C., T| e lr|erpre|er lr|erpre|ed. lso'oar Nur's 3e|ec|ed ues||ors or
||e 0|d
Tes | arer|(0|ss. 0ror|rger ). 1o
Nau, l., `Traduc||or des |e||res Xll e| Xlll de Jacques d'Fdsse (Fxegse
o|o||que)'.
b0C ( ) - e| - . 1o1o1;zo8 z88z
l|||||ps, 0., 3c|o||a or lassages ol ||e 0|d Tes|arer| oy |ar Jacoo, 8|s|op ol
Fdessa
(lordor, ). 18o|
be|r|r|, 0.J., `Fdessa greW d|r ard N|s|o|s s|ore lor||'. Jar w|||er 0r|jvers-
A.A.
|ac0ora|d, eds., T| e 3c|oo| ol N|s|o|s a| ||e Trars|||or ol ||e 3|x||-3ever||
Cer|ury. Cer|res ol learr|rg ard loca||or |r lre-|oderr Furope ard ||e
Near Fas| (le|der-NeW or| ) - . 1;;8
be||er, J., |ose oar Kep|a urd se|re lau||reraus|egurg, reos| Fd|||or urd
uoerse|zurg des Korrer|ars zur boreror|el, 0o|||rger 0r|er|lorsc|urger,
l (w|esoader ). 1|
3aeoo, |., ed., leoreW 8|o|e|0|d Tes|arer|. T| e l|s|ory ol ||s lr|erpre|a||or,
l. 0eve|oprer| ol 8|o||ca| lr|erpre|a||or |r ||e 3yr|ar C|urc|es ol ||e
||dd|e Ages.
3ar|r, K., `le Correr|a|re d'lsaie de 0erys oar 3a||o|, No|es o|o||ograp||ques'.
0rC|r ( ) - . oz1;818o
3c|er, A., ed., T| eodorus oar Kro|. l|oer sc|o||orur, C3C0 ard | 3yr. o 1
ard
zo. lar|s - . 11o11z
3c|||rre, l., 0er lexaereror|orrer|ar des |oses oar Kep|a. F|r|e||urg,
uoerse|zurg urd ur|ersuc|urger, 0o|||rger 0r|er|lorsc|urger l . w|esoader 1|
. 1;;
18|T| |r|eer 3yr|ac C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
3|ro||rarr, w., Ko|e|e|-Korrer|ar des 0|orys|us oar 3a||o|, Aus|egurg des
3ep|uag|r|a-Tex|es, 0o|||rger 0r|er|lorsc|urger l . w|esoader . 1 188
3|ro||rarr, w., 3yr|sc|e Ka|erer aus der Fcc|es|as|es-Korrer|ar des T|
eodor vor
|opsues||a, 0o|||rger 0r|er|lorsc|urger, l . w|esoader . z 188
Ter laar borery, b. 8., A 3yr|ar |r 0ree| 0ress. T| e use ol 0ree|, leoreW
ard
3yr|ac 8|o||ca| Tex|s |r Fuseo|us ol Fresa's Correr|ary or 0eres|s. Trad.
Fxeg. 0raeca , le|der . o 1;
ouss|l, l., `Fxegse e| |ypo|og|e o|o||que c|ez 3. Fp|rer de N|s|oe e| c|ez
3. T| oras d'Aqu|r'. lar0r ( ) - . 118o1o
3upp|erer|ary 8|o||ograp|y
A|War, K. `l'|orre, e|a||-|| ror|e| ou |rror|e| avar| |e pec|e, pour Jacques de
3aroug?' 0Cl ( ). - . 181z
Arare, |. 8eau|y ol ||e Crea||or. Fd||ed oy 0. la||e. Jourra| ol 3er|||c 3|ud|es
|orograp| 3er|es . |arc|es|er. ur|vers||y lress, . 1o 11
As|oroo|, l. 3. `T| e lo|y 3p|r||, ||e 0des ol 3o|oror, ard Far|y 3yr|ac
Trad|||or.'
3vT ( ). - . ;111
8aarda, T. `l|||oxerus ard ||e larao|e ol ||e l|s|errar. Corcerr|rg ||e
0|a|essaror Tex| ol || . - ,' - . 1|;o1|oz
. `T| e 3yr|ac vers|ors ol ||e NT.' lages - |r T| e Tex| ol ||e NeW ;11z
Tes|arer|
|r Cor|erporary besearc|. Fssays or ||e 3|a|us uaes||or|s. A vo|ure |r
loror
ol 8. |. |e|zger. 3|0 . Fd||ed oy 8. 0. F|rrar ard |. w. lo|res. 0rard |o
bap|ds. Ferdrars, . 1
8a|er, A. `3yr|ac ard ||e 3cr|p|ura| uo|a||ors ol lseudo-|acar|us.' JT| 3 zo
( ). - . 1o1|
766
8ec|, F. `0er syr|sc|e 0|a|essaror|orrer|ar zu der urvergeooarer 3urde
W|der
der le|||ger 0e|s|.' 0rC|r ( ). - . ;181;
8e|rer|, w. A. `0|e lrs|||u|a regu|ar|ades Jur|||us (Jur|||us) Alr|carus. F|r
res|or|ar|sc|es Korperd|ur der 8|oe|W|ssersc|al||r Aoerd|ard.' lages - o;
z|
|r 3yr|sc|es C|r|s|er|ur We||We||. 3|ud|er zur syr|sc|er K|rc|ergesc||c||e. ls.
lrol. w. lage. Fd||ed oy |. Tar|e, w. 3c|Wa|ger| ard F. 3c||aro. 3|ud|er zur
0r|er|a||sc|er K|rc|ergesc||c||e . |urs|er, . 1 1
8ergs|rasser, F. `|orop|ys|||srus urd lau|us|rad|||or oe| l|||oxerus vor
|aooug.'
0|ss., Fr|arger, . 1
8eu|ay, b. la lur|re sars lorre. |r|roduc||or |'e|ude de |a rys||que
c|re||erre
syro-or|er|a|e (l'Fspr|| e| |e leu). C|eve|ogre. Fd. de C|eve|ogre, . 188
8|ac|, |. `baoou|as ard ||e les||||a.' 8Jbl ( - ). - . 111zzo1o
8ou|os 3ory, 8. |. `la re||ode exege||que de Jacques de 3aroug.' lar0r
( - 1;
18o). - . o;1o
A 0erera| 3urvey ol 3yr|ac Trad|||ors 8ravo, C. `ur Corer|ar|o de Jacoo 18
de Fdesa a| 0er . - A|r|ou|do a 3. Flrer.' 8|o 11;
1( ). - . 1oo|o1
8reydy, |. `ves||ges recorrus des lres cappadoceers er syr|aque.' lar0r 1z
( - ). - . 18|18zz
8roc|, 3. l. `lror Ar|agor|sr |o Ass|r||a||or, 3yr|ac A||||udes |o 0ree|
learr|rg.'
lages - |r Fas| ol 8yzar||ur, - . 1;| 18o18z
. `Ar Far|y 3yr|ac Correr|ary or ||e l||urgy.' JT| 3 ( ). - . ;18o8;|o
. `TWo becer| Fd|||ors ol 3yr|ar 0r||odox Arap|oras.' Fl ( ). - . 1oz188|o|
. 3|ud|es |r 3yr|ac 3p|r||ua|||y. T| e 3yr|ar C|urc|es . loora. Ar||a, - 1 188
. 18
. `3a|ar ard ||e 3|rlu| worar. A 0|a|ogue loer lror ||e 3yr|ac C|urc|es.'
3oo | ( ). - . 1z11||
. `A 3yr|ac verse lor||y or F||ja| ard ||e w|doW ol 3arep|a.' |us ( ). 1oz18
- 11.
. `l|re lror leaver. lror Aoe|'s 3acr|l|ce |o ||e Fuc|ar|s|. A T| ere |r 3yr|ac
C|r|s||ar||y.' 3|la|r ( ). - . z1zz|
. `T| e wedd|rg leas| ol 8|ood or 0o|go||a. Ar urusua| Aspec| ol Jo|r . 1|
|r
3yr|ac Trad|||or.' larp ( ). - . o11z1|
. `3yr|ac loe|ry or 8|o||ca| T| eres. . A 0|a|ogue loer or ||e 3acr|l|ce ol z
lsaac
(0eres|s ).' larp ( ). - . zz ;1|;8
. `T| e use ol ||e 3yr|ac la||ers lor NeW Tes|arer| Tex|ua| Cr|||c|sr.' lages
- zz|o|r T| e Tex| ol ||e NeW Tes|arer| |r Cor|erporary besearc|. Fssays or
||e 3|a|us uaes||or|s. A vo|ure |r loror ol 8. |. |e|zger. Fd||ed oy 8. 0.
F|rrar ard |. w. lo|res. 3|0 . 0rard bap|ds. Ferdrars, . |o 1
8roc|, 3. l., ard 3. lop||us. `A verse lor||y or Aora|ar ard 3ara| |r Fgyp|.
3yr|ac 0r|g|ra| W||| Far|y Arao|c Trars|a||or.' |us ( ). - . 1o1z8;1|o
8urdy, 0. 0. `Cr||er|a lor 8e|rg |r Corrur|or |r ||e Far|y 3yr|ar C|urc|.' lr
Fres|o|og|a = Aug ( ), - . 18| z188oo
. `T| e creed ol A|||a||a|, a s|udy |r ||e ||s|ory ol ||e ear|y 3yr|ar syroo|.'
FT|l
o( ). - . 18;1;o
8ur|r|, C. `l'uoro v|ver|e g|or|a e v|s|ore d| 0|o.' l3v ( ). - . 18zzo1o;
Casey, |. `lorp|yry ard 3yr|ar Fxeges|s ol ||e 8oo| ol 0ar|e|.' ZNw ( ). 811o
- 1|z.
C|ar|e, F. 0. `T| e 3e|ec|ed ues||ors ol ls|o 8ar Nur or ||e ler|a|euc|.'
0lZ
( ). ll. 1o||8z
Coa||ey, J. l. `Typo|ogy ard ||e 8|r||day ol C|r|s| or Jaruary.' lages - o z|;o
|r
v 3yrpos|ur 3yr|acur , Ka||o||e|e ur|vers||e|| leuver, - aou|. Fd||ed 188 z1
oy b. laverar|. 0CA, . bore. lor||l|c|ur lrs|||u|ur 3|ud|orur 0r|er|a|e, zo
1o.
`Correr|a|re de |'Fvarg||e corcordar|.Tex|e syr|aque (rs. C|es|er 8ea||y
).' lr ;o
C|es|er 8ea||y |orograp|s, vo|. . Fd||ed ard |rars|a|ed oy l. le|o|r. 0uo||r, 8
1o.
18oT| |r|eer 3yr|ac C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
CoWe, 3. l. `0ar|e| ol 3a|a| as Correr|a|or or ||e lsa||er,' 3|la|r( ) ( ). zo18
- 1z.
de la||eux, A. `l'arrorce Zac|ar|e dars |e correr|a|re syr|aque du
0|a|esseror.'
767
le |useor ( ). - . 1oo1zo
0e vr|es, w. 0er K|rc|eroegr|llder vor bor ge|rerr|er 3yrer. 0CA . bore, 1|
. 1
0esprez, v. `les c||a||ors de bora|rs, - , dars |es 'lore||es' |acar|erres.' 18
lar0r
| ( ). - . z1;z1;z|o
F||ers (rurc A|ard), 8. `0|e |osro|og|sc|e le|re des 8ardesares vor Fdessa
(Tex|
urd ||eo|og|sc|e lr|erpre|a||or).' 0|ss., lor|. ls|. 8|o||co, . 1o
Fr||ssor, J.-F. `T| e lyrrs ol 0av|d |r|erpre|ed |r 3yr|ac. A 3|udy ol Trars|a||or
Tec|r|que |r ||e l|rs| 8oo| ol ||e lsa|rs (ls - ) |r ||e les|||a.' 0|ss., 1|1
uppsa|a
ur|vers||e|, . 18
Fsoroec|, |. var. `les s|gres des |erps dars |a ||||era|ure syr|aque.' blCl
( ). - . 1111|
la||a, T. C. A Key |o ||e les||||a 0ospe|s. vo|. . 'A|ap|-da|a||. NT Too|s ard 1
3|ud|es
1|. le|der. 8r|||, . 11
leg|a||, l. `la descer|e aux erlers dars |a |rad|||or syr|aque.' lar0r ( - 1188
18). - . 1z;|z
l|ascoraro, |. le dorre de| varge|o re| pers|ere de| ladr| e scr|||or|
ecc|es|as||c|.
la|erro. 8as|||ca 3ar lrarcesco d'Ass|s|, . 1o
0|groux, l. `lore||e de Narsa| sur |a crea||or d'Adar e| d'Fve e| sur |a
|rarsgress|or du Corrarderer|.' 0r3yr ( ). - . ;1ozo;o
. `lore||e de Narsai sur |a crea||or du rorde.' 0r3yr ( ). - . ;1oz|;;oo
0rall|r, l. `lore||es aroryres sur |a lec|eresse.' 0r3yr ( ). - . ;1oz1;zzz
. `No|e sur |'exegse de l|||oxere de |aoooug |'occas|or du d|scours de 3|.
lau| aux A||er|ers (Ac| . ).' lar0r ( - ). - . 1;1 1;18oo;1o
. `Adresse d'ur aooe de roras|re au vle
s|c|e pour |a Na||v||e.' lages - |r z;oz
|e|arges Ar|o|re 0u|||auror|. Cor|r|ou||ors |'e|ude des c|r|s||ar|sres
or|er|aux. C0r . 0ereva. Crarer|, . zo 188
0r|ooror|, J. `3yrpos|ur syr|aque.' lrer ( ). - . |1;zozo|
. `3a|vezza e v||a re||'ar||ca c||esa d| 3|r|a.' l3v ( ). - . 18zzo8;
0r|ll|||, 3. l. `lree W||| |r C|r|s||ar |a|ar, ||e doc|r|re ol T|eodore Aouurra|.'
lar0r ( ). - . 1|18;;1o8
0r|||, 3. `Ja|. v. 3arug a|s 0|c||er urd Fxege|.' J080 ( ). - . 811;z8
0ror|rger, 0. var. `Jacoo ol 3erug. 0|d C|r|s| 0|e l|ys|ca||y or ||e Cross?'
voxbel
1( ). - . 1;o11o
0u|||auror|, A. `0er . - se|or |es correr|a|eurs syr|aques.' lr F|. Aug., 11z
- . 11z
lar|s, . 1;
la||eux, A. de. `l'arrorce Zac|ar|e dars |e correr|a|re syr|aque du
0|a|essaror.' |useor ( ). - . 1oo1zo
A 0erera| 3urvey ol 3yr|ac Trad|||ors larsoury, |. T. `Fv|derce ol JeW|s| 18;
lrl|uerce |r ||e wr|||rgs ol lsaac ol N|reve|, Tex|
ard Correr|ary.' 0|ss., Terp|e ur|vers||y, . 18;
la|er, J. F|||que c|re||erre e| reve|a||or, e|udes sur |a sp|r||ua|||e de |'Fg||se
d'Ar||oc|e. Ar||oc|e c|re||erre . lar|s. Car|scr|p|, . 1 18;
lerdr||, J. w. `Fdessa.' TbF . l. ( ). - . 1 181z;;88
lerr|c|, l. A. Ar urpuo||s|ed Correr|ary ol |os|e oar Kep|a or ||e 0ospe| ol
Jo|r.0|ss., 3|. ArdreWs, - . 1;o1;1
l||sc|er, F. `0er o|o||sc|e Josep| (0er) |r or|er|a||sc|er l||era|urWer|er.'
|l0l |
( ). - . 1o811o8
lurs|, T. b. `T| e 'Trars||us ol |ary' |r a lor||y ol Jacoo ol 3arug.' |ar z
( ). 1o
- 8o1oo.
lsodad de |erv. `la Crea||or de |a lerre.' 8vC ( ). - . z811
Jacoous 3arugers|s. `l'lexareror de Jacques de 3arug, par T. Jarsra.'
0r3yr |
( ). - . 1|z
`Jacques de 3aroug, 3|x |ore||es les|a|es er prose.' Trars|a|ed oy l. b||||e|.
lages
- 1;oo|r l0 | , . Turr|ou|. 8repo|s, . ||1o 18o
Jarsra, T. `lrves||ga||ors |r|o ||e Far|y 3yr|ar la||ers or 0eres|s. Ar Approac|
|o
||e Fxeges|s ol ||e Nes|or|ar C|urc| ard |o ||e Corpar|sor ol ||e Nes|or|ar
ard JeW|s| Fxeges|s.' 0T3 ( ). - . 1z18o181
. `l'lexaereror de Jacques de 3arug.' 0r3yr ( ). - , - , - |1|z1zozz
. 8|
. `ure |ore||e aroryre sur |a c|u|e d'Adar.' 0r3yr ( ). - . 1oo18z
768
. `ure |ore||e aroryre sur |a crea||or du rorde.' 0r3yr ( ). - . 1oozz
. `ure |ore||e aroryre sur |'ellus|or du 3a|r|-Fspr|| (Ac| ) (8.|. Add. z
1;, ).' 0r3yr ( ). - . 18 o1o11;;8
. `ure lore||e sur |es p|a|es d'Fgyp|e.' 0r3yr ( ). - . o1o1z|
. `les |ore||es du rs. Add. , du 8r|||s| |useur.' 0r3yr ( ). 1;18 o1o1
- |1|o.
. `Narsa| ard Fp|raer. 3ore ooserva||ors or Narsa|'s lor|||es or crea||or
ard Fp|raer's lyrrs or la|||.' lar0r ( ). - . 11;o|o8
. `8ar|eoraeus' 3c|o||or or ||e words 'le| T| ere 8e l|g||' (0er . ) as 1
lreser|ed
|r ||s '3|ore|ouse ol |ys|er|es.' 3ore 0oserva||ors or ||e v|c|ss||udes ol ||e
Fxpos|||or ol a 8|o||ca| lassage.' Aor-Na|ra|r ( - ). - . 11;z1;1oo1|
Karroo|adar, l. T| e Fas| 3yr|ar lec||orary. Ar l|s|or|co-|||urg|ca| 3|udy.
bore.
|ar T|ora ogar, . 11
Kazar, 3. `lsaac ol Ar||oc|'s lor||y aga|rs| ||e JeWs.' 0rC|r ( ). - . |1o1o
K|a|||, 3. `No|e sur |es c||a||ors o|o||ques c|ez Aou urra| (Jear . - , || . 11 z8
- 1zo).' 0Cl ( ). - . |1818|1
K|oury, F. `l'|yrre sur |a Trarsl|gura||or de Jacques de 3aroug.' lar0r 1
( - 188
18). - . oo
Ko|e|e|-Korrer|ar des Jo|arres vor Aparea. 3yr|sc|er Tex| r|| vo||s|ard|ger
188T| |r|eer 3yr|ac C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
wor |erverze|c|r|s.Fd||ed oy w. 3|ro||rarr. 0o|||rger 0r|er|lorsc|urger,
be||e 3yr|aca . w|esoader. larrassoW||z, . 1 o 188
Kova|s||, A. lerlez|ore e g|us||z|a d| Adaro re| l|oer 0raduur. 0r|er|a||a
C|r|s||ara Ara|ec|a . bore. lor|. lrs|. 0r|er|, . zz 18
Kooer|, b. `Neues va|. 8org|a 3yr (ad T. 8aarda).' 8|o ( ). l. 8z ||1o1z|
. `Zur 0ar|e|-Ao|ard|urg des 3|reor vor Fdessa.' 8|o ( ). - . o18zo;8
Kruger, l. `Jo|arres oar ap||orajaurd d|e syr|sc|e uoerse|zurg se|res
Korrer|ars zur lo|er l|ede.' 0rC|r ( ). - . o1ooo1;1
larsor, 3. `T| e Far||es| 3yr|ac Correr|ary or ||e Apoca|ypse.' lages - z||
|r
3|ud|a pa|r|s||ca , . Augus||re, ||e pos|-N|cere la||r la||ers, or|er|a| |ex|s, 18|
Nac||eoer ol ||e la||ers. Ka|arazoo, ||c|.. C|s|erc|ar luo||ca||ors, . 1o
lavere, A. `ler|a|euc|a| Fxeges|s |r Far|y 3yr|ac ard baoo|r|c 3ources.'
3|la|r 1
( ). - . 1;|8|1
le|rarr, l. J. `Fv|derce ol ||e 3yr|ac 8|o|e Trars|a||or |r 0ree| la||ers ol ||e
|| |
ard || Cer|ur|es,' - . oo;1
le|o|r, l. `la |ec|ure de |'Fcr||ure se|or |es arc|ers lres (syr|aques).' bA| |;
( ). - . 1;118
. `3yroo||sre dars |a |||urg|e syr|aque pr|r|||ve.' lages - |r la z|;o
3yroo||sre dars |e cu||e des grardes re||g|ors. Ac|e du Co||oque de louva|r-|a-
Neuve.
Fd||ed oy J. b|es. lv N. Cer|re l|s|. be|., . 18
levere, A. T| e Far|y 3yr|ar la||ers or 0eres|s. lror a 3yr|ac |s or ||e
ler|a|euc|
|r ||e ||rgara Co||ec||or. lordor. Tay|or's lore|gr lress, . 11
. `ler|a|euc||ca| Fxeges|s |r Far|y 3yr|ac ard baoo|r|c 3ources.' 3|la|r 1
( ). 1;
- |8|1.
. `berarques sur deux correr|a|res syr|aques de |a 0erse.' 0r3yr
( ). 1oo
- oz.
. `3ore 0oserva||ors or ||e Correr|ar|es ol ls|o'dad 8|s|op ol larda||a
ard
ol ||e |aruscr|p| ||rgara or 0eres|s.' 3|la|r ( ). - . |1o11o|z
. `T| e 8|ess|rgs ol Jacoo |r 3yr|ac ard baoo|r|c Fxeges|s.' 3|la|r ( ). ;1oo
- z|o.
|acCou||, l. 3. 8. `8|o||ca| 0|sease lragery |r ||e Tr|ador.' 0r ( ). - oo111|1
. |o
|ac|ra, b. `l'|orre |'eco|e de 0|eu, d'Ar||oc|e N|s|oe, prol|| |errereu||que,
||eo|og|que e| |erygra||que du rouverer| sco||as|e res|or|er.' l0C z
( ). - . 18z8o1z|
|ar|||a|rer, J. `Ny|es|arer|||g exeges |os de ||d|ga syr|s|a laderra.' lr
la|r|s||ca
Nord|ca , - . z|o1
|cCu||oug|, J. C. `Far|y 3yr|ac Correr|ar|es or ||e NeW Tes|arer|.'
NF3TT|eo|bev ( ). - , - . 18z1|;1zo
. A 3|or| l|s|ory ol 3yr|ac C|r|s||ar||y |o ||e b|se ol ls|ar. C||co. 3c|o|ars
lress,
18z.
769
A 0erera| 3urvey ol 3yr|ac Trad|||ors |e|oe, l. `Tex|es o|o||ques dars |es 18
ecr||s de |ar|yr|os-3a|dora.' |e||o ( ). 1o
- o111z.
|o|eroerg, C. `T| e |r|erpre|er |r|erpre|ed, lso'oar Nur's se|ec|ed ques||ors or
||e 0T.'
0|ss., 0ror|rger, . 1o
. `Narsa|'s rerraor ||e reprool ol Fve's daug||ers ard ||e '|r|c|s ard dev|ces'
||ey perlorr.' |useor ( ). - . 1oo1o8;
. `T| e 3||erce ol ||e 3ources. T| e 3|x|| Cer|ury ard Fas|-3yr|ar
'Ar||oc|ere'
Fxeges|s.' lages - |r T| e 3|x|| Cer|ury. Frd or 8eg|rr|rg?Fd||ed oy 1|oz
l. A||er ard F. Jellreys. 8r|soare. Aus|ra||ar Assoc|a||or lor 8yzar||re 3|ud|es,
1o.
|urray, b. `T| e larce W||c| be-opered larad|se. A |ys|er|ous bead|rg |r
Far|y
3yr|ac la||ers.' 0Cl ( ). - . 1;zz||
. `T| e Fx|or|a||or |o Card|da|es lor Asce||ca| voWs a| 8ap||sr |r ||e Arc|er|
3yr|ac C|urc|.' NT3 ( ). - . z11;8o
. `T| e C|arac|er|s||cs ol ||e Far||es| 3yr|ac C|r|s||ar||y.' lr Fas| ol 8yzar||ur,
- 1o, - . 18o18z
Nasra||a|, J. l|s|o|re du rouverer| ||||era|re dars |'Fg||se re|c|||e du ve
au XX
e
s|c|e, cor|r|ou||or |'e|ude de |a ||||era|ure araoe c|re||erre, - . o1zo
louva|r.
lee|ers, . 18
Nore|||, F. `la ||||era|ure du 0eser| dars |e rerouveau ca||o||que au deou| de
|'epoque roderre.' lrer ( ). - . 11;8|
0r||z de uro|ra, l. la|ro|og|a 3yr|aca. bore. lor||l| c|o lrs|||u|o 0r|er|a|e, . 18
. `3cr|p|a de la|ro|og|a 3yr|aca a red|o ad red|ur .' 0Cl 18 1o1 z;
( ). 1o1
- |z.
. `3. 0u|seppe re||a pa|r|s||ca s|r|aca.' lages - |r 3. 0u|s. re| pr|r| 1ooo 1
seco||.
bore, . 1;1
l|oeg, J. l. |. var der. T| e C|r|s||ars ol 3|. T| oras |r 3ou|| lrd|a ard ||e|r
3yr|ac
raruscr|p|s. 8arga|ore. 0|arrarar, . 18
be|r|r|, 0. J. `0er 0aror '3o|r des 0ac|es' |r der syr|sc|er exege||sc|er
l||era|ur.' 3|la|r . - . 1o1o1
. `3|ud|er zur ue||er- urd Trad|||orsgesc||c||e des Fvarge||er|orrer|ars
der
0arra| 8ussare.' lr C3C0 | 3uos|d|a . louva|r. Corpus 3C0, . |1| ; 1;
. `lragrer|e der Fvarge||erexegese des Ka||o|||os lerar|so' l.' lages - ;1
1
|r v 3yrpos|ur 3yr|acur . Ka||o||e|e ur|vers|e||, louva|r, - aou| 188 z1
188, vo|. . Fd||ed oy b. laverar|. bore. lor|. lrs|||u|ur 3|ud|orur zo
0r|er|a||ur, . 1o
be||er, J. `0er Tex| des Korrer|ars |ose oar Kep|as zu der pau||r|sc|er
8r|eler.'
lr v 3yrpos|ur 3yr|acur . Ka||o||e|e ur|vers|e||, louva|r, - aou| 188 z1
188, vo|. . Fd||ed oy b. laverar|. bore. lor|. lrs|||u|ur 3|ud|orur zo
0r|er|a||ur, . 1o
1oT| |r|eer 3yr|ac C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
b||||e|, l. `Jacques de 3aroug, pred|ca|eur, correr|a|re aux s|x |ore||es
les|a|es er
prose.' 0|ss., 0ereva, . 1o
borpay, l. var. `lso 8ar Nur ard lso 0ad ol |erW. reW da|a lor ||e s|udy ol ||e
|r|erdeperderce ol ||e|r exege||ca| Wor|s.' 0lol ( ). - . 81;;zz|
bouW|ors|, 0. `les |ec||orra|res syr|aques,' pages - , |r la lec|ure 1o|o
|||urg|que
des Fpi|res Ca||o||ques dars |'Fg||se arc|erre.sous |a d|rec||or de
C|r|s||ar8errard Arp|oux, Jear-lau| 8ou|o|, . 1o
3auge|, J.-|. `lour ure |r|erpre|a||or de |a s|ruc|ure de |'|ore||a|re syr|aque.'
Fx0rars ( ). - . |s. 8r|||s| l|orary Add. , vo|. . 18o1z1|o 1z1o
3c|a||, A. `0er res|or|ar|sc|e 8|oe|exege| lsodad vor |erW. ( . J|. r. C|r.) |r
se|rer 8edeu|urg lur d|e or|er|a||sc|e l|||o|og|e.' lages - |r ls. z;18z
b. |acuc|, lo|ro|, . 18
3c|||rre, l. `3yr|re||srus |r der syr|sc|er lexaereror-l||era|ur.' 00l.3
( ). - . 1;1o|88
. `0|e 8|oe||orrer|are des |oses oar Kep|a.' lages - |r A Tr|ou|e |o o;1
Ar||ur vooous. Fd||ed oy b. l. l|sc|er. C||cago, . 1;;
3|rar, F. les lore||es de Narsa| sur |e NT. 0|ss., lar|s. Fco|e lra||que des
lau|e
770
F|udes, - . 1;1;|
3|rar, F. l. Narsai, c|rq |ore||es sur |es paraoo|es evarge||ques. lar|s.
Car|scr|p|., . 18|
3|aa|s, b. `0|e |or|c||er Jurglrauer vor || |r gros||sc|er urd ar||gros||sc|er z
l||era|ur.' 8ZNw ( ). - . ;1o811
3|ape|rarr, w. `0|e le|||ge 3c|r|l|oe| 3yreor vor |esopo|ar|er.' T|0(b) ||
( ). - . 1|zo
3|ro||rarr, w. `0as 8uc| Ko|e|e|| urd se|re syr|sc|er Aus|eger.' lages - 18
z8
|r Fr|err|r|sse urd |e|rurger, l = 0o|||rger 0r|er||l., . be||e = 3yr|aca, vo|. . 1
0o|||rger. varder|oec| & buprec||, . 1;
3uerrarr, l. 0|e gesc||c||s||eo|og|sc|e bea|||or aul d|e e|rla||erder |us||re
|r der
edesser|sc|er Apo|a|yp||| des . Ja|rurder|s. Furl3 | . 8err. larg., . ; zzo 18
3yr|sc|e Ka|erer aus der Fcc|es|as|es-Korrer|ar vor T| eodor vor
|opsues||a.
3yr|sc|er Tex| r|| vo||s|ard|ger wor|erverze|c|r|s. Fd||ed oy w. 3|ro||rarr.
0o|||rger 0r|er|lorsc|urger. l. be||e. 3yr|aca, . w|esoader. larrassoW||z, z8
188.
Tajadod, N. les por|eurs de |ur|re. vo|. . ler|pe||es de |'Fg||se c|re||erre de 1
lerse,
lll
e
-vll
e
s.Co||. 'le do|g| de 0|eu.' lar|s. l|or, . 1
Tc|era||ar, C. `'Fxegse des lsaures' de 0ar|e| |e 3yr|er (arrer).'
lazr | 1z|1z
( - ). - , - , | - ( ). - , | - ( ). - , 1oo1o;zzzo;|1zo81o;1zz1zo11o81;zo
1zo| - ( ). - , | - ( ). - . |o1o81o|o;1z;11o1
Te|x|dor, J. `l'apo|re d'aprs |a ||||era|ure syr|aque.' Apocryp|a ( ). - . 11ozo;;
Ter Nape|, F. `'T| |rd |eaver' ard 'parad|se.' 3ore rerar|s or ||e exeges|s ol z
Cor
1z. - .' lages - |r v. 3yrpos|ur 3yr|acur (Ka||o||e|e ur|vers||e||, z| oo 188
A 0erera| 3urvey ol 3yr|ac Trad|||ors louva|r, - aou|). Fd||ed oy b. 11 z1
laverar| 3.J. bore. lor|. lrs|||u|ur
3|ud|orur 0r|er|a||ur, . 1o
Terzo||, b. `l| |era de||a oea|||ud|re re| ladr| 3|r|. lreser|e e lu|uro de||a
sa|vezza.'
0|ss., lor|. ur|v. 0regor., . 1;z
Torreau, b. |. `|oise dars |a |rad|||or syr|erre.' C3|or . 8
var borpay, l. `T| e C|r|s||ar 3yr|ac Trad|||or ol lr|erpre|a||or.' lages - o1z|1
|r
leoreW 8|o|e | 0|d Tes|arer|. T| e l|s|ory ol ||s lr|erpre|a||or. vo|. . lror ||e 1
8eg|rr|rgs |o ||e ||dd|e Ages (ur||| ). lr coopera||or W||| C. 8re|e|rars 1oo
ard |. larar, Fd||ed oy |. 3ao.lar| . Ar||qu||y. 0o|||rger. varder|oec| 1
& buprec||, . 1o
vergar|, F. la ver|| re||a lorrace. l'eseges| d| 0r re||a c||esa s|r|aca ar||ca.
Tes| d|
do||ora|o |r 3|or|a re||g|osa, re|a|or| A. 0e la||eux, l. 8o|g|ar|, l.-|. 8ogaer|,
ur|vers|| deg|| s|ud| d| 8o|ogra, Arro Accader|co, - . 1|1
vos|e, J.-|. `|ar lso'dad de |erW sur |es lsaures.' 8|o ( ). - . z1||zo1o
. `les c||a||ors syro-|exap|a|res d'lso'dad de |erW dars |e correr|a|re sur
|es
psaures.' 8|o ( ). - . zo1|1zo
. `l'|r|roduc||or de |ar lso'dad de |erW aux ||vres de |'AT.' 8|o ( ). zo1|
- 18zzoz.
. `la |ao|e e||rograp||que de 0er X d'aprs |ar lso'dad de |erW.' |us
( ). - . 1|o1z
vooous, A. `Ce||oacy, a requ|rerer| lor adr|ss|or |o oap||sr |r ||e ear|y 3yr|ar
C|urc|.' lr lapers ol ||e Fs|or|ar ||eo|. 3oc. |r ex||e, vo|. . 3|oc||o|r, . 1 11
. `Aora|ar 0e-8e|-baooar ard l|s ro|e |r ||e lerrereu||c Trad|||ors ol ||e
3c|oo| ol N|s|o|s.' lT|b ( ). - . 81ozo1|
. `0ecouver|e du correr|a|re de |ose oar Kep|a sur |'evarg||e de |a||||eu.'
b8 ( ). - . 8o1;oz
. `0|e Fr|dec|urg des lsa|rer|orrer|ars des 0aW|d oar 'Aod a|-Kar|r.'
ZAw
8;( ). - . 1;zz|zo
we|oe, l. `Tex|es o|o||ques dars |es ecr||s de |ar|yr|os-3a|dora.' |e||o
( ). 1o
- o111z.
w||||rsor, T. l. `3a|ar |r 3yr|ar Fsc|a|o|ogy.' voxbel ( ). - . 1z1o18
w|r|e|rarr, l. 0|e os|||c|er K|rc|er |r der Fpoc|e der c|r|s|o|og|sc|er
Ause|rarderse|zurger. K0F|rz0, vo|. , . 8. Fv-v., . 1o 18o
771
w||a|oWs||, l. b. `T| e ldea ol 3ep||ra |urd|ard ||e ||||erar|ar Typo|ogy ol ||e
Crea||or wee| |r 3yr|ac Trad|||or.' lages - |r v 3yrpos|ur 3yr|acur 1o
188. Ka||o||e|e ur|vers|e||, leuver, - aou| , vo|. . Fd||ed oy z1 188 zo
b. laverar|. 0r|er|a||a C|r|s||ara Ara|ec|a. bore. lor|. lrs|||u|ur 3|ud|orur
0r|er|a||ur, . 1o
1zT| |r|eer 3yr|ac C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
ll
AllbAATF3 llb3T lAll 4Tl C.
l| |s ||oug|| ||a| Ap|raa|es Was oorr lror ror-C|r|s||ar parer|s |r ||e ear|y
lour|| cer|ury. Al| er ||s corvers|or, |e oecare a ror| ard ||e super|or
ol a corrur||y ol asce||cs, poss|o|y a o|s|op. No prec|se da|es are |roWr,
Ap|raa|es ray |ave ||ved |r ||e reg|or ol N|r|ve (|a|er corlused N|s|o|s)-|ossu|,
|r ||e corver| ol |ar |a||a|.
`T| e lers|ar 3age' |s ||e o|des| au||or |r 3yr|ac pa|r|s||cs W|ose Wor|
|as oeer |r|egra||y preserved. le corposed |Wer|y-||ree 0erors|ra||ors
W||c|, W||| ||e excep||or ol ||e |as|, ou||d ar acros||c| preser||rg ||e |e||ers
ol ||e 3yr|ac a|p|aoe| |r ||e|r ra|ura| order ( d 0ers|ar|s aga|r W||| a|al). z
T|e 0erors|ra||orslourd ar Arrer|ar |rars|a|or |r ||e secord |a|l ol ||e
l|l|| cer|ury, ard Were p|aced urder ||e rare ol Jacoo ol N|s|o|s (d. ). 8
0er ard Were a|so |rars|a|ed |r|o F|||op|ar, ard 0er |r|o 0eorg|ar. 8 o
lragrer|s ol l|ve 0erors|ra||orsare |rarsr|||ed |r Arao|c.
T|e l|rs| |er 0erors|ra||orsda|e lror | , |We|ve o||ers lror o;
|| . T| e |as| ore Was corposed |r , as a recap||u|a||or ol ||e W|o|e || |
sa|va||or ||s|ory.
T| e poe| c|a|rs |o oe `a d|sc|p|e ol |o|y scr|p|ure,' ro| or|y |r ||e
cor|er|, ou| a|so |r ||e |||erary d|spos|||or ol ||s Wor|. T| e |Wer|y-|Wo
0erors|ra||orscorrespord |o ||e |Wer|y-|Wo |e||ers ol o|o||ca| Wr|||rg, ||ey
are de||vered |r |Wo groups, l|rs| |er, ard ||er |We|ve o||ers, as a rer|rder
ol ||e |Wo Tao|es ol ||e laW, ||e |Wo Tes|arer|s, ||e |Wo corrardrer|s
ol |ove, ||e reW laW (`Jesus' = ) ru||rg a|| peop|e (= ). T| e au||or's 1o 1z
purpose |s ro| apo|oge||c, ror |s || d|rec|ed oy aos|rac| re|ap|ys|cs. `le
|s er||re|y |rad|||ora|, W||c| rears |e |rarsr||s a |eac||rg W||c| |e |as
rece|ved, ard preser|s ||e scr|p|ura| Tes||ror|alor eac| |op|c, |r order |o
persuade ard reassure readers W|ose |r|e|||gerce |s regu|a|ed oy ||a| |og|c
ol la|||' (l|erre , ). 188oo
Ap|raa|es' ra||ve lar|||ar||y W||| raoo|r|c |rad|||ors cord|||ors ||s
|r|erpre|a||or ol scr|p|ure. le |reW We|| `||e pr|rc|p|es ard |rad|||ora|
procedures ol |ex| ara|ys|s.' le `re-cer|ers ard recap||u|a|es ||e W|o|e
(o|o||ca|) |eg|s|a||or |r ||e so|e p|rase 'ou s|a|| |ove.' 0e||oera|e|y |gror|rg
|a|a||a, |e ara|yzes scr|p|ura| |ex|s accord|rg |o ||e l| ex|o|e |errereu||cs
ol |aggada, seer oy ||r as pr|ra| |eac||rg, |e corpares s|r||ar passages,
ard s|oWs ||e|r |rrer co|erercy, ||e|r `|ypes' W||c| serve as reasure lor
||e sp|r||ua| exper|erce' (l|erre , ). 1881zz
A| |eas|, exp||c|| o| quo|a||ors ard erd|ess o| a||us|ors (0Wers), ;|o
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| W||| over r| quo|a||ors 1 oo
(8aarda), |es||ly |r ||e 0eror|ra||ors|o ||e
3yr|ac vers|or ol ||e 8|o|e used oy Ap|raa|es, ard |o ||s scr|p|ura| caror (||e
W|o|e leoreW 8|o|e, W||| - |acc, poss|o|y Too||, ||e 0ospe|s, accord|rg |o 1z
||e 0|a|essaror, lau||re |e||ers, poss|o|y Jares, sure|y Jo|r). T| e ||||es g|ver 1
|o ||e ||eres deve|oped |r ||e l|rs| |er 0erors|ra||orsare. . la|||, . love, 1 z
. las||rg, . lrayer, . wars, . |eroers ol ||e 0rder (||e ror|s, ass|r||a|ed | o
|o ||e JeW|s| 8'ra| 'yara. o|o||ograp|y |r l|erre , l.), . Corver|s, . 1o8| ; 8
0r ||e besurrec||or ol ||e 0ead, . lur||||y, . las|ors (W|||ou| ||erarc||ca| 1o
order). T| e |We|ve 0erors|ra||orsol ||e secord group correr| or. . 11
C|rcurc|s|or, . lasc|a, . 3aooa|, . 3yrod, . 0|s|r|ou||or ol lood, 1z 1 1| 1
1o. T| e F|ec||or ol Na||ors, . T| e |ess|a| 3or ol 0od, . v|rg|r||y, . 1; 18 1
0r ||e lac| ||a| JeWs W||| ro| oe oroug|| |oge||er aga|r, . T|e Ass|s|arce zo
ol ||e poor, . lersecu||or, . 0ea|| ard |as| ||res. z1 zz
Fd|||ors
lar|so|, J. 0erors|ra||ors. la|r. 3yr. - ( - ) 1z18|1o;
3|ud|es
8aarda, T. T| e 0ospe| uo|a||ors ol Ap|ra|a| ||e lers|ar 3age, l. Ap|ra|a|'s
Tex| ol
||e lour|| 0ospe|.Ars|erdar, . 1;
8ec|, F. `3yroo|ur, |ys|er|ur oy Ap|raa| urd Fp|ra|r'. 0rC|r ( ). - |z181
. |o
8rurs, l. 0as C|r|s|uso||d Ap|ra|a|s des pers|sc|er we|ser. lered||as . 8orr. |
8orergasser, . 1o
. `0as C|r|s|uso||d Ap|ra|a|s.' JT| 3 ( ). - . |z1o;8|o
Crarer, w. `0|e 3e||gpre|surg der lr|ederss||l|er. Zur bezep||or der 8ergpred|g|
oe| Alra|a|.' AAT ( ). - . zo1oo88;
0eppe, K. `0|e bo||e des ATs |r 3|re|| zW|sc|er C|r|s|er urd Juder rac| der
Zeugr|s Ap|ra|a|s.' 00l.33yr ( ). - . 1;81o;
0urcar, F. J. 8ap||sr |r ||e 0erors|ra||ors ol Ap|raa|es, ||e lers|ar 3age.
772
was||rg|or, 0.C. . 1|
0u|||auror|, A. `ur r|dras| d'Fxode . - c|ez Ap|raa|e e| Fp|rer de |z|zo
N|s|oe.'
lages - |r A Tr|ou|e |o Ar||ur vooous. Fd||ed oy b. l. l|sc|er. C||cago, 8
1;;.
Kos|er, |. `vooroee|der var |ypo|og|sc|e exegese o|j de 3yr|sc|e Ker|vader
Alraa|es'. lr oper ve|d T| eo|og|sc|e |ydroger op gedrager aar 0eorge Jo|ar
3|r|s
oud-|oog|eraar aar |e| 3er|rar|ur der berors|rar|er door z|jr |eer||rger |er
ge|eger|e|d var z|jr s|e verjaardag op re| . le|der. F|ger u||gave, ; 1; 1oz
1oz.
Ap|raa|es 1
1|T| |r|eer 3yr|ac C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
|cCu||oug|, J. C. `Ap|ra|a| ||e o|o||ca| exege|e.' 3|la|r | ( | ). - . 18|18ozoo8
Nage|, l. `Zur lroo|er der '8urdesso|re' oe| Alra|a|.' ll | ( ). - . o1oz1z|
0ue||e||e, J. `3ers e| por|ee de |'argurer| scr|p|ura|re c|ez Ap|raa|e.' lages
- 11
zo1|r A Tr|ou|e |o Ar||ur vooous. Fd||ed oy b. l. l|sc|er. C||cago, . 1;;
0Wers, b. J. `Ap|raa| as a w||ress |o ||e Far|y 3yr|ac |ex| ol lev|||cus,' - . 1|8
. `T| e ear|y syr|ac |ex| ol 8er 3|ra |r ||e 0erors|ra||ors ol Ap|ra|a|.' J33 |
( ). - . 18;
l|erre, |.-J. `l're ersorre|||ee e| |es ava|ars du corps se|or |e 3age lersar,
essa|
sur |'ar||ropo|og|e d'Ap|raa|e.' l0C ( ). - . 181o||z
. `la paro|e du sage, ec|o du veroe de 0|eu c|ez Ap|raa|e |e 3age lersar.'
lages
- 18o8|r 3agesses de |'0r|er| arc|er e| c|re||er. la vo|e de v|e e| |a cordu||e
sp|r||ue||e c|ez |es peup|es e| dars |es ||||era|ures de |'or|er| c|re||er.3c|erces
||eo|og|ques e| re||g|euses . Tex|es reur|s oy b. leorur. lar|s. 8eauc|esre, z
1.
3p|j|errar, A. `Alra|a| der we|se urd der Ar||s|or|srus.' lrarclA ( ). 1|
- 11z1z.
Terzo||, b. `Are e| espr|| c|ez Ap|raa|e.' lar0r ( ). - . 1;z1o18
va|avaro||c|a|, K.A. T| e use ol ||e 0ospe| larao|es |r ||e wr|||rgs ol Ap|ra|a|
ard
Fp|rer. 3|ud|es |r ||e be||g|or ard l|s|ory ol Far|y C|r|s||ar||y . lrar|lur|. z
larg, . 1
. T| e use ol ||e 0ospe| larao|es |r ||e wr|||rgs ol Ap|ra|a| ard
Fp|rer.3|ud|es
|r ||e be||g|or ard l|s|ory ol Far|y C|r|s||ar||y . 8er||r, . z 1o
voge|, A. Zur le|re vor der Fr|osurg |r der lor|||er Ap|ra|a|s. 0|e 0eu|urg der
a|||es|arer|||c|er le||sgesc||c||e oe| Ap|ra|a|, der pers|sc|er we|ser. 0|ss.,
lor||l|c|a ur|vers||as 0regor|ara, . 1oo
vooous, A. `Ap|ra|a|'. JAC ( ) - , o|o||ograp|y. 1oo1z
. `|e||odo|og|sc|es zur 3|ud|ur der ArWe|surger Ap|raa|s'. 0rC|r |o
( ) 1oz
- zz.
