ATTMA Testing Standards October 2010

TECHNICAL STANDARD L1.
MEASURING AIR PERMEABILITY OF

BUILDING ENVELOPES
(DWELLINGS)

October 2010 Issue

The Air Tightness Testing & Measurement Association
c/o the British Institute of Non-Destructive Testing
1 Spencer Parade
Northampton
NN1 5AA

Tel: +44 (0)1604 630124
Fax: +44 (0)1604 231489
web: www.attma.org
www.bindt.org

Technical Standard L1 Page 1 of 25 30/09/10
Issue 1 www.attma.org
Content Page

Section 1 Introduction 2
1.1 Basis for measurement 2
1.2 Background 2
1.2.1 What is air leakage? 2
1.2.2 What is the impact of air leakage? 2
1.2.3 Why should we test? 3
1.3 Measuring air leakage 3
1.4 Fan Pressurisation Systems 4
Section 2 -Air Leakage Standards 5
2.1 Good and Best Practice Standards 5
2.2 Building Regulation Requirements Part L 2010 (England and Wales), Part F1 (Northern
Ireland), or Section 6 of the Domestic Handbook (Scotland). 5
Section 3 - Specific Test and Building Preparation Procedure 6
3.1 Pre Test Requirements 6
3.2 Building Envelope Calculations 6
3.2.1 Air Permeability Envelope Area (m
2
) 7
3.2.2 Air Change Rate Volume (m
3
) 7
3.2.3 Cold Roof Construction Envelope Area Calculation 8
3.2.4 Warm Roof Construction Envelope Area Calculation 9
3.3 Fan System Selection 10
3.4 Building Preparation 10
3.5 Further Test Equipment 11
3.6 Site Test Procedure 12
3.7 Test Results 14
Section 4 - Test Report 15
Appendix A - Equations and Corrections 17
A.1.0 Equations 17
A.2.0 Essential parameters (r and n) 21
A.3.0 Limiting factors 22
Appendix B - Test Equipment Requirements 23
B.1.0 Introduction 23
B.2.0 Accuracy 23
B.3.0 Calibration 24
Appendix C - Equivalent Leakage Area (ELA) 25

Section 1 Introduction
1.1 Basis for measurement
The requirements of ATTMA for the measurement of the air permeability of buildings
are generally based on BS EN 13829:2001 - Thermal Performance of Buildings -
Determination of air permeability of buildings - Fan pressurisation method with
enhancements recommended by ATTMA.

This document provides the technical standard to be followed for the testing of
Dwellings as set out in Regulation 20B and Approved Document L1A 2010 of the
Building Regulations for England and Wales, Technical Booklet Part F1 in Northern
Ireland, and Section 6 of the Domestic Handbook (Scotland).

For a testing organisation to show full compliance with this standard, they should
have suitable third party monitoring systems in place. This is demonstrated by either
holding building air leakage testing UKAS accreditation for organisations in line with
BS ISO:17025:2005 or having an active registration with the BINDT L1 testing
scheme.

Guidance for test procedures for the testing of Non-Dwellings (as set out in
Regulation 20B and Approved Document L2A 2010 of the Building Regulations for
England and Wales, F2 in Northern Ireland, and Section 6 (Commercial) in Scotland)
is provided within companion reference document ATTMA Technical Standard L2
(downloadable from www.attma.org).
1.2 Background
1.2.1 What is air leakage?
Air leakage is the uncontrolled flow of air through gaps and cracks in the fabric of a
building (sometimes referred to as infiltration or draughts). This is not to be confused
with ventilation, which is the controlled flow of air into and out of the building through
purpose built ventilators that is required for the comfort and safety of the occupants.
Too much air leakage leads to unnecessary heat loss and discomfort to the
occupants from cold draughts. The increasing need for higher energy efficiency in
buildings and the need in future to demonstrate compliance with more stringent
Building Regulations targets means that airtightness has become a major
performance issue. The aim should be to Build tight ventilate right. Taking this
approach means that buildings cannot be too airtight, however it is essential to
ensure appropriate ventilation rates are achieved through purpose built ventilation
openings.
1.2.2 What is the impact of air leakage?
Fabric heat losses have been driven down over many years by the various versions
of the Building Regulations and there is limited return in reducing them down
significantly further. The improvements made in the thermal performance of building
materials have raised the importance of designing and constructing less leaky
building envelopes.


Airtightness of buildings was addressed for the first time in the UK in the 2002 edition
of Part L of the Building Regulations (England and Wales), and in subsequent years
has also been incorporated in various degrees in to Part F (Northern Ireland), and
Section 6 (Scotland). The airtightness of the UK building stock has traditionally been
proven to be poor, which leads not only to unnecessary ventilation heat loss but also
to widespread occupant dissatisfaction.

