03 Wireline Services

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J anuary04 Wireline Services

B Tohidi, Heriot-Watt Institute of PetroleumEngineering
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Production Technology
Wireline Services
Professor Bahman Tohidi
Institute of Petroleum Engineering
Heriot-Watt University
Edinburgh EH14 4AS
Scotland
Tel: +44 (0)131 451 3672
Fax: +44 (0)131 451 3127
Email: [email protected]
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Wireline Services
What are Wireline Services?
Running one or several tools on either a
single strand wire or braided cable
inside the well
What are the advantages of wireline?
Simple, quick and economical
compared to other means
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Wireline Services
What are disadvantages of Wireline?
The operator is physically very remote
The uncertainty of cable stretch (i.e.,
depth)
Limitation in means of monitoring and
operating the tools
Requires highly skilled personnel
Need a seventh sense!!??
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Wireline Services
Capabilities offered by wireline are numerous,
such as:
Isolation of the formation
Operation of sliding side door
Installation/retrieval of SSSV, chokes,
regulators
Running/retrieval of downhole P & T gauges
Installation/retrieval of valve in side pocket
mandrel
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Wireline Services
Removal of wax by scraping
Removal of sand and produced solids
Installation of through tubing bridge plug
Using electrical conductor cable,
packers can be run
Checking the available depth and
diameter
Fishing
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Wireline Services
What are required (in addition to tool string and
cable)?
Ability to lower and retrieve the tool string
Monitoring tool position and cable tension
Handling and alignment pulleys
The ability to work with live wells
A blow out preventor
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9 9 J anuary04 Wireline Services
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Wireline
A single strand wire
Made of high tensile steel, to allow minimising
the wire diameter
It reduces the total weight of the wire
Supple enough to bend freely and repeatedly
without breaking
It minimises the upward force (Pressure*Area)
Friction in the stuffing box
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Wireline
Normally 50% of the maximum breaking
strength is used as a working limit
Limitations in H
2
S environment
Available in 10000-25000 ft lengths
Braided cables are used when higher
breaking strength is required. However,
it is more difficult to have a good seal
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Monitoring Equipment
What do we need to monitor?
Length or location in the well
Odometer, by allowing the cable to be held without
slippage against a hardened wheel
Tension
Using weight indicator
Change in tension could be used for depth
correlation
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Alignment Pulley System
Why the pulley system is required?
To change the direction of cable
movement from horizontal to
vertical
Two pulleys are used to first
change the direction by 90
o
to
vertical upward and then by 180
o
to vertical downward.
The diameter of pulley is
selected to provide minimum
bending stress
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The ability to work with live wells
How can few metres of tool
string be run in a live well?
Swab valve
Lubricator
Stuffing box
Wireline BOP
How can it be recovered?
Swab valve
Bleed-off valve
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Top pulley
and
stuffing box
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BOP
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BOP
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Wireline tool string
What is tool string and how is it
connected to the wireline?
Combination of various tools
It is connected to the wireline
by a rope socket
Connection to
the tool string
Rope
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Wireline tool string
What capabilities should be provided by
the tool string?
Ability to provide weight (tension &
speed) [Stem]
Ability to accommodate rapid changes
in inclination [Knuckle J oint]
Ability to provide upward and
downward jolt [J ars]
Ability to connect running or pulling
tools and other tools (e.g., swage,
impression block, gauge cutter, blind
box, etc)
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Wireline tool string-Stem
Why Stem is required?
To overcome frictional force
through packing elements of the
stuffing box
Differential force
F=PxA=Px(d
2
/4)
P=maximum pressure
A=rope cross sectional area
Available in to 1-7/8and 2, 3,
and 5 ft length
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Wireline tool string-J ars
Why J ars are required?
For running, retrieving
various tubing components
In fishing operations
How do they work?
Mechanical J ars
Hydraulic J ars
Accelators
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Wireline tool string-Knuckle J oint
What are knuckle joints and
why are they required?
Ball and socket joint
Help the alignment of the
tools
Where is it placed in the tool
string?
Above the operating tools
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Wireline tool string-Operating Tools
What are operating tools?
They are devices which are connected at the
end of wireline string for providing the
require function. Some of them are:
Gauge cutter Swage
Impression tool Wireline spear
Blind box Bailer
Tubing perforator Positioning tools
Running and pulling tools
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Operating Tools-Gauge Cutter
What is gauge cutter and when is it
used?
Is a specially designed hollow cylinder
with sharp edge in different sizes
It is run prior to any specific wireline
operation to determine:
If the tool will have passage down the
inside of the tubing (diameter and depth)
The top of individual landing nipples of
specific sizes
It can be used for removing deposits
from tubing wall
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Operating Tools-Swage
What is swage and when is it
used?
Is a conical hard metal device in
different sizes
It is run if a minor obstruction is
encountered in the tubing. It can
be used as a mash to open the
tubing or clear the obstruction
5
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Operating Tools-Impression Block
What is impression block and when
is it used?
A lead impression block has a
lead filled core at its base
It is run to get an imprint of the
obstruction or physical condition
of the top of the fish
Lead
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Operating Tools-Wireline Spear
What is wireline spear and when is it
used?
It has several arms with upward
hooks
It is used when a wireline breaks (not
at the rope socket) inside the tubing
The aim is to recover the tool string or
cut the wireline from top of the rope
string (to expose the fishing neck)
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Operating Tools-Blind Box
What is blind box and when is it
used?
It is a heavy cylindrical tool
It is used for jarring down onto a
fish or obstruction
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Operating Tools-Wireline Bailer
What is wireline bailer and when is it
used?
It is a hollow cylinder container with
a ball/flapper check valve at the
base to contain the contents
It is used for removal of liquid, solid,
debris and placing chemicals.
Removal of solids may be
necessary to gain access to the
pulling neck of the equipment
Examples include, dump bailer,
hydrostatic bailer, and sand bailers.