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| lll 1
FllbAF| TlF FXF0FTF 30o-373
o|o||ca| correr|ary |r ||e Wor|s ol ep|raer ||e syr|ar
a spec|a| cor|r|ou||or
oy 3|drey l. 0r|ll| ||
l
T| e rare ol Fp|raer ||e 3yr|ar (c. - ) Was W|de|y revered arorg oo;
C|r|s||ars |r la|e Ar||qu||y. we|| W||||r ||e pa|r|s||c per|od ||se|l ||s repu|a||or as
a |o|y rar, poe|, exege|e, ard ||eo|og|ar ol ro|e Was W|de|y proc|a|red We||
oeyord ||e oorders ol ||s ra||ve 3yr|a ard ||e |err||or|es W|ere
3yr|ac Was spo|er. w||||r l|l|y years ol ||s dea||, la||ad|us |rc|uded a ro||ce
ol Fp|raer arorg ||e accour|s ol ||e asce||c sa|r|s W|ose rerory |e
ce|eora|ed |r ||e laus|ac l|s|ory.
1
3ozorer, ||e ear|y l|l|| cer|ury ||s|or|ar,
ce|eora|ed Fp|raer's rerory as a popu|ar ecc|es|as||ca| Wr||er. le sa|d ol
Fp|raer's Wor|s, `T| ey Were |rars|a|ed |r|o 0ree| dur|rg ||s ||le||re, . . . ard
ye| ||ey preserve ruc| ol ||e|r or|g|ra| lorce ard poWer, so ||a| ||s Wor|s
are ro| |ess adr|red W|er read |r 0ree| ||ar W|er read |r 3yr|ac.'
z
Fver
3a|r| Jerore, a rar ro| a|Ways ready W||| pra|se lor ||e Wor| ol o||ers,
c|a|red |o recogr|ze Fp|raer's ||eo|og|ca| ger|us |r a 0ree| |rars|a||or |e
sa|d |e read ol a ooo| oy Fp|raer or ||e lo|y 3p|r||.

8u| sure|y ||e ros|

s|r|||rg |es||rory |o ||e 3yr|ar Wr||er's popu|ar||y |r pa|r|s||c ard red|eva|
773
||res |s ||e lac| ||a| |r ||e C|av|s la|rur 0raecorur,||e ruroer ol pages
|| |a|es |o ||s| ||e Wor|s |r 0ree| a||r|ou|ed |o Fp|raer |s secord or|y |o
||e ruroer ol pages devo|ed |o ||s||rg ||e Wor|s ol ||e ever popu|ar Jo|r
C|rysos|or.|
Ac|ua||y, ||ere |s a proo|er W||| ||e rurerous Wor|s a||r|ou|ed |o
Fp|raer |r 0ree|. A|ros| a|| ol ||er |ave |o do W||| sp|r||ua| groW|| ard
1. 3ee C. 8u||er, T| e laus|ac l|s|ory ol la||ad|us( vo|s., Tex|s ard 3|ud|es, , z o
Caror|dge. Caror|dge ur|vers||y lress, , ), vo|. , - . 1881o| z1zoz;
z. J. 8|dez ard 0. l. larser (eds.), 3ozorerus, K|rc|ergesc||c||e(0C3, , o
8er||r,
1oo), - . 1z;o
. 3ee F. C. b|c|ardsor (ed.), l|eroryrus, l|oer de v|r|s lr|us|r|ous(Tu, , 1|
le|pz|g,
18o), . 1
|. 3ee |. 0eerard, C|av|s la|rur 0raecorur(vo|. ll, Turr|ou|. 8repo|s, ), 1;|
- oo|o8.
1oT| |r|eer 3yr|ac C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
deve|oprer|, ard rary ol ||er are s|ra|g||lorWard|y roras||c |r c|arac|er.
T| a| |s W|y |r 8yzar||re ||res, so |rpor|ar| a roras||c l|gure as T| eodore
ol 3|oud|os ( - ) |e|d up ||e exarp|e ol Fp|raer lor ||e |rsp|ra||or ;8zo
ol ||s ror|s. lr a serror |e rer||ored |oge||er ||e asce||ca| exarp|e ol
Jo|r C|rysos|or ard ol `Fp|raer, larous |r sorg.'

Ard |r ||s Tes | arer|

|e ||s|ed Fp|raer |oge||er W||| 8arsarup||us ard Ar|ory as ||e exerp|ars
par exce||erceol or|er|a| roras||c|sr.
o
8u| |r lac| ||e 0ree| Wor|s a||r|ou|ed
|o Fp|raer, W|||e sore||res rel|ec||rg ||s sp|r||ua| |eac||rg, do ro| lor ||e
ros| par| core lror ||s per. T| ey are ||e produc|s ol a 0raeco-3yr|ar ;
roras||c es|ao||s|rer| ||a| greW up al|er Fp|raer's ||le||re ard W||c|
|e|ped |o produce ar |cor ol Fp|raer, ||e roras||c paragor, ||a| oWed
|||||e |o W|a| We |roW ol ||e o|ograp|y ol ||e 3yr|ar |eac|er ard o|o||ca|
correr|a|or.
8
lr ||e 3yr|ac |rad|||or, Fp|raer |s rereroered as a |eac|er, ard as
. 3ee `3. T| eodor| 3|ud||ae larva Ca|ec|es|s,' |r A. |a|, Nova la|rur
8|o||o||eca
(vo|. lX, bore, , . 18881oz
o. 3ee `3. T| eodor| 3|ud||ae Tes|arer|ur,' |r l0, vo|. , co|. . 181
;. T| e 0ree| Wor|s are ||s|ed, |oge||er W||| ||e o|o||ograp||ca| de|a||s ol ||e|r
puo||ca||ors ard |rars|a||ors |r 0eerard, C|av|s la|rur 0raecorur, - . A oo|o8
re-pr|r||rg ol ||e 0ree| Wor|s, |oge||er W||| a |rars|a||or |r|o roderr 0ree|,
|s ava||ao|e |r Kors|ar||rou 0. l|rar|zo|as (ed. ard |rars.), 0s|ou Fp|ra|r |ou
3urou Frga( vo|s., T| essa|or|||. F|dose|s 'To ler|oo|| |es larag|as', ). lor o 188
Frg||s| |rars|a||ors ol a se|ec||or ol ||ese Wor|s see ||e Weo s||e ol
Arc||rardr||e Fp|rer las|, `3a|r| Fp|rer ||e 3yr|ar. Asce||ca| ard 0||er
wr|||rgs Fx|ar|
0r|y |r 0ree|,' |||p.||WWW.or||odox.org.u||Fp|r-lr|.||r. 3ee a|so ||e p|oreer|rg
s|ud|es ol 0erocra||e lerrerd|rger-l||adou, `l'au||er||c||e sporad|que de
|'Fp|rer grec,' |r A||er des Xl. |r|erra||ora|er 8yzar||r|s|er-
Korgresses(|urc|er,
1oo), - , `les douo|e|s de |'ed|||or de |'Fp|rer grec par Asserar|,' zzo
0Cl z|
( ), - , `vers ure rouve||e ed|||or de |'Fp|rer grec,' 3|la|r ( ), 18;18z 1o1
co|s.
- 8oo81, `les c||a||ors evarge||ques de |'Fp|rer grec,' 8yz(T) ( ), - , |1;1;
`Fp|rer. vers|ors grecque, |a||re e| s|ave. adderda e| corr|gerda,' Fpe|er|s
le|a|res|as 8yzar||ror 3poudor( - ), - . 3ee a|so J. K|rc|reyer 1;1;ozo
ard
0. lerrerd|rger-l|||adou, `3a|r| Fp|rer e| |e 'l|oer 3c|r||||arur,'' b3b |o
( ), 18
- |o. 3e|ec|ed Wor|s ol Fp|raer 0raecus, ard ||e|r re|a||ors||p |o 3yr|ac
Wor|s
ol Fp|raer, are ||e suojec| ol a lor||cor|rg l|.0. d|sser|a||or a| lr|rce|or T|
eo|og|ca| 3er|rary oy worro 3u|.
8. 3ee FdWard 0. |a||eWs, Jr., `T| e v||a Trad|||or ol Fp|rer ||e 3yr|ar, ||e
0eacor ol Fdessa,' 0|a|or|a ( - ), - , 3|drey l. 0r|ll| ||, `lrages zz188181|z
ol Fp|raer, ||e 3yr|ar lo|y |ar ard ||s C|urc|,' Tr( - ), - , Josep| 181o;
l. Arar, `8yzar||re Asce||c |orac||sr ard 0ree| 8|as |r ||e v||a Trad|||or ol
Fp|rer ||e 3yr|ar,' 0Cl ( ), - . 81z1zo
Fp|raer ||e Fxege|e ar |r|erpre|er ol ||e scr|p|ures. Jacoo ol 3arug (c. 1;
- ), Wro|e a verse |1z1
774
|or||y or `||e |o|y rar, |ar Fp|raer, ||e |eac|er (ra|pr),' |r W||c| |e
preser|s Fp|raer as a s||||ed spea|er ard corposer ol `|eac||rg-sorgs'
carelu||y Wroug|| |o correrd r|g|| doc|r|re ard relu|e error. Jacoo ce|eora|es
Fp|raer as. a rarve|ous r|e|or, W|o surpassed ||e 0ree|s |r dec|ara||or,
W|o cou|d |rc|ude a ||ousard suojec|s |r a s|rg|e speec|. A d|v|re c|||ar|s|,
|e se| ||s p|rases |o verse, |o ra|e joylu| sourd |r r|g||y Worder.

l| |s cus|orary |o rec|or ||e year as ||e year ol Fp|raer's o|r||. oo

w|er |e reac|ed ||s rajor||y, |e care |r|o ||e serv|ce ol o|s|op Jacoo ol
N|s|o|s (ca. - ), ard |e rera|red |r ||e ep|scopa| serv|ce ol N|s|o|s o88
||roug| ||e |erure ol ||e rex| ||ree o|s|ops, 8aou (d. ), vo|ogeses |o
(d. ), ard Aora|ar (d. ). Fp|raer's d|ocesar serv|ce, ||erelore, |as|ed o1 o
sore lor|y years ur||| ||e day |r ||e re|gr ol o|s|op Aora|ar, |r ||e year
o, W|er |e ard o||er relugees |el|N|s|o|s or ||e occas|or ol |er surrerder
|o ||e lers|ars as par| ol ||e agreerer| Frperor Jov|ar ( - ) rade oo|
al|er ||s predecessor Ju||ar |ad re| ||s dea|| deep |r lers|ar |err||ory.
1o
Al|er ||e surrerder ol N|s|o|s, ard ||s l||g|| lror ||e c||y Wes|Ward, Fp|raer
care ever|ua||y |o Fdessa, ||ere |e er|ered ||e serv|ce ol o|s|op 8arses
( - ), W|or ||e Ar|ar|z|rg Frperor va|ers ( - ) |rars|a|ed |o o1;1 o|;8
||e |esser see ol larrar |r . ;1
11
TWo years |a|eror Jure , accord|rg ;
|o ||e C|ror|c|e ol FdessaFp|raer d|ed.1z
Fvery|||rg We |roW aoou| Fp|raer's career |r N|s|o|s ard |r Fdessa,
ros| ol || lror ||s oWr per, sugges|s ||a| |e par||c|pa|ed W|o|e|ear|ed|y
|r ||e pas|ora| Wor| ol ||e o|s|ops W|or |e served. lr ||s lyrrs aga|rs|
leres|es|e spo|e ol ||rse|l as a `|erdsrar' ('a||ar), W|o oy ||s Wr|||rg
|e|ped ||e s|ep|erd|o|s|op (ra'y) |erd ||e l|oc|.
1
le Was ro| so ruc| a
. Josep| l. Arar, `A |e|r|ca| lor||y or lo|y |ar Fp|rer oy |ar Jacoo ol
3arug, Cr|||ca| Fd|||or ol ||e 3yr|ac Tex|, Trars|a||or ard lr|roduc||or,' la|ro|og|a
0r|er|a||s(|ore, , lasc. , ro. , Turr|ou|. 8repo|s, ), - . |; 1 zo 1z
1o. 3ee Fp|raer's oWr rel|ec||ors or ||ese ever|s |r ||s Ju||ar |yrrs |r F.
8ec|,
0es |e|||ger Fp|raer des 3yrers lyrrer de larad|so urd Cor|ra
Ju||arur(C3C0,
vo|s. , , louva|r. lee|ers, ). 3ee a|so 3|drey l. 0r|ll| ||, `Fp|raer 1;|1; 1;
||e
3yr|ar's lyrrs 'Aga|rs| Ju||ar'. |ed||a||ors or l|s|ory ard lrper|a| loWer,'
v|gC|r ( ), - . |118;z8oo
11. 3ee Fp|raer's oWr rel|ec||ors or ||e o|s|ops |e served |r F. 8ec|, 0es
|e|||ger
Fp|raer des 3yrers Carr|ra N|s|oera, ers|er Te||(C3C0, vo|s. , , z18z1
louva|r.
lee|ers, ). 1o1
1z. 3ee l. 0u|d|, C|ror|ca ||rora(C3C0, vo|. , lar|s, ), . 1 1o
1. 3ee Fdrurd 8ec|, 0es |e|||ger Fp|raer des 3yrers lyrrer cor|ra
laereses
(C3C0, vo|s. , , louva|r. lee|ers, ), lvl. . 1o1;o 1; 1o
18Xlll. 3yr|ac C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
c|er|c as |e Was a |eac|er. Jacoo ol 3arug, |r ||e |or||y or Fp|raer lror
W||c| We quo|ed ear||er, c|arac|er|zed ||r as `a god|y l|||osop|er |r ||s
ac||ors, W|o as |e Was ac||rg Wou|d a|so oe |eac||rg W|oever Wou|d ||s|er
|o ||r.'
1|
le Was ro| a `ror|' |r ||e roderr serse ol ||e |err, a|||oug|,
as ar urrarr|ed rar, |e Was prooao|y a `s|rg|e' persor (||iday) ded|ca|ed
|o 0od's serv|ce.
1
l| |s poss|o|e ||a| |e Was a deacor, ou| |e Was sure|y a
ca|ec||s|, o|o||ca| exege|e, |||urg|ca| corposer, ard sore||re po|er|c|s|
|r ||e erp|oy ol ||e N|cere o|s|ops W|or |e served. lo||||ca||y |e suppor|ed ||e
a||grrer| ol 3yr|a W||| ||e borar erp|re ard ||s ecc|es|as||ca|
or||odoxy.
1o
ll
Fp|raer Wro|e |r 3yr|ac, a d|a|ec| ol ||e Arara|c |arguage W||c| carr|ed
W||| || a lar||y re|a||ors||p |o ||e JeW|s| Wor|d |r W||c| C|r|s||ar||y l|rs|
appeared |r ||e syragogue corrur|||es ol |esopo|ar|a ard 3yr|a|la|es||re.
Never||e|ess |e Was |r|e||ec|ua||y very ruc| a||ured |o ||e 0ree|-spea||rg
cu||ure ol As|a ||ror, ard ol ||e rajor ecc|es|as||ca| cer|ers |r Ar||oc| ard
775
Cors|ar||rop|e. lr ecc|es|o|ogy |e lo||oWed ||e ||re ol Fuseo|us ol Caesarea
|ar|||ra (ca. -ca. ), |r ||eo|ogy |e ad|ered |o ||e |eac||rg ol ||e zoo |o
courc|| ol N|cea, s|reruous|y coroa|||rg W|a| |e perce|ved |o oe ||e |rqu|s|||ve
ra||ora||sr ol ||ose |e ca||ed `Ar|ars' ard `Ae||ars', |r ||e eas| |e Was
||e re|er||ess opporer| ol ||e |eac||rgs ol |arc|or, 8ar 0aysar, ard |ar|.
1;
1|. Arar, `A |e|r|ca| lor||y or lo|y |ar Fp|rer,' - . o1
1. 0r ||e s|gr|l|carce ol |||s ||||e see 3|drey l. 0r|ll| ||, `Asce||c|sr |r ||e
C|urc|
ol 3yr|a. ||e lerrereu||cs ol Far|y 3yr|ar |oras||c|sr,' |r v|rcer| l. w|rous|
ard b|c|ard va|ar|as|s (eds.), Asce||c|sr(NeW or|. 0xlord ur|vers||y lress,
), 1
- zzo|.
1o. 3ee 3|drey l. 0r|ll| ||, `Fp|raer, ||e 0eacor ol Fdessa, ard ||e C|urc| ol
||e Frp|re,' |r T| oras la||or ard Josep| l. w||||rar (eds.), 0|a|or|a. 3|ud|es
|r
loror ol booer| T. |eyer(was|rg|or, 0.C.. Ca||o||c ur|vers||y ol Arer|ca lress,
18o), - . zzz
1;. 3ee le|er 8rurs, `Ar|us le||er|zars? . . . Fp|rer der 3yrer urd d|e
reoar|ar|sc|er Kor|roverser se|rer Ze||,' Ze||sc|r|l|lur K|rc|ergesc||c||e 1o1
( ), - 1oz1
;, 3|drey l. 0r|ll| ||, `la||| 3ee||rg urders|ard|rg |r ||e T| oug|| ol 3|.
Fp|rer
||e 3yr|ar,' |r 0eorge C. 8er||o|d (ed.), la||| 3ee||rg urders|ard|rg. learr|rg
ard
||e Ca||o||c Trad|||or, 3e|ec|ed lapers lror ||e 3yrpos|ur ard Corvoca||or
Ce|eora||rg ||e 3a|r| Arse|r Co||ege Cer|err|a|(|arc|es|er, N.l.. 3a|r| Arse|r
Co||ege lress, ), - , |der, `3e|||rg b|g|| ||e C|urc| ol 3yr|a. 3a|r| 11
Fp|raer's
Fp|raer ||e Fxege|e A|Ways |e spo|e ard Wro|e lror ||e perspec||ve ol 1
||s deep lar|||ar||y W|||
||e scr|p|ures. As |e pu| ||, `la||| |r ||e scr|p|ures |s ||e secord sou|.'
18
As
We s|a|| see, Fp|raer read ||e scr|p|ures W||| c|ose a||er||or |o ||e |ex|
|r ||e 3yr|ac vers|ors ol ||s day, |r ||e rarrer ||a| roderr sc|o|ars |ave
sore||res assoc|a|ed W||| ||e so-ca||ed 'sc|oo| ol Ar||oc|.' 8u| as lucas
var borpay |as po|r|ed ou|, Fp|raer's exeges|s |s |r lac| ro| so ruc|
`Ar||oc||ar' as || |s `a C|r|s||ar cour|erpar| |o JeW|s| exeges|s.'
1
A|||oug| Fp|raer Wro|e o|o||ca| correr|ar|es, prose relu|a||ors ol
||e |eac||rgs ol ||ose W|ose v|eWs |e regarded as la|se, prose red||a||ors,
d|a|ogue poers ard re|r|ca| |or|||es (rerre), ||ere car oe ro douo| ||a|
||s prelerred gerre Was ||e `|eac||rg sorg' (radras|).
zo
Trars|a|ors |ave
ol|er ca||ed ||ese sorgs `|yrrs', ou| s|rce ||ey are ro| pr|rar||y sorgs ol
pra|se, ||e |err |s ro| rea||y ap|.
z1
ba||er, ||ey are `|eac||rg sorgs', as ArdreW
la|rer |as |app||y s|y|ed ||er, ||ey Were |o oe c|ar|ed |o ||e accorpar|rer|
ol ||e |yre (|errar), or ||e rode| ol 0av|d ||e lsa|r|s|.
zz
ler|aps
||e|r c|oses| ara|ogues are ||e leoreW l|yyu|ir, syragogue sorgs W||c|
erjoyed grea| popu|ar||y |r la|es||re lror ||e e|g||| cer|ury or, ard W||c|
lea|ure o|o||ca| ||eres ard |||erary dev|ces very s|r||ar |o ||ose regu|ar|y
lyrrs aga|rs| leres|es,' |o appear |r w||||ar F. K||rgs||rr ard |ar| vessey
(eds),
T| e l|r||s ol Arc|er| C|r|s||ar||y. Fssays or la|e Ar||que T| oug|| ard Cu||ure
|r
loror ol b. A. |ar|us(Arr Aroor, ||c|.. ur|vers||y ol ||c||gar lress, ), 1
lau|
3. busse|, 3|. Fp|rer ||e 3yr|ar ard 3|. 0regory ||e T| eo|og|ar Corlror| ||e
Ar|ars
(Ko||ayar, Kera|a. 3|. Fp|rer Fcurer|ca| besearc| lrs|||u|e, ). 1|
18. 8ec|, lyrrer cor|ra laereses, Xll. . 11
1. lucas var borpay, `Ar||oc|ere 8|o||ca| lr|erpre|a||or. 0ree| ard 3yr|ac,' |r
Jud||| lr|s|rar ard lucas var borpay (eds.), T| e 8oo| ol 0eres|s |r JeW|s|
ard
0r|er|a| C|r|s||ar lr|erpre|a||or, a Co||ec||or ol Fssays(Trad|||o Fxege||ca
0raeca, ,
776
louva|r. lee|ers, ), . 3ee a|so l. var borpay, `la ||||era|ure exege||que 1;1zz
syr|aque e| |e rapproc|erer| des |rad|||ors syr|erre-occ|der|a|e e| syr|erre-
or|er|a|e,'
lar0r ( ), - . zo1zz1
zo. 3ee ||e corver|er| preser|a||or ol ||e ||||es ol Fp|raer's 3yr|ac Wor|s oy
gerre, ||e|r ed|||ors, ard ro||ce ol ||e ava||ao|e |rars|a||ors |r|o Frg||s| |r
3eoas||ar l. 8roc|, `A 8r|el 0u|de |o ||e |a|r Fd|||ors ard Trars|a||ors ol ||e
wor|s ol
Fp|rer,' T|e larp ( ), - . 3ee a|so Josep| |e|||, `3. Fp|rer |e 3yr|er, 1o;z
ur
o||ar de |'ed|||or cr|||que,' lar0r ( ), - . 111888
z1. 3ee ||c|ae| la|||e, `3|rd Fp|raers |adraselyrrer?' 0rC|r ( ), ;18
- 8|.
zz. 3ee ArdreW la|rer, `A lyre W|||ou| a vo|ce, ||e loe||cs ard ||e lo||||cs ol
Fp|rer ||e 3yr|ar,' AbA| ( ), - . 1;1
1|ooXlll. 3yr|ac C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
used oy Fp|raer.
zT| ey are a|so corparao|e |o ||e 8yzar||re Kor|a||or.
lr lac|, a good case car oe rade lor ||e sugges||or ||a| ||e ros| larous
corposer ol Kor|a||a, boraros ||e |e|od|s| (d. al| er ), W|o Was a ra||ve
ol Fresa |r 3yr|a, Was ac||ve|y |rl|uerced oy Fp|raer's corpos|||ors.
z|
Fp|raer's Wor|s oecare oe||er |roWr |r ||e Wes| |r ||e e|g||eer||
cer|ury, W||| ||e puo||ca||or ol ||e s|x-vo|ure borar ed|||or ol |ex|s a||r|ou|ed |o
||r |r 3yr|ac, 0ree|, ard la||r.
z
w|||e rary ol ||e 0ree| ard
la||r |ex|s |ad |org oeer |roWr, ||e puo||ca||or ol Fp|raer's Wor|s |r
3yr|ac, ||e or|y |arguage |r W||c| |e |s |roWr |o |ave Wr|||er, oroug|| ||e
l|rs| g||rpse ol ||s |rue ger|us |o Wes|err C|r|s||ars. T| e 3yr|ac Wor|s, W|||
la||r |rars|a||ors, Were |rc|uded |r vo|ures lv |o vl ol ||e Fd|||o borara.
lr suosequer| years, oeg|rr|rg |r ||e r|re|eer|| cer|ury, ard reac||rg We||
|r|o ||e |Wer||e|| cer|ury, sc|o|ars |r Frg|ard, 8e|g|ur, ard o||er par|s ol
Furope, ra||rg use ol ||e rurerous raruscr|p|s recer||y acqu|red |r ||e
Wes|, rade rajor s|r|des |r puo||s||rg reWer ed|||ors ol ||e 3yr|ac |ex|s.
T. J. lary's ed|||or ol Fp|raer's lyrrsard lor|||eszo
a| ||e |urr ol ||e
r|re|eer|| ard |Wer||e|| cer|ur|es oroug|| Fp|raer's Wor|s |r 3yr|ac |r|o
||e ra|rs|rear ol re||g|ous d|scourse |r Furope, ard arguao|y |ed d|rec||y |o
lope 8ered|c| Xv's proc|ara||or ol Fp|raer as a 0oc|or ol ||e ur|versa|
C|urc| or 0c|ooer . 1zoz;
8u| a|ready || Was oecor|rg c|ear ||a| ||e l|rs|
z. 3ee J. 3c||rrarr, `leoreW l||urg|ca| loe|ry ard C|r|s||ar lyrro|ogy,' T|e
JeW|s| uar|er|y bev|eWr.s. ( - ), - , J. a|a|or, `l|yyu|as ||11|1zo1
loe|ry,'
|r l. l| lev|re (ed.), T| e 3yragogue |r la|e Ar||qu||y(l|||ade|p||a, ), - 18o1z
, 1|
w. Jac. 8e||ur, `Ar||-C|r|s||ar lo|er|cs |r leoreW l||urg|ca| loe|ry (l|yyu) ol
||e 3|x|| ard 3ever|| Cer|ur|es,' |r J. 0er 8oel|ard A. l|||ors| (eds), Far|y
C|r|s||ar loe|ry, a Co||ec||or ol Fssays(3upp|erer|s |o v|gC|r, vo|. , le|der. zz
8r|||,
1), - . z;o8
z|. w||||ar l. le|erser, `T| e 0eperderce ol boraros ||e |e|od|s| upor ||e
3yr|ac Fp|rer, ||s lrpor|arce lor ||e 0r|g|r ol ||e Kor|a||or,' v|gC|r ( ), 18
- 1;18;, |der, T| e 0|a|essaror ard Fp|rer 3yrus as 3ources ol boraros ||e
|e|od|s|
(C3C0, vo|. , louva|r. lee|ers, ), |der, `T| e 0eperderce ol boraros |; 18
||e
|e|od|s| upor ||e 3yr|ac Fp|rer,' |r F. A. l|v|rgs|ore (ed.), 3|la|r(vo|. Xvlll, , |
Ka|arazoo, ||c|.. C|s|erc|ar luo||ca||ors ard leuver. lee|ers, ), - , 1oz;|81
3. l.
8roc|, `lror Fp|rer |o boraros,' |r F. A. l|v|rgs|ore (ed.), 3|la|r(vo|. XX,
leuver. lee|ers, ), - . 1811
z. 3ee J. 3. Asserar| (ed.), 3arc|| la|r|s Nos|r| Fp|raer 3yr| 0pera 0rr|a
quae
exs|ar| 0raece, 3yr|ace, la||re( vo|s., bore, - ). o 1;z1;|o
zo. 3ee T. J. lary, 3arc|| Fp|raer 3yr| lyrr| e| 3errores( vo|s., |a||res, |
- 188z
1oz).
z;. 3ee 8ered|c| Xv, `lr|rc|p| Apos|o|orur le|ro,' AA3 ( ), - . 1z1zo|;o
Fp|raer ||e Fxege|e puo||ca||ors ol Fp|raer's 3yr|ac Wor|s |el|ruc| |o 1|o1
oe des|red |r |errs ol
||e qua|||y ol ||e ed|||ors ol ||e |ex|s, rary ol ||er Were ro| oased or
||e oes| ava||ao|e raruscr|p|s, ard ||e Wor| ol rary ol ||e ed||ors d|d ro|
777
sa||sly ||e requ|rerer|s ol |ru|y cr|||ca| ed|||ors. To reredy |||s s||ua||or,
0or Fdrurd 8ec|, 0.3.8. ( - ) oegar |r , ard cor||rued lor 1oz11 1
||e rex| quar|er cer|ury, |o puo||s| cr|||ca| ed|||ors ard 0errar |rars|a||ors ol ||e
geru|re, 3yr|ac Wor|s ol Fp|raer |r ||e louva|r ser|es Corpus
3cr|p|orur C|r|s||arorur 0r|er|a||ur.
z8
w|||e 8ec| |as ro| oeer a|ore
|r ||e |as| ol ed|||rg ard puo||s||rg Fp|raer's Wor|s |r ||e |Wer||e||
cer|ury, ||e s|eer vo|ure ol ||s ou|pu| |r |||s er|erpr|se ra|es ||s rare
a|ros| syroryrous W||| ||e produc||or as || Were ol ||e `corp|e|e Wor|s'
ol Fp|raer ||e 3yr|ar.
T| e roderr puo||ca||or ol ||e 3yr|ac Wor|s ol Fp|raer |as oeer accorpar|ed
oy a crescerdo |r ||e ruroer ol s|ud|es devo|ed |o ||er, ard
|o ||s ||le ard ||oug|| rore gerera||y.
zT|e ellec| ol a|| |||s a||er||or |as
oeer gradua||y |o or|rg Fp|raer's 3yr|ac Wor|s |r|o ||e ra|rs|rear ol
roderr pa|r|s||c sc|o|ars||p, a|||oug| ore car ever roW corsu|| ||e |rdex
ol |oo rary s|ud|es ol ear|y C|r|s||ar ||oug|| |r areas or W||c| |e Wro|e
ex|ers|ve|y ard s|||| ro| l|rd a rer||or ol ||s rare.
lll
lror ||e oeg|rr|rg Fp|raer |as oeer |roWr as ar exege|e. lr ||e 3yr|ac
v||aW||c| c|rcu|a|ed |r ||e 0reco-3yr|ar roras||c r|||eu ol ||e l|l|| ard
s|x|| cer|ur|es, |r W||c| Fp|raer |s por|rayed as a paragor ol ||e roras||c ||le,
||e |ex| ra|es ruc| ol ||e lac| ||a| |e |s a|so rereroered |o |ave
Wr|||er a correr|ary or ||e Tora|, lu|| ol ||eo|og|ca| |rs|g|| ard sp|r||ua|
persp|cac||y.
o
lr lac|, lor Fp|raer, ||e scr|p|ures, ard par||cu|ar|y ||e
z8. 8ec| puo||s|ed ||s |as| ed|||or |r (C3C0, vo|s. , ). lr ||e erd, |r 1; |1z|1
add|||or |o rurerous s|ud|es, |e produced vo|ures ol ed|||ors ard 1
|rars|a||ors
ol 3yr|ac Wor|s a||r|ou|ed |o Fp|raer.
z. T| e sures| Way o|o||ograp||ca||y |o oversee W|a| |s oe|rg puo||s|ed |r
Fp|raer
s|ud|es |s |o corsu|| ||e orgo|rg c|ass|l|ed o|o||ograp|y |r 3yr|ac s|ud|es corp||ed
oy 3eoas||ar l. 8roc| |r lar0r. ( ), - [ - |, ( - ), |1;|o1oo1;o1o18118z
- z1|1z[ - |, ( ), - [ - |, ( ), - 1;118o1|18;z8oo181181;1zz11o1
[ - 18o
1o|.
o. 3ee Josep| l. Arar, `T| e 3yr|ac `v||a' Trad|||or ol Fp|rer ||e 3yr|ar,'
(l|.0.
||es|s, T| e Ca||o||c ur|vers||y ol Arer|ca, was||rg|or, 0.C., , ro. 188
, 818
Arr Aroor, ||c|.. ur|vers||y ||crol||rs lr|erra||ora|, ), - , - . 181ozz8|o
1|ozXlll. 3yr|ac C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
0ospe|, are ||e u|||ra|e re||g|ous au||or||y. lr ore ol ||s `|eac||rg sorgs'
0r la||||e Wro|e.
T| e scr|p|ures are se| up
|||e a r|rror,
ore W|ose eye |s c|ear
sees ||ere
||e |rage ol ||e |ru||.
3e| up ||ere
|s ||e |rage ol ||e la||er,
dep|c|ed ||ere
|s ||e |rage ol ||e 3or,
ard ol ||e lo|y 3p|r||.
1
Tru||lu||y ore ray say ||a| a|| ol Fp|raer's Wor|s are |r sore serse
correr|ar|es or ||e scr|p|ures. 8u| lor prac||ca| reasors ore ray cors|der ||er
urder |Wo oroad |ead|rgs. ||e prose correr|ar|es, W||c| Were Wr|||er lor
purposes ol 8|o|e s|udy, ard ||e verse corpos|||ors, `|or|||es' (rerre) ard
`|eac||rg sorgs' (radras|e), W||c| lor ||e ros| par| |ad a |||urg|ca| se|||rg.
l| W||| oe uselu| |o d|scuss ||e prose correr|ar|es l|rs|.
T| e borar ed|||or ol Fp|raer's 0pera 0rr|acor|a|rs correr|ar|es
a||r|ou|ed |o ||r or ros| ol ||e ooo|s ol ||e o| les||||a, ard ||e searc|es ol
suosequer| sc|o|ars |ave urcovered ever rore |ex|s purpor||rg |o cor|a|r
suc| correr|ar|es.
z
w|||e ruc| sc|o|ar|y Wor| rera|rs |o oe dore or
||ese ol|er lasc|ra||rg corpos|||ors, || seers c|ear eroug| ||a| leW ol ||er
car oe au||er||c.

778
lr lac|, ol ||e o| ooo|s, or|y ||e 3yr|ac correr|ar|es
1. Fdrurd 8ec|, 0es |e|||ger Fp|raer des 3yrers lyrrer de l|de(C3C0,
vo|s.
1|, , louva|r. lee|ers, ), lXvll. - . 1 1 8
z. 3ee ||e ear|y survey oy T.-J. lary, `l'exegse er or|er| au lv
e
s|c|e ou |es correr|a|res de sa|r| Fp|rer,' b8 ( ), - , - , - z18z1o181|o
. 3everus ol Fdessa, 8o
a r|r||-cer|ury ror| W|o corposed a ca|eraol sc|o||aor rurerous o|o||ca|
passages, a||r|ou|ed ||e o| correr|ar|es ros||y |o Fp|raer ard Jacoo ol
Fdessa
(c. - ). 3ee Ar|or 8aurs|ar|, 0esc||c||e der syr|sc|er l||era|ur(8orr, o|o;o8
), 1zz
z;. 3ee a|so 0. Kru|s|eer, `Fp|rer, Jacoo ol Fdessa, ard ||e |or| 3everus,
ar
Ara|ys|s ol |3 va|. 3yr. , ll. - ,' |r b. laverar| (ed.), vll 3yrpos|ur 1o 1;z
3yr|acur,
lor||cor|rg vo|ure |r ||e ser|es, 0CA.
. 3ee, e.g., FdWard 0. |a||eWs, Jr., `T| e Arrer|ar Correr|ary or 0eres|s
A||r|ou|ed |o Fp|rer ||e 3yr|ar,' |r lr|s|rar ard var borpay, T| e 8oo| ol
0eres|s
|r JeW|s| ard 0r|er|a| C|r|s||ar lr|erpre|a||or, - . 1|o1
Fp|raer ||e Fxege|e or 0eres|s ard Fxodus 1|o
|
are gerera||y cors|dered oy roderr sc|o|ars as
|||e|y |o oe |r |arge par| geru|re Wor|s ol Fp|raer.

l| |s ro| ur|||e|y ||a| a

cer|a|r sc|oo| |rad|||or Was ||e se|||rg lor ||e a||r|ou||or ol correr|ar|es
or ||e o||er ooo|s ol ||e o| les||||a|o Fp|raer.
A par||cu|ar d|rers|or ol Fp|raer's o| correr|ary W||c| ros|
roderr sc|o|ars se|dor la|| |o rer||or |s ||e JeW|s| correc||or. l| |s ro|
or|y ||e lac| ||a| ||e 3yr|ac vers|ors ol ||e o| |e ard ||s cor||rua|ors ard
|r||a|ors |reW |ave ||e leoreW 8|o|e ra||er ||ar ||e |xx oe||rd ||er, ou|
||a| rary aspec|s ol ||e |r|erpre|a||or seer |o |ave ||e|r c|oses| ara|ogues
|r ||e JeW|s| exege||ca| |rad|||or ra||er ||ar |r o||er C|r|s||ar |rad|||ors.
o
T| |s lac| rer|rds ||e roderr reader ol Fp|raer's Wor| ||a| |r ||e C|r|s||ar
Wor|d ol ||e 3er|||c |arguages ||ere Was a cer|a|r cor||ru||y ol ||oug||
ard |rag|ra||or W||| ||e JeW|s| Wor|d aoou| ||e rear|rg ol ||e o|o||ca|
rarra||ves ||a| ore does ro| a|Ways l|rd |r 0ree| ard la||r correr|ar|es
ol ||e pa|r|s||c per|od.
lr ||s correr|ar|es or 0eres|s ard Fxodus Fp|raer does ro| d|scuss
eac| verse. ba||er, |e corcer|ra|es or ||e passages ol grea|es| |rpor|arce,
suc| as ||e crea||or rarra||ves, W|ere ||ere |s ruc| a| |ssue lor ||s po|er|cs
aga|rs| adversar|es |||e ||e |arc|or||es, ||e lo||oWers ol 8ar 0aysar ard
|ar|. le seers |o oe |r a |urry, as |l ||e correr|ar|es are rear| |o serve
|. 3ee b. |. Torreau, 3arc|| Fp|raer 3yr| |r 0eres|r e| |r Fxodur
Correr|ar||
(C3C0, vo|s. , , louva|r. lee|ers, ). 3ee a|so ||e Frg||s| |rars|a||or 1z1 1
oy
FdWard 0. |a||eWs, Jr. ard Josep| l. Arar, 3|. Fp|rer ||e 3yr|ar. 3e|ec|ed
lrose
wor|s, Correr|ary or 0eres|s, Correr|ary or Fxodus, lor||y or our lord,
le||er
|o luo||us(Ka|||eer |cvey, ed., T| e la||ers ol ||e C|urc|, vo|. , was||rg|or, 1
0.C.. T| e Ca||o||c ur|vers||y ol Arer|ca lress, ). 1|
. T| ere are sore d|sser|ers. 3ee lau| leg|a||, `lrl|uerce des Targurs sur |a
persee exege||que d'Fp|rer?' |r l. J. w. 0r|jvers, e| a|. (eds.), lv 3yrpos|ur
3yr|acur (0CA, , bore, ), - , |der, `No|es sur |'exegse de s. 18| zz 18;;18z
Fp|rer,
correr|ar|e sur |e de|uge (0er. , - , ),' lar0r ( - ), - . 3ee o11; 81;;1;8o;;o
a|so
0av|d 8urdy, `Fp|rer's Fxeges|s ol lsa|a|,' |r F. A. l|v|rgs|ore (ed.), 3|la|r(vo|.
18, , Ka|arazoo, ||c|.. C|s|erc|ar luo||ca||ors ard leuver. lee|ers, ), | 1o
- z
;, W|o |rc|udes ||e correr|ary arorg ||e duo|aascr|oed |o Fp|raer, ou| c||es
||e |rpress|ve ||s| ol sc|o|ars W|o accep| ||s au||er||c||y, |rc|ud|rg 0or Fdrurd
8ec| ( ). Ac|ua||y, 8ec| rares or|y ||e correr|ary or 0eres|s |r ||s ||s| ol zo
Fp|raer's au||er||c Wor|s. 3ee Fdrurd 8ec|, `Fp|rer |e 3yr|er (sa|r|),'
0|c||orra|re de 3p|r||ua|||e(vo|. lv, lar|s. 8eauc|esre, ), co|. . 1 ;o
o. 3ee N. 3ed, `les |yrres sur |e parad|s de sa|r| Fp|rer e| |es |rad|||ors
ju|ves,'
le |useor ( ), - , Tryggve Kror|o|r, |o||ls lror 0eres|s - |r 811o8|o1 111
779
||e 0eru|re lyrrs ol Fp|rer ||e 3yr|ar, W||| lar||cu|ar belererce |o ||e lrl|
uerce
ol JeW|s| Fxege||ca| Trad|||or(lurd. CwK 0|eerup, ), leg|a||, `lrl|uerce 1;8
des
Targurs,' 3eoas||ar l. 8roc|, `JeW|s| Trad|||ors |r 3yr|ac 3ources,' JJ3 o
( ), 1;
- z1zz.
1|o|Xlll. 3yr|ac C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
or|y sore |rred|a|e, acader|c purpose. lr lac|, a| ||e oeg|rr|rg ol ||e
Correr|ary or 0eres|s|e oeg|rs W||| ||e lo||oW|rg rerar|.
l |ad ro| War|ed |o Wr||e a correr|ary or ||e l|rs| ooo| ol Crea||or,
|es| We s|ou|d roW repea| W|a| We |ad se| doWr |r ||e re|r|ca|
|or|||es ard `|eac||rg sorgs.' Never||e|ess, corpe||ed oy ||e |ove ol
lr|erds, We |ave Wr|||er or|el|y ol ||ose |||rgs ol W||c| We Wro|e a|
|erg|| |r ||e re|r|ca| |or|||es ard |r ||e `|eac||rg sorgs.'
;
T| |s rerar| |rd|ca|es ro| or|y |as|e, ou| Fp|raer's corv|c||or ||a| ||e |ear|
ol ||s scr|p|ura| correr|ary |s |o oe lourd |r ||s |||urg|ca| corpos|||ors.
Never||e|ess, ||ere |s sore va|uao|e |rlorra||or |r ||e prose |ex| aoou| ||s
exege||ca| ||oug||. lor exarp|e, a| ||e erd ol ||s d|scuss|or ol a ruroer ol
passages |r 0eres|s, W|er |e cores |o ||e accour| ol Jacoo's o|ess|rgs lor
||s sors (0er . - ), ard al|er |e |as se| ou| W|a|, accord|rg |o ||r, ||e |zz;
|ex| |||era||y rears, |e says.
NoW ||a| We |ave spo|er ol ||e |||era| rear|rg (su'rara'i|) ol ||e
o|ess|rgs ol Jacoo, |e| us go oac| ard spea| ol ||e|r sp|r||ua| rear|rg
(ru|ara'i|) as We||. we d|d ro| l||||rg|y spea| ol ||e|r |||era| rear|rg
ror W||| We Wr||e ol ||e|r sp|r||ua| rear|rg as We oug||, lor We spo|e
|oo spar|rg|y ol ||e|r |||era| rear|rg ard We W||| Wr||e ol ||e|r sp|r||ua| rear|rg
ruc| |oo or|el|y.
38
w|||e || |s c|ear ||a| Fp|raer's lee||rg ol |as|e |s s|||| ev|der| |r |||s paragrap|
|a|e |r ||s d|scuss|or ol 0eres|s, a|ros| oy ||e Way |e g|ves sore
|rlorra||or aoou| ||s exege||ca| re||od. w|a| |e says a||oWs ore |o see
||a| |e express|y recogr|zes |Wo serses ol ||e scr|p|ura| |ex|, ||e |||era| serse
ard ||e sp|r||ua| serse. lr ||e seque| || |s ev|der| ||a| lor ||r ||e sp|r||ua|
serse cors|s|s |r W|a|ever ||ere |s |r ||e |errs ol ||e o|ess|rgs |r 0eres|s
||a| ore r|g|| |a|e |o reler |r a |ypo|og|ca| Way |o ||e u|||ra|e ecorory ol
3a|va||or |r C|r|s| ard |r ||e c|urc|, ||e |ypes ard syroo|s ol W|a| |s ye| |o
core |r ||e urlo|d|rg ol ||e ||s|ory ol 3a|va||or, as recorded |r ||e 0ospe|.
lror |||s perspec||ve, ore r|g|| a|so assoc|a|e Fp|raer's s|y|e ol exeges|s
ol ||e o| W||| ||e so-ca||ed `Ar||oc|ere' sc|oo| ol o|o||ca| |r|erpre|a||or
ard ||s exerc|se ol ||eor|a. booer| |urray |as ever Wr|||er ol Fp|raer ||a|
||s exege||ca| a||||ude prooao|y expresses ||e ros| oeau||lu| lorr ol ||e
Ar||oc|ere or|er|a||or (`doc| s|e||| se|re exege||sc|e la||urg v|e||e|c|| d|e
;. Torreau, 3arc|| Fp|raer 3yr| |r 0eres|r, . Frg||s| |rars|a||or lror
|a||eWs
ard Arar, 3|. Fp|rer ||e 3yr|ar, 3e|ec|ed lrose wor|s, . o;
8. Torreau, 3arc|| Fp|raer 3yr| |r 0eres|r, . Frg||s| |rars|a||or lror 118
|a||eWs ard Arar, 3|. Fp|rer ||e 3yr|ar, 3e|ec|ed lrose wor|s, . 3ee a|so zo
3|er
l|da|, lr|erpre|a||o 3yr|aca, d|e Korrer|are des |e|||ger Fp|rar des 3yrers zu
0eres|s urd Fxodus r|| oesorderer 8eruc|s|c|||gurg ||rer
aus|egurgsgesc||c||||c|er 3|e||urg(lurd. 0|eerup, ), - . 1;|ooo
Fp|raer ||e Fxege|e sc|ors|e Auspragurg der ar||oc|er|sc|er b|c||urg 1|o
dar').
39
8u| ||e ra||er
|s rore corp||ca|ed ||ar |||s, as W||| soor oecore c|ear.
