2010 Competitions

USA
AMC 12/AHSME
2010
A
1 What is (20 (2010 201)) + (2010 (201 20))?
(A) 4020 (B) 0 (C) 40 (D) 401 (E) 4020
2 A ferry boat shuttles tourists to an island every hour starting at 10 AM until its last trip,
which starts at 3 PM. One day the boat captain notes that on the 10 AM trip there were
100 tourists on the ferry boat, and that on each successive trip, the number of tourists was 1
fewer than on the previous trip. How many tourists did the ferry take to the island that day?
(A) 585 (B) 594 (C) 672 (D) 679 (E) 694
3 Rectangle ABCD, pictured below, shares 50
A B
C D
E F
G H
(A) 4 (B) 5 (C) 6 (D) 8 (E) 10
4 If x < 0, then which of the following must be positive?
(A)
x
|x|
(B) x
2
(C) 2
x
(D) x
1
(E)
3
x
5 Halfway through a 100-shot archery tournament, Chelsea leads by 50 points. For each shot
a bullseye scores 10 points, with other possible scores being 8, 4, 2, 0 points. Chelsea always
scores at least 4 points on each shot. If Chelseas next n shots are bulleyes she will be
guaranteed victory. What is the minimum value for n?
(A) 38 (B) 40 (C) 42 (D) 44 (E) 46
6 A palindrome, such as 83438, is a number that remains the same when its digits are reversed.
The numbers x and x + 32 are three-digit and four-digit palindromes, respectively. What is
the sum of the digits of x?
(A) 20 (B) 21 (C) 22 (D) 23 (E) 24
http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/
This le was downloaded from the AoPS Math Olympiad Resources Page Page 1
USA
AMC 12/AHSME
2010
7 Logan is constructing a scaled model of his town. The citys water tower stands 40 meters
high, and the top portion is a sphere that holes 100, 000 liters of water. Logans miniature
water tower holds 0.1 liters. How tall, in meters, should Logan make his tower?
(A) 0.04 (B)
0.4
(C) 0.4 (D)

4
(E) 4
8 Triangle ABC has AB = 2 AC. Let D and E be on AB and BC, respectively, such that
BAE = ACD. Let F be the intersection of segments AE and CD, and suppose that
CFE is equilateral. What is ACB?
(A) 60
(B) 75
(C) 90
(D) 105
(E) 120
9 A solid cube has side length 3 inches. A 2-inch by 2-inch square hole is cut into the center of
each face. The edges of each cut are parallel to the edges of the cube, and each hole goes all
the way through the cube. What is the volume, in cubic inches, of the remaining solid?
(A) 7 (B) 8 (C) 10 (D) 12 (E) 15
10 The rst four terms of an arithmetic sequence are p, 9, 3p q, and 3p +q. What is the 2010
th
term of the sequence?
(A) 8041 (B) 8043 (C) 8045 (D) 8047 (E) 8049
11 The solution of the equation 7
x+7
= 8
x
can be expressed in the form x = log
b
7
7
. What is b?
(A)
7
15
(B)
7
8
(C)
8
7
(D)
15
8
(E)
15
7
12 In a magical swamp there are two species of talking amphibians: toads, whose statements are
always true, and frogs, whose statements are always false. Four amphibians, Brian, Chris,
LeRoy, and Mike live together in the swamp, and they make the following statements:
Brian: Mike and I are dierent species. Chris: LeRoy is a frog. LeRoy: Chris is a frog.
Mike: Of the four of us, at least two are toads.
How many of these amphibians are frogs?
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 3 (E) 4
13 For how many integer values of k do the graphs of x
2
+y
2
= k
2
and xy = k not intersect?
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 4 (E) 8
14 Nondegenerate ABC has integer side lengths, BD is an angle bisector, AD = 3, and
DC = 8. What is the smallest possible value of the perimeter?
(A) 30 (B) 33 (C) 35 (D) 36 (E) 37
USA
AMC 12/AHSME
2010
15 A coin is altered so that the probability that it lands on heads is less than
1
2
and when the
coin is ipped four times, the probability of an equal number of heads and tails is
1
6
. What
is the probability that the coin lands on heads?
(A)
153
6
(B)
6
6+2
12
(C)
21
2
(D)
3
3
6
(E)
31
2
16 Bernardo randomly picks 3 distinct numbers from the set {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9} and arranges
them in descending order to form a 3-digit number. Silvia randomly picks 3 distinct numbers
from the set {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8} and also arranges them in descending order to form a 3-digit
number. What is the probability that Bernardos number is larger than Silvias number?
(A)
47
72
(B)
37
56
(C)
2
3
(D)
49
72
(E)
39
56
17 Equiangular hexagon ABCDEF has side lengths AB = CD = EF = 1 and BC = DE =
FA = r. The area of ACE is 70
(A)
4
3
3
(B)
10
3
(C) 4 (D)
17
4
(E) 6
18 A 16-step path is to go from (4, 4) to (4, 4) with each step increasing either the x-coordinate
or the y-coordinate by 1. How many such paths stay outside or on the boundary of the square
2 x 2, 2 y 2 at each step?
(A) 92 (B) 144 (C) 1568 (D) 1698 (E) 12,800
19 Each of 2010 boxes in a line contains a single red marble, and for 1 k 2010, the box in the
kth position also contains k white marbles. Isabella begins at the rst box and successively
draws a single marble at random from each box, in order. She stops when she rst draws a
red marble. Let P(n) be the probability that Isabella stops after drawing exactly n marbles.
What is the smallest value of n for which P(n) <
1
2010
?
(A) 45 (B) 63 (C) 64 (D) 201 (E) 1005
20 Arithmetic sequences (a
n
) and (b
n
) have integer terms with a
1
= b
1
= 1 < a
2
b
2
and
a
n
b
n
= 2010 for some n. What is the largest possible value of n?
(A) 2 (B) 3 (C) 8 (D) 288 (E) 2009
21 The graph of y = x
6
10x
5
+29x
4
4x
3
+ax
2
lies above the line y = bx +c except at three
values of x, where the graph and the line intersect. What is the largest of those values?
(A) 4 (B) 5 (C) 6 (D) 7 (E) 8
22 What is the minimum value of f(x) = |x 1| +|2x 1| +|3x 1| + +|119x 1|?
(A) 49 (B) 50 (C) 51 (D) 52 (E) 53
23 The number obtained from the last two nonzero digits of 90! is equal to n. What is n?
(A) 12 (B) 32 (C) 48 (D) 52 (E) 68
USA
AMC 12/AHSME
2010
24 Let f(x) = log
10
(sin(x) sin(2x) sin(3x) sin(8x)). The intersection of the domain of
f(x) with the interval [0, 1] is a union of n disjoint open intervals. What is n?
(A) 2 (B) 12 (C) 18 (D) 22 (E) 36
25 Two quadrilaterals are considered the same if one can be obtained from the other by a rotation
and a translation. How many dierent convex cyclic quadrilaterals are there with integer sides
and perimeter equal to 32?
(A) 560 (B) 564 (C) 568 (D) 1498 (E) 2255
USA
AMC 12/AHSME
2010
B
1 Makayla attended two meetings during her 9-hour work day. The rst meeting took 45
minutes and the second meeting took twice as long. What percent of her work day was spent
attending meetings?
(A) 15 (B) 20 (C) 25 (D) 30 (E) 35
2 A big L is formed as shown. What is its area?
5
2
2
8
(A) 22 (B) 24 (C) 26 (D) 28 (E) 30
3 A ticket to a school play costs x dollars, where x is a whole number. A group of 9th graders
buys tickets costing a total of $48, and a group of 10th graders buys tickets costing a total of
$64. How many values of x are possible?
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4 (E) 5
4 A month with 31 days has the same number of Mondays and Wednesdays. How many of the
seven days of the week could be the rst day of this month?
(A) 2 (B) 3 (C) 4 (D) 5 (E) 6
5 Lucky Larrys teacher asked him to substitute numbers for a, b, c, d, and e in the expression
a (b (c (d + e))) and evaluate the result. Larry ignored the parentheses but added
and subtracted correctly and obtained the correct result by coincedence. The numbers Larry
substituted for a, b, c, and d were 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively. What number did Larry
substitute for e?
(A) 5 (B) 3 (C) 0 (D) 3 (E) 5
USA
AMC 12/AHSME
2010
6 At the beginning of the school year, 50% of all students in Mr. Wells math class answered
Yes to the question Do you love math, and 50% answered No. At the end of the school
year, 70% answered Yes and 30% answered No. Altogether, x% of the students gave a
dierent answer at the beginning and end of the school year. What is the dierence between
the maximum and the minimum possible values of x?
(A) 0 (B) 20 (C) 40 (D) 60 (E) 80
7 Shelby drives her scooter at a speed of 30 miles per hour if it is not raining, and 20 miles
per hour if it is raining. Today she drove in the sun in the morning and in the rain in the
evening, for a total of 16 miles in 40 minutes. How many minutes did she drive in the rain?
(A) 18 (B) 21 (C) 24 (D) 27 (E) 30
8 Every high school in the city of Euclid sent a team of 3 students to a math contest. Each
participant in the contest received a dierent score. Andreas score was the median among all
students, and hers was the highest score on her team. Andreas teammates Beth and Carla
placed 37th and 64th, respectively. How many schools are in the city?
(A) 22 (B) 23 (C) 24 (D) 25 (E) 26
9 Let n be the smallest positive integer such that n is divisible by 20, n
2
is a perfect cube, and
n
3
is a perfect square. What is the number of digits of n?
(A) 3 (B) 4 (C) 5 (D) 6 (E) 7
10 The average of the numbers 1, 2, 3, ..., 98, 99, and x is 100x. What is x?
(A)
49
101
(B)
50
101
(C)
1
2
(D)
51
101
(E)
50
99
11 A palindrome between 1000 and 10, 000 is chosen at random. What is the probability that it
is divisible by 7?
(A)
1
10
(B)
1
9
(C)
1
7
(D)
1
6
(E)
1
5
12 For what value of x does
log
x + log
2
x + log
4
(x
2
) + log
8
(x
3
) + log
16
(x
4
) = 40?
(A) 8 (B) 16 (C) 32 (D) 256 (E) 1024
13 In ABC, cos(2AB) + sin(A+B) = 2 and AB = 4. What is BC?
(A)

2 (B)

3 (C) 2 (D) 2
2 (E) 2
3
14 Let a, b, c, d, and e be positive integers with a + b + c + d + e = 2010, and let M be the
largest of the sums a +b, b +c, c +d, and d +e. What is the smallest possible value of M?
(A) 670 (B) 671 (C) 802 (D) 803 (E) 804
USA
AMC 12/AHSME
2010
15 For how many ordered triples (x, y, z) of nonnegative integers less than 20 are there exactly
two distinct elements in the set {i
x
, (1 +i)
y
, z}, where i =
1?
(A) 149 (B) 205 (C) 215 (D) 225 (E) 235
16 Positive integers a, b, and c are randomly and independently selected with replacement from
the set {1, 2, 3, . . . , 2010}. What is the probability that abc +ab +a is divisible by 3?
(A)
1
3
(B)
29
81
(C)
31
81
(D)
11
27
(E)
13
27
17 The entries in a 3 3 array include all the digits from 1 through 9, arranged so that the
entries in every row and column are in increasing order. How many such arrays are there?
(A) 18 (B) 24 (C) 36 (D) 42 (E) 60
18 A frog makes 3 jumps, each exactly 1 meter long. The directions of the jumps are chosen
independently and at random. What is the probability the the frogs nal position is no more
than 1 meter from its starting position?
(A)
1
6
(B)
1
5
(C)
1
4
(D)
1
3
(E)
1
2
19 A high school basketball game between the Raiders and Wildcats was tied at the end of the
rst quarter. The number of points scored by the Raiders in each of the four quarters formed
an increasing geometric sequence, and the number of points scored by the Wildcats in each of
the four quarters formed an increasing arithmetic sequence. At the end of the fourth quarter,
the Raiders had won by one point. Neither team scored more than 100 points. What was the
total number of points scored by the two teams in the rst half?
(A) 30 (B) 31 (C) 32 (D) 33 (E) 34
20 A geometric sequence (a
n
) has a
1
= sinx, a
2
= cos x, and a
3
= tanx for some real number
x. For what value of n does a
n
= 1 + cos x?
(A) 4 (B) 5 (C) 6 (D) 7 (E) 8
21 Let a > 0, and let P(x) be a polynomial with integer coecients such that
P(1) = P(3) = P(5) = P(7) = a, and
P(2) = P(4) = P(6) = P(8) = a.
What is the smallest possible value of a?
(A) 105 (B) 315 (C) 945 (D) 7! (E) 8!
22 Let ABCD be a cyclic quadrilateral. The side lengths of ABCD are distinct integers less
than 15 such that BC CD = AB DA. What is the largest possible value of BD?
(A)
325
2
(B)

185 (C)
389
2
(D)
425
2
(E)
533
2
USA
AMC 12/AHSME
2010
23 Monic quadratic polynomials P(x) and Q(x) have the property that P(Q(x)) has zeroes at
x = 23, 21, 17, and15, and Q(P(x)) has zeroes at x = 59, 57, 51, and49. What
is the sum of the minimum values of P(x) and Q(x)?
(A) -100 (B) -82 (C) -73 (D) -64 (E) 0
24 The set of real numbers x for which
1
x 2009
+
1
x 2010
+
1
x 2011
1
is the union of intervals of the form a < x b. What is the sum of the lengths of these
intervals?
(A)
1003
335
(B)
1004
335
(C) 3 (D)
403
134
(E)
202
67
25 For every integer n 2, let pow(n) be the largest power of the largest prime that divides n.
For example pow(144) = pow(2
4
3
2
) = 3
2
. What is the largest integer m such that 2010
m
divides
5300
n=2
pow(n)?
(A) 74 (B) 75 (C) 76 (D) 77 (E) 78
Albania
BMO TST
2010
1 a) Is the number 1111 11 (with 2010 ones) a prime number? b) Prove that every prime
factor of 1111 11 (with 2011 ones) is of the form 4022j + 1 where j is a natural number.
2 Let a 2 be a real number; with the roots x
1
and x
2
of the equation x
2
ax+1 = 0 we build
the sequence with S
n
= x
n
1
+x
n
2
. a)Prove that the sequence
Sn
S
n+1
, where n takes value from
1 up to innity, is strictly non increasing. b)Find all value of a for the which this inequality
hold for all natural values of n
S
1
S
2
+ +
Sn
S
n+1
> n 1
3 Let K be the circumscribed circle of the trapezoid ABCD . In this trapezoid the diagonals
AC and BD are perpendicular. The parallel sides AB = a and CD = c are diameters of the
circles K
a
and K
b
respectively. Find the perimeter and the area of the part inside the circle
K, that is outside circles K
a
and K
b
.
4 Lets consider the inequality a
3
+b
3
+c
3
< k(a+b +c)(ab +bc +ca) where a, b, c are the sides
of a triangle and k a real number. a) Prove the inequality for k = 1. b) Find the smallest
value of k such that the inequality holds for all triangles.
argentina
Team Selection Test
2010
Day 1 - 29 April 2010
1 In a football tournament there are 8 teams, each of which plays exacly one match against every
other team. If a team A defeats team B, then A is awarded 3 points and B gets 0 points.
If they end up in a tie, they receive 1 point each. It turned out that in this tournament,
whenever a match ended up in a tie, the two teams involved did not nish with the same nal
score. Find the maximum number of ties that could have happened in such a tournament.
2 Let ABC be a triangle with AB = AC. The incircle touches BC, AC and AB at D, E and
F respectively. Let P be a point on the arc EF that does not contain D. Let Q be the
second point of intersection of BP and the incircle of ABC. The lines EP and EQ meet the
line BC at M and N, respectively. Prove that the four points P, F, B, M lie on a circle and
EM
EN
=
BF
BP
.
3 Find all functions f : R R such that f(x + xy + f(y)) =

f(x) +
1
2

f(y) +
1
2
holds for
all real numbers x, y.
argentina
Team Selection Test
2010
Day 2 - 30 April 2010
4 Two players, A and B, play a game on a board which is a rhombus of side n and angles of 60
and 120
, divided into 2n
2
equilateral triangles, as shown in the diagram for n = 4. A uses
a red token and B uses a blue token, which are initially placed in cells containing opposite
corners of the board (the 60
ones). In turns, players move their token to a neighboring cell

