TEST - 1 The vegetarian diet is becoming increasingly popular all the time. Is the vegetarian or meat diet better?

A decade ago and earlier, the impression was that a vegetarian diet was lacking in the nutrients found in meat products. Today though, through research and nutritional science, it has been proven that all the nutrients found in meat may at the same time be found in the correct vegetarian diet. Some may argue that by only consuming meat that is low in fat, meat and vegetarian diets have identical benefits. This is true only if one eats only very low fat meat. The lack of meat is not necessarily the main benefit of to the vegetarian. Vegetarians tend to eat more fruits, vegetables and grains than the meat eater. They also tend not to use tobacco and excessive alcohol. Moreover, vegetarians tend to get more exercise. 1) It is clear from the passage that meat and vegetarian diets have similar benefits ....... A) if the term vegetarian cannot be misleading B) only if very low fat meat is eaten C) as long as diet can take on many different variations D) if a vegetarian consumes the same dairy products E) because the term vegetarian is used to cover all facets and variations 2) It has been alleged that vegetarians do not only benefit from not eating meat in fact, ........ A) but other factors probably include exercise and resistance to smoking and alcohol intake B) but the partial vegetarian eats anything except red meat C) this is most likely due to the low fat and high carbohydrate content of their diet as well D) they usually have lower blood pressure than meat eaters as well E) they also benefit from not using tobacco and excessive alcohol while getting more exercise 3) In the past it was claimed that the nutrients found in meat products weren't found in a vegetarian diet....... A) but it is proved to be wrong through research today B) the last major benefit of the vegetarian diet is its relationship to cancer rate reduction C) however the vegetarian diets advantages greatly outweigh its shortcomings D) whether a meat eater or vegetarian, both diets may contribute to good health with proper planning E) there are advantages and drawbacks to both diets

A social anxiety disorder or social phobia is the constant fear of being criticized or evaluated by other people. People with a social phobia are nervous, anxious, and afraid about many social situations. Simply attending a business meeting or going to a company party can be highly nerve wracking and intimidating. Despite the fact that people with social anxiety want very much to be social with everybody else, their anxiety about not doing well in public is strong and hinders their best efforts. They freeze up when they meet new people, particularly authority figures. They are particularly afraid that other people will notice that they are anxious, so this fear enables the anxiety to grow and turn into a vicious cycle. 4) Even though people with social anxiety want very much to be social with everybody else .......... A) who is conscious of the fact that people might be staring at them B) everyone is scared of something C) everyone experiences nervousness, anxiety and even in superior feelings around certain people D) they cannot overcome a social phobia without the patient first grasping exactly what triggers their fears E) they cannot achieve it because of lack of self confidence 5) For someone with a social phobia, attending a business meeting or going to a company party may be highly nerve wracking and intimidating ...... A) as some people possess these feelings so deeply that their fear is considered irrational B) Even they realize that it is illogical and that they have a phobia C) because of being the centre of attraction D) since a social phobia is the fear of social situations and the interactions with other people E) for millions of people suffer from phobias every day of their lives. 6) People with a social phobia are nervous, anxious, and afraid about many social situations A) and then learning how to get proper help B) since many symptoms go hand in hand with this terrible phobia C) because they are sure they are making a fool of themselves D) since they are afraid of being criticized or evaluated by other people E) for self-consciousness and anxiety rise to extremes

Although just a few years ago, most people regarded talk shows as ridiculous, now this chant is recognized and adored by many people in society. The most careful explanation for this is that the shows now have more interesting and captivating topics. The basis of most episodes of these shows has changed greatly over the past few years; The topics have moved away from large scale social issues, like homosexuality and cancer, to relationship and familial issues, like adultery and mothers that are too teasing with their daughter's boyfriends. Most people would argue that the issues being presented now are not as interesting or captivating as the older issues. 7) In spite of the fact that many people in society find today's talk show issues interesting ...... A) the general emotional content of the episodes has changed from sadness to anger B) there are many people who find the older issues much more interesting and charming C) there are many influences that cause extreme anger to be displayed by the guests on "talk shows" D) the anxiety which you experienced is gone and replaced by anger, intense anger E) not knowing what to expect, when you are nervous and anxious 8) Talk shows that were considered to be ridiculous beforehand ........... A) are taken into consideration today B) the emotions displayed by the guests in the newer shows are more visible C) usually framed some questions in a certain way D) but there are many psychological explanations for the increasing anger experienced by the guests on a talk show E) they frequently use this framing effect to try to get the response which is more favourable for the interviewer or surveyor 9) The most significant reason which talk shows are recognized and adored by many people in society is that...... A) nothing seems awkward in these shows B) questions can be phrased in different ways eliciting different responses C) there is a strong correlation between the anger of his guests and the ratings D) talk shows have interesting and charming topics E) the question is framed in such a way that any answer given to it would evoke or intensify anger