40
As W||| ||e o|, so |r ||e pa|r|s||c |rad|||or ol 3yr|a Fp|raer |s cred||ed
W||| prose correr|ar|es or ros| ol ||e r| ooo|s as We||. T| ere are Wor|s
a||r|ou|ed |o ||r or ||e Ac|s ol ||e Apos||es ard ||e lau||re ep|s||es, W||c|
surv|ve or|y |r Arrer|ar,
|1ard W||c| |ave ro| oeer ruc| s|ud|ed. T| ere
|s a|so ar Fxpos|||or ol ||e 0ospe|, ar ar||-|arc|or||e Wor| a||r|ou|ed |o
Fp|raer ard preserved or|y |r Arrer|ar, aoou| ||e au||er||c||y ol W||c|
||ere |ave oeer sore douo|s.
|z
8u| ||e ros| |rpor|ar| Wor| or ||e r| |s ||e
We|| |roWr ard ol|er quo|ed correr|ary or Ta||ar's 0|a|essaror. A|||oug|
||e |ex| surv|ves |r or|y a s|rg|e raruscr|p| |r ||e or|g|ra| 3yr|ac,
|
ard |r
. b. |urray, `0er 0|c||er a|s Fxege|. der ||. Fp|rar urd d|e |eu||ge Fxegese,'
780
ZKT| ( ), . 1oo1;8|8o
|o. lor o||er s|ud|es ol Fp|raer's re||ods ol exeges|s, see C. 8ravo, No|as
lr|roduc|or|as a |a Noera||ca de 3ar Flrer(Fxcerp|a ex d|sser|a||ore ad
laurear |r
lacu||a|e T| eo|og|ca lor||l|c|ae ur|vers||a||s 0regor|arae, bore, ), l. 1o
le|o|r,
0oc|r|res e| re||odes de s. Fp|rer d'aprs sor correr|a|re de |'evarg||e
corcordar|
(C3C0, vo|. , louva|r. lee|ers, ), 3. l|da|, lr|erpre|a||o 3yr|aca, l. zzo 1o1
ous|l,
`Fxege||ca| lr|rc|p|es ol 3| Fp|raer ol N|s|o|s,' |r F. A. l|v|rgs|ore (ed.), 3|la|r
(vo|. Xvll, , Ka|arazoo, ||c|.. C|s|erc|ar luo||ca||ors ard leuver. lee|ers, |
), 1o
- zooz. 3oreW|a| oo|d|y, || seers, g|ver ||e |r|r|cac|es ol ||e ra||er, ore
recer|
Wr||er ever deve|ops lour `|aWs' or pr|rc|p|es |o surrar|ze Fp|raer's exege||ca|
re||od. 3ee 8er|rard de |arger|e, Ar lr|roduc||or |o ||e l|s|ory ol Fxeges|s(vo|.
1, `T| e 0ree| la||ers,' |rars. l. |a|ul, le|ers|ar, |ass.. 3|. 8ede's
luo||ca||ors,
1), - . 3ee espec|a||y lucas var borpay, `T| e C|r|s||ar 3yr|ac 1|o
Trad|||or ol
lr|erpre|a||or,' |r |agre 3ao(ed.), leoreW 8|o|e|0|d Tes|arer|, ||e l|s|ory ol
l|s
lr|erpre|a||or(vo|. , `lror ||e 8eg|rr|rgs |o ||e ||dd|e Ages,' par| , Ar||qu||y, 1 1
0o|||rger. varder|oec| & buprec||, ), esp. - . 1o ozzz8
|1. 3ee ||e |ec|||ar|s| la||ers, 3. Fp|rer 3yr| Correr|ar|| |r Fp|s|o|as 0.
lau||
rurc pr|rur ex Arrer|o |r la||rur serrorer a la|r|ous |e||||ar|s||s |rars|a||
(ver|ce, ), N. w. A||r|ar, 0es ||. Fp|raer Fr||arurg der Apos|e|gesc||c||e 18
(v|erra, ). 1z1
|z. 3ee 0eorge A. Fgar, 3a|r| Fp|rer, ar Fxpos|||or ol ||e 0ospe|(C3C0,
vo|s.
- z1zz, louva|r. lee|ers, ). 1o8
|. 3ee lou|s le|o|r, 3a|r| Fp|rer. Correr|a|re de |'evarg||e corcordar|, |ex|e
syr|aque (|3 C|es|er 8ea||y )(C|es|er 8ea||y |orograp|s, , 0uo||r, ), ;o 8 1o
|der,
3a|r| Fp|rer. Correr|a|re de |'evarg||e corcordar|, |ex|e syr|aque (|3
C|es|er 8ea||y
;o), lo||os add|||orre|s(leuver. lee|ers, ). Ar Frg||s| |rars|a||or ol ||e |ex| 1o
|s
ava||ao|e |r Carrer |cCar||y, 3a|r| Fp|rer's Correr|ary or Ta||ar's
0|a|essaror, ar
Frg||s| Trars|a||or ol C|es|er 8ea||y |3 W||| lr|roduc||or ard No|es(Jourra| ;o
ol
3er|||c 3|ud|es 3upp|erer|, , 0xlord. 0xlord ur|vers||y lress or 8e|a|l ol ||e z
ur|vers||y ol |arc|es|er, ). 3ee a|so ||e lrerc| |rars|a||or oy lou|s le|o|r, 1
Fp|rer
de N|s|oe. Correr|a|re de |'evarg||e corcordar| ou 0|a|essaror, |radu|| du
3yr|aque e|
de |'Arrer|er(3ources C|re||erres, ro. , lar|s. Cerl, ). 1z1 1oo
1|ooXlll. 3yr|ac C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
|Wo raruscr|p|s |r Arrer|ar |rars|a||or,
||
lou|s le|o|r prorourced || |o
oe `||e ros| |rpor|ar| ol Fp|rer's exege||ca| Wor|s.'
|
loWever, |r a ser|es
ol ar||c|es, |r W||c| |e suojec|s por||ors ol ||e correr|ary |o ar |r|erse
|||erary scru||ry, oased or corpar|sors W||| passages |r Fp|raer's sure|y
geru|re |or|||es ard `|eac||rg sorgs', Fdrurd 8ec| care |o ||e corc|us|or
||a| `Fp|raer Was ro| ||e au||or ol ||e correr|ary. 0r ||e o||er |ard, ||e
rary ard |arge correc||ors W||| Fp|raer's |yrrs ard |or|||es a||oW ||e
suppos|||or ||a| ||e Wor| or|g|ra|es lror ||s sc|oo|.'
|o
Ard ||erelore ore
ray corc|ude ||a| ||e correr|ary does |r lac| preserve rary ol Fp|raer's
exege||ca| |rs|g||s.
A|||oug| ||e 0|a|essarorcorrer|ary does ro| cover ||e W|o|e |ex|,
||e correr|a|or |a|es ||s ||re |r d|scuss|rg ro| or|y ||e |||era| rear|rg
ol ||e Words |r ||e verses |e cors|ders, ou| |e a|so lrequer||y er|arges or a
||ere W||c| ||e |ex| sugges|s, ol|er |r ||e process reca|||rg ||e |ypes ard
syroo|s lror o| rarra||ves W||c|, lror ||s perspec||ve, l|rd ||e|r proper
781
po|r| ol relererce |r ||e 0ospe|. l|s oas|c a||||ude |s ev|der| |r ||e lo||oW|rg
passage.
|ary are ||e perspec||ves ol ||s Word, jus| as rary are ||e perspec||ves ol ||ose
W|o s|udy ||. [0od| |as las||ored ||s Word W||| rary
oeau||lu| lorrs, so ||a| eac| ore W|o s|ud|es || ray cors|der W|a|
|e |||es. le |as ||dder |r ||s Word a|| ||rds ol |reasures so ||a| eac|
ore ol us, W|erever We red||a|e, ray oe err|c|ed oy ||. l|s u||erarce
|s a |ree ol ||le, W||c| oll ers you o|essed lru|| lror every s|de. l| |s |||e
||a| roc| W||c| ours| lor|| |r ||e deser|, oecor|rg sp|r||ua| dr|r| |o
||. lou|s le|o|r, 3a|r| Fp|rer. Correr|a|re de |'evarg||e corcordar| (vers|or
arrer|erre)(C3C0, vo|. , louva|r, ), |der, 3a|r| Fp|rer. Correr|a|re 1; 1
de
|'evarg||e corcordar| (|raduc||or |a||re)(C3C0, vo|. , louva|r. lee|ers, ). 1| 1|
|. le|o|r, 0oc|r|res e| re||odes, . |o
|o. Fdrurd 8ec|, `Fp|rar urd der 0|a|essaror|orrer|ar |r Aosc|r||| uoer
d|e
wurder oe|r Tode Jesu ar Kreuz,' 0rC|r ( ), . l|ve ear||er s|ud|es ;;111
W||c|
|ed 8ec| |o ||e sare corc|us|or are. F. 8ec|, `0er syr|sc|e
0|a|essaror|orrer|ar
zu Jo. , - ,' 0rC|r ( ), - , |der, `0er syr|sc|e 0|a|essaror|orrer|ar 11 o;1811
zu
der urvergeooarer 3urde W|der der le|||ger 0e|s| uoerse|z| urd er||ar|,' 0rC|r
;( ), - , |der, `0er syr|sc|e 0|a|essaror|orrer|ar zu der ler||ope vor 181;
der 3arar||er|r ar 8rurrer,' 0rC|r ( ), - , |der, `0er syr|sc|e ;|1o1z|
0|a|essaror|orrer|ar zu der ler||ope vor der 3urder|r, luc. , - ,' ;oo
0rC|r ;
( ), - , |der, `0er syr|sc|e 0|a|essaror|orrer|ar zur ler||ope vor 1111
re|c|er
Jurg||rg,' 0rC|r ( ), - . 3ee a|so w||||ar l. le|erser, `3ore berar|s ;o1z1|
or
||e lr|egr||y ol Fp|rer's Correr|ary or ||e 0|a|essaror,' |r F. A. l|v|rgs|ore
(ed.), 3|la|r(vo|. , leuver. le|ers, ), - . zo 181;zoz
Fp|raer ||e Fxege|e everyore lror a|| p|aces. [T| ey a|e| sp|r||ua| lood 1|o;
ard drar| sp|r||ua|
dr|r|. ( Cor . - ) 1 1o|
T| erelore, W|oever ercour|ers ore ol ||s r|c|es rus| ro| |||r|
||a| ||a| a|ore W||c| |e |as lourd |s a|| ||a| |s |r ||, ou| [ra||er| ||a|
|| |s |||s a|ore ||a| |e |s capao|e ol l| rd|rg lror ||e rary |||rgs
|r ||. Frr|c|ed oy ||, |e| ||r ro| |||r| ||a| |e |as |rpover|s|ed ||.
8u| ra||er |e| ||r g|ve ||ar|s lor ||s grea|ress, |e ||a| |s urequa| |o
||.bejo|ce ||a| you |ave oeer sa||a|ed, ard do ro| oe upse| ||a| || |s
r|c|er ||ar you. . . . 0|ve ||ar|s lor W|a| you |ave |a|er aWay, ard do
ro| rurrur over W|a| rera|rs ard |s |r excess. T| a| W||c| you |ave
|a|er ard gore aWay W||| |s your por||or ard ||a| W||c| |s |el|over |s
a|so your |er||age.
47
lv
As Fp|raer ||rse|l says, |r ||e passage quo|ed aoove lror ||e oeg|rr|rg
ol ||s correr|ary or ||e ooo| ol 0eres|s, o|o||ca| exeges|s |s `||a| ol W||c|
We Wro|e a| |erg|| |r ||e re|r|ca| |or|||es ard |r ||e `|eac||rg sorgs.'|8
Ard ||e cor|ex| ol ||e |or|||es ard `|eac||rg sorgs' Was ol|er ||e d|v|re
|||urgy. 3pec|l| ca||y, as 3|. Jerore says ol ||ese corpos|||ors ol Fp|raer,
`|r sore c|urc|es ||s Wr|||rgs Were puo||c|y rec||ed al|er ||e read|rg ol
||e scr|p|ures.'
|T| |s rears ||a| ||e prox|ra|e occas|or lor ||e corpos|||or ol rary ol
Fp|raer's rerreard radras|eWas ||e read|rg ol a se|
ol passages lror ||e scr|p|ures c|oser lor ||e|r re|evarce |o ||e |||urg|ca|
ce|eora||or ol ||e day or ||e seasor. T| erelore ||e correr|ary ||ey e||c||ed
rus| |ave |ad aoou| || ||e qua|||y ol app||ed exeges|s, W||c| l|| |r W||| ||e
gerera| preser|a||or ol ||e |ru||s ol ||e la|||, ard ro| sore rore aos|rac|,
|errereu||ca| cors|dera||or. 3o, lor exarp|e, ||e ||||es ol ||e co||ec||ors ol
`|eac||rg sorgs' rel|ec| ||e|r prac||ca| c|arac|er. T| ere are ||e rore oov|ous|y
|||urg|ca| ||||es, suc| as de Jejur|o, de Azyr|s, de Cruc|l|x|ore, de besurrec||ore,
ardde Na||v||a|e, ||ere are doc|r|ra| ||||es, suc| as de l|de, cor|ra laereses,
de Fcc|es|a, ard de larad|so, ||ere are ||||es W||c| e||c|| ||e rerory ol p|aces
or ever|s, suc| as Carr|ra N|s|oera, ard cor|ra Ju||arur, ever ||e verse
|;. |c Car||y, 3a|r| Fp|rer's Correr|ary or Ta||ar's 0|a|essaror, - . |o
|8. |a||eWs ard Arar, 3|. Fp|rer ||e 3yr|ar, 3e|ec|ed lrose wor|s, . o;
|. `Fp|rer, Fdesserae ecc|es|ae d|acorus, ru||a 3yro serrore corposu||, e|
ad
|ar|ar ver|| c|ar||ud|rer, u| pos| |ec||orer 3cr|p|urarur puo||ce |r qu|ousdar
ecc|es||s e|us scr|p|a rec||er|ur.' b|c|ardsor, l|eroryrus, . 1
1|o8Xlll. 3yr|ac C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
782
|or|||es, 0r N|cored|a, lor ||e ros| par|, preserved or|y |r Arrer|ar.
o
T| ese Were a|| `occas|ora| p|eces,' |r ||e serse ||a| Fp|raer Wro|e ||er lor
spec|l|c occas|ors or seasors, oe ||ey |||urg|ca| or |op|ca|.
T| e |rarsr|ss|or ol Fp|raer's radras|e, ||e `|eac||rg sorgs', |r |||urg|ca|
cyc|es arrarged accord|rg |o cors|dera||ors oo|| ol prosody ard
re|ody, as We|| as suojec| ra||er,1
s|ou|d ro| o||rd ore |o ||e|r esser||a||y
d|dac||c c|arac|er. As ||e rare ||se|l |rp||es, radras|oe|rg cogra|e |o ||e
leoreW r|dras|, o|o||ca| correr|ary, or |r|erpre|a||or, |s ||e |ear| ol ||e
er|erpr|se, ard ||a| lror ar |rs|ruc||ora| po|r| ol v|eW.
z
lr lac|, accord|rg
|o Jacoo ol 3arug, ||e s|rgers ol Fp|raer's radras|eWere |ra|red prec|se|y
|o proc|a|r ||e 0ospe|, ard cou|d accord|rg|y oe ca||ed `|eac|ers' |r ||e
c|urc|es.
T| e |rs|ruc||or Was rear| |o oe oo|| pos|||ve, |r ||e serse ol
corrur|ca||rg a del|r||e po|r| ol v|eW |r o|o||ca| la|||, ard delers|ve, |r ||e
serse ol erao||rg ||e corgrega||or |o recogr|ze ard relu|e error. Fp|raer
||rse|l ||g|||g||s |||s c|arac|er ol ||e radras|e|r ||e |as| ol ||s `|eac||rg
sorgs' Aga|rs| leres|es. le says,
0 lord, ray ||e Wor|s ol your |erdsrar
ro| oe c|ea|ed.
l W||| ro| ||er |ave |rouo|ed your s|eep,
ou| as lar as l Was ao|e,
o. T| ese la||r ||||es, W||c| |ave oecore corver||ora| |r ||e sc|o|ar|y
|||era|ure,
rel|ec| ||e 3yr|ac ro||ces ol ||e cor|er|s ol ||e co||ec||ors ol radrs|eas ||ey
are
lourd |r ||e raruscr|p| |rad|||or. 3ee ||e o|o||ograp|y c||ed |r ||e rex| ro|e
oe|oW. lor ||e |or|||es or N|cored|a see C|ar|es beroux, Fp|rer de N|s|oe
|erre
sur N|cored|e(la|ro|og|a 0r|er|a||s, |. , lasc. , , ros. - , Turrou|. ; z 1;z1;
8repo|s,
1;).
1. 0r ||ese ra||ers see Ardre 0e la||eux, `ure c|e pour |es |yrres d'Fp|rer
dars |e |3. 3|ra| 3yr. ,' |useor ( ), - , |der, `la |rarsr|ss|or 1o 81;z1;11
des
lyrres d'Fp|rer d'aprs |e |3. 3|ra| 3yr. , l. v- r,' |r 3yrpos|ur 1o 1o 1;8
3yr|acur (0CA, , bore, ), - , 8. 0u|||er, `Cor|r|ou||or |'e|ude 1;z 1; 1;|z1o
de |a
pre||s|o|re des co||ec||ors d'|yrres d'Fp|rer,' lar0r , ( - ), - , o;1;1;o|o1
3. l.
8roc|, `T| e Trarsr|ss|or ol Fp|rer's radras|e|r ||e 3yr|ac l||urg|ca|
Trad|||or,'
|r F||zaoe|| A. l|v|rgs|ore (ed.), 3|la|r(vo|. , leuver. lee|ers, ), - z 1;|o
. o
z. 0r ||e ro|e ol r|dras||r ||e JeW|s| |rs|ruc||ora| |rad|||or see ||e correr|s
ol Jares l. Kuge|, `TWo lr|roduc||ors |o ||dras|,' |r 0. l. lar|rar ard 3.
8ud|c|
(eds.), ||dras| ard l||era|ure(NeW laver, Corr.. a|e ur|vers||y lress, ), 18o
. 1o
. Arar, J. l., `A |e|r|ca| lor||y or lo|y |ar Fp|rer,' ros. - , pp. - . |o|| |
lr
cor|ex|, Jacoo |s ce|eora||rg Fp|raer's ro|e as ||e `secord |oses lor Worer,'
(ro.
|8, p. ), |av|rg spec|a||y |ra|red ||er |o perlorr ||s radrs|e|r c|urc|. ;
Fp|raer ||e Fxege|e l W||| |ave |ep| ||e Wo|ves aWay lror ||er, 1|o
ard l W||| |ave ou|||, as lar as l Was capao|e,
erc|osures ol `|eac||rg sorgs' (radras|e)
lor ||e |aros ol your l|oc|.
l W||| |ave rade a d|sc|p|e
ol ||e s|rp|e ard ur|earred rar.
Ard l W||| |ave g|ver ||r a s|rorg |o|d
or ||e |erdsrer's s|all,
||e |ea|ers' red|c|re,
ard ||e d|spu|ar|s' arror.|
v
lr ||e radras|eFp|raer |eac|es ro| or|y ||e par||cu|ar |essors ol ||e
scr|p|ure passages appo|r|ed |o oe read a| a g|ver |||urg|ca| ce|eora||or, or
c|oser oecause ol ||e|r doc|r|ra| re|evarce, ou| |e a|so corrur|ca|es a
del|r||e v|eW ol ||e ro|e ol ||e scr|p|ures |r gerera| |r ||e process ol 0od's
reve|a||or ol ||rse|l ard ol ||e ecorory ol sa|va||or. le |eac|es ||a| Na|ure
783
ard 3cr|p|ure |oge||er are ||e |W|r sources ol reve|a||or. lor exarp|e, |r a
`|eac||rg sorg' |r W||c| |e |ad oeer rev|eW|rg sore Ways |r W||c| Na|ure
revea|s ||s Crea|or |e says,
loo| ard see |oW Na|ure ard 3cr|p|ure
are yo|ed |oge||er lor ||e lusoardrar.
Na|ure ao|ors adu||erers,
prac||cers ol rag|c ard rurderers,
3cr|p|ure ao|ors ||er |oo.
0rce Na|ure ard 3cr|p|ure |ad c|eared ||e |ard
||ey soWed |r || reW corrardrer|s
|r ||e |ard ol ||e |ear|, so ||a| || r|g|| oear lru||,
pra|se lor ||e lord ol Na|ure
g|ory lor ||e lord ol 3cr|p|ure.
|. 8ec|, lyrrer cor|ra laereses, lvl. , . 1o11
. 8ec|, lyrrer cor|ra laereses, XXvlll. . T| e Frg||s| |rars|a||or |s lror 11
3eoas||ar 8roc|, 3a|r| Fp|rer ||e 3yr|ar, lyrrs or larad|se(Cres|Wood, N...
3|. v|ad|r|r's 3er|rary lress, ), . 1o11
1|1oXlll. 3yr|ac C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
lr aro||er passage Fp|raer |||ers Na|ure, ard ||e |Wo |es|arer|s ol scr|p|ure,
|o ||ree |yres, |o ||e accorpar|rer| ol W||c| ||e word ol 0od s|rgs,
||e |yre ol Na|ure ||er |es||l|es ||a| || |s C|r|s| ||rse|l W|o s|rgs |o ||e |yre
ol |oses ard ||e |yre ol ||e 0ospe|. Fp|raer says,
T| e word ol ||e |os| l|g| care doWr
ard c|o||ed ||rse|l |r
a Wea| oody W||| |Wo |ards.
le |oo| up ard oa|arced |Wo |yres,
ore |r ||s r|g|| |ard ard ore |r ||s |el|.
A |||rd |e pu| |r lror| ol ||r,
|o oe a W||ress lor ||e o||er |Wo,
lor || Was ||e r|dd|e |yre corrooora||rg
||a| ||e|r lord Was s|rg|rg |o ||e|r accorpar|rer|.
o
lor Fp|raer, scr|p|ure |s ||e ru|e ol la||| W||c| ever Na|ure corl|rrs. Ard
|e rears ||e |r|egra| scr|p|ure, ||e 0|d ard NeW Tes|arer|s |oge||er||e
C|r|s||ar 8|o|e, W||c| |as C|r|s| as ||s loca| po|r|. le says,
lr ||e Tora| |oses |rod
||e way ol ||e `|ypes ard syroo|s'
;
oelore ||a| leop|e
W|o used |o Warder every W||c| Way.
8u| our lord, |r ||s |es|arer|s,
del|r|||ve|y es|ao||s|ed ||e pa|| ol Tru||
lor ||e leop|es W|o care |o ||e way ol l|le.
8
A|| ||e `|ypes ard syroo|s' ||us |rave||ed
or ||a| way W||c| |oses |rod
ard Were oroug|| |o lu|l|||rer| |r ||e way ol ||e 3or.
o. Fdrurd 8ec|, 0es |e|||ger Fp|raer des 3yrers lyrrer de
v|rg|r||a|e(C3C0,
vo|s. , , louva|r. lee|ers, ), XXlX. . 3ee Ka|||eer F. |cvey, Fp|rer zzzz| 1oz 1
||e
3yr|ar, lyrrs(T| e C|ass|cs ol wes|err 3p|r||ua|||y, NeW or|. lau||s| lress,
), 18
o.
;. T| e 3yr|ac |err oe||rd |||s express|or |s rze(s|rg., rz), W||c| W||| oe
d|scussed oe|oW. 3ull| ce || roW |o say ||a| || |rc|udes ||e serses ol ||e 0ree|
|errs
`|ype' ard `rys|ery' |r s|r||ar cor|ex|s, ou| ex|erds We|| oeyord ||e|r reac| |r
3yr|ac usage, ol|er |av|rg ||e serse ol `rys|ery syroo|.'
8. 0r ||e leop|e|leop|es, or Na||or|Na||ors (arr|arre) ro||l |r ear|y
3yr|ac
|||era|ure, |.e., JeWs|0er|||es, see booer| |urray, 3yroo|s ol C|urc| ard
K|rgdor,
a 3|udy |r Far|y 3yr|ac Trad|||or(Caror|dge. Caror|dge ur|vers||y lress, ), 1;
- |1o8.
Fp|raer ||e Fxege|e le| our r|rd ||er oecore 1|11
c|eared |ard lor ||a| way.
lrs|ead ol or ||e grourd, ry oro||ers,
|e| us, |r our sou|s, |read ||e way ol l|le.

lor Fp|raer, or|y ||e |r|egra| scr|p|ures car oe ||e reasure ol |ru||. le
says |r ore ol ||e `|eac||rg sorgs' Aga|rs| leres|es,
l||e ||e oody ol ||e a|p|aoe|,
W||c| |s corp|e|e |r ||s reroers,
784
re|||er suo|rac||rg a |e||er,
ror add|rg ar ex|ra ore,
so |s ||e Tru|| W||c| |s Wr|||er
|r ||e lo|y 0ospe|,
|r ||e |e||ers ol ||e a|p|aoe|,
||e perlec| reasure W||c| does ro| accep|
|ess or rore.
oo
T| e proo|er ol ||e |ere||cs, accord|rg |o Fp|raer, Was prec|se|y ||e|r
perc|ar| lor ru|||a||rg ||e caror ol ||e scr|p|ures, W||c| |e erv|s|ored
as a ||v|rg oody. lr aro||er ore ol ||s `|eac||rg sorgs' Aga|rs| leres|es, |e
pu| || |||s Way.
T| e 3ors ol Frror say
||e |Wo |es|arer|s,
||a| ||ey Were coro|red ard pu| |oge||er,
ard |ad oecore a |rue oody.
T| ey cu| ollard |oo| aWay [par|s| ol ||er,
ard pas|ed ||er up |o ra|e ooo|s.
T| ey cu| ollard |oo| aWay rarra||ves
||a| Were oppor|ure.
T| |s |s ||e d|sgrace,
||a| ||ey War|ed |o pu| |oge||er
a sourd oody
lror ||e ru|||a||or ol reroers.o1
. 8ec|, lyrrer cor|ra laereses, XXv. .
oo. 8ec|, lyrrer cor|ra laereses, XXll. . 1
o1. 8ec|, lyrrer cor|ra laereses, ll. . 1
1|1zXlll. 3yr|ac C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
Fp|raer's judgrer| ol suc| peop|e |s ||a|.
T| ey |ave |rd|c|ed ||erse|ves,
||ey |ave cu| up, rarg|ed ||e ooo|s,
ard ||ey |ave rade s|rargers ol p|rases
W|ose |r|er||or |s ore ard ||e sare.oz
lr Fp|raer's par|arce, ||e lrop|e|s ard ||e Apos||es, ||a| |s |o say ||e record
ol ||e|r say|rgs |r ||e 8|o|e, are ||e r||es|ores ard ||e |rrs respec||ve|y,
o
or ||e way ol l|le, ard ||ey a|| |ead |o C|r|s|, W|o a|ore revea|s ||s la||er.
Accord|rg |o Fp|raer, as 3eoas||ar 8roc| |as pu| ||, `W|a| |s '||dder' |r ||e
syroo|s ol Na|ure ard ol 3cr|p|ure |s revea|ed |r C|r|s| a| ||e lrcarra||or.'
o|
lur||errore, accord|rg |o Fp|raer, ||e ||res ol Wr|||rg |r ||e scr|p|ures
lorr a or|dge over ||e or|o|og|ca| c|asr ||a| separa|es crea|ures lror ||e|r
Crea|or, or|rg|rg ||e |urar r|rd, oy Way ol ||e |rcarra|e 3or ol 0od, |o
||e 0od|ead ||se|l.
o
lor jus| as |r ||e 3or, 0od c|o||ed ||rse|l |r l|es|,
|r ||e scr|p|ures, ore r|g|| say, 0od c|o||ed ||rse|l |r |urar Words.
oo
Fp|raer pu| || |||s Way.
oz. 8ec|, lyrrer cor|ra laereses, ll. . 1
o. 3ee Fdrurd 8ec|, 0es |e|||ger Fp|raer des 3yrers lyrrer de
l|de(C3C0,
vo|s. , , louva|r. lee|ers, ), lXv. . 3ee a|so 8ec|, lyrrer cor|ra 11|1 1 1
laereses, XXv. ard XXvll. . Fp|raer deve|ops ||e |rage ol ||e way qu||e 1
ex|ers|ve|y
a| a ruroer ol p|aces |r ||s Wor|s. 3ee Fdrurd 8ec|, `0as 8||d vor weg r||
|e||ers|e|rer urd leroerger oe| Fp|rar,' 0rC|r ( ), - . o1811
o|. 3eoas||ar 8roc|, T| e lur|rous Fye, ||e 3p|r||ua| wor|d v|s|or ol 3a|r|
Fp|rer
||e 3yr|ar(C|s|erc|ar 3|ud|es 3er|es, , Ka|arazoo, ||c|.. C|s|erc|ar 1z|
luo||ca||ors, ), - . 1zz8z
o. 0r ||e s|gr|l|carce ol Fp|raer's corcep||or ol ||e or|o|og|ca| c|asr ||a|
separa|es |urar oe|rgs lror 0od, W||c| or|y |ove, ou| ro| |roW|edge, car
cross, see
T|oras Koorarra|||a|, `T| e T| eo|ogy ol 0|v|re Nares |r ||e 0eru|re
wor|s
ol Fp|raer,' (0. l|||. ||es|s preser|ed |o ||e ur|vers||y ol 0xlord, 0xlord, ), 11
|der, `0|v|re Nares ard T| eo|og|ca| larguage |r Fp|rer,' |r F. A. l|v|rgs|ore
(ed.), 3|la|r(vo|. XXv, leuver. lee|ers, ), - , |der, `T| e 3e|l- 118z
bevea||rg
0od ard |ar |r Fp|rer,' T|e larp ( ), - . 0r Fp|raer's `or|dge' o1z|8
|ragery |r |||s cor|ex|, see Fdrurd 8ec|, `ZWe| ep|rar|sc|e 8||der,' 0rC|r ;1
( ), 18;
- 1.
785
oo. 0r ||e |rpor|arce ol c|o|||rg |ragery |r Fp|raer ard o||er 3yr|ac Wr||ers
see 3eoas||ar l. 8roc|, `C|o|||rg |e|ap|ors as a |ears ol T| eo|og|ca|
Fxpress|or
|r 3yr|ac Trad|||or,' |r |. 3c|r|d| (ed.), Typus, 3yroo|, A||egor|e oe| der
os|||c|er
va|err urd ||rer lara||e|er |r ||||e|a||er(F|c|s|a||er 8e||rage, , F|c|s|a||, ), | 18z
- 11|o.
Fp|raer ||e Fxege|e le| us g|ve ||ar|s |o 0od W|o c|o||ed l|rse|l |r 1|1
||e rares ol ||e
oody's var|ous par|s.
3cr|p|ure relers |o l|s 'ears', |o |eac| us ||a| le ||s|ers |o us,
|| spea|s ol ||s 'eyes', |o s|oW ||a| le sees us.
l| Was jus| ||e rares ol suc| |||rgs ||a| le pu| or,
ard, a|||oug| |r l|s |rue 8e|rg ||ere |s ro| Wra|| or regre|,
ye| le pu| or ||ese rares |oo oecause ol our Wea|ress.
we s|ou|d rea||ze ||a|, |ad le ro| pu| or ||e rares
ol suc| |||rgs, || Wou|d ro| |ave oeer poss|o|e lor l|r
|o spea| W||| us |urars. 8y rears ol W|a| oe|orgs
|o us d|d le draW c|ose |o us.
le c|o||ed l|rse|l |r our |arguage, so ||a| le r|g||
c|o||e us
|r l|s Way ol ||le.
o;
T| ere |s ar ex|erded passage |r ore ol Fp|raer's `|eac||rg sorgs' 0r
larad|se||a| oeau||lu||y expresses ||s corcep||or ol ||e la|||lu| C|r|s||ar's
ercour|er W||| ||e scr|p|ures, prooao|y ou|s|de ol ||e |||urg|ca| se|||rg, |r
||e cor|ex| ol |ec||o d|v|ra, pray|rg W||| ||e |ex| |r |ard. T| e se|||rg evo|es
||e scere ol ||e poe|'s read|rg |r ||e ooo| ol 0eres|s. le says,
lr ||s ooo| |oses
descr|oed ||e crea||or ol ||e ra|ura| Wor|d,
so ||a| oo|| Na|ure ard 3cr|p|ure
r|g|| oear W||ress |o ||e Crea|or.
Na|ure, ||roug| rar's use ol ||,
3cr|p|ure, ||roug| ||s read|rg ol ||.
T| ese are ||e W||resses
W||c| reac| everyW|ere,
||ey are |o oe lourd a| a|| ||res
preser| a| every |our,
corlu||rg ||e uroe||ever
W|o delares ||e Crea|or.
l read ||e oper|rg ol |||s ooo|
ard Was l|||ed W||| joy,
o;. 8ec|, lyrrer de l|de, XXXl. - . T| e Frg||s| |rars|a||or |s lror 8roc|, T|e 1z
lur|rous Fye, . oo
1|1|Xlll. 3yr|ac C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
lor ||s verses ard ||res
spread ou| ||e|r arrs |o We|core re,
||e l|rs| rus|ed ou| ard ||ssed re,
ard |ed re or |o ||s corpar|or,
ard W|er l reac|ed ||a| verse
W|ere|r |s Wr|||er
||e s|ory ol larad|se,
|| ||l| ed re up ard |rarspor|ed re
lror ||e oosor ol ||e ooo|
|o ||e very oosor ol larad|se.
T| e eye ard ||e r|rd
|rave|ed over ||e ||res
as over a or|dge, ard er|ered |oge||er
||e s|ory ol larad|se.
T| e eye as || read
|rarspor|ed ||e r|rd,
|r re|urr ||e r|rd, |oo,
gave ||e eye res|
lror ||s read|rg,
lor W|er ||e ooo| |ad oeer read
||ey eye |ad res|
ou| ||e r|rd Was ergaged.
8o|| ||e or|dge ard ||e ga|e
ol larad|se
d|d l l|rd |r |||s ooo|.
l crossed over ard er|ered,
ry eye rera|red ou|s|de,
ou| ry r|rd er|ered W||||r.
l oegar |o Warder
786
ar|d |||rgs |rdescr|oao|e.
T| |s |s a |ur|rous |e|g||,
c|ear, |ol|y ard la|r.
3cr||pure rared || Fder,
||e surr|| ol a|| o|ess|rgs.o8
o8. 8ec|, lyrrer de larad|so, v. - . T| e Frg||s| |rars|a||or |s lror 8roc|, z
3|. Fp|rer ||e 3yr|ar, lyrrs or larad|se, - . 1oz|
Fp|raer ||e Fxege|e lere Fp|raer |eac|es ||a| W|er ore reads ||e 1|1
scr|p|ures ||e eye rera|rs
ou|s|de, ou| ||e r|rd er|ers W||||r ard Warders arorg `|||rgs |rdescr|oao|e
(d| ||io).' T| ese `|||rgs |rdescr|oao|e' ||er oller ||e r|rd ||e oppor|ur||y
|o cor|erp|a|e 0od's oeau|y, as Fp|raer exp|a|rs |r aro||er p|ace. lr ||e
lrose belu|a||ors|e says,
|oses |es||l|es ||a| W|||e || Was grar|ed |o ||r |o do
every|||rg |||e 0od, a| |as| |e aoardored every|||rg
ard prayed |o see ||e lord ol a||. lor |l ||e crea|ures
ol ||e Crea|or are so p|easar| |o |oo| upor, |oW ruc|
rore p|easar| |s ||e|r Crea|or |o |oo| upor, ou| oecause
We |ave ro| ar eye W||c| |s ao|e |o |oo| upor ||s
sp|erdour, a r|rd (|ar'i|) Was g|ver us W||c| |s ao|e
|o cor|erp|a|e ||s oeau|y.
o
8eau|y (s|upr) ||er, accord|rg |o Fp|raer, prov|des ||e percep||o|e |or|zor
aga|rs| W||c| ||e poWer ard preserce, |rdeed ||e |ove ol ||e Crea|or
0od |s revea|ed |o ||e crea|ed |urar oe|rg. lr aro||er ore ol ||e `|eac||rg
sorgs' 0r larad|seFp|raer spec|l|es lur||er ||s v|eW ol ||e r|rd's ro|e |r
||e |urar ercour|er W||| 0od. le says,
lar rore g|or|ous ||ar ||e oody
|s ||e sou|,
ard rore g|or|ous s|||| ||ar ||e sou|
|s ||e r|rd (sp|r||),
ou| rore ||dder ||ar ||e r|rd
|s ||e 0od|ead.
A| ||e erd
||e oody W||| pu| or
||e oeau|y ol ||e sou|,
||e sou| W||| pu| or ||a| ol ||e r|rd,
W|||e ||e r|rd s|a|| pu| or
||e very |||eress ol 0od's rajes|y.;o
o. J. 0veroec|, 3. Fp|raer| 3yr| baou|ae Fp|scop| Fdesser| 8a|ae| A||orurque
0pera
3e|ec|a(0xlord, ), . Frg||s| |rars|a||or s||g|||y adap|ed lror C. w. 18oz
|||c|e||,
3. Fp|ra|r's lrose belu|a||ors ol |ar|, |arc|or, ard 8arda|sar( vo|s., lordor z
ard 0xlord. w||||ars ard Norga|e, , ), vo|. l, p. |v. 3ee a|so Fdrurd 11z1z1
8ec|,
`Fp|raers 8r|el ar lypa||os, uoerse|z| urd er||ar|,' 0rC|r ( ), , r. 81;|8 zz
ard
, r. , lor a d|scuss|or ol |ar'i||r Fp|raer's Wor|s. oo
;o. 8ec|, lyrrer de larad|so, lX. . T| e Frg||s| |rars|a||or |s adap|ed lror zo
1|1oXlll. 3yr|ac C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
0od's rajes|y |s sure|y ||e source ol ||e oeau|y ||a| ||e |urar sou| ard
r|rd perce|ves. lor Fp|raer, ||e r|rd car oe |||ered |o a r|rror (ra|zi|)
|r W||c| ore sees ||e |ypes ard syroo|s lror Na|ure ard 3cr|p|ure, W||c|
||erse|ves |r |urr lurc||or |||e a r|rror |r W||c| ore sees ||e ||dder
|||rgs ol 0od. T| erelore, Fp|raer says ||e scr|p|ures |oo are |||e a r|rror
W||c| 0od |as se| up lor ||e r|rd's eye, |r W||c| ore sees ||e |rages ol
||e |ru||.
;1
le says,
T| e scr|p|ures are se| up
|||e a r|rror,
ore W|ose eye |s c|ear
sees ||ere
||e |rage ol ||e |ru||.
3e| up ||ere
|s ||e |rage ol ||e la||er,
dep|c|ed ||ere
|s ||e |rage ol ||e 3or,
ard ol ||e lo|y 3p|r||.
;z
vl
Accord|rg |o Fp|raer, W|a| ore l|rds |r scr|p|ure, as |r Na|ure, are ||e
|ypes ard syroo|s, ||e rares ard ||||es, |r |errs ol W||c| ||e |rv|s|o|e 0od
787
revea|s ||rse|l |o ||e eyes ard r|rds ol persors ol good la|||. T| ese |ypes
ard syroo|s ||er prepare ore |o recogr|ze ||e |rcarra|e word ol 0od |r
Jesus ol Nazare||. Fp|raer says,
lr every p|ace, |l you |oo|, ||s syroo| |s ||ere,
ard W|erever you read, you W||| l|rd ||s |ypes.
lor |r ||r a|| crea|ures Were crea|ed
8roc|, 3|. Fp|rer ||e 3yr|ar, lyrrs or larad|se, . 8roc| |ere |rars|a|es 1|
|ar'i|as
`sp|r||.' l |ave c|oser |o use ||e Word `r|rd' as rore corrur|ca||ve ol ||e
serse
ol ||e passage |r ||e cor|ex| ol ||e preser| d|scuss|or. lr Fp|raer's psyc|o|ogy,
`r|rd' |s ar aspec| ol `sp|r||.' 3ee ||e d|scuss|or |r Fdrurd 8ec|, Fp|rars des
3yrers lsyc|o|og|e urd Fr|err|r|s|e|re(C3C0, vo|. , louva|r. lee|ers, |1
), esp. 18o
- 1o11, , , - . |1zo|;
;1. 3ee Fdrurd 8ec|, `0as 8||d vor 3p|ege| oe| Fp|rar,' 0Cl ( ), - 11
, z|
esp. - . 1o
;z. 8ec|, lyrrer de l|de, lXvll. - . 8
Fp|raer ||e Fxege|e ard |e |raced ||s syroo|s or ||s proper|y. 1|1;
w|er |e Was crea||rg ||e Wor|d,
|e |oo|ed |o adorr || W||| |cors ol ||rse|l.
T| e spr|rgs ol ||s syroo|s Were opered up |o rur doWr
ard pour lor|| ||s syroo|s |r|o ||s reroers.
;
lr aro||er `|eac||rg sorg' Fp|raer spea|s s|r||ar|y ol ||e syroo|s ard
|ypes ol 0od's 3or ard |ess|a| |o oe lourd |r ||e scr|p|ures. le says,
3ee, ||e laW carr|es
a|| ||e |||eresses ol ||r.
3ee, ||e lrop|e|s, |||e deacors,
carry
||e |cors ol ||e |ess|a|.
Na|ure ard ||e scr|p|ures
|oge||er carry
||e syroo|s ol ||s |urar||y
ard ol ||s d|v|r||y.;|
lr d|v|re reve|a||or, accord|rg |o Fp|raer, W|a| ore |oo|s lor are ||e |ypes
ard syroo|s 0od |as pu| ||ere |o locus ||e searc||rg r|rds ol crea|ures
a||rac|ed oy ||e|r oeau|y. le ros| ol|er ca||s ||er rze(s|rg. rz) |r 3yr|ac,
rar|les| syroo|s, W||c| |r |urr, oy 0od's grace, d|sc|ose |o ||e |urar r|rd
||ose aspec|s ol ||e ||dder rea|||y or |ru|| (s|rar, qus||) W||c| are W||||r
||e rarge ol ||e capac|||es ol |urar |r|e|||gerce. To pry lur||er ||ar |||s
|r|o ||e esserce ol 0od, lor exarp|e, |s |o la|| |r|o ||e c|asr ||a| separa|es
||e crea|ure lror ||e Crea|or, ard |o Warder |r error. be||g|ous ||oug||
or `||eo|ogy' ||er r|g||lu||y cors|s|s |r ||e cor|erp|a||or ol ||e rze, ||e
`rys|ery syroo|s' |r W||c| 0od revea|s ||e |ru|| aoou| ||rse|l ard ||e
Wor|d |o |urar oe|rgs.;
;. 8ec|, lyrrer de v|rg|r||a|e, XX. . 3ee a|so ||e Frg||s| |rars|a||or |r 1z
|cvey,
Fp|rer ||e 3yr|ar. lyrrs, - . |8|
;|. Fdrurd 8ec|, 0es |e|||ger Fp|raer des 3yrers lac|a|yrrer, (de Azyr|s,
de
Cruc|l|x|ore, de besurrec||ore)(C3C0, vo|s. , , louva|r. lee|ers, ), z|8z| 1o|
0e
Azyr|s, lv. - . zzz|
;. 3ee 0r|ll| ||, `la||| 3ee||rg urders|ard|rg |r ||e T| oug|| ol 3|. Fp|raer
||e
3yr|ar.' lor rore or ||e ||eo|og|ca| cor|ex| ol Fp|raer's exeges|s see ||e
rerar|s
ol lrarces ourg, 8|o||ca| Fxeges|s ard ||e lorra||or ol C|r|s||ar
Cu||ure(Caror|dge. Caror|dge ur|vers||y lress, ), - . 1;1|;
1|18Xlll. 3yr|ac C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
T|e |err rzcare |o 3yr|ac v|a arc|er| lers|ar ard o|d Arara|c,
W|ere || oas|ca||y rear| `secre|,' ard |r |||s serse || appears |r ||e ooo| ol
0ar|e| (e.g., 0ar. . ). z18;o
Fp|raer ard o||er 3yr|ac Wr||ers use ||e Word
rore |r ||e serse ol a `rys|ery syroo|', W||c| |s ro| so ruc| rys|er|ous
|r ||s lurc||or as || |s |rd|ca||ve, d|sc|os|rg |o |urar r|rds accord|rg |o
||e|r capac|||es W|a| |s ||dder lror |urar |roW|edge |r ||s esserce, suc|
as ||e oe|rg ol 0od ard ||e course ol ||e ecorory ol sa|va||or. w|||e rz
|s ol| er syroryrous W||| `|ype' (|ypos,|ups) |r Fp|raer's Wor|s, ||s use
ol ||e |err goes We|| oeyord W|a| ore rorra||y |||r|s ol as ||e |ypo|og|ca| serse
ol ||e scr|p|ures, |.e., Words, ac||ors, lac|s, ard rarra||ves |r ||e o|
||a| lores|adoW ||e|r rode|s |r ||e r|. lor Fp|raer, o|o||ca| |ypo|og|es
788
are |rdeed rze, ou| so are rary |||rgs |r ra|ure, ard a|so |r ||e apos|o||c
|erygra ard ||e ||le ol ||e c|urc|, |||e sacrarer|s. lor ||r, ||e rzea||
po|r| |o ||e |rcarra|e C|r|s|, W|o |s `||e lord ol ||e rze, W|o lu|l| ||s a|| rze
|r ||s cruc|l|x|or.'
;;
3o ||ey ray po|r| lorWard lror Na|ure ard 3cr|p|ure
|o C|r|s|, W|o |r |urr revea|s ||s la||er |o ||e eye ol la|||, or ||ey po|r|
lror ||e c|urc|'s ||le ard |||urgy oac| |o C|r|s|, W|o |r |urr revea|s |o ||e
la|||lu| oe||ever ||e ever|s ol ||e esc|a|or, ||e u|||ra|e lu|l|||rer| ol a||
crea||or |r ||e ecorory ol sa|va||or.
;8
As Was rer||ored aoove, |r Fp|raer's ||oug|| `oeau|y' (s|upr) prov|des ||e
percep||o|e |or|zor aga|rs| ||e oac|grourd ol W||c| ore ac||eves
ar aWareress ol ||e poWer ard preserce ol 0od. Ard || |s |r ||e cor|ex| ol
suc| `oeau|y' ||a| |r ||e scr|p|ures ||e revea|ed rzed|sc|ose ||e rys|er|es
ol sa|va||or. ler|aps || |s lor |||s reasor ||a| Fp|raer ol|er por|rays ||e
0od W|o revea|s ||rse|l |r Na|ure ard 3cr|p|ure as ar ar||s|. As a ra||er
ol lac|, ||e |rage ol ||e |rage ra|er, or ar||s|, |s ore ol Fp|raer's lavor||e
l|gures ol speec|.