1.2.3 Why should we test?
Gaps and cracks in the building fabric are often difficult to detect simply by visual
inspection. Air leakage paths through the building fabric can be tortuous; gaps are
often obscured by internal building finishes or external cladding. The only satisfactory
way to show that the building fabric is reasonably airtight is to measure the leakiness
of the building fabric as a whole. Air leakage is quantified as Air Permeability. This is
the leakage of air (m.h
-1
) in or out of the building, per square metre of building
envelope at a reference pressure difference of 50 Pascals (i.e. m
3
.h
-1
.m
-2
@ 50 Pa)
between the inside and outside of the building.
1.3 Measuring air leakage
Assessment of building envelope air leakage involves establishing a pressure
differential across the envelope and measuring the air flow required to achieve that
differential. This is normally achieved by utilising variable flow portable fans which
are temporarily installed in a doorway, or other suitable external opening.

HVAC plant is switched off and temporarily sealed prior to the test. Passive
ventilation should also be temporarily sealed. All doors and windows on the exterior
of the air test envelope are closed. The test fans are switched on and the flow
through them increased until a building pressure of 50 100 Pa is achieved. The
total air flow through the fan and the building pressure differential created between
the inside and outside is recorded. The fan speed is then slowly adjusted to produce
sequential steps of not more than 10 Pa building pressure differential, with the fan
flow and pressure differential data recorded at each step.

The recorded fan flow (Q) and building pressure differential (Ap) data allow a
relationship to be established. This can be defined in terms of the power law
equation:

Q =C (Ap)
n
1

Where C and n are constants that relate to the specific building under test.

The total air flow required to achieve the reference pressure differential of 50 Pa can
then be calculated from the equation (see Appendix A). This airflow is then divided by
the total building envelope area (A
E
) to provide the leakage rate in m
3
.h
-1
.m
-2
@
50Pa.

1.4 Fan Pressurisation Systems

Single fan in single door used for dwellings (door fans typically move 2 m
3
.s
-1
,
which allows properties with envelope areas of up to 720m
2
to be tested at a
specification of 10 m
3
.h
-1
.m
-2
@ 50 Pa).

Section 2 -Air Leakage Standards
2.1 Good and Best Practice Standards
Recommended airtightness standards for a variety of different building types have
been established over many years. The airtightness of buildings, as defined in the
Approved Documents L1A and L2A, is based on air permeability where the envelope
area is defined as the surface area of boundary walls, roof and floor. For improved
energy efficiency and much better control of the indoor environment, better
airtightness standards are required than the relatively relaxed worst acceptable limit
set by the Building Regulations. When calculating the dwellings carbon dioxide
emission rate (DER) it may be necessary to set much higher standards for
airtightness to ensure the proposed dwelling is within the target emission rate (TER)
required to demonstrate compliance with Building Regulations Part L (England and
Wales), Part F1 (Northern Ireland), or Section 6 of the Domestic Handbook
(Scotland). The following table provides current normal and best practice airtightness
criteria for different dwelling types:

Type Air permeability m
3
.h
-1
.m
-2

@ 50 Pascals
Air Change Rate h
-1

@ 50 Pascals
Best
practice
Normal
Dwellings
naturally ventilated 5.0 7.0 -
mechanically ventilated 1.0 5.0 -
PassivHaus Standard - <1.0 0.6
2.2 Building Regulation Requirements Part L 2010 (England and Wales), Part
F1 (Northern Ireland), or Section 6 of the Domestic Handbook (Scotland).

Regulation 20B of the Building Regulations 2010 (England and Wales) requires that
pressure testing is carried out on new buildings, in order to be satisfied that provision
has been made to limit heat gains and losses through the building fabric. This
includes heat transfer by air leakage.

For new dwellings, as defined in Building Regulations Approved Document L1A 2010
(England and Wales), Technical Booklet Part F1 (Northern Ireland), and Section 6 of
the Domestic Handbook (Scotland) advises that pressure tests should be carried out
on a representative sample of dwellings.

The general requirement is for the dwellings to be tested to comply with a maximum
air permeability of 10 m
3
.h
-1
.m
-2
at a reference pressure differential of 50 Pascals.
However, in order to comply with the carbon emission target, lower air permeability
may be required by the Building Regulations and dwellings tested for compliance
accordingly.

Section 3 - Specific Test and Building Preparation Procedure
3.1 Pre Test Requirements
Liaison should be made with the client over the date and time of the test procedure.
The client should be made fully aware of the nature of the test and the degree of
disruption that it may cause to construction works and/or operation of the dwelling.

The test procedure can be significantly affected by extremes of weather (wind speed,
internal/external temperatures). Weather forecasts should be checked prior to the
proposed test date and if inclement weather is predicted, re-scheduling may be
necessary.

There may be occasions when the dwelling needs to be tested in conditions that are
less than ideal and under these circumstances this must be stressed in the test
report. However, if tests need to be carried out during periods of fresh (6 m/s) wind
speeds, the zero flow pressures are likely to exceed 5 Pascals making the test result
invalid.
3.2 Building Envelope Calculations
An accurate evaluation of the dwelling or test area envelope (A
E
) must be made prior
to the test being undertaken. The necessary fan flow required to undertake the test
should be calculated from this figure.