(sharing a side with the previous one). To win the game, a player must either place his token
on the cell containing the other players token, or get to the opposite corner to the one where
he started. If A starts the game, determine which player has a winning strategy.
5 Let p and q be prime numbers. The sequence (x
n
) is dened by x
1
= 1, x
2
= p and
x
n+1
= px
n
qx
n1
for all n 2. Given that there is some k such that x
3k
= 3, nd p and
q.
6 Suppose a
1
, a
2
, ..., a
r
are integers with a
i
2 for all i such that a
1
+ a
2
+ ... + a
r
= 2010.
Prove that the set {1, 2, 3, ..., 2010} can be partitioned in r subsets A
1
, A
2
, ..., A
r
each with
a
1
, a
2
, ..., a
r
elements respectively, such that the sum of the numbers on each subset is divisible
by 2011. Decide whether this property still holds if we replace 2010 by 2011 and 2011 by
2012 (that is, if the set to be partitioned is {1, 2, 3, ..., 2011}).
brazil
National Olympiad
2010
Day 1 - 16 October 2010
1 Find all functions f from the reals into the reals such that
f(ab) = f(a +b)
for all irrational a, b.
2 Let P(x) be a polynomial with real coecients. Prove that there exist positive integers n
and k such that k has n digits and more than P(n) positive divisors.
3 What is the biggest shadow that a cube of side length 1 can have, with the sun at its peak?
Note: The biggest shadow of a gure with the sun at its peak is understood to be the
biggest possible area of the orthogonal projection of the gure on a plane.
brazil
National Olympiad
2010
Day 2 - 17 October 2010
1 Let ABCD be a convex quadrilateral, and M and N the midpoints of the sides CD and AD,
respectively. The lines perpendicular to AB passing through M and to BC passing through
N intersect at point P. Prove that P is on the diagonal BD if and only if the diagonals AC
and BD are perpendicular.
2 Determine all values of n for which there is a set S with n points, with no 3 collinear, with
the following property: it is possible to paint all points of S in such a way that all angles
determined by three points in S, all of the same color or of three dierent colors, arent
obtuse. The number of colors available is unlimited.
3 Find all pairs (a, b) of positive integers such that
3
a
= 2b
2
+ 1.
china
China Girls Math Olympiad
2010
1 Let n be an integer greater than two, and let A
1
, A
2
, , A
2n
be pairwise distinct subsets of
{1, 2, , n}. Determine the maximum value of
2n
i=1
|A
i
A
i+1
|
|A
i
| |A
i+1
|
Where A
2n+1
= A
1
and |X| denote the number of elements in X.
2 In triangle ABC, AB = AC. Point D is the midpoint of side BC. Point E lies outside the
triangle ABC such that CE AB and BE = BD. Let M be the midpoint of segment BE.
Point F lies on the minor arc

AD of the circumcircle of triangle ABD such that MF BE.
Prove that ED FD.
3 Prove that for every given positive integer n, there exists a prime p and an integer m such
that (a) p 5 (mod 6) (b) p n (c) n m
3
(mod p)
4 Let x
1
, x
2
, , x
n
be real numbers with x
2
1
+x
2
2
+ +x
2
n
= 1. Prove that
n
k=1
1
k
n
i=1
ix
2
i
x
2
k
k

n 1
n + 1
2 n
k=1
x
2
k
k
Determine when does the equality hold?
5 Let f(x) and g(x) be strictly increasing linear functions from R to R such that f(x) is an
integer if and only if g(x) is an integer. Prove that for any real number x, f(x) g(x) is an
integer.
6 In acute triangle ABC, AB > AC. Let M be the midpoint of side BC. The exterior angle
bisector of

BAC meet ray BC at P. Point K and F lie on line PA such that MF BC and
MK PA. Prove that BC
2
= 4PF AK.
7 For given integer n 3, set S = {p
1
, p
2
, , p
m
} consists of permutations p
i
of (1, 2, , n).
Suppose that among every three distinct numbers in {1, 2, , n}, one of these number does
not lie in between the other two numbers in every permutations p
i
(1 i m). (For example,
in the permutation (1, 3, 2, 4), 3 lies in between 1 and 4, and 4 does not lie in between 1 and
2.) Determine the maximum value of m.
8 Determine the least odd number a > 5 satisfying the following conditions: There are positive
integers m
1
, m
2
, n
1
, n
2
such that a = m
2
1
+n
2
1
, a
2
= m
2
2
+n
2
2
, and m
1
n
1
= m
2
n
2
.
china
Team Selection Test
2010
China TST
Day 1
1 Given acute triangle ABC with AB > AC, let M be the midpoint of BC. P is a point
in triangle AMC such that MAB = PAC. Let O, O
1
, O
2
be the circumcenters of
ABC, ABP, ACP respectively. Prove that line AO passes through the midpoint of
O
1
O
2
.
2 Let A = {a
1
, a
2
, , a
2010
} and B = {b
1
, b
2
, , b
2010
} be two sets of complex numbers.
Suppose
1i<j2010
(a
i
+a
j
)
k
=
1i<j2010
(b
i
+b
j
)
k
holds for every k = 1, 2, , 2010. Prove that A = B.
3 Let n
1
, n
2
, , n
26
be pairwise distinct positive integers satisfying (1) for each n
i
, its digits
belong to the set {1, 2}; (2) for each i, j, n
i
cant be obtained from n
j
by adding some digits
on the right. Find the smallest possible value of
26
i=1
S(n
i
), where S(m) denotes the sum of
all digits of a positive integer m.
space*0.4cm
Day 2
1 Let G = G(V, E) be a simple graph with vertex set V and edge set E. Suppose |V | = n.
A map f : V Z is called good, if f satises the followings: (1)

vV
f(v) = |E|; (2)
color arbitarily some vertices into red, one can always nd a red vertex v such that f(v) is
no more than the number of uncolored vertices adjacent to v. Let m(G) be the number of
good maps. Prove that if every vertex in G is adjacent to at least one another vertex, then
n m(G) n!.
2 Given integer a
1
2. For integer n 2, dene a
n
to be the smallest positive integer which
is not coprime to a
n1
and not equal to a
1
, a
2
, , a
n1
. Prove that every positive integer
except 1 appears in this sequence {a
n
}.
3 Given integer n 2 and real numbers x
1
, x
2
, , x
n
in the interval [0, 1]. Prove that there
exist real numbers a
0
, a
1
, , a
n
satisfying the following conditions: (1) a
0
+ a
n
= 0; (2)
|a
i
| 1, for i = 0, 1, , n; (3) |a
i
a
i1
| = x
i
, for i = 1, 2, , n.
china
Team Selection Test
2010
Quiz 1
china
Western Mathematical Olympiad
2010
1 Suppose that m and k are non-negative integers, and p = 2
2
m
+ 1 is a prime number. Prove
that (a) 2
2
m+1
p
k
1 (mod p
k+1
); (b) 2
m+1
p
k
is the smallest positive integer n satisfying the
congruence equation 2
n
1 (mod p
k+1
).
2 AB is a diameter of a circle with center O. Let C and D be two dierent points on the circle
on the same side of AB, and the lines tangent to the circle at points C and D meet at E.
Segments AD and BC meet at F. Lines EF and AB meet at M. Prove that E, C, M and
D are concyclic.
3 Determine all possible values of positive integer n, such that there are n dierent 3-element
subsets A
1
, A
2
, ..., A
n
of the set {1, 2, ..., n}, with |A
i
A
j
| = 1 for all i = j.
4 Let a
1
, a
2
, .., a
n
, b
1
, b
2
, ..., b
n
be non-negative numbers satisfying the following conditions si-
multaneously:
(1)
n
i=1
(a
i
+b
i
) = 1;
(2)
n
i=1
i(a
i
b
i
) = 0;
(3)
n
i=1
i
2
(a
i
+b
i
) = 10.
Prove that max{a
k
, b
k
}
10
10 +k
2
for all 1 k n.
5 Let k be an integer and k > 1. Dene a sequence {a
n
} as follows:
a
0
= 0,
a
1
= 1, and
a
n+1
= ka
n
+a
n1
for n = 1, 2, ....
Determine, with proof, all possible k for which there exist non-negative integers l, m(l = m)
and positive integers p, q such that a
l
+ka
p
= a
m
+ka
q
.
6 ABC is a right-angled triangle, C = 90
. Draw a circle centered at B with radius BC.

Let D be a point on the side AC, and DE is tangent to the circle at E. The line through C
perpendicular to AB meets line BE at F. Line AF meets DE at point G. The line through
A parallel to BG meets DE at H. Prove that GE = GH.
7 There are n (n 3) players in a table tennis tournament, in which any two players have a
match. Player A is called not out-performed by player B, if at least one of player As losers
is not a Bs loser.
china
Western Mathematical Olympiad
2010
Determine, with proof, all possible values of n, such that the following case could happen:
after nishing all the matches, every player is not out-performed by any other player.
8 Determine all possible values of integer k for which there exist positive integers a and b such
that
b + 1
a
+
a + 1
b
= k.
greece
National Olympiad
2010
1 Solve in the integers the diophantine equation :
x
4
6x
2
+ 1 = 7 2
y
Babis
2 If x, y are positive real numbers with sum 2a, prove that :
x
3
y
3
(x
2
+y
2
)
2
4a
10
When does equality hold ?
Babis
3 A triangle ABC is inscribed in a circle C(O, R) and has incenter I. Lines AI, BI, CI meet
the circumcircle (O) of triangle ABC at
points D, E, F respectively.
The circles with diameter ID, IE, IF meet the sides BC, CA, AB at pairs of points (A
1
, A
2
), (B
1
, B
2
), (C
1
, C
2
)
respectively.
Prove that the six points A
1
, A
2
, B
1
, B
2
, C
1
, C
2
are concyclic.
Babis
4 On the plane are given k+n distinct lines , where k > 1 is integer and n is integer as well.Any
three of these lines do not pass through the
same point . Among these lines exactly k are parallel and all the other n lines intersect each
other.All k +n lines dene on the plane a partition
of triangular , polygonic or not bounded regions. Two regions are colled dierent, if the have
not common points
or if they have common points only on their boundary.A regions is called good if it contained
in a zone between two parallel lines .
If in a such given conguration the minimum number of good regionrs is 176 and the
maximum number of these regions is 221, nd k and n.
Babis
india
International Mathematical Olympiad Training Camp
2010
1 Let ABC be a triangle in which BC < AC. Let M be the mid-point of AB; AP be the
altitude from A on BC; and BQ be the altitude from B on to AC. Suppose QP produced
meets AB (extended) in T. If H is the ortho-center of ABC, prove that TH is perpendicular
to CM.
2 Two polynomials P(x) = x
4
+ax
3
+bx
2
+cx+d and Q(x) = x
2
+px+q have real coecients,
and I is an interval on the real line of length greater than 2. Suppose P(x) and Q(x) take
negative values on I, and they take non-negative values outside I. Prove that there exists a
real number x
0
such that P(x
0
) < Q(x
0
).
3 For any integer n 2, let N(n) be the maximum number of triples (a
j
, b
j
, c
j
), j = 1, 2, 3, , N(n),
consisting of non-negative integers a
j
, b
j
, c
j
(not necessarily distinct) such that the following
two conditions are satised:
(a) a
j
+b
j
+c
j
= n, for all j = 1, 2, 3, N(n); (b) j = k, then a
j
= a
k
, b
j
= b
k
and c
j
= c
k
.
Determine N(n) for all n 2.
4 Let a, b, c be positive real numbers such that ab +bc +ca 3abc. Prove that
a
2
+b
2
a +b
+
b
2
+c
2
b +c
+
c
2
+a
2
c +a
+ 3
2(
a +b +
b +c +
c +a)
5 Given an integer k > 1, show that there exist an integer an n > 1 and distinct positive integers
a
1
, a
2
, a
n
, all greater than 1, such that the sums

n
j=1
a
j
and

n
j=1
(a
j
) are both k-th
powers of some integers. (Here (m) denotes the number of positive integers less than m and
relatively prime to m.)
6 Let n 2 be a given integer. Show that the number of strings of length n consisting of 0
s
and 1
s such that there are equal number of 00 and 11 blocks in each string is equal to
2
n 2
n2
2
7 Let ABCD be a cyclic quadrilaterla and let E be the point of intersection of its diagonals
AC and BD. Suppose AD and BC meet in F. Let the midpoints of AB and CD be G and
H respectively. If is the circumcircle of triangle EGH, prove that FE is tangent to .
8 Call a positive integer good if either N = 1 or N can be written as product of even number
of prime numbers, not necessarily distinct. Let P(x) = (x a)(x b), where a, b are positive
integers.
(a) Show that there exist distinct positive integers a, b such that P(1), P(2), , P(2010) are
all good numbers. (b) Suppose a, b are such that P(n) is a good number for all positive
integers n. Prove that a = b.
india
International Mathematical Olympiad Training Camp
2010
9 Let A = (a
jk
) be a 10 10 array of positive real numbers such that the sum of numbers in
row as well as in each column is 1. Show that there exists j < k and l < m such that
a
jl
a
km
+a
jm
a
kl

1
50
10 Let ABC be a triangle. Let be the brocard point. Prove that

A
BC
2
+
B
AC
2
+
C
AB
2
1
11 Find all functions f : R R such that f(x +y) +xy = f(x)f(y) for all reals x, y
12 Prove that there are innitely many positive integers m for which there exists consecutive
odd positive integers p
m
< q
m
such that p
2
m
+p
m
q
m
+q
2
m
and p
2
m
+m p
m
q
m
+q
2
m
are both
perfect squares. If m
1
, m
2
are two positive integers satisfying this condition, then we have
p
m
1
= p
m
2
india
National Olympiad
2010
1 Let ABC be a triangle with circum-circle . Let M be a point in the interior of triangle ABC
which is also on the bisector of A. Let AM, BM, CM meet in A
1
, B
1
, C
1
respectively.
Suppose P is the point of intersection of A
1
C
1
with AB; and Q is the point of intersection of
A
1
B
1
with AC. Prove that PQ is parallel to BC.
2 Find all natural numbers n > 1 such that n
2
does not divide (n 2)!.
3 Find all non-zero real numbers x, y, z which satisfy the system of equations:
(x
2
+xy +y
2
)(y
2
+yz +z
2
)(z
2
+zx +x
2
) = xyz
(x
4
+x
2
y
2
+y
4
)(y
4
+y
2
z
2
+z
4
)(z
4
+z
2
x
2
+x
4
) = x
3
y
3
z
3
4 How many 6-tuples (a
1
, a
2
, a
3
, a
4
, a
5
, a
6
) are there such that each of a
1
, a
2
, a
3
, a
4
, a
5
, a
6
is from
the set {1, 2, 3, 4} and the six expressions
a
2
j
a
j
a
j+1
+a
2
j+1
for j = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 (where a
7
is to be taken as a
1
) are all equal to one another?
5 Let ABC be an acute-angled triangle with altitude AK. Let H be its ortho-centre and O be
its circum-centre. Suppose KOH is an acute-angled triangle and P its circum-centre. Let Q
be the reection of P in the line HO. Show that Q lies on the line joining the mid-points of
AB and AC.
6 Dene a sequence < a
n
>
n0
by a
0
= 0, a
1
= 1 and
a
n
= 2a
n1
+a
n2
,
for n 2.
(a) For every m > 0 and 0 j m, prove that 2a
m
divides a
m+j
+ (1)
j
a
mj
.
(b) Suppose 2
k
divides n for some natural numbers n and k. Prove that 2
k
divides a
n
.
indonesia
Indonesia TST
Jogjakarta, Indonesia 2010
Day 1
1 Let a, b, and c be non-negative real numbers and let x, y, and z be positive real numbers
such that a +b +c = x +y +z. Prove that
a
3
x
2
+
b
3
y
2
+
c
3
z
2
a +b +c.
Hery Susanto, Malang
2 Let A = {n : 1 n 2009
2009
, n N} and let S = {n : n A, gcd
n, 2009
2009
= 1}. Let P
be the product of all elements of S. Prove that
P 1 (mod 2009
2009
).
Nanang Susyanto, Jogjakarta
3 In a party, each person knew exactly 22 other persons. For each two persons X and Y , if X
and Y knew each other, there is no other person who knew both of them, and if X and Y
did not know each other, there are exactly 6 persons who knew both of them. Assume that
X knew Y i Y knew X. How many people did attend the party?
Yudi Satria, Jakarta
4 Let ABC be a non-obtuse triangle with CH and CM are the altitude and median, respec-
tively. The angle bisector of BAC intersects CH and CM at P and Q, respectively. Assume
that
ABP = PBQ = QBC,
(a) prove that ABC is a right-angled triangle, and (b) calculate
BP
CH
.
Soewono, Bandung
indonesia
Indonesia TST
Day 2
1 Let ABCD be a trapezoid such that AB CD and assume that there are points E on the line
outside the segment BC and F on the segment AD such that DAE = CBF. Let I, J, K
respectively be the intersection of line EF and line CD, the intersection of line EF and line
AB, and the midpoint of segment EF. Prove that K is on the circumcircle of triangle CDJ
if and only if I is on the circumcircle of triangle ABK.
Utari Wijayanti, Bandung
2 Find all functions f : R R satisfying
f(x
3
+y
3
) = xf(x
2
) +yf(y
2
)
for all real numbers x and y.
3 Let x, y, and z be integers satisfying the equation
2008
41y
2
=
2z
2009
+
2007
2x
2
.
Determine the greatest value that z can take.
Budi Surodjo, Jogjakarta
4 For each positive integer n, dene f(n) as the number of digits 0 in its decimal representation.
For example, f(2) = 0, f(2009) = 2, etc. Please, calculate
S =
n
k=1
2
f(k)
,
for n = 9, 999, 999, 999.
indonesia
Indonesia TST
Day 3
1 Let f be a polynomial with integer coecients. Assume that there exists integers a and b
such that f(a) = 41 and f(b) = 49. Prove that there exists an integer c such that 2009 divides
f(c).
2 Given an equilateral triangle, all points on its sides are colored in one of two given colors.
Prove that the is a right-angled triangle such that its three vertices are in the same color and
on the sides of the equilateral triangle.
Alhaji Akbar, Jakarta
3 Let a
1
, a
2
, . . . be sequence of real numbers such that a
1
= 1, a
2
=
4
3
, and
a
n+1
=

