Grigory BONDARENKO

The basic progression in jazz - I.

The art of arrangement.
(practical guidance on jazz harmony)
for piano
A manual for secondary and higher musical institutions
Second revised edition
Moscow
2004
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. Foreword.......3
2. A note of the author.......4
3. The basic progression in jazz (-V-I).......5
4. Chords comprehended in the structure of The basic progression in jazz (II-V-I).6
Cm7....6
Cmaj7.....8
Dm7(-5)......9
C7.....11
5. Performance and analysis of the sequences of The basic progression in jazz as a means to educate
harmonic ear....24
6. Tritone chord substitution in The basic progression in jazz (II-V-I)......29
7. The use of bifunctional chords. Suspension and the principles of its application in the chords of
The basic progression in jazz (II-V-I).....33
8. Block chords and the principles of their structure and application.........34
9. Transposition of chords to create a melodic line of accompaniment..35
10. The basic principles of harmonization and arrangement using The basic progression in jazz (-
V-I).38
SELECTED WORKS....45
G. Bondarenko. Zabaikalskiy parafraz (Transbaikalian paraphrase) (09.2001)..47
I. Dunayevsky. Serdtse (Heart) (08.2001)........49
M. Glinka. Slavsya (11.2001)...51
M. Glinka. Patrioticheskaya pesnya (The patriotic song) (11.2002)....53
R. Glire. Gymn velikomu gorodu (Hymn to a Great City) (09.2003).54
Russian folk song. Cheryemukha (bird cherry tree) (03.1999)... 56
Georgian folk song Suliko (08.2001)....58
Neapolitan folk song. Come back to Sorrento (11.2002)...61
G. Bondarenko. Paraphrased ballad themes of M. Kazhlayev (02.2004)...62
M. Kazhlayev. O tebe ya dumayu (Its you Im thinking of) (09.1984)...66
Ch.Parker. Bloomdido(10.1996).....68
J.Kosma. Autumn leaves (03.1981)..72
T.Monk. Round midnight (09.1988)...76
I.Gordon. Uforgettable (11.2002).85
J.(Toots) Thielemans. Bluesette (10.2002).....88
G. Bondarenko. Ellingtoniade paraphrased themes of Duke Ellington (01.2001)...90
Old Scottish folk song (02.2004)......98
G. P. Bondarenko, 2004 .
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FOREWORD
Grigory BONDARENKO is an outstanding jazz pianist and arranger. The musician received a
classical education at Moscow Military Conservatory. He studied arrangement under colonel G.
Kornilov, Honored Artist of Russia, the head of orchestration and playing from score department; and
jazz band under colonel V. Myasoyedov, Honored Artist of Russia, the head of wing and percussion
instruments department. Grigory Bondarenko has recently been busy with the theoretical study of jazz
and arrangement.
The basic progression in jazz - I uniquely summarizes both personal experience of Mr.
Bondarenko as a performer and in-depth study of works of outstanding jazz musicians.
This work consists of two parts. The first one theoretically considers a wide range of harmony
issues: from positions of chords and their names to rules of relations between them and principles of
arrangement. Each statement is illustrated with concrete examples for solo piano and a piano-bass
duet.
The second part contains selected arrangements of different nature ranging from folk and pop
songs to jazz standard.
I hope that The basic progression in jazz - I will be of use to all young musicians and jazz
aficionados.
Boris Gnilov, Doctor of Fine Arts, Associate Professor,
Moscow State Thcaikovskiy Conservatoire
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A note of the author.
Jazz is a broad and many-sided definition, including a multiplicity of musical genres of the
20
th
century. Therefore jazz is always tricky to talk about, let alone giving any advice to jazz musicians
since jazz, its basic principle, is all about the expression of a performers individuality. But still, I
believe it would be appropriate to share my vision of some issues related to harmony of jazz.
Harmony, as one out of three means of expression (melody, harmony, rhythm), arguably needs
to be examined, studied and mastered more thoroughly than other two. This is even more true when we
are talking about the spontaneous and extemporaneous performance. Here, in addition to a fine ear,
musical imagination and wide hearing experience each musician will need technical skills. To hear
chord is not enough. You need to know, for instance, what sounds it consists of and what modal
function it may perform.