The dwelling envelope will normally be calculated from accurate dimensioned
drawings. It must be confirmed that the drawings used for the measurement are
current and reflect dimensions of the completed dwelling.

The extent of the dwelling to be tested must be confirmed. This will reflect the extent
of the conditioned space within the dwelling, i.e. spaces that are heated or cooled.

The area of the dwelling envelope should be measured along the line of the
component to be relied upon for air sealing. This will generally be the inner surface of
the wall or roof assembly.

Areas are measured as flat, i.e. no allowance is made for undulating profiles such as
profiled cladding or textures to wall components. Similarly the surfaces within window
and external door reveals are excluded.

The calculated envelope area will be referred to in subsequent data analysis and test
reports. This calculation should normally be undertaken by the testing organisation.
The output from the calculation should be recorded and retained by the testing
organisation, along with relevant drawings for future reference.

3.2.1 Air Permeability Envelope Area (m
2
)
For an Air Permeability Envelope Area (A
E
), all walls (including basement walls, if the
basement is subject to test), roof and the floor are considered as part of the building
envelope.

This is the method of envelope measurement referred to in the Building Regulations.

The envelope area of the dwelling will need to be calculated. A dwelling envelope
area calculation example can be seen in the Sections 3.2.3 & 3.2.4.
3.2.2 Air Change Rate Volume (m
3
)
The Air Change Rate Volume (V) is the volume of air inside the dwelling under test,
for all the zones incorporated within the test zone, with no deductions for furniture.
This is not a requirement to show compliance with the Approved Document, but may
be produced for information only.

3.2.3 Cold Roof Construction Envelope Area Calculation
A cold roof has the insulation at the horizontal ceiling level and usually a large void or
space between the insulation and the pitched roof rafters.

Where: L = 7.40 m W = 4.40 m H = 5.30 m

Cold roof construction - air barrier at first floor ceiling
Area Calculation (m) Result (m)
Floor area L x W
(7.40x 4.40)

32.56
Roof area L x W
(7.40 x 4.40)

32.56
Wall area 2 x H x (L + W)
2 x 5.30 x (7.40 + 4.40)

125.08
Total 190.20m
2

3.2.4 Warm Roof Construction Envelope Area Calculation
A warm roof has the insulation running along the pitched roof rafters with an air
barrier normally running parallel along the inside face of the insulation.
Where: L1 = 7.40 m W1 = 4.40 m H1 = 5.10 m R1 = 1.50 m
L2 = 3.98 m W2 = 0.85 m H2 = 1.44 m R2 = 0.93 m
L3 = 0.40 m W3 = 2.70 m H3 = 1.06 m R3 = 0.57 m
L4 = 0.40 m W4 = W2 H4 = 2.10 m
L5 = 1.30 m W5 = 0.58 m
W6 = 1.91 m
W7 = 1.51 m

Warm roof construction - air barrier along line of rafters, and first floor ceiling
Area Calculation (m) Result (m)
Floor area L 1x W1
(7.40 x 4.40)

32.56
Roof area (((2 x L1) L5) x W2) + (L1 x W5) + (L4 x W6) + (L1 x R1)
+ ((L1 L5) x R1) + ((R1 R2) x L3) + ((W6 + W7) x R3)

(((2 x 7.40) 1.30) x 0.85) + (7.40 x 0.58) + (0.50 x 1.91) +
(7.40 x 1.50) + ((7.40 1.30) x 1.50) + ((1.50 0.93) x
0.40) + ((1.91 + 1.51) x 0.57)

39.15
Wall area (2 x (W1 +L1) x H1) + (((2 x L1) L5) x H2) + (2 x W3 x H2)
+ (W5 x H3) + (W3 x H3) + (L5 x H4) + (((L4 + L5)/2) x (H2
+ H3 H4)) + (2 x W4 x H4) + ((W7 W4) x (H4 H2))
(2 x (4.40 +7.40) x 5.10) + (((2 x 7.40) 1.30) x 1.44) + (2 x
2.70 x 1.44) + (0.58 x 1.06) + (2.70 x 1.06) + (1.30 x 2.10) +
(((0.50 + 1.30)/2) x (1.44 + 1.06 2.10)) + (2 x 0.85 x 2.10)
+ ((1.51m 0.85) x (2.10 1.44))

158.15
Total 229.86m
2

3.3 Fan System Selection
The fan system will almost always consist of one unit located within an external
opening to the dwelling envelope, or area under test. Adequate fan capacity must be
available to undertake the test. This will be established from the target specification,
and the envelope area calculation. The fan flow rate must be no less than 100% of
the required flow rate at 50 Pa to achieve the worst acceptable dwelling specification.