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Operating Tools-Tubing Perforator
Where is a tubing perforator
used?
In cases where the facility to
circulate between the annulus
and the tubing is either non
existent or inoperable
It is available for both standard
and heavy weight tubings
Punch is activated by jarring
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Operating Tools-Positioning Tools
Where is a positioning tool used?
The operation of a sliding door
or slide sleeve requires running
a positioning tool on a tool
string. The tool will engage into
a recess in the inner sleeve
J arring upwards or downwards
will move the inner sleeve
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Operating Tools-Running Tools
When is a running tool required?
It is required to run and set a
mandrel into the corresponding
nipple
It is attached to the base of tool
string with the mandrel attached
beneath it
By jarring the mandrel is locked in
place within the nipple
Further jarring will release the
running tool
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Operating Tools-Pulling Tools
When is a pulling tool required?
It is required to unlock and pull the
mandrel
It is attached to the base of tool
string.
It is run on the pulling neck of the
mandrel
By jarring the mandrel is unlocked
(sometimes it is necessary to
equalise the pressure across the
mandrel)
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Through Tubing Production Logging
Refers to logs run after the production string
casing has been cemented and the well
placed on production
Measurements are made under dynamic as
well as static conditions
Surface measurements are often not
adequate in showing the full picture
In many wells downhole malfunctions, related
to mechanical problems or communication
problems may reduce the ultimate recovery
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Through Tubing Production Logging
Production logs have application in
three major areas
Diagnosis of mechanical problems
Analysis of individual well performance in
relation to the reservoir
Management of reservoir fluids
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Production Logs
Production logs can address the following
questions
Mechanical condition of the well
Is there casing, tubing, or packer leak?
Is there internal or external corrosion damage?
Fluid movement between zones
Is there flow behind casing through inadequate
cementing?
Is flow from inside casing moving into thief zones?
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Production Logs
Evaluation of completion efficiency
(producing wells)
Are some zones not contributing?
Are some zones contributing only gas, or only
water?
Are contributing zones producing up to the
potential shown by other data sources?
Evaluation of completion efficiency (injection
wells)
Where are the injected fluids going?
How much into each zone?
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Production Logs
Design and evaluation of stimulation
treatment
Which zones need to be stimulated?
Where did the stimulation fluids go?
Did the stimulation achieved the desired results?
Reservoir management
What are initial fluid saturation in each zone?
What fluid saturation changes have occurred, due
to production or fluid movement?
Is the reservoir being depleted in the desired
manner?
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Downhole Measurements
Casing Collar Locator
Temperature devices
Bottomhole pressure devices
Gradiomanometer
Spinner flowmeters
Noise devices
Cement Evaluation Tool
Radioactive tracer and detector
Pulsed neutron devices
Gamma ray-neutron devices
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Production logging
Production logging devices are measuring
parameters that do not give concrete answers
to specific questions-but give clues indirectly
related to these questions
The problem of the production logger is to put
enough clues together from every source
available to develop answers having an
acceptable confidence level
Experience with specific devices in specific
areas is an important factor in effective
analysis
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Logging Devices-Collar Locator
What is casing collar locator
(CCL) and when is it used?
It shows the location of casing
collars, where the thickness is
high.
It is run with perforating guns or
for setting wireline packers or
plugs
In a magnetic CCL, when the
unit moves through a collar, the
increase in metal thickness
disturbs the magnetic field and
causes a blip to be recorded
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Logging Devices-Collar Locator
Depth control is important in
production logging and perforation
In perforation a new well, normally
a gamma ray or neutron device is
run with casing collar locator
(CCL)
The gamma ray or neutron log is
then correlated with logs
previously run in openhole to
position the collars with respect to
the openhole logs
Role of short joints
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Logging Devices-Temperature
The thermometer uses an
electrical bridge with an
exposed sensing wire as
the fourth arm
Temperature is affected by
heat flow and fluid
expansion
Temperature log may be
run under either dynamic
and static conditions
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Logging Devices-Spinner Flowmeters
Based on propeller movement
Rotation rate and direction are determined
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Logging Devices-Fluid Density
Gradiomanometer is
based on pressure
measurement at two
fixed points
Good for identifying gas
entry point and locating
standing water levels
It can also be used to
calculate water hold up
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Logging Devices-Noise
Noise log is a recording at various points in the well
of the amplitude of the noise generated by moving
liquid or gas
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Logging Devices-Caliper
Measures any change
in the borehole due to
solid deposition
Multi-arm calipers can
measure metal loss due
to corrosion or erosion
They can be used in
openhole completions
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Combination Tool
CCL
Thermometer
Manometer
Caliper
Gradiomanometer
Flow meter
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Examples: Temperature log for detecting gas leak
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Examples:Combination log
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Examples:Combination log
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Cement Evaluation Tool (CET)
For identifying mud channels
Consists of 8 ultra sonic
transducers arranged
helically over 2 ft.
Each transducer in turn
transmits a signal, then
measures the signal decay
rate.
Sonic decay rate is related to
the compressive strength of
the material surrounding the
casing
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Tutorial-1
In a gas well, high pressure has been
recorded in the annulus, suggest steps
taken to diagnosis the problem
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Tutorial-2
Flow behind casing is suspected,
suggest steps taken to diagnosis the
problem
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Tutorial-3
Production logging shows water
production from the lower perforations,
suggest steps taken prior to isolating
the formation
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Tutorial-4
An obstruction has been identified in the
tubing, suggest steps taken to remove
the obstruction
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J anuary04 Wireline Services

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