;
le uses || |o advar|age |r |Wo s|arzas ol ||e `|eac||rg
;o. 3ee b. layre 3r|||, T|esaurus 3yr|acus( vo|s.. 0xlord. C|arerdor lress, z
, 18;
188), vo|. ll, co|s. - . 3ee a|so ||c|ae| 3o|o|oll, A 0|c||orary ol JeW|s| 8;1;
la|es||r|ar Arara|c(bara|-0ar, lsrae|. 8ar l|ar ur|vers||y lress, ), . 1ozo
;;. 8ec|, lasc|a|yrrer, 0e Azyr|s, lll. , uri|. 1
;8. 0r |||s aspec| ol Fp|raer's ||oug||, see |r par||cu|ar Tar|os 8ou |arsour,
la
persee syroo||que de sa|r| Fp|rer |e 3yr|er(8|o||o||que de |'ur|vers||e 3a|r|-
Fspr||, , Kas|||, ). 3ee a|so Fdrurd 8ec|, `3yroo|ur-|ys|er|ur oe| 1o 188
Ap|raa|
urd Fp|rar,' 0rC|r ( ), - , |der, `Zur Terr|ro|og|e vor Fp|rars |z181|o
8||d||eo|og|e,' |r 3c|r|d| (ed.), Typus, 3yroo|, A||egor|e, - , booer| |urray, z;;
`T| e T| eory ol 3yroo||sr |r 3|. Fp|rer's T| eo|ogy,' lar0r , ( - ), o;1;1;o
- , 1zo
|der, `0er 0|c||er a|s Fxege|.'
;. 3ee 3. l. 0r|ll| ||, `T| e lrage ol ||e lrage |a|er |r ||e loe|ry ol 3|.
Fp|raer
Fp|raer ||e Fxege|e sorgs' 0r v|rg|r||y|o g|ve a good surrary ol ||e 1|1
lurc||or|rg ol ||e rze
|r ||s ||oug||. lr ||ese s|arzas, Fp|raer addresses ||rse|l |o C|r|s|, `||e
pa|r|er ol ||s oWr rze.'
8o
le says,
ou |ave ga||ered up sca||ered rze
lror ||e Tora|, ||a| are per||rer| |o your core||ress.
ou |ave puo||s|ed ||e rode|s (|aper|e)
W||c| are |r your 0ospe|,
a|org W||| ||e prod|g|es ard s|grs ol Na|ure.
ou |ave r|xed ||er |oge||er as ||e pa|r|s lor
your por|ra||, you |ave |oo|ed a| yourse|l,
ard pa|r|ed your oWr por|ra||.
lere |s ||e pa|r|er, W|o |r ||rse|l |as pa|r|ed
||s la||er's por|ra||,
|Wo por|rayed, ||e ore |r ||e o||er.
T| e prop|e|s, ||e ||rgs, ard ||e pr|es|s,
W|o Were crea|ures, a|| ol ||er pa|r|ed
your por|ra||, ou| ||ey ||erse|ves oore ro resero|arce.
Crea|ed oe|rgs are ro| capao|e,
you a|ore are capao|e ol pa|r||rg ||e por|ra||.
T| ey |rdeed dreW ||e ||res ol your por|ra||,
you |r your cor|rg oroug|| || |o corp|e||or.
T| e ||res ||er d|sappeared due |o ||e s|rerg|| ol ||e pa|r|s,
||e ros| or||||ar| ol a|| co|ors.81
vll
Fp|raer ||e Fxege|e carvassed ||e scr|p|ures |r searc| ol ||e rzeW||c|
|r ||e ersero|e ol ||er Wou|d d|sc|ose ||e W|o|e ecorory ol sa|va||or,
as || lourd ||s locus |r ||e pass|or, dea|| ard resurrec||or ol C|r|s|. lr
||e re|r|ca| |or|||es ard `|eac||rg sorgs' |e corposed |e |rv||ed ||ose
W|o Wou|d |ear ||er |r ||e cor|ex| ol ||e |||urgy |o cors|der ||e revea|ed
rys|er|es ol ||e scr|p|ures as ||ey gave locus |o ||e|r C|r|s||ar la|||. lr ||e
||e 3yr|ar,' |r F. A. l|v|rgs|ore (ed.), 3|la|r(vo|. XXv, leuver. lee|ers, ), 1
- z8zo.
789
8o. 8ec|, lasc|a|yrrer, de Cruc|l|x|ore, ll. .
81. 8ec|, lyrrer de v|rg|r||a|e, XXvlll. - . 3ee |cvey, Fp|rer ||e 3yr|ar, z
lyrrs, . 8o
1|zoXlll. 3yr|ac C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
prose correr|ar|es or ||e scr|p|ures ||a| |ave core doWr |o us lror ||s
per, Fp|raer pa|d ros| a||er||or |o ||e |||era| serse ol ||e |ex|, c|ar|ly|rg
ooscure Words ard p|rases, ard exp|a|r|rg W|a| a| l|rs| s|g|| r|g|| seer
|o oe ||s|or|ca| or |og|ca| corurdrurs, or g|v|rg W|a| |e cors|dered |o oe
||e correc| |r|erpre|a||or ol passages ||a| Were used |r a cor|rary serse oy
adversar|es suc| as ||e |arc|or||es, ||e lo||oWers ol 8ar 0aysar, or ol |ar|,
ard ever ol ||ose W|or |e |der||l|ed as `Ar|ars' or `Ae||ars.'
8z
lr a|| ol |||s
Fp|raer Was Wr|||rg lror W||||r a corrur||y ol o|o||ca| |r|erpre|a||or
||a| Was l|rr|y `N|cere' |r ||s ||eo|og|ca| corv|c||ors, g|v|rg vo|ce |o ||e
or||odoxy ol ||e `C|urc| ol ||e Frp|re.' 8u| ur|||e o||er We||-|roWr l|gures ol
||e lour|| cer|ury, par||cu|ar|y ||ose W|o Wro|e |r 0ree|, Fp|raer
|ad |||||e |as|e lor aos|rac|, or p|||osop||ca| ||eo|ogy.
8
ba||er, ||e 8|o|e,
ard par||cu|ar|y ||e 0ospe|, Was ||e ore |rue express|or ol ||e la||| lor
||r. le |r|erpre|ed ||e 8|o|e |||era||y, ou| a|so |ypo|og|ca||y, |r |errs ol
||e v|r|ua||y sacrarer|a| rze|e saW s|reWr everyW|ere |r ||e |ex|. l|s
pos|ure Was ro| ||a| ol ||e o|o||ca| lurdarer|a||s|, |r ||e roderr serse ol
||e Word, ou| |e d|d say,
8e|Weer 0od ard rar,
la||| |s W|a| |s requ|red.
ll you pu| la||| |r l|r, you |oror ||r,
|l you |rves||ga|e ||r, you oe|||||e ||r.
8e|Weer rar ard 0od ||er,
||ere |s ou| la||| ard prayer.8|
lor Fp|raer, ||e 8|o|e, W|er || |s accura|e|y read ard |r|erpre|ed, e||c||s oo||
la||| ard prayer ||roug| ||e a|ros| |a|e|doscop|c |r|erp|ay ol ||e rze|r a
rarra||ve ol veroa| |cors des|gred oy 0od |o d|sp|ay |o ||e |urar r|rd ||e
8z. 3ee, 0r|ll| ||, `3e|||rg b|g|| ||e C|urc| ol 3yr|a.'
8. lor |||s reasor sore sc|o|ars |ave used ||e express|or `syroo||c ||eo|ogy'
|o
c|arac|er|ze Fp|rer's approac| |o re||g|ous d|scourse, ard ||ey ol|er cor|ras| ||
|o
0ree| or la||r rodes ol ||oug||, ro| |o rer||or roderr sys|era||c ||eo|ogy.
3eoas||ar 8roc|, lor exarp|e, says, `ll a |aoe| |s requ|red, 'syroo||c ||eo|ogy'
Wou|d oe
||e |eas| |rappropr|a|e des|gra||or ol Fp|rer's approac|. T| e lreedor ol |||s
||rd
ol ||eo|ogy lror 0ree| rodes ol ||oug|| |s s|r|||rg.' 3eoas||ar 8roc|, `T| e
loe| as
T|eo|og|ar,' 3ooorros| ( ), - . ;1;;z|||
8|. Fdrurd 8ec|, 0es |e|||ger Fp|raer des 3yrers 3errores de l|de(C3C0,
lo|s.
z1z, , louva|r. lee|ers, ), ll. - . 3ee a|so F. 8ec|, `0|auoe urd z1 1o1 |8z
0eoe| oe|
Fp|rar,' 0rC|r ( ), - . oo18z1o
Fp|raer ||e Fxege|e drara ol sa|va||or ||s|ory lror ||e loca| po|r| ol ||e 1|z1
cross. Fvery|||rg |r
Fp|raer's exeges|s ||er served |o s|arper ||e oe||ever's v|s|or ol ||e drara
as seer lror ||e var|age po|r| ol scr|p|ure. le d|d every |||rg |e cou|d |o
erao|e ||e eye ard ||e r|rd ol ||e oe||ever |o |rave| over ||e ||res ol ||e
|ex|, as over a or|dge, ard so, as |e Wou|d pu| ||, |o er|er larad|se.
8
3|ud|es
Auo|reau, |. `le cod. 0uo||r, Tr|r||y Co||. . Tex|es de C|r|s|op|e 18
d'A|exardr|e,
d'Fp|rer e| de C|rysos|ore'. |useor ( ). - . 881;11z
Auo|reau, |. ard l.-J. leroy. `ure |ore||e grecque |red||e a||r|ouee Fp|rer.
'lorsque |es rages se preser|rer| Jerusa|er.' (8l0 , Cl0 )'. 0rp| 11z |1o;
b|v|s|a d| urar|| C|ass|ca e Cr|s||araN3 ( ). - . 1|1|o;
8aarda, T. `A 3yr|ac lragrer| ol |ar Fp|raer's Correr|ary or ||e
0|a|essaror'.
NT3 ( ). - . 81o1z8;oo
. |ar Fp|raer's correr|ary or ||e 0|a|essaror c|ap|er Xvll, '. Far|y 1
|rarsr|ss|or ol Words ol Jesus. T| oras, Ta||ar ard ||e Tex| ol ||e r|, - . z81;
Ars|erdar . 18
. `Na||ar|e|, ||e scr|oe ol lsrae|. Jo|r , |r Fp|raer's Correr|ary or ||e 1|;
0|a|essaror'. FT|l ( ). - . 811z1o
790
8a|||y, l. `ure |raduc||or |a||re d'ur serror d'Fp|rer dars |e C|r '. 3F 1o z1
( - ). - . 1;z1;;18o
8ec|, F., |rars. ard corr. Fp|raers lyrrer uoer das larad|es, 3|Ars . zo
bore
11.
8ec|, F. 0|e T| eo|og|e des l|. Fp|raer |r se|rer lyrrer uoer der 0|auoer.
3|ud|a
Arse|r|ara . va||car C||y, . z1 1|
. `le oap|ere c|ez 3. Fp|raer.' 0r3yr ( ). - . 11o111o
. Fp|rar der 3yrer. loogesarg aus der wus|e. 3op||a . lre|ourg. ;
laroer|usver|ag, . - . 1o;11o
. `0as 8||d vor 3auer|e|g oe| Fp|rar.' 0rC|r ( ). - . o1;11
. Fp|rars des 3yrers lsyc|o|og|e urd Fr|err|r|s|e|re. C3C0 , |1
3uos|d|a 8
leuver . 18o
. `TF|XNl urd TFXNl|Tl3 oe| der 3yrer Fp|rar'. 0Cl ( ). - . |;181z1
. `0er syr|sc|e 0|a|essaror|orrer|ar zu Jo. l, - '. 0rC|r ( ). - . 1 o;1811
. `0rea urd c|ar|s, d|e Taule, zWe| 8e||rage zur T| eo|og|e Fp|rars des
3yrers.'
C3C0 , 3uos|d|a , louva|r. lee|ers, . |; ;z 18|
. `0rarra||sc|-syr|a|||sc|e 3|ud|er zur 3prac|e Fp|rars des 3yrers'.
0rC|r o
( ) - . 181z
8. 3ee 8ec|, lyrrer de larad|so, v. . |
1|zzXlll. 3yr|ac C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
. `8esr(sarx) urd pagr(so ra) oe| Fp|rar der 3yrer'. 0rC|r ( ) - . ;o18o1zz
. `ZWe| ep|rar|sc|e 8||der'. 0rC|r ( ). - . ;118;1z
. `0er syr|sc|e 0|a|essaror|orrer|ar zu der urvergeooarer 3urde W|der der
le|||ger 0e|s| uoerse|z| urd er||ar|'. 0rC|r ( ) - . ;181;
. `0er syr|sc|e 0|a|essaror|orrer|ar zu der ler||ope vor der 3arar||er|r
ar
8rurrer. [Jo , - |'. 0rC|r ( ) - . ||z ;|1o1z|
. `0er syr|sc|e 0|a|essaror|orrer|ar zu der ler||ope vor der 3urder|r. luc
, ;
- ' oo. 0rC|r ( ) - . ;1111
. `Fp|rar urd der 0|a|essaror|orrer|ar |r Aosc|r||| uoer d|e wurder oe|r
Tode Jesu ar Kreuz'. 0rC|r ( ). - . ;;11o|1
8|rdsa||, J. N. `T| e 3yr|ac 0r|g|ra| ol ||e Correr|ary ol Fp|ra|r ||e 3yr|ar
upor
||e Corcordar| 0ospe|.' Fv ( ). - . ;1o1zo
8ou, |. T. `Aspec| de |a ||oer|e |ura|re c|ez sa|r| Fp|rer |e 3yr|er'. FT|l oo
( ). - . 18|zz8z
. `F|ude de |a |err|ro|og|e syroo||que c|ez 3a|r| Fp|rer'. lar0r ( ). 1|18;
- zz1oz.
. la persee syroo||que de sa|r| Fp|rer |e 3yr|er. 0|ss., louva|r, . 18;
8ouW|ors|, l. 0. A. |. les |yrres pasca|es d'Fp|rer de N|s|oe. Ara|yse
||eo|og|que
e| rec|erc|e sur |'evo|u||or de |a le|e pasca|e c|re||erre N|s|oe e| Fdesse e|
dars que|ques eg||ses vo|s|res au qua|r|re s|c|e.vC 3up . le|der. 8r|||, . ; 1z
8ravo, C. `No|as |r|roduc|or|as a |a roer||ca de 3. Flrer'. FX ( ). - . o1ozoo
8roc|, 3. l. `Fp|rer's verse |or||y or Jora| ard ||e reper|arce ol N|reve|.
ro|es
or ||e |ex|ua| |rad|||or.' lages - |r, l|||o||s|or. r|sce||area |r |ororer ;18o
Caro|| laga sep|uagerar||. Fd||ed oy A. 3c|oors ard l. var 0eur. 0r|er|a||a
lovar|ers|a ara|ec|a . louva|r, . oo 1|
. `Fp|rer's le||er |o luo||us.' |useor ( ). - . 81;ozo1o
. T| e larp ol ||e 3p|r||. TWe|ve poers ol sa|r| Fp|rer. 3|ud. supp|. |o
3ooorros|
|lordor . 1;o
. T| e larp ol ||e 3p|r||. F|g||eer poers ol 3a|r| Fp|rer. rd er|arged ed. z
3|ud.
supp|. |o 3ooorros| . lordor . | 18
. T| e lur|rous Fye.T| e sp|r||ua| Wor|d v|s|or ol 3|. Fp|rer. l|ac|d lec|ures,
vo|.
o. bore . 18
Crarer, w. 0|e Frge|vors|e||urger oe| Fp|rar der 3yrer. 0CA . bore 1;
. 1o
0ar||rg, b.A. `T| e C|urc| lror ||e Na||ors |r ||e Fxeges|s ol Fp|rer'. lars J.
w.
0r|jvers, bere laverar|, C. |o|eroerg, ard 0. J. be|r|r| eds., lv 3yrpos|ur
3yr|acur .l||erary gerres |r 3yr|ac |||era|ure (0ror|rger-0os|er|esse|er 18|
- 1o1z3ep|eroer), 0CA . bore , - . zz 18;111z1
0erpe, b. 0|e syr|sc|er lyrrer vor Fp|raer. 0|ss. Jera, . 18
0ror|o|r, T. `T| e Trees ol larad|se |r ||e lyrrs ol Fp|raer 3yrus'. A3Tl 11
791
( - ). - . 1;;1;8|8o
Fp|raer ||e Fxege|e 0ucros, X. `le dogre de |'lrsp|ra||or c|ez 3. 1|z
Fp|raer 3yrus d'aprs ses correr|a|res de |'AT'. ls. l. Cava||era, - . 1o;;
Tou|ouse, . 1|8
Fgar, 0. A. `A re-cors|dera||or ol ||e au||er||c||y ol Fp|rer's Ar expos|||or ol
||e
0ospe|'. l. 0rarl|e|d ard J. A. Jurgrarr, eds., ls. J. uas|er, |urs|er . 1;o
. Ar ara|ys|s ol ||e o|o||ca| quo|a||ors ol Fp|rer |r `Ar expos|||or ol ||e
0ospe|'
(Arrer|ar vers|or), C3C0 , 3uos . louva|r. lee|ers, . || oo 18
F|-K|our|, N., `lerrereu||cs |r ||e Wor|s ol Fp|ra|r ||e 3yr|ar'. lars J. w.
0r|jvers, bere laverar|, C. |o|eroerg, ard 0. J. be|r|r|, eds., lv 3yrpos|ur
3yr|acur . l||erary gerres |r 3yr|ac |||era|ure (0ror|rger - 0os|er|esse|er 18|
- 1o1z3ep|eroer),0r|er|a||a C|r|s||ara Ara|ec|a . bore , - . zz 18;1oo
Fsoroec|, |. var, `leoreux , - dars |'arc|erre vers|or georg|erre'. 8|o 118

( ) - . 1;|o|
. `ure |ore||e |red||e ep|rer|erre sur |e oor |arror er grec, georg|er e|
araoe.'
A8 ( ). - . 1o118z;oz
leg|a||, l., `lrl|uerce des Targurs sur |a persee exexe||que d'Fp|rer ?'. lars
J. w.
0r|jvers, bere laverar|, C. |o|eroerg, ard 0. J. be|r|r|, eds., lv 3yrpos|ur
3yr|acur . l||erary gerres |r 3yr|ac |||era|ure (0ror|rger - 0os|er|esse|er 18|
- 1o1z3ep|eroer), 0CA . bore , - . zz 18;;18z
lrarser, l. l. `les ex|ra||s d'Fp|rer |a||r dars |a corp||a||or des Xll lres de
l|orus de lyor'. b8er ( ). - . 8;1;;|;1
0ar|||e, 0., `le 3error de 3. Fp|rer sur Joras er georg|er'. |useor ( ). 8o1o;
- ;11.
. `lore||e d'Fp|rer 3ur |a ror| e| |e d|ao|e. vers|or georg|erre e| vers|or
araoe'. |useor ( ). - . 8z1o1zo
0r|ll|||, 3. l., `lrages ol Fp|raer. ||e 3yr|ar |o|y rar ard ||s c|urc|'. Tr |
( ). - . 18;
0r|ooror|, J., `le |r|orp|e de lques d'aprs sa|r| Fp|rer'. l0 ( ). - |1;11
. z|o
la||eux, A. de, `3a|r| Fp|rer |e 3yr|er'. bTl ( ). - . 1|18z8
. `ure c|e pour |es lyrres d'Fp|rer dars |e rs. 3|ra| 3yr. '. |useor 1o 8
( ). - . 1;z1;1
laroeye, F. b., `Ar ar||p|or ol ||e Fas| 3yr|ar |||urgy ard sore pa|r|s||c
sources'.
3|la|r , - . 1o|o
lerrerd|rger-l||adou, 0. `ll l|errell, d'aprs Fp|rer grec'. b8l ( ). 18 o|1;
- |o1.
. `l'au||er||c||e sporad|que de |'Fp|rer grec'. A||er d. Xl 8yz-Korgr., - . zzo
|urs|er, . 1o1
. `3error grec |red|| de 3. Fp|rer sur |e oor |arror'. A8 ( ). - . 81o;|z
. `3a|r| Fp|rer |e 3yr|er, 3error sur Joras (|ex|e grec |red||)'. |useor 8o
( ). - . 1o;|;;|
. `vers ure rouve||e ed|||or de |'Fp|rer grec'. 3|la|r , - . ;z8o
1|z|Xlll. 3yr|ac C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
. `les c||a||ors evarge||ques de |'Fp|rer grec'. 8yz ( ). - . 1;1
l|da|, 3., lr|erpre|a||o 3yr|aca. 0|e Korrer|are des ||. Fp|ra|r des 3yrers zu
0eres|s
urd Fxodus r|| oesorderer 8eruc|s|c|||gurg ||rer aus|egurgsgesc||c||||c|er
3|e||urg.Cor 8|o, o| 3er|es . le|der, . o 1;|
. lr|erpre|a||o 3yr|aca. 0|e Korrer|are des ||. Fp|rar des 3yrers zu 0eres|s
urd Fxodus r|| oesorderer 8eruc|s|c|||gurg ||rer aus|egurgsgesc||c||||c|er
3|e||urg, |rars|. C. 8. 3jooerg . Corj. 8|o|. 0|d Tes|. 3er. vl. lurd . 1;|
lyrrs, |rars|. W||| ar |r|rod. oy Ka|||eer F. |cvey. NeW or| . 18
l||adou, 0. `vers|ors grecque, |a||re e| s|av. Adderda e| corr|gerda'. FF83 |z
( - [ |). - . 1;1;o1;; zo;
Jarsra, T. `Fp|raers 8esc|re|ourg des ers|er Tages der 3c|oplurg.
8erer|urger
uoer der C|ara||er se|res Korrer|ars zur 0eres|s'. 0Cl ( ). - . ;1;1z1o
. `8e||rage zur 8er|c|||gurg e|rze|rer 3|e||er |r Fp|raers
0eres|s|orrer|ar'.
0rC|r ( ). - . o1;zoo
. `Fp|raer's Cor. or Fx.3ore berar|s or ||e 3yr|ac Tex| ard ||e la||r
Trars|a| |or'. J33 ( ). - . 1;1;zzo1z
. `T| e lroverarce ol ||e las| 3ec||ors |r ||e borar Fd|||or. ol Fp|raer's
Corr. or Fx.'. |useor ( ). - . 81;z1o
. `Fp|raer or Fx . . bel|ec||ors or ||e lr|erp|ay ol lurar lreeW||| ard z
0|v|re lrov|derce'. 0Cl ( ). - . 1;z8
. `we||ere 8e||rage zur 8erec|||gurg e|rze|rer 3|e||er |r Fp|raers
792
Korrer|arer zu 0eres|s urd Fxodus'. 0rC|r ( ). - . 81;|1z11
Jauoer|, A., `ure |ec|ure du |averer| des p|eds au rard|-rercred| sa|r|'.
|useor
;( ). - . 1ooz;8o
Kazar, 3., `T| e a||||ude |oWard ||e JeWs |r 3yr|ac |||era|ure'. 0rC|r ( ). |o1oz
- 8;8.
. `lsaac ol Ar||oc|'s lor||y aga|rs| ||e JeWs'. 0rC|r ( ). - . |1o;;8
K|oury, N., 0|e lr|erpre|a||or der we|| oe| Fp|raer der 3yrer. 8e||rag zur
0e|s|esgesc||c||e. TT3, . |a|rz . o 1;o
. `w|||erslre||e|| oe| Fp|raer der 3yrer.' 03 ( ). - . 1;ooooo
Koeoer|, b., `ZWe| lassurger vor ||. Xvl, oe| der 3yrerr'. 8|o ( ). 18 |o1
- 1o18zo.
KoWa|s||, A. `b|ves|||| d| g|or|a. Adaro ed Fva re| correr|o d| sar|' Flrer a
0er.
z, . b|cerca su||e lor|| de||'eseges| s|r|aca.' Cr3| ( ). - . z 18z|1oo
Kror|o|r, T., `T| e Trees ol larad|se |r ||e lyrrs ol Fp|raer 3yrus'. A3Tl 11
( - ). - . 1;;1;8|8o
le|o|r, l, ed. ard |rars|. Correr|a|re de |'evarg||e corcordar|. Tex|e syr|aque
(raruscr|| C|es|er 8ea||y ). C|es|er 8ea||y |orogr. . 0uo||r . ;o 8 1o
le|o|r, l., `le correr|a|re d'Fp|rer sur |e 0|a|essaror. bel| ex|ors e|
sugges||ors'. l. var 3egoroec|, C.|. Tuc|e||, 0. var 8e||e ard J. ver|eyder,
eds.,
Fp|raer ||e Fxege|e T| e lour 0ospe|s. ls. lrars Ne|ryrc|, . - . 1|z zo;
8|o||o||eca Fp|erer|dur
T| eo|og|carur louvar|ers|ur. louva|r. lee|ers, . 1z
. `le 0|a|essaror de Ta||er e| sor correr|a|re par Fp|rer.' bec|8|o o
( ). 1oz
- z|oo.
. `le correr|a|re d'Fp|rer sur |e 0|a|essaror.' lar0r ( | ). - . 11888|1o|
. `Fp|raer e| |'ascerdarce dav|d|que du C|r|s| (|| , lc )'. 3|la|r ( ). 1 11;
- 8|.
. `l'or|g|ra| syr|aque du Correr|a|re de 3. Fp|rer sur |e 0|a|essaror'. 8|o|o
( ). - . 1;o
. `ure rouve||e decouver|e de 3|r C|es|er 8ea||y. l'or|g|ra| syr|aque du
correr|a|re de 3. Fp|rer sur |e 0|a|essaror'. lazraveo ( ). - . 111o11z88
. `3yroo||sre e| para||e||sre c|ez Fp|rer'. |eror|a| A. 0e||r, - . le o;|
luy,
1o1.
. 0oc|r|res e| re||odes de 3. Fp|rer d'aprs sor correr|a|re de |'Fvarg||e
corcordar|(or|g|ra| syr|aque e| vers|or arrer|erre), C3C0 , 3uos|d|a . zzo 18
louva|r . 1o1
. `0|vergerces er|re |'or|g|ra| syr|aque e| |a vers|or arrer|erre du
Correr|a|re d'Fp|rer sur |e 0|a|essaror'. |e|arges T|sserar|ll. 0C, 3|ud| e
Tes|| . va||car . zz 1o|
. `le correr|a|re d'Fp|rer sur |e 0|a|essaror, quarar|e e| ur leu|||e|s
re|rouves'. |useor ( ). - . 1oz18zo
. `Fp|rer. le |ex|e de sor correr|a|re du 3error de |a |or|agre'. - . o11
|eror|a| Jear 0r|ooror|( - ). 3|ud|a Fp|er. Augus||r|arur . 1zo18o z;
bore, . 188
. 3a|r| Fp|rer. Correr|a|re de |'Fvarg||e Corcordar|. Tex|e syr|aque
(raruscr||s
C|es|er 8ea||y ). lo||os Add|||orre|s. C|es|er 8ea||y |orograp|s . louva|r. ;o 8
lee|ers, . 1o
|ar|s, l. `0eux ar||p|oraede 3. Fp|rer 'le lrocs de 8ea||l|ca||or de 0av|d''.
b3b ( ). - . |1;o|o8
|ar|||a|rer, J., 0as 8ose urd der Teule| |r der T| eo|og|e Flraers des 3yrers.
|edde|arder lrr 3||l|e|sers lor Goo A|ader|, lors|r|rgs|rs|||u| . 0|ss. z
Aoo, . 1;8
. 0erec|||g|e|| urd 0u|e 0o||es, 3|ud|er zur T| eo|og|e vor Fp|raer der
3yrer urd
l|||oxeros vor |aooug, 00l, , . w|esoader . 1zo 181
|ar||rez, l., `los ||rros `soore |a per|a' de 3ar Flrer de N|s|oe (0e l|re, |xxx|-
|xxxv).' 3a|r ( ). - . 811z
|ar|rez lerrrdez, l. J. `ur car|o arareo a |a ercarrac|or de| ||jo de 0|os.
3ar
Flrer e| 3|r|o, l|rro 0e Nav||a|e lll,' , . o1z
|a|||eWs Jr, F. 0., J. l. Arar, ard K. |cvey, eds., 3|. Fp|rer ||e 3yr|ar.
3e|ec|ed
lrose wor|s. Correr|ary or 0eres|s. Correr|ary or Fxodus. lor||y or
1|zoXlll. 3yr|ac C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
0ur lord. le||er |o luo||us. Trars|a|ed oy F. 0. |. ard J. l. A. Fd||ed oy
K. |cv., laC| . was||rg|or, 0.C., . 1 1|
|cCar||y, C., `0ospe| Fxeges|s lror a 3er|||c C|urc|. Fp|rer's Correr|ary
or ||e 3error or ||e |our|.' lages - |r Trad|||or ol ||e Tex|. 3|ud|es 1oz
793
0llered |o 0or|r|que 8ar|e|ery |r Ce|eora||or ol ||s || 8|r||day. Fd||ed oy ;o
0. J. Nor|or ard 3. l|saro, W||| a lrelace oy C. |. Card. |ar||r|. 0ro|s 8|o||cus
e| 0r|er|a||s . 0o|||rger. varder|oec| & buprec||, . 1o 11
. `3|. Fp|rer's Correr|ary or Ta||ar's 0|a|esseror. bel|ec||rg or C|es|er
8ea||y
3yr|ac |aruscr|p| '. ll8A , 0uo||r , - . ;o 1| 11;z
. 3a|r| Fp|rer's Correr|ary or Ta||ar's 0|a|essaror. Ar Frg||s| Trars|a||or
ol
C|es|er 8ea||y 3yr|ac |3 W||| lr|roduc||or ard ro|es. J33| 3upp|. . 0xlord. ;o z
0xlord ur|vers||y lress.
|erca||, 0., `3u||'au|ore de| 0e |||u||s lsa|rorurs|arpa|o lra |e opere d|
3. A|aras|o'. 0Cl ( ). - . 1o1||;zz
|||sa||s, K., `T| e |yrrograp|y ol ||e 0ree| C|urc| |r ||e ear|y c|r|s||ar
cer|ur|es'. J08 ( ). - . zo1;11|
|oe||ers, l. Jerse||sg|auoe urd To|er|u|| |r a||c|r|s|||c|er 3yr|er, rac| der
3c|r|l| er
ur|er der Narer Flrers des 3yrers. 0|ss. |arourg, . 1o
|o|||or, J., `0|e ||rc|||c|er Ar|er ur 3|arde |r der lau|usexegese des ||.
Fp|rar.'
ls. Kard. lr|rgs, - . Co|ogre, . ;o 1oo
|oor, J. C. de. `0|e ror|sc|-|a||o||sc|e |ar|o|og|e rac| der Aus|egurg vor 0er
.
1oe| Fp|ra|r der 3yrer.' 0T|T | ( ). - . |1;11;
|urray, b., `T| e roc| ard ||e |ouse or ||e roc|. A c|ap|er |r ||e ecc|es|o|og|ca|
syroo||sr ol Ap|raa|es ard Fp|rer.' 0Cl ( ). - . o1o|1oz
. `T|e T| eory ol 3yroo||sr |r 3|. Fp|rer's T| eo|ogy'. l0 - ( - ). o;1;1;o
- 1zo.
. `0er 0|c||er a|s Fxege|. der ||. Fp|rer urd d|e |eu||ge Fxegese.' ZKT| 1oo
( ). - . 1;8|8||
N|r, |. `Corer|ar|o de Juar e| 3o|||ar|o a Fl , ll.' 3||or ( ). - . o 11zo;zz
0r||z de uro|ra, l. `le parad|s esc|a|o|og|que d'aprs 3. Fp|rer.' 0Cl z1
( ). 1
- |o;;z.
0r||z va|d|v|eso, l., `ur ruevo lragrer|o s|raco de| Corer|ar|o de sar Flrer a|
0|a|essaror(lla|au b|o. ).' 3Tl ( ). - . z 1oo;1;
0u|||er, 8. `ure exp||ca||or de |'Fvarg||e a||r|ouee 3. Fp|rer. Apropos d'ure
ed|||or recer|e.' l0 ( ). - . 11;o8|o;
le|ersor, w. l. `T| e 0|a|essaror ard Fp|rer 3yrus as sources ol boraros |r
||e
|e|od|s|.' lr C3C0 , 3uos. , . |oo ;18
le|||rerg|r, l. `No|es sur des raruscr||s pa|r|s||ques |a||rs, l. lragrer|s
pa|r|s||ques dars |e rs. 3|rasoourg '. bFAug ( ). - . ;oz 1;1;11zz
lo|r|er, l.-l. `le serror pseudo-ep|rer|er lr lu|c|err|rur Josep|. Typo|og|e
Fp|raer ||e Fxege|e e| ||dras|,' - . 3|rasoourg. Cer|re d'Ara|yse 1|z; 1o;zz
e| de 0ocurer|a||or
la|r|s||que, . 18
beroux, C., `vers |e Correr|a|re de Joo d'Fp|rer de N|s|oe'. l0 - ( - o;1;
1;o). - . oo8
bouW|ors|, 8., `l'evoca||or du ro|s de N|sar dars |es lyrres sur |a
besurrec||or
d'Fp|rer de N|s|oe'. lrlv 3yrpos|ur 3yr|acur . l||erary gerres |r 18|
3yr|ac |||era|ure (0ror|rger-0os|er|esse|er - 3ep|eroer), ed. oy lars J. 1o1z
w.
0r|jvers, bere laverar|, C. |o|eroerg, ard 0. J. be|r|r|. 0CA . bora. zz
lor|. lrs|. 3|ud. 0r|er|., , - . 18;1o11o
3aoer, 0., la ||eo|og|e oap||sra|e de sa|r| Fp|rer. Fssa| de ||eo|og|e
||s|or|que.8|o|.
de |'ur|v. 3a|r|-Fspr|| . Kas||| ur|v. 3a|r|-Fspr||, . 8 1;|
3a|veser, A. `T| eres |r Fp|rer's Fxodus Correr|ary.' T|e larp ( ). |11
- . z1|
. `T| e Fxodus Correr|ary ol 3|. Fp|rer.' lages - |r 3|ud|a la|r|s||ca. z;
vo|. XXv. lapers preser|ed a| ||e F|ever|| lr|erra||ora| Corlererce or la|r|s||c
3|ud|es |e|d |r 0xlord . 8|o||ca e| Apocryp|a, 0r|er|a||a, Asce||ca. Fd||ed oy 11
F. A. l|v|rgs|ore. louva|r. lee|ers, . 1
3ar|r, K., `le recue|| ep|rer|er araoe des |ore||es.' 0Cl ( ). - . z 1;o;z
. `F|re lor|||er-3arr|urg Fp|rars des 3yrers, Codex 3|ra|||cus Arao|cus
Nr.
' 11. 0rC|r ( ). - . 81;|1;
3auge|, J. |. `le doss|er ep|rer|er du raruscr|| araoe 3|rasoourg e| de |zzo
ses
rerora d|s|ec|a'. 0Cl ( ). - . |z1;o|zo8
3c|a||, Ar|or., `0|e syroarara|sc|e v||a 3arc|| Fp|raer 3yr|. gesc||c||||c|er
urd
sprac|||c|er Fr|ag,' . 0eu|sc|er 0r|er|a||s|er|ag. |rsg. vor w. 0|er ard z|
794
A. la|a|ur| - . 3|u||gar|. 3|e|rer, . 1o| 1o
3c|r|d|, |., `A|||es|arer|||c|e Typo|og|er |r der larad|eses|yrrer vor
Fp|rar der 3yrer'. l|r|, l., ed., laradegra|a. l||erar|sc|e Typo|og|e des A||er
Tes | arer| sl. 8er||r , - . 1881
3ed, N. `les lyrres sur |e parad|s de sa|r| Fp|rer e| |es |rad|||ors ju|ves.'
|useor
81( ) - . 1o8|o1
3|. Fp|rer ||e 3yr|ar, lyrrs or parad|se, |rars|. W||| corr. oy 3eoas||ar
8roc|.
Cres|Wood, N. 3|. v|ad|r|r's 3er|rary lr., . 18
3|rooe|, A., `0er 8egr|lldes v|er|ap||e||ger Fvarge||urs |r lseudo-Fp|raer C.'
ZK0 ( ). - . ;o111zzo
Te|x|dor, J. `|uer|e, C|e|o y 3eo| er 3. Fler'. 0Cl ( ). - . z;1o18z11|
. `le ||re de |a descer|e (de C|r|s|) aux erlers c|ez 3. Fp|rer.' 0r3yr o
( ). 1o1
- z|o.
. `la verdad de |a resurrecc|or er |a poes|a de 3. Flrer'. A3v , ( ). - 111o1;
. 1z|
. |uer|e, C|e|o y 3eo| er 3. Flrer. Fxc. e d|ss ad |aurear.va|erc|a. va|er||ae,
1oz.
va|avaro||c|a|, K. A. T| e use ol ||e 0ospe| larao|es |r ||e wr|||rgs ol Ap|ra|a|
ard
1|z8T| |r|eer 3yr|ac C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
Fp|rer. 3|ud|es |r ||e be||g|or ard l|s|ory ol Far|y C|r|s||ar||y . lrar|lur|. z
le|er larg, . 1o
vergar|, F. `3a|us corpor|s.u||||zzaz|ore e cor|ex|o de||'eseges| de| sogro d|
Naoucodorosor (0r . ) reg|| |rr| d| Flrer s|ro,' - . z1 ;
vooous, A. ur|ersuc|urger uoer d|e Au||er||z||a| e|r|ger as|e||sc|er Tex|e,
uoer||eler|
ur|er der Narer 'Fp|raer 3yrus.' F|r 8e||rag zur syr|sc|er l||era|urgesc||c||e.
Cor|r|ou||ors ol 8a|||c ur|vers||y . l|rreoerg, . ; 1|8
. `l||erary, cr|||ca| ard ||s|or|ca| s|ud|es |r Fp|rer ||e 3yr|ar'. lapers ol ||e
Fs|or|ar T| eo|. 3oc. |r Fx||e . 3|oc||o|r. Fs|e, . 1o 18
ous|l, l., `la Cro|x de Jesus e| |e parad|s d'Fder dars |a |ypo|og|e o|o||que de
3. Fp|rer.' lar0r ( ). - . o1;z|8
. `3yroo||sre c|r|s|o|og|que dars |a 8|o|e e| dars |a ra|ure c|ez 3. Fp|rer
de
N|s|oe (0e v|rg|r||a|evlll-Xl e| |es |ex|es para|||es).' lar0r ( ). - . 81;;oo
. l'Fuc|ar|s||e c|ez sa|r| Fp|rer de N|s|oe. 0CA . bore. lor|. lrs|. zz|
0r|er|a|e,
18|.
. `l| sargue de cos|a|o de| 3a|va|ore |r 3ar|' Flrer d| N|s|o|'. A||| de||a v
3e|||rara d| 3|ud| '3argue e| Ar|ropo|og|a', b||| e Cu||o. bore , - . 18|81oo;
. `Fxegse e| |ypo|og|e o|o||que c|ez 3. Fp|rer de N|s|oe e| c|ez T|oras
d'Aqu|r.' l0 ( ). - . 118o1o
. `la v|erge |ar|e e| |e d|sc|p|e o|er-a|re c|ez sa|r| Fp|rer de N|s|oe.' 0Cl
1o( ). - . 18z81o
. l| sargue eucar|s||co d| Cr|s|o. s|roo||sro e rea||sro secordo 3ar|'Flrer d|
N|s|o|. 3argue e ar|ropo|og|a re||a |eo|og|a 3argue e ar|ropo|g|a re||a |eo|og|a
red|eva|e. a||| de||a vll se|||rara, bora, roverore- d|cerore , a 1; z 18
cura d| va|||orr| lrarcesco. 3argue e ar|ropo|og|a . bore. Fd. l|a ur|ore ;
lrez|os|ss|ro 3argue, . , - . 1111;zo
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| lv 1|z
|Ab A8A lATF 4Tl C.
|ar Aoa Was a d|sc|p|e ol Fp|raer. l|s |egacy |rc|udes a Correr|ary or
||e 0|a|essaror, sore |or|||es ard exp|ara||ors ol ||e psa|rs.
Fd|||ors
larr|s, J. b., lragrer|s ol ||e Correr|ary ol Fp|raer 3yrus upor ||e
0|adessaror. lordor , - . 18z|
lary, T., 3. Fp|raer| 3yr| |yrr| e| serrores , l. |8;
Nau, l.. b0C ( ). - . 1;11zo;
1|oT| |r|eer 3yr|ac C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
v
bA88ulA 0. 435
8orr rear A|ep lror a ror-C|r|s||ar pr|es| ard a C|r|s||ar ro||er, baoou|a
rece|ved a 0ree| educa||or oelore corver||rg. lror 3yr|ac cour|ry, |e care
|o Jerusa|er ard Was oap||zed |r ||e Jordar. 8ac| |ore, |e d|s|r|ou|ed a||
||s oe|org|rgs |o ||e poor ard er|ered a roras||c corrur||y. Ca. , |e |1
Was corsecra|ed o|s|op ol Fdessa, a| a ||re W|er loas, ||e |ead ol ||e 3c|oo|
ol Fdessa, propaga|ed ||e |eac||rgs ol ||s lr|erd T| eodore ol |opsues||a.
baoou|a Was soor |rvo|ved |r ||e C|r|s|o|og|ca| deoa|e. lav|rg s|gred |r
Fp|esus ( ) docurer|s |os|||e |o Cyr|| ol A|exardr|a, |e c|arged ||s |1
r|rd W|er oac| |r Fdessa, recorc||ed W||| Cyr||, ard ordered ||e ooo|s
ol T| eodore |o oe ourred. lor ||a| reasor, |e er|ered |r|o a severe corl||c|
795
W||| loas. le d|ed or Augus| , . baoou|a dec|ded |o rep|ace 0|a|essaror ;|
W||| a reW 3yr|ac |rars|a||or ol ||e r|. le a|so |rars|a|ed ||e |rea||se 0e
rec|a l|deol Cyr||.
3|ud|es
8aarda, T. J. `0ospe| Tes|s |r baoou|a'. vC ( ). - . 1|1oo1ozz;
8|ac|, |. `baoou|as ard ||e les||||a'. 8Jbl ( - ). - . 11zzo1o
8rurs, l.. lACl, d ed. , . z 11
. `baoou|a 0|c||er urd T|eo|oge', vlle
3yrpos|ur 3yr|acur . bore . 1o 18
vooous, A., T| e Tex| ol ||e r| |r baoou|a. l|rreoerg . 1|;
. 3|ud|es |r ||e l|s|ory ol ||e 0ospe| Tex| |r 3yr|ac(C3C0 , suos. ). 1z8
leuver
11.
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| vl 1|1
l3AAC 0l ANTl0Cl 5Tl C.
urder ||e rare ol `lsaac ol Ar||oc|' ||e Wr|||rgs ol severa| au||ors,
da||rg lror ur||| al|er , reac|ed pos|er||y. 3ore ol ||ese au||ors |o| |;;
ca|| or C|a|cedor aga|rs| Nes|or|us ard Fu|yc|es, o||ers W||ress |o ||e|r
|orop|ys||e persuas|or.
1|zT| |r|eer 3yr|ac C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
vll
NAb3Al 0l F0F33A CA. 399-502
8orr ca. |r ||e v|||age ol A|r 0u|oe or ||e r|ver T|gr|s, a| ||e age ol s|x|eer,
Narsa| er|ered ||e roras|ery ol Kelar-|ar|, W|ere ||s urc|e Frrarue|
Was ||e super|or. loWever, |e soor |el|lor Fdessa, W|ere |e rera|red lor
|er years as a s|uder|. 8ac| |r ||s roras|ery as a |eac|er, |e Was overcore
oy ros|a|g|a, ard re|urred |o Fdessa lor aro||er decade. beca||ed oy ||s
dy|rg urc|e, |e cou|d ro| avo|d oe|rg c|oser lor ||s rep|acerer|, ou| |r
||e |rave|ed |o |opsues||a, eager |o |earr lror T| eodou|os, ||e successor
ol T| eodore.
lr |e oecare ||e |ead ol ||e 3c|oo| ol Fdessa, a |erure W||c| |e |;
|e|d lor |Wo decades. le proro|ed ||e |eac||rg ol T| eodore ol |opsues||a
ard Was oelr|erded W||| ||e |oca| o|s|op loas W|o Was opposed |o ||e dec|s|ors
ol C|a|cedor . Al|er , ||e rep|acerer| ol loas, 8|s|op Norrus, |1 |;
deposed Narsa| as a Nes|or|ar. Narsa| lourd s|e||er |r N|s|o|s. le roved
||e 3c|oo| ol Fdessa |o ||s reW res|derce ard ||ereoy oecare ||e lourder
ol ||e 3c|oo| ol N|s|o|s, W||c| |e pres|ded lor aro||er lour decades, excep|
lor l|ve years W|er |e served as super|or ol ||e roras||c corrur||y ol
Kelar-|ar|. A rar W|ose ||le sparred ||ree cer|ur|es, Narsa| d|ed a| ||e
age ol . 1o
Fd|||ors
3ee l. 0r||z de uro|ra, l. 1o8
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| vlll 1|
llll0XFNu3 0l |A88u0 CA. 450CA. 522
A s|uder| a| ||e 3c|oo| ol Fdessa, al|er l|||oxerus oecare deep|y |oo
corr|||ed |o ||e |orop|ys||e doc|r|re. le oecare o|s|op ol |aooug |r |8
ard goverred ||s d|ocese |r peace ur||| , W|er ||e pro-C|a|cedor|ar |
l|av|ar, reW|y e|ec|ed |o ||e see ol Ar||oc|, oegar |o |arass ||r. 0r a v|s||
|o Cors|ar||rop|e, |e Was excorrur|ca|ed oy la|r|arc| |acedor|us, ou|
|e Was as|u|e eroug| |o ac||eve ||e depos|||or ol |acedor|us ard ||e
expu|s|or ol l|av|ar, W|o Was ||er rep|aced oy 3everus ol Ar||oc|. le
a|so erg|reered ||e depos|||or ol F||as, ||e pro-C|a|cedor|ar pa|r|arc|
ol Jerusa|er. 3oor al|er ||e dea|| ol Frperor Aras|as|us |r , |e |ad 18
|o lace ||e repress|ve reasures ol Frperor Jus||r ll oy W|or |e Was ser|
|r|o ex||e, W|ere |e d|ed.
l|||oxerus Wro|e correr|ar|es or ||e 0ospe|s ol |a|||eW, lu|e ard
Jo|r, ol W||c| or|y lragrer|s surv|ve. lr add|||or |e produced dogra||c
|rea||ses, asce||ca| |or|||es, ard |e||ers. le a|so superv|sed a rev|s|or ol ||e
3yr|ac r| ard corposed a |rea||se (rerra) 0r ||e Tree ol l|le, quo|ed oy
|oses oar Kep|a.