1 +a
n
a
n1
, n 2.
Prove that for all n 2,
a
2
n
> a
2
n1
+
1
2
and
1 +
1
a
1
+
1
a
2
+ +
1
a
n
> 2a
n
.
Fajar Yuliawan, Bandung
4 Let ABC be an acute-angled triangle such that there exist points D, E, F on side BC, CA, AB,
respectively such that the inradii of triangle AEF, BDF, CDE are all equal to r
0
. If the inradii
of triangle DEF and ABC are r and R, respectively, prove that
r +r
0
= R.
Soewono, Bandung
indonesia
Indonesia TST
Day 4
1 The integers 1, 2, . . . , 20 are written on the blackboard. Consider the following operation as
one step: choose two integers a and b such that a b 2 and replace them with a 1 and
b + 1. Please, determine the maximum number of steps that can be done.
2 Circles
1
and
2
are internally tangent to circle at P and Q, respectively. Let P
1
and Q
1
are on
1
and
2
respectively such that P
1
Q
1
is the common tangent of P
1
and Q
1
. Assume
that
1
and
2
intersect at R and R
1
. Dene O
1
, O
2
, O
3
as the intersection of PQ and P
1
Q
1
,
the intersection of PR and P
1
R
1
, and the intersection QR and Q
1
R
1
. Prove that the points
O
1
, O
2
, O
3
are collinear.
Rudi Adha Prihandoko, Bandung
3 Determine all real numbers a such that there is a function f : R R satisfying
x +f(y) = af(y +f(x))
for all real numbers x and y.
4 Prove that for all integers m and n, the inequality
(gcd(2
m
+ 1, 2
n
+ 1))
gcd((2
m
+ 1), (2
n
+ 1))

2 gcd(m, n)
2
gcd(m,n)
holds.
indonesia
Indonesia TST
Day 5
1 Is there a triangle with angles in ratio of 1 : 2 : 4 and the length of its sides are integers with
at least one of them is a prime number?
2 Consider a polynomial with coecients of real numbers (x) = ax
3
+bx
2
+cx +d with three
positive real roots. Assume that (0) < 0, prove that
2b
3
+ 9a
2
d 7abc 0.
3 Let Z be the set of all integers. Dene the set H as follows: (1).
1
2
H, (2). if x H, then
1
1 +x
H and also
x
1 +x
H. Prove that there exists a bijective function f : Z H.
4 Prove that the number (9999 . . . 99

2005
)
2009
can be obtained by erasing some digits of (9999 . . . 99

2008
)
2009
(both in decimal representation).
APMO 2010
1 Let ABC be a triangle with BAC = 90
. Let O be the circumcircle of the triangle ABC

and be the circumcircle of the triangle BOC. Suppose that intersects the line segment
AB at P dierent from B, and the line segment AC at Q dierent from C. Let ON be the
diameter of the circle . Prove that the quadrilateral APNQ is a parallelogram.
2 For a positive integer k, call an integer a pure k th power if it can be represented as m
k
for some integer m. Show that for every positive integer n, there exists n distinct positive
integers such that their sum is a pure 2009th power and their product is a pure 2010th
power.
3 Let n be a positive integer. n people take part in a certain party. For any pair of the
participants, either the two are acquainted with each other or they are not. What is the
maximum possible number of the pairs for which the two are not acquainted but have a
common acquaintance among the participants?
4 Let ABC be an acute angled triangle satisfying the conditions AB > BC and AC > BC.
Denote by O and H the circumcentre and orthocentre, respectively, of the triangle ABC.
Suppose that the circumcircle of the triangle AHC intersects the line AB at M dierent from
A, and the circumcircle of the triangle AHB intersects the line AC at N dierent from A.
Prove that the circumcentre of the triangle MNH lies on the line OH.
5 Find all functions f from the set R of real numbers into R which satisfy for all x, y, z R the
identity f(f(x) +f(y) +f(z)) = f(f(x) f(y)) +f(2xy +f(z)) + 2f(xz yz)
Balkan MO 2010
1 Let a, b and c be positive real numbers. Prove that
a
2
b(b c)
a +b
+
b
2
c(c a)
b +c
+
c
2
a(a b)
c +a
0
2 Let ABC be an acute triangle with orthocentre H, and let M be the midpoint of AC. The
point C
1
on AB is such that CC
1
is an altitude of the triangle ABC. Let H
1
be the reection
of H in AB. The orthogonal projections of C
1
onto the lines AH
1
, AC and BC are P, Q
and R, respectively. Let M
1
be the point such that the circumcentre of triangle PQR is the
midpoint of the segment MM
1
. Prove that M
1
lies on the segment BH
1
.
3 A strip of width w is the set of all points which lie on, or between, two parallel lines distance
w apart. Let S be a set of n (n 3) points on the plane such that any three dierent points
of S can be covered by a strip of width 1. Prove that S can be covered by a strip of width 2.
4 For each integer n (n 2), let f(n) denote the sum of all positive integers that are at most n
and not relatively prime to n. Prove that f(n+p) = f(n) for each such n and every prime p.
Baltic Way 2002
1 Solve the system of simultaneous equations
a
3
+ 3ab
2
+ 3ac
2
6abc = 1
b
3
+ 3ba
2
+ 3bc
2
6abc = 1
c
3
+ 3ca
2
+ 3cb
2
6abc = 1
in real numbers.
2 Let a, b, c, d be real numbers such that
a +b +c +d = 2
ab +ac +ad +bc +bd +cd = 0
Prove that at least one of the numbers a, b, c, d is not greater than 1.
3 Find all sequences 0 a
0
a
1
a
2
. . . of real numbers such that
a
m
2
+n
2 = a
2
m
+a
2
n
for all integers m, n 0.
4 Let n be a positive integer. Prove that
n
i=1
x
i
(1 x
i
)
2
1
1
n
2
for all nonnegative real numbers x
1
, x
2
, . . . , x
n
such that x
1
+x
2
+. . . x
n
= 1.
5 Find all pairs (a, b) of positive rational numbers such that
a +
b =
2 +
3.
6 The following solitaire game is played on an mn rectangular board, m, n 2, divided into
unit squares. First, a rook is placed on some square. At each move, the rook can be moved
an arbitrary number of squares horizontally or vertically, with the extra condition that each
move has to be made in the 90
clockwise direction compared to the previous one (e.g. after

a move to the left, the next one has to be done upwards, the next one to the right etc). For
which values of m and n is it possible that the rook visits every square of the board exactly
once and returns to the rst square? (The rook is considered to visit only those squares it
stops on, and not the ones it steps over.)
Baltic Way 2002
7 We draw n convex quadrilaterals in the plane. They divide the plane into regions (one of the
regions is innite). Determine the maximal possible number of these regions.
8 Let P be a set of n 3 points in the plane, no three of which are on a line. How many
possibilities are there to choose a set T of

n1
2
triangles, whose vertices are all in P, such

that each triangle in T has a side that is not a side of any other triangle in T?
9 Two magicians show the following trick. The rst magician goes out of the room. The second
magician takes a deck of 100 cards labelled by numbers 1, 2, . . . , 100 and asks three spectators
to choose in turn one card each. The second magician sees what card each spectator has taken.
Then he adds one more card from the rest of the deck. Spectators shue these 4 cards, call
the rst magician and give him these 4 cards. The rst magician looks at the 4 cards and
guesses what card was chosen by the rst spectator, what card by the second and what card
by the third. Prove that the magicians can perform this trick.
10 Let N be a positive integer. Two persons play the following game. The rst player writes a
list of positive integers not greater than 25, not necessarily dierent, such that their sum is
at least 200. The second player wins if he can select some of these numbers so that their sum
S satises the condition 200 N S 200 +N. What is the smallest value of N for which
the second player has a winning strategy?
11 Let n be a positive integer. Consider n points in the plane such that no three of them are
collinear and no two of the distances between them are equal. One by one, we connect each
point to the two points nearest to it by line segments (if there are already other line segments
drawn to this point, we do not erase these). Prove that there is no point from which line
segments will be drawn to more than 11 points.
12 A set S of four distinct points is given in the plane. It is known that for any point X S the
remaining points can be denoted by Y, Z and W so that |XY | = |XZ| +|XW| Prove that all
four points lie on a line.
13 Let ABC be an acute triangle with BAC > BCA, and let D be a point on side AC such
that |AB| = |BD|. Furthermore, let F be a point on the circumcircle of triangle ABC such
that line FD is perpendicular to side BC and points F, B lie on dierent sides of line AC.
Prove that line FB is perpendicular to side AC .
14 Let L, M and N be points on sides AC, AB and BC of triangle ABC, respectively, such
that BL is the bisector of angle ABC and segments AN, BL and CM have a common point.
Prove that if ALB = MNB then LNM = 90
.
15 A spider and a y are sitting on a cube. The y wants to maximize the shortest path to
the spider along the surface of the cube. Is it necessarily best for the y to be at the point
opposite to the spider? (Opposite means symmetric with respect to the centre of the cube.)
Baltic Way 2002
16 Find all nonnegative integers m such that
a
m
= (2
2m+1
)
2
+ 1
is divisible by at most two dierent primes.
17 Show that the sequence
2002
2002
2003
2002
2004
2002
, . . .
considred modulo 2002, is periodic.
18 Find all integers n > 1 such that any prime divisor of n
6
1 is a divisor of (n
3
1)(n
2
1).
19 Let n be a positive integer. Prove that the equation
x +y +
1
x
+
1
y
= 3n
does not have solutions in positive rational numbers.
20 Does there exist an innite non-constant arithmetic progression, each term of which is of the
form a
b
, where a and b are positive integers with b 2?
Benelux 2010
Amsterdam/Netherlands
1 A nite set of integers is called bad if its elements add up to 2010. A nite set of integers is a
Benelux-set if none of its subsets is bad. Determine the smallest positive integer n such that
the set {502, 503, 504, ..., 2009} can be partitioned into n Benelux-sets. (A partition of a set
S into n subsets is a collection of n pairwise disjoint subsets of S, the union of which equals
S.)
(2nd Benelux Mathematical Olympiad 2010, Problem 1)
2 Find all polynomials p(x) with real coecients such that
p(a +b 2c) +p(b +c 2a) +p(c +a 2b) = 3p(a b) + 3p(b c) + 3p(c a)
for all a, b, c R.
3 On a line l there are three dierent points A, B and P in that order. Let a be the line through
A perpendicular to l, and let b be the line through B perpendicular to l. A line through P,
not coinciding with l, intersects a in Q and b in R. The line through A perpendicular to BQ
intersects BQ in L and BR in T. The line through B perpendicular to AR intersects AR in
K and AQ in S. (a) Prove that P, T, S are collinear. (b) Prove that P, K, L are collinear.
4 Find all quadruples (a, b, p, n) of positive integers, such that p is a prime and
a
3
+b
3
= p
n
.
CentroAmerican 2010
1 Denote by S(n) the sum of the digits of the positive integer n. Find all the solutions of the
equation
n(S(n) 1) = 2010.
2 Let ABC be a triangle and L, M, N be the midpoints of BC, CA and AB, respectively. The
tangent to the circumcircle of ABC at A intersects LM and LN at P and Q, respectively.
Show that CP is parallel to BQ.
3 A token is placed in one square of a m n board, and is moved according to the following
rules:
In each turn, the token can be moved to a square sharing a side with the one currently
occupied. [/*:m] The token cannot be placed in a square that has already been occupied.
[/*:m] Any two consecutive moves cannot have the same direction.[/*:m]
The game ends when the token cannot be moved. Determine the values of m and n for which,
by placing the token in some square, all the squares of the board will have been occupied in
the end of the game.
4 Find all positive integers N such that an N N board can be tiled using tiles of size 5 5
or 1 3.
Note: The tiles must completely cover all the board, with no overlappings.
5 If p, q and r are nonzero rational numbers such that
3
pq
2
+
3
qr
2
+
3
rp
2
is a nonzero
rational number, prove that
1
3
pq
2
+
1
3
qr
2
+
1
3
rp
2
is also a rational number.
6 Let and
1
be two circles internally tangent at A, with centers O and O
1
and radii r and
r
1
, respectively (r > r
1
). B is a point diametrically opposed to A in , and C is a point on
such that BC is tangent to
1
at P. Let A
the midpoint of BC. Given that O

1
A
is parallel
to AP, nd the ratio r/r
1
.
International Zhautykov Olympiad 2010
Day 1
1 Find all primes p, q such that p
3
q
7
= p q.
2 In a cyclic quadrilateral ABCD with AB = AD points M,N lie on the sides BC and CD
respectively so that MN = BM +DN . Lines AM and AN meet the circumcircle of ABCD
again at points P and Q respectively. Prove that the orthocenter of the triangle APQ lies on
the segment MN .
3 A rectangle formed by the lines of checkered paper is divided into gures of three kinds:
isosceles right triangles (1) with base of two units, squares (2) with unit side, and parallelo-
grams (3) formed by two sides and two diagonals of unit squares (gures may be oriented in
any way). Prove that the number of gures of the third kind is even.
[img]http://up.iranblog.com/Files7/dda310bab8b6455f90ce.jpg[/img]
International Zhautykov Olympiad 2010
Day 2
1 Positive integers 1, 2, ..., n are written on blackboard (n > 2 ). Every minute two numbers
are erased and the least prime divisor of their sum is written. In the end only the number 97
remains. Find the least n for which it is possible.
2 In every vertex of a regular n -gon exactly one chip is placed. At each step one can ex-
change any two neighbouring chips. Find the least number of steps necessary to reach the
arrangement where every chip is moved by [
n
2
] positions clockwise from its initial position.
3 Let ABC arbitrary triangle (AB = BC = AC = AB) And O,I,H its circum-center, incen-
ter and ortocenter (point of intersection altitudes). Prove, that 1) OIH > 90
0
(2 points)
2)OIH > 135
0
(7 points)
balls for 1) and 2) not additive.
Junior Balkan MO 2010
1 The real numbers a, b, c, d satisfy simultaneously the equations
abc d = 1, bcd a = 2, cda b = 3, dab c = 6.
Prove that a +b +c +d = 0.
2 Find all integers n, n 1, such that n 2
n+1
+ 1 is a perfect square.
3 Let AL and BK be angle bisectors in the non-isosceles triangle ABC (L lies on the side BC,
K lies on the side AC). The perpendicular bisector of BK intersects the line AL at point
M. Point N lies on the line BK such that LN is parallel to MK. Prove that LN = NA.
4 A 9 7 rectangle is tiled with tiles of the two types: L-shaped tiles composed by three unit
squares (can be rotated repeatedly with 90
) and square tiles composed by four unit squares.

