Int. J . Environ. Sci. Tech.

Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 51-57, Spring 2004

Determination of design criteria for UASB reactors as a wastewater
pretreatment system in tropical small communities

1*
A. A. Azimi and
2
M. Zamanzadeh
1
Department of Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of the Environment, University of Tehran, Iran
2
Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran

Abstract
A pilot scale study was set up to investigate the principle design parameters of up flow anaerobic sludge
blanket (UASB) reactors for treating wastewater of small communities in the tropical regions of Iran. A steel
pipe with a diameter of 600 mm and a height of 3.6 m was used as the reactor in which a digestion and a 3-phase
separator element had a volume of 0.848 and 0.17 m
3
respectively. During this study, which lasted for 203 days,
two distinct phases were carried out according to the ambient temperature. The temperature of the wastewater
entering the reactor was naturally ranged from 22 to 26
0
C and no heat exchanger was used. The hydraulic
retention times including 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 hours with various loading rates of 0.95 to 5.70 kg COD/m
3
/day for
colder period and from 1.35 to 6.40 kg COD/m
3
/day for warmer period were examined. On the basis of the
results the optimal hydraulic retention time for warmer period with a 2.20 kg COD/m
3
/day organic loading rate
was 6 hours which BOD5, COD and TSS removal efficiency were 71, 63 and 65 percent respectively. During the
colder period the removal ratio of BOD5, COD and TSS with an optimal hydraulic retention time of 8 hours and
organic loading rate of 1.22 kg COD/m
3
/day were 54, 46 and 53 percent respectively.

Key words: UASB reactor, HRT, small communities, wastewater pretreatment, tropical regions
*Corresponding Author, E-mail: [email protected]

Introduction
In recent years there has been a growing
interest in anaerobic treatment of wastewaters.
Compared to aerobic growth, anaerobic
fermentation produces much less biomass from
the same amount of COD removal
(Tchobanoglous, et al., 1991). Upflow
anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor is a
popular anaerobic reactor for both high and
low temperature (Dinsdale, et al., 1997). The
UASB reactor is by far the most widely used
high rate anaerobic system for anaerobic
sewage treatment. In the case of a relatively
low strength wastewater such as sewage, the
hydraulic retention time rather than organic
loading rate is the most important parameter
determining the shape and the size of the
UASB reactor. The several favorable
characteristics of anaerobic processes, such as
low cost, operational simplicity, low biosolids
production and considerable biogas
production, together with suitable
environmental conditions have contributed to
highlight anaerobic systems for the treatment
of sewage in small communities of tropical re-

gions. Although different types of anaerobic
treatment systems have been applied to a great
variety of industrial wastes, so far the
anaerobic treatment concept is rarely used for
sewage. Experimental results of anaerobic
sewage treatment are restricted to the use of
the anaerobic filter, fluidized and expanded
bed and the UASB with and without a three-
phase separator. To compare the different
anaerobic treatment systems, the UASB
concept looks the most attractive option for
sewage treatment (Van Haandel and Lettinga,
1994). The present work evaluates an
important design parameter for a UASB
reactor, that is, Hydraulic Retention Time
(HRT). The performance of a UASB reactor
was assessed by applying various hydraulic
retention times. This research was carried out
to study the feasibility of UASB process as a
pretreatment alternative for Ahwaz sewage
treatment. This city is located in tropical region
of Iran, where in general the ambient and
wastewater temperature is appropriate for
anaerobic process application.
A. A. Azimi and M. Zamanzadeh

52
Materials and Methods
The UASB reactor used in this study was
made with a pipe of 600 mm inner diameter, a
total height of 3.6 m and a total volume of 1 m
3

(1000l), of which approximately 17 and 83
percent were set up as gas/solid/liquid
separation and digestion, respectively. This
reactor was fed with raw wastewater taken
downstream from the screening unit of the
Ahwaz Wastewater Treatment Plant. Because
of the fluctuations in pumping station of the
plant, maintenance of constant flow rates with
pumps was almost impossible; therefore, an
intermediate tank was used to pump the
wastewater to the reactor. In order to develop
the desired hydraulic retention times, the
influent flow rate to the reactor was changed.
Following each change in the HRT the reactor
was allowed to reach steady state. The
wastewater was introduced at the bottom of the
reactor though a tube with a 50 mm diameter
and distributed over the cross-section by means
of a perforated plexiglass plate, which was
placed about 40 cm above the feed tube. A tap
was placed at the bottom of the reactor to
remove the accumulated solids. Sample ports
were placed at 0.5 m intervals throughout the
height of digestion zone with an additional port
at the bottom of the reactor (the port used for
solids removal). In order to investigate the
various HRTs effect on the efficiency of
UASB, this study was divided into two phases
including cold (November to February, 2001)
and warm (J uly to September, 2002) periods.
The performance of the reactor was monitored
through 24-hour flow weighted composite
samples, taken from inlet and sample ports. In
other words, the amount of each individual
sample that is added to the total mixture was
proportional to the wastewater flow at the time
the sample was taken. The daily samples were
frozen and at the end of each week the samples
were melted and mixed and the analysis were
performed. The analyses included 5-day
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD
5
),
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Total
Suspended Solids (TSS) and alkalinity. It
should be mentioned that the average
wastewater temperature and pH were
monitored daily. All the analyses were carried
out according to the Standard Methods (APHA
et al., 1995). Table 1 provides the flow rate
and up flow velocity of the influent wastewater
into the reactor in the various hydraulic
retention times.