From information available, and through liaison with the client, the location for the
installation of the fan equipment should be established prior to the test date. A
number of issues must be considered:

1. Access for fan equipment to be delivered and installed.
2. Air flow restrictions in front and around fans. A clear door opening is preferred.
3. Any electrical power supplies which may be necessary.
4. Local restrictions, e.g. noise, working hours etc.
5. Acceptable route for the air to flow from the fans to equalise pressure
throughout the test enclosure.

The test can be undertaken either through pressurisation or depressurisation of the
building envelope. This may be dictated by the specification, proposed test
equipment, or by the practicalities of site conditions. Whichever method(s) are
necessary the nature of the test pressurisation should be confirmed prior to the test
date. This may affect temporary sealing methods and locations.

The fan system and associated equipment utilised must be calibrated in accordance
with traceable standards, and must be within accepted calibration periods (see
Appendix B).
3.4 Building Preparation
Prior to the test being undertaken, the dwelling must be prepared to allow effective
(de)pressurisation and representative results to be obtained. The method of
preparation referred to in this document is generally compliant with BS EN
13829:2001 Method B Test of the Building Envelope.

To allow pressure to equalise fully around the test enclosure, all internal doors should
be fully opened and restrained. All areas of the dwelling to be tested should be
connected by openings no smaller than a single leaf doorway (say 800mm x
2000mm). Any areas of the building where this is not achievable must be recorded
and noted within the test report.

Further guidelines for preparation include:
o All drainage traps should be filled with water.
o All incoming service penetrations (e.g. power, telecoms) should be
permanently sealed.
o All external doors and windows should be closed (but not additionally
sealed). This includes door thresholds. The exception to this will be
apertures to which test equipment is connected.

o Background trickle ventilators, passive ventilation systems and
permanently open uncontrolled natural ventilation openings should be
temporarily sealed.
o Mechanical ventilation and air conditioning systems should be turned
off. These systems should be temporarily sealed to prevent air leakage
through the systems during the test.

For the result of the test to be representative, the external envelope should be in its
final completed state. However it may be necessary to erect some temporary
seals/screens to allow the test to be undertaken, (for example if a door or window
has been broken, or is missing). Any such temporary seals must be robust enough to
withstand the maximum test pressure (100 Pa).

Temporary seals employed during the test (including the method of closure of
mechanical ventilation systems) must be spot checked and recorded for inclusion in
the test report. The application and recording of these seals for the testing of
dwellings is the responsibility of the tester. It should be noted that temporary sealing
to large and complex systems should not be under-estimated. Careful co-ordination
and planning will be required to ensure all systems are adequately sealed. The
testing organisation should undertake a reasonable assessment of the building
envelope, both prior to and after the test being undertaken.

Any elements at variance with these guide notes should be highlighted within the
final report such that the client/building inspector may assess whether the result
obtained is adequately representative of how the building would perform in its final
completed condition. As temporary seals to unfinished works may, in practice, be
more airtight than the envelope element that they replace, results obtained with such
temporary seals should be qualified accordingly by the testing organisation.
3.5 Further Test Equipment
In addition to the fan (de)pressurisation system, other pieces of equipment must be
utilised during the test.

The internal/external pressure difference is normally measured at approximately the
geometric centre of the dwelling or enclosure being tested. Measurements are
normally obtained through small bore tubing (no greater than 6mm internal diameter).
The internal reference tube must be located away from corridors or doorways where
air movement (dynamic pressure) is likely to affect the readings obtained. Separate
measurements should be taken on the highest and ground floor levels of the dwelling
tested in cases where there is concern over pressure equalisation as in 3.4
paragraph 2. This shall be used to ascertain that uniform building pressure is
achieved within a range of less than 10% between the ground and top floor, and
should be recorded at the highest flow rate achieved, the test is invalid outside this
range and should be repeated after sufficient opening have been found to ensure
uniform pressure.

Pressure tubes should be kept away from locations where they may be trapped, or
may become heated or cooled excessively. The external reference tube should
preferably be located away from the building envelope. This must terminate out of the
air flows induced by the fan pressurisation system, and sheltered from any wind.

Where this is not possible i.e. a top / intermediate floor apartment, the adjacent floor,
the reference tube should be taken to an adjacent apartment or floor, and all the
doors and windows opened to ensure a free air supply is provided.

Suitably calibrated differential pressure measuring devices shall be employed to
measure the indoor/outdoor pressure difference.

Suitably calibrated thermometers must be used internally and externally to the
dwelling, to allow temperatures to be recorded before and after the test procedure.
Where a variation in the internal or external air temperature is recorded during the
test, an average shall be calculated.

The location of all measurement devices/terminations must be recorded on site test
data sheets.

Measurement of barometric pressure is also necessary before and after the test.
3.6 Site Test Procedure
When the dwelling has been suitably prepared, the test can commence. The client
should be advised and asked to ensure that all external doors and windows remain
closed for the duration. When testing flats, terraced houses, or any dwellings that are
directly adjacent to other properties, doors and/or windows should be opened in all
adjacent properties (e.g. above, below and on either side) and in the access corridor.
This is to ensure that pressure equalises between the adjacent properties and
outside the building. Where it is not possible to access any of these properties, for
example if they are occupied, this should be noted in the test report.

