Entp. Project On Investment Casting
Entp. Project On Investment Casting
Entp. Project On Investment Casting
www.coeb.org
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This is to certify that the following students
have successfully completed the
Entrepreneurship Project on Investment
Casting of Lost Wax Type
Praveen Kumar
--------------------------------------------------------0501219239
Manoj Kumar-----------------------------------------------------------
0501219245
Anand Ratna------------------------------------------------------------
0501219272
Namrata Sinha---------------------------------------------------------
0501219273
Abhishek Rezi----------------------------------------------------------
0501219274
Abhijit Roy--------------------------------------------------------------
0501219275
Piyush Priyadarshi----------------------------------------------------
0501219279
Pritpal Singh------------------------------------------------------------
0501219280
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Project Guide Er. M. M.
Mohapatra
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During the final semester of B.TECH in MECHANICAL
ENGINEERING a curriculum assignment has to be taken as
an entrepreneurship project. Our Entrepreneurship project
is “Investment Casting of Lost Wax Type” a complete task
of starting from concept analysis to project preparation;
the entire has been done under the guidance of our
project guide Mr. Samir Mohanty (Senior Lecturer in
Mechanical Engineering –College of Engineering
Bhubaneswar) .
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We gratefully acknowledge the authorities of
College of Engineering Bhubaneswar of the
“Mechanical Engineering Department” for their wide
co-operation in the completion of this project.
We express our deep sense of gratitude to our
project guide Mr. Samir Mohanty & Mr. Rajesh Kumar
Behera (Senior Lecturer in Mechanical Engineering-
College of Engineering Bhubaneswar [CEB]) who
constantly guided & advised us at various levels in the
successful completion of the entrepreneurship project.
We thank the entire staff of Mechanical
Department for helping us in this project.
Last but not the least we want to thank all those
who have directly or indirectly helped us during the
course of our entrepreneurship project work.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. WHAT IS ENTREPRENEURSHIP ?....................................................
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2. WHO IS AN
ENTREPRENEUR ?.........................................................
3. NEED OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP…………………………………...
4. TYPES OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP………………………………….
16. CONCLUSION…………………………………………………….
17. BIBLIOGRAPHY………………………………………………….
WHAT IS ENTREPRENEURSHIP
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Entrepreneurship is the practice of starting new organizations or
revitalizing mature organizations, particularly new businesses
generally in response to identified opportunities. Entrepreneurship
is often a difficult undertaking, as a vast majority of new
businesses fail. Entrepreneurial activities are substantially
different depending on the type of organization that is being
started. Entrepreneurship ranges in scale from solo projects (even
involving the entrepreneur only part-time) to major undertakings
creating many job opportunities. Many "high-profile"
entrepreneurial ventures seek venture capital or angel funding in
order to raise capital to build the business. Angel investors
generally seek returns of 20-30% and more extensive involvement
in the business. Many kinds of organizations now exist to support
would-be entrepreneurs, including specialized government
agencies, business incubators, science parks, and some NGOs.
Entrepreneurship in a broader sense can be described as a
process of action an entrepreneur undertakes to establish his
enterprise. It is a creative and innovative response to the
environment. Entrepreneurship is the inclination (attitude) of mind
to take calculated risk with confidence to a predetermined
business or individual objective. Entrepreneurship means the
function of creating something new, organizing and co-ordinating,
undertaking risk and handling economic uncertainty.
WHO IS AN ENTREPRENEUR ?
An entrepreneur is a person who has possession over a new
enterprise or venture and assumes full accountability for the
inherent risks and the outcomes. The term is a loanword from
French and was first defined by the Irish economist Richard
Cantillon. A female entrepreneur is sometimes known as an
entrepreneuse. However, with the word "entrepreneuse" being
the French feminine form of entrepreneur, its usage in English in
delineating sexes detracts from the meaning of the word
"Entrepreneur." Entrepreneur in English is a term applied to the
type of personality who is willing to take upon her self or himself a
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new venture or enterprise and accepts full responsibility for the
outcome.
The modern myths about entrepreneurs include the idea that they
assume the risks involved to undertake a business venture, but
that interpretation now appears to be based on a false translation
of Cantillon's and Say's ideas. The research data indicate that
successful entrepreneurs are actually risk averse. They are
successful because their passion for an outcome leads them to
organize available resources in new and more valuable ways. In
doing so, they are said to efficiently and effectively use the factors
of production. Those factors are now deemed to include at least
the following elements: land (natural resources), labour (human
input into production using available resources), capital (any type
of equipment used in production i.e. machinery), intelligence and
knowledge, and creativity. A person who can efficiently manage
these factors in pursuit of a real opportunity to add value in the
long-run, may expand (future prospects of larger firms and
businesses) and become successful.