Besides, the present-day art of arrangement is largely the art of harmonization, hence to wield a
recent harmonic means, particularly the harmony of modern jazz is crucial to any arranger. I hope that
this work will encourage young musicians to achieve this aim.
Id also like to underscore that this work focuses predominantly on practical implication of jazz
harmonies rather than theoretical issues and most importantly on the use of II-V-I progression The
basic progression in jazz. Well examine various types of chords comprehended in the structure of
The basic progression in jazz (II-V-I) and will try to perform them by both a solo pianist and a
piano-bass duet.
I would like to thank my teachers - colonel Gennady Kornilov, Honored Artist of Russia, the
head of orchestration and playing from score department at Moscow Military Conservatory, colonel
Veniamin Myasoyedov, Honored Artist of Russia, the head of wing and percussion instruments
department at Moscow Military Conservatory and Boris Gnilov, PhD, senior lecturer of the
department of theory and history of music at Moscow Military Conservatory for their sage advice
and recommendations.
I would like to profusely thank my good friend Gennady Strelnik - an academic of the
entertainment department at Moscow regional college of arts, a jazz pianist and arranger of genius
for the material gathered for selected works.
I would also like to thank my good friend Murad Kazhlayev, a professor, composer, art director
and conductor of Y. Silantyev symphony orchestra for support.
Every note example given in this work and every arrangement belong to the author.
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The basic progression in jazz - (II-V-I).
From the standpoint of classical harmony, the II-V-I progression is an ellipsis, i.e., a sequence
of unresolved seventh chords, constructed on the II, V and I steps of the scale (it should be noted that
later on well use more difficult chords as well ninth chords, eleventh chords etc.) The following
example is meant to demonstrate how can The basic progression in jazz be used during the
harmonization of a diverse range of material:
We can see that each measure of this theme has been harmonized by a sequence of dissonant
chords, constructed accordingly in II ,V and I steps of the scale: D minor in first measure, G minor
in second measure, F major in third measure etc. This sequence is called The basic
progression in jazz
We are not going to analyze each of these chords now. There are two aspects wed like to
mention. Youve probably noticed that the second chord in bass has II lowered step of the scale in
third and sixth measures rather than V. We suggest that this type of chord be interpreted as a variant of
tritone chord substitution and will speak about it in one of the following chapters.
You might have also noticed that the first chord in sixth measure has been constructed in V
step of the scale toward G minor tonic. There is nothing out of the ordinary this chord is
bifunctional combining dominant bass and subdominant superstructure which plays a primary role in
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The basic progression in jazz (II-V-I). Composition of this type of chords as well as the idea of
superstructure will be discussed later.
Practice:
While playing the note example pay attention to how harmonic progression combines with melodic
line. Register the modulation. For the time being, do not try to give the interpretation of chords, simply
listen to how The basic progression in jazz works.
Chords comprehended in the structure of
The basic progression in jazz (II-V-I)
In this chapter well analyze the formation and the way of writing of different chords that may
form The basic progression in jazz, variants of chords spacing in both piano solo and a piano-bass
duet and talk about the idea of superstructure.
Interestingly enough, while classical harmony views chords in the context of scale, hence the
scales functions and steps result in the names of the chords dominant seventh chord (D7), six-five
chord of the second degree (II56) etc., jazz and popular music predominantly use the concept of the
basic note, i.e. when chord is called according to the sound it has been constructed on: D minor
seventh chord (Dm7), F secondary seventh chord with major seventh (Fmaj7) etc., regardless of its
mode functions.
Additionally, jazz harmony widely uses parallel fifths, octaves and full consecutives prohibited
in classical harmony.
Performingly, each chord can be divided into bass and superstructure. In this case the bass is
a bass sound of chord (it can be doubled) that corresponds with the concept of the basic note. The
remaining sounds of the chord form its superstructure.