Whilst it is safe for the test to be undertaken with people remaining inside the
dwelling, it is often easier for the site operatives/staff to evacuate the dwelling for the
period of the test.

External and internal temperatures should be recorded (T
e1
, T
i1
), where necessary an
average reading may be taken, e.g. in multi storey residences.

All pressure measuring and flow measurement devices should be zeroed as
necessary at this stage.

With the opening(s) of the air moving equipment temporarily covered, the pressure
measuring devices should be connected to the internal/external reference pressure
tubes. The following zero flow pressure difference readings shall be recorded:

P
0,1+
The average of positive values recorded over a minimum of 30
seconds
P
0,1-
The average of negative values recorded over a minimum of 30
seconds
P
0,1
The average of all values recorded over a minimum of 30
seconds

If any of P
0,1+
, P
0,1-
, P
0,1
are is found to be in excess of 5 Pa, conditions are
not suitable to undertake a valid test, and the client should be advised.


Wind speed and temperature may be the cause of excessive static pressures, and
waiting until the environmental conditions change may reduce the figure to an
acceptable level. It should also be confirmed that mechanical ventilation systems are
suitably isolated so as not to cause this effect.

Once acceptable zero flow pressure difference readings have been taken, covers
from the air moving equipment should be removed. Air pressurisation equipment can
then be turned on to pressurise or depressurise the dwelling/enclosure.

The test is carried out by taking a series of measurements of air flow rates and
corresponding indoor/outdoor pressure difference over a range of fan flows.

Due to the instability of induced pressures at lower levels, the minimum measured
and corrected pressure difference must be the greater of 10 Pa, or five times the zero
flow pressure difference measured prior to the test (the greater of P
0,1+
, P
0,1-
).

The highest pressure difference (corrected) must be greater than 50 Pa. If less than
50 is achieved, the test is not valid and this must be recorded within the final test
report along with the reason why. Readings taken at low pressures will be more
adversely affected by environmental conditions and any conclusions drawn from
such a report should be treated with caution.

The test can be undertaken with the dwelling envelope either positively or negatively
pressurised, and results obtained in either situation are valid. Alternatively both
positive and negative tests may be carried out, and an average of the results
calculated.

It is recommended that pressurisation systems are switched on in a controlled
manner. Great care must be taken to ensure that the dwelling does not become over
pressurised (>100 Pa) as this may present a risk to internal finishes and the fabric of
the dwelling.

Measurements must be taken at a minimum of 5 pressures between the maximum
and minimum induced pressures, i.e. a minimum of 7 points, with intervals between
pressures being no greater than 10 Pa. It is recommended that wherever possible 8
to 10 pressure differences are recorded. It is normally beneficial to take readings
over a broad range of building pressures (a minimum of 25 Pa range).

Adequate time must be allowed for induced pressures to stabilise throughout the
dwelling envelope.

Once steady pressure (p)

and flow (Q) readings are obtained, these shall be
recorded. Where multiple fans are utilised, it must be ensured that flow measurement
readings are taken for each fan.

When a full set of data has been recorded, the pressurisation system should be
switched off and the fan opening re-covered. The following should then be recorded:
P
0,2+
The average of positive values recorded over a minimum of 30
seconds

P
0,2-
The average of negative values recorded over a minimum of 30
seconds
P
0,2
The average of all values recorded over a minimum of 30
seconds

If any of P
0,2+
, P
0,2-
, P
0,2
is found to be in excess of 5 Pa, the conditions have
not been suitable to undertake a valid test, and the client should be advised.

Should any test have been undertaken with zero flow pressure difference (either
before or after the test) in excess of 5 Pa, then any result obtained must be qualified
accordingly. Whilst the test undertaken may provide an approximate result, this
should not be used to prove compliance with any specification.

External and internal temperatures should be recorded (T
e2
, T
i2
). Where necessary
an average reading may be taken.

Following the test it should be confirmed that the dwelling conditions have remained
stable during the test, and that temporary seals and external doors/windows/vents
have remained closed.
3.7 Test Results
The recorded test data must be analysed and corrected in accordance with the
standard equations contained within Appendix A.

For the purpose of this standard the final air permeability test result is expressed as a
rate of leakage per hour per square metre of dwelling envelope at a reference
pressure differential of 50 Pa (m
3
.h
-1
.m
-2
@ 50 Pa). This is calculated by dividing the
total calculated leakage flow rate (Q
50
) by the envelope area (A
E
).

When figures for an indicative air change rate are required (e.g. for Passivhaus
compliance purposes), this can be expressed as a proportion of a complete volume
change to occur every hour at a pressure differential of 50 Pa (h
-1
@ 50 Pa). This is
calculated by dividing the total calculated leakage flow rate (Q
50
) by the volume (V) of
the area subject to test.

