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    Inductive Reasoning: Inductive Reasoning Occurs When You Form Conclusions Based On Repeated

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    Inductive Reasoning: Inductive Reasoning Occurs When You Form Conclusions Based On Repeated

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    Anastas Stefani
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    asdsa

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    128

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    12 views1 page

    Inductive Reasoning: Inductive Reasoning Occurs When You Form Conclusions Based On Repeated

    Uploaded by

    Anastas Stefani
    asdsa

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 1

    128 Chapter 3 The Mathematics of Logic & the Media

    Using Inductive Reasoning


    Explain how the Salk vaccine trials used inductive reasoning.
    SOLUTION
    Students who
    received nothing
    1,190,000
    Polio cases:
    51 per 100,000
    Students who
    received placebo
    200,000
    Polio cases:
    71 per 100,000
    Students who
    received vaccine
    440,000
    Polio cases:
    27 per 100,000
    The announcement that the vaccine was both safe and effective was based on
    inductive reasoning. In other words, it was assumed that the 1.8 million children
    in the eld trial were a good representation of all people.
    Checkpoint Help at
    Draw a set diagram that illustrates the inductive reasoning. Is the conclusion
    correct? Explain your reasoning.

    All the tigers I have seen are orange with black stripes.

    Therefore, all tigers are orange with black stripes.


    Inductive Reasoning
    Inductive reasoning occurs when you form conclusions based on repeated
    patterns. Although this leaves open the possibility of arriving at false conclusions,
    it is still the most common type of reasoning. Here is an example.
    Conclusion Based on Pattern

    All of the re I have felt is hot.

    Therefore, all re is hot.
    Hot things
    Fire
    New polio cases dropped to
    under 6000 in 1957, the rst year
    after the vaccine was widely
    available. In 1962, an oral vaccine
    became available. Today there
    are only a few polio cases in the
    United States.
    The Jonas Salk polio vaccine eld trials of 1954 were the largest and most
    publicized clinical trials ever undertaken. Most of the reported polio cases
    occurred in children under 10 years of age. So, the trial targeted about
    1.8 million children in the rst 3 grades of elementary school at 211 test sites.
    In the experiment, about 440,000 children received the vaccine, about 200,000
    received a placebo (a solution made to look like the vaccine, but containing no
    virus), and about 1,190,000 received neither. There were fewer cases of polio
    in children who received the vaccine than in children who received the placebo
    or nothing. The results, announced in 1955, were that the Salk vaccine was
    safe and effective in preventing polio.
    N
    u
    m
    b
    e
    r

    o
    f

    c
    a
    s
    e
    s
    Year
    Polio Cases in U.S.
    10,000
    0
    20,000
    1
    9
    3
    0
    30,000
    40,000
    50,000
    60,000
    70,000
    1
    9
    3
    5
    1
    9
    4
    0
    1
    9
    4
    5
    1
    9
    5
    0
    1
    9
    5
    5
    Copyright Larson Texts, Inc. All rights reserved.

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