Let n 0 be the number of the 2 2 tiles which can be used in such a tiling. Find all the
values of n.
Middle European Mathematical Olympiad 2010
1 Find all functions f : R R such that for all x, y R, we have
f(x +y) +f(x)f(y) = f(xy) + (y + 1)f(x) + (x + 1)f(y).
(4th Middle European Mathematical Olympiad, Individual Competition, Problem 1)
2 All positive divisors of a positive integer N are written on a blackboard. Two players A and
B play the following game taking alternate moves. In the rt move, the player A erases N.
If the last erased number is d, then the next player erases either a divisor of d or a multiple
of d. The player who cannot make a move loses. Determine all numbers N for which A can
win independently of the moves of B.
3 We are given a cyclic quadrilateral ABCD with a point E on the diagonal AC such that
AD = AE and CB = CE. Let M be the center of the circumcircle k of the triangle BDE.
The circle k intersects the line AC in the points E and F. Prove that the lines FM, AD and
BC meet at one point.
4 Find all positive integers n which satisfy the following tow conditions: (a) n has at least four
dierent positive divisors; (b) for any divisors a and b of n satisfying 1 < a < b < n, the
number b a divides n.
5 Three strictly increasing sequences
a
1
, a
2
, a
3
, . . . , b
1
, b
2
, b
3
, . . . , c
1
, c
2
, c
3
, . . .
of positive integers are given. Every positive integer belongs to exactly one of the three
sequences. For every positive integer n, the following conditions hold: (a) c
an
= b
n
+ 1; (b)
a
n+1
> b
n
; (c) the number c
n+1
c
n
(n + 1)c
n+1
nc
n
is even. Find a
2010
, b
2010
and c
2010
.
(4th Middle European Mathematical Olympiad, Team Competition, Problem 1)
6 For each integer n 2, determine the largest real constant C
n
such that for all positive real
numbers a
1
, . . . , a
n
we have
a
2
1
+. . . +a
2
n
n

a
1
+. . . +a
n
n
2
+C
n
(a
1
a
n
)
2
.
Middle European Mathematical Olympiad 2010
7 In each vertex of a regular n-gon, there is a fortress. At the same moment, each fortress
shoots one of the two nearest fortresses and hits it. The result of the shooting is the set of
the hit fortresses; we do not distinguish whether a fortress was hit once or twice. Let P(n)
be the number of possible results of the shooting. Prove that for every positive integer k 3,
P(k) and P(k + 1) are relatively prime.
8 Let n be a positive integer. A square ABCD is partitioned into n
2
unit squares. Each of
them is divided into two triangles by the diagonal parallel to BD. Some of the vertices of the
unit squares are colored red in such a way that each of these 2n
2
triangles contains at least
one red vertex. Find the least number of red vertices.
9 The incircle of the triangle ABC touches the sides BC, CA, and AB in the points D, E and
F, respectively. Let K be the point symmetric to D with respect to the incenter. The lines
DE and FK intersect at S. Prove that AS is parallel to BC.
10 Let A, B, C, D, E be points such that ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral and ABDE is a
parallelogram. The diagonals AC and BD intersect at S and the rays AB and DC intersect
at F. Prove that AFS = ECD.
11 For a nonnegative integer n, dene a
n
to be the positive integer with decimal representation
1 0 . . . 0

n
2 0 . . . 0

n
2 0 . . . 0

n
1.
Prove that
an
3
is always the sum of two positive perfect cubes but never the sum of two perfect
squares.
12 We are given a positive integer n which is not a power of two. Show that ther exists a positive
integer m with the following two properties: (a) m is the product of two consecutive positive
integers; (b) the decimal representation of m consists of two identical blocks with n digits.
Romanian Masters In Mathematics 2010
1 For a nite non empty set of primes P, let m(P) denote the largest possible number of
consecutive positive integers, each of which is divisible by at least one member of P
(i) Show that |P| m(P), with equality if and only if min(P) > |P|
(ii) Show that m(P) < (|P| + 1)(2
|P|
1)
(The number |P| is the size of set P)
2 For each positive integer n, nd the largest integer C
n
with the following property. Given any
nreal valued functions f
1
(x), f
2
(x), , f
n
(x) dened on the closed interval 0 x 1, one
can nd numbers x
1
, x
2
, x
n
, such that 0 x
i
1 satisfying |f
1
(x
1
) +f
2
(x
2
) + f
n
(x
n
)
x
1
x
2
x
n
| C
n
3 Let A
1
A
2
A
3
A
4
be a quadrilateral with no pair of parallel sides. For each i = 1, 2, 3, 4, dene
1
to be the circle touching the quadrilateral externally, and which is tangent to the lines
A
i1
A
i
, A
i
A
i+1
and A
i+1
A
i+2
(indices are considered modulo 4 so A
0
= A
4
, A
5
= A
1
and
A
6
= A
2
). Let T
i
be the point of tangency of
i
with A
i
A
i+1
. Prove that the lines A
1
A
2
, A
3
A
4
and T
2
T
4
are concurrent if and only if the lines A
2
A
3
, A
4
A
1
and T
1
T
3
are concurrent.
4 Determine whether there exists a polynomial f(x
1
, x
2
) with two variables, with integer coef-
cients, and two points A = (a
1
, a
2
) and B = (b
1
, b
2
) in the plane, satisfying the following
conditions.
(i) A is an integer point (i.e a
1
and a
2
are integers);
(ii) |a
1
b
1
| +|a
2
b
2
| = 2010;
(iii) f(n
1
, n
2
) > f(a
1
, a
2
) for all integer points (n
1
, n
2
) in the plane other than A;
(iv) f(x
1
, x
2
) > f(b
1
, b
2
) for all integer points (x
1
, x
2
) in the plane other than B
5 Let n be a given positive integer. Say that a set K of points with integer coordinates in the
plane is connected if for every pair of points R, S K, if there exists a positive integer l and
a sequence R = T
0
.T
1
, T
2
, T
l
= S of points in K, where each T
i
is distance 1 away from
T
i+1
. For such a setK, we dene the set of vectors (K) = {
RS|R, S K}. What is the

maximum value of |(K)| over all connected sets K of 2n+1 points with integer coordinates
in the plane?
6 Given a polynomial f(x) with rational coecients, with degree d 2, we dene a sequence
of sets f
0
(Q), f
1
(Q), as f
0
(Q) = 0, f
n+1
(Q) = f(f
n1
(Q)) for n 0. (Given a set S, we
write f(S) for the set {f(x), x S})
Let f
(Q) =
n=0
f
n
(Q) be the set of numbers that are in all of the sets f
n
(Q). Prove that
f
(Q) is a nite set.

iran
National Math Olympiad (3rd Round)
2010
Day 1
1 suppose that polynomial p(x) = x
2010
x
2009
... x 1 does not have a real root. what is
the maximum number of coecients to be 1?(14 points)
2 a, b, c are positive real numbers. prove the following inequality:
1
a
2
+
1
b
2
+
1
c
2
+
1
(a+b+c)
2

7
25
(
1
a
+
1
b
+
1
c
+
1
a+b+c
)
2
(20 points)
3 prove that for each natural number n there exist a polynomial with degree 2n + 1 with
coecients in Q[x] such that it has exactly 2 complex zeros and its irreducible in Q[x].(20
points)
4 For each polynomial p(x) = a
n
x
n
+a
n1
x
n1
+... +a
1
x +a
0
we dene its derivative as this
and we show it by p
(x):
p
(x) = na
n
x
n1
+ (n 1)a
n1
x
n2
+... + 2a
2
x +a
1
a) For each two polynomials p(x) and q(x) prove that:(3 points)
(p(x)q(x))
= p
(x)q(x) +p(x)q
(x)
b) Suppose that p(x) is a polynomial with degree n and x
1
, x
2
, ..., x
n
are its zeros. prove
that:(3 points)
p
(x)
p(x)
=
n
i=1
1
x x
i
c) p(x) is a monic polynomial with degree n and z
1
, z
2
, ..., z
n
are its zeros such that:
[z
1
[ = 1, i 2, .., n : [z
i
[ 1
Prove that p
(x) has at least one zero in the disc with length one with the center z
1
in complex
plane. (disc with length one with the center z
1
in complex plane: D = z C : [z z
1
[
1)(20 points)
5 x, y, z are positive real numbers such that xy+yz+zx = 1. prove that: 3
3+
x
2
y
+
y
2
z
+
z
2
x

(x +y +z)
2
(20 points)
the exam time was 6 hours.
iran
2010
Day 2
1 suppose that a = 3
100
and b = 5454. how many zs in [1, 3
99
) exist such that for every c that
gcd(c, 3) = 1, two equations x
z
c and x
b
c (mod a) have the same number of answers?(
100
6
points)
2 R is a ring such that xy = yx for every x, y R and if ab = 0 then a = 0 or b = 0. if for every
Ideal I R there exist x
1
, x
2
, .., x
n
in R (n is not constant) such that I = (x
1
, x
2
, ..., x
n
),
prove that every element in R that is not 0 and its not a unit, is the product of nite
irreducible elements.(
100
6
points)
3 If p is a prime number, what is the product of elements like g such that 1 g p
2
and g is
a primitive root modulo p but its not a primitive root modulo p
2
, modulo p
2
?(
100
6
points)
4 sppose that
k
: N R is a function such that
k
(n) =
d|n
d
k
.
k
: N R is a function
such that
k

k
= . nd a formula for
k
.(
100
6
points)
5 prove that if p is a prime number such that p = 12k + 2, 3, 5, 7, 8, 11(k N 0), there
exist a eld with p
2
elements.(
100
6
points)
6 g and n are natural numbers such that gcd(g
2
g, n) = 1 and A = g
i
[i N and B = x
(n)[x A(by x (n) we mean a number from the set 0, 1, ..., n 1 which is congruent
with x modulo n). if for 0 i g 1 a
i
= [[
ni
g
,
n(i+1)
g
) B[ prove that g 1[
g1
i=0
ia
i
.( the
symbol [ [ means the number of elements of the set)(
100
6
points)
the exam time was 4 hours
iran
2010
Day 3
1 1. In a triangle ABC, O is the circumcenter and I is the incenter. X is the reection of I
to O. A
1
is foot of the perpendicular from X to BC. B
1
and C
1
are dened similarly. prove
that AA
1
,BB
1
and CC
1
are concurrent.(12 points)
2 in a quadrilateral ABCD, E and F are on BC and AD respectively such that the area of
triangles AED and BCF is
4
7
of the area of ABCD. R is the intersection point of digonals
of ABCD.
AR
RC
=
3
5
and
BR
RD
=
5
6
. a) in what ratio does EF cut the digonals?(13 points) b)
nd
AF
FD
.(5 points)
3 in a quadrilateral ABCD digonals are perpendicular to each other. let S be the intersection
of digonals. K,L,M and N are reections of S to AB,BC,CD and DA. BN cuts the
circumcircle of SKN in E and BM cuts the circumcircle of SLM in F. prove that EFLK
is concyclic.(20 points)
4 in a triangle ABC, I is the incenter. BI and CI cut the circumcircle of ABC at E and F
respectively. M is the midpoint of EF. C is a circle with diameter EF. IM cuts C at two
points L and K and the arc BC of circumcircle of ABC (not containing A) at D. prove that
DL
IL
=
DK
IK
.(25 points)
5 In a triangle ABC, I is the incenter. D is the reection of A to I. the incircle is tangent to
BC at point E. DE cuts IG at P (G is centroid). M is the midpoint of BC. prove that a)
AP[[DM.(15 points) b) AP = 2DM. (10 points)
6 In a triangle ABC, C = 45. AD is the altitude of the triangle. X is on AD such that
XBC = 90 B (X is in the triangle). AD and CX cut the circumcircle of ABC in M
and N respectively. if tangent to circumcircle of ABC at M cuts AN at P, prove that P,B
and O are collinear.(25 points)
the exam time was 4 hours and 30 minutes.
iran
2010
Day 4
1 suppose that T X
(k)
and [X[ = n. we know that for every three distinct elements of
T like A, B, C, at most one of A B,B C and C A is . for k
n
2
prove that: a)
[T[ max(1, 4
n
k
)
n 1
k 1
.(15 points) b) nd all cases of equality in a) for k

n
3
.(5
points)
2 suppose that T
n
j=k+1
X
(j)
and [X[ = n. we know that T is a sperner family and its also
H
k
. prove that:

BF
1
n 1
[B[ 1
1 (15 points)
3 suppose that T p(X) and [X[ = n. we know that for every A
i
, A
j
T that A
i
A
j
we
have 3 [A
i
[ [A
j
[. prove that: [T[
2
n
3
+
1
2
n
2
|
| (20 points)
4 suppose that T X
(K)
and [X[ = n. we know that for every three distinct elements of T
like A, B and C we have A B , C.
a)(10 points) Prove that :
[T[
k
2
|
+ 1
b)(15 points) if elements of T do not necessarily have k elements, with the above conditions
show that:
[T[
n2
3
|
+ 2
5 suppose that T p(X) and [X[ = n. prove that if [T[ >
k1
i=0
n
i
then there exist Y X

with [Y [ = k such that p(Y ) = T Y that T Y = F Y : F T(20 points) you can
see this problem also here: COMBINATORIAL PROBLEMS AND EXERCISES-SECOND
EDITION-by LASZLO LOVASZ-AMS CHELSEA PUBLISHING- chapter 13- problem 10(c)!!!
6 Suppose that X is a set with n elements and T X
(k)
and X
1
, X
2
, ..., X
s
is a partition of X.
we know that for every A, B T and every 1 j s, E = B(
j
i=1
X
i
) ,= A(
j
i=1
X
i
) = F
shows that non of E, F have the other one. prove that:
[T[ max
P
S
i=1
w
i
=k
s
i=1
[X
i
[
w
i
(15 points)
the exam time was 5 hours and 20 minutes.
iran
2010
Day 5
1 two variable ploynomial
P(x, y) is a two variable polynomial with real coecients. degree of a monomial means sum
of the powers of x and y in it. we denote by Q(x, y) sum of monomials with the most degree
in P(x, y). (for example if P(x, y) = 3x
4
y2x
2
y
3
+5xy
2
+x5 then Q(x, y) = 3x
4
y2x
2
y
3
.)
suppose that there are real numbers x
1
,y
1
,x
2
and y
2
such that Q(x
1
, y
1
) > 0 , Q(x
2
, y
2
) < 0
prove that the set (x, y)[P(x, y) = 0 is not bounded. (we call a set S of plane bounded if
there exist positive number M such that the distance of elements of S from the origin is less
than M.)
time allowed for this question was 1 hour.
2 rolling cube
a,b and c are natural numbers. we have a (2a + 1) (2b + 1) (2c + 1) cube. this cube is
on an innite plane with unit squares. you call roll the cube to every side you want. faces of
the cube are divided to unit squares and the square in the middle of each face is coloured (it
means that if this square goes on a square of the plane, then that square will be coloured.)
prove that if any two of lengths of sides of the cube are relatively prime, then we can colour
every square in plane.
3 points in plane
set A containing n points in plane is given. a copy of A is a set of points that is made by
using transformation, rotation, homogeneity or their combination on elements of A. we want
to put n copies of A in plane, such that every two copies have exactly one point in common
and every three of them have no common elements. a) prove that if no 4 points of A make
a parallelogram, you can do this only using transformation. (A doesnt have a parallelogram
with angle 0 and a parallelogram that its two non-adjacent vertices are one!) b) prove that
you can always do this by using a combination of all these things.
time allowed for this question was 1 hour and 30 minutes
4 carpeting
suppose that S is a gure in the plane such that its border doesnt contain any lattice points.
suppose that x, y are two lattice points with the distance 1 (we call a point lattice point if
its coordinates are integers). suppose that we can cover the plane with copies of S such that
x, y always go on lattice points ( you can rotate or reverse copies of S). prove that the area
of S is equal to lattice points inside it.
iran
2010
5 interesting sequence
n is a natural number and x
1
, x
2
, ... is a sequence of numbers 1 and 1 with these properties:
it is periodic and its least period number is 2
n
1. (it means that for every natural number
j we have x
j+2
n
1
= x
j
and 2
n
1 is the least number with this property.)
There exist distinct integers 0 t
1
< t
2
< ... < t
k
< n such that for every natural number j
we have
x
j+n
= x
j+t
1
x
j+t
2
... x
j+t
k
Prove that for every natural number s that s < 2
n
1 we have
2
n
1
i=1
x
i
x
i+s
= 1
Time allowed for this question was 1 hours and 15 minutes.
6 polyhedral
we call a 12-gon in plane good whenever: rst, it should be regular, second, its inner plane
must be lled!!, third, its center must be the origin of the coordinates, forth, its vertices
must have points (0, 1),(1, 0),(1, 0) and (0, 1). nd the faces of the massivest polyhedral
that its image on every three plane xy,yz and zx is a good 12-gon. (its obvios that centers
of these three 12-gons are the origin of coordinates for three dimensions.)
time allowed for this question is 1 hour.
7 interesting function
S is a set with n elements and P(S) is the set of all subsets of S and f : P(S) N is a
function with these properties: for every subset A of S we have f(A) = f(S A). for every
two subsets of S like A and B we have max(f(A), f(B)) f(A B) prove that number of
natural numbers like x such that there exists A S and f(A) = x is less than n.
time allowed for this question was 1 hours and 30 minutes.
8 numbers n
2
+ 1
prove that there innitly many natural numbers in the form n
2
+1 such that they dont have
any divider in the form of k
2
+ 1 except 1 and itself.
time allowed for this question was 45 minutes.
iran
2010
Day 6
1 prove that the group of oriention-preserving symmetries of a cube is isomorph to S
4
(group of
permutations of 1, 2, 3, 4).(20 points)
2 prove the third sylow theorem: suppose that G is a group and [G[ = p
e
m which p is a prime
number and (p, m) = 1. suppose that a is the number of p-sylow subgroups of G (H < G that
[H[ = p
e
). prove that a[m and p[a 1.(Hint: you can use this: every two p-sylow subgroups
are conjugate.)(20 points)
3 suppose that G < S
n
is a subgroup of permutations of 1, ..., n with this property that for
every e ,= g G there exist exactly one k 1, ..., n such that g.k = k. prove that there
exist one k 1, ..., n such that for every g G we have g.k = k.(20 points)
4 a) prove that every discrete subgroup of (R
2
, +) is in one of these forms: i-0. ii-mv[m Z
for a vector v in R
2
. iii-mv + nw[m, n Z for tho linearly independent vectors v and w
in R
2
.(lattice L) b) prove that every nite group of symmetries that xes the origin and the
lattice L is in one of these forms: (
i
or T
i
that i = 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 ((
i
is the cyclic group of order
i and T
i
is the dyhedral group of order i).(20 points)
5 suppose that p is a prime number. nd that smallest n such that there exists a non-abelian
group G with [G[ = p
n
.
SL is an acronym for Special Lesson. this year our special lesson was Groups and Symmetries.
the exam time was 5 hours.
iran
National Math Olympiad (Second Round)
2010
1 Let a, b be two positive integers and a > b.We know that gcd(a b, ab + 1) = 1 and gcd(a +
b, ab 1) = 1. Prove that (a b)
2
+ (ab + 1)
2
is not a perfect square.
2 There are n points in the page such that no three of them are collinear.Prove that number
of triangles that vertices of them are chosen from these n points and area of them is 1,is not
greater than
2
3
(n
2
n).
3 Circles W
1
, W
2
meet at Dand P.A and B are on W
1
, W
2
respectively,such that AB is tangent
to W
1
and W
2
.Suppose D is closer than P to the line AB. AD meet circle W
2
for second
time at C.If M be the midpoint of BC,prove that
DPM =