Section 4 - Test Report
The report shall contain at least the following information:

a) All details necessary to identify the dwelling tested; purpose of test (method A
or B) as per BS EN 13829:2001; post address and estimated date of
construction of the dwelling.
b) A reference to this standard and any deviation from it.
c) Test object:
description of which parts of the dwelling were subject to the test;
envelope area;
documentation of test calculations so that the stated results can be verified;
the general status of openings on the dwelling envelope, latched, sealed,
open, etc.;
detailed description of temporarily sealed openings, if any;
the type of heating, ventilating and air conditioning system.
d) Apparatus and procedure:
equipment and technique employed;
serial number for each calibrated item of equipment used;
date of calibration expiry for each calibrated item of equipment used.
e) Test data:
zero-flow pressure differences P
0,1+
, P
0,1-
, P
0,2+
, P
0,2-
, P
0,1
and P
0,2

for pressurisation and depressurisation test;
internal and external temperatures before and after the test;
barometric pressure before and after the test;
differential pressure on ground and top floor at highest flow rate achieved (if
required);
table of induced pressure differences and corresponding air flow rates;
air leakage graph, with value of correlation coefficient r;
the air flow coefficient C
env
, the air flow exponent, n, and the air leakage
coefficient C
L
, for both pressurisation and depressurisation tests
determined by the method indicated;
Air permeability result.
f) Date and time of test.
g) Name and address of organisation/individual carrying out the test and details
of the credentials permitting them to do so (UKAS Accreditation or BINDT L1
Registration number).


Appendices

Appendix A - Equations and Corrections
A.1.0 Equations
A.1.1 Corrections for zero flow pressure differences
Zero flow pressure difference corrections should be applied to the observed dwelling
differential pressures for wind and stack effects. Subtract the average zero-flow
pressure difference from each of the measured pressure differences, Ap
m
, to obtain
the induced pressure differences, Ap
env
, using equation 2:

2
2 0 1 0 , ,
m env
p p
p p
A A
A A
+
= 2

where Ap
0,1
is the average of all zero flow pressure differences at the start of the test
and Ap
0,2
is the average of all zero flow pressure differences at the end of the test.
A.1.2 Calculation of air density
The air density,, in kg.m
-3
, at a temperature,u, in C and at the absolute pressure,
p
bar
, in Pa, can be obtained by equation 3. This may be calculated as an average of
temperature and absolute pressure readings taken immediately before, during and
immediately after the test.

( ) 15 . 273 055 . 287
37802 . 0
+

=
u
v bar
p p
3

Where:
( ) | |
)
`
+ |
.
|
\
|
+
=
15 . 273 ln 02802 . 5
15 . 273
4985 . 6790
484085 . 59 u
u
e p
v

and, can be taken as 0.5 (i.e. 50% relative humidity)
A.1.3 Correction for actual and observed airflow through the measuring device
The actual flow rate
m
Q through the fan is a function of the measured values at the
last fan calibration and measured values during the air test.

m
c
c m
Q Q
= 4

Where Q
m
is the actual volumetric flow rate through the fan during the test, Q
c
is the
airflow rate from the last calibration of the fan,
m
is the density of air passing through
the fan during the test (kg.m
-3
) and
c
is the air density recorded during fan
calibration.

A.1.4 Correction for internal/external air density differences

A correction is required for the internal/external density differences between air
passing through the airflow measuring device and air passing through the dwelling
envelope. The correction to be applied depends on whether the building is being
pressurised or depressurised.
A.1.4.1 Corrections to airflow rate for pressurisation tests:
Convert the measured airflow rate, Q
m
, to airflow through the dwelling envelope,
Q
env(out)
, for pressurisation using equation 5:

i
e
m ) out ( env
Q Q
= 5
where Q
env(out)
is the actual air flow volume out through the envelope,
e
is the mean
external air density (kg.m
-3
) and
i
is the mean internal

air density (kg.m
-3
).
A.1.4.2 Corrections to airflow rate for depressurisation tests:
Convert the measured airflow rate, Q
m
, to airflow through the dwelling envelope,
Q
env(in)
, for depressurisation using equation 6:

e
i
m ) in ( env
Q Q
= 6
where Q
env(in)
is the actual air flow volume in through the envelope,
e
is the mean
external air density (kg.m
-3
) and
i
is the mean internal

air density (kg.m
-3
).
A.1.5 Determination of constants C and n using a least squares technique

The results from a steady state building test will give a dataset comprising of dwelling
differential pressures (Ap
env
) and corresponding fan flow rates (Q
m
), and follow the
relationship stated in equation. There are a number of curve fitting approximations
available to produce a best-fit line between these points. The most straightforward of
these is the least squares approximation. Equation 1 is rearranged by taking the
logarithm of each side to form an equation for a straight line:

y = mx + b

where y = ln(Q
m
)
and x = ln(Ap
env
)

The points recorded are fitted through the points (x
1
, y
1
),.,(x
i
, y
i
) so that the sum of
the squares of the distances of those points from the straight line is minimum. The
airflow rates and corresponding pressure differences are plotted on a log-log graph
for pressurisation and depressurisation as required.