Fd|||ors
lox, 0. J., T| e |a|||eW-lu|e Correr|ary ol l|||oxerus (8r||. Nurs. |s. Add.
1;, ). Tex| ard Trars|a||or. ||ssou|a, ||. . 1zo 1;
la||eux, A. de, Correr|a|re du lro|ogue Jo|arr|que. C3C0 - . 8o81
1;;.
wa||, J.w., lragrer|s ol ||e Correr|ary or |a|||eW ard lu|e. C3C0
- z. . 1;8
Trars|a||ors
lox, 0. J.. aoove.
Kruger, l., `0er 3erro des l|||oxerus ol |aooug de Arrur||a||ore 0e|
0er||r|c|s |ar|ae'. 0Cl ( ). - (0errar). zo1|1o
1||T| |r|eer 3yr|ac C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
3|ud|es
796
8ergs|rasser, F., |orop|ys|||srus urd lau|us|rad|||or oe| l|||oxerus vor
|aooug.
0|ss. Fr|arger . 1
0rall|r, l., `No|e sur |'exegse de l|||oxre de |aoooug |'occas|or du
d|scours de
3|. lau| aux A||er|ers (Ac|s . )'. l0 ( - ). - . 1;1 1;18oo;1o
. 03p ( ). - . 1z18|1z;
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| lX 1|
JAC08 0l 3Abu0 451-521
8orr or ||e s|ore ol ||e Fup|ra|es, |r Cur|ar, ||e sor ol a pr|es|, ard
||rse|l a ror| lror ||s you|| or, Jacoo l|ra||y oecare o|s|op ol 8a|rar
|r | , |roWr as 3arug |r Arao|c. lr ||s aourdar| |||erary |egacy, |r 181
par||cu|ar ore l|rds |or|||es W||| ex|ers|ve o|o||ca| correr|ary, suc| as
||e 0|scourses or ||e lass|or|r , verses. T| roug| ||s C|r|s|o|og|ca| oo
doc|r|re, Jacoo pos|||ored ||rse|l a| equa| d|s|arce oe|Weer Nes|or|ar|sr
ard Fu|yc||ar|sr, s|ress|rg ||e ur||y ol persor |r C|r|s|, ard ||e |r|egra|||y
ol ||s |Wo ra|ures, ||e |urar ard ||e d|v|re.
(8|o||ograp|y. l. 8rurs, |r 0|c||orary ol Far|y C|r|s||ar l||era|ure, 3. 0opp ard
w. 0eer||rgs, eds., Crossroad, NeW or|, N.. , - ). lr par||cu|ar, zooo11o
ro|e.
Trars|a||ors
A|oer|, |., l0 | . 81
, `3ur |a syragogue'. 0r3yr ( ). - . ;1oz1|1oz
0rall|r, l., `v|s|or de Jacoo 8e||e|. 0r3yr ( ). - . 1oozzz|o
Jarsra, T., l'|exaereror de Jacoo de 3arug. 0r3yr ( ). - , - , |1|1z1oz
- zz8.
b||||e|, l., l0 | . ||
3|ra||rarr, w., Jacoo ol 3arug, 0er lrop|e| losea. 0o|||rger, 197o.
wurrorard, |., `la ror| d'Aaror'. 0r3yr ( ). - . o1o1zz;8
3|ud|es
3ory, 8.|.8., `|e||ode exege||que de Jacoo de 3arug. lar0r ( | ). - 1;8oo;
. 1o
T|e|epararp||, J., `|a|||zedeq'. 0CA ( ). - . z|;1|1z11|
1|oT| |r|eer 3yr|ac C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
X
3|F0N 0l |F30l0TA|lA
3|ud|es
3|aa|s, b., `0|e |or|c||er Jurglrauer vor || |r gros||sc|er urd z
ar||gros||sc|er
l||era|ur'. 8ZNw ( ). - . ;1o811
3|ape|rarr, w., `0|e le|||ge 3c|r|l|oe| 3yreor vor |esopo|ar|er'. T|0(b) ||
( ). - . 1|zo
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| Xl 1|;
J0lANNF3 8Ab AllT0NAJA 0. 537
T| e Arc||rardr||e Jo|r, sor ol Ap||or|us, lourded severa| roras|er|es,
|r par||cu|ar ||e ore |r erresr|r, W|ere ||e yourg Jacoo ol Fdessa |ad
s|ud|ed scr|p|ure urder ||e d|rec||or ol 3everus 3eoo||.
3|ud|es
Kruger, l. `Jo|arres oar Ap||oraja urd d|e syr|sc|e uoerse|zurg se|res
Korrer|ars zur lo|er l|ed'. 0rC|r ( ). - . o1ooo1;1
1|8T| |r|eer 3yr|ac C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
Xll
0ANlFl 0l 3AlAl ll. |l0oTl C.
T| e |orop|ys||e 0ar|e| ol 3a|a| |r |esopo|ar|a c|a|rs |o |ave au||ored
a Correr|ary or ||e lsa|rs|r ||ree ooo|s |r - . l|s correr|ar|es |1|z
or Fcc|es|as|es ard or ||e p|agues ol Fgyp| are |os|.
Fd|||ors ard Trars|a||ors
CoWe, 3. l., `0ar|e| ol 3a|a| as Correr|a|or or ||e lsa||er.' 3|la|r zo
( ). - . 181z
0|e||r|c|, 0. F|re jacoo|||sc|e F|r|e||urg |r der lsa||er |r vero|rdurg r|| zWe|
lor|||er aus der grosser lsa|rer|orrer|ar des 0ar|e| ol 3a|a| zur
ers|er |a| |erausgegeoer. 0|esser (0errar |rars|a||or). 11z
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| Xlll 1|
3l|F0N 0l F0F33A oTl C.
3|reor Was ||e adr|r|s|ra|or ol a |osp|ce (rosocorus xerodoc|||) |r Fdessa.
le Wro|e a Correr|ary or 0eres|s(8r|||s| |useur Add. , ) ard 1;18
aro||er ore or 0ar|e|(8r|||s| |useur Add. , ). 1z1;z
Trars|a||or ard 3|ud|es
lerz, A. K., 0ar|e|-|erra des 3|reor. le|||ger|reuz (0errar). 18o
Kooer|, b., `Zur 0ar|e|-Ao|ard|urg des 3|reor vor Fdessa'. 8|o ( ). - o18zo
. ;8
1||oT| |r|eer 3yr|ac C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
Xlv
|AbTbl033Al00NA 7Tl C.
797
A s|uder| a| N|s|o|s, ||er a ror|, |ar|yr|os oecare o|s|op ol |a|oze |r
8e|| 0arra|. Cors|dered as a |ere||c |rs|de ||e Nes|or|ar c|urc|, |e Was
deposed urder ||e Ca||o|||os |arerre| ( - ) ard lourd reluge |r ||e o|oo
wes|. 3oor oac| |r lers|a, |e Was orce rore oar|s|ed oy ||e Ca||o|||os
lso'ja|o lll. le sper| ||e res| ol ||s ||le as a ror| |r Fdessa. le au||ored
asce||ca| Wr|||rgs ard |e||ers.
Fd|||or ard 3|ud|es
8edjar, l., 3. |ar|yr|, qu| e| 3a|dora, quae supersur|, orr|a. lar|s . 1oz
we|oe, l. `Tex|es o|o||ques dars |es ecr||s de |ar|yr|os-3a|dora'. |e||o
( ). 1o
- o111z.
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| Xv 1||1
l3AAC 0l NlNlvFl 3FC0N0 lAll 7Tl C.
A Nes|or|ar ror| ard sp|r||ua| Wr||er, lsaac ol N|r|ve| Was oorr rear ||e
lers|ar 0u|l. Corsecra|ed 8|s|op ol N|r|ve| oe|Weer - , |e rera|red oooo8o
or|y l|ve ror||s |r oll| ce, oelore re||r|rg arorg ||e |err||s ol |our|
8e|-luzaye, ard |a|er |r|o ||e roras|ery ol baooar 3|aooour. T| ere |e |s
sa|d |o |ave s|ud|ed scr|p|ure W||| suc| |r|ers||y ||a| |e oecare o||rd. le
cor||rued d|c|a||rg |o ||s d|sc|p|es W|o surrared ||r `0|dyrus oecause
ol ||s suav||y, doc||||y, |ur||||y, ard sWee|ress ol speec|.' le d|ed |r o|d
age ard Was our|ed a| baooar 3|aooour. l|s Wr|||rgs or roras||c ||le ard
rys||ca| exper|erces, |r ros| par| ye| urpuo||s|ed, res|ed or ||e |egacy ol
Fvagr|us lor||cus ou| loreros| or Jo|r ol Aparea. le quo|es 0|odore ol
Tarsus ard T| eodore ol |opsues||a as exege|es.
Fd|||ors ard 3|ud|es
lor ||e ed|||ors, see l. 0r||z de uro|ra, , . 181o
larsoury, |. T., `Fv|derce ol JeW|s| |rl|uerce |r ||e Wr|||rgs ol lsaac ol N|reve|,
|ex|
ard correr|ary.' 0|ss., Terp|e ur|vers||y, . 18;
K|a||le-lac|er, F., `lsaac de N|r|ve'. 03p ( ). - (o|o||ograp|y). ;1;1zo|1|
1||zT| |r|eer 3yr|ac C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
Xvl
JAC08 0l F0F33A o33-708
Jacoo Was oorr |r ||e prox|r||y ol Ar||oc| ca. . 0ur|rg ||s s|ud|es, o
|e |earred 0ree| ard leoreW. lr A|exardr|a, |e oecare a pup|| ol Jo|r
l|||oporos, W|o |r|||a|ed ||r |r Ar|s|o|e||sr. Al|er ||s re|urr |o Fdessa
|e oecare ||s |orop|ys||e o|s|op. Al|er lour years, |e res|gred ard lourd
reluge W||| a leW d|sc|p|es |r a roras|ery rear 3arosa|a. 3oor |e jo|red
aro||er roras||c corrur||y |r Fuseoora, rear Ar||oc|, W|ere lor e|ever
years |e |aug|| o|o||ca| exeges|s oased or ||e 0ree| |ex|. T| er |e sper| r|re
o||er years |r ||e roras|ary ol Te|eda (0jeoe|-8era|a|), W|ere |e rev|sed
par|s ol ||e 3yr|ac o| (||e les||||a), ur||| ||s dea|| |r excep| lor lour ;o8
ror||s, W|er |e Was oo||ged |o occupy aga|r ||s see |r Fdessa.
`Jacoo ol Fdessa |s ||e ros| ou|s|ard|rg represer|a||ve ol C|r|s||ar
le||er|sr |r ||e 3yr|ac spea||rg Wor|d' (0r|jvers, ). l|uer| |r 0ree|, |o
leoreW, ard 3yr|ac, Jacoo Wro|e s|or| correr|ar|es or a| |eas| e|g|| ooo|s
ol scr|p|ure, ol W||c| or|y lragrer|s are |roWr ||roug| ca|erae. l|s a||er||or
Was d|rec|ed |o ||e |||era| cor|er| ol ||e passages |r|erpre|ed, c|ec||rg ||
|r ||e les||||o ard |r ||e leoreW or|g|ra|. l|s |r|erpre|a||or ||se|l rera|red
||s|or|ca| |r ||e Ar||oc|ere s|y|e, ou| W||| occas|ora||y add|rg |o || sore
`sp|r||ua| ||eory' (|e'or|ya ru|oroy|o) W||| syroo||c ard a||egor|ca| e|erer|s.
le |reW |r par||cu|ar ||e correr|ar|es ol Fuseo|us ol Fresa. 0l ||s o|
sc|o|ars||p ro| |ess ||ar sc|o||aer|ered ||e ca|eraol 3everus |r ||e z8oo
r|r|| cer|ury (l||||ps). lr ||s |a|er years, |e Wro|e a lexaereror|r sever
8oo|s, cover|rg a|| sc|er||l|c areas ol ||s ||re. le proro|ed 3yr|ac grarrar
ard or||ograp|y, W|er Arao|c s|ar|ed |o oecore ||e spo|er |arguage |r ||e
reg|or. le co||ec|ed caror|ca| docurer|s ard prescr|oed ||s oWr ru|es lor
|||urgy, c|ergy, ard ror|s. le ac||ve|y popu|ar|zed |||urg|ca| |ex|s ard sorgs
der|v|rg lror 3everus ol Ar||oc|. l|s C|ror|c|e, deperd|rg or Fuseo|us
ol Caesarea, reac|ed ||e year - . l| Was cor||rued oy a d|sc|p|e ur||| - o1oz ;o
ard oecare ore ol ||e ra|r sources ol ||c|ea| ||e 3yr|ar's ;1o
C|ror|cur 3yr|acur. lr add|||or |o p|||osop||ca| |rea||ses, |e reWor|ed ||e
1zlor|||ae ca||edra|esol 3everus ol Ar||oc| |r ||e|r 3yr|ac |rars|a||or ol
||e s|x|| cer|ury. A ser|es ol sever|eer |e||ers |o Jo|r ol l|||aro ||e 3|y|||e
dea| ra|r|y W||| o|o||ca| ques||ors, ou| |e cou|d jus| as We|| Wr||e |o ||e
presoy|er Aora|ar a |e||er er||re|y ded|ca|ed |o v|reyards ard W|re.
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| Fd|||ors 1||
C3C0, 3cr|p|. 3yr|, ser. ll, . o
3|ud|es
8ravo, C., `ur Corer|ar|o de Jacoo de Fdesa a| 0er . - a|r|ou|do a 3. 11;
Flrer.'.
8|o ( ). - . 11oo|o1
8rurs, l.. lACl rd ed. , - . z 1z;z
0r|jvers, l. J. w.. TbF ( ). - , o|o||ograp|y. 1o18;|o8;o
798
0rall|r, l.. 03p ( ). - , o|o||ograp|y. 81;|
l||||ps, 0., 3c|o||a or lassages ol ||e o| oy |ar Jacoo 8|s|op ol Fdessa,
lordor
18o|.
Jacoo ol Fdessa 1||
1|||T| |r|eer 3yr|ac C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
Xvll
l30'8Ab NuN 0. 828
A Nes|or|ar ror|, lso'oar Nur Was orda|red Ca||o|||os ol 3e|euc|a |r . 8z
le d|ed |r . T|e 8oo| ol ues||orsol lso'oar Nur |s |rarsr|||ed |r ar 8z8
aoorev|a|ed oy a ur|que raruscr|p|, Caror Add. . zo1;
3|ud|es
C|ar|e, F. 0., `T| e 3e|ec|ed ues||ors ol lso'oar Nur or ||e ler|a|euc|'.
0lZ
( ). ll. 1o||8z
|o|eroerg, C., T| e lr|erpre|er lr|erpre|ed. lso'oar Nur's 3e|ec|ed ues||ors or
||e o|.
0|ss. 0ror|rger . 1o
borpay, l. var, `lso'oar Nur ard lso'dad ol |erW. NeW da|a lor ||e s|udy ol ||e
|r|erdeperderce ol ||e|r exege||ca| Wor|s' 0lol ( ). - . 81;;zz|
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| Xvlll 1||
l3l0'0A0 0l |Fbw ll. CA. 850
8orr |r ror||eas|err lers|a, 8|s|op ol led|a||a or ||e T|gr|s, ||e Nes|or|ar
exege|e ls|o'dad l|our|s|ed arourd ||e r|dd|e ol ||e r|r|| cer|ury. lr ||s
Wor|s |e cor||rues a grea| relorr roverer| |r|||a|ed |r lers|ar C|r|s||ar||y
dur|rg ||e s|x|| cer|ury. l|s exeges|s jo|rs ||e a||egor|sr ol ||e |orop|ys||es
(Jacoo||e |rad|||or) W||| T| eodore ol |opsues||a's ||s|or|ca|-grarra||ca|
re||od, lo||oWed oy ||e Nes|or|ars. T| erelore ||s |egacy Was We|| preserved
oy red|eva| |orop|ys||es. le corposed a|| ||s correr|ar|es or o|-r| |r
||e lorr ol ques||ors ard arsWers.
3|ud|es
0|e||r|c|, 0., lso'da|s 3|e||urg |r der Aus|egurgsgesc||c||e des A||er
Tes|arer|s(8e||
ATw ), . o1oz
lsodad de |erv. `la crea||or de |a lerre'. 8vC ( ). - . z811
borpay, l. var. `lso'oar Nur ard lso'dad ol |erW. reW da|a lor ||e s|udy ol ||e
|r|erdeperderce ol ||e|r exege||ca| Wor|s.' 0lol ( ). - . 81;;zz|
3c|a||, A. `0er res|or|ar|sc|e 8|oe|exege| lso'dad vor |erW. ( . J|. r. C|r.) |r
se|rer 8edeu|urg lur d|e or|er|a||sc|e l|||o|og|e.' ls. b. |acuc|, lo|ro|
( ). - . 18z;18z
vos|e, J. |. `|ar lso'dad de |erW sur |es lsaures.' 8|o ( ). - . z1||zo1o
. `les c||a||ors syro-|exap|a|res d'lso'dad de |erW aux ||vres de |'AT.' 8|o zo
( ). - . 1|1zo
. `l'|r|roduc||or de |ar lso'dad de |erW aux ||vres de |'AT.' 8|o ( ). zo1|
- 18zzoz.
. `la |ao|e e||rograp||que de 0er X d'apres |ar lso'dad de |erW.' |us
( ). - . 1|o1z
1||oT| |r|eer 3yr|ac C|r|s||ar l||era|ure
XlX
|03F3 8Ab KFllA 0. 903
A r|r||-cer|ury versa|||e |orop|ys||e ||eo|og|ar, |oses oar Kep|a Wro|e
correr|ar|es or scr|p|ure ard ||e |||urgy, as We|| as or Ar|s|o||e. lr a
correr|ary or ||e oap||sra| serv|ce, |e g|ves pr|or||y |o r| over o| as ||e
rorra||ve source lor ||e r||e ol ||e corsecra||or ol ||e c|r|sr (w. 3|ro||rarr,
`la|r|arc| Jo|arres l'. 3yrpos|ur 3yr|acur , 0CA . bore 1;z 1;
1;|, ). z
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| 1||;
ClAlTFb l0ubTFFN
lATbl3TlC FXF0F3l3 lN Ab|FNlAN,
0F0b0lAN, C0lTlC, AN0 FTll0llAN
Clbl3TlAN llTFbATubF
cor|er|s
l. Arrer|ar 1449
ll. 0eorg|ar 1455
lll. Cop||c 1457
| 0erera| 3urvey 1457
|| Ar|ory ||e lerr|| 14o0
||| lac|or|us 14o5
|v bulus ol 3|o|ep 14oo
v 8erjar|r ol A|exardr|a 14o7
lv. F|||op|ar 1471
1||;
v| A|p|aoe||ca| l|s| ol lr|rc|pa| Au||ors & Aroryrous wor|s 0|scussed
T||s page |r|er||ora||y|el|o|ar|
799
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| l 1||
Ab|FNlAN
Arrer|a (layas|ar) Was v|s||ed oy C|r|s||ar r|ss|orar|es cor|rg lror
Fdessa as ear|y as ||e |||rd cer|ury or ||e |a|e secord cer|ury, ou| || Was rore
dec|s|ve|y exposed |o ||e |rl|uerce ol Cappadoc|ar C|r|s||ar||y dur|rg ||e
|||rd ard ||e lour|| cer|ur|es, W||| ||e ellec| ||a| 0regory ||e l||ur|ra|or,
educa|ed |r Caesarea ol Cappadoc|a ard l|rs| o|s|op ol 0rea|er Arrer|a,
corver|ed K|rg T|r|da| ard ||s cour| |r , ard W||| ||er ||e W|o|e 1|
Arrer|ar ra||or. Corsecra|ed oy ||e |e|ropo|||ar ol Caesarea, 0regory
|rs|||u|ed a pr|es||y lar||y dyras|y, rode|ed or ||e po||||ca| es|ao||s|rer|
|r Arrer|a ard lavourao|e |o exc|arges W||| 0ree| C|r|s||ar||y. Aro||er
pr|es||y dyras|y, c|ose |o 3yr|ac |rad|||ors ard opposed |o borar |rl|uerce,
r|va|ed 0regory's ||erarc|y. lr ||e |a|e lour|| cer|ury, Nerses l (||e 0rea|),
|||e 0regory educa|ed |r Caesarea, adop|ed ||e |dea|s ol ||e Caesarear
8|s|op 8as||, |r crea||rg a s|ruc|ured Arrer|ar roras||c|sr W||| We|lare
|rs|||u||ors ol a|| sor|s. Corsecra|ed oy ||e |e|ropo|||ar ol Caesarea, |e
lavoured ore-s|ded|y 0ree| |rl|uerce |o ||e po|r| ol provo||rg a reac||or
al|er , W||c| |ed |o ||e lourda||or ol ar au|ocep|a||c C|urc| |eaded ;
oy a `Ca||o|||os.' T| a| ||erarc||ca| s|ruc|ure suos|s|ed dur|rg ||e rex|
cer|ury, W||| ar |rcreas|rg ruroer ol o|s|ops, ||roug|ou| ||e |urro|| ol
|rvas|ors ard par||||ors, ard oeyord ||e ex||rc||or ol a ra||ora| ||rgs||p
|r ||e |a|e lour|| cer|ury, W|er Arrer|a Was |r|egra|ed |r |r|o ||e |z8
lers|ar erp|re.
T| e Arrer|ar a|p|aoe| ol |||r|y-s|x |e||ers, oorroWed lror 0ree| ard
3yr|ac, Was ||e Wor| ol ||e c|orep|scopus |as||o|s arourd . Ar |rred|a|e |oo
ard |r|ers|ve ac||v||y ol |rars|a|ors secured Arrer|ar vers|ors ol ||e
8|o|e lror ||e 3yr|ac, |rl|uerced oy Ta||ar's 0|a|essaror(vooous ), ard 1o
lror 0ree| sources (A|exar|ar ). Trars|a||ors ol la|r|s||c correr|ar|es 1z
ard secu|ar |||era|ure soor lo||oWed.
0re ol 0regory's sors, Ar|s|a|es Was preser| a| N|caea |r . T|e dec|s|ors ol z
Fp|esus Were qu|c||y ra||l|ed oy ||e Arrer|ar Ca||o|||os a| a |1
|oca| syrod, ou| C|a|cedor Was urro||ced oecause ol War cord|||ors, so |1
||a| ||e Arrer|ar c|urc| lourd ||se|l pos|||ored |r ||e ar||-C|a|cedor|ar
carp ur||| || oecare |rvo|ved |r ||e |rrer s|rugg|e ol |orop|ys||e lac||ors
(lage ). 1;
8|o||ca| ard pa|r|s||c sc|o|ars||p |ep| ||s pror|rer| pos|||or |r Arrer|ar |||erary
ac||v|||es ||roug|ou| ||e cer|ur|es. `Arrer|ar o|o||ca| raruscr|p|s ruroer We||
over , |rc|ud|rg approx|ra|e|y r|re|y corp|e|e zoo
1|olour|eer la|r|s||c Fxeges|s
8|o|es ard 0ospe|s' (A|exar|ar , ). lr regard |o pa|r|s||cs, z1oo 1z8o;
Arrer|ar |rars|a||ors are rurerous, occas|ora||y pr|ce|ess. T|e|r a|p|aoe||c ||s|s
spea|s lor ||se|l.
Ardreas ol Cre|a, Correr|ary or Jo|r(|rars|a|ed ) 11;
A||aras|us ol A|exardr|a, l|le ol Ar|ory(|r. ), 0ra||ors(|r. || c.) |1
8as||, lor|||es or ||e lexaereror, ard o||ers, bu|es, e|c. (|r. ||
c.)
Cyr|| ol A|exardr|a, 0ra||ors, Correr|ar|es, ard le||ers
Cyr|| ol Jerusa|er, Ca|ec|e||ca| lrs|ruc||ors.
0|orys|us Areopag||a (|r. || ard || c.) 8 1z
Fp|p|ar|us. apocryp|a| Wr|||rgs.
Fvagr|us, Cer|ur|es, e|c.
0regory ol Naz|arce, lor|||es.
0regory ol Nyssa. a|ros| a|| Wor|s.
0regory T|aura|urgos, 0ra||ors.
lesyc||us, Correr|ary or Joo.
l|ppo|y|us ol 8os|ra, Correr|ary or Car||c|e, e|c.
lgra||us ol Ar||oc|, le||ers.
lreraeus, Apos|o||c lred|ca||or, Aga|rs| leres|es.
Jo|r C||racus, l|le, 3ca|e.
Jo|r ol 0arascus, d|llerer| Wr|||rgs
Jo|r C|rysos|or, Correr|ary or 0eres|s, lsa|a|, lsa|rs, |a|||eW, lu|e,
Jo|r, Joo, lau||re Fp|s||es, lor|||es.
0r|ger. or|y lragrer|s.
lroc|us. aoou| |er |or|||es.
3ever|ar ol 0aoa|a. lor|||es
A|| ||ese |rars|a||ors Were rade lror ||e 0ree|. lror ||e 3yr|ac, Fp|raer,
Jacoo ol 3arug ard l|||oxerus Were a|so |rars|a|ed |r|o Arrer|ar.
0r|g|ra| Wor| Was execu|ed ra|r|y |r lorr ol |or|||es lor |||urg|ca|
leas|s, |r ||e l|l|| cer|ury oy 0av|d Arya| (`||e lrv|rc|o|e'), Fzr|| ol Ko|o,
Jo|r |arda|our|, 8|s|op Fg||e|e, |oses ol K|orer, |r ||e sever|| cer|ury, oy
|oses 3|oure|s| ard ||e Ca||o|||os lsaac lll, |r ||e e|g||| cer|ury
oy Jo|r 0dser|e|s| ard 3|ep|er ol 3|our|, |r ||e r|r|| cer|ury oy ||e
800
Ca||o|||os Zac|ar|as, W|o Wro|e correr|ar|es or ||e lour gospe|s ard or
Car||c|e (|os|), ard larar Areve|e|s| (`||e 0r|er|a|'), W|o correr|ed or
Joo ard lroveros (|os|). lr ||e |We||| cer|ury Nerses lv 3ror|a|| (`||e 8
0rac|ous,' - ), W|ose o|ograp|y |s surrar|zed oy l. Kec||c||ar |r 11oz11;
||e lr|roduc||or |o 3ources C|re||erres , , |rc|ud|rg ore ol Nerses' zo1;
ros| oeau||lu| poers, Jesus, 0r|y 8ego||er 3or ol ||e la||er. lr |||s poer ol
oos|rop|es, lo||oWed oy a `|eror|a|' ol lor|y o||er s|rop|es, Nerses cor-
Arrer|ar 1|1
|erp|a|es rary o| ard r| l|gures, lror Adar, Noa|, Aora|ar, e|c., |o ||e
Apos||es ol Jesus, W||| ||s|or|ca| corcre|eress ard ar |r|erse persora|
aWareress. `l |a|d doWr ||s lourda||ors, l ou||| ard s|ruc|ured ||,|l lurr|s|ed ard
decora|ed ||,|l oroug|| |oge||er ard accuru|a|ed.|F|eva|ed || ard preser|ed
||,|l produced as a ragr|l| cer| |orogereous Wor|,|||e var|ous corpos|||ors
ol ||a| lru||lu| Wr|||rg,|re, 0regory, a re||g|ous ard a pr|es|,|||e |as| ol ||e
poe|s|ard ||e |eas| ol ||e doc|ors.' T|e r|re|y-l|ve lrayers, lo||oWed oy ||e
|eror|a| Aoou| ||e Corpos|||or ol |||s 8oo|, lror W||c| core ||e verses
c||ed aoove, pu|s ||e|r au||or |r ||re W||| ||e grea|es| C|r|s||ar poe|s ol a||
||res. l| Wou|d oe a ||g||y reWard|rg |as| |o ara|yze ||e o|o||ca| |ex|ure,
cors|ar||y apparer|, ol 0regory's |||erary |egacy.
T| ar|s |o ||e successlu| d|p|oracy ol As|od ||e 0rea|, ar Arrer|a
recover|rg ||s |rdeperderce Was recogr|zed oy ||e |Wo r|va| Frp|res ol ||e
8yzar||res ard ||e Araos, dec|d|rg aoou| ||e la|e ol ||e Arrer|ar ra||or.
lr ||e rerar|ao|e l|our|s||rg ol cu||ura| ard sp|r||ua| va|ues ||a| lo||oWed,
||e roras|ery ol Nare| or ||e sou|| s|ore ol la|e var p|ayed a cer|ra| ro|e
W||| 0regory ol Nare|, sor ol C|osroes ||e 0rea| (ca. - ), as ||s ros| ||1o1o
e|oquer| poe|. l|s Wor| |rc|udes |Wer|y lyrrslor re||g|ous les||v|||es, a
Correr|ary or ||e Car||c|e ol Car||c|es, |rsp|red oy 0regory ol Nyssa, as ar
a||egory ol ||e ur|or oe|Weer a|We| ard lsrae| |r o|, ol ||e logos ard ||e
c|urc| |r r| (T| orsor ), a laregyr|c or ||e lo|y Cross, |r W||c| ||e 18
paragrap|s s|ar| W||| ||e |e||ers ol ||e Arrer|ar a|p|aoe| |r ||e|r ra|ura|
order, a supero laregyr|c or lo|y v|rg|r,c|ose |o ||e 8yzar||re Aca|||s|
|yrr, a ras|er p|ece ar||c|pa||rg 8errard ol C|a|rvaux, laregyr|c or ||e
Apos||es ard ||e 3ever|y-TWo 0|sc|p|es, l| ra||y, 8oo| ol lrayers(corp|e|ed
|r ), 0regory's |as| ard grea|es| Wor|. 1ooz
Fd|||ors
|a||eW, F. 0., T| e Arrer|ar Correr|ary or 0eres|s. A||r|ou|ed |o Fp|rer
||e 3yr|ar. C3C0 - . leuver . ;z; 18
Trars|a||ors
8|arc|ard, |. J. ard b. 0. ourg, A Trea||se or 0od Wr|||er |r Arrer|ar
oy Fzr|| ol Ko|o (l|oru|| ca. -ca. )Ar Frg||s| Trars|a||or, W||| |o |o
lr|roduc||or ard No|es (Fas|err C|r|s||ar Tex|s |r Trars|a||or ). z
leuver . 18
K|c||c||ar, Nerses 3ror|a||. Jesus l||s ur|que du lere, 3C . lar|s . zo 1;
1|zlour|eer la|r|s||c Fxeges|s
3|ud|es
Ajar|ar, A. ard |. F. 3|ore, eds. Tex| ard Cor|ex|. 3|ud|es |r ||e Arrer|ar NeW
Tes | arer|(ulAT3 ), . 11|
A|exar|ar, J. |., `T| e Arrer|ar 0ospe| Tex| lror ||e l|l|| T| roug| ||e
lour|eer|| Cer|ur|es'. T. J. 3arue||ar ard |. F. 3|ore, eds. |ed|eva| Arrer|ar
Cu||ure(ulAT3 ), , - . o18|81|
. `Arrer|ar vers|ors' Arc|or 8|o|e 0|c||orary ( ) - . o1z8o8
8arder|eWer, 0.,`0|e a||arrer|sc|e l||era|ur.' 0esc||c||e der a||||rc|||c|er
l||era|ur, v ( ) - . 1z1;;z1
8|rc|ard, C., Arrer|a ard ||e 8|o|e(ulAT3 ), . 1z1
CoWe, 3. l., `A Typo|ogy ol Arrer|ar 8|o||ca| |aruscr|p|s'. bFArr, r.s., 18
( ) 18|
- |o;.
. `Terder||ous Trars|a||or ard ||e Fvarge||ca| lrpera||ve. be||g|ous lo|er|c
|r
||e Far|y Arrer|ar C|urc|'. bFArr ( - ) - . zz1o1;11|
. T| e Arrer|ar vers|or ol 0ar|e|(ulAT3 ), . 1z
. `Arrer|ar 8|o||ca| lr|erpre|a||or'. J. l. layes, ed., 0|c||orary ol 8|o||ca|
lr|erpre|a||orl ( ) - . 1;oo
0rousse|, b., l|s|o|re de |'Arrer|e, des 0r|g|res . lar|s . 1o;1 1|;
lage, w., `Arrer|er. l A||e K|rc|e urd ||||e|a||er'. TbF ( ) - . |1;|o;
laus|err, l., `Arrer|erre (3p|r||ua|||e)'. 03p ( ) - . 11z8oz;o
lalor|a|re, 0., `la |rad|||or raruscr|p|e de |a vers|or Arrer|erre des 0|scours
de
0rego|re de Naz|arze. lro|egorres |'ed|||or'. |us ( ) - . o1;;z81|o
|a|e, J. l. `Traduc||or e| exegse. bel|ec||ors sur |'exerp|e Arrer|er'. b.
Coqu|r,
ed., |e|arges A.0u|||auror|(Cor ). lar|s , - . zo 188z|
T|orsor, b. w., A 8|o||ograp|y ol C|ass|ca| Arrer|ar l||era|ure |o a.d.
(CC). 1oo
801
1, - . zoz
3upp|erer|ary 8|o||ograp|y
A|exar|ar, J. |. `T| e Arrer|ar vers|or ol ||e NeW Tes|arer|.' lr T| e Tex| ol
||e
NeW Tes|arer| |r Cor|erporary besearc|. Fssays or ||e 3|a|us uaes||or|s. A
vo|ure |r loror ol 8. |. |e|zger (3|0 ), ed||ed oy 8. 0. F|rrar ard |. w. |o
lo|res, - . 0rard bap|ds. Ferdrars, . 1;;z 1
la c|aire arrer|erre sur |es Fpi|res Ca||o||ques. ll. la c|aire sur |es Fpi|res
de
l|erre. Fd||ed oy C. beroux. Turr|ou|. 8repo|s, . 18;
la|ro|og|a 0r|er|a||s. Tore las|cu|e No . vo|. Xll, la C|aire | 1 1
Arrer|erre
sur |es epi|res ca||o||ques. . la c|aire sur |'epi|re de Jacques. Fd||ed oy C. 1
beroux, pp. loWer. lee|ers, . z| 18o
Arrer|ar 1|
la c|aire arrer|erre sur |es Fpi|res ca||o||ques. lll. la c|aire sur |a prer|re
epi|re
de Jear. Fd||ed oy C. beroux (l0 | - ). Turr|ou|. 8repo|s, . |o1z 1|
0er Nersess|ar, 3. `A lor||y or ||e ba|s|rg ol lazarus ard ||e larroW|rg ol
le||.'
lr |er. b. l. Casey, - . lre|ourg. lerder, . z1| 1o
Fgar, 0. A. Ar ara|ys|s ol ||e o|o||ca| quo|a||ors ol Fp|rer |r `Ar expos|||or ol
||e
0ospe|' (Arrer|ar vers|or). C3C0r , 3uos . louva|r. lee|ers, . || oo 18
lerc|, A. J. `lorp|yry, ar le|r |o C|r|s||ar exeges|s?' ZNw ( ). - . ;18z1|1;
leyd||, l. Aru|e||es de |'Arrer|e c|re||erre ( |ex|es |radu||s e| correr|es). 1|
8|o|.
0u|oer||ar. ver|ce. 3.-lazare, . 18o
K|oury, N. e|. 0|e lr|erpre|a||or der we|| oe| Fp|raer der 3yrer.8e||rag zur
0e|s|esgesc||c||e. TT3 . |a|rz. 0rureWa|d, . o 1;o
K||rar||r, F. J. `T| e lr|erpre|a||or ol Jares . - |r ||e Arrer|ar Ca|era or 1|1
||e
Ca||o||c Fp|s||es. 3c|o||ur .' 0Cl ( ). - . 8z 18;o|
Kurd|ar, l. `Correr|a|re des Carors de |'Fvarg||e la|| par 3. Nerss 3ror|a||
(arrer.).' lazr. ( ). - . 111;|1;
le|rarr, l. J. `losarra. A l|||o|og|ca| 0|scuss|or |r ||e 0|d C|urc|.' lr
Arrer|aca. |e|arges du e arr|versa|re, - , . zo 1o;|1o
lucc|es|, F. `Corp|erer|s aux lres Apos|o||ques er cop|e.' Ar8o|| ( ). 181
- |o8.
|a|e, J. l. `Traduc||or e| exegse. rel|ex|ors sur |'exerp|e arrer|er.' lr
|e|arges
Ar|o|re 0u|||auror|. Cor|r|ou||ors |'e|ude des c|r|s||ar|sres or|er|aux
(Ca||ers d'or|er|a||sre, XX), - . 0ereva. Crarer, . z| 188
0u|||er, 8. `la vers|or arrer|erre du correr|a|re des lsaures de T|eodore|,
rouveaux |ero|rs de |a |rad|||or d|rec|e.' bFArr ( ). - . 1;18z|1|8
. `lragrer|s d'ur raruscr|| arrer|er du ||vre d'lsaie.' bFArr ( ). z1z
- 1z.
uec|e, l. 0|e 8r|ele lac|ors. 0r|ec||sc|er Tex| der lardsc|r|l|w, der 1|
C|es|er
8ea||y l|orary, e|rge|e||e| urd |rsg., Ar|arg, 0|e |op||sc|er lragrer|e urd
Z||a|e der lac|oror|ele. Tex|la|l|g, . begersourg. lus|e|., . 11 1;
be|r|r|, 0. J. `lragrer|e der Fvarge||er Fxegese des Ka||o|||os lerar|so.' v
3yrpos|ur 3yr|acur (Ka||o||e|e ur|vers||e||, leuver, - aou|), - 188 z1
. 11o
bore. lor||l|c|a lrs|||u|ur 3|ud|orur 0r|er|a|ur, . 1o
berdsourg, 0. A. `Targur 0rque|os |o Fxod . , . , Nuro . , . .' 1o1o1 zzzz11
lFN
1z( ). - . 1o11;
beroux, C. `les |ec||orra|res arrer|ers,' - . ;|
. `la c|aire arrer|erre sur |e l|vre de Joo.' lr le ||vre de Joo c|ez |es lres
(Ca||ers de 8|o||a la|r|s||ca, ), - . 3|rasoourg. Cer|re d'Ara|yse e| de 1|1o1
0ocurer|a||or la|r|s||que, . 1o
borpay, l. var. `lso'oar Nur ard lso'dad ol |erv. reW da|a lor ||e s|udy ol ||e
|r|erdeperderce ol ||e|r exege||ca| Wor|s.' 0lol ( ). - . 81;;zz|
1||lour|eer la|r|s||c Fxeges|s
3c|r|d|, K. l. `lroo|ere der a||georg|sc|er urd a||arrer|sc|er
8|oe|uoerse|zurger.' lr les|sc|r|l|l. C. 0e||el 0. |u||er zur . 0eour|s|ag, oo
ed||ed oy l. 0. 3c|o|z ard b. 3|erpe| (8|o||o||eca Nuo|ca ), - . Co|ogre. 1z8
Jurger 0|r|er, . 188
3|er|dar, J. |. T| e lore||es ol bulus ol 3|o|ep or ||e 0ospe|s ol |a|||eW ard
lu|e.0|ss., Ca||o||c ur|vers||y ol Arer|ca, Arr Aroor. ur|vers||y ||crol||r
lr|erra||ora|, . 1o
3|eger|, l. 0re| |e||er|s||sc|-jud|sc|e lred|g|er. ls.-l|||or, `uoer Jora,' `uoer
3|rsor'
802
urd `uoer d|e 0o||esoeze|c|rurg, Wo|||a||g verze|rerdes leuer.' l. uoerse|zurg
aus der Arrer|sc|er urd sprac|||c|e Fr|au|erurger. wuNT . Tuo|rger. zo
|o|r, . 18o
. `uroeac||e|e lap|asz||a|e oe| arrer|sc|er 3c|r|l|s|e||err.' NT3 ( ). z;181
- oo1|.
3p|d|||, T. la 3p|r||ua|||e de |'0r|er| c|re||er. |arue| sys|era||que. 0CA, vo|.
, zoo
1;8.
Terzo||, b. l| |era de||a oea|||ud|re re| ladr| 3|r|, lreser|e e lu|uro de||a
sa|vezza.
luoo|. 3er. loroardo b, b|c.3c.Teo|. . 8resc|a. |orce|||ara, . 11 1;
T| orsor, b. w. `0regory ol Nare|'s Correr|ary or ||e 3org ol 3orgs.' JT|
3 | |z
( ). - . 18|o
var Fsoroec|, |. `ure exegse rare d'lsaie . - corservee er arrer|er,' z111z
lr
Arrer|a ard ||e 8|o|e. lapers preser|ed |o ||e lr|erra||ora| 3yrpos|ur |e|d a|
le|de|oerg, Ju|y - , , - . Fd||ed oy C. 8urc|ard. A||ar|a. 3c|o|ars 1o11o;;8
lress, . 1
v||a d| 3. l|||ppo d'Ag|ra a||r|ou||a a| roraco Fuseo|o. Fd||ed oy C. las|r|, - zo|
. o
bore, . 181
vooous, A. `la prer|re |raduc||or arrer|erre de |a 8|o|e (|esrop e| 3a|a|).'
b3b
;( ). - . 1o818o
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| ll 1|
0F0b0lAN
T| e Word `0eorg|a' |s `|der||ca| |r roo| W||| ||e lers|ar 0urg|s|ar', ||s
buss|ar lorr |s 0ruz|ya. l||ry ( s| c. c.e.) ca||ed ||s |r|ao||ar|s 0eorg|. `Ar 1
o|der rare loer|a, W||c| |s ||r|ed W||| ||e Arrer|ar ard lar|||ar des|gra||ors
lor ||e reg|or. ||e |r|ao||ar|s Were ca||ed loer|or lver|, lror W||c|
||e lorrer|y 0eorg|ar roras|ery or |our| A||os, ||e lv|ror, der|ves ||s
rare' (8|rdsa|| , ). T| e syroryry W||| `loer|a' = 3pa|r |s pure|y 1z81o
acc|der|a|. T| e o|des| docurer|s |r 0eorg|ar, a|| C|r|s||ar, da|e lror ||e
l|l|| cer|ury. Arc|er| 0eorg|ar |||era|ure Was esser||a||y ||e Wor| ol |rars|a|ors
lror 0ree| ard Arrer|ar, 3yr|ac ard Arao|c. 0eorg|a d|verged lror
Arrer|a |r ||e ear|y sever|| cer|ury oy adop||rg ||e C|a|cedor|ar lorr
ol or||odoxy. C|ose|y ||r|ed W||| 8yzarce, || exper|erced a `go|der age'
|r ||s |||erary deve|oprer| lror ||e erd ol ||e |er|| |o ||e r|dd|e ol ||e
|||r|eer|| cer|ury, ||ar|s |r ||e ra|r |o ||e lourda||or ol ||e lv|ror or
|our| A||os. 0eorg|ar |||era|ure served as ||e pr|rary sp|r||ua| rour|s|rer| lor
ror|s.
T| e 0eorg|ar |arguage |s |o|a||y urre|a|ed |o ary |arguage W||c| l|gures |r ||e
accour| ol ||e ear|y |rars|a||or ol ||e scr|p|ures |r arc|er|
ard red|eva| C|r|s|erdor. T| e |arguage |s a|ros| su| gerer|s, s|rce
||s or|y re|a||ves are ||ree |arguages spo|er |r ||e sare area, rare|y
laz, ||rgre||, ard 3urar. T| ese |oge||er lorr ||e 3ou||-Caucas|ar or
K'ar|ve||ar |arguages (lror K'ar|ve|eo|, '0eorg|ars') (8|rdsa||, ). 811
A corp|e|e ||s| ol pa|r|s||c Wr|||rgs surv|v|rg |r 0eorg|ar |rars|a||ors |s
preser|ed oy 0ar|||e , - . |ary ol ||ese Wr|||rgs are |os| |r ||e 1o;z|;zo
or|g|ra| 0ree|.
Fd|||ors
C3C0. 3uos|d|a ( ), ( ). 3cr|p|ures loer|c| ( ), ( ), - 1o1o|81;o 1||1|o
( ), - - - ( - ). 3er|es l, vo|. , Tex|. vers|o ( ). 11o11|1oo 1 1o
3|ud|es
Arp|oux, C.-8., ard 8. 0u|||er. `les |eors des vers|ors georg|erres de |'epi|re
de
Jacques.' 8|o ( ). - . o18|o;o
8|rdsa||, J. N. `T| e Fu||a||ar ra|er|a| ard ||s 0eorg|ar vers|or.' 0rC|r ( ). o818|
- 1;o.
1|olour|eer la|r|s||c Fxeges|s
. `0eorg|ar vers|ors'. T| e Arc|or 8|o|e 0|c||orary ( ). - . o1z81o1
. `T| e 0eorg|ar vers|or ol ||e NeW Tes|arer|.' lages - |r T| e Tex| ol 1;8;
||e
NeW Tes|arer| |r Cor|erporary besearc|. Fssays or ||e 3|a|us uaes||or|s. A
vo|ure |r loror ol 8. |. |e|zger. Fd||ed oy 8. 0. F|rrar ard |. w. lo|res.
3|0 . 0rard bap|ds. Ferdrars, . |o 1
C|||ders, J. w. `T| e 0|d 0eorg|ar Ac|s ol ||e Apos||es. a lrogress bepor|.'