BDC
4 Let P(x) = ax
3
+bx
2
+cx +d be a polynomial with real coecients such that
min{d, b +d} > max{|c|, |a +c|}
Prove that P(x) do not have a real root in [1, 1].
5 In triangle ABC,

A =

3
.Construct E and F on continue of AB and AC respectively such
that BE = CF = BC.EF meet circumcircle of ACE in K.(K E).Prove that K is on
the bisector of

A.
6 A school has n students and some super classes are provided for them. Each student can
participate in any number of classes that he/she wants. Every class has at least two students
participating in it. We know that if two dierent classes have at least two common students,
then the number of the students in the rst of these two classes is dierent from the number of
the students in the second one. Prove that the number of classes is not greater that (n 1)
2
.
japan
Kyoto University Entry Examination
2010
1A In the coordinate plane, denote by S(a) the area of the region bounded by the line passing
through the point (1, 2) with the slope a and the parabola y = x
2
. When a varies in the
range of 0 a 6, nd the value of a such that S(a) is minimized.
1B Given a ABC such that AB = 2, AC = 1. A bisector of BAC intersects with BC at D.
If AD = BD, then nd the area of ABC.
2 In the coordinate palne, when the point P(x, y) moves in the domain of 4x+y 9, x+2y
4, 2x 3y 6, nd the maximum and minimum value of 2x +y, x
2
+y
2
respectively.
3 Arrange numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 in a line. Any arrangements are equiprobable. Find the
probability such that the sum of the numbers for the rst, second and third equal to the sum
of that of the third, fourth and fth. Note that in each arrangement each number are used
one time without overlapping.
4 Given a regular decagon with the center O and two neibouring vertices A, B. Take a point
P on the line segmemt OB such that OP
2
= OB PB. Prove that OP = AB.
5 In the coordinate space, consider the cubic with vertices O(0, 0, 0), A(1, 0, 0), B(1, 1, 0), C(0, 1, 0), D(0, 0, 1), E(1, 0, 1), F(1, 1, 1), G(0, 1, 1).
Find the volume of the solid generated by revolution of the cubic around the diagonal OF as
the axis of rotation.
japan
Tokio University Entry Examination
2010
1 Let the lengths of the sides of a cuboid be denoted a, b and c. Rotate the cuboid in 90
the
side with length b as the axis of the cuboid. Denote by V the solid generated by sweeping
the cuboid.
(1) Express the volume of V in terms of a, b, c.
(2) Find the range of the volume of V with a +b +c = 1.
2 (1) Show the following inequality for every natural number k.
1
2(k + 1)
<
1
0
1 x
k +x
dx <
1
2k
(2) Show the following inequality for every natural number m, n such that m > n.
mn
2(m+ 1)(n + 1)
< log
m
n

m
k=n+1
1
k
<
mn
2mn
3 There are two boxes L and R such that L contains x balls and R contains 30 x balls for
0 x 30. Repeat the following operation ():
() Let z be the number of ball in L. Flip a coin with equal probability of coming up Head and
Tails, if Head comes up, we move K(z) s balls from box R to box L and if Tails comes up, we
move K(z)s balls from box L to box R . Note that K(z) = z when 0 z 15, K(z) = 30z
when 16 z 30.
After m
th
operation, denote by P
m
(x) the probability such that the number of balls in box
L is 30. For example, P
1
(15) = P
2
(15) =
1
2
. Answer the following questions (1), (2), (3).
(1) For m 2, by selecting y for x successfully, express P
m
(x) in terms of P
m1
(y).
(2) For each natural number n, nd P
2n
(10).
in addition to, for applicants for Science,
(3) For each natural number n, nd P
4n
(6).
4 In the coordinate plane with O(0, 0), consider the function C : y =
1
2
x +
1
4
x
2
+ 2 and two
distinct points P
1
(x
1
, y
1
), P
2
(x
2
, y
2
) on C.
(1) Let H
i
(i = 1, 2) be the intersection points of the line passing through P
i
(i = 1, 2),
parallel to x axis and the line y = x. Show that the area of OP
1
H
1
and OP
2
H
2
are equal.
(2) Let x
1
< x
2
. Express the area of the gure bounded by the part of x
1
x x
2
for C
and line segments P
1
O, P
2
O in terms of y
1
, y
2
.
japan
Tokio University Entry Examination
2010
5 Let C be the circumference of a circle with radius 1. Take a point A on C. Three points
P, Q, R start from A at the time t = 0 on C at xed speed respectively, P, Q move in
counterclockwise, R moves in clockwise during 0 t 2 with speed of P, Q and R,
m, 1 and 2 respectively,or Q moves around C one time. Note that m is integer such that
1 m 10. Determine all possible pairs of (m, t) such that PQR is a Rectangular Isoceles
Triangle with hypotenuse PR.
6 Given a tetrahedron with four congruent faces such that OA = 3, OB =

7, AB = 2.
Denote by L a plane which contains three points O, A, B.
(1) Let H be the foot of the perpendicular drawn fron the point C to the plane L. Express
OH in terms of

OA,

OB.
(2) For a real number t with 0 < t < 1, let P
t
, Q
t
be the points which divide internally
the line segments OA, OB respectively. Denote by M a plane which is perpendicular to the
plane L. Find the sectional area S(t) of the tetrahedron OABC cut by the plane M.
(3) When t moves in the range of 0 < t < 1, nd the maximum value of S(t).
japan
Tokyo Institute Of Technology Admission Oce Entrance
Examination
2010
1 Find all positive integers n such that n! is a multiple of n
2
.
2010 Tokyo Institute of Technology Admission Oce entrance exam, Problem I-1/Science
2 Given a triangle with side lengths a, b, c. Let a, b, c vary, nd the range of
a
2
+b
2
+c
2
ab+bc+ca
.
2010 Tokyo Institute of Technology Admission Oce entrance exam, Problem I-2/Science
3 Find all positive integers n such that there exists the polynomial with degree n satisfying
f(x
2
+ 1) = f(x)
2
+ 1.
2010 Tokyo Institute of Technology Admission Oce entrance exam, Problem -1/Science
4 Given a regular nonagon inscribed in a circle with radius 1. Find ve numbers of the edges
of a regular polygon which has all vertices in the perimeter of the nonagon, then for each n,
give an example of such regular n polygon to nd the side length.
2010 Tokyo Institute of Technology Admission Oce entrance exam, Problem -2/Science
kazakhstan
National Olympiad
2010
Day 9
1 Triangle ABC is given. Circle passes through B, touch AC in D and intersect sides AB
and BC at P and Q respectively. Line PQ intersect BD and AC at M and N respectively.
Prove that , circumcircle of DMN and circle, touching PQ in M and passes through B,
intersects in one point.
2 Exactly 4n numbers in set A = {1, 2, 3, ..., 6n} of natural numbers painted in red, all other in
blue. Proved that exist 3n consecutive natural numbers from A, exactly 2n of which numbers
is red.
3 Positive real A is given. Find maximum value of M for which inequality
1
x
+
1
y
+
A
x+y

M
xy
holds for all x, y > 0
4 Let x- minimal root of equation x
2
4x + 2 = 0. Find two rst digits of number {x + x
2
+
.... +x
20
} after 0, where {a}- fractional part of a.
5 Arbitrary triangle ABC is given (with AB < BC). Let M - midpoint of AC, N- midpoint of
arc AC of circumcircle ABC, which is contains point B. Let I - in-center of ABC. Proved,
that IMA = INB
6 Let numbers 1, 2, 3, ..., 2010 stand in a row at random. Consider row, obtain by next rule:
For any number we sum it and its number in a row (For example for row (2, 7, 4) we consider
a row (2 +1; 7 +2; 4 +3) = (3; 9; 7) ); Proved, that in resulting row we can found two equals
numbers, or two numbers, which is dier by 2010
kazakhstan
National Olympiad
2010
Day 10
1 Triangle ABC is given. Consider ellipse
1
, passes through C with focuses in A and B.
Similarly dene ellipses
2
,
3
with focuses B, C and C, A respectively. Prove, that if all
ellipses have common point D then A, B, C, D lies on the circle.
Ellipse with focuses X, Y , passes through Z- locus of point T, such that XT +Y T = XZ+Y Z
2 On sides of convex quadrilateral ABCD on external side constructed equilateral triangles
ABK, BCL, CDM, DAN. Let P, Q- midpoints of BL, AN respectively and X- circumcenter
of CMD. Prove, that PQ perpendicular to KX
3 Call A N
0
be numberofyear if all digits of A equals 0, 1 or 2 (in decimal representation).
Prove that exist innity N N, such that N cant presented as A
2
+ B where A N
0
; B-
numberofyear.
4 Given, that for any n N exist natural a, such that a
n1
1(modn) and for any prime
divisor p of (n 1) , a
n1
p
1 dont divided by n.
Prove that n is prime.
5 Let n 2 be an integer. Dene x
i
= 1 or 1 for every i = 1, 2, 3, , n.
Call an operation adhesion, if it changes the string (x
1
, x
2
, , x
n
) to (x
1
x
2
, x
2
x
3
, , x
n1
x
n
, x
n
x
1
)
.
Find all integers n 2 such that the string (x
1
, x
2
, , x
n
) changes to (1, 1, , 1) after
nitely adhesion operations.
6 Let ABCD be convex quadrilateral, such that exist M, N inside ABCD for which NAD =
MAB; NBC = MBA; MCB = NCD; NDA = MDC Prove, that S
ABM
+
S
ABN
+ S
CDM
+ S
CDN
= S
BCM
+ S
BCN
+ S
ADM
+ S
ADN
, where S
XY Z
-area of triangle
XY Z
kazakhstan
National Olympiad
2010
Day 11
1 Given, that for any n N exist natural a, such that a
n1
1(modn) and for any prime
divisor p of (n 1) , a
n1
p
1 dont divided by n.
Prove that n is prime.
2 Let n 2 be an integer. Dene x
i
= 1 or 1 for every i = 1, 2, 3, , n.
Call an operation adhesion, if it changes the string (x
1
, x
2
, , x
n
) to (x
1
x
2
, x
2
x
3
, , x
n1
x
n
, x
n
x
1
)
.
Find all integers n 2 such that the string (x
1
, x
2
, , x
n
) changes to (1, 1, , 1) after
nitely adhesion operations.
3 Let ABCD be convex quadrilateral, such that exist M, N inside ABCD for which NAD =
MAB; NBC = MBA; MCB = NCD; NDA = MDC Prove, that S
ABM
+
S
ABN
+ S
CDM
+ S
CDN
= S
BCM
+ S
BCN
+ S
ADM
+ S
ADN
, where S
XY Z
-area of triangle
XY Z
4 For x; y 0 prove the inequality:
x
2
x + 1
y
2
y + 1 +
x
2
+x + 1
y
2
+y + 1 2(x +y)
5 Let O be the circumcircle of acute triangle ABC, AD-altitude of ABC (D BC), AD
CO = E, M-midpoint of AE, F-feet of perpendicular from C to AO. Proved that point of
intersection OM and BC lies on circumcircle of triangle BOF
6 Call A N
0
be numberofyear if all digits of A equals 0, 1 or 2 (in decimal representation).
Prove that exist innity N N, such that N cant presented as A
2
+ B where A N
0
; B-
numberofyear.
Korea
National Olympiad
2010
Day 1 - 27 March 2010
1 Given an arbitrary triangle ABC, denote by P, Q, R the intersections of the incircle with sides
BC, CA, AB respectively. Let the area of triangle ABC be T, and its perimeter L. Prove
that the inequality (
AB
PQ
)
3
+ (
BC
QR
)
3
+ (
CA
RP
)
3
3

L
2
T
holds.
*Sorry, I made a typo: I wrote D, E, F where P, Q, R should be.
2 Let I be the incenter and O the circumcenter of a given acute triangle ABC. The incircle
is tangent to BC at D. Assume that B < C and the segments AO and HD are parallel.
Let the intersection of the line OD and AH be E. If the midpoint of CI is F, prove that
E, F, I, O are concyclic.
[Edit] H is the orthocenter of ABC.
3 There are n websites 1, 2, ..., n(n 2). If there is a link website i to j, we can use this link so
we can move website i to j. All for i 1, 2, ..., n 1, There is a link website i 1 to i. Prove
that we can add less or equal than 3(n1)log
2
(log
2
n) links so that all integer 1 i < j n,
starting with website i, and using at most three links to website j.(If we use a link, websites
number should increase. For example, No.7 to 4 is impossible.)
Sorry for my bad English.
Korea
National Olympiad
2010
Day 2 - 28 March 2010
4 Given is a trapezoid ABCD where AB and CD are parallel, and A, B, C, D are clockwise in
this order. Let
1
be the circle with center A passing through B,
2
be the circle with center
C passing through D. The intersection of line BD and
1
is P (= B, D). Denote by the
circle with diameter PD, and let and
1
meet at X(= P). and
2
meet at Y . If the
circumcircle of triangle XBY and
2
meet at Q, prove that B, D, Q are collinear.
5 On a circular table are sitting 2n people, equally spaced in between. m cookies are given to
these people, and they give cookies to their neighbors according to the following rule.
(i) One may give cookies only to people adjacent to himself. (ii) In order to give a cookie to
ones neighbor, one must eat a cookie.
Select arbitrarily a person A sitting on the table. Find the minimum value m such that there
is a strategy in which A can eventually receive a cookie, independent of the distribution of
cookies at the beginning.
6 An arbitrary prime p is given. If an integer sequence (n
1
, n
2
, , n
k
) satisfying the conditions
- For all i = 1, 2, , k, n
i