The calculation of the factors m and b for a given (de)pressurisation test are as
follows:-

| | | | ( )

=
m env
Q ln p ln XY d A 7

| | | | ( )

=
env env
p ln p ln XX d A A 8

| | | |) ln (ln
m m
Q Q YY d =

9

| |

=
env
p ln X d A 10

| |

=
m
Q ln Y d 11

( ) ( )
( ) ( )

=
XX d i X d X d
XY d i Y d X d
m 12

where i = number of data points

( ) ( )
( ) ( )

=
XX d i X d X d
Y d XX d XY d X d
b 13

from this the air flow coefficient, C
env
, and air flow exponent, n, are obtained:

b
env
e C = 14
and

n m = 15
A.1.6 Correction of airflow rates through the dwelling envelope to standard
temperature and pressure

The relationship is established between volumetric flow rate through the fan and the
induced dwelling envelope pressure difference:

n
env env env
p C Q A = 16

where Q
env
is the air flow rate through the dwelling envelope (m.h
-1
) and Ap
env
is the
induced pressure difference, in Pascals.

The air leakage coefficient, C
L
, is obtained by correcting the air flow coefficient, C
env
,
to standard conditions (i.e. 20 C and 101,325 Pa).

For pressurisation use equation:

n
s
i
env L
C C
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
1
17

For depressurisation use equation:

n
s
e
env L
C C
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
1
18
where
i
is the indoor air density kg.m
-3
,
e
is the outdoor air density kg.m
-3
, and
s
is
the air density at standard conditions (kg.m
-3
)

The air leakage rate,
env
p
Q
A
, for a given dwelling differential pressure, Ap
env
, can be
calculated using equation:

( )
n
env L p
p C Q
env
A =
A
19

where C
L
is the air leakage coefficient, in m
3
.h
-1
Pa
n
, Ap
env
is the induced pressure
difference (Pa) and n is the air flow exponent.
A.1.7 Air permeability

The air permeability, AP
50
, is the air leakage rate at a pressure difference of 50 Pa,
divided by the building envelope area A
E
(m). Units are m.h
-1
.m
-2
. The air
permeability is calculated using equation 20:

E
A
Q
AP
50
50
= 20

Where
n
L
C Q 50
50
= , from equation 19.

A.1.8 Air change rate

The air change rate, n
50
, is the air leakage rate at a pressure difference of 50 Pa,
divided by the building volume V (m). It defines the length of time required to
completely change the volume of air within the dwelling, and has the units h
-1
. The air
change is calculated using equation 21:

V
Q
n
50
50
= 21

Where
n
L
C Q 50
50
= , from equation 19.

A.1.9 Correlation coefficient (r)

The correlation coefficient (r) is a measure of the strength of association between
the observed values of building differential pressure (A
env
) and corresponding fan
flow rates.

2
o
xy
S
r = 22
where

( ) ( ) | | ( ) ( ) | |

= Y d Y d YY d i X d X d XX d i
2
o
( ) ( )

= Y d X d XY d i S
xy

A.2.0 Essential parameters (r and n)
Assessment of dwelling airtightness using a steady state technique relies on the
premise that an equal pressure difference is maintained across the whole of the
dwelling envelope. It is also paramount that no changes occur to the envelope, such
as removal of temporary sealing or opening an external door during the test. Two
parameters are used as indicators of the accuracy and validity of test results, r
2
and
n.
A.2.1 Correlation coefficient (r)
The correlation coefficient, or r, is indicative of the accuracy with which a curve fitting
equation can be applied to a set of results. For a dwelling air leakage test an r value
of greater than 0.980 must be obtained. Test results that do not attain this minimum
standard figure should be declared not valid and may be due to adverse
environmental conditions or substandard test and data collection techniques.
A.2.2 Air flow exponent (n)

The fortuitous air leakage paths through a dwelling envelope under test will consist of
a number of cracks and holes of varying shapes and size. The constants C and n are
derived from the power law relationship. The air flow exponent, n, is used to describe
the airflow regime through this orifice. Values should range between 0.5 and 1.0. If
the value of n is not within these limits, then the test is not valid and should be
repeated.

For information, n values which approach 0.5 will have fully developed turbulent flow
through the dwelling elements and represents air flow through rather large apertures,
which tend to be indicative of rather leaky structures. Values of n which approach
1.0, will indicate a more laminar like flow through the dwelling elements and generally
represent very tight structures, or those with a myriad of very tiny holes.