NT3 |z
( ). - . 1o;|
Fsoroec|, |. var, `l'|ore||e de l|erre de Jerusa|er e| |a l|r de |'or|ger|sre
pa|es||r|er er (|radu||e du georg|er).' 0Cl ( ). - . 1 118
0ar|||e, 0., `0eorg|erre (l|||era|ure sp|r||ue||e)'. 03p ( ) - . o1o;z||o
0|d 0eorg|ar l||era|ure. vo|. , 0|d (3|reor) |e|ap|rases Co||ec||or (3ep|eroer ;
803
lec|ures). Fd||ed oy N. 0oguadze. To|||s|. |ec'r|ereoa, . 18o
0u|||er, 8. `les |ec||orra|res georg|ers.' lr la lec|ure l||urg|que des Fpi|res
Ca||o||ques dars |'Fg||se arc|erre, - . Fd||ed oy C.-8. Arp|oux ard J.-l. ;8o
8ou|o|. lausarre. Fd|||ors du Zore, . 1o
var Fsoroec|, |. `la ques||or du 'Ad T| a|ass|ur' georg|er.' lr l|||o||s|or. oo
r|sce||area |r |ororer Caro|| laga sep|uagerar||, - . Fd||ed oy A. 3c|oors z;
ard l. var 0eur. leuver. lee|ers, . 1|
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| lll 1|;
C0lTlC
|. 0erera| 3urvey
T| e scr|p| ol ||e Cop||c |arguage Was oorroWed |r ||e l|rs| cer|ury c.e.
lror ||e 0ree| urc|a| scr|p|, |o W||c| sever |e||ers lror dero||c Wr|||rg
(||e l|ra| lorr ol arc|er| Fgyp||ar Wr|||rg) Were added lor ||e purpose ol
des|gra||rg cer|a|r sourds ||a| Were lore|gr |o 0ree|' (l. 8e||e|, ). T| ere 1o
are l|ve d|s||rc| d|a|ec|s. 3a||d|c, spo|er |r upper Fgyp|, ||e gerera| |||erary
|arguage ol ||e c|ass|ca| per|od, 8o|a|r|c, a| |ore |r N||r|a ard |r ||e 0e||a,
used |r par||cu|ar |r ||e roras|ery ol 3|. |acar|us, s|rce ||e |er|| cer|ury
||e |||urg|ca| |d|or ol ||e Cop||c C|urc| up |o ||e preser| day, layur|c,
A||r|r|c,ard 3uo-A||r|r|c, respec||ve|y predor|rar| |r ||e oas|s ol F|
layur, |r ||e reg|or ol A||r|r, ard arourd Asyu|.
lor ||e |rars|a||or ol ||e 8|o|e |r|o Cop||c, `||e da|e carro| oe |a|er ||ar
||e |||rd cer|ury c.e. T| e corvers|or ol 3|. Ar|ory ||roug| ||e |ear|rg ol
scr|p|ure arourd c.e. |rd|ca|ed ||e ex|s|erce ol a Cop||c vers|or, s|rce z;o
|e |reW ro 0ree|, ard aoou| l|l|y years |a|er, lac|or|us |r Wr|||rg a ru|e
lor ror|s |r Fgyp|, derarded ||e capac||y |o read scr|p|ure, or |o rec||e ||,
lror pos|u|ar|s' (J. Nev|||e 8|rdsa|| ). ;o
T| e |ac| ol a specu|a||ve d|rers|or |r Cop||c |||r||rg exc|uded ||eore||ca|
|r|||a||ves |r ||e recep||or ol scr|p|ure. Fver ||e o|o||ca| exeges|s ol
0ree| pa|r|s||c au||ors, lror W|or Cop||c |rars|a|ors adap|ed sore ed|ly|rg
|or|||es, rera|red ur|roWr |o ||e Cop|s. 8u| ||e Apos|o||c la||ers
W||| 0ros||c Wor|s, |r par||cu|ar ||ose d|scovered a| Nag larrad|, ard
|ar|c|ear |||era|ure, Were |rars|a|ed. T| e suo-A||r|r|c d|a|ec| Was ||e
ros| lrequer||y used lor vers|ors ol 0ros||c ard |ar|c|ear Wr|||rgs, ou|
|| Was superseded oy 3a||d|c W||| ||e ever|ua| |r|urp| ol or||odoxy.
0|d Tes|arer| ard r| apocryp|a|s represer|ed ||e ros| popu|ar
C|r|s||ar |||era|ure, or|g|ra||y Wr|||er |r 0ree|, lor a Cop||c readers||p.
T| ey Were lo||oWed oy ac|s ol rar|yrs ard |egerds aoou| arge|s. lr ||e roras||c
|rad|||or |raugura|ed oy Ar|ory ard lac|or|us, ||e Cop||c |arguage
Was ||e or|y |r use, a| |eas| |r ||e case ol Ar|ory d|c|a||rg ||s |e||ers, or ol
lac|or|us Wr|||rg ||s ru|e. T|e Apop||egra|a ol ||e 0eser| la||ersWere
or|g|ra||y |rarsr|||ed |r Cop||c. 3|erou|e ol A|r|pe Aooo| ol ||e w|||e
|oras|ery |r upper Fgyp| (d|ed ca. ) |as |el|ar |rpor|ar| |egacy ol |o
|e||ers, serrors, ard reg|erer|a||ors |r 3a||d|c. Arorg ||s |or|||es |rars|a|ed
|r|o 0ree|, rary urau||er||c p|eces c|rcu|a|ed urder ||e rares ol
1|8lour|eer la|r|s||c Fxeges|s
A||aras|us, 0regory ol Naz|arzus ard 0regory ol Nyssa, Jo|r C|rysos|or,
8as||, Cyr|| ol A|exardr|a ard Fp|raer.
3|ud|es
8ac||, l., 0|e bo||e der le|||ger 3c|r|l|oe| lors|es|us. 8ac||, 0as verrac||r|s
des
ursprurgs, 3|ud|er zur lru|er |orc||ur . wu. Fc||er, . 1 1;z
8e||e|, l., `lragrer|os descoroc|dos de l|po|||o de bora er |a |rad|c|or cop|a
(soore |a|eo . - ).' 3el ( ). - . z|1| o1|oo1
8oud'|ors, A., Ca|a|ogue des lragrer|s cop|es de |a 8|o||o||eque Na||ora|e e|
ur|vers||a|re de3|rasoourg, l lragrer|s o|o||que. C3C0 . leuver . ;1 18
8u||er, A. J., T| e Arc|er| Cop||c C|urc|es ol Fgyp|, vo|s. 0xlord - . z 188|1;o
Carro||, 3. T., T| e |e||||ar sc||sr, Cop||c C|r|s||ar||y ard ||e Fgyp||ar c|urc|.
0|ss.,
||ar| (0||o), . 18
C||||y, 0. J., T| e deser| a c||y, ar |r|roduc||or |o ||e s|udy ol Fgyp||ar ard
la|es||r|ar
roras||c|sr urder ||e C|r|s||ar erp|re. Cres|Wood, N.J.. 3|. v|ad|r|r, . 1;;
Crarer, |., 0as c|r|s|||c|-|op||sc|e Agyp|er e|rs| urd |eu|e. w|esoader . 1
Cur|rg, 0. J., `T| ru|s bev|s||ed. Aro||er loo| a| ||e lrayers ol 8|s|op
3arap|or.'
T3 ( ). - . |118oo8;
0|a||as, |., `Jesus C|r|s|us |r der lyrrer urd |r |||urg|sc|er 8e|er der
|op||sc|er K|rc|e.' ur3a ( ). - . |;1z1o;
0oe|r|rg, J. F., T| e |e||er ol Arror ard lac|or|ar roras||c|sr. la|r3| . z;
8er||r.
0e 0ruy|er, . 18o
0ral, 0., 0esc||c||e der c|r|s||c|-arao|sc|er l||era|ur, vo|s. (3|. T. , , 1181
, , 1|o1|;
804
1;z), - . 1||1
0r|ooror|, J., `|orac||sre. ll. Na|ssarce e| deve|operer|s du rorac||sre
c|re||er, o|o||ograp||e'. 03p ( ). . 1o18o1|o
0u|||auror|, A., `Cop|e (l||era|ure sp|r||ue||e'. 03p ( ). - . z1zzzoo;8
lardy, F. b., C|r|s||ar Fgyp|. C|urc| ard leop|e. NeW or| . 1z
lor||e||ca lror ||e l|erpor| |orgar l|orary, sever Cop||c |or|||es a||r|ou|ed
|o 8as|| ||e 0rea|, Jo|r C|rysos|or, ard Fvod|us ol bore. lr C3C0r s, z|
Cop||c| s. Fd||ed oy 0. 8ra||e. louva|r. lee|ers, . | 11
Joes|, C., `lrovero|a , urd d|e 8ruder||eoe oe| der lac|or|arerr.' v|gC|r o |;
( ). - . 111o
K|a|oW|cz. 8. F., `'l sargu| d| co|oro c|e verrero ucc|s| larro ape||o presso 0|o
|r
ogr| rorer|o' (0|us||z|a e r|ser|cord|a d|v|ra |r ura |e||era d| 3ceru|e).' lr
3argue e ar|ropo|og|a, r||| e cu||o, A||| de||a v 3e|||rara, vo|. , - . Cer|r. z|11
3|ud| 3argu|s C|r|s|| . bore. 0|a ur|ore 0r. 3argue, . 18;
Kure|, b., `la red||az|ore de||a 8|oo|a presso | rorac| pacor|ar|.' bv3 ;
( ). 18
- o;.
Cop||c 1|
|aspuro, J., l|s|o|re des la|r|arc|es d'A|exardr|e. 0epu|s |a ror| de |'Frperor
Aras|ase jusqu' |a recorc|||a||or des Fg||ses Jacoo||es ( - ).lar|s . 18o1o 1z
|cCo||oug|, C. T., `T| eodore| ol Cyrus as o|o||ca| |r|erpre|er ard ||e preserce
ol
Juda|sr |r ||e |a|er borar Frp|re.' 3|la|r | ( - ). - . 1811818z;|
|e|rardus, 0. l. A., C|r|s||ar Fgyp| Arc|er| ard |oderr. Ca|ro d ed. . z 1;;
|u||er, C. 0. 0., `C|ara||er|s|||a |op||sc|er Fxegese ar ausgeWa|||er
8e|sp|e|er.'
lr 3||ru||. Fxegese urd ||re lerrereu||| |r Ar|||e urd C|r|s|er|ur. les|sc|r|l|
lur Frrs| 0assrarr. Fd||ed oy 0. 3c|o||ger ard C. 3c|o||er (JACF 8. ), z
- zooo. |urs|er. Asc|erdorll, . 1o
. `Aulo au urd Fr|W|c||urg der |op||sc|er K|rc|e rac| C|a||edor ( )'. Kyr |1
|os
1o( ). - . 1;ozoz1o
0r|ard|, T., `T| e lu|ure ol 3|ud|es |r Cop||c o|o||ca| ard ecc|es|as||ca| |||era|ure.'
lages - |r lu|ure ol Cop||c s|ud|es. Fd||ed oy b. w||sor. . 1|o 1;8
. `Cop||c l||era|ure'. 8. A. learsor ard J. F. 0oe|r|rg, eds., T| e boo|s ol
Fgyp||ar
C|r|s||ar||y. l|||ade|p||a , - . 18o18o
. `Kop||sc|e K|rc|e'. TbF ( ). - . 11ooo;
. `le||era|ura cop|a e c||s||ares|ro raz|ora|e eg|z|aro'. A. Carp|ar|, ed., l'e
g || | o
cr|s||ar. aspe||| e proo|er| |r e|a |ardo-ar||ca. bore , - . 1;1zo
uec|e, l., 0|e 8r|ele lac|ors. 0r|ec||sc|er Tex| der lardsc|r|l|w. der 1|
C|es|er
8ea||y l|orary e|rge|e||e| urd |erausgegeoer, |op||sc|e lragrer|e urd Z||a|e.
Tex|la|rl|| . begersourg. lus|e|, . 11 1;
b|c||er, 3., Fxege||sc|-|||erar|r|||sc|e ur|ersuc|urger vor lera||e|despsa|rer
des
|op||sc|-rar|c|a|sc|er lsa|rerouc|es. Aroe||er z. spa|ar|||er u. |op||sc|er
Agyp|er . A||eroerge. 0ros, . 1|
bousseau, l., lac|or|us, ||e ra||rg ol a corrur||y |r lour||-cer|ury Fgyp|.
Trarslorra||or ol ||e c|ass|ca| |er||age . 8er|e|ey. ur|vers||y ol Ca||lorr|a, o
. 18
3|arder, l., `T| e la|r|s||c Fxeges|s ol |oses 3|r|||rg ||e boc|.' CCb ( ). 1z11
- o;;;.
T|rr, 3., C|r|s|||c|e 3|a||er |r Agyp|er, vo|s. (8e||el| e zur TAv08 ). z o
w|esoader . 1;
. `0er |e|||ge |ose oe| der C|r|s|er |r Agyp|er. F|re 3||zze zur
Nac|gesc||c||e
a|||es|arer|||c|er Tex|e.' lr be||g|or |r Froe Agyp|ers. 8e||rage zur spa|a|||er
be||g|orsgesc||c||e zu F|rer vor A|exarder 8o|||g. lrg. vor |arlred 0org
(Agyp|er
urd A||es Tes|arer| ), vo|. XX, - . w|esoader. larrassoW||z, . 1| 1;zzo 188
uroar|a|-wa|cza|, K., `ZWe| versc||edere bezers|orer der (|op||sc|er) lor|||e
uoer d|e Aulers|e|urg der Jurglrau |ar|a vor T| eop|||us vor A|exardr|er.'
0o||sz ( ). l. 1o1188;
ve|||eux, A., `lo|y 3cr|p|ure |r ||e lac|or|ar Ko|ror|a.' |or3 ( ). - . 1o1;|1|
. lac|or|ar Ko|ror|a lll. lrs|ruc||ors, |e||ers ard o||er Wr|||rgs ol 3|.
lac|or|us ard ||s d|sc|p|es. C|s|erc|ar 3|ud|es. Ka|arazoo. C|s|erc|ar, . 18z
1|oolour|eer la|r|s||c Fxeges|s
v|aud, 0., `les presoy|res de |'Apoca|ypse dars |a |rad|||or cop|e.' 83AC z| z
( ). - . 1o1z|
vo||erWe|der, 3., Neup|a|or|sc|e urd c|r|s|||c|e T| eo|og|e oe| 3yres|os vor
Kyrere.
805
lK00 . 0o|||rger. varder|oec| & buprec||, . 18
w|sse, l., `T| e Cop||c vers|ors ol ||e NeW Tes|arer|.' lages - |r T| e 11|1
Tex| ol
||e NeW Tes|arer| |r Cor|erporary besearc|. Fssays or ||e 3|a|us
uaes||or|s.
A vo|ure |r loror ol 8. |. |e|zger. Fd||ed oy 8. 0. F|rrar ard |. w.
lo|res. 3|0 . 0rard bap|ds. Ferdrars, . |o 1
Zardee, J., `0e descersus ad |rleroso|j de Kop|er.' NedT|T ( - ). 1|1
- . 18;|
Zare|||, u., `les |ec||orra|res cop|es,' lrla lec|ure l||urg|que des Fpi|res
Ca||o||ques dars |'Fg||se arc|erre. - . Fd||ed oy C.-8. Arp|oux ard J.-l. 1|1o
8ou|o|. lausarre. Fd|||or du Zore, . 1o
||. Ar|ory ||e lerr|| ( - ) z1o
T| e recer| red|scovery ol sever au||er||c le||ersa||r|ou|ed |o Ar|ory ||e
lerr|| |s ore ol ||e rary |appy |rproverer|s |r ||e l|e|d ol pa|r|s||c
s|ud|es dur|rg ||e secord |a|l ol ||e |Wer||e|| cer|ury. As |r o||er cases, lor
exarp|e ||e 8oo| ol bu|esoy Tycor|us, (||e very o|des| preserved essay or
C|r|s||ar |errereu||cs), W|a| Was reeded lor preser||rg Ar|ory's le||ers
|r a reW ||g|| Was a ||oroug| read|rg ard |rars|a||rg ol |roWr sources.
T| e cr|||ca| orea|||roug| lor ||e le||ersWas due |o ||e p|oreer|rg researc|
ol 0. J. C||||y ( - ) ard ||e rore recer| exp|ora||or ol 3arue| 1o11;1
buoersor.
T|e le||ersare addressed |o le||oW ror|s |r ||e deser|s ol Fgyp|, ||e
s|x|| ard |orges| oe|rg exp||c|||y des||red |o `||e dear ore||rer W|o are a|
Ars|roe ard |r ||s re|g|oour|ood' (C||||y, ). 0a||rg ros| prooao|y lror 1;
arourd , ||ey are repe||||ve |r s|y|e, ou| W||| s|gr|l|car| var|a||ors lror |o
|e||er |o |e||er. T| ey preser| a cosro-||eo|ogy ol ar 0r|ger|ar |ype, app||ed
|o ||e ac|ua| exper|erce ol roras||c|sr. T| e le||ersrepreser| a ||g||y s|gr|l|car|
|r|||a||ve lor ||e |a|er deve|oprer| ol roras||c sp|r||ua|||y.
Nurerous ||era||c para||e|s oe|Weer 0r|ger ard Ar|ory, d|ll|cu|| |o
|race as ||ey ray oe or a s|r|c||y |||erary oas|s, seer ver|l|ao|e lor J. bo|darus,
0r|gre. l. 8r|g||, T|e Coroa|, corc|udes |er corpara||ve ara|ys|s ol ler|
Arc|orard ||e le||ersoy ro||rg. `As |r 8oo|s l ard ll, ||e |rea|rer| ol ||e
deror|c poWers |r 8oo| lll ol ler| Arc|orl|rds cors|ar| ec|oes |r ||ere
ard |og|c W||| le||er ol Ar|ory. . . . Ar|ory's le||ersare represer|a||ve ol a o
pas|ora|, or ra||er ar app||ed ||eo|ogy, secured oy ar overarc||rg sys|era||c
||eo|ogy as ar urques||ored relererce. le |s a prac||||orer W||||r ||e
0r|ger|ar sc|era' (8r|g||). lor Ar|ory, ||e ac|ua||zed rys|ery ol sa|va-
Cop||c 1|o1
||or |s er||re|y erood|ed |r ||e asce||c exper|rer| ol W||c| |e s|resses ||e
ur|versa| ard ecc|es|a| d|rers|ors. lr ||e cor|ex| ol uroar C|r|s||ar||y, a
s|r||ar ac|ua||za||or, poss|o|y |rsp|red oy Ar|ory's sp|r||ua|||y, Was a||erp|ed
oy A||aras|us ol A|exardr|a W|er corpos|rg ||s essay 0r ||e lrcarra||or
(Karrerg|esser).
Ar|ory rade ||e dec|s|or |o ac|ua||ze ||e |dea|s ol ||e 0ospe| |r a so|||ary
||les|y|e, oy ||s|er|rg |o ||e |||urg|ca| read|rgs ol scr|p|ure (A||aras|us,
l|le ol Ar|ory, ). lr ||s le||ers, `scr|p|ura| quo|a||ors are suc| as We s|ou|d z
expec| lror ore W|o oWed a|| ||s |roW|edge ol scr|p|ure |o ||e a||er||ve
ear-rary ec|oes, a cer|a|r ruroer ol |so|a|ed quo|a||ors, ou| c||el|y a leW
c|oser verses or passages repea|ed aga|r ard aga|r, ro|ao|y ls . , bor
8. - , ard , ard l||| . - . uo|a||ors lror ||e 0ospe|s are ac|ua||y 118 z zo11
rare. T| ere appears ro ev|derce ol apoca|yp||c or o||er apocryp|a| Wr|||rgs
suc| as |s lourd |r ||e le||ers ol Ar|ory's d|sc|p|e ard successor, Arroras'
(C||||y, T|e le||ers, x).
lr le||ers ard , |oses, W|o rece|ved ||e Wr|||er laW, |s preser|ed as z o
||e lourder ol ||e `louse ol Tru||' |r W||c| ||e `c|o|r ol sa|r|s' (||e prop|e|s)
prays lor ||e cor|rg ol ||e `True l|ys|c|ar.' lrdeed, Ar|ory's lavoured
|ex|s lor rer||or|rg d|v|re |rcarra||or |r |||s cor|ex| are l||||pp|ars ard z
lsa|a| . lr le||er , a |eac||rg aoou| `|r|e||ec|ua| suos|arces' |s ||r|ed W||| o
lrv . , `0|ve occas|or |o a W|se rar, ard |e W||| oe ye| W|ser', || locuses
or ||e lau||re |rage ol C|r|s|'s 8ody (Co| . - ), W||c| preva||s rore 1118
gerera||y |r Ar|ory's ecc|es|o|ogy.
A scr|p|ura| |rdex lor Ar|ory's le||ersrus| oe cors|dered as prov|s|ora|,
ever |azardous, due |o ||e uravo|dao|e |ac| ol a d|rec| access |o ros| ol
||e|r or|g|ra| |ex|. T| e lo||oW|rg |s a ||s| ol relererces sugges|ed oy C||||y's
|rars|a||or ol ||e Cop||c. 0||er |rars|a||ors Wou|d s|oW rore all| r|||es
W||| o|o||ca| Wr|||rgs, as lor |rs|arce ||e lrerc| |rars|a||or ol le||erlv oy
||e |or|s ol |or| des Ca|s, lr|roduc||or A. loul, 3a|r| Ar|o|re. le||res
(3p|r||ua|||e 0r|er|a|e, ), Aooaye de 8e||elor|a|re, , quo||rg bv . . 1 1;o z1|
A la|r guess Wou|d oe |o perce|ve Ar|ory's ora| or Wr|||er corrur|ca||or
lu||y perrea|ed oy ||s scr|p|ura| lourda||or.
T| e preva|erce ol psa|r|c quo|a||ors or a||us|ors |s |ard|y surpr|s|rg
|r Ar|ory's roras||c se|||rg. T| e scarc||y ol relererces |o 0eres|s ard ||e
ler|a|euc| |r gerera| |s rore puzz||rg, g|ver ||e |rpor|arce ol Crea||or
806
||eres |r ||e le||ers. T| e regu|ar recurrerce ol verses |||e lrv . ard ls
. , ro| or|y s|gra|s pr|v||eged aspec|s ol Ar|ory's ||oug||, ou| || oe|rays
a|so sore|||rg |||e a s|ruc|ura| aWareress |r ||e corpos|||or ol ||e le||ers.
Arorg r| relererces, lau||re |||era|ure occup|es a|ros| ||e W|o|e space
ava||ao|e, W|||ou| ary rer||or ol o||er apos|o||c |e||er Wr||ers, excep| |r l,
|. `T| e Apos||e Jares |es||l|es |o us ard says. . . .'
1|ozlour|eer la|r|s||c Fxeges|s
o|
0eres|s . l, 1z1 1
z. - lll, 3arue| . lv z|o 11 zz
1K|rgs . - vl, 188|| ;
lsa|rs . l, 1; 1
o. v,
|. vl, ( ). |xx lll, ; ;8888 |
1o1. l, |
1o. vll, 1o z
11o. v, , vll, , 11 z8
11. l, . v, , vl, , 1o 11z| 1 1o
1|1. l, z |
lroveros . l, 88 |
. ll, , lll, , vl, , vll, , . l, | | 1z 8111z18 |
w|sdor . vl, 11| ;
lsa|a| . vl, 1o 1z
|o. - vll, 1z 1o
. ll, , lll, , v, , vl, , , vll, , Jerer|a| . ll, , v, z z z 8 8zz z z
1. vll, | |
1. ll, , v, Fze||e| . |xx v, (cp. Jer . ) z z 1z z |o1
Joe| . ll, , vll, z1 | z
r|
|a|||eW . vll, 1z ;
o. lll, lll, . - lll, . vl, 1 || |111z1 z1z|
lu|e . ll, z| |
11. lv, zo
1z. lll, | |
z1. vll, 1 ;
|l, Jo|r . vll, |z|
Cop||c 1|o
ovl,
1. - lv, - vl, | 11|; 11
1. ll, , lll, , lv vll, . vll, borars . lv 1 | zo ;1o ; 11
z1vll, . vll, |1 |
8. ll, , lv 1 |
1;ll, , lv vll, ll, , lll, , v, , vll, Cor|r|||ars . - vll, | 18 ;z z z 1 1zz| |
8. vll, . l, zo z1; z
z;l, . l, . - vl, Cor|r|||ars . vl, 1o1 |1zz1z; z 1zz 1z
z. ll, 1o |
. ll, 1o |
- 1o1;vll, . vll, , 0a|a||ars . ll, , vll, 18 1 1| 1z 8
. - vll, . vll, Fp|es|ars . lv z;z8 |z ; 1
|. v, .vl, , vll, , . l, l||||pp|ars . - ll, z z 8818 zo11 z
;lv, , vl, - vl, , vll, lll, , vll, v, ;8 z 8 1|
Co|oss|ars . - vl, 1118
. l, T|ro||y . v, , vll, |z o
1zvll, leoreWs . vll, ; 1 1
1|o|lour|eer la|r|s||c Fxeges|s
z. vll, . ll, , vll, . ll, 1| |1 |11 1
Jares . l, 1zo |
. l, |
Fd|||ors
Apop||egra|a. l0 , , - . uec|e, l.. begersourg . o11oo 1;
Fp.. 0ar|||e, 0.. C3C0 l., , 0eorg|ar |ex| ard Cop||c lragrer|s. 1|8 1
Nau, l., `la vers|or syr|aque de |a prer|re |a||re de sa|r| Ar|o|re'. b0C
1|( ). - . 1oz8z;
Trars|a||ors
Frg||s|
C||||y, 0., T| e le||ers ol 3|. Ar|ory ||e 0rea|. 0xlord . 1;
lrerc|
F|-|as|ire, |a||a, 3a|r| Ar|o|re asc|e se|or |'Fvarg||e. Aooaye de
8e||elor|a|re . 1
lelor|, aoove.
loul., A., 3a|r| Ar|o|re. le||res. Aooaye de 8e||elor|a|re . 1;o
ve|||eux, A.. Ka|arazoo, ||c|. - , - , , - . 18118z1|1118
0errar
||||er, 8. (apop||egra|a). Tr|er, rd ed. . 18o
807
uec|e, l. (ep|s|u|ae). ls. F. de 3|ryc|er. Ar|Werp-u|rec|| , - . 1;oo
3|ud|es
8ac||, l., 0as verrac||r|s des ursprurgs, vo|s., wurzourg . z 18
8r|g||, l., `T| e Coroa| W||| ||e 0erors. T| e le||ers ol Ar|ory ard ||e
0r|ger|ar
ler||age'. 8|erer|, w. A. ard u. Ku|reWeg, eds., 0r|ger|ara 3ep||ra. 0r|geres
|r der Ause|rarderse|zurger des . Ja|r|urder|s. leuver . | 1
8ur|or-C|r|s||e, 0., T| e word |r ||e 0eser|3cr|p|ure ard ||e ues| lor
lo||ress |r
Far|y C|r|s||ar |oras||c|sr. NeW or| . 1
C|adW|c|, l., `T| e Asce||c ldea| |r ||e Far|y C|urc|'. w. J. 3|e||s, ed. |or|s,
lerr||s ard ||e Asce||c Trad|||or. 0xlord , ll . 18;o
C||||y, 0., T| e 0eser| a C||y. Ar lr|roduc||or |o ||e 3|udy ol Fgyp||ar ard
la|es||r|ar |oras||c|sr urder ||e C|r|s||ar Frp|re. 0xlord (lrerc| 1oo
|rars|.. 8e||elor|a|re ). 18o
Cop||c 1|o
0ar|||e, 0., `ur lragrer| grec a||r|oue 3, Ar|o|re |'Frr||e'. 8ll8blasc. XX
( ). - . 11o1;o
. `Apropos des |e||res de 3. Ar|o|re |'Frr||e'. |useor ( ). - . z1111
0|ed|r|, 0., le||ere cr|s||are de| pap|r| grec| de| lll e| lv seco|o. 3upp|. Aegyp|us,
sez.
grec.-ror. . |||ar , - . 1z1o
lo|ze, l., `3c|r|l|erla|rurg urd C|r|s|user|err|r|s'. T|Z ( ). - . |1|o
Karrerg|esser, C., `Ar|ory, A||aras|us, Fvagr|us. T| e Fgyp||ar la|e ol
0r|ger|sr'.
CCb ( ). - . 1o18
buoersor, 3., T| e le||ers ol 3|. Ar|ory. 0r|ger|s| T| eo|ogy, |oras||c Trad|||or
ard
||e |a||rg ol a 3a|r|. lurd . 1o
. T| e |e||ers ol 3|. Ar|ory. T| e |oras||c|sr ard ||e |a||rg ol a 3a|r|.
||rreapo||s. lor|ress, . 1
. `0r|ger |r ||e Fgyp||ar |oras||c Trad|||or ol ||e lour|| Cer|ury'. 0r|ger|ara
3ep||ra, w. A. 8|erer| - u. Ku|reWeg, eds., lee|ers. leuver , - . 11z8
|||. lac|or|us ( | - ) zzz|o
8orr |r ||e c||y ol 3re| (la|opo||s), sou|| ol T| eoes, lac|or|us rece|ved
|||||e educa||or |r ||s rura| lar||y. Frro||ed oy lorce |r|o ||e |rper|a| arry,
|e re| oy c|arce corpass|ora|e C|r|s||ars. Al|er ||s re|ease,|e op|ed lor
a so|||ary ||le |r C|erooos|e|or (3eresi|). le ded|ca|ed ||rse|l |o Wor|s ol
c|ar||y ard Was oap||zed. Al|er |e s|ar|ed |o crea|e roras||c corrur|||es, 1
||e l|rs| ol ||e|r ||rd |r C|r|s||ar |rad|||or. le ca||ed ||er ||e Ko|ror|a.
l|s lourda||or |r Taoeress| da|es lror - . lr , lac|or|us ard ||s zz o
ror|s gree|ed A||aras|us, ||e reW|y e|ec|ed o|s|op ol A|exardr|a, |r 3yr
(Assouar), or ore ol ||s pas|ora| v|s||a||ors. 0r ||a| occas|or lac|or|us
avo|ded |o oe orda|red pr|es|. 8elore |e d|ed |r , |e lourded r|re |o
roras|er|es lor rer ard |Wo lor Worer, a|| |r ||e sare reg|or ol upper-Fgyp|
oe|Weer laropo||s |r ||e ror|| ard la|opo||s |r ||e sou||. Al|er ||s dea||,
8|s|op T| eop|||us ol A|exardr|a ( - ) crea|ed ||e or|y lac|or|ar 8|1z
roras|ery ou|s|de ol ||e T| eoa|d, a| Carope, eas| ol A|exardr|a.
lr ||e lourd|rg |r|u|||or ol lac|or|us, roras||c|sr Was a prac||ca|
Way ol ||le |rue |o ||e |dea|s ol scr|p|ure. T| e `|rad|||ors ol ||e apos||es
ard prop|e|s' Were lor ||r ||e esser||a| rorr lor es|ao||s||rg suc| a reW
|rs|||u||or |r ||e c|urc|. `l| |s |r scr|p|ure ||a| lac|or|us searc|es lor ||s
|rsp|ra||or, ever lor ||s ros| doWr-|o-ear|| prescr|p||ors aoou| dress, lood,
e|c.' (0uy , ). `Fver |l, |r ||e r|rd ol ||e l|rs| d|sc|p|es, ||e d|v|re 1o11o1
r|ss|or ard ass|s|arce g|ver |o lac|or|us suos|ar||a|ed ||e lorru|a||or
ol ||e bu|e, ||e |a||er |r ro Way c|a|red |o rep|ace or |o reduce ||e |eac||rg ol
scr|p|ure, || ra||er 'ac|ua||zed' ||. T| a| |r|er||or |s oov|ous |r 8as||'s
1|oolour|eer la|r|s||c Fxeges|s
Asce||coras s|oWr a| orce oy ||s rary o|o||ca| quo|a||ors, ||e sare |s |rue
lor lac|or|us ard ||s d|sc|p|es' (8ac|| , ). 18|1
3|ud|es
8ac||, l., 0as verrac||r|s des ursprurgs. wur|zourg . 1;
. 03p ( ). - . 1z18|;1o
les|ug|re, A. J., la prer|re v|e grecque de 3. lac|ore. lr|roduc||or cr|||que
e| |raduc||or(|o|res d'0r|er|, | ). lar|s . Frg||s| |rars|.. A. N. |z 1o
A||ara|ass|s,
||ssou|a, . 1;
0|rde|e, C., `0|e 3c|r|l||esurg |r lac|or|us||os|er.' FA | ( ). - . |1z1o11|zz
. `les ro|res de sa|r| lac|ore e| |'Fcr||ure 3a|r|e.' 8vC ( ). - . o;1oo|z
0uy, J.-C., `Fcr||ure sa|r|e e| v|e sp|r||ue||e. | . le ceroo|||sre pac|or|er'. |1
03p |
( ). - . 1o11ooo1
la|||r, l. 3.,lac|or|| v||ae graecae(3uos|d|a |ag|ograp||ca ). 8russe|s . 1 1z
808
lelor|, l.-T., les v|es cop|es de 3a|r| lac|ore e| ses prer|ers successeurs.
louva|r
1oo.
lorerz, b., `Zur C|roro|og|e des lac|or|us.' ZNw ( ). - . 8o18z8o8
Tarourr|ro, l. `les sa|r|s de |'Arc|er Tes|arer| dars |a re ca|ec|se de sa|r| 1
lac|ore.' |e||o ( ). - . |1o8||
var Crarerourg|, l., `les rors de 0|eu dars |a pr|re de lac|ore e| de ses
d|sc|p|es'. bl3 ( ). - . z1;o1z1z
ve|||eux, A., la |||urg|e dars |e ceroo|||sre pac|or|er au qua|r|re s|c|e(3|ud|a
Arse|r|ara ). bore . ; 1o8
vogue, A. de., `0eux rer|r|scerces du ||vre de Josue dars |a prer|re
ca|ec|se de
sa|r| lac|ore.' 3||or ( ). - . o1|;11
|v. bulus ol 3|o|ep (l|. |a|e || c.) o
|or| ard o|s|op ol 3|o|ep, prooao|y urder 0ar|ar, la|r|arc| ol A|exardr|a
(ca. - ), bulus Wro|e ||s |or|||es |r 3a||d|c Cop||c, ou| |e quo|ed ooo
scr|p|ure lror ||e 0ree|. le Was lar|||ar W||| 0ree| |||era|ure, c|||rg ||s
predecessors |r A|exardr|a. T| e rera|rs ol ||s correr|ar|es or |a|||eW
- 1ard l| . - cover pages, |r W||c| |e occas|ora||y quo|es ||e 11|o 1zo
0ospe|s ol |arc|or. Ar exporer| ol ||e A|exardr|ar |rad|||or, bulus Was
|rl| uerced oy 0r|ger, |e used sore ol ||s exege||ca| pr|rc|p|es ard |ec|r|ques,
|r ||s expos|||ors |e prac||sed a||egor|aard |ypos.
Cop||c 1|o;
3|ud|es
3|er|dar, J. |., bulus ol 3|o|ep. lor|||es or ||e 0ospe|s ol |a|||eW ard lu|e.
bore
18.
v|. 8erjar|r ol A|exardr|a(ca. - ) ooo
8orr ca. , 8erjar|r Was a ror| a| ||e Carope roras|ery. le oecare o
la|r|arc| ol A|exardr|a |r . le succeeded |r ra|r|a|r|rg ||s pos|||or ozo
urder |us||r ru||rg, secur|rg ||ereoy ||e lu|ure ol ||e Cop||c C|urc|. le
d|ed |r . oo
l|s exege||ca| |egacy, Wr|||er |r Cop||c ard |rars|a|ed |r|o Arao|c, |rc|udes a
|or||y or ||e wedd|rg ol Cara ard a se| ol sra||er |rac|a|es, ro|
ye| ed||ed, arsWer|rg ques||ors or o| ard r| (lr.).
Fd|||ors
cor.. |u||er, C. 0. 0., lor|||e uoer d|e loc|ze|| zur Kara. le|de|oerg , 1o8
- zz8.
lr.. JA ( ). - . 1z1888o1|1o
Trars|a||ors
lrerc|
JA. aoove.
0errar
|u||er. aoove.
3|ud|es
8rurs, l. ard 8. w|rdau. lACl rd ed. , l. z 11o;
|u||er, C. 0. 0., `8erjar|r ol A|exardr|a'. |useor ( ). - . o1o1|o
3upp|erer|ary 8|o||ograp|y
|oras||cs
`Aras|as|| 3|ra||ae v|ae dux.' Fd||ed oy K.-l. u||erarr. CC30 ( ). 8181
Arrs, F. `A 8|o||a ros lr|rord|os da v|da be||g|osa Corrur||ar|a.' lr 3pC 1
( ). - . 1o;o
1|o8lour|eer la|r|s||c Fxeges|s
8ac||, l. `vor urgarg r|| der 8|oe| |r a||es|er |orc||ur.' T|l| ( ). |11oo
- ;oo.
8ur|or-C|r|s||e, 0. `'lrac||ce |a|es lerlec|'. lr|erpre|a||or ol 3cr|p|ure |r ||e
Apop|||egra|a la|rur,' - . z118
. T| e word |r ||e 0eser|. 3cr|p|ure ard ||e ues| lor lo||ress |r Far|y
C|r|s||ar
|oras||c|sr. 0xlord. 0xlord ur|vers||y lress, . 1
Co|oros, 0. |. `la 8|o||a er |a esp|r||ua||dad de| roraca|o pr|r|||vo.' veroo - 1z
( - ). - , - , - , - , - . 1o1o|zo1|;oz;18o1|11z
Corsaro, l. `l'Apocr|||co d| |acar|o d| |agres|a e |e 3. 3cr|||ure.' N0|d ( ). ;1;
- 1z|.
Csary|, 0. A. `0p||ra lars. F|re Aus|egurgsgesc||c||e vor l| . - oe| der 1o8|z
K|rc|erva|err der ers|er v|er Ja|r|urder|e.' 3||or ( ). - . z1oo;8
0egors||, 8. `l l|or| 3ap|erz|a|| re||a |e||era|ura roras||ca de||e or|g|r| (secc. lv-
v).' lr le||ure cr|s||are de| l|or| 3ap|erz|a||. XX lrcor|ro d| s|ud|os| de||'ar||c|||
cr|s||ara, bora, - |agg|o , lrs|||u|o la|r|s||co `Augus||r|arur', - . 11 11 o8o
3|ud|a Fp|erer|des `Augus||r|arur' . bore, . ; 1z
. `l'e|erco de||e c||az|or| de| ||or| sap|erz|a|| re||a |e||era|ura roras||ca de| lv e
v seco|o.' bTK ( ). - . |o111|
0epuyd|, l. `lr 3|ru|||ur graecur (3|eru|e. lucc|es|, F.).' 0r ( ). - . 1oo;;1
0orr|es, l. `0|e 8|oe| |r a||es|er |orc||ur.' TlZ ( ). - . ;z1|;z1zz
809
Fyrarr, l. 3. `'lr C|r|s|o er|r poss|derdur es| quod cur C|r|s|o es|
poss|derdur.' br v||| a|s vers|e|ers|or|zor| lur as|e||sc|es leoer |r e|rer
Tros|or|el
des Fu|rop|us.' lages - |r l|||o|og|a sacra.ls. l. J. lrede ard w. T| |e|e. 1|zz
vo|. . Fd||ed oy b. 0rysor, ve|us |a||ra. lre|ourg. lerder, . z 1
lrar|, K. 3. `v||a apos|o||ca. Arsa|ze zur apos|o||sc|er leoerslorr |r der a||er
K|rc|e.' ZK0 ( ). - . 8z1;11|oo
. `0as lo|e||ed |r der lru|er |orc|s|||era|ur.' FA ( ). - . o118z|;oo
lrar|, 3. `0|e Frlorsc|urg der Arlarge des |orc||urs urd d|e lrage der
lerrereu|||.' l3 ( ). - . 1;1z8||
lrar|lur|er, 0. F||ja| |r upper Fgyp|. T| e Apoca|ypse ol F||ja| ard ear|y
Fgyp||ar
C|r|s||ar||y.3|ud|es |r Ar||qu||y ard C|r|s||ar||y. ||rreapo||s. lor|ress, . 1
lueg||s|er, N. 'lr der we||e des lerzers |aul|rar der weg der 0eoo|e 0o||es'
(b8
lro|. ). lages - |r we||e des lerzers, we||e des leoers. 8e||rage zur | 1o
C|r|s|se|r |r roderrer 0ese||sc|al|. ls. zur -ja|r|ger Ao|sjuo||aur des Ao|s z
vor 3|. 8or|laz |urc|er|Ardec|s 0r. 0d||o lec|rer 038, l. Fd||ed oy |. larger
ard A. 8||gr|. begersourg. lus|e|, . 18
0arr|do 8orao, |. `lurdarer|os o|o||cos de |a car|dad er |as reg|as
rors||cas.'
8urg ( ). - . 1|1;|11oo
0|rde|e, C. `la |ec|ure de |'Fcr||ure dars |e roras|re de 3. lac|ore.' 8vC o;
( ). - . 1oo|z
0r|||a, C. Ae|as sp|r||a||s. 0|e uoerW|rdurg der ra|ur||c|er A||erss|uler a|s ldea|
lru|c|r|s|||c|er leoers.T| eop|are|a . 8orr. lars|e|r, . z| 1;z
Cop||c 1|o
0u|||auror|, A. `|orac||sre e| e|||que judeo-c|re||erre.' b3b ( ). oo1;z
- 1z18.
lars|||, b. `Neu|es|arer|-Z||a|e |r der a||es|er K|os|errege|r.' lages - |r ;o|
ls.
l. lo|d|.Fd||ed oy v. l||eder. lo|||re|, . 1;o
lerrera, J. `Teras reo|es|arer|ar|os de |u|da de| rurdo er |a v|da de Ar|or|o,
de
3. A|aras|o.' veroo ( ). - . 11oz8;o
Joes|, C. 8|oe|s|e||er|or|ordarz zu der W|c|||gs|er a||erer |orc|srege|r.ll .
Turr|ou|. 8repo|s, . 1|
Kaoer, |. `l||erar|sc|e Trad|||orer |r der Apop||egra|a la|rur.' w8la||e 1
( ). - . 1o81z||
Kasper, C. |. `laus|us vor b|ez, lred|g|er ar d|e |orc|e.' Froe urd Aul|rag - o;
o8
( - ). - , - , - , - , - . 111zzo|o88|o1o8z|18o|
. `'u|s es| |oro, qu| vu|| v||ar?' ZWe| ur|ersc||ed||c|e roras||sc|e
Korzep||orer rac| ls , ,' b83 ( ). - . 1 181|1z||
. `Fra| v|r urus ( 3ar . ) |r der Aus|egurg der va|er. F|re Kurzlorre| zu 1 11
weg
urd Z|e| as|e||sc|er 3|reoers.' T|l| ( ). - . o188zo|1
Kerrer, A. `|ar|a urd |ar||a, Zur 0eu|urgsgesc||c||e vor l| . ll. |r a||er 1o8
|orc||ur.' FuA ( ). - . |o1o|o;
Ku|r, K. l. A paregyr|c or Apo||o, Arc||rardr||e ol ||e |oras|ery ol lsaac, oy
3|ep|er, o|s|op ol lerac|eopo||s |agra. C3C0. louva|r, . 1;8
le|o|r, l. `les lres du deser| e| |a 8|o|e.' v3 ( ). - . 1|o18o1o;81
leroy, J. `F| Fvarge||o er |a |rad|c|or rors||ca.' Cu|or ( ). - . 81;;18o
l|||erle|d, l. vor. `lau|us-Z||a|e urd pau||r|sc|e 0edar|er |r der
Apop|||egra|a
la|rur.' 3|Fv ( ). - . 1o8z8o
lodo|o, 0. `l| |era s|roo||co de| parad|so re||a |rad|z|ore roras||ca
de||'occ|der|e
|a||ro (seco|| vl-Xll). lo sve|arer|o de| s|roo|o.' Aev ( ). - . z1;81;;|
|ara, |. 0. `ura par||co|are u||||zzaz|ore de| corpus pao||ro re||' 'Fp|s|u|a ad
rorac|os'.' lages - |r |eror|a| 0or Jear 0r|ooror| ( - ). |1118 1zo18o
3FAug
z;. bore. lrs|||u|ur la|r|s||cur 'Augus||r|arur,' . 188
. `8|oo|a e s|or|a re| lerorero roras||co. la v||a Ar|or||.' lages - zo;
|r l|erora. 3a|us carr|s. loreraje a Ar|or|o 0roe.Fd||ed oy F. borero
lose, J. b|us-Carps, ard J. |or|serra| Torrer|s. 3ar||ago de Corpos|e|a.
Corpes|e||arur, . 1o
|a||er, F. A. `Fu|og|ur spors| de sporsa. Carors, |or|s ard ||e 3org ol
3orgs.'
T|or ( ). - . |181;|
Nage|, l. `0|e w|edergeW|rrurg des larad|eses durc| As|ese.' ll ( ). . |1oo|
0'laug|||r, |. `T| e 8|o|e, ||e 0erors ard ||e 0eser|. Fva|ua||rg ||e
Ar||rr|e||cus ol Fvagr|us lor||cus.' 3||or ( ). - . |1zzo11
lerco, 0. `le l|gure o|o||c|e de| v|r 0e|re||'ag|ogral|a roras||ca.' 8er ( ). 11o8
810
- 11.
lr|coco, 3. `la sca|a d| 0|acoooe. l'|r|erpre|az|ore asce||ca d| 0er . da z81z
l||ore a
3ar 8erede||o.' b83 - ( - ). - . 1|11818o|18
1|;olour|eer la|r|s||c Fxeges|s
uacquare|||, A. `No|e su||a eseges| d| T| . re||a |e||era|ura roras||ca z 1o
ar||ca.'
lages - |r |eror|a| 0or Jear 0r|ooror| ( - ). 3FAug . bore. o1 1zo18o z;
lrs|||u|ur la|r|s||cur 'Augus||r|arur,' . 188
uec|e, l. 0|e 8r|ele lac|ors. 0r|ec||sc|er Tex| der lardsc|r|l|w. der 1|
C|es|er
8ea||y l|orary e|rge|e||e| urd |erausgegeoer, |op||sc|e lragrer|e urd Z||a|e.