The belief that one's own nation is superior or at least the strongest helped to create a feeling of patriotism and pride among the lower classes. I believe that the spread of nationalism throughout European society was a positive development. Nationalism helped to unite people with a common history and culture. It instilled pride and confidence among nations and gave people a sense of being. Contrary to the other ideologies of the time, nationalism proposed self- sacrifice for the good of others. However, I believe that at the beginning of the 20th century the idea of Social Darwinism corrupted it and permitted nationalism to be twisted by those who would exploit it. 10) In the beginning of the 20th century, when the idea of Social Darwinism came into scene A) but, overall it had a positive effect on European society. B) nationalism declined C) it offered something to believe in when there wasn't much to believe in D) there seems to be quite a bit more substantial proof on earth to support the theory of evolution E) because of the fact actual samples of fossils have been collected and scientifically tested 11) It can be concluded from the paragraph that.......... A) the time periods show differences in bone structure showing the human evolving B) the more a creature can adapt to it's environment the greater chance it has of living C) there was no self-sacrifice for the good of others in other ideologies D) Charles Darwin had conducted extensive research into the environmental adoptions of animals E) this theory helps to prove the theory that humans evolved from apes 12) It is obvious from the passage that nationalism which helped to unite people with a common history and culture ....... A) the evidence of holding up much more B) which can then be examined and placed along a timeline. C) which is called environmental adaptation D) to show an increase in population called survival of the fittest E) gave people a sense of being

In today's materialistic driven society, people are judged in every probable aspect. From their appearance, background, social status, way of thinking to their friends, families. The necessity to be accepted and admired by others captivates the minds of many men and women of today. This conquest for social acceptance becomes so real that the idea then becomes an obsession. The way we look plays a big role in our lives. It determines the way others see us and from that, it will then determine how we feel about ourselves. One main supporter of appearance is our weight. 13) The way that we look plays such a big role in our lives that...... A) it determines the way others see us B) they can look good for other people C) they don't even admire them for their inner being D) we ourselves abuse our health and bodies E) there have been ways and tactics created by man 14) It has been claimed by the author that ...... A) but this applies to men as well B) men and women are obsessed with their weights C) your body needs to maintain itself D) the struggle for social acceptance becomes a passion for people E) what makes a person beautiful is the person as a whole 15) According to the paragraph the way which we look determines ...... A) exercising and eating right is a better healthier way to do B) to see you are beautiful people C) their mind, personality, attitude...being in his or herself D) an empty-headed person who would harm themselves E) how we feel about ourselves

The nineteenth century was a period of great change and accompanying social unrest in the British Isles. Most outstanding among the changes was the industrial revolution. As everything in life, it brought good, but it brought evil as well. The industrial revolution combined with the expansion of the British Empire made the United Kingdom, the richest and most powerful country in the world. Some of the islanders became unbelievably wealthy, but others, unfortunately, became unbelievably poor. Authors from this historical period aware of the human suffering, became social critics of what was taking place in England, of how the rich and powerful became more oppressive than before and how the very poor, were evenly more oppressed. Among these authors were Charles Dickens and George Eliot. 16) Even though the British Empire became the richest and most powerful country in the world A) it describes the conflict and battle between these two groups B) the gap between the rich and the poor increased after the industrial revolution C) the factory workers and miners lacked basic human rights and their idea and beliefs were discarded D) political candidates gave false hopes and promises so as to sway the opinion of people E) a change for the good of the workers was provided 17) The most significant change of the nineteenth century was the industrial revolution .......... A) claiming that their support of the radical movement would improve their lives B) which would be used to rebuild estate and support political actions C) being a radical, improvement, alter and modernization D) which had modern opinions and ideas to alter the outcome of society E) which brought both good and evil in life 18) It is easy to comprehend from the paragraph that improvement of industry in the British Isles A) wanted change and reform B) caused social unrest as well C) which forced society to choose what side would represent them D) caused conflict in which people would only associate with individuals E) despite the vast obstacle there was