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who introduces something new into the economy, a new method
of production, a new product with which the consumers are not
familiar, a new source of raw-material or new market and the
alike.
NEED OF AN ENTREPRENEUR
Entrepreneurs play an important role in developing and
contributing to the economy of a nation. It is all the more in a
developing world where are ample opportunities for innovations to
exploit the available resources and initiate entrepreneurial
ventures. But the emergence of entrepreneurship in all countries
and in all parts of any country is not usually even. Commonly we
see more entrepreneurs in comparatively more developed areas.
Another paradox exists in terms of increasing number of
unemployed population, seeking wage earners career and
unaware of the wide opportunities for entrepreneurial career. This
is, by and large, because of lack of education about
entrepreneurship.
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Education through enterprise in which the education process
itself can be enhanced by using pedagogic styles which work in
and makes use of enterprising situations including the student
concerned and real world project driven approaches
TYPES OF ENTREPRENEUR
I have made the point that the one trait common to all
entrepreneurial hearts is a drive toward “independence,” and I
added that varying levels of that independent spirit serve to
create a scale on which we could find and define different types of
entrepreneurs. I’d like to expand on those thoughts.
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questionnaires that help puff up the ego and encourage us to
think of ourselves as independent, entrepreneurial leaders with
“all the right stuff.” Folks, not all of us have the right stuff for the
entrepreneurial lifestyle, but then again, most entrepreneurs do not
possess the right stuff to make it as great corporate staffers at the
highest levels. Why? Because they tend to upset the apple cart
and make other staff uncomfortable.
Finally, the Practical Visionary (?) with the question mark following
the term grabs for the greatest measure of independence. This
person follows their heart and their dream with great gusto, but
the question mark is attached because until the vision is proven,
its practical value and acceptance by the marketplace remains a
question.
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FACTORS AFFECTING ENTREPRENEURSHIP
Psychology
Human Capital
Life Course Stage
Environment
Social Networks (Gender)
Ethnic
Resources
Examples:
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• To gain legitimacy new ventures must present themselves within
societal norms, so others can believe in their future success as a
business
Rationalized Environments
• Institutional Theory in Sociology
• Main Thesis
Loci of Rationalization
• Elite Organizations
• Nation-State
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Probably the most uncomfortable are the political and
ethnical ones.
According to different surveys, the most frequent
complaints concern constantly changing laws, high tax rates, lack
of capital, complicated access to credit, lack of working capital,
high competition, and bureaucracy.
The basic problem is the huge and constantly growing
amount of administrative costs, the extraction of extra-legal fees
for permissions and approvals, and the high pressure of
corruption. The state's participation in business, its interference in
competition and its violation of the rights of entrepreneurs are
serious barriers. Currently, the pressure on leu, Romanian national
currency. After 15 years of constant depreciation of the leu, since
last autumn we have been witnessing the opposite situation.
Entrepreneurs are having a hard time to adapt, especially the ones
who export in Europe. Access to capital, a labor code that is very
much in favor of the employees, and competition from China and
other Asian countries are other constraints to developing
entrepreneurship.
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Investment Casting of Lost Wax Type
COMPANY PROFILE
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What Is Investment Casting ?
Investment casting converts molten metal in a single operation to
precision engineered components with a minimum wastage of
material and energy and subsequent machining. It has a
versatility approached by few other metal forming processes.
Intricate or re-entrant contours can be incorporated. These
features offer great freedom of design with the process. The
versatility of the technique extends to materials, since virtually
any alloy can be cast. Castings of over 250 kg and an envelope of
1 cubic metre are common place.
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that will ensure maximum strength and stability combined with
minimal reaction between the mould surface and the liquid metal
to be poured into the investment casting for lost wax type.
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The benefits of the investment casting process may be summed
up by the four words accuracy, versatility, integrity and finish. Few
if any alternative metal forming methods can offer such a unique
and broad spectrum of advantages. Accuracy and versatility stem
from the use of a one piece mould without a joint line or the need
for draft angles. These features not only give rise to a component
shape that is aesthetic and uniform; they also allow the process to
give, on a regular basis, consistent and repetitive close tolerances,
intricate and re-entrant contours (many impossible to create
economically by alternative manufacturing techniques) and
competitive cost ratios. Versatility extends to the choice of
materials since virtually all alloys can be investment cast.
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minimize the requirements for machining, in some cases
eliminating it entirely, and this leads to substantial savings in raw
materials, labour costs and capital expenditure, reduces and
simplifies production control and simplifies assembly operations.
These benefits individually offer great competitive advantages;
collectively they suggest an overwhelming case for the
consideration of investment casting as the most economic method
of forming for a wide range of metal components.
