India (: Bhārat Ga Arājya)

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India (

i
/ndi/), officially the Republic of India (Bhrat Gaarjya),
[12][c]
is a country in South Asia.
It is theseventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country with over 1.2 billion
people, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south,
the Arabian Sea on the south-west, and the Bay of Bengal on the south-east, it shares land borders
with Pakistan to the west;
[d]
China, Nepal, and Bhutanto the north-east;
and Burma and Bangladesh to the east. In the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and
the Maldives; in addition, India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border
with Thailand and Indonesia.
Home to the ancient Indus Valley Civilisation and a region of historic trade routes and vast empires,
the Indian subcontinent was identified with its commercial and cultural wealth for much of its long
history.
[13]
Four world religionsHinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhismoriginated here,
whereas Judaism, Zoroastrianism, Christianity, andIslam arrived in the 1st millennium CE and also
helped shape the region's diverse culture. Gradually annexed by and brought under the
administration of the British East India Company from the early 18th century and administered
directly by the United Kingdom from the mid-19th century, India became an independent nation in
1947 after astruggle for independence that was marked by non-violent resistance led by Mahatma
Gandhi.
The Indian economy is the world's tenth-largest by nominal GDP and third-largest by purchasing
power parity(PPP).
[14]
Following market-based economic reforms in 1991, India became one of
the fastest-growing major economies; it is considered a newly industrialised country. However, it
continues to face the challenges of poverty,corruption, malnutrition, inadequate public healthcare,
and terrorism. A nuclear weapons state and a regional power, it has the third-largest standing
army in the world and ranks ninth in military expenditure among nations. India is
afederal constitutional republic governed under a parliamentary system consisting of 29 states and 7
union territories. India is a pluralistic, multilingual, and a multi-ethnic society. It is also home to a
diversity of wildlife in a variety ofprotected habitats.

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