Cm7
Lets begin with secondary seventh chord with minor third and its derivatives:
Now lets take a look at these chords in extended position, i.e. in a way, most commonly used by a
solo pianist:
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As well as in a piano-bass duet. Pay attention to the functional division of chord into bass and
superstructure bass function is performed by contrabass while the chord in piano part is given as a
superstructure:
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Weve given only several examples of the possible spacing of secondary seventh chord with
minor third and its derivatives. An attempt to give every possible one arguably seems impossible.
Before we proceed to other chords, lets list the most common variants of The basic
progression in jazz (II-V-I):
II7 V7 I maj7,
7 - V7 - I 7,
II7 V7 I m7 ,
II m7 V 7 I maj7,
II m7 V 7 I m7,
in which II7 and V7 dominant seventh chord and its derivatives, constructed on the II and V steps of
the scale;
I maj7 secondary seventh chord with major seventh and its derivatives, constructed on the I step of
the scale;
II m7 I m7 secondary seventh chord with minor third and its derivatives, constructed on the II and
I steps of the scale.
Later, well learn tritone chord substitution and suspension and the number of such variants will
considerably increase.
Cmaj7
Lets take a look at the chord Cmaj7 and its derivatives, firstly in close position:
Pay attention to examples 46 and 47, in jazz such structures are called polychords - in our
case C major has been thickened with D major triad. However, a diverse range of tonality
combinations can be used here.
Now lets take a look at Cmaj7 and its derivatives in different variants of its extended position
which is most commonly used in practice:
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Pay attention to example 53 here we have the indication of chord by letter and number, which are
equally correct. We believe that a fraction indication of this chord, where letter C can mean C major
triad or sound C in bass, is more comfortable. Using our terminology, this is bass and superstructure,
divided by a fraction mark It should be noted that jazz literature most commonly uses this very
indication.
But lets go back to Cmaj7 and its derivatives and take a look at some frequent variants of the spacing
of these chords in piano-bass duet:
Dm7(-5)
The next chord were going to look at is used, as a rule, as the first link of the II-V-I progression and
consequently is constructed on the second step of scale - II m7(-5). First, lets take a look at this chord
and its derivatives in close position:
In different variants of the extended piano position:
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Now lets see, how this chord will look as a superstructure in a piano-bass duet:
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7
And finally, the last and the biggest group of chords we are going to discuss, is dominant seventh
chord (7) and its derivatives:
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As an example, we have given 43 (!) variants of dominant seventh chord. Now lets take a look at this
chords in various extended positions:
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And finally, here are the examples of how 7 and its derivatives can be used in a piano-bass duet:
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Now that we have analyzed different types and variants of chords, which may form The basic
progression in jazz and convinced you that there may be a multitude of them, we can speak about
the universality of this harmonic technique. In the next chapter we are going to talk about different
types of chords in the context of the II-V-I progression, rather than separately.
Practice:
Try to devise your own variants of chords for piano and a piano-bass duet, discussed in this chapter.
Performance and analysis of the sequences of The basic progression in
jazz (II-V-I) as a means to educate harmonic ear.
This chapter is addressed primarily to beginner jazz musicians and focuses on showing the
ways to educate and perfect a harmonic ear and harmonic thinking via The basic progression in
jazz (II-V-I).
But before we proceed to the main topic, lets dwell on such an important question as voice-
leading and analyze the following example accordingly:
Thus, here we have a typical II-V-I idiom: Dm9-G7(-9)6-Cmaj9(6). First, lets take a look at linking
of the first two chords - Dm9 G7(-9)6:
1. Prime Dm9 is resolved by leap of a fifth down to prime G7(-9)6.
2. Third Dm9 stays put and turns into seventh G7(-9)6,
3. Seventh Dm9 is resolved to minor second down to third G7(-9)6,
4. Ninth Dm9 stays put and turns into sixth G7(-9)6,
5. Fifth Dm9 is simultaneously transposed to minor second down and up, hence forming third and
flattened ninth G7(-9)6.