Tex|la|rl|| . begersourg. lus|e|., . 11 1;
begrau||, l. |ai|res sp|r||ue|s au deser| de 0aza. 8arsarup|e, Jear e| 0or|||ee.
Tex|es
c|o|s|s, |radu||s e| preser|es. Fd. de |'Aooaye de 3o|esres. 3o|esres (3ar||e),
. 1o8
buoersor, 3. T| e |e||ers ol 3|. Ar|ory. T| e roras||c|sr ard ||e ra||rg ol a
sa|r|.
||rreapo||s. lor|ress, . 1
le sa|r| prop||e F||see d'aprs |es lres de |'Fg||se. Tex|es preser|es par |es
carre|||es
du |oras|re 3a|r| F||e.|orac||sre pr|r|||l. 8egro||es-er-|auges. Aooaye de
8e||elor|a|re, . 1
3c|u|ze, u. `0|e 'ge|s||ger 3|rre' der 3ee|e. F|re |urze 3||zze zur Ar||ropo|og|e
des
|a|ar|os|3yreor.' lages - |r 00l.3 , w|esoader. larrassoW||z. 1z1 o
3|ape|rarr, w. `0|e l|. 3c|r|l|oe| 3yreor vor |esopo|ar|er.' T|0| ( ). ||1|
- zo.
3p|d|||, T. `Fseges| roras||ca.' lages - |r Fseges| e ca|ec|es| re| ladr| o;
(secc. lv-
vll). Corvegro d| s|ud|o e agg|orrarer|o, laco|| d| le||ere cr|s||are e c|ass|c|e
(lor||l|c|ur lrs|||u|ur A|||or|s la||ra||s), bora - rarzo .8|o||o|eca zz; 1
d| 3c|erze be||g|ose , 3|ud|Tes||Correr|| la|r|s||c|. Fd||ed oy 3. le||c|. 11z
bore. lA3, . 1|
Tarourr|ro, l. `les sa|r|s de |'AT dars |a re ca|ec|se de 3. lac|ore.' |e||o 1 |
( ). - . 1o8||
T|uroerg, l. `Arg|a||ve| | rur|ges|a||. bardar-rar|r|rgar |||| e|| ro||v |
lorr|yr|ars roras|||a |rad|||or (ls . , || . - par, leor . ). Frg||s| 81 1zz|; 1|
3urrary.' KlA ( ). - , - . ;z1;z;8;8
T| urer, J. `0|e o|o||sc|e 0rurd|age der ra|ar|ar|sc|er 0eoe|spararese
(vor|rage
der dr|||er l|rr.-deu|sc|er T| eo|oger|agurg |r Are|urgsoorr ).' lages 18o
- z8|r |a|ar|os-3yrpos|ur uoer das 0eoe|. Fd||ed oy J. |ar|||a|rer ard
l.-0. Kv|s|. Tur|u. Aoo. A|ad. lor|ag, . 18
ve|||eux, A. la l||urg|e dars |e ceroo|||sre pac|or|er au e s|c|e. bore. |
lerder, . 1o8
. `l'Fcr||ure 3a|r|e dars |a Ko|ror|a pac|or|erre. la |rad|||or des douze
psaures.' 3|Ars ( ). - , - . bore. ;1o8zoz;z|
. `lo|y 3cr|p|ure |r ||e lac|or|ar Ko|ror|a.' |or3 ( ). - . 1o1;|1|
we|ss, l. l. `Zur C|r|s|o|og|e des 3|erou|e vor A|r|pe.' 83AC ( , ed. zo1o
). 1;1
- 1;;zo.
wo o|l erder, 0. w. ` T| e use ol ||e lsa||er oy Far|y |oras||c Corrur|||es.'
lages - |r 3| la|r vo|. . lapers preser|ed a| ||e F|ever|| lr|erra||ora| 88| zo
Corlererce or la|r|s||c 3|ud|es |e|d |r 0xlord . l||urg|ca, 3ecord Cer|ury, 11
A|exardr|a oelore N|caea, A||aras|us ard ||e Ar|ar Cor|roversy. louva|r.
lee|ers, . 1
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| lv 1|;1
FTll0llAN
A vas| |err||ory sou|| ol ||e bed 3ea ard ||e 0u|l ol Ader, oordered |r ||e
Wes| oy roderr 3udar, |r ||e sou|| oy Kerya, Was popu|a|ed l|ve or s|x
cer|ur|es oelore ||e corror era oy |rr|grar|s cor|rg lror sou||err
Arao|a. T| e or|g|ra| cu||ure ol F|||op|a Was ol a 3er|||c |ype as Was ||s Wr|||er
|arguage, `||e l|rs| 3er|||c |arguage Wr|||er W||| voca||za||or' (leyer,
;o). C|r|s||ar||y pere|ra|ed F|||op|a |r ||e ear|y lour|| cer|ury, ||ar|s |o
a rerc|ar| ca||ed lrurer||us ard ||s corpar|or Aedes|us, oo|| or|g|ra||rg
lror Tyre, 3yr|a (0aza). Al|er a cer|a|r ||re lrurer||us Was orda|red pr|es|
|r A|exardr|a oy ||e recer||y corsecra|ed o|s|op A||aras|us (ca. | ). o
lr ||e s|x|| cer|ury, a secord lourda||or |r F|||op|a Was ||e Wor| ol ||e
so-ca||ed `3ever 3a|r|s,' |orop|ys||e ror|s ex||ed lror 3yr|a.
C|r|s||ar |||era|ure |r F|||op|a s|ar|ed W||| ||e |rars|a||or ol ||e 8|o|e
lror ||e |xx |r|o 0eez, ||er ||e verracu|ar |arguage, dur|rg ||e l|l|| ard
s|x|| cer|ur|es. T| e r| Was |rars|a|ed or ||e oas|s ol ||e luc|ar|c vers|or
811
ol Ar||oc|. la|er, rurerous rev|s|ors ol ||e r| |r 0eez occurred oased or
Arao|c vers|ors prov|ded oy ||e Cop||c pa|r|arc|a|e ol A|exardr|a. `T|e
c|urc| |eac|es ||a| ||s caror|ca| scr|p|ures are e|g||y-ore' (la||e , 1
|).
vers|ors ol arc|er| apocyrp|a|s, suc| as ||e 8oo| ol Froc|, ||e 8oo| ol
Juo||ees, ||e 3|ep|erd ol lerras, ||e Ascers|or ol lsa|a|, lv Fsdras, ard ||e
l|ys|o|ogos, ol| er reproduced ||e o|des| lorr |roWr ol ||e or|g|ra| |ex|.
T|e er|||os, |rars|a|ed lror 0ree|, Was a co||ec||or ol c|r|s|o|og|ca| docurer|s
ard c||a||ors s|ar||rg W||| 0r ||e b|g|| la|||, oy Cyr||, |erce ||s ||||e.
T| e co||ec||or relerred |o Fp|esus W||| a d|s||rc||ve|y |orop|ys||e |1
l|avour. 0||er apocryp|a|s, W||| apoca|yp||c over|ores, Were T|e Tes|arer|
ol 0ur lord, ||e Apoca|pyse ol le|er, ||e a|erer|os(`C|erer|'), ard o||ers
(ve|a|, ). 1|o8
|oras||c sources, suc| as ||e bu|e ol 3|. lac|or|us, ||e bu|e ol 3|. Ar|ory,
||e Apop||egra|a, or ||e l|||esyus(`l|||oxeros' ol |aooug, d. ), Were z
a|so |rars|a|ed |r ||e o|der, or Ax|ur||e per|od, ard so Was ||e 0|dasca||a.
A spec|a| devo||or lor |ary lourd ||s express|or |r |yrrs ard |r o||er poe||c
lorrs ol a rerar|ao|e qua|||y, ||e o|des| ol ||er, ||e weddase |aryar
(`lra|ses ol |ary'), da||rg lror ||e lour|| or ||e s|x|| cer|ury.
Arorg |rars|a|ed pa|r|s||c Wor|s l|gure, |r par||cu|ar, sore |or|||es ol
Jo|r C|rysos|or, suc| as ||s correr|ary or leoreWs, or ||e 0ospe|s ol
|ar|, lu|e, Jo|r ard or ||e Ter Corrardrer|s, a|| |r ||e|r 0eez vers|ors.
1|;zlour|eer la|r|s||c Fxeges|s
0||er pa|r|s||c Wor|s are or|y par||a||y |rarr|||ed |r ca|erae. T| oug| dec|ared
`|ere||cs' oy ||e `|orop|ys||e' c|urc| ol F|||op|a, lsaac ol N|reve|
ard lso'dad ol |erW oecare par| ol ||e F|||op|ar |rad|||or ||ar|s |o ||e|r
roras||c ard exege||ca| Wr|||rgs.
lor a descr|p||or ol ||e currer| prac||ce ol o|o||ca| s|ud|es |r F|||op|a,
see ||e repor| ol a prac||c|orer ard |rs|der, 0. la||e . 1
3ources
ll , - . bul|rus, C|urc| l|s|oryl, |x. z1|;88o
l0 , . A||aras|us ol A|exardr|a, Apo|ogy |o Cors|ar||us. zoo
0u|d|, l., ed., 3yraxa|e F|||op|er. l0 vll, - . |z;z
Fd|||ors
8ey|o|, b., Correr|a|re e|||op|er sur |es oered|c||ors de |oise e| de Jacoo.
C3C0 , , 3cr|p|. ae||. , . leuver . |1o|11 ;;| 1;
0reoau|, 3., Tes|arer| er 0a|||ee de No|re 3e|greur. l0 ( ). - . 11z1|1zo
T| e ||rac|es ol Jesus. l0 ( ). - , ( ). - , 1z11;oz1|1zo;o81;
( ). - . 1z|;88;
3|ud|es
A|oer|, |., b. 8ey|o|, a|., C|r|s||ar|sres or|er|aux. lr|roduc||or |'e|ude des
|argues
e| des ||||era|ures. lar|s . 1
8e|||o|o, l., `Fseges| e purezza d| cuore. la |es||ror|arza d| 0ad||o' a|raya (vll
sec.), res|or|aro e so|||ar|o'. l.-|. 8ogaer|, ed. lec|ures o|o||ques. Co||oque du
11rov. . 8russe|s , - . 18o 18|zo11
8eyere, ., l' urz|ore d| Cr|s|o re||a |eo|og|a e||op|ca, cor|r|ou|o d| r|cerca su
ruov|
docurer|| e||op|ce |red|||. 0CA . bore . z1 181
8urdy, 0., `F|||op|c C|r|s||ar l||era|ure'. F. lergusor, ed., Frcyc|oped|a ol Far|y
C|r|s||ar||y, rd ed. ( ) l. z 1;z
CoW|ey, b. w., `T| e 8|o||ca| Caror ol ||e F|||op|ar 0r||odox C|urc| Today'. 03
z( ). - . 1;|18z
. `r| lr|roduc||or |r ||e Arder|a Correr|ary Trad|||or'. 03 ( ). zo1;;
- 1||z.
. `la|r|s||c lr|roduc||or |r ||e F|||op|ar Arder|a Correr|ary Trad|||or'. 03
z( ). - . 18o|
. `T| e '8|ood ol Zec|ar|a|' (|| . ) |r F|||op|ar Fxege||ca| Trad|||or'. 3|la|r z
18( ). - . 18zoz
lor ||e leoreW 8|o|e |o ||e 3ep|uag|r| . T| e Trad|||ora| lr|erpre|a||or 1|;
ol ||e Apoca|ypse ol 3|. Jo|r |r ||e F|||op|ar
0r||odox C|urc|. . 18
. F|||op|ar 8|o||ca| lr|erpre|a||or. A 3|udy |r Fxege||ca| Trad|||or ard
lerrereu||cs. 0r|er|a| luo|. . Caror|dge . 8 188
la||e, 0., `T| e lor||y |r lorour ol 3|. lrurer||us, 8|s|op ol Axur'. A8 ;
( ). - . 1;o18
. `F|||op|ar 8|o||ca| lr|erpre|a||or'. J. l. layes, ed. 0|c||orary ol 8|o||ca|
lr|erpre|a||orl ( ). - . 1o
leyer, l., `T| e Teac||rg ol Targur |r ||e F|||op|ar C|urc|'. lroceed|rgs ol ||e
T| |rd lr|erra||ora| Corlererce ol F|||op|ar 3|ud|es , . Add|s Aoaoa , 1ooz 1;o
- 1|oo.
Ka|eWo|d, l., Trad|||ora| F|||op|ar C|urc| Fduca||or. . 1;o
|e|zger, 8. |., Far|y vers|ors ol ||e NeW Tes|arer|. T| e|r 0r|g|r, Trarsr|ss|or,
ard
812
l|r||a||ors. 0xlord . 1;;
lederser, K. 3., Trad|||ora| F|||op|ar Fxeges|s ol ||e 8oo| ol lsa|rs. 0|ss.
leoreW
ur|vers||y, Jerusa|er . 18
u||erdorll, F., F|||op|a ard ||e 8|o|e. lordor . 1o8
. lror ||e 8|o|e |o Frr|co Ceru|||. A ||sce||ary ol F|||op|ar ard 3er|||c lapers
A|||op|s||sc|e lorsc|urger, . 3|u||gar|. 3|e|rer. z
ve|a|, 8. `F|||op|e.' 03p ( ). - . |1oo1|;;
F|||op|ar 1|;
v| A|p|aoe||ca| l|s| ol lr|rc|pa| Au||ors & Aroryrous wor|s 0|scussed
T||s page |r|er||ora||y|el|o|ar|
T| e vererao|e 8ede's use ol 3cr|p|ure 1|;
Flll00uF
A v0lCF lb0| TlF `FN03 0l TlF
FAbTl'. TlF vFNFbA8lF 8F0F'3 u3F
0l 3CbllTubF
1|;
v| A|p|aoe||ca| l|s| ol lr|rc|pa| Au||ors & Aroryrous wor|s 0|scussed
T||s page |r|er||ora||y|el|o|ar|
T| e vererao|e 8ede's use ol 3cr|p|ure 1|;;
T| e `erd' ol ||e pa|r|s||c era as ar ||s|or|ca| p|eroreror Was rar|ed oy
ex|rere l|u|d||y, cover|rg severa| cer|ur|es ard rary d|llerer| deve|oprer|s.
la|r|s||c vo|ces Were s||erced oy ||e des|ruc||or ol ||e c|urc| |rs|||u||ors
||roug| W||c| ||ey |ad de||vered ||e|r ressage. Augus||re ol l|ppo,
agor|z|rg or ||s dea||oed dur|rg ||e surrer ol |r a c||y surrourded |o
oy ||e varda|s, serves |ere as ar e|oquer| exarp|e. Al|er ||s dea||, l|ppo ro
|orger ex|s|ed or ||e rap ol pa|r|s||c exeges|s. 8y ||e r|dd|e ol ||e e|g|||
cer|ury, a| ||e o||er erd ol ||e |ed||errarear, Jo|r |arsur, roo|e c|||zer
ol 0arascus ard au||or ol ||e lp" v$(, T| e lour| ol KroW|edge,
d|ed a| ||e age ol , W||| ||s arc|er| re|ropo||s a|ready |rarslorred |r|o 1o|
a predor|rar||y ls|ar|c c||y.
T| roug|ou| |||s |org per|od||epro|rac|ed `erd|rg' ol ||e pa|r|s||c
per|od lror ur||| ||e |r|erpre|a||or ol scr|p|ure urderWer| |o ;o
drara||c c|arges |rs|de ||e orgo|rg pas|ora| ard sc|o|as||c ac||v|||es ol ||e
C|r|s||ar corrur|||es. T| e exp|ara||or ol ||e 8|o|e |ad a|ready |rposed
or gerera||ors ol C|r|s||ar |r|e||ec|ua|s |rererdous c|a||erges, ard ||e
re|er||ess resporse |o ||ese c|a||erges g|ver oy corrur||y |eaders resu||ed
|r ||e |rcu||ura||or ol ||e 8|o|e arorg ||e c|urc|es es|ao||s|ed |rs|de ||e
borar Frp|re ard a|org ||s oorders. 0rce suc| a resu|| |ad oeer secured,
o|o||ca| exeges|s |erded |o re|rea| lror a crea||ve |rver||or ol correr|ar|es
|o ar exeges|s ol ||e correr|ar|es ||erse|ves. lr ||e 0ree|-spea||rg Wor|d,
||era||c co||ec||ors ol ex|rac|s s|ar|ed c|rcu|a||rg lor ar eas|er d|s|r|ou||or
ol W|a| Was |ercelor|| perce|ved as ||e c|ass|ca| ressage ol ||e la||ers. T| e
la||r wes| produced ||s oWr recap||u|a||ve lorrs ol sc|o|ars||p, |rposed
oy ||e ravages ol oaroar|ar |rvas|ors, cu|r|ra||rg |r ||e ercyc|oped|c Wor|
ol ls|dore ol 3ev|||e, W|o d|ed |r . oo
w|a| |appered |o ||e |egacy ol pa|r|s||c exeges|s oeyord ||e cu||ura|
ard po||||ca| s||l|s rar||rg ||e erd ol Ar||qu||y? lr ||e recer| pas| a ruroer
ol l|re sc|o|ars |ave laced ||e corp|ex||y ol ||e s||l|s |o oe cors|dered, ou|
so lar ||e|r ellor|s |ave oeer purc|ua| a| oes|, ard ||e resu||s g|ve a o|urred
overa|| |rpress|or ol ||e ear||es| recep||or ol pa|r|s||c exeges|s oy ||e l|rs|
Wave ol red|eva| correr|a|ors. lor |||s reW gerera||or ol sc|o|ars a l|rs|
requ|rerer| Was |o ga|r cor|ro| over ||e or|g|ra| |arguages |r W||c| ||e
8|o|e ||se|l Was |rarsr|||ed s|rce ||e oeg|rr|rg ol ||e C|r|s||ar era0ree|,
la||r, ard leoreW. Aga|r, a degree ol |ex| cr|||c|sr Was |rd|spersao|e W|er
reW|y corver|ed oaroar|ar groups acqu|red d|llerer| cop|es ol o|o||ca|
|ex|s. bead|rgs ol cop|es lror pa|r|s||c correr|ar|es Was ol|er a source ol
arazerer| lor ||ese reW sc|o|ars, as ||e la||ers |ad sore||res oased ||e|r
exp|ara||ors or vers|ors ol ||e 8|o|e ur|roWr |o ||e|r readers |r ||e ear|y
red|eva| per|od. T| er oegar ||e reeded corlror|a||or W||| ||e ||oug|| ol
||e arc|er| correr|a|ors ard ||e cu||ura| oac|grourd s||rrer|rg ||roug|
1|;8Fp||ogue
||a| ||oug||, |r o||er Words, ||e|r corlror|a||or W||| a Wor|d gore lorever
|r W||c| ||e ear|y C|r|s||ar |rad|||ors |ad sacra||zed ||e|r |rrerros| se|lall| rr
a||ors. A lres| |rcu||ura||or ol ||e 8|o|e |r reW lorrs ol |arguage
ard soc|e|y oecare ||e oas|c |rpera||ve, ever |l, a| l|rs| g|arce, ||e ear||es|
red|eva| gerera||ors ol exege|es seered s|rgu|ar|y |||-prepared lor suc| a
|as|.
lr ||e ||v|rg orgar|sr ol C|r|s||ar |rad|||ors, ||e sare c|a||erge resurlaces eac|
||re W|er a reW gerera||or ol oe||evers l|rds ||se|l a||era|ed lror
||s oWr re||g|ous pas|, or W|er C|r|s||ars a||erp| |o redel| re ||erse|ves ard
|o de||ver ||e|r sp|r||ua| ressage |r a reW cu||ure. lror ||e ror||errros|
|err||or|es ol ||e reW|y corver|ed Arg|o-3axor |r|oes, ||e e|g||| cer|ury
Frg||s| ror|, 8ede |rv||es us |o a rodes| case-s|udy se| |r |||s W|rd|rg
813
road rar|ed oy reW oeg|rr|rgs |r ||e ||s|ory ol C|r|s||ar |errereu||cs.
T| e vererao|e 8ede ard ||e becep||or ol la|r|s||c Fxeges|s
A| ||e age ol sever, 8ede ( - ) er|ered a Nor||uror|ar corrur||y o;z;
ol ror|s, es|ao||s|ed |r ||e reg|or ol 0ur|ar, a| wearrou|| ard JarroW,
|ard|y |Wo r||es aWay lror ladr|ar's wa||. ur||| ||s dea|| a| ||e age ol
o, |e rever |el|||a| rero|e spo| ou| |e deve|oped W||||r ||s corpara||ve
|so|a||or, ||e ur|versa| v|s|or ol a grea| sc|o|ar ard ||e lerver| er||us|asr
ol a sp|r||ua| |eac|er. lor a|ros| |a|l a cer|ury, as |e s|a|es aoou| ||rse|l a|
||e erd ol ||s Fcc|es|as||ca| l|s|ory ol ||e Frg||s| leop|e, `ar|d ||e ooservarce
ol ||e d|sc|p||re ol ||e bu|e ard ||e da||y |as| ol s|rg|rg |r ||e c|urc|, ||
|as a|Ways oeer ry de||g|| |o |earr or |o |eac| or |o Wr||e' (v, , |rars|. z|
8. ward, T|e vererao|e 8ede, Ka|arazoo, ||c||gar, , ). l|s Wr|||er |egacy 18z
(ll - ) prov|ded ar |rpor|ar| lourda||or lor ||e |r|erpre|a||or ol ||e o
8|o|e |r ||e la||r ||dd|e Ages oy |rarsr||||rg ||e r|c|es ol sp|r||ua| exeges|s
as |aug|| oy ||e |||rd cer|ury A|exardr|ar 0r|ger ard oy lope 0regory ||e
0rea|, jus| a leW gerera||ors oelore||e ||re ol 8ede. Corp|e|e|y reg|ec|ed
oy ||e ||s|or|ars ol C|r|s||ar exeges|s dur|rg ||e l|rs| |a|l ol ||e |Wer||e||
cer|ury oecause ol ||e|r o|as aga|rs| a||egor|sr, ||e exege||ca| Wor|s ol 8ede
rade a spec|acu|ar er|ry |r|o ||e Corpus C|r|s||arorur lror or, 1o
||ar|s |o ||e ed||or|a| ac||everer| ol ||e 8ered|c||re 0ar|e| lurs|.
lr ||e|r c|roro|og|ca| order, over |Wer|y ol 8ede's exege||ca| Wr|||rgs deserve
|ere a spec|a| rer||or.
Ca. Fxpos|||o Ac|uur Apos|o|orur. CCl , |. l. w. la|s|rer, ;o 1z1
18= , Frg||s| |rars|. l. T. |ar||r, Ka|arazoo, . T| e Fxpos|||oWas 1 18
T| e vererao|e 8ede's use ol 3cr|p|ure 1|;
corp|e|ed oy a ||s| ol Nor|ra reg|orur a|que |ocorur de Ac||ous Apos|o|orur.
CCl , |. l. w. la|s|rer . a |oporyry |rsp|red oy Jerore, oased or 1z1 18
l||ry, Na|ura| l|s|ory, 0ros|us, l|s|ory, ard ls|dore, F|yro|og|es.
8e|Weer ard Fxpos|||o evarge||| lucae. CCl , 0. lurs|, ;o ;1 1zo
1o. lr Fp|s|o|as evarge||| lucae. CCl , 0. lurs|, . lr Fp|s|o|as sep|er 1zo 1o
ca||o||cas. CCl , 0. lurs|, . 1z1 18
8e|Weer ard Apoca|yps|r. ll , - . ;1o ;1o 1zzoo
Ca. lr pr|rar par|er 3aru|e||s ||or| lv. CCl , 0. lurs| . ;1o 11 1oz
0e rars|or|ous l|||orur lsrae|.
;zolr 0eres|r.
- ;zo;z0e |aoerracu|o. CCl A, 0. lurs|, . 0e eo quod a|| 11 1
lsa|as 'F| c|auder|ur'.
- ;zo;olr Too|ar, lr lrovero|a 3a|oror|s, ard lr Car||ca Car||corur.
CCl 8, 0. lurs|, . 11 18
Ca. lr begur ||orur XXX uaes||ores. CCl , 0. lurs|, . ;z 11 1oz
;z0e |erporur ra||ore, |r W||c| 8ede reWor|s ar ear||er essay 0e
|erpor|ous. CCl 8, C. w. Jores, . 1z 1;;
- ;z;oFxpos|||o evarge||| |arc|. CCl , 0. lurs|, . 1zo 1o
- ;z;1lr Fzrar e| Neer|ar.
- ;z;10e |erp|o. CCl A, 0. lurs|, . 11 1
8elore Fxpos|||o |r car||cur laoacuc prop|e|ae. CCl 8, J. F. ;1 11
ludsor, . 18
- ;o;lore||arur evarge||| ||or| ll, |rc|ud|rg l| l|y |or|||es ol 8ede,
se|ec|ed ard ed||ed oy ||rse|l. CCl , 0. lurs|, . 1zz 1
Al|er be|rac|a||ores |r Ac|a. CCl , |. l. w. la|s|rer, = ;1 1z1 18
1.
;|, Nov , le||er |o Fgoer| ol or|
A| a very ear|y s|age ol ||s |eac||rg career, 8ede Wro|e a ruroer
ol d|dac||c essays lor s|uder| ror|s, suc| as a |rea||se 0e or||ograp||a
(CCl A, C. w. Jores, = ), ard so |e oegar as a Wr||er, W|ere 1z 1; 1|
Cass|odorus |ad erded, W||| `a ro|eooo|, W||| Words grouped urder |e||ers
ol ||e a|p|aoe|, W||| or|el Warr|rgs aoou| d|ll| cu|||es |r spe|||rg, a leW
grarra||ca| ru|es aoou| cer|a|r lorrs, sore||res a||erra||ve rear|rgs'
(8. ward, T|e vererao|e, ), a 0e ar|e re|r|ca, a 0e ra|ura rerur, ard a 0e zz
sc|era||ous e| |rop|s, W||| exarp|es ol ||e lorrs ol speec| ros| ol| er used
|r scr|p|ure ard C|r|s||ar poe|ry.
8ede's oWr lar|||ar||y W||| c|ass|ca| la||r erao|ed ||r |o express ||rse|l
|r a serere ard corrur|ca||ve prose, c|arac|er|zed oy a l| rr grasp ol syr|ax.
T| e Words ol ||e or|degroor |r Car||c|e cou|d |ave oeer spo|er oy 8ede
||rse|l. `l Wou|d a|Ways secure a ||rp|d appeararce lor ry corversa||or ard
1|8oFp||ogue
a c|ear ard gracelu| vo|ce lor W|a| l |ave |o say', lac|er reae corversa||or|s
||rp|dar ac vocer reae |ocu||or|s purar serper oll erar e| gra|ar.
T| e poe||c re|er ol 8ede's 0e d|e |ud|c||, 0r ||e 0ay ol Judgrer|,
|rars|a|ed |r|o 0|d Frg||s|, Was a source ol |rsp|ra||or lor ||e |a|er
Caro||rg|ar poe|s. 0||er |yrrs ard prayers vers|l|ed oy 8ede Were ed||ed
oy J. lra|por| |r CCl ( ) - , ||ese parap|rases ol o|o||ca| 1zz1|o|1
psa|rs cor||rued a |rad|||or |raugura|ed oy lau||rus ol No|a |r ||e lour||
cer|ury.
814
Correr|ary or beve|a||or(ll , - ) 111|
T|e Correr|ary or beve|a||oroeg|rs W||| a surrary ol Tycor|us' 8oo|
ol bu|esas quo|ed |r Augus||re's 0e doc|r|ra c|r|s||ara. T| e 8oo| ol bu|es
|ad a|ready oeer surrar|zed oy Augus||re |r ||s 0e doc|r|ra c|r|s||ara,
ou| 8ede's surrary, ur|||e Augus||re's, |rc|udes appropr|a|e relererces |o
||e 8oo| ol beve|a||or ard ||us err|c|es ||e preser|a||or ol a|ros| a|| ||e
sever bu|es ol Tycor|us. lr a sooer parap|rase 8ede reWr||es ||e W|o|e
sacred |ex|, verse oy verse, occas|ora||y ca|||rg or r|re pa|r|s||c au||or|||es
erurera|ed |ere |r ||e|r c|roro|og|ca| order.
lgra||us ol Ar||oc| 8, Cypr|ar 8, Tycor|us 0, A, A, 18; 18 1| 1 1o
1ooC, 8, A, 0, C, A ard A, 0|orys|us ol A|exardr|a 1;| 1;8 181 18 11 1|
zoA, Jerore C, C, Augus||re A, 0, 0, Ara|or A, 1| 1;o 1|| 1; 11 zoo
0regory ||e 0rea| A, 8, 0, lor|ura|us A. lr add|||or, 8ede ca||s 1| 1|o 1;o 18
or ar `o|d say|rg' ve|us d|c|ur( A). `Cors|der |oW ||e ear|| |s d|v|ded 1o
|r lour par|s, lor s|a||rg ||a| la||| preva||s everyW|ere', besp|ce d|s||rc||s
quadra|ur par||ous oroer, u| regrur l|de| curc|a |erere prooes( A). T| |s 1o
locus or ||e `ur|versa|||y' ol ||e c|urc| W||| oe a cors|ar| relra|r |r 8ede's
correr|ar|es ol scr|p|ure.
8ede's rerar|s |r ||e Correr|ary ol beve|a||or are We|| descr|oed
oy 8ered|c|a ward. `8ede Was ro| larc|lu| a| ||e experse ol |eac||rg, |e
used a||egory or|y as a servar| ol ||s ra|r purpose ol ed|l|ca||or' (T|e
vererao|e, ). |
Correr|ary or Ac|s
8ede's Correr|ary or Ac|s, poss|o|y ||s ear||es| exege||ca| Wor|, |s a|so
||e l|rs| ex|ers|ve exp|ara||or ol Ac|s Wr|||er oy a la||r au||or. As 0ree|
rode|s |||e ||e lor|||es or Ac|soy Jo|r C|rysos|or Were ur|roWr |o
||r, ||e Nor||uror|ar ror| cou|d lree|y |rves| ||s oWr geru|re resources
|r |||s |r|erpre||ve |as|. lrdeed ||roug|ou| 0r Ac|s|e d|sp|ays a var|e|y
T| e vererao|e 8ede's use ol 3cr|p|ure 1|81
ol re||ods ard a oroad rarge ol |rlorra||or, W||c| ray We|| rel|ec| ||e
rore persora| aspec|s ol ||s a||||ude |oWards scr|p|ure. Ar |rs|arce ol ar
or|g|ra| |r|||a||ve rurr|rg ||roug|ou| ||e Correr|ary ||g|||g||s ||e Way
|r W||c| 8ede Was app|y|rg ||e pr|rc|p|e ol |r|er|ex|ua|||y W||c| |e |ad
|r|er||ed lror ||e pa|r|s||c |rad|||or. le cors|ar||y relers ||e verses ol Ac|s
|o ||e |ex| ol ||e 0ospe|s as ||e or|y |ey capao|e ol oper|rg ||e correc|
urders|ard|rg ol lu|e's ||s|or|ca| rarra||ve. T| us |e s|ar|s oy c|ar|ly|rg ||e
rear|rg ol `a|| ||e |||rgs W||c| Jesus d|d' |r Ac|s . oy quo||rg Jo|r . 11 zoo
aoou| Jesus' `s|grs W||c| are ro| Wr|||er'. T| e sare recourse |o ||e 0ospe|s
occurs |er o||er ||res |r 8ede's rerar|s or ||e |Wer|y-s|x verses ol Ac|s , 1
ard |||s cor||rues |o oe preva|er| a|| ||roug| ||e lo||oW|rg c|ap|ers ol ||e
Correr|ary. w|er 8ede c||es Arorose or ||e larous v|s|or ol le|er |r
||e |ouse ol Corre||us (Ac|s ), |e rer||ors `||ose ||v|rg |||rgs s|oWr |r 1o
||e evarge||ca| vesse|' ( . A, |ar||r, ), rare|y ||e vesse| ol Ac|s . , 1o1o 1o11
W||c| |e ca||s `evarge||ca|' prec|s|ey |r ca|||rg or ||er |r ||e ||g|| ol ||
z8. . lrdeed ||e `evarge||ca|' locus ol 8ede's |r|er|ex|ua| read|rg ol Ac|s 1
g|ves a va|uao|e |r|roduc||or |o ||s se|l-|rver|ed recep||or ol ||e o|o||ca|
s|ory `accord|rg |o ||e la||| ol ||e 0ospe|s' (or Ac|s . o). 11
T| e ||s|or|ca| rarra||ve ol Ac|s |s |rea|ed oy 8ede |r a sourd ard doWr|o-ear||
parap|rase, a||oW|rg |ere ard ||ere ar arp||l|ca||or rel|ec||rg ||e
au||or's geograp||ca| |r|eres|s (or Ac|s . o, `accord|rg |o ||e ||s|or|ca| 11z
serse', |ar||r ), or |o ar|||ro|ogy (or Ac|s . , . , . ), or aga|r 1| 11z1|zz
as||rg lor ||s|or|ca| rerar|s corcerr|rg arc|er| bore (or Ac|s . ). z
0rce a| |eas|, |r ||e exp|ara||or ol Ac|s . - , ||e |r|erpre|er de||oera|e|y zo;8
c|ooses |o a||egor|ze. `we car spea| a||egor|ca||y |ere, lor ||e upper roor
|s ||e |ol| |ress ol sp|r||ua| g|l| s, r|g|| |s ||e ooscur||y ol ||e scr|p|ures, ||e
aourdarce ol |arps |s ||e exp|ara||or ol ||e rore er|gra||c say|rgs, ||e
lord's day |s ||e rererorarce ol e|||er ||e lord's resurrec||or or our oWr'
(|ar||r, ). lr |||s case a||egor|sr serves |o ar||cu|a|e a sp|r||ua| |essor 11
l||||rg lor 8ede's cor|erporar|es, ar|s|rg ou| ol lu|e's arecdo|e corcerr|rg
||e yourg Fu|yc|us, s||||rg a| ||e W|rdoW ard overcore oy s|eep, la|||rg
doWr lror ||e |||rd l|oor. T| e sare procedure |s app||ed |r ||e correr| or
Ac|s . W|ere 8ede ro||ces `a ros| oeau||lu| a||egor|ca| serse' (|ar||r, z;
181) W||| a ca|| lor ||e prac||ce ol v|r|ues, s|r||ar |o ||e ore added |o ||e
correr| or Ac|s . - . zo1o
T| e corcerr aoou| ||e ur|versa| re|evarce ol Ac|s |s aro||er lea|ure ol
8ede's or|g|ra|||y |r ||s |r|erpre|a||or ol Ac|s. lror ||e s|ar| |e exp|a|rs ||a|
||e addressee |s ca||ed T| eop|||us, oecause || rears `|over ol 0od, or oe|oved
ol 0od', as Jerore a|ready |ad ooserved |r 0e ror|r|ous leoraeorur(CCl
;z, , ). T| |s prorp|s 8ede's correr|. `T| erelore, aryore W|o |s a 1|1o
1|8zFp||ogue
|over ol 0od ray oe||eve ||a| |||s (Wor|) Was Wr|||er lor ||r' (|ar||r
). lr Ac|s . , |e suosures a prop|ecy ol ||e `K|rgdor ol 0od' |o oe 18
spread `l|ra||y ||roug|ou| ||e lar||es| oorders ol ||e Wor|d' (|ar||r, ). 1z
Correr||rg or Ac|s . a (||e `|orgues ol l|re' a| ler|ecos|), |e corc|udes z
815
`||a| ||e |o|y c|urc|, W|er || |ad spread |o ||e erds ol ||e ear||, Was
|o spea| |r ||e |arguages ol a|| ra||ors' (|ar||r, ), `every sou|' |r Ac|s z
. oecores |r 8ede's correr| `a|| ||e ra||ors' (|ar||r, ). lr Ac|s . z | 8
z;o, `||e queer ol ||e 3ou|| care lror ||e erd ol ||e ear||' (|ar||r, ), 8z
jus| as 8ede pos|||ors ||rse|l or aro||er `erd' ol ||e ear||.
lr Ac|s . , ||e |Wo servar|s ard ||e so|d|er ser| oy Corre||us |o le|er 1o;
persor|ly |r 8ede's v|eW `||e ger|||e Wor|d, W||c| Was |o oe||eve |r ||e
la||| ol ||e apos||es' ard W||c| `|ad suojuga|ed Furope, As|a ard Alr|ca'
(|ar||r, ). lr Ac|s . o, `||e lour corrers oy W||c| ||e ||rer s|ee| |args o 1o11
doWr des|gra|e ||e lour reg|ors ol ||e Wor|d |o W||c| ||e c|urc| ex|erds'
(|ar||r, ). Correr||rg or Ac|s . , 8ede |rs|s|s ||a| `||e sp|erdour ol ; 1118
la||| l|rs| sprarg |o ||le |r ||e co|d |ear| ol ||e ger|||e Wor|d' (|ar||r, ). 1o8
lr Ac|s . , |e sees ||e |are lycaor|ar |rp|or|rg le|er ard Jo|r `cured 1|8
|r ||e r|ds| ol ||e reW joy ol ||e corver|ed ger|||e Wor|d' (|ar||r, ). 1z
T| us 8ede's cors|ar| aWareress ol oe|rg ergaged |r a Wor|d-W|de process
ol evarge||za||or l|rds a l|rs| express|or |r ||s Correr|ary or Ac|soelore
oecor|rg |rcreas|rg|y voca| |r ||s |a|er Wr|||rgs.
Correr|ary or ||e 3ever Ca||o||c Fp|s||es
T|e Correr|ary or ||e 3ever Ca||o||c Fp|s||es|s ore ol ||e ear||es|
correr|ar|es pu| |r|o Wr|||rg oy 8ede. 8y ||e|r d|vers||y ard ||e|r We||
locused cor|er| 8ede's exp|ara||ors or ||e sever Ca||o||c Fp|s||es ray We||
rel|ec| ||e rorra| rarge ol ||s |eac||rg, versa|||e |o a cer|a|r degree, ou|
a|Ways |ep| |r a prac||ca| adjus|rer| |o ||s |rred|a|e readers||p. l|rs| ol
a||, ||e sever correr|ar|es W||ress |o ||e au||or's |r||ra|e lar|||ar||y W|||
scr|p|ure. A rass|ve quo||rg ol o|o||ca| relererces c|arac|er|zes ||e |ex|ure
ol ||e sever essays, 0r Jares, l|rs| le|er, 3ecord le|er, l|rs| Jo|r, 3ecord
Jo|r,
T||rd Jo|r, ard 0r Jude, |r a s|ar| cor|ras| |o ||e very leW pa|r|s||c sources
rer||ored oy ||e|r au||or. T|e 0ree| ardla||r |arguages are |rea|ed as
oe|org|rg |o ||e d|s|ar| pas| ard oov|ous|y ur|roWr oy 8ede's aud|erce.
T| ey reed spec|a| ard de|a||ed exp|ara||ors (0r Jares . , lurs|, - , 1 |||
. - , `||e aro|gu||y ol ||e 0ree|', lurs|, ). T| e roras||c se|||rg ol ||e 1zo o|
correr|ary |s relered |o ||roug| ls. ( ). , `||a| sa|va||or |s cer|a|r|y ol z;zo1
W||c| We s|rg, '||e lord |s ry ||g|| ard ry sa|va||or'' (0r Jares . , lurs|, |8
1), or oy a rer|rder or `||e lrequer| sWee|ress ol psa|r-s|rg|rg' capao|e ol
T| e vererao|e 8ede's use ol 3cr|p|ure 1|8
dr|v|rg `aWay ||e |arrlu| d|sease ol sadress' (0r Jares . , lurs|, ). 1 o1
Jus| as |r ||e Correr|ary or Ac|s, ||e relererce |o ||e 0ospe|s ||erse|ves
as a |errereu||c |ey |s cruc|a| |r 0r le|er( , . , , , , . . ), 1 11zzz11|18
||e |orges| ol ||e sever exege||ca| essays, 8ede does ro| produce |r || ary
a||egor|es ol ||s oWr, ro| ever |r ||e arp||l|ed parap|rase ol `||v|rg s|ores'
( le|er . , lurs|, - ). w||| a cors|ar| parap|ras|rg ol o|o||ca| |ex|s 1 z 8z8
|r suppor| ol ||s oWr s|a|erer|s, |e c|ose|y lo||oWs ||e corpos|||or ol
||e ep|s||e`up |o |||s po|r| o|essed lau| |as oeer |rs|ruc||rg ||e c|urc|
|r gerera|... lror |||s po|r| or |e s||||lu||y urges...' ( le|er . , lurs|, 1 z11
8). T| e s|ra|g|| |og|c ol 8ede's s|a|erer|s |eeps ||e l|avour ol a peacelu|
corversa||or arorg roras||c par|rers |r corser|ua| urar|r||y. ll ||s
o|o||ca| cu||ure der|ves lror ||e la||ers, 8ede's p|e|y p|aces ||r a|ready
|rs|de ||e red|eva| corl|res ol a roras||c Wor|d.
0r le|ers|ar|s oy c|a|r|rg ||a| ||e apos||e `Wro|e ||a| |e||er ( le|er) z 1
lor oeg|rrers, |||s ore ( le|er) lor ||e rore perlec|' (or . , lurs| ). 0r z 1z 1z|
||e ra||er ol ||e au||er||c||y ol le|er, 8ede s|a|es ||a| `|l ||ere are cer|a|r z
persors W|o say ||a| |||s |e||er Was ro| Wr|||er oy ||e o|essed apos||e le|er',
suc| ar op|r|or |s |o oe rejec|ed `accord|rg |o ||e la||| ol ||e 0ospe|s' (or
1. , lurs|, ), cors|s|er||y us|rg ||e 0ospe| relererces as ||s |r|erpre|a||ve 18 11
|ey. lerce ||s correr|s or ||e `||ousard years' |rc|uded |r ||e esc|a|o|ogy
ol le|er rera|r ed|ly|rg ard rea||s||c, W|||ou| ary |race ol syroo||sr z
(or . - , lurs| - ), ard |e erds ||er oy s|ress|rg orce rore ||e ;1 181z
ur|versa|||y ol ||e sacred ressage. `w|a| ||e sare lau| Wro|e par||cu|ar|y
|o cer|a|r c|urc|es |e |s prover |o |ave Wr|||er gerera||y |o a|| ||e c|urc|es
W||c| are ||roug|ou| ||e Wor|d ard W||c| ra|e up ||e ore ca||o||c c|urc|'
(or . , lurs|, ). 1 1
0r Jo|rpreser|s a s|or| d|sser|a||or oased or a cor||ruous parap|rase 1
ol Jo|r, a sor| ol corpar|or |ex| |o Augus||re's exeges|s ol Jo|r W||c| 1 1
8ede quo|es a| |eas| lor|y ||res, rex| |o a leW ||res oorroWed |ere ard ||ere
lror 0regory ||e 0rea|. T| e aourdarce ol exp||c|| c||a||ors, produced as
suc| oy ||e au||or W||| a d|dac||c purpose |s urusua| |r 8ede's exege||ca|
Wr|||rgs. l|s correr|ary 0r Jo|r|s a |earred ard corc|se p|ece ol z
ar|||ere||ca| po|er|cs, er||re|y res||rg or pa|r|s||c |rlorra||or corcerr|rg
lap|as, |arc|or ard Cer|r||us. 0r Jo|r, exerc|ses 8ede's ||s|or|ca| W||
aoou| ||e 0a|us |o W|or ||e ep|s||e Was addressed, ard ||e `proud ard
arrogar| |eres|arc|' 0|o|rep|es rer||ored |r verse . T| e parap|rase
rera|rs sooer, W|||ou| a |race ol sp|r||ua| exeges|s, ard W||| or|y ore
pa|r|s||c c||a||or ca|||rg or 0regory ||e 0rea|.
816
T| e correr|s or Jude are rore e|aoora|e, W||| sore ar||-Ar|ar ard ar||-
le|ag|ar over|ores. 8ede's correr|s are c|ear|y preser|ed |r ||s oWr r|g||,
1|8|Fp||ogue
W|||ou| ary ca|| or predecessors. T| ey are r|c| ol o|o||ca| suos|arce ard
||ey ||g|||g|| ||e |||era| serse ol Jude's ep|s||e accord|rg |o ||e |r|erpre|er's
||s|or|ca| ard ||eo|og|ca| locus.
lor|||es or ||e 0ospe|s
A lrelace oy 8ered|c|a ward ard ar lr|roduc||or oy laWrerce T. |ar||r
preser| ||e Frg||s| |rars|a||or ol ||e lor|||es or ||e 0ospe|soy l. T. |ar||r
ard 0. lurs| as spec|a||y oppor|ure |oday oecause ol `a prec|p||ous dec||re
|r |roW|edge ol la||r ever arorg ||e c|ergy ard re||g|ous' (xx|||). T| e
|rars|a||or reads ||e rore eas||y as s|y|e ard vocaou|ary |r ||e |or|||es seer
|o |ave oeer de||oera|e|y |ep| oy 8ede or a |eve| ol crys|a| c|ear s|rp||c||y.
l|l|y s|or| corpos|||ors, a|| Wr|||er oy 8ede ||rse|l, lo||oW ||e sequerce
ol seasors ard leas|s a|| ||roug| ||e |||urg|ca| ca|erdar ol ||e year. Fac| ol
||er exp|a|rs a passage lror ||e 0ospe|s, supposed|y read or g|ver days.
