Timber and Steel Design

Lecture 10 Roof Design

< Types of Roof
< Bracing of Truss
< Loading on Truss & Purlin
< Secondary Truss

Mongkol JIRAVACHARADET

SURANAREE

INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING

UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

SCHOOL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Types of Roof

(a) Flat roof

(b) Lean to

(d) Gable

(e) Hip

(c) Butterfly

(f) Curve

Roof Rafter

(RISE)

(RUN)

(SPAN)

()

()

10, 15, 20

30 - 35

MIN. 1 - 2

(Metal sheet)

..

15

../..

1.0 1.2 .

50

../..

0.32 0.34 .

../..

1.0 2.0

(RISE)

(RUN)

(SPAN)

P/2

RL

P/2

RR

 10-1

1.2 m

0.8 m

4m

0.8 m

=
=
=

30
50
80

../.
../.
../.

1 .

1 .

0.8 m
2m

2m

1.0 1.0
= 801.0
=

= 90

0.8 m

80
../.
10
../.
../.

 2 . 0.8 .
w = 90 kg/m

0.8 m R
L

2m

RL = (1/2) (90) (2.8)2 / 2.0 = 176.4 ..

RR = (90) (2.8) 176.4 = 75.6 ..

RR

104.4 kg

75.6 kg

72 kg
31.8 kg-m

28.8 kg-m

0.84 m

Mmax = 31.8 ..-.

Fb = 0.60(2,500) = 1,500 ../.2
S = Mmax/Fb = 31.8(100)/1,500 = 2.12 .3

5025 .. 1.6 .. (Sx = 2.81 .3)

10-2
1
0.5 m
4m

90 ../..

4m

0.5 m

0.5 m 4 m

4m

0.5 m

45

=
=

42 + 42

0.52 + 0.52

= 5.66
= 0.707

L = 4.0/2 = 2.0

 wmax = 2L() = 2(2.0)(90)

= 360 ../.
= 3(0.5)2(90) = 67.5 ..
= (0.5)2(90) = 22.5 ..
wmax = 360 kg/m
67.5 kg

:
0.707 m
RL

5.66 m

RR

wmax = 360 kg/m

22.5 kg

:
0.707 m
RL

5.66 m

RR

Roof Truss
Top chord

Sag rod

Fixed Support
Truss

Purlins

Bottom chord

Free Support

Truss

Types of Trusses

King Post This is the most basic

truss type. Primarily used for
simple structures with short
spans.

Fink Capable of longer spans than

the King Post, adding further design
flexibility.

Flat - Using this truss can reduce

the amount of wall area that needs
to be sheathed.

Double Pitch or Dual Pitch An

asymmetrical truss used where the
designer wants a change in roof
appearance.

King Post Truss

Pratt Truss

Howe Truss

Fan Truss

Pratt Truss

Howe Truss

Fink Truss

Gambrel This truss is often used

in agricultural buildings and barns.

Hip This is one section of a hip

roof system.

Bracing of Trusses
Purlins

Sag rod

Bracing

T-1

T-2

Loading on Trusses
1

2
5.00

3
5.00

4
5.00

5
5.00

6
5.00

7
5.00

8
5.00

9
5.00

Purlins

Roof Plan

Tributary Area = 5 x 20 = 100 Sq.M.

10.00 M

Secondary Truss

10.00 M

Primary Truss

10
5.00

Loading on Purlin
s

C Purlins

s
Tributary Area

s
s

Primary Truss

s L

+ =

./.

= x s

./.

./.

Design of Purlins
f bx =

wy l 2

Mx
, Mx =
, wy = w cos + w0
Sx
8

wy

w
wx

wx l 2
f by =
, My =
, wx = w sin
Sy
8
My

f by
f bx f by
f bx
+
=
+
1.0
Fbx Fby 0.66 Fy 0.75Fy

Secondary Truss
Upper chord
in Compression

Lateral Buckling of upper

chord in primary truss

Lower chord
in Tension

Lateral wind load

Primary Truss under Loading

Secondary Truss helps Primary Truss for

- Lateral wind load
- Lateral buckling of upper chord

L/r <= 200

- Stability

15.1 12 5
14 ./.
. 30 ./. Fy =
2,500 ./. E = 2.1 x 106 ./.
300 kg
300 kg
300 kg
300 kg
300 kg
300 kg
150 kg

300 kg

U7

300 kg
U8
300 kg
U9
300 kg
U10
300 kg
U11
150 kg
U12

U6

U5

U4

U3

U2

U1

1.5 m

U13
0.5 m

L1

L2

L3

L4

L5

L6

L7

L8

L9

L10

L11

L12

L13

12 @ 1.0 m = 12.0 m

= tan

1 .5
= 14 . 04 o < 18 o
6

= 30 ./.

= 14 ./.

= 44 ./.

1.0 5.0
= 44 x 1.0

= 44 ./.

= 6 ./.