And linking G7(-9)6 Cmaj9(6):
1. Prime G7(-9)6 is simultaneously resolved by leap of a fifth to prime Cmaj9(6) and stays put ,
forming fifth Cmaj9(6) ,
2. Seventh G7(-9)6 is resolved to minor second down to third Cmaj9(6),
3. Third G7(-9)6 is transposed to a second down to sixth Cmaj9(6),
4. Sixth G7(-9)6 is also transposed to a second down, forming ninth Cmaj9(6),
5. Flattened ninth G7(-9)6 is resolved to a minor second down to fifth Cmaj9(6),
6. Third G7(-9)6 stays put and forms seventh Cmaj9(6).
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Thus, regardless of the inevitable leaps in bass, weve got a very fluent voice-leading. This is an ideal
euphony that needs to be attained in general, though it is clear that different artistic goals can
definitely require different approaches to voice-leading.
However, lets go back to the main topic of the chapter. We believe that the basic way to
educate a harmonic ear, and more importantly, a harmonic thinking involves practical work with an
instrument. It should include a drill in performing patterned harmonic sequences in different keys, as
well as in analyzing different harmonic material, which you can easily find, particularly in this manual.
Here you can see an example of such pattern: D9-G9(6)-Cmaj9, presented in every key. When
playing it, pay attention to the fact that every change of key produces new colors in its sound:
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Practic:
Learn this sequence by heart and play it in every key. In examples 397-407, write the indication of
chords by letter and number the way it was done in example 396. It is highly important to both learn to
analyze such chords instantly and to do it automatically, subconsciously, otherwise we cannot speak
about quality harmonization.
Below we have more harmonic sequences patterns, as usual, for piano and a piano-bass duet. Of
course, they are variants of The basic progression in jazz (II-V-I). Play them in every key, analyze
the chords they are made of and write the indication of them by letter and number. Try to devise your
own variants of The basic progression in jazz.
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Tritone chord substitution in The basic progression in jazz (II-V-I).
Tritone substitution is a characteristic feature of jazz harmony. It involves the substitution of
one chord for another, positioned a tritone higher or lower while the superstructure of this chord stays
put or alter. Of course, tritone substitution can also be applied to chords of II and V steps of the
scale, comprehended in the Basic progression in jazz.
Books, more often as not, lack the details of this, therefore we would like to be more specific
and talk about a tritone substitution that is very interesting and widely used in practice.
In jazz music the so-called traditional coda is a rather frequent occasion.
And now lets compare this example to another:
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Id like to draw your attention to the fact that the superstructure of chords 7(+9)6 and Eb9(-5)6;
D7(6) and Ab7(+9)-5; G9(-5)6 and Db7(+9)-6 are enharmonically equal i.e. they consist of
absolutely identical sounds (we are talking about tempered mode). That means that in the given
example, a tritone substitution has been simply done by transposing a bass sound (of tonic) to tritone.
Analyze these chords to make sure of it by yourself.
Thus, we see that you do not need to necessarily build a new chord to have a tritone
substitution of the dominant seventh chord; it is enough to transpose bass to tritone, changing the
superstructure of the main chord or keeping it unchanged.
Lets take a look at some variants of the tritone substitutions for piano and a piano-bass duet.
Pay attention the text has enharmonic substitutions necessary for the comfortable reading as is
customary in jazz literature:
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Practice:
Analyze these examples and try to devise your own variants of tritone substitutions.
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The use of bifunctional chords. Suspension and the principles of its
application in the chords of The basic progression in jazz (II-V-I)
The term suspension has been borrowed from classical harmony, where it is a means of
forming a melodic line while in harmony of jazz it is a means of forming the chord itself. The bottom
line is that the third of chord is replaced by fourth as a suspended sound, unresolved to the third. As
a result, we have a new chord that has its own indication in number and letter, for instance - 9sus.
However, we can have a simpler indication - C/Gm7. Weve already discussed this way of indication,
thus well move on and will take a look at the following examples:
We can see a vague functional similarity between these chords while Dm7 in C major is a
deep subdominant, G/Fmaj (in our case it is a G9 suspension) is polyfunctional, combining dominant
bass and subdominant superstructure. In practice, the first chord is frequently replaced by the second
one, which is not difficult, since Dm7 turns into G/Fmaj simply by transposing bass-tonic.