p+1
2
- For all i = 1, 2, , k, p
n
i
1 is divisible by n
i+1
, and
p
n
i 1
n
i+1
is coprime to n
i+1
. Let n
k+1
= n
1
. exists not for k = 1, but exists for some k 2, then
call the prime a good prime. Prove that a prime is good i it is not 2.
moldova
Team Selection Test
2010
Day 1
1 Find all 3-digit numbers such that placing to the right side of the number its successor we
get a 6-digit number which is a perfect square.
2 Prove that for any real number x the following inequality is true: max{| sinx|, | sin(x +
2010)|} >
1
17
3 Let ABCD be a convex quadrilateral. We have that BAC = 3CAD, AB = CD, ACD =
CBD. Find angle ACD
4 Let n 6 be a even natural number. Prove that any cube can be divided in
3n(n 2)
4
+ 2
cubes.
moldova
Team Selection Test
2010
Day 2
1 Let p R
+
and k R
+
. The polynomial F(x) = x
4
+ a
3
x
3
+ a
2
x
2
+ a
1
x + k
4
with real
coecients has 4 negative roots. Prove that F(p) (p +k)
4
2 Let x
1
, x
2
, . . . , x
n
be positive real numbers with sum 1. Find the integer part of: E =
x
1
+
x
2
1 x
2
1
+
x
3
1 (x
1
+x
2
)
2
+ +
x
n
1 (x
1
+x
2
+ +x
n1
)
2
3 Let ABC be an acute triangle. H is the orthocenter and M is the middle of the side BC.
A line passing through H and perpendicular to HM intersect the segment AB and AC in P
and Q. Prove that MP = MQ
4 In a chess tournament 2n + 3 players take part. Every two play exactly one match. The
schedule is such that no two matches are played at the same time, and each player, after
taking part in a match, is free in at least n next (consecutive) matches. Prove that one of the
players who play in the opening match will also play in the closing match.
portugal
NMO
2010
Day 1
1 There are several candles of the same size on the Chapel of Bones. On the rst day a candle
is lit for a hour. On the second day two candles are lit for a hour, on the third day three
candles are lit for a hour, and successively, until the last day, when all the candles are lit
for a hour. On the end of that day, all the candles were completely consumed. Find all the
possibilities for the number of candles.
2 On a circumference, points A and B are on opposite arcs of diameter CD. Line segments CE
and DF are perpendicular to AB such that AE F B (i.e., A, E, F and B are collinear
on this order). Knowing AE = 1, nd the length of BF.
3 On each day, more than half of the inhabitants of vora eats sericaia as dessert. Show that
there is a group of 10 inhabitants of vora such that, on each of the last 2010 days, at least
one of the inhabitants ate sericaia as dessert.
portugal
NMO
2010
Day 2
1 Giraldo wrote ve distinct natural numbers on the vertices of a pentagon. And next he wrote
on each side of the pentagon the least common multiple of the numbers written of the two
vertices who were on that side and noticed that the ve numbers written on the sides were
equal. What is the smallest number Giraldo could have written on the sides?
2 Show that any triangle has two sides whose lengths a and b satisfy
51
2
<
a
b
<
5+1
2
.
3 Consider a square (p 1) (p 1), where p is a prime number, which is divided by squares
1 1 whose sides are parallel to the initial squares sides. Show that it is possible to select p
vertices such that there are no three collinear vertices.
russia
All-Russian Olympiad
2010
Grade 9
Day 1
1 There are 24 dierent pencils, 4 dierent colors, and 6 pencils of each color. They were given
to 6 children in such a way that each got 4 pencils. What is the least number of children that
you can randomly choose so that you can guarantee that you have pencils of all colors.
P.S. for 10 grade gives same problem with 40 pencils, 10 of each color and 10 children.
2 There are 100 random, distinct real numbers corresponding to 100 points on a circle. Prove
that you can always choose 4 consecutive points in such a way that the sum of the two
numbers corresponding to the points on the outside is always greater than the sum of the two
numbers corresponding to the two points on the inside.
Its problem was in 9 and 10 grade.
3 Lines tangent to circle O in points A and B, intersect in point P. Point Z is the center of O.
On the minor arc AB, point C is chosen not on the midpoint of the arc. Lines AC and PB
intersect at point D. Lines BC and AP intersect at point E. Prove that the circumcentres
of triangles ACE, BCD, and PCZ are collinear.
4 There are 100 apples on the table with total weight of 10 kg. Each apple weighs no less than
25 grams. The apples need to be cut for 100 children so that each of the children gets 100
grams. Prove that you can do it in such a way that each piece weighs no less than 25 grams.
space*0.4cm
Day 2
1 Let a = ba, b R such that (x
2
+20ax +10b)(x
2
+20bx +10a) = 0 has no roots for x. Prove
that 20(b a) is not an integer.
It problem was in 9 and 10 grade.
2 Each of 1000 elves has a hat, red on the inside and blue on the outside or vise versa. An elf
with a hat that is red outside can only lie, and an elf with a hat that is blue outside can only
tell the truth. One day every elf tells every other elf, Your hat is red on the outside. During
that day, some of the elves turn their hats inside out at any time during the day. (An elf
can do that more than once per day.) Find the smallest possible number of times any hat is
turned inside out.
russia
2010
3 Let us call a natural number unlucky if it cannot be expressed as
x
2
1
y
2
1
with natural numbers
x, y > 1. Is the number of unlucky numbers nite or innite?
4 In a acute triangle ABC, the median, AM, is longer than side AB. Prove that you can cut
triangle ABC into 3 parts out of which you can construct a rhombus.
russia
2010
Grade 10
russia
2010
Grade 11
russia
Sharygin Geometry Olympiad
2010
1 Does there exist a triangle, whose side is equal to some of its altitudes, another side is equal
to some of its bisectors, and the third is equal to some of its medians?
2 Bisectors AA
1
and BB
1
of a right triangle ABC (C = 90
) meet at a point I. Let O be the

circumcenter of triangle CA
1
B
1
. Prove that OI AB.
3 Points A
, B
, C
lie on sides BC, CA, AB of triangle ABC. for a point X one has AXB =
A
+ ACB and BXC = B
+ BAC. Prove that the quadrilateral XA
BC
is cyclic.
4 The diagonals of a cyclic quadrilateral ABCD meet in a point N. The circumcircles of tri-
angles ANB and CND intersect the sidelines BC and AD for the second time in points
A
1
, B
1
, C
1
, D
1
. Prove that the quadrilateral A
1
B
1
C
1
D
1
is inscribed in a circle centered at N.
5 A point E lies on the altitude BD of triangle ABC, and AEC = 90
. Points O
1
and O
2
are
the circumcenters of triangles AEB and CEB; points F, L are the midpoints of the segments
AC and O
1
O
2
. Prove that the points L, E, F are collinear.
6 Points M and N lie on the side BC of the regular triangle ABC (M is between B and N),
and MAN = 30
. The circumcircles of triangles AMC and ANB meet at a point K. Prove

that the line AK passes through the circumcenter of triangle AMN.
7 The line passing through the vertex B of a triangle ABC and perpendicular to itst median
BM intersects the altitudes dropped from A and C (or their extensions) in points K and N.
Points O
1
and O
2
are the circumcenters of the triangles ABK and CBN respectively. Prove
that O
1
M = O
2
M.
8 Let AH be the altitude of a given triangle ABC. The points I
b
and I
c
are the incenters of
the triangles ABH and ACH respectively. BC touches the incircle of the triangle ABC at a
point L. Find LI
b
I
c
.
9 A point inside a triangle is called good if three cevians passing through it are equal. Assume
for an isosceles triangle ABC (AB = BC) the total number of good points is odd. Find all
possible values of this number.
10 Let three lines forming a triangle ABC be given. Using a two-sided ruler and drawing at
most eight lines construct a point D on the side AB such that
AD
BD
=
BC
AC
.
11 A convex ngon is split into three convex polygons. One of them has n sides, the second one
has more than n sides, the third one has less than n sides. Find all possible values of n.
12 Let AC be the greatest leg of a right triangle ABC, and CH be the altitude to its hypotenuse.
The circle of radius CH centered at H intersects AC in point M. Let a point B
be the
russia
2010
reection of B with respect to the point H. The perpendicular to AB erected at B
meets
the circle in a point K. Prove that
a) B
M BC
b) AK is tangent to the circle.
13 Let us have a convex quadrilateral ABCD such that AB = BC. A point K lies on the diagonal
BD, and AKB +BKC = A+C. Prove that AK CD = KC AD.
14 We have a convex quadrilateral ABCD and a point M on its side AD such that CM and
BM are parallel to AB and CD respectively. Prove that S
ABCD
3S
BCM
.
Remark. S denotes the area function.
15 Let AA
1
, BB
1
and CC
1
be the altitudes of an acute-angled triangle ABC. AA
1
meets B
1
C
in a point K. The circumcircles of triangles A
1
KC
1
and A
1
KB
1
intersect the lines AB and
AC for the second time at points N and L respectively. Prove that
a) The sum of diameters of these two circles is equal to BC,
b)
A
1
N
BB
1
+
A
1
L
CC
1
= 1.
16 A circle touches the sides of an angle with vertex A at points B and C. A line passing through
A intersects this circle in points D and E. A chord BX is parallel to DE. Prove that XC
passes through the midpoint of the segment DE.
17 Construct a triangle, if the lengths of the bisectrix and of the altitude from one vertex, and
of the median from another vertex are given.
18 A point B lies on a chord AC of circle . Segments AB and BC are diameters of circles
1
and
2
centered at O
1
and O
2
respectively. These circles intersect for the second time in
points D and E respectively. The rays O
1
D and O
2
E meet in a point F, and the rays AD
and CE do in a point G. Prove that the line FG passes through the midpoint of the segment
AC.
19 A quadrilateral ABCD is inscribed into a circle with center O. Points P and Q are opposite
to C and D respectively. Two tangents drawn to that circle at these points meet the line AB
in points E and F. (A is between E and B, B is between A and F). The line EO meets AC
and BC in points X and Y respectively, and the line FO meets AD and BD in points U and
V respectively. Prove that XV = Y U.
20 The incircle of an acute-angled triangle ABC touches AB, BC, CA at points C
1
, A
1
, B
1
re-
spectively. Points A
2
, B
2
are the midpoints of the segments B
1
C
1
, A
1
C
1
respectively. Let P
be a common point of the incircle and the line CO, where O is the circumcenter of triangle
ABC. Let also A
and B
be the second common points of PA

2
and PB
2
with the incircle.
russia
2010
Prove that a common point of AA
and BB
lies on the altitude of the triangle dropped from

the vertex C.
21 A given convex quadrilateral ABCD is such that ABD+ACD > BAC+BDC. Prove
that
S
ABD
+S
ACD
> S
BAC
+S
BDC
.
22 A circle centered at a point F and a parabola with focus F have two common points. Prove
that there exist four points A, B, C, D on the circle such that the lines AB, BC, CD and DA
touch the parabola.
23 A cyclic hexagon ABCDEF is such that AB CF = 2BC FA, CD EB = 2DE BC and
EF AD = 2FA DE. Prove that the lines AD, BE and CF are concurrent.
24 Let us have a line in the space and a point A not lying on . For an arbitrary line
passing
through A, XY (Y is on
) is a common perpendicular to the lines and
. Find the locus

of points Y.
25 For two dierent regular icosahedrons it is known that some six of their vertices are vertices
of a regular octahedron. Find the ratio of the edges of these icosahedrons.
switzerland
Schweizer Mathematik-Olympiade
2010
1 Three coins lie on integer points on the number line. A move consists of choosing and moving
two coins, the rst one 1 unit to the right and the second one 1 unit to the left. Under which
initial conditions is it possible to move all coins to one single point?
2 Let ABC be a triangle with AB = AC. The incircle with centre I touches BC, CA, AB at
D, E, F, respectively. Furthermore let M the midpoint of EF and AD intersect the incircle
at P = D. Show that PMID ist cyclic.
3 For n N, determine the number of natural solutions (a, b) such that
(4a b)(4b a) = 2010
n
holds.
4 Let x, y, z R
+
satisfying xyz = 1. Prove that
(x +y 1)
2
z
+
(y +z 1)
2
x
+
(z +x 1)
2
y
x +y +z.
5 Some sides and diagonals of a regular n-gon form a connected path that visits each vertex
exactly once. A parallel pair of edges is a pair of two dierent parallel edges of the path.
Prove that (a) if n is even, there is at least one parallel pair. (b) if n is odd, there cant be
one single parallel pair.
6 Find all functions f : R R such that for all x, y R,
f(f(x)) +f(f(y)) = 2y +f(x y)
holds.
7 Let m, n be natural numbers such that m+n+1 is prime and divides 2(m
2
+n
2
) 1. Prove
that m = n.
8 In a village with at least one inhabitant, there are several associations. Each inhabitant is
a member of at least k associations, and any two associations have at most one common
member. Prove that at least k associations have the same number of members.
9 Let k and k
two concentric circles centered at O, with k
being larger than k. A line through

O intersects k at A and k
at B such that O seperates A and B. Another line through O

intersects k at E and k
at F such that E separates O and F. Show that the circumcircle of

OAE and the circles with diametres AB and EF have a common point.
10 Let n 3 and P a convex n-gon. Show that P can be, by n 3 non-intersecting diagonals,
partitioned in triangles such that the circumcircle of each triangle contains the whole area of
P. Under which conditions is there exactly one such triangulation?
turkey
Team Selection Tests
2010
Day 1 - 27 March 2010
1 D, E, F are points on the sides AB, BC, CA, respectively, of a triangle ABC such that
AD = AF, BD = BE, and DE = DF. Let I be the incenter of the triangle ABC, and let K
be the point of intersection of the line BI and the tangent line through A to the circumcircle
of the triangle ABI. Show that AK = EK if AK = AD.
2 Show that
cyc
4
(a
2
+b
2
)(a
2
ab +b
2
)
2

2
3
(a
2
+b
2
+c
2
)
1
a +b
+
1
b +c
+
1
c +a
for all positive real numbers a, b, c.

3 A teacher wants to divide the 2010 questions she asked in the exams during the school year into
three folders of 670 questions and give each folder to a student who solved all 670 questions in
that folder. Determine the minimum number of students in the class that makes this possible
for all possible situations in which there are at most two students who did not solve any given
question.
turkey
2010
Day 2 - 28 March 2010
1 Let 0 k < n be integers and A = {a : a k (mod n)}. Find the smallest value of n for
which the expression
a
m
+ 3
m
a
2
3a + 1
does not take any integer values for (a, m) AZ
+
.
2 For an interior point D of a triangle ABC, let
D
denote the circle passing through the points
A, E, D, F if these points are concyclic where BDAC = {E} and CDAB = {F}. Show
that all circles
D
pass through a second common point dierent from A as D varies.
3 Let be the set of points in the plane whose coordinates are integers and let F be the
collection of all functions from to {1, 1}. We call a function f in F perfect if every
function g in F that diers from f at nitely many points satises the condition
0<d(P,Q)<2010
f(P)f(Q) g(P)g(Q)
d(P, Q)
0
where d(P, Q) denotes the distance between P and Q. Show that there exist innitely many
perfect functions that are not translates of each other.
ukraine
Kyiv Mathematical Festival
2010
Grade 8
1 Bob has picked positive integer 1 < N < 100. Alice tells him some integer, and Bob replies
with the remainder of division of this integer by N. What is the smallest number of integers
which Alice should tell Bob to determine N for sure?
2 Denote by S(n) the sum of digits of integer n. Find 1) S(3) +S(6) +S(9) +. . . +S(300); 2)
S(3) +S(6) +S(9) +. . . +S(3000).
3 Let O be the circumcenter and I be the incenter of triangle ABC. Prove that if AI OB
and BI OC then CI OA.
4 1) The numbers 1, 2, 3, . . . , 2010 are written on the blackboard. Two players in turn erase
some two numbers and replace them with one number. The rst player replaces numbers a
and b with abab while the second player replaces them with ab+a+b. The game ends when
a single number remains on the blackboard. If this number is smaller than 1 2 3 . . . 2010
then the rst player wins. Otherwise the second player wins. Which of the players has a
winning strategy?
2) The numbers 1, 2, 3, . . . , 2010 are written on the blackboard. Two players in turn erase
some two numbers and replace them with one number. The rst player replaces numbers
a and b with ab a b + 2 while the second player replaces them with ab + a + b. The
game ends when a single number remains on the blackboard. If this number is smaller than
1 2 3 . . . 2010 then the rst player wins. Otherwise the second player wins. Which of the
players has a winning strategy?
5 1) Cells of 8 8 table contain pairwise distinct positive integers. Each integer is prime or a
product of two primes. It is known that for any integer a from the table there exists integer
written in the same row or in the same column such that it is not relatively prime with a.
Find maximum possible number of prime integers in the table.
2) Cells of 2n 2n table, n 2, contain pairwise distinct positive integers. Each integer is
prime or a product of two primes. It is known that for any integer a from the table there exist
integers written in the same row and in the same column such that they are not relatively
prime with a. Find maximum possible number of prime integers in the table.
ukraine
2010
Grade 9
ukraine
2010
Grade 10
Undergraduate Competitions
IMC
2010
Day 1 - 26 July 2010
1 Let 0 < a < b. Prove that

b
a
(x
2
+ 1)e
x
2
dx e
a
2
e
b
2
.
2 Compute the sum of the series

k=0
1
(4k+1)(4k+2)(4k+3)(4k+4)
=
1
1234
+
1
5678
+ ...
3 Dene the sequence x
1
, x
2
, ... inductively by x
1
=