Results
Figure 1 shows the wastewater temperature
throughout the study. The results indicated that
wastewater temperature in warm and cold
periods ranged from 22-26
0
C and 20-22
0
C,
respectively. As indicated in Table 2, the
UASB reactor was exposed to various HRTs
including 10, 8, 6, 4, and 2 h. In the
experiments carried out with the UASB
reactor, the optimum HRT in terms of BOD
5

and COD removal was 6 h in which the
organic load applied to the reactor was 2.20 kg
COD/m
3
.d and 1.14 BOD
5
/m
3
.d, producing a
removal efficiency of 71% (BOD
5
) and 63%
(COD). The optimum TSS removal efficiency
(61%) occurred in an HRT of 4 h in which the
suspended solids loading was 2.26 kg
TSS/m
3
.d (Figure 2). The same HRTs were
experienced for cold period (Table 2). At this
time, the optimum BOD
5
and COD removal
efficiency occurred in an HRT of 8 h in which
the organic loading was 1.22 kg COD/m
3
.d and
0.65 kg BOD
5
/m
3
.d. As indicated in Fig.3, the
UASB reactor performance in comparison with
warm period was significantly lower, with
removal efficiency reaching 54% (BOD
5
) and
46% (COD). Although the optimum HRT for
TSS removal was similar to the warm period,
that is, 4 h, the reactor performance in TSS
removal (45% for suspended solids with a
loading of 1.67 kg TSS/m
3
.d) was again lower
in comparison to warm period.

Discussion
Influence of temperature
As indicated in Figure 2 and 3, in a same
HRT the increase in wastewater average
temperature from 21 to 24
0
C increased the
BOD
5
and COD removal efficiency. This
result is in agreement with the earlier work of
De Man, 1990. This is also true for TSS
removal efficiency because in a same HRT an
increase in wastewater temperature from 21 to
24
0
C increased the removal performance of
the UASB reactor. The increase in the removal
efficiency can probably be attributed to a high
rate of hydrolysis of organic matter by
microorganisms; or to the decrease of viscosity
and consequently increase of settling velocity.
Determination of design criteria

51

































*MeanStandard Deviation




































P
e
r
i
o
d

Week HRT BOD COD TSS
P
e
r
i
o
d

Week HRT BOD COD TSS
1 211 431 276 18 252 485 299
2 210 417 265 19 251 485 312
3 220 399 263 20
2
253 487 328
4
2
227 401 261 MeanSD

2521 485.71.15 31314.53
MeanSD*

213.78.04 415.715.01 2686.70 Range 251-253 485-487 299-328
Range

210-227 399-431 261-276 21 251 484 338
5 215 408 253 22
4
256 493 343
6 207 394 244 MeanSD 253.53.54 488.56.36 340.53.54
7
4
204 386 230 Range 251-256 484-493 338-343
MeanSD 208.75.69 39611.14 242.311.59 23 256 493 343
Range

204-215 386-408 230-253 24
6
260 501 350
8 191 362 223 MeanSD 2582.83 4975.66 346.54.95
9 191 363 238 Range 256-260 493-501 343-350
10 197 373 230 25 260 502 351
11
6
198 375 212 26
8
260 501 353
MeanSD 194.33.77 368.36.70 225.811.03 MeanSD 2600 501.50.71 3521.41
Range

191-198 362-375 212-238 Range 260 501-502 351-353
12 195 370 211 27 265 510 356
13 197 375 227 28
10
263 506 353
14
8
199 378 241 MeanSD 2641.41 5082.83 354.52.12
MeanSD 1972 374.34.04 226.315.01 Range 263-265 506-510 353-356
Range

195-199 370-378 211-241
15 199 379 235
16 197 373 234
17
10
192 365 225
MeanSD 1963.61 372.37.02 231.35.51
C
o
l
d