Here are several examples of the II-V-I progression having such substitutions of the suspended
chord and tritone substitutions:
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Pay attention to examples 486 and 487. Here we can see the suspended chords on the dominant
and tonic of key.
Practice:
Analyze the chords of The basic progression in jazz (II-V-I) in the examples above and try to devise
your own examples of the suspension in different melodic positions, as well as in a piano-bass duet.
Play it on the piano in different keys.
Block chords and the principles of their structure and application.
Block chord is a chord, edged by a perfect octave. The harmonic function of such chord is
defined by sounds in the octave formed by the edged sounds.
An arrangement of a theme of The Snowdrop by P. I. Tchaikovsky stands as a good
example of the principle of block chord harmonization:
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Practice:
Complete the example with a bass line. Give the indication of each block chord in letter and number.
Transposition of chords to create a melodic line of accompaniment.
Until now, we have not talked about a melodic line, formed by the upper sounds of chords
comprehended in harmonic sequences. However, such melodic line does exist. It is especially
important to a pianist accompanying a voice or a monophonic solo instrument in a chord structure. In
this case the melodic line formed by chords of accompaniment becomes audible and acts as a
counterpoint which, in its turn, can interact with the soloists melody in different ways emphasize it,
duplicating in unison or otherwise, interweave with it, fill pauses etc. And last but not least, it creates
the motion effect of the accompaniment itself.
Such melodic line is created by transposing the chord to various melodic positions.
Lets take a piece In good mood by G. Bondarenko as an example in which a melodic line
of the chord accompaniment contrapuntally interacts with the soloists melody:
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Practice:
Give the indication of chords in letter and number. Make your own harmonizations of the famous tunes
paying attention to the melodic line of the chord accompaniment. Analyze it.
The basic principles of harmonization and arrangement using The
basic progression in jazz (-V-I).
In this chapter, we are eventually going to discuss the major issue of the book - the use of The
basic progression in jazz in harmonization and arrangements of diverse thematic material. To
understand how to do it, we will make a harmonization of the specific theme using The basic
progression in jazz (II-V-I) and will dwell on certain stages of this process.
An excerpt from Richard Rodgers "Falling in love with love", with the indication of the
basic harmonic functions, will make a good example:
We have a melody and the basis of harmony, which will allow us to make a detailed and broader
harmonization. Lets try to make it using the harmonic principle of The basic progression in jazz
(II-V-I):
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And now lets play what wed got. In accompaniment use simple seventh chords in close position:
We want to make it clear that our harmonization is not the only one possible or even ideal. Each of
these variants is characteristic of this or that jazz style, and what is more, of any individual performer.
This is even more true when we are talking about arrangement itself. Now lets change or better to say
create the structure of accompaniment using our hearing experience as well as knowledge of different
chords and their formation, alterations, tritone substitutions etc.:
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Wed like to note that 1,3,5,6 and 9 measures include the technique of structure saturation by
duplicating the tones of chords. Measures 11 and 12 include the technique of inner voice-leading
known as wandering fifth:
Pay attention to the fact that the motion of the fifth tone of Am9 in semitones upwards and downwards
changes both modal color and alteration of the chord.
In conclusion, I would like to offer you an arrangement of the same theme by R. Rodgers for a piano-
bass duet:
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Practice:
Analyze the final version of R. Rodgers piece (example 495) and give the indication of the used
chords in letter and number.
Do the same with the pieces given in selected works(!).
We have examined some of the aspects of the modern jazz harmony, which I hope you found
interesting. Writing this book I wanted to share my own vision of the problems discussed here and to
give professional advice on how to use the most common harmonization techniques.
At parting, I would like to give a few more advice to beginner jazz musicians:
Dont be afraid to experiment;
Listen to more different music;
While listening to music, try to perceive it not only as a listener, but also as a performer;
Analyze more harmonies thats the passport to your professional growth.
I wish you every success!
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