5 and x
n+1
= x
2
n
2 for each n 1.
Compute lim
n
x
1
x
2
x
3
...xn
x
n+1
.
4 Let a, b be two integers and suppose that n is a positive integer for which the set Z\{ax
n
+by
n
|
x, y Z} is nite. Prove that n = 1.
5 Suppose that a, b, c are real numbers in the interval [1, 1] such that 1 +2abc a
2
+b
2
+c
2
.
Prove that 1 + 2(abc)
n
a
2n
+ b
2n
+ c
2n
for all positive integers n.
IMC
2010
Day 2 - 27 July 2010
1 [url=http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/Forum/viewtopic.php?p=1961253p1961253]IMC
2010 , Day 2[/url]
Problem 1. (a) A sequence x
1
, x
2
, . . . of real numbers satises
x
n+1
= x
n
cos x
n
for all n 1.
Does it follows that this sequence converges for all initial values x
1
? (5 points)
(b) A sequence y
1
, y
2
, . . . of real numbers satises
y
n+1
= y
n
siny
n
for all n 1.
Does it follows that this sequence converges for all initial values y
1
? (5 points)
2 [url=http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/Forum/viewtopic.php?p=1961253p1961253]IMC 2010,
Day 2[/url]
Let a
0
, a
1
, . . . , a
n
be positive real numbers such that a
k+1
a
k
1 for all k = 0, 1, . . . , n 1.
Prove that
1 +
1
a
0
1 +
1
a
1
a
0
1 +
1
a
n
a
0
1 +
1
a
0
1 +
1
a
1
1 +
1
a
n
.
3 [url=http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/Forum/viewtopic.php?p=1961253p1961253]IMO
2010, Day 2[/url]
Denote by S
n
the group of permutations of the sequence (1, 2, . . . , n). Suppose that G is a
subgroup of S
n
, such that for every G \ {e} there exists a unique k {1, 2, . . . , n} for
which (k) = k. (Here e is the unit element of the group S
n
.) Show that this k is the same
for all G\ {e}.
2010, Day 2[/url] Let A be a symmetric mm matrix over the two-element eld all of whose
diagonal entries are zero. Prove that for every positive integer n each column of the matrix
A
n
has a zero entry.
2010, Day 2[/url]
Suppose that for a function f : R R and real numbers a < b one has f(x) = 0 for all
x (a, b). Prove that f(x) = 0 for all x R if
p1
k=0
f
y +
k
p
= 0
IMC
2010
for every prime number p and every real number y.
USA
AIME
2010
I
1 Maya lists all the positive divisors of 2010
2
. She then randomly selects two distinct divisors
from this list. Let p be the probability that exactly one of the selected divisors is a perfect
square. The probability p can be expressed in the form
m
n
, where m and n are relatively
prime positive integers. Find m+n.
2 Find the remainder when 9 99 999 99 9

999 9s
is divided by 1000.
3 Suppose that y =
3
4
x and x
y
= y
x
. The quantity x+y can be expressed as a rational number
r
s
, where r and s are relatively prime positive integers. Find r +s.
4 Jackie and Phil have two fair coins and a third coin that comes up heads with probability
4
7
.
Jackie ips the three coins, and then Phil ips the three coins. Let
m
n
be the probability that
Jackie gets the same number of heads as Phil, where m and n are relatively prime positive
integers. Find m+n.
5 Positive integers a, b, c, and d satisfy a > b > c > d, a+b+c+d = 2010, and a
2
b
2
+c
2
d
2
=
2010. Find the number of possible values of a.
6 Let P(x) be a quadratic polynomial with real coecients satisfying x
2
2x + 2 P(x)
2x
2
4x + 3 for all real numbers x, and suppose P(11) = 181. Find P(16).
7 Dene an ordered triple (A, B, C) of sets to be minimally intersecting if [AB[ = [B C[ =
[CA[ = 1 and ABC = . For example, (1, 2, 2, 3, 1, 3, 4) is a minimally intersecting
triple. Let N be the number of minimally intersecting ordered triples of sets for which each
set is a subset of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7. Find the remainder when N is divided by 1000.
Note: [S[ represents the number of elements in the set S.
8 For a real number a, let a| denominate the greatest integer less than or equal to a. Let
denote the region in the coordinate plane consisting of points (x, y) such that x|
2
+y|
2
= 25.
The region is completely contained in a disk of radius r (a disk is the union of a circle and
its interior). The minimum value of r can be written as
m
n
, where m and n are integers and
m is not divisible by the square of any prime. Find m+n.
9 Let (a, b, c) be the real solution of the system of equations x
3
xyz = 2, y
3
xyz = 6,
z
3
xyz = 20. The greatest possible value of a
3
+b
3
+c
3
can be written in the form
m
n
, where
m and n are relatively prime positive integers. Find m+n.
USA
AIME
2010
10 Let N be the number of ways to write 2010 in the form 2010 = a
3
10
3
+a
2
10
2
+a
1
10+a
0
,
where the a
i
s are integers, and 0 a
i
99. An example of such a representation is
1 10
3
+ 3 10
2
+ 67 10
1
+ 40 10
0
. Find N.
11 Let be the region consisting of the set of points in the coordinate plane that satisfy both
[8 x[ + y 10 and 3y x 15. When is revolved around the line whose equation is
3y x = 15, the volume of the resulting solid is
m
n
p
, where m, n, and p are positive integers,
m and n are relatively prime, and p is not divisible by the square of any prime. Find m+n+p.
12 Let M 3 be an integer and let S = 3, 4, 5, . . . , m. Find the smallest value of m such that
for every partition of S into two subsets, at least one of the subsets contains integers a, b,
and c (not necessarily distinct) such that ab = c.
Note: a partition of S is a pair of sets A, B such that A B = , A B = S.
13 Rectangle ABCD and a semicircle with diameter AB are coplanar and have nonoverlapping
interiors. Let denote the region enclosed by the semicircle and the rectangle. Line meets
the semicircle, segment AB, and segment CD at distinct points N, U, and T, respectively.
Line divides region into two regions with areas in the ratio 1 : 2. Suppose that AU = 84,
AN = 126, and UB = 168. Then DA can be represented as m
n, where m and n are positive

integers and n is not divisible by the square of any prime. Find m+n.
14 For each positive integer n, let f(n) =

100
k=1
log
10
(kn)|. Find the largest value of n for which
f(n) 300.
Note: x| is the greatest integer less than or equal to x.
15 In ABC with AB = 12, BC = 13, and AC = 15, let M be a point on AC such that the
incircles of ABM and BCM have equal radii. Let p and q be positive relatively prime
integers such that
AM
CM
=
p
q
. Find p +q.
USA
AIME
2010
II
1 Let N be the greatest integer multiple of 36 all of whose digits are even and no two of whose
digits are the same. Find the remainder when N is divided by 1000.
2 A point P is chosen at random in the interior of a unit square S. Let d(P) denote the distance
from P to the closest side of S. The probability that
1
5
d(P)
1
3
is equal to
m
n
, where m
and n are relatively prime positive integers. Find m+n.
3 Let K be the product of all factors (ba) (not necessarily distinct) where a and b are integers
satisfying 1 a < b 20. Find the greatest positive integer n such that 2
n
divides K.
4 Dave arrives at an airport which has twelve gates arranged in a straight line with exactly 100
feet between adjacent gates. His departure gate is assigned at random. After waiting at that
gate, Dave is told the departure gate has been changed to a dierent gate, again at random.
Let the probability that Dave walks 400 feet or less to the new gate be a fraction
m
n
, where
m and n are relatively prime positive integers. Find m+n.
5 Positive numbers x, y, and z satisfy xyz = 10
81
and (log
10
x)(log
10
yz) + (log
10
y)(log
10
z) =
468. Find

(log
10
x)
2
+ (log
10
y)
2
+ (log
10
z)
2
.
6 Find the smallest positive integer n with the property that the polynomial x
4
nx + 63 can
be written as a product of two nonconstant polynomials with integer coecients.
7 Let P(z) = z
3
+ az
2
+ bz + c, where a, b, and c are real. There exists a complex number
w such that the three roots of P(z) are w + 3i, w + 9i, and 2w 4, where i
2
= 1. Find
[a +b +c[.
8 Let N be the number of ordered pairs of nonempty sets / and B that have the following
properties:
/ B = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, / B = , The number of elements of / is not
an element of /, The number of elements of B is not an element of B.
Find N.
9 Let ABCDEF be a regular hexagon. Let G, H, I, J, K, and L be the midpoints of sides
AB, BC, CD, DE, EF, and AF, respectively. The segments AH, BI, CJ, DK, EL, and
FG bound a smaller regular hexagon. Let the ratio of the area of the smaller hexagon to the
area of ABCDEF be expressed as a fraction
m
n
where m and n are relatively prime positive
integers. Find m+n.
USA
AIME
2010
10 Find the number of second-degree polynomials f(x) with integer coecients and integer zeros
for which f(0) = 2010.
11 Dene a T-grid to be a 3 3 matrix which satises the following two properties:
(1) Exactly ve of the entries are 1s, and the remaining four entries are 0s. (2) Among the
eight rows, columns, and long diagonals (the long diagonals are a
13
, a
22
, a
31
and a
11
, a
22
, a
33
,
no more than one of the eight has all three entries equal.
Find the number of distinct T-grids.
12 Two noncongruent integer-sided isosceles triangles have the same perimeter and the same
area. The ratio of the lengths of the bases of the two triangles is 8 : 7. Find the minimum
possible value of their common perimeter.
13 The 52 cards in a deck are numbered 1, 2, . . . , 52. Alex, Blair, Corey, and Dylan each picks a
card from the deck without replacement and with each card being equally likely to be picked,
The two persons with lower numbered cards from a team, and the two persons with higher
numbered cards form another team. Let p(a) be the probability that Alex and Dylan are
on the same team, given that Alex picks one of the cards a and a + 9, and Dylan picks the
other of these two cards. The minimum value of p(a) for which p(a)
1
2
can be written as
m
n
. where m and n are relatively prime positive integers. Find m+n.
14 In right triangle ABC with right angle at C, BAC < 45 degrees and AB = 4. Point P on
AB is chosen such that APC = 2ACP and CP = 1. The ratio
AP
BP
can be represented
in the form p +q
r, where p, q, r are positive integers and r is not divisible by the square of

any prime. Find p +q +r.
15 In triangle ABC, AC = 13, BC = 14, and AB = 15. Points M and D lie on AC with
AM = MC and ABD = DBC. Points N and E lie on AB with AN = NB and
ACE = ECB. Let P be the point, other than A, of intersection of the circumcircles of
AMN and ADE. Ray AP meets BC at Q. The ratio
BQ
CQ
can be written in the form
m
n
,
where m and n are relatively prime positive integers. Find mn.
USA
AMC 10
2010
A
1 Marys top book shelf holds ve books with the following widths, in centimeters: 6,
1
2
, 1, 2.5,
and 10. What is the average book width, in centimeters?
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4 (E) 5
2 Four identical squares and one rectangle are placed together to form one large square as
shown. The length of the rectangle is how many times as large as its width?
(A)
5
4
(B)
4
3
(C)
3
2
(D) 2 (E) 3
3 Tyrone had 97 marbles and Eric had 11 marbles. Tyrone then gave some of his marbles
ot Eric so that Tyrone ended with twice as many marbles as Eric. How many marbles did
Tyrone give to Eric?
(A) 3 (B) 13 (C) 18 (D) 25 (E) 29
4 A book that is to be recorded onto compact discs takes 412 minutes to read aloud. Each disc
can hold up to 56 minutes of reading. Assume that the smallest possible number of discs is
used and that each disc contains the same length of reading. How many minutes of reading
will each disc contain?
(A) 50.2 (B) 51.5 (C) 52.4 (D) 53.8 (E) 55.2
5 The area of a circle whose circumference is 24 is k. What is the value of k?
(A) 6 (B) 12 (C) 24 (D) 36 (E) 144
6 For positive numbers x and y the operation (x, y) is dened as
(x, y) = x
1
y
USA
AMC 10
2010
What is (2, (2, 2))?
(A)
2
3
(B) 1 (C)
4
3
(D)
5
3
(E) 2
7 Crystal has a running course marked out for her daily run. She starts this run by heading
due north for one mile. She then runs northeast for one mile, then southeast for one mile.
The last portion of her run takes her on a straight line back to where she started. How far,
in miles is this last portion of her run?
(A) 1 (B)

2 (C)

3 (D) 2 (E) 2
2
8 Tony works 2 hours a day and is paid $0.50 per hour for each full year of his age. During a
six month period Tony worked 50 days and earned $630. How old was Tony at the end of the
six month period?
(A) 9 (B) 11 (C) 12 (D) 13 (E) 14
9 A palindrome, such as 83438, is a number that remains the same when its digits are reversed.
The numbers x and x + 32 are three-digit and four-digit palindromes, respectively. What is
the sum of the digits of x?
(A) 20 (B) 21 (C) 22 (D) 23 (E) 24
10 Marvin had a birthday on Tuesday, May 27 in the leap year 2008. In what year will his
birthday next fall on a Saturday?
(A) 2011 (B) 2012 (C) 2013 (D) 2015 (E) 2017
11 The length of the interval of solutions of the inequality a 2x + 3 b is 10. What is b a?
(A) 6 (B) 10 (C) 15 (D) 20 (E) 30
12 Logan is constructing a scaled model of his town. The citys water tower stands 40 meters
high, and the top portion is a sphere that holes 100, 000 liters of water. Logans miniature
water tower holds 0.1 liters. How tall, in meters, should Logan make his tower?
(A) 0.04 (B)
0.4
(C) 0.4 (D)