= 44 + 6 = 50 ./.
12 52
wx = 50 sin 14.04 = 12 kg/m, M y =
= 38 kg - m
8
0

49 52
= 153 kg - m
w y = 50 cos 14.04 = 49 kg/m, M x =
8
0

Sx =

153(100)
Mx
=
= 9.27 cm3
Fbx 0.66(2,500)

C125x50x20x2.3 . ( S x = 21.9. 3 , S y = 6.22. 3 ,

Ix =137.4, Iy=20.6.4, 4.51./.)
x :

f bx =

M x 153(100)
=
= 698.6 kg/cm 2
Sx
21.9

y :

f by =

My
Sy

38(100)
= 610.9 kg/cm 2
6.22

f by
f bx
698.6
610.9
+
=
+
= 0.75 1.0
0.66 Fy 0.75Fy 0.66(2,500 ) 0.75(2,500 )

max

OK

5wl 4
5( 49 / 100 )( 500 ) 4
=
=
384 EI 384 ( 2 . 1 10 6 )(137 )
500
l

= 1 . 38 cm <
=
= 1 . 67 cm
300 300

OK

 T-1:

T-1

= 30 ../.

= 14 ../.

(+)

= 6 ../.

()

= 10 ./.

300 ..
= 60 ../.
150 ..
= 60 60 1 = 300 ..

= 60 x 5 x 0.5 = 150 .

Lower Chord:

Upper Chord:

(.)

(.)

L1L2 = L12L13

1.00

L2L3 = L11L12

2200(T)

1.00

L3L4 = L10L11

3000(T)

1.00

L4L5 = L9L10

3240(T)

1.00

L5L6 = L8L9

3200(T)

1.00

L6L7 = L7L8

3000(T)

1.00

U1U2 = U12U13

2267(C)

1.03

U2U3 = U11U12

3092(C)

1.03

U3U4 = U10U11

3339(C)

1.03

U4U5 = U9U10

3298(C)

1.03

U5U6 = U8U9

3092(C)

1.03

U6U7 = U7U8

2783(C)

1.03

Vertical
Bracing:

Diagonal
Bracing:

(.)

(.)

L1U 1 = L13U 13

1800(C)

0.50

L2U 2 = L12U 12

1100(C)

0.75

L3U 3 = L11U 11

600(C)

1.00

L4U 4 = L10U 10

240(C)

1.25

L 5 U 5 = L9 U 9

50(T)

1.50

L 6 U 6 = L8 U 8

300(T)

1.75

L 7U 7

1050(T)

2.00

L2U 1 = L12U 13

2460(T)

1.12

L3U 2 = L11U 12

1000(T)

1.25

L4U 3 = L10U 11

339(T)

1.41

L 5U4 = L9U10

64(C)

1.60

L 6 U 5 = L8 U 9

360(C)

1.80

L 7 U 6 = L7 U 8

604(C)

2.02

:
L4L5 L9L10 = 3240 . (T) 1.0
, Ft = 0.60Fy = 0.60(2,500) = 1,500 ./.2
, Ag = 3240/1500 = 2.16 .2
L50 x 50 x 4 . (Ag = 3.89 .2, rmin = 0.98 .)
A307 12 .
, Ae = 0.85Ag = 0.85(3.89) = 3.31
= 0.5FuAe = 0.5(4,000)(3.31)
= 6,620 . > 3,240 . OK
, L/r = 100/0.98 = 102 < 300

OK

:
U3U4 U10U11 = 3,339 ..() 1.03
, Fa = 1,000 ../.2
, A = 3,339/1,000 = 3.34 .2
L50 x 50 x 4 . (A = 3.89 .2, rmin = 0.98 .)
, L/r = 103/0.98 = 105
, Fa = 876.2 ../.2
= (3.89)(876.2) = 3,408 .. > 3,339 ..

OK

:
1) :
L2U1 L12U13 = 2,460 .. 1.12
, Ft = 0.60Fy = 0.60(2,500) = 1,500 ../.2
, Ag = 2460/1500 = 1.64 .2
L40 x 40 x 3 . (A = 2.35 .2, rmin = 0.78 .)
A307 12 ..
, Ae = 0.85Ag = 0.85(2.35) = 2.00
= 0.5(4,000)(2.00) = 4,000 .. > 2,460 .. OK
, L/r = 112/0.78 = 143.6

< 300

OK

2) :
L7U6 L7U8 = 604 . 2.02
L/r = 202/0.78 = 259 > 200

NG

L65 x 65 x 6 . (A = 7.53 .2, rmin = 1.27 .)

2 L40 x 40 x 3 . (A = 2(2.35) = 4.70 .2)
y

Ix = 2 ( 3.45 ) = 6.90 .4
x

Control

Iy = 2 ( 3.45 ) + 4.70 ( 1.07 )2 = 12.28 .4

rmin = 6.90 / 4.70 = 1.21 cm

L/r = 202/1.21 = 167 < 200

OK

, Fa = 387.7 ./.2
= (4.70)(387.7) = 1,822 . > 600 .
300 kg
300 kg
300 kg
300 kg
300 kg
300 kg
300 kg
300 kg
300 kg
300 kg
300 kg
150 kg
150 kg

OK

Max. Deflection:
From analysis,
max = 1.64 cm

FREE

FIX

< [1200/300 = 4.0 cm] OK

12 m

Free (Roller) Support Design:

slot

= 12

= 1210-6 /oc

40 oC

TL = 1210-6401,200 = 0.576 cm
Slot length = 2 0.576 + 1.6 = 2.75 cm
BOLT 16 MM
2 cm
5 cm

USE 5 cm