A.3.0 Limiting factors
A.3.1 Zero-flow pressure differences
Temporarily sealing is applied to the fan(s) at the start and end of the test. Readings
for dwelling differential pressures are recorded at zero airflow rate through the fan(s).
If the average of the zero-flow pressure differences at the start or end of the test
exceeds 5 Pa the influence of wind and/or stack pressures are theoretically too great
for a valid set of readings to be obtained.
A.3.2 Minimum acceptable dwelling differential pressures
The dwelling differential pressures induced during an air test should be greater than
those occurring naturally to minimise the influence of wind and stack effects. A
maximum pressure of at least 50 Pa must be established across the envelope, with
readings typically taken up to between 60 and 100 Pa. Higher building pressures
may result in more accurate data in some instances. However, differential pressures
above 100 Pa may result in the deformation of envelope components and must
therefore be avoided. No readings should be recorded below 10 Pa, or five times the
zero flow pressure difference, whichever is greater.

In exceptional circumstances, e.g. when a dwelling is unexpectedly leaky, it may not
be possible to achieve a pressure difference of 50 Pa. In these cases, the failure to
attain 50 Pa must be stated in the report, with an account of the reasons why.
Readings taken at low pressures will be more adversely affected by environmental
conditions and any conclusions drawn from such a report should be treated with
caution.

Appendix B - Test Equipment Requirements
B.1.0 Introduction
The requirements of ATTMA for the accuracy of measurements are based primarily
around the BS EN Standard 13829:2001 - Thermal Performance of Buildings -
Determination of air permeability of buildings - Fan pressurisation method with
enhancements recommended by ATTMA.

All instrumentation, whatever the required tolerance, needs to satisfy the annual
calibration requirements of UKAS. UKAS Certification is an ATTMA mandatory
requirement for all members.

B.2.0 Accuracy
The following is a list of the required measurements and tolerances:
B.2.1 Pressure Differential Measurement (micromanometer)
An instrument capable of measuring pressure differentials with an accuracy of 2 Pa
in the range of 0 to 100 Pa, with a UKAS accredited calibration.
B.2.2 Air Flow Rate Measurement
The device must have a UKAS accredited calibration and measure the air flow rate to
within 7 % of reading. The reading of the air flow rate shall be corrected according
to air density. Care should be taken when choosing a measurement system such that
the system is relatively unaffected by irregular air entry conditions (wind velocities
and local obstructions) and that there is stability in the measurement system. Where
multiple fans and measurement systems are to be used in unison then the calibration
of all individual units need to be verified and UKAS accredited.
B.2.3 Temperature Measurement devices
The accuracy of temperature measurement must have an accuracy of 1 C within
the range of -20 C to + 40 C.
B.2.4 Barometric Pressure
A barometer should have an accuracy of 5 mbar in the range 950 - 1050 mbar.

B.3.0 Calibration
Care will need to be taken in the choice of an air flow measurement system to avoid
inaccuracies induced by wind effects on the flow measurement device. The proximity
of local obstructions can cause inaccuracies but more particularly the proximity of two
flow measurement devices, as can be found with two or more blower door type fans.

The flow measurement device will require to be calibrated against a recognised test
procedure. Such test procedures will have to satisfy UKAS requirements and two
standards are worthy of reference. The first is BS ISO 3966:2008 Measurement of
fluid flow in closed conduits. Velocity area method using Pitot static tubes and the
second is BS 848-1:2007 (BS EN ISO 5801:2008) Industrial fans. Performance
testing using standardized airways.

It will also be a UKAS requirement and by extension an ATTMA requirement to
calculate estimates of uncertainties for not only the individual parameters but also a
final uncertainty budget from the square root of the sum of the squares of the
standard deviation of each source of uncertainty.

Appendix C - Equivalent Leakage Area (ELA)
It is often useful for the test engineer to translate the results of an air leakage test in
to a more readily understandable form such as an equivalent leakage area, A (m).
Area of holes left in the structure can be a useful guide, but it is only an
aerodynamic equivalent area based on a sharp edged orifice and should therefore be
regarded as approximate.

The flow rate of air can be expressed by:

n
s
env
d p
p
A C Q
env |
|
.
|
\
| A
=
A
2
23
Where:
The discharge coefficient, C
d
for a sharp edged orifice can be taken as 0.61,
standard air density
s
is taken as 1.20 kg.m
-3
, n can be taken as 0.5, the test
pressure is 50 Pa, and
50
Q is in m
3
.s
-1
, which allows equation to be simplified and
rearranged to:

57 5
50
.
Q
A = 24

Most dwellings do not exhibit a flow index (n) of 0.5 because the air leakage paths
can be long and convoluted, etc. and as such the above equation is only
approximate.

The above should be treated with extreme caution since holes in dwellings tend to
look considerably larger than they actually are, since the other side of the hole may
have a tortuous exit route or be occluded by a hidden membrane.

The equivalent leakage area should only be used as a guide for remedial measures
and not to determine the final air permeability value.

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TECHNICAL STANDARD L1.

MEASURING AIR PERMEABILITY OF

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