Witnesses report many, many different shapes and sizes of UFO's, even shape changing ones. The famous "Two bowls joined at the rim" shape is reported frequently, but reports of objects shaped like cigars, squares, balls, triangles, rings, and GUITARS are also common. Many of these reports are of objects from far away, but reports of close encounters also exist. Some of the most interesting sightings, are reported on or near the ground. Often the person claims that the ship left a mark or something on the ground, this is called a "Trace Case". 19) In accordance with the paragraph,..... A) these reports, however, have to be separated from others B) a study of these reports are random and show no pattern C) these reports have come from people living in rural areas D) claims of witnessing a UFO have come from considerate, reliable people E) most of the unknown flying objects are reported to have been on or near the ground 20) According to the paragraph, even although most of reported UFO's quite imaginative ....... A) there were real definitions as well B) they claim they have been a part of the Alien Brotherhood C) the U.S. Air Force attempted to study UFO's D) the UFOs did not represent a threat to the United States E) they never considered any of this to be a unique phenomenon 21) Although there were many reports about different shapes and sizes of UFO's ....... A) men learned a great amount of things from doing this project B) there are many people out there studying these sightings, and reports C) the most widespread was "Two bowls joined at the rim" D) all of the UFO stuff is just abnormal weather conditions E) are just waiting to be found out.

In the 1600's, when tobacco was founded by John Rolfe, tobacco suddenly became the major source of income for most of the colonists. The economic prosperity of the colonies was primarily dependent on the amount of tobacco produced. The growing of tobacco required a large amount of land, with a large stable work force. The increased demand for a large, stable work force combined with the availability of African slaves, led to the use of slavery in the colonies. 22) It can be concluded that the economic prosperity of the colonies was primarily dependent on the amount of tobacco produced ....... A) and then the availability of African slaves as a work force B) but planters of tobacco had an abundance of land and a shortage of labour C) however the servants were running away from their masters' farms D) which was a major factor in the consideration of slaves on plantation E) because tobacco was a plant that exhausts nutrients from the soil 23) The growing of tobacco in the colonies .......... A) would be easier for slaves owing to the colour of their skin B) was the ideal form of labour that would be most beneficial to productivity of any crop C) required both a large amount of land and a large stable work D) had a tradition of farming, and main agricultural skills. E) needed to be educated on certain agricultural techniques 24) It can be inferred from the paragraph that.......... A) modern farming methods led to the rotation of crops B) planters had to know how to make the land most productive C) the slaves would only require to be educated once D) the African slaves also had other characteristics E) slavery started when tobacco was founded by John Rolfe in the sixteenth century

TEST - 2 Before the paper machine was invented, paper was made by hand one at a time. In 1798, a Frenchman named Nicolas-Louis Robert invented a moving screen belt that would receive a continuous flow of stock and give an unbroken sheet of paper to a pair of squeeze rolls. The invention was not really used much, but two Englishmen, the Fourdrinier brothers, improved on Robert's idea and built a better version in 1807. From these crude beginnings modern papermaking machines were developed. In spite of the fact that modern creations and engineering have formed and ancient craft into a technical industry, the basic procedures remain the same. 1) Even though there are modern paper making machines,...... A) mechanical pulp was first made in Germany B) there are practical methods for manufacturing paper from wood and vegetable pulps C) many publishing processes were developed D) there were mechanical or ground wood pulping and chemical pulping E) the basic system is still the same 2) During the primitive stage of production ........ A) paper was made manually one by one B) diverse substances required wetting and penetration C) a sheet of paper composed of cellulose fibers D) paper sheets were impregnated with animal glue E) some methods were not widely used till 1840 3) According to the author, the paper machine that Fourdrinier brothers developed ........ A) depended on rags and linen and this made mass production possible B) there were two major kinds of pulping processes used in the 18th century C) which was not suitable for paper in which high whiteness and permanence were required D) was based on Robert's invention E) however high whiteness, strength and permanence were required