Range

192-199 365-379 225-235
W
a
r
m


Table 1: The characteristics of the influent wastewater
53
A. A. Azimi and M. Zamanzadeh

54
Influence of HRT
It is observed (Figure 2) that the UASB
reactor for BOD
5
and COD removal efficiency
increases with increasing HRT from 2 to 10 h.
However, the results indicate that there is little
benefit in operating the reactor at an HRT
exceeding 8 h in cold period (T=20-22
0
C) and
6 h in warm period (T=22-26
0
C) because
little additional removal of BOD
5
and COD
was achieved. Therefore, the optimum HRT
for BOD
5
and COD removal can be considered
6 and 8 h for warm and cold period,
respectively. Other studies (Haskoning and
Euroconsult, 1990; Vieira and Garcia, 1991;
Van Haandel and Lettinga, 1994; Yu et al.,
2000) are in good agreement with the result
presented here. Low BOD
5
and COD removal
efficiency in HRTs less than 6 h is probably
owing to the less stabilized character of the
sludge resulting in a stronger tendency for
flotation (Van Haandel and Lettinga, 1994).
Also, further increase in HRT above 6 h did
not lead to a significant increase in BOD
5
and
COD removal efficiency. This is probably
attributed to the fact that a long HRT above 6 h
might lead to a low concentration of
fermentative substrates (Yu et al., 2000). In
addition, the study conducted by Yu et al.
(2000), showed that in thermophilic conditions
of UASB reactor the sludge bed, blanket
solution and effluent had a maximum ATP
concentration (biological activity) around an
HRT of 5 h. As a consequence, further increase
or decrease of HRT from 5 h will result in
decrease of ATP concentration; thus, it might
be expected that in thermophilic conditions
(T=45-55
0
C) the optimum HRT is about 5 h.
Based on the results (Figure 2 and 3), an
increase in HRT from 2 to 10 h increased TSS
removal efficiency; however, the optimum
HRT for TSS removal is about 4 h. The low
efficiency of TSS removal in short HRTs is
due to excessive turbulence in the UASB
reactor; therefore, the likelihood of entrapping
suspended and colloidal solids is reduced. On
the other hand, little additional removal of
suspended solids at an HRT longer than 6 h is
attributed to the low suspended solids
concentrations remained at higher HRTs.

Simultaneous influence of temperature, HRT
and organic Loading
Removal performance of the UASB reactor
in terms of BOD
5
, COD and TSS depends on
temperature, HRT and organic loading rate
(Table 2). On the basis of the obtained results,
the maximum removal of BOD
5
(75%), COD
(65%) and TSS (73%) with an organic loading
of 1.35 kg COD/m
3
.d, 0.70 kg BOD
5
/m
3
.d and
2.50 kg TSS/m
2
.d occurred at an HRT of 10 h
in warm period. Increasing the HRT from 6 to
10 h resulted only in 4, 2 and 8 percent
additional removal of BOD
5
, COD and TSS
respectively; therefore, construction of the
UASB reactor with an HRT exceeding 6 h will
not be economical for an incoming wastewater
with a temperature range of 22 to 26
0
C. Since
wastewater treatment plant design is based on
critical conditions (cold period) it is more
rational to choose 8 h as a design HRT and
1.22 kg COD/m
3
.d or 0.65 kg BOD
5
/m
3
.d as a
design organic loading for the UASB reactor.
Consequently, the removal efficiency in terms
of BOD
5
and COD in warm period will be 19
and 17 percent higher than cold period. It
should be noted that although the optimum
HRT for TSS removal is 4 h (61% for warm
and 45% for cold periods), selection of an
HRT of 8 h as a design HRT would increase
TSS removal up to 71 and 53 percent in warm
and cold periods, respectively.

Conclusion
The results obtained in this research
demonstrated that the UASB reactor could be
used as an effective pretreatment alternative
for municipal wastewater in tropical regions.
From the data presented here the following
conclusions can be drawn:

During the warm period, which the
wastewater temperature varied from 22 to 26
0
C, the optimum HRT in the UASB reactor
with an organic loading of 2.20 kg COD/m
3
.d
and 1.14 kg BOD5/m
3
.d was 6 h. The removal
efficiency for BOD5 and COD was 71 and 63
percent, respectively.
During the cold period, which the
wastewater temperature was in the range of
20 to 22
0
C, the optimum HRT in the UASB
reactor with an organic loading of 1.22 kg
COD/m
3
.d and 0.65 kg BOD5/m
3
.d was 6 h.
The removal efficiency for BOD5 and COD
was 54 and 46 percent, respectively.
Applying a suspended solids loading of
4.21 kg TSS/m
2
.d (cold period) and 5.96 kg
TSS/m
2
.d (warm period), the UASB
performance with an optimum HRT of 4 h for
Determination of design criteria

55
























































21.5
22
22.5
23
23.5
24
24.5
25
25.5
26
26.5
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Week
T
e
m
p
.