4
(E) 4
13 Angelina drove at an average rate of 80 kph and then stopped 20 minutes for gas. After the
stop, she drove at an average rate of 100 kph. Altogether she drove 250 km in a total trip
time of 3 hours including the stop. Which equation could be used to solve for the time t in
hours that she drove before her stop?
(A) 80t + 100(8/3 t) = 250 (B) 80t = 250 (C) 100t = 250
(D) 90t = 250 (E) 80(8/3 t) + 100t = 250
USA
AMC 10
2010
14 Triangle ABC has AB = 2 AC. Let D and E be on AB and BC, respectively, such that
BAE = ACD. Let F be the intersection of segments AE and CD, and suppose that
CFE is equilateral. What is ACB?
(A) 60
(B) 75
(C) 90
(D) 105
(E) 120
15 In a magical swamp there are two species of talking amphibians: toads, whose statements are
always true, and frogs, whose statements are always false. Four amphibians, Brian, Chris,
LeRoy, and Mike live together in the swamp, and they make the following statements:
Brian: Mike and I are dierent species. Chris: LeRoy is a frog. LeRoy: Chris is a frog.
Mike: Of the four of us, at least two are toads.
How many of these amphibians are frogs?
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 3 (E) 4
16 Nondegenerate ABC has integer side lengths, BD is an angle bisector, AD = 3, and
DC = 8. What is the smallest possible value of the perimeter?
(A) 30 (B) 33 (C) 35 (D) 36 (E) 37
17 A solid cube has side length 3 inches. A 2-inch by 2-inch square hole is cut into the center of
each face. The edges of each cut are parallel to the edges of the cube, and each hole goes all
the way through the cube. What is the volume, in cubic inches, of the remaining solid?
(A) 7 (B) 8 (C) 10 (D) 12 (E) 15
18 Bernardo randomly picks 3 distinct numbers from the set {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9} and arranges
them in descending order to form a 3-digit number. Silvia randomly picks 3 distinct numbers
from the set {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8} and also arranges them in descending order to form a 3-digit
number. What is the probability that Bernardos number is larger than Silvias number?
(A)
47
72
(B)
37
56
(C)
2
3
(D)
49
72
(E)
39
56
19 Equiangular hexagon ABCDEF has side lengths AB = CD = EF = 1 and BC = DE =
FA = r. The area of ACE is 70
(A)
4
3
3
(B)
10
3
(C) 4 (D)
17
4
(E) 6
20 A y trapped inside a cubical box with side length 1 meter decides to relieve its boredom by
visiting each corner of the box. It will begin and end in the same corner and visit each of
the other corners exactly once. To get from a corner to any other corner, it will either y or
crawl in a straight line. What is the maximum possible length, in meters, of its path?
(A) 4 + 4
2 (B) 2 + 4
2 + 2
3 (C) 2 + 3
2 + 3
3 (D) 4
2 + 4
3
(E) 3
2 + 5
3
USA
AMC 10
2010
21 The polynomial x
3
ax
2
+ bx 2010 has three positive integer zeros. What is the smallest
possible value of a?
(A) 78 (B) 88 (C) 98 (D) 108 (E) 118
22 Eight points are chosen on a circle, and chords are drawn connecting every pair of points. No
three chords intersect in a single point inside the circle. How many triangles with all three
vertices in the interior of the circle are created?
(A) 28 (B) 56 (C) 70 (D) 84 (E) 140
23 Each of 2010 boxes in a line contains a single red marble, and for 1 k 2010, the box in the
kth position also contains k white marbles. Isabella begins at the rst box and successively
draws a single marble at random from each box, in order. She stops when she rst draws a
red marble. Let P(n) be the probability that Isabella stops after drawing exactly n marbles.
What is the smallest value of n for which P(n) <
1
2010
?
(A) 45 (B) 63 (C) 64 (D) 201 (E) 1005
24 The number obtained from the last two nonzero digits of 90! is equal to n. What is n?
(A) 12 (B) 32 (C) 48 (D) 52 (E) 68
25 Jim starts with a positive integer n and creates a sequence of numbers. Each successive
number is obtained by subtracting the largest possible integer square less than or equal to
the current number until zero is reached. For example, if Jim starts with n = 55, then his
sequence contains 5 numbers:
55
55 7
2
= 6
6 2
2
= 2
2 1
2
= 1
1 1
2
= 0
Let N be the smallest number for which Jims sequence has 8 numbers. What is the units
digit of N?
(A) 1 (B) 3 (C) 5 (D) 7 (E) 9
USA
AMC 10
2010
B
1 What is 100(100 3) (100 100 3)?
(A) 20, 000 (B) 10, 000 (C) 297 (D) 6 (E) 0
2 Makayla attended two meetings during her 9-hour work day. The rst meeting took 45
minutes and the second meeting took twice as long. What percent of her work day was spent
attending meetings?
(A) 15 (B) 20 (C) 25 (D) 30 (E) 35
3 A drawer contains red, green, blue, and white socks with at least 2 of each color. What is
the minimum number of socks that must be pulled from the drawer to guarantee a matching
pair?
(A) 3 (B) 4 (C) 5 (D) 8 (E) 9
4 For a real number x, dene (x) to be the average of x and x
2
. What is (1) +(2) +(3)?
(A) 3 (B) 6 (C) 10 (D) 12 (E) 20
[Thanks PowerOfPi, thats exactly how the heart looks like.]
5 A month with 31 days has the same number of Mondays and Wednesdays. How many of the
seven days of the week could be the rst day of this month?
(A) 2 (B) 3 (C) 4 (D) 5 (E) 6
6 A circle is centered at O, AB is a diameter and C is a point on the circle with COB = 50
.
What is the degree measure of CAB?
(A) 20 (B) 25 (C) 45 (D) 50 (E) 65
7 A triangle has side lengths 10, 10, and 12. A rectangle has width 4 and area equal to the
area of the rectangle. What is the perimeter of this rectangle?
(A) 16 (B) 24 (C) 28 (D) 32 (E) 36
8 A ticket to a school play costs x dollars, where x is a whole number. A group of 9th graders
buys tickets costing a total of $48, and a group of 10th graders buys tickets costing a total of
$64. How many values of x are possible?
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4 (E) 5
USA
AMC 10
2010
9 Lucky Larrys teacher asked him to substitute numbers for a, b, c, d, and e in the expression
a (b (c (d + e))) and evaluate the result. Larry ignored the parentheses but added
and subtracted correctly and obtained the correct result by coincedence. The numbers Larry
substituted for a, b, c, and d were 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively. What number did Larry
substitute for e?
(A) 5 (B) 3 (C) 0 (D) 3 (E) 5
10 Shelby drives her scooter at a speed of 30 miles per hour if it is not raining, and 20 miles
per hour if it is raining. Today she drove in the sun in the morning and in the rain in the
evening, for a total of 16 miles in 40 minutes. How many minutes did she drive in the rain?
(A) 18 (B) 21 (C) 24 (D) 27 (E) 30
11 A shopper plans to purchase an item that has a listed price greater than $100 and can use
any one of the three coupns. Coupon A gives 15% o the listed price, Coupon B gives $30
the listed price, and Coupon C gives 25% o the amount by which the listed price exceeds
$100.
Let x and y be the smallest and largest prices, respectively, for which Coupon A saves at
least as many dollars as Coupon B or C. What is y x?
(A) 50 (B) 60 (C) 75 (D) 80 (E) 100
12 At the beginning of the school year, 50% of all students in Mr. Wells math class answered
Yes to the question Do you love math, and 50% answered No. At the end of the school
year, 70% answered Yes and 30% answered No. Altogether, x% of the students gave a
dierent answer at the beginning and end of the school year. What is the dierence between
the maximum and the minimum possible values of x?
(A) 0 (B) 20 (C) 40 (D) 60 (E) 80
13 What is the sum of all the solutions of x = |2x |60 2x ?
(A) 32 (B) 60 (C) 92 (D) 120 (E) 124
14 The average of the numbers 1, 2, 3, ..., 98, 99, and x is 100x. What is x?
(A)
49
101
(B)
50
101
(C)
1
2
(D)
51
101
(E)
50
99
15 On a 50-question multiple choice math contest, students receive 4 points for a correct answer,
0 points for an answer left blank, and -1 point for an incorrect answer. Jesses total score
on the contest was 99. What is the maximum number of questions that Jesse could have
answered correctly?
(A) 25 (B) 27 (C) 29 (D) 31 (E) 33
USA
AMC 10
2010
16 A square of side length 1 and a circle of radius
3/3 share the same center. What is the area

inside the circle, but outside the square?
(A)

3
1 (B)
2
9

3
3
(C)

18
(D)
1
4
(E) 2/9
17 Every high school in the city of Euclid sent a team of 3 students to a math contest. Each
participant in the contest received a dierent score. Andreas score was the median among all
students, and hers was the highest score on her team. Andreas teammates Beth and Carla
placed 37th and 64th, respectively. How many schools are in the city?
(A) 22 (B) 23 (C) 24 (D) 25 (E) 26
18 Positive integers a, b, and c are randomly and independently selected with replacement from
the set {1, 2, 3, . . . , 2010}. What is the probability that abc +ab +a is divisible by 3?
(A)
1
3
(B)
29
81
(C)
31
81
(D)
11
27
(E)
13
27
19 A circle with center O has area 156. Triangle ABC is equilateral, BC is a chord on the
circle, OA = 4
3, and point O is outside ABC. What is the side length of ABC?

(A) 2
3 (B) 6 (C) 4
3 (D) 12 (E) 18
20 Two circles lie outside regular hexagon ABCDEF. The rst is tangent to AB, and the second
is tangent to DE. Both are tangent to lines BC and FA. What is the ratio of the area of
the second circle to that of the rst circle?
(A) 18 (B) 27 (C) 36 (D) 81 (E) 108
21 A palindrome between 1000 and 10, 000 is chosen at random. What is the probability that it
is divisible by 7?
(A)
1
10
(B)
1
9
(C)
1
7
(D)
1
6
(E)
1
5
22 Seven distinct pieces of candy are to be distributed among three bags. The red bag and the
blue bag must each receive at least one piece of candy; the white bag may remain empty.
How many arrangements are possible?
(A) 1930 (B) 1931 (C) 1932 (D) 1933 (E) 1934
23 The entries in a 3 3 array include all the digits from 1 through 9, arranged so that the
entries in every row and column are in increasing order. How many such arrays are there?
(A) 18 (B) 24 (C) 36 (D) 42 (E) 60
24 A high school basketball game between the Raiders and Wildcats was tied at the end of the
rst quarter. The number of points scored by the Raiders in each of the four quarters formed
USA
AMC 10
2010
an increasing geometric sequence, and the number of points scored by the Wildcats in each of
the four quarters formed an increasing arithmetic sequence. At the end of the fourth quarter,
the Raiders had won by one point. Neither team scored more than 100 points. What was the
total number of points scored by the two teams in the rst half?
(A) 30 (B) 31 (C) 32 (D) 33 (E) 34
25 Let a > 0, and let P(x) be a polynomial with integer coecients such that
P(1) = P(3) = P(5) = P(7) = a, and
P(2) = P(4) = P(6) = P(8) = a.
What is the smallest possible value of a?
(A) 105 (B) 315 (C) 945 (D) 7! (E) 8!
USA
Team Selection Test
2010
Day 1
1 Let P be a polynomial with integer coecients such that P(0) = 0 and
gcd(P(0), P(1), P(2), . . .) = 1.
Show there are innitely many n such that
gcd(P(n) P(0), P(n + 1) P(1), P(n + 2) P(2), . . .) = n.
2 Let a, b, c be positive reals such that abc = 1. Show that
1
a
5
(b + 2c)
2
+
1
b
5
(c + 2a)
2
+
1
c
5
(a + 2b)
2

1
3
.
3 Let h
a
, h
b
, h
c
be the lengths of the altitudes of a triangle ABC from A, B, C respectively. Let
P be any point inside the triangle. Show that
PA
h
b
+h
c
+
PB
h
a
+h
c
+
PC
h
a
+h
b
1.
USA
Team Selection Test
2010
Day 2
1 Let ABC be a triangle. Point M and N lie on sides AC and BC respectively such that
MN||AB. Points P and Q lie on sides AB and CB respectively such that PQ||AC. The
incircle of triangle CMN touches segment AC at E. The incircle of triangle BPQ touches
segment AB at F. Line EN and AB meet at R, and lines FQ and AC meet at S. Given
that AE = AF, prove that the incenter of triangle AEF lies on the incircle of triangle ARS.
2 Dene the sequence a
1
, a
2
, a
3
, . . . by a
1
= 1 and, for n > 1,
a
n
= a
n/2
+a
n/3
+. . . +a
n/n
+ 1.
Prove that there are innitely many n such that a
n
n (mod 2
2010
).
3 Let T be a nite set of positive integers greater than 1. A subset S of T is called good if
for every t T there exists some s S with gcd(s, t) > 1. Prove that the number of good
subsets of T is odd.
USA
Team Selection Test
2010
Day 3
1 In triangle ABC, let P and Q be two interior points such that ABP = QBC and ACP =
QCB. Point D lies on segment BC. Prove that APB + DPC = 180
if and only if
AQC +DQB = 180
.
2 Let m, n be positive integers with m n, and let S be the set of all n-term sequences of
positive integers (a
1
, a
2
, . . . a
n
) such that a
1
+a
2
+ +a
n
= m. Show that
S
1
a
1
2
a
2
n
an
=
n
n
n
m
n
n 1
(n 1)
m
+ + (1)
n2
n
2
2
m
+ (1)
n1
n
1
.
3 Determine whether or not there exists a positive integer k such that p = 6k + 1 is a prime
and

3k
k
1 (mod p).
USA
USAJMO
2010
Day 1 - 27 April 2010
1 A permutation of the set of positive integers [n] = 1, 2, ..., n is a sequence (a
1
, a
2
, . . . , a
n
) such
that each element of [n] appears precisely one time as a term of the sequence. For example,
(3, 5, 1, 2, 4) is a permutation of [5]. Let P(n) be the number of permutations of [n] for which
ka
k
is a perfect square for all 1 k n. Find with proof the smallest n such that P(n) is a
multiple of 2010.
2 Let n > 1 be an integer. Find, with proof, all sequences x
1
, x
2
, . . . , x
n1
of positive integers
with the following three properties: (a). x
1
< x
2
< < x
n1
; (b). x
i
+ x
ni
= 2n for
all i = 1, 2, . . . , n 1; (c). given any two indices i and j (not necessarily distinct) for which
x
i
+x
j
< 2n, there is an index k such that x
i
+x
j
= x
k
.
3 Let AXY ZB be a convex pentagon inscribed in a semicircle of diameter AB. Denote by P,
Q, R, S the feet of the perpendiculars from Y onto lines AX, BX, AZ, BZ, respectively.
Prove that the acute angle formed by lines PQ and RS is half the size of XOZ, where O is
the midpoint of segment AB.
USA
USAJMO
2010
Day 2 - 28 April 2010
4 A triangle is called a parabolic triangle if its vertices lie on a parabola y = x
2
. Prove that for
every nonnegative integer n, there is an odd number m and a parabolic triangle with vertices
at three distinct points with integer coordinates with area (2
n
m)
2
.
5 Two permutations a
1
, a
2
, . . . , a
2010
and b
1
, b
2
, . . . , b
2010
of the numbers 1, 2, . . . , 2010 are said
to intersect if a
k
= b
k
for some value of k in the range 1 k 2010. Show that there
exist 1006 permutations of the numbers 1, 2, . . . , 2010 such that any other such permutation
is guaranteed to intersect at least one of these 1006 permutations.
6 Let ABC be a triangle with A = 90
. Points D and E lie on sides AC and AB, respectively,

such that ABD = DBC and ACE = ECB. Segments BD and CE meet at I.
Determine whether or not it is possible for segments AB, AC, BI, ID, CI, IE to all have
integer lengths.
USA
USAMO
2010
1 Let AXY ZB be a convex pentagon inscribed in a semicircle of diameter AB. Denote by P,
Q, R, S the feet of the perpendiculars from Y onto lines AX, BX, AZ, BZ, respectively.
Prove that the acute angle formed by lines PQ and RS is half the size of XOZ, where O is
the midpoint of segment AB.
2 There are n students standing in a circle, one behind the other. The students have heights
h
1
< h
2
< < h
n
. If a student with height h
k
is standing directly behind a student with
height h
k2
or less, the two students are permitted to switch places. Prove that it is not
possible to make more than

n
3
such switches before reaching a position in which no further

switches are possible.
The most progress I made on this problem is that at the end, student n must be behind
student n 1, student n 1 must be behind student n 2, etc. all the way around until we
get that student 1 must be behind student n.
3 The 2010 positive numbers a
1
, a
2
, . . . , a
2010
satisfy the inequality a
i
a
j
i +j for all distinct
indices i, j. Determine, with proof, the largest possible value of the product a
1
a
2
. . . a
2010
.
4 Let ABC be a triangle with A = 90
. Points D and E lie on sides AC and AB, respectively,

such that ABD = DBC and ACE = ECB. Segments BD and CE meet at I.
Determine whether or not it is possible for segments AB, AC, BI, ID, CI, IE to all have
integer lengths.
5 Let q =
3p5
2
where p is an odd prime, and let
S
q
=
1
2 3 4
+
1
5 6 7
+ +
1
q(q + 1)(q + 2)
Prove that if
1
p
2S
q
=
m
n
for integers m and n, then mn is divisible by p.
6 A blackboard contains 68 pairs of nonzero integers. Suppose that for each positive integer k
at most one of the pairs (k, k) and (k, k) is written on the blackboard. A student erases
some of the 136 integers, subject to the condition that no two erased integers may add to 0.
The student then scores one point for each of the 68 pairs in which at least one integer is
erased. Determine, with proof, the largest number N of points that the student can guarantee
to score regardless of which 68 pairs have been written on the board.
vietnam
2010
Day 1
1 Let n be a positive integer. Let T
n
be a set of positive integers such that:
T
n
= {11(k +h) + 10(n
k
+n
h
)|(1 k, h 10)}
Find all n for which there dont exist two distinct positive integers a, b T
n
such that a b
(mod 10)
2 Let ABC be a triangle with
BAC = 90
. Let M be the midpoint of BC. We choose a

variable point D on AM. Let (O
1
) and (O
2
) be two circle pass through D and tangent to
BC at B and C. The line BA and CA intersect (O
1
), (O
2
) at P, Q respectively.
a) Prove that tangent line at P on (O
1
) and Q on (O
2
) must intersect at S.
b) Prove that S lies on a x line.
3 We call a rectangle of the size 1 2 a domino. Rectangle of the 2 3 removing two opposite
(under center of rectangle) corners we call tetramino. These gures can be rotated.
It requires to tile rectangle of size 2008 2010 by using dominoes and tetraminoes. What is
the minimal number of dominoes should be used?
vietnam
2010
Day 2
1 Let a, b, c be positive integers which satisfy the condition: 16(a +b +c)
1
a
+
1
b
+
1
c
. Prove
that
cyc
1
a +b +
2a + 2c
8
9
2 We have n countries. Each country have m persons who live in that country (n > m > 1).
We divide m n persons into n groups each with m members such that there dont exist two
persons in any groups who come from one country. Prove that one can choose n people into
one class such that they come from dierent groups and dierent countries.
3 Let S
n
be sum of squares of the coecient of the polynomial (1 +x)
n
. Prove that S
2n
+ 1 is
not divisible by 3.

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USA

(C) 0.4 (D)

ones). In turns, players move their token to a neighboring cell

. Draw a circle centered at B with radius BC.

. Let O be the circumcircle of the triangle ABC

clockwise direction compared to the previous one (e.g. after

triangles, whose vertices are all in P, such

the midpoint of BC. Given that O

) and square tiles composed by four unit squares.

RS|R, S K}. What is the

(Q) is a nite set.

.(15 points) b) nd all cases of equality in a) for k

then there exist Y X

) meet at a point I. Let O be the

+ ACB and BXC = B

+ BAC. Prove that the quadrilateral XA

. The circumcircles of triangles AMC and ANB meet at a point K. Prove

be the second common points of PA

lies on the altitude of the triangle dropped from

) is a common perpendicular to the lines and

. Find the locus

two concentric circles centered at O, with k

being larger than k. A line through

at B such that O seperates A and B. Another line through O

at F such that E separates O and F. Show that the circumcircle of

for all positive real numbers a, b, c.

n, where m and n are positive

r, where p, q, r are positive integers and r is not divisible by the square of

(C) 0.4 (D)

3/3 share the same center. What is the area

3, and point O is outside ABC. What is the side length of ABC?

. Points D and E lie on sides AC and AB, respectively,

such switches before reaching a position in which no further

. Points D and E lie on sides AC and AB, respectively,

. Let M be the midpoint of BC. We choose a

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