0esp||e ar occas|ora| d|rec| address |o ||e `oro||er|ood' ol a roras||c
aud|erce ard ||e regu|ar doxo|og|es oy W||c| ||ey are c|osed, ore ray douo|
||a| ||ese |or|||es Were ac|ua||y preac|ed as We read ||er. |ar||r ro|es
`a s|r|||rg |ac| ol over|ap oe|Weer 0regory (||e 0rea|)'s lor|y lor|||es or
||e 0ospe|sard 8ede's l|l|y lor|||es', ard |e corc|udes `||a| 8ede per|aps
de||oera|e|y c|ose |o corpose ||s lor|||esor|y or |ex|s ||a| 0regory |ad
ro| |rea|ed' (xv|). T| us ||e Nor||uror|ar |eac|er Wou|d ro| or|y |ave
adop|ed ||e |or||e||c parad|gr ol ||s prelerred pa|r|s||c ro|e rode|, |e
Wou|d a|so |ave re-erac|ed 0regory's r|r|s|ry as a preac|er |r produc|rg
a corp|erer|ary ser|es ol |or|||es.
lr suc| a perspec||ve, 8ede's use ol scr|p|ure as a |ore||s| oecores
|rd|ca||ve ol ||s oas|c a||||ude |oWard ||e pa|r|s||c |egacy. As |ar||r We||
ooserves, `8ede does ro| gerera||y use d|rec| quo|a||ors lror ||e la||ers
|r ||s lor|||es or ||e 0ospe|s' (xv||), `|e does ro| use ||e la||ers pr|rar||y
as au||or|||es |o s|rerg||er ||s oWr pos|||or |r ra||ers ol |r|erpre|a||or'
(xx||). lar|||ar as |e |s W||| pa|r|s||c sources, 8ede cor|er|s ||rse|l W|||
der|v|rg lror ||er very lree|y c|oser |rages ard `ro||ls |o err|c| ard
orrarer| ||s oWr Words' (xx||). T| e |egacy ol ||e la||ers cor|r|ou|es |o ||e
|||erary aes||e||cs ol ||e |earred ror|, ||e suos|arce ol ||e|r |eac||rg |av|rg
oecore |||e a secord ra|ure lor ||r, ou| ||e ur|que locus ol ||s preac||rg |r
||ese lor|||es ol ||e 0ospe|sare ||e 0ospe|s ||erse|ves, W||c| |e quo|es ard
parap|rases or ||s oWr |r|||a||ve. Ard |ere 8ede |as a rerar|ao|e reac||or.
||e rore ||s quo||rg ol ||e 0ospe|s |s d|rec||y app||ed |o ||e da||y exper|erce
ol ||s supposed roras||c aud|erce, ||e rore does |e ca|| or |ec|r|ca| |errs
ol pa|r|s||c |errereu||cs, W||| ar |rs|s|erce aoser| |r ||s o||er exege||ca|
T| e vererao|e 8ede's use ol 3cr|p|ure 1|8
Wr|||rgs. l| |oo|s as |l ||e cod|l|ed s|ruc|ure ol exeges|s l|xed s|rce ||e lour||
cer|ury secured lor ||e e|g||| cer|ury ror|, ou| ol ||e cu||ura| lrare ol
Ar||qu||y, a so||d grourd lor ||s oWr read|rg ol ||e 0ospe|s.
lr lor||y l, , 8ede d|s||rgu|s|ed oe|Weer `a rore prolourd |eve| |r
re|a||or |o ||e sacrarer|s ol ||e lord's |rcarra||or' ( ) ard `||e ||s|or|ca| z
serse' ( ), |r l, |e c|ec|s `||e W|o|e course ol ||e 0|d Tes|arer| (ve|er|s zo ;
|rs|rurer||)' ( ) aoou| arge|s, `rys||ca||y |oWever', or aro||er |eve| ol o
read|rg, |e s|a|es ||s l|rd|rgs, |r l, , `We are |aug|| |ypo|og|ca||y' ( ), |r l, . 8 ;
al|er ||e apocryp|a| rarra||ve corcerr|rg ||e dea|| ol ||e apos||e Jo|r, ore
reeds |o s||l|aga|r, W||| ||e Words `loWever rys||ca||y spea||rg . . .' ( ), o
lror ore |eve| ol read|rg |o aro||er. T| e douo|e-|eve||ed read|rg |s c|ear|y
requ|red |r l, , `l|gura||ve|y spea||rg' ard `accord|rg |o ||e |||era| serse' 1o
( ll.), |r l, , W||| `|ypo|og|ca||y spea||rg' ( ), ard |r l, , aga|r W||| ; 11 1o8 1
`l|gura||ve|y spea||rg' ( ). lr l, , W||c| |s a rore e|aoora|e |or||y or 11 1|
||e r|rac|e ol Cara, 8ede s|a|es ||a| `l|gura| rear|rgs regard|rg |eaver|y
sacrarer|s as|de, ever accord|rg |o ||e |||era| serse |||s (r|rac|e) corl|rrs
||e la||| ol r|g|| oe||evers' ( ), ard |e goes or, `|ypo|og|ca||y spea||rg', 1|
W||| ||e s|ory's `rys||ca| rear|rg' |r v|eW ( ), or oy `|oo||rg a| ||e |||era| 1o
serse' ( ). le opers lor||y l, W||| a |errereu||ca| ru||rg W||c| 1|z 1o
arrources ||e red|eva| prac||ce ol cer|ur|es |o core. `T| e suo||r||y ol
d|v|re scr|p|ure |s so grea| ard ol suc| a sor| ||a| ro| or|y Words repor|ed
as |av|rg oeer sa|d oy |o|y peop|e or oy our lord ||rse|l are lu|| ol sp|r||ua|
rys|er|es, ou| so are ever ||e c|rcurs|ar||a| de|a||s W||c| seer |o oe se|
doWr s|rp|y' ( ). lr l, ard , ||e `rys||ca| rear|rg' ( , ) |s 1o 1; z 1o;zzz
aga|r po|r|ed ou|, |r l, , `||e lord a|so s|oWs us sore|||rg |ypo|og|ca||y' z
( ) oy opera||rg a r|rac|e or ||e 3aooa||, ard `rys||ca||y |||s |rs|ruc|s zzo
us . . .' ( ). lr l, , ||e W|||e garrer|s ol ||e |rarsl|gured lord `represer| zz; z|
|ypo|og|ca||y ||e c|urc| ol ||s sa|r|s' ( ), ard |r l, , W|er Jesus Wr||es z8 z
W||| ||s l|rger or ||e grourd, `|ypo|og|ca||y |||s |eac|es us' ( ) sore|||rg z|;
e|se, W||c| ore ray or|y perce|ve `l|gura||ve|y spea||rg' ( ). z|8
l| Wou|d oe aW|Ward |o erurera|e ||e cors|ar| repe||||or ol ||a| sare
d|s||rc||or oe|Weer ||e |||era| ard ||e sp|r||ua| approac| |o ||e 0ospe|s as
817
|| rurs ur|r|errup|ed|y ||roug| ||e secord se| ol |Wer|y-l| ve lor|||es|r
||e ed|||or ol l. T. |ar||r ard 0. lurs|. loWever a leW rerar|s rade oy
8ede |r order |o rerder ||s sp|r||ua| approac| rore appea||rg ray ||g|||g||
||s proper recep||or ol pa|r|s||c |errereu||cs. T| e roras||c |eac|er ol
Nor||uror|a seers |o urders|ard as `|ypo|og|ca|' ||e syroo||c rear|rg ol
a o|o||ca| persor or oojec| |r so lar as || a||oWs a `rys||ca|' recep||or ol ||a|
persor or oojec| |r ||e ac|ua| aWareress ol ||s aud|erce. l|rs| 8ede c|a|rs.
`T| ose W|o read or ||s|er |o ||e s|grs ard r|rac|es ol our lord ard 3av|our
1|8oFp||ogue
proper|y do ro| rece|ve ||er |r suc| a Way ||a| ||ey pay a||er||or |o W|a|
|r ||er produces ou|Ward as|or|s|rer|, ou| |rs|ead ||ey cors|der W|a|
||ey ||erse|ves oug|| |o oe do|rg |rWard|y' ( ). lr o||er Words, |e ca||s 1
lor ||e |rrer space ol a suojec||v||y rode|ed ard ro||va|ed oy scr|p|ure. l|s
`|ypo|og|ca|' read|rg ol ||e 0ospe|s |sd|rec||y correc|ed W||| ||a| `rys||ca|'
space proper |o ||e urders|ard|rg ol oe||evers oy W||c| ||e `rys||ca| serse'
car oe ass|r||a|ed |o ||e ac|ua| ||le exper|erce. Typo|ogy ro |orger resora|es
pr|rar||y W||| ||s c|r|s|o-ecc|es|o|og|ca| locus ol pa|r|s||c ||res. Ac|ua||y,
|||s locus a|Ways oe|rg presupposed oy 8ede, || d|rec||y pours ||s `rys||ca|'
rear|rg |r|o ||e ac|ua| sp|r||ua|||y ol ||e roras||c corrur||y.
lr ll, , 8ede s|ar|s oy d|scuss|rg `||e o|d exp|ara||or ol ||e la||ers' 1z
( ) corcerr|rg ques||ors ol ||e apos||es urarsWered oy 0od, ou| |r 1o8
exar|r|rg ||e |ac| ol a sp|r||ua| recep||or oy ||e d|sc|p|es ol W|a| Jesus
arrourced |o ||er, |e adds. `T| ese Words ol ||e lord are rys||ca|, ard,
as |e ||rse|l oore W||ress, spo|er as parao|es, ou| ||e d|sc|p|es |o W|or
||ey Were spo|er Were s|||| so l|es||y-r|rded ||a| ||ey d|d ro| grasp ||e|r
deeper rear|rg. No| or|y d|d ||ey ro| urders|ard ||e ||dder rys|er|es ol
||s Words, ou| ||ey d|d ro| ever urders|ard ||e|r oWr |grorarce..., ||ey
Were ro| ye| ao|e |o grasp ||e rys|er|es urder|y|rg ||s Words' ( ). NoW 11|
||e `Words ol ||e lord are rys||ca|', oecause `We urders|ard a|| ||ese |||rgs
sp|r||ua||y' (ll, , ). NoW, `accord|rg |o ||e |ypo|og|ca| urders|ard|rg, zz
oread s|gr|l|es |ove' (ll, , ), `||e syroo||c ever| agrees po|r| oy po|r| 1|1z
W||| ||s lu|l|||rer|' (ll, , ), ||e 8oo| ol lsa|rs d|sp|ays `so rary 11|
rec||a||ors ol ||dder sp|r||ua| rys|er|es' (ll, , ), ard `||e |ype ard l|gure 1o1o
ol ||e leas| ol ||e |aW |s |r agreerer| W||| our les||v||y' (ll, , ), lor, 1;1;1
`|l We urders|ard a|| ||ese |||rgs sp|r||ua||y, ||ey dero|e |rue s|rcer||y' (ll,
z, ). T| e lor|||es or ||e 0ospe|sare er||re|y pervaded oy 8ede's z
eagerress |o educa|e ard corl|rr ||e se|l-urders|ard|rg ol ||e `oro||er|ood'
as g|l|ed, |||e `||e vererao|e la||er Too||... W||| rys||ca| vo|ce' (ll, , ), 1o1
ard `s||rred up |o a rys||ca| urders|ard|rg' (ll, , ), ||ar|s |o W||c| |o
a|| `|ypes' are roW perce|ved W||| `rys||ca| rear|rg' (ll, , ) or zozo|
`rys||ca||y' ( ). zo8
T| e Correr|ary or ||e 3org ol 3orgs
T| e |rpos|rg correr|ary lr Car||ca car||corurl|||s s|x 8oo|s (CCl 8, 11
- 1o;;) W||| a |||erary |rves|rer| ard a r|c|ress ol ||oug|| W||c| Was
|o oe ||g||y apprec|a|ed oy gerera||ors ol red|eva| sc|o|ars. lere 8ede
|a|es ||s p|ace oes|de 0r|ger ol A|exardr|a ard 0regory ||e 0rea|, ||e oes|
pa|r|s||c correr|a|ors ol ||e 3org ol 3orgs, ard lor roderr readers |e
T| e vererao|e 8ede's use ol 3cr|p|ure 1|8;
a|ready arrources ||e ros| or|g|ra| |r|erpre|er ol ||a| ooo| |r ||e r|dd|e
ages, 8errard ol C|a|rvaux ( - ). 1o111
A de|a||ed s|udy ol 8ede's Correr|ary or Car||c|es Wou|d exceed ||e
||r||s ol ||e preser| Fp||ogue. 8u|, or|el| y ro||rg ||e ros| oov|ous lea|ures
ol ||s cor|er|, a c|ear p|c|ure s|ou|d ererge s|oW|rg |oW ||e pa|r|s||c |egacy
lrared ard |rsp|red ||e Nor||uror|ar correr|a|or's r|rd |r |||s |as|.
lr ||e ||g|| ol ||e preced|rg ara|ys|s ol o||ers ol ||s exege||ca| Wr|||rgs,
8ede's |rdeperder| ard cors|s|er| crea||v||y as ar |r|erpre|er s|ou|d a|so
oe corl|rred.
T| e Car||c|e |s a Wor| |r W||c| `3o|oror, ||e ros| W|se arorg ||rgs,
descr|oed ||e rys|er|es ol C|r|s| ard ||e c|urc|, W||c| rears ol ||e e|erra|
||rg ard ||s c||y, urder ||e l|gure ol a or|degroor ard ||s or|de' ( , 1o
- 1). 8ede's |r|roduc|ory ser|erce arrources ||e syroo||c |r|erpre|a||or
popu|ar|zed oy 0r|ger ard cor||ruous|y repea|ed oy C|r|s||ar |r|erpre|ers
||roug|ou| ||e pa|r|s||c per|od. 8y |a||rg over ||e |rad|||ora| |deas ard
|rages ||r|ed W||| ||a| |r|erpre|a||or, ||e e|g||| cer|ury correr|a|or
a| orce pays a |r|ou|e |o ||s predecessors ard a| ||e sare ||re expresses
||s oWr urders|ard|rg ol ||e|r |egacy. w|ereas || |s poss|o|e ||a| 8ede
Was pr|rar||y corcerred W||| ||s oWr Way ol corlorr|rg |o ||e pa|r|s||c
caror ol |r|erpre|a||or, a cor|erporary cr|||c Wou|d |rc||re |o locus or
||e |races ol 8ede's or|g|ra|||y |r ||a| suor|ss|or |o ||e |rad|||or. A| |eas|,
ore rus| ro|e ore s|r|||rg |r|||a||ve W||c| cord|||ors ||s W|o|e Wr|||rg or
Car||c|e lror ||e very s|ar|. |e exp||c|||y oases ||s s|a|erer|s or o|o||ca|
|r|er|ex|ua|||y, W||| quo|a||ors lror scr|p|ure apparer| or a|| ||e pages ol
||s |ex|, ou| |e very rare|y rer||ors pa|r|s||c au||or|||es (Appor|us. , zz
|;o, , . Jerore. , ). ba||er, |e |der||l|es W||| suc| au||or|es, z8| 1o|8
818
ro| oy p|ag|ar|z|rg ||er, ou| oy crea||rg a |||erary express|or ol ||s oWr
||oug|| urder ||e rar||e ol ||e|r pas| d|scourse. lar lror s|rp|y ra||rg
co||ec||ors ol ||e pa|r|s||c sources as d|d cor|erporary au||ors ol l|or||eg|a,
8ede or|rgs |o reW ||le ||e |r|u|||ors ol 0r|ger or ||e |yr|ca| ellus|or ol
0regory ||e 0rea| oy |e|||rg ||ese au||or|||es resora|e ||roug| ||s oWr
prose. T| e r|rror ellec| resu|||rg lror suc| a douo|e-|eve||ed corpos|||or
derors|ra|es ||e syroo||c va|ue ro| or|y ol l|gures ard ever|s repor|ed
lror Car||c|e, ou| ol 8ede's urders|ard|rg ol ||rse|l as ar exege|e. oy ||e|r
|rp||c|| preserce |r spea||rg W||| ||s vo|ce, ||ese lorrer |r|erpre|ers gave
Warrar| |o ||s oWr |as| as a |eac|er. l|s oWr d|c||or Was |r ||s v|eW or|y
||e ||v|rg syroo| ol a suos|ar||a| ressage de||vered oy ||e `|o|y doc|ors'
ol ||e pas|, as |e ca||s ||er.
8ede's Correr|ary or Car||c|e |s Wr|||er lor a `|earred readers||p'
(s|ud|oso |ec|or|, , ). verse oy verse eac| e|erer| ol ||e o|o||ca| poer z;z|
1|88Fp||ogue
requ|res a cor||ruous exp|ara||or, c|a|r|rg |o d|scerr a serar||c cor||ru||y
lror ore verse |o aro||er, or coord|ra||rg ||e a||eged rear|rg ol c|oser
e|erer|s |r ||ese verses W||| |rages ard p|rases lourd |r re|g|oour|rg
verses. T| us ||e |r|erpre|er's ||era||c agerda dec|des ||e syroo||c cor|er| |o
oe a||r|ou|ed |o eac| ||re ol Car||c|e accord|rg |o ||e |ypo|ogy C|r|s|-c|urc|.
T| e ro||or ol `C|r|s|' seers ||e |ess proo|era||c lor 8ede. a cer|ra| locus
|r ||s syroo||c |r|erpre|a||or, || |ard|y a||rac|s ary po|er|ca| apo|oge||cs
aga|rs| |ere||cs or uroe||evers (lo||r|ar|ard |ar|c|e|are rer||ored , ;
8zo), W|ereas ||e ro||or ol `c|urc|' requ|res a lurdarer|a| c|ar|l|ca||or.
us|rg ||e |err |r ||s e|yro|og|ca| s|gr|l|carce as ||e `corrur||y ol ||ose
W|o are ca||ed' oy 0od |o oecore par| ol ||s c|oser peop|e, 8ede s|ar|s oy
|rs|s||rg ||a| || |rc|udes ||e syragogue ol o|o||ca| ||res as We|| as C|r|s||ar
peop|e ( , - ). lr s|or|, `c|urc|' rears ||e sp|r||ua| |der|||y ol ary 11|z
oe||ever W||||r ||e Judeo-C|r|s||ar |rad|||or (as |r Augus||re, C||y ol 0od
8oo| Xll), ||oug| ||e correr|ary pr|v||eges ||e `sou|s reoorr |r C|r|s|'
( , l.), cors|dered |oge||er or |rd|v|dua||y. As We a|ready ro||ced |r 111
o||er essays ol 8ede's, ol ||a| rys||ca| rea|||y |e erp|as|zes |r par||cu|ar,
||e `ca||o||c||y', W||c| rears ||s ac|ua| ex|ers|or |r ||e |roWr Wor|d ol
||s day. Corsc|ous as |e Was ol ||v|rg or a sra|| |s|ard or ||e edge ol ||e
vas| ocear W||c| rar|s ||e Wes|err `erd' ol ||e Wor|d (`oecause 8r||a|r
||es a|ros| urder ||e Nor|| lo|e', prope suo |pso sep|er|r|ora|| ver||ce |ace|.
Fcc|es|as||ca| l|s|ory ol ||e Frg||s| leop|e, ed. 8. Co|ga|e ard b. A. 8. |yrors,
0xlord , - ), |e rus| |ave perce|ved ||s oe|org|rg |o a Wor|d-W|de 1o1o1;
corrur||y ol oe||evers as a spec|a| pr|v||ege, a prac||ca| s|gr ol ||e sa|va||or
grar|ed oy C|r|s|. C|urc| la||ers |||e Arorose ard Jo|r C|rysos|or |ad
erp|as|zed ||e oap||sra| er|ry |r|o g|ooa| sa|va||or-||s|ory as a persora|
exper|erce ol 0od's ur|versa| g|l|ol rederp||or, 8ede, W|ose spec|a| |r|eres|
lor geograp|y |s We|| |roWr, |rarslerred ||a| apo|oge||ca| ||ere |r|o spa||a|
ur|versa|||y.
8ede's |rs|s|erce or ||e |rrer co|es|or ol ||e ur|versa| c|urc| |s very
c|ear. ||e 8r|degroor, |r ||e l|gure ol C|r|s|, says |r Car||c|e. `'lor our
v|reyard o|ossored', orce aga|r ca|||rg ||s rary v|reyards ore v|reyard,
as |e War|ed ||e rary c|urc|es |r ||e Wor|d |o oe lor ||r ore c|urc|',
rar v|rea ros|ra l|oru||(C| . ), ||a er|r ru||as v|reas urar appe||a| z11
v|rear s|cu| per oroer ecc|es|as urar s|o| ecc|es|ar vo|u||( , ll.). 8ede zzoz;
coro|res ur|versa|||y W||| ur||y |r ||e sarc|a ur|versa||s ecc|es|a( , ), zz;oo
oased or ||e lau||re re|ap|or ol ||e c|urc| as ||e 8ody ol C|r|s| (Co|
1. ), ard, |r relererce |o oap||sr ard euc|ar|s| ( , - ), |e corc|udes 18 zz8o|oo8
||a| doc|r|ra| ur||y |r ||e c|urc| l|oWs lror ||e c|urc|'s |r|r|rs|c ur||y
T| e vererao|e 8ede's use ol 3cr|p|ure 1|8
due |o ||e g|l|ol ||e lo|y 3p|r|| ( , - ), ||a| c|urc| oe|rg ca||ed zo81
|r Car||c|e `spouse, or s|s|er, or oe|oved, or |r s|r||ar las||or |r order |o
s|gr|ly ||a| s|e rera|rs ore ard urd|v|ded ||oug|ou| ||e Wor|d', oo |d vero
sporsa ve| soror ve| ar|ca ve| a||qu|d |u|usrod| voca|ur u| ura esse rec d|v|sa
quarv|s |orge |a|eque per oroer d|lusa s|gre|ur( , - ). Fver W||| z;o
a par| ol || a|ready |r |eaver, ||ere ex|s|s or|y `ore ard ||e sare c|urc| ol
C|r|s|', ura eaderque ecc|es|a C|r|s||( , ). l|ra||y 8ede s|resses a |as| oz1zo
c|arac|er|s||c |r ||s ro||or ol ||e ur|versa| c|urc|. || |s ||e c|urc| ol ||e
ger|||es, de ger||ous ecc|es|a( , ), ol W||c| ||e lord |a|es ro |ess care zo;|
||ar ol ||e c|urc| assero|ed oy ||e JeWs ol o|d ( , l.). z|11
w||| ||e apos||es, W|or |e ca||s `||e very l|rs| doc|ors ol ||e c|urc|',
|ps| pr|r| doc|ores ecc|es|ae, |d es| apos|o||( , ), pr|r| ecc|es|ae doc|ores, o|
|d es| apos|o|| duodec|r( , l.), ard arorg W|or lau| |s dec|ared ;|o
praed|ca|or egreg|us, `ou|s|ard|rg preac|er' ( , ), 8ede rer||ors ro |8|z
o||er |eac||rg au||or||y ol ar ecc|es|as||ca| rar|, ror does |e reler |r ||s
Correr|ary or Car||c|ea s|rg|e ||re |o ary ||erarc||ca| poWer |rs|de ||e
c|urc|, excep| |r ||ree passages W|ere |e correr|s or ||e `guard|ars ol
||e Wa||s' |r C| . . `||e guard|ars ol ||e Wa||s are |r a s|r||ar Way ||e ;
suprere doc|ors, as ||ose W|o are |r c|arge ol goverr|rg ard delerd|rg
819
||e c|urc|', cus|odes rurorur |der surr| doc|ores sur| cur eos quoque qu|
ecc|es|ar guoerrare ac rur|re sull|c|ar| |rs|ruere sa|agur|( , ll., see a|so z8z|1;
o, - ard , - ). lrdeed ||e doc|ores sarc||( , , , |ooo o1o1 z;1oz8z
|o1, , , , ), ||e praed|ca|ores( , , , , , , , 1o;o8 z1o;;8z|||z8;o1|z88
o), ||e ecc|es|ae doc|ores( , , , ), or s|rp|y doc|ores(|r aoou| zoz|1|;o8
|||r|y o||er occurrerces), W|||ou| ary c|er|ca| a||r|ou||ors, ou| ras|ers ol
sp|r||ua| progress ard d|spersors ol sacrarer|a| oerel||s, are cors|ar||y or
8ede's r|rd W|er projec||rg ||s v|s|or ol ||e c|urc| over ||s Correr|ary
or Car||c|e. l| |eads ||r |o d|s||rgu|s| oe|Weer s|rp|e oe||evers ard o||ers
W|or |e ca||s `perlec|' ( , ll., corpare , l.), ou| cor|rary |o z1zo zz|8|
0r|ger |e rever app||ed ||a| d|s||rc||or |o ||s o|o||ca| |errereu||cs oy
sugges||rg ||a| ||e deeper rear|rg ol scr|p|ure |s or|y ava||ao|e |o ||e
rore advarced.
T| us 8ede succeeded |r de||ver|rg a ressage ||a| spo|e |o ||s cor|erporar|es
ard |o lu|ure gerera||ors. l|s recep||or ol ||e pa|r|s||c |egacy
corcerr|rg ||e |||era| ard ||e sp|r||ua| rear|rg ol scr|p|ure cou|d ro| |ave
lurc||ored |r a s|rp|er Way. le d|sperses lror ary cr|||ca| e|aoora||or or
||e serses ol scr|p|ure, |e does ro| d|llerer||a|e oe|Weer spec|l|c sc|oo|s
ol ||oug|| corcerr|rg o|o||ca| |r|erpre|a||or. l|s precorce|ved syroo||c
approac| |o ||e 3org ol 3orgs erao|es ||r |o reac| d|rec||y oerea|| ||e
1|oFp||ogue
`surlace ol ||e |e||er'`lor ||e rear|rg ol |||s verse oerea|| ||e surlace ol
||e |e||er |s as lo||oW|rg', F| qu|der |u|us vers|cu|| |ux|a superl|c|ur ||||erae
||c sersus es|( , )ard |o searc| lor ||e a||egor|ca| s|gr|l|carce,`as zooo1
We ca|c| or|y |||||e lror ||e surlace ol ||e |e||er, |e| us |urr our |rqu|ry
r|g|| roW |o ||e a||egor|ca| rear|rg'qu|a de superl|c|o ||||erae pauca
pers|r|rx|rus |ar rurc ad ex|r|erardus a||egor|ae sersus s|||ur ver|arus( , zz1
|o). w|a| 8ede |s |oo||rg lor |s ||e `|ype' s|gr|l|ed oy ||e |||era| cor|er|
ol ||e verse, rear|rg oy `|ype' ||e syroo||c prel|gura||or |r Car||c|e ol
sore|||rg re|evar| lor C|r|s||ar ||le. `lor oy Way ol a |ype' (|yp|ce au|er,
zoo, ) 'W|re' s|ays lor `||e grace ol ||e lo|y 3p|r||' oecause ol W|a| Jesus o1
says ol ||e o|d ard reW vesse|s |r || . ( , - , ), `ryrr|' relers 1;z8o;z;o
|o ||e o|||er W|re |arded |o ||e cruc|l|ed Jesus accord|rg |o || . ( , 11zoo
o1) or || syroo||zes C|r|s||ar asce||c|sr ( , ), |ary ol |agda|a |s a zo;88
|ype ol ||e c|urc| ( , - , , , a|so , ), ard so |s Fseoor, zzozo81o z8o
|l ore accep|s Jerore's e|yro|ogy ( , ). T| e arora||c (|ur|s. . . .?) |s zzo
aro||er |ype ol ||e v|r|uous ||le W|ose scer| l|||s ||e rea|r ol ||e c|urc|
( , ). T| e poo| ol lrooa||ca relers |yp|ce|o C|r|s||ar oap||sr ( , zozoo zz
zo). As a|Ways, `|ypes' are |der||l|ed oy 8ede as spec|l|c oojec|s or persors
rer||ored |r Car||c|e.
0l|er ||ese |ypes are au||or|zed oy a relererce |o ||e 0ospe|s. T| e
re|Wor| ol `|yp|ca|' rea||||es |s Wover |r|o ||e oare ||||eraol ||e o|o||ca|
poer, ||e |r|r|ca|e |ex|ure ol ||e sp|r||ua| |r|erpre|a||or oe|rg cors|s|er||y
||readed lror ore ||re |o ||e o||er, ||ar|s |o a se| ol a||erra||rg p|rases
|||e ac s| pa|er|er d|cere|, `as |l |e Wou|d oper|y say' ( , ), quod es| aper|e 11|;
d|cere, `W||c| oper|y s|a|es' (|er ||res), ac s| aper|e d|ca|, `as |l |e oper|y
sa|d' ( , , , ), or ac s| pa|er|er d|ca|( , , , , , ), z1;zzz|z| z1;zooo;oo
|oc es| er|r aper|e d|cere, `lor |||s oper|y s|a|es' ( , ), ac s| d|ca|, `|||e z|zzo
say|rg' ( , ). 8y ||e|r var|e|y ard ||e|r lrequercy suc| p|rases |r 8ede's z;|1z;
exp|ara||or crea|e ||e ellec| ol a de||ca|e |aceWor| rar||rg ||e |ex|ure ol
||s syroo||c ara|ys|s.
T| a| de||ca|e re|Wor| |s cors|ar||y s|gra||ed oy a d|scree| |d es|, `W||c|
rears' (a|ros| a |urdred ||res). No|||rg |r Car||c|e escapes ||e s|r|c|
cor|ro| ol 8ede's |d es|, W|ereoy ||e |r|erpre|er rever r|sses ||e reeded
a||er||or requ|red oy ||e |||era| d|spos|||or ol ||e |ex|. 0ccas|ora||y |e
ooserves. ||rardus sare ordo veroorur, `T| e sequerce ol Words |s qu||e
araz|rg' ( , ), or |e lurr|s|es ||s|or|ca| ard geograp||ca| |rlorra||or zo;oo1
W|erever appropr|a|e. 8u| oecause |r ||s v|eW ||e W|o|e s|ory ol Car||c|e
|s re|ap|or|ca|, || rus| oe `ass|r||a|ed', ass|r||a|ur( , ), |o ||e very zo1o;
exper|erce ol la||| |r ||e preser| rea|||y ol ||e c|urc|.
T| e vererao|e 8ede's use ol 3cr|p|ure 1|1
Fxpos|||o |r lucae evarge||ur
A grea| dea| rore reeds |o oe ara|yzed |r o||er exege||ca| Wr|||rgs ol 8ede,
s|ou|d ore c|a|r |o g|ve a lu|| repor| or ||s recep||or ol ||e pa|r|s||c |egacy
|r regard |o o|o||ca| |errereu||cs. w|a| lo||oWs |s or|y oy Way ol a leW
corp|erer|ary ro|es.
T|e Fxpos|||o |r lucae evarge||urpreser|s aro||er lace| ol 8ede's |earred
ded|ca||or |o ||e exeges|s ol ||e la||ers. A cor||ruous correr|ary or lu|e's
0ospe|, || |as ||e appeararce ol a rosa|c, ||e au||or's oWr correr|ary
y|e|d|rg space |o ex|erded pa|r|s||c quo|a||ors W|ose oeg|rr|rgs ard erds
are s|gra||ed |r ||e rarg|rs oy |r|||a|s suc| as `A . . . |' lor Arorose ol |||ar,
`A . . . v' lor Augus||re, `0 . . . b' lor 0regory ||e 0rea|, `l . . . b' lor
Jerore
(l|eroryrus). Corposed very ear|y |r 8ede's |eac||rg career ( - ;o;1
820
accord|rg |o 0. lurs|), |||s Correr|ary or lu|e |a|es or ||e s|ape ol a
de||oera|e|y d|dac||c p|ece ol |||era|ure. l| Wou|d oe |r|eres||rg |o exar|re
rore c|ose|y ||e c|o|ces W||c| dec|ded ||e quo|ed ex|rac|s, arorg W||c|
||ose oorroWed lror 0regory ||e 0rea| are oy lar ||e ros| ex|ers|ve.
Fxpos|||o |r |arc| evarge||ur
As ||e Correr|ary or ||e 0ospe| ol |ar| d|sp|ays ||e |der||ca| d|spos|||or
ol ||e |ex|, W||| |rser|ed c||a||ors s|gra||ed |r ||e rarg|rs, ore ray Worder
|l |||s Correr|ary W||c| da|es lror ;z-;oard ||e Correr|ary or
lu|e, a| |eas| |Wo decades o|der, |ave ro| oeer ed||ed oy 8ede ||rse|l W|||
a sare pa||err |r r|rd. lr ||a| case 8ede's dec|s|or Wou|d |ave oeer |o g|ve
a |||erary lorr s|r|c||y |orogereous |o ||s correr|ar|es or ||e 0ospe|s.
3|ou|d oo|| correr|ar|es |ave rece|ved ||e rosa|c s|ape |rdeperder||y
lror eac| o||er, presurao|y ||e reasor Wou|d |ave sore|||rg |o do W|||
a pa||err |rposed or ||r oy pa|r|s||c au||or|||es ||erse|ves. As suc| a
pa||err |s aoser| lror ||s o||er exege||ca| essays, 0r Too||, 0r lroveros,
0r ||e lrayer ol laoacuc, ard 0r Car||c|e, || ray oe argued ||a|, |r 8ede's
r|rd, |||s lorr Was proper |o |r|erpre|a||ors ol ||e 0ospe|s.
Fd|||ors
Fxpos. Ac|. Ap. e| be|rac|.. |. l. w. la|s|rer, Caror|dge |A, 1.
0e ar|e re|r. e| 0e sc|era||ous. C. 8. Kerda||, 8|o|. 0errar|ca 3er. rova , z
3aaroruc|er, 11.
0pera ||s|or|ca. J. F. K|rg, lordor, NeW or|, 1o.
l|s|or|a ecc|.. J. Carpoe||, NeW or|, 1o8, l. u. 0arlor||, waucorda, ll,
188.
1|zFp||ogue
Trars|a||ors
Frg||s|
0e ar|e. Kerda||, aoove.
Ca||o|. Fp|s||es. 0. lurs|, Ka|arazoo |l, 18.
l|s|or|a. Carpoe||, aoove, 8. Co|grave - b. A. 8. |yrors, 0xlord, 1o, 1;z,
l. 3||r|ey-lr|ce, larrordsWor||, 1, rev. ed. b. F. la||ar, . 1o8
0errar
0. 3p||zoar|, 0arrs|ad|, 18z.
l|a||ar
Cor. |arc. 3. A||qu, bore, 1;z.
l|s|or|a. 0. 3|rore||| Aooo|||o, bore . 18;
3|ud|es
8ec|er, w., l|Al (18o) 1;;;.
8ede ard l|s wor|d. l. T| e JarroW lec|ures 18-1;8, ll. T| e JarroW
lec|ures
1;-1. var|orur, A|ders|o|, 1|.
8evero|, |., `ToWards 0a||rg ||e ler|rgrad 8ede'. 3cr|p|or|ur1o(1oz)
o-o.
8orrer, 0., ed., laru|us C|r|s||. Fssays |r Correrora||or ol ||e T| |r|eer||
Cer|erary ol ||e 8|r|| ol ||e vererao|e 8ede. lordor, 1;o.
, 3a|r| 8ede |r ||e Trad|||or ol wes|err Apoca|yp||c Correr|ary. JarroW
lec|ure
1oo. NeWcas||e (ro da|e).
Carro||, |. T|. A., T| e vererao|e 8ede. l|s 3p|r||ua| Teac||rgs.3|ud|es |r
|ed|eva|
l|s|ory, lX. was||rg|or 0.C. 1|o.
C|aroers, b. w., `8ede'. lroceed|rgs ol ||e 8r|||s| Acaderyzz(1o) 1z-
1o.
C|appuzeau, 0., `0|e Fxegese vor lo|e||ed 1, za. o urd ;oe| der
K|rc|erva|err
vor l|ppo|y| o|s 8err|ard. F|r 8e||rag zur vers|ardr|s vor A||egor|e urd
Ara|og|e'. JAC ( ) - . 181;o1|
C|aus|, 8., `F|erer|| d| errereu||ca roras||ca re| 0e sc|era||ous e| |rop|sd|
8eda'. 0rp|eus ( ) - . 111oz;;o;
Crerer, l. 0., `0as las|ers|re||gesprac| (|| , - parr.) oe| 8eda z18zz
vererao|||s
urd lraoarus |aurus. Zur C|ara||er|s||| r|||e|a||er||c|er l|or||eg|er'. b8er
;;( ) - . 1o;1;1;|
0|dore, |., `l'Fxp|ara||od| Appor|o |r re|az|ore a||' Fxpos|||od| 8eda ed a||e
Frarra||ores |r Car||cad| Arge|orus'. C|v||| c|ass|ca e| cr|s||ara;(18o)
;;-11.
l|sc|er, 8., `8edae 0e |||u||s psa|rorur ||oer'. Au|err|e||, J. urd l. 8rur|oe|z|,
eds.,
ls. 8. 8|sc|oll. 3|u||gar|, , - . 1;1o11o
T| e vererao|e 8ede's use ol 3cr|p|ure 1|
lo|der, A. 0., `8ede ard ||e Trad|||or ol la|r|s||c Fxeges|s'. Arg|Tb;z(1o)
- o|11.
lso|a, A., `l| 0e sc|era||ous e| |rop|sd| 8eda |r rappor|o a| 0e doc|r|ra
c|r|s||arad|
821
Agos||ro'. bor 8aro1(1;o) ;1-8z.
Jer||rs, C., `8ede as Fxege|e ard T| eo|og|ar'. T| orpsor, A. l., ed. 8ede, l|s
l|le,
T|res ard wr|||rgs.Fssays |r Correrora||or ol ||e TWe|l|| Cer|erary ol
l|s 0ea||. 0xlord, 1.
Jores, C. w., `3ore lr|roduc|ory berar|s or 8ede's Correr|ary or 0eres|s'.
3F1
(1o-;o) 11-18.
Ke||y, J. l., `8ede ard ||e lr|s| Fxege||ca| Trad|||or ol ||e Apoca|ypse'. b8erz
(18z) -|oo.
, `T| e vererao|e 8ede ard l|oero-la||r Fxeges|s'. 3zarrac|, l. F., ed.,
3ources
ol Arg|o-3axor Cu||ure(3|ud|es |r |ed|eva| Cu||ure, zo). Ka|arazoo 18o,
o-;.
K||sor, l., `8ede's Fxp|ara||o Apoca|yps|sard re|a|ed Wor|s'. A3F(Arg|o-3axor
Frg|ard) 1z(18) ;-1z.
la|s|rer, |. l. w., `8ede as a C|ass|ca| ard as a la|r|s||c 3c|o|ar'. Trarsac||ors
ol ||e
l|s|or|ca| 3oc|e|y,lordor 3er. 1o(1) o-|= T| e lr|e||ec|ua| ler||age ol ||e
Far|y ||dd|e Ages, l||aca, N., 1;, -1;;.
lols|ed|, 8., `Zu 8edas Fvarge||er|orrer|arer'. Arc|osz1(18;) o1-;z.
|ac|ay, T. w., `8ede's lag|ograp||ca| |e||od. l|s KroW|edge ard use ol
lau||rus
ol No|a'. 0. 8orrer, ed., laru|us C|r|s||.
|ar||r, l. T., `Augus||re's lrl|uerce or 8ede's lore||ae evarge|||. 3c|rauoe||,
J. l., ard l. var l|e|erer, Co||ec|area Augus||r|ara. (v|||arova Augus||r|ar
l|s|or|ca| lrs|||u|e). NeW or| 1o, ;-o.
|eyvaer|, l., `8ede ard 0regory ||e 0rea|'. 8ede ard l|s wor|d, l (1|) 1o-
1z.
0'8r|er-0'Keele, K., `T| e use ol 8ede's wr|||rgs or 0eres|s |r A|cu|r's
lr|erroga||ores'. 3FJ0z(1;8-;) |o-8.
bay, b., `w|a| do We |roW aoou| 8ede's Correr|ar|es?'. becT| |(18z) -
zo.
, `Augus||re's 0e corsersus evarge||s|arurard ||e l|s|or|ca| Fduca||or ol ||e
vererao|e 8ede'. 3|la|r1o(18) ;-o.
, `8ede ard C|cero'. Arg|o3axor Frg|ard1o(18;) 1-1o.
boera 3ars, J., 3ar 8eda, exege|a de| Nuovo Tes|arer|o. 0|ss. larp|ora
. 1o
3|rore|||, |., `la |ecr|ca esege||ca d| 8eda re| Correr|o a 3arue|e'. 1
bor8aro 8
( - ) - . 18|8;11o
3|rore||| Aooo|||o, 0., vererao||e 8eda. 0re||e su| varge|o (Tes|| la|r|s||c| ). o
bore 1o.
3|e|r|auser, K. 8., `T| e 3|ruc|ure ol Tycor|us' Apoca|ypse Correr|ary. A
Correc||or'. vC ( ) - . 181|;
v|arre, 3., `Cosro|og|e ar||que e| correr|a|re de |a crea||or du rorde. le
c|aos
1||Fp||ogue
e| |es qua|re e|erer|s c|ez que|ques au|eurs du |au| royer-ge'. la cu||ura
ar||ca re|| 0cc|der|e |a||ro, ll (3po|e|o, ) - . 1;|1;
vogue, A. de, `les p|us arc|ers exeg|es du lrer|er ||vre des bo|s. 0r|gre,
Augus||r e| |eurs ep|gores'. 3FJ0 ( ) - . z18o1z
ward, 8., T|e vererao|e 8ede. lordor . 1o
, `8ede ard ||e lsa||er'. 8ede ard l|s wor|d, ll (1|) 8o-oz.
, `8ede ||e T| eo|og|ar'. 0. b. Fvars, ed., T| e |ed|eva| T| eo|og|cars. Ar
lr|roduc||or |o T| eo|ogy |r ||e |ed|eva| ler|od. 0xlord, zoo1, ;-o|.
w|||rer, A., `8edas 8|oe|aus|egurg'. Arc||v lur Ku||urgec||c||e||(1oz) z81-
1|.
w||rar|, C. A., `la co||ec||or de 8de |e vererao|e sur |'apo|re'. b8 ( ) 81zo
1o-z.
wr|g||, 0. l., `T| e 0a|e ol ||e ler|rgrad 8ede'. b8;1(1o1) zo-z;.
A leW add|||ora| rerar|s |o ||e o|o||ograp|y.
|. 8evero| da|ed ||e ler|rgrad 8ede lror ;1-;|o, W|ereas 0. l. wr|g||,
rore cau||ous|y, op|ed lor ;|o. 8. C|aus| s|a|ed ||a| a||egory Was lor 8ede ||e
o|o||ca| |rope par exce||erce. l. K||sor ooserved ||a| 8ede re||ed ra|r|y or
Jerore's lr Fsa|ar|.11-1|, ou| or Fp|p|ar|us W|er Wr|||rg |r Fxp|ara||o
Apoca|yps|sz1or ||e jeWe|s W||c| ou||| up ||e lourda||or ol ||e lo|y
C||y. b. bay (18z) erp|as|zed |oW 8ede's correr|ar|es |e|p |o apprec|a|e
||s l|s|ory ol ||e Frg||s| Na||or, bay (18;) corc|uded ||a| |r ||s o|o||ca|
correr|ar|es 8ede |ad access |o C|cero's 0e |rver||ore. |. 3|rore|||
ro||ced ||a| |r ||s Correr|ary or 1K|rgs8ede Was ra||er |rdeperder| ol
0regory ||e 0rea|, |erce ore reac|es a rore d|s||rc||ve p|c|ure ol 8ede's
oWr exege||ca| procedures, g|v|rg rea| va|ue |o ||s|or|ca| lac|s ard s|rss|rg
822
||e|r c|r|s|o|og|ca| re|evarce. Accord|rg |o 3|e|r|auser, 8ede, |r ll , 1|A,
spea|s aoou| ||s oWr correr|ary or ||e Apoca|ypse, ro| aoou| Tycor|us.
A| |eas|, we|ss s|a|es ||a| ls.-3a|or|us adap|ed 8ede lor sc|oo|s, poss|o|y |r
0errary al|er 8oo.

lr sur, 8ede, `||e grea|es| sc|o|ar ol ||s age ard ||e l|res| ||eo|og|ar
oe|Weer ||e ear|y C|urc| ard ||e Caro||rg|ar age' (ward, zoo1, ;) preser|s
a c|ear p|c|ure ol ||e process oy W||c| ||e |egacy ol pa|r|s||c |errereu||cs
Wou|d s||l|over |r|o ||e roras||c cu||ure ol ||e ||dd|e Ages. lr a la||r
s|y|e ol ||s oWr, 8ede succeeded |r |eep|rg a||ve ||e o|o||ca| v|s|or ol ||e
la||ers |r ||e ourgeor|rg C|r|s||ar||y ol ||s |ore|ard. le ass|r||a|ed ||e|r
ro||or ol sa|va||or |r ||s oWr geograp||ca| |errs, ard |e reasured ||e|r
d|s|arce lror ||r |r ||e pas| oy a carelu| re-cour||rg ol ||re, or|y |o l|rd
T| e vererao|e 8ede's use ol 3cr|p|ure 1|
||rse|l, |os| as |e Was |r ||e Woods ol Nor||uror|a, ard ||s cor|erporar|es
|r ||e 8r|||s| ls|es |rc|uded |r ||e ur|versa| ur||y ol ||e c|urc|. As a |earred
|r|erpre|er ol ||e 8|o|e, 8ede app||ed ||e pr|rc|p|es ol pa|r|s||c exeges|s
|r a rarra||ve lorr ol correr|ary, W||c| Was ro |orger pa|r|s||c, ou| a
||rp|d ard e|oquer| |es||rory |o ||e sp|r||ua| cu||ure ol ||s oWr roras||c
erv|rorrer|.
1|oFp||ogue
lN0FX 0l NA|F3
l0b TlF lNTb00uCTl0N
AN0 lAbT A
Arorose ol |||ar 204-205
A||aras|us ol A|exardr|a 55, 194
Augus||re ol l|ppo 27, 43, 4o, 85, 89,
15o-157, 17o, 195, 199, 201, 24o
8ede ||e vererao|e 19
8oe|||us 19o
Caesar|us ol Ar|es o3, 201
C|erer| ol A|exardr|a 194
0|odore ol Tarsus 173
0|orys|us ol A|exardr|a 194
0regory ol Nyssa 221, 223-22o
l||ary ol lo|||ers 204
Jerore 197-200
Jo|r C|rysos|or 171
|arc|or 18o
0r|ger ol A|exardr|a 44, 88, 1o1, 1o7,
170-171, 203, 20o-207, 230, 251
l|||o ol A|exardr|a 18-19, 37, 51,
175-185, 244, 250-257
Ter|u|||ar 195, 230
T| eodore ol |opsues||a 219-220, 224,
22o
T| eodore| ol Cyrr|us o3, 194-195
Tycor|us 13, 155, 170, 245
v|c|or|rus ol loe|ov|o 1o7
arra| 135
ose oer ose 135
823