(
0
C
)
17.5
18
18.5
19
19.5
20
20.5
21
21.5
22
22.5
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
Week
T
e
m
p
.

(
0
C
)
Figure 1: Variations of wastewater temperature in (a) cold and (b) warm periods
(a)

(b)
T
e
m
p
.

(

C
)

T
e
m
p
.

(

C
)

A. A. Azimi and M. Zamanzadeh

56
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0 2 4 6 8
HRT (h)
R
e
m
o
v
a
l

(
%
)
BOD5 COD TSS
Figure 3: Average COD, BOD
5
and TSS removal percentage with hydraulic retention
time in cold period
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
0 2 4 6 8
HRT (h)
R
e
m
o
v
a
l

(
%
)
BOD5 COD TSS
Figure 2: Average COD, BOD
5
and TSS removal percentage with hydraulic
retention time in warm period
Determination of design criteria

57

































TSS removal was 61 and 45 percent for warm
and cold periods, respectively.

For designing a UASB reactor in tropical
regions (wastewater temperature ranged from
20 to 26
0
C) it is recommended to choose:
HRT=8 h; Organic Loading=1.22 kg
COD/m
3
.d or 0.65 kg BOD5/m
3
.d.

References
APHA, AWWA and WPCF, Standard methods for
the examination of water and wastewater. 19
th.

Ed. Washington DC, 1995

Dinsdale, R. M., F. R. Hawkes, D. L. Hawkes,
Comparison of mesophilic and themophilic
upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactors
treating instant coffee production wastewater.
Wat. Res., 31: 163-169, 1997

De Man, A. W. A, Anaerobic purification of raw
sewage with the aid of granular sludge in UASB
reactors. Report Agricultural University of

































Wageningen, Department of Water Pollution
Control, 1990

Haskoning and Euroconsult, Monitoring report of
the 5 MLD UASB treatment plant at Kanpur-
Technical Report, 1990

Tchobanoglous, G., Burton, F. L., Wastewater
engineering: Treatment, disposal and reuse. 3
rd.

Ed., New York, McGraw Hill, 394-426, 1991

Van Haandel. A. C. and Lettinga, G., Anaerobic
sewage treatment: a practical guide for regions
with a hot climate. John Wiley and Sons, 222,
1994

Vieira, S. M. M. and Garcia, A. D. Jr, Sewage
treatment by UASB reactor. Operation results
and recommendations for design and utilization.
Presented at the 6
th.
International IAWPRC
Symposium, Sao Paulo, Brazil, 1990

Yu, J., H. Chen, M. Ji, and P. L. Yue, Distribution
and change of microbial activity in combined
UASB and AFB reactors for wastewater
treatment. Bio. Eng., 22: 315-322, 2000
Organic Loading
(kg/m
3
.d)
Removal Ratio
(%) Period Week
HRT
(h)
BOD COD BOD COD TSS
1 3.00 5.70 35 29 25
2 2.90 5.51 32 27 23
3 2.77 5.27 28 25 22
4
2
2.78 5.30 27 22 22
5 1.15 2.70 39 35 45
6 1.36 2.60 34 32 43
7
4
1.34 2.54 31 28 41
8 0.84 1.60 43 38 48
9 0.84 1.60 39 37 48
10 0.86 1.64 35 35 47
11
6
0.87 1.65 36 34 44
12 0.64 1.22 54 46 53
13 0.65 1.23 50 44 51
14
8
0.65 1.24 49 44 47
15 0.52 1.00 56 49 55
16 0.52 0.98 49 47 54
Cold


17
10
0.50 0.96 48 44 51
18 3.33 6.41 39 35 29
19 3.31 6.41 41 38 34
20
2
3.34 6.43 48 45 36
21 1.65 3.20 50 49 59
22
4
1.70 3.25 54 52 61
23 1.12 2.17 66 57 64
24
6
1.15 2.20 71 63 65
25 0.85 1.65 73 64 68
26
8
0.85 1.65 73 64 71
27 0.71 1.35 74 65 71
Warm

28
10
0.70 1.34 75 65 73
Table 2: Operational conditions in the UASB reactor
A. A. Azimi and M. Zamanzadeh

52






























Determination of design criteria

53