Process Characteristics
• FREEDOM OF DESIGN • COMPLEX SHAPES CAN BE
• HIGH PRODUCTION RATES CAST
• HIGH DIMENSIONAL • LONG/SHORT RUNS CAN BE
ACCURACY ACCOMMODATED
• HIGH DIMENSIONAL • MACHINING CAN BE
CONSISTENCY REDUCED OR ELIMINATED
• HIGH INTEGRITY CASTINGS • MINIMUM FINISHING OF
CASTINGS REQUIRED
• EXTREMELY GOOD • ALMOST ANY ALLOY CAN
SURFACE FINISH CAN BE BE CAST
OBTAINED
• ENVIRONMENTALLY
FRIENDLY PROCESS
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Future Potential &
Development
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description of the process is beyond the scope of the discussion
here, the sequential steps of the investment casting process will
be briefly described, with emphasis on casting from rapid
prototyping patterns.
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Investment Casting Process Description
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Investment Casting Process Description
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Reduction of production costs
Costly machining operations are reduced and often eliminated. No
capital equipment investment is needed to produce parts in-
house.
Tool Unit Metal Design Volume Draft Tolerance Size Surface Wall Normal
Process Cost Cost Options Freedom Capabil. Req'd Control Range Finish Min. Delivery
Investment
Avg. High Most Most All No Avg. Avg. Avg. Small* Avg.
Cast
Die Cast High Low Few Least High Yes Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg.
Forging High Avg. Avg. Least High Yes Poor Avg. Poor Large Long
Permanent
Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. All Yes Avg. Avg. Avg. Large Avg.
Mold
Plaster
Low High Few Avg. Low Yes Avg. Avg. Avg. Large Short
Mold
Powder
Avg. Low Avg. Least High No Best Small Best Small Avg.
Metal
Resin Shell
Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. All Yes Avg. Avg. Poor Large Avg.
Mold
Sand Cast Low Avg. Most Avg. All Yes Poor Large Poor Large Short
Rights of Land
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We are on the process of submitting a memorandum for acquiring
30,000 sq. meters of land at Adityapur Industrial Area
Development (AIDA), Jamshedpur. This will be completed after the
state government sanctions us a plot to set up our manufacturing
unit.
ii) The maximum capacity utilization on single shift basis for 300
days a year. During first year and second year of operations the
utilization is 60% and 80% respectively. The unit is expected to
achieve full capacity utilization from the third year onwards.
iii) The salaries and wages, cost of raw materials, utilities, rents,
etc. are based on the prevailing rates in and around Bhubaneswar.
These cost factors are likely to vary with time and location.
iv) Interest on term loan and working capital loan has been taken
at the rate of 16% on an average. This rate may vary depending
upon the policy of the financial institutions/agencies from time to
time.
ANNEXURE- 2
Implementation Schedule
Period in
Sl.No Months
Name of Activity
. (Estimate
d)
1. Preparation of project report 1
2. Registration and other formalities 1
Sanction of loan by financial
3. 3
institutions
(b) Procurement 2
d) Installation/Erection of
2
machinery/Test Equipment
5. Procurement of raw materials 2
Recruitment of Technical
6. 2
Personnel etc.
7. Trial production 11
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8. Commercial production 12
Application Areas
• Idol
• Ornaments
• Jewellery
• Blade of Turbine
• Blade of Jet
Fixed cost
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Items Numbers Cost/item (in Total Cost (in
Rs.) Rs)
Shovel 50 500 25,000
Riddle 50 500 25,000
Floor rammer 50 1000 50,000
Bench rammer 50 800 40,000
Swab 150 750 1,12,500
Gate cutter 150 150 22,500
Inside square 500 250 1,25,000
Box flask 50 2000 1,00,000
Trowel 50 5000 2,50,000
Lifter 150 115 17,250
Sand cutter 150 150 22,500
Furnace 1 1,000,000 10,00,000
Moulding flask 500 5000 25,00,000
Land 1,00,000 sq. 400 4,00,00,000
feet
Cost of const. 35,00,000
of line
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Variable Cost
Items Numbers Cost/Item (in Total Cost (in
Rs) Rs)
Labour Cost 50 5,00,000
Electricity 7,00,000
Water Bill 50,000
Stationary 25,000
Sand 50 TR 1500/TR 75,000
Wax 1 TR 8,00,000
Misc. 2,00,000
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Breakeven Analysis of Product (Turbine Blade)
What Is Breakeven analysis: - The break-even point for a product is the
point where total revenue received equals the total costs
associated with the sale of the product (TR=TC) Break-even point
is typically calculated in order for businesses to determine if it
would be profitable to sell a proposed product, as opposed to
attempting to modify an existing product instead so it can be
made lucrative. Break-Even Analysis can also be used to analyze
the potential profitability of an expenditure in a sales-based
business.
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The project is prepared through the collection of different
departmental policies of government as well as technical
consultancy from various organizations and during these
project financial policies of different financial institute and
banks.
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3. www.techno-preneur.com
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