The kind of education that is offered in the high school system is not needed by all people. After primary school, students have learned the basic skills required to work in an untrained profession, and do not need the more advanced education that high school offers. Sons or daughters frequently carry on the family business, and after completing their primary education, any further, more advanced education is unnecessary, because they can learn all they need to know about their future profession from their father/mother. 4) According to the writer advanced education is not essential for some students .......... A) but it doesn't mean that all students do the same B) since they'll prefer a profession not requiring a special training C) and these skills make students become successful individuals D) as schools aren't the safest place in children's education E) since violence in our schools prevents them from learning necessary skills 5) The primary school education is enough for some students ...... A) that this would tell anybody that there is no dignity in schools today B) so long as it would benefit the students that want to learn C) and this is said to be on account of all the school regulations D) because every child hasn't been educated in a safe and secure environment E) since they will carry on the family business and it doesn't require further education 6) Sons or daughters that learn whatever they need to know about their future profession from their parents .......... A) don't need advanced education ,. B) but we aren't so sure that this is true anymore C) and student failure seems to be growing swiftly these days D) when they realize there is far too much virtue in education E) but parents begin to worry about their children at school

In high school there are more trouble makers that only disrupt the classes as they do not want to be there. These people disrupt the class and make it more difficult for those who are interested in the subject and want to learn. If school were optional, these students would not be in classes disrupting the class and ruining the chances of other students. Instead, they could be out in the workforce making money and beginning their careers earlier, giving them more experience in the workforce and making it easier for them to rise up to a position of responsibility. 7) The author seems to be for optional school ....... A) for there have been several school shootings in the last few years B) because some students want to complete their secondary education C) since there is definitely a problem with school violence today D) because it would be useful for the students who want to learn E) for the problem seems to be getting worse every year 8) Another advantage of optional school for trouble making students is that.......... A) it is unfair to force all young people to attend school B) they could be out in the workforce making money C) secondary education ought to be the individual's choice D) it can be the student's choice to enter the workforce E) this is one indication that school violence is out of hand 9) The most significant result of unwilling students to disrupt the class is that.......... A) it is difficult to learn for the students who are really interested in learning B) the past three years have revealed us that violence in our schools is more common today than ever before C) every time there is an occurrence of violence more children are afraid to go to school D) school violence has been growing quickly for the past three years E) school violence is an issue which everyone may recognize but not everyone is doing something to help prevent it

Nearly all of the people who commit suicide are unhappy with their lives. This statement holds true with me, because whenever I am happy I look forward to the next day and having fun in life. People, who are selfish and greedy, generally are not happy in their lives. They don't really have a purpose in life but the desire for money. But people who give and lead a virtuous life tend to. Be happy and strive toward helping others. The wise statement, give and you shall receive, is very true. I think in my life if I didn't give and help other people I would be very bitter and unpleasant. 10) It can be inferred from the paragraph that...... A) the writer is not helping anyone else B) people tend to commit suicide if they are dissatisfied with their lives C) the writer is giving himself something in return D) we do not listen to what others say E) we must try to keep ourselves happy and focused 11) According to the author people who have the desire only for money ....... A) are said to be unhappy in their lives B) help out someone worse than others C) know that helping someone less fortunate is very gratifying D) try to achieve this place in their after life E) which also helps them lead a devoted life with God 12) The author expresses that.......... A) from any perspective people have two choices in life B) his goal in life is getting to heaven C) God put us on this planet so that we could serve him and help out others D) he'd be pleased to share something with others E) he has to try and lead a virtuous life

There is something about our body that we all would like to change because we feel that our bodies are not good enough, like our height, our weight, our eye color, etc. We want to change ourselves because of the pressure that advertisements places on us to be one of the beautiful people. They make us feel worthless because we do not look like a super model. If the advertisers and the media stopped focusing so much attention on physical beauty and perfection and focused a little more on inner beauty and strengths, then maybe when we look in the mirror, we would not just see what we look like on the outside, we would be able to see the person we really are. 13) Advertisements influence us so much that....... A) we feel that our bodies are clumsy when we look into the mirror B) women will want to please their men and keep them happy C) we will love our women in return D) there is something about our body E) advertisers and the media have a great effect on us 14) According to the author we want to change our appearance .......... A) due to the fact that advertisements are not so beneficial B) since advertisements make us feel worthless as we do not look like a super model C) though it illustrate us that all women love them D) when examined from a viewpoint of a social, cultural, historical and political context E) but there were the same symptoms to frequent this casual spot 15) The author claims that we would be able to see our own character when we look into the mirror.......... A) and this puts an added pressure on women to have the perfect body B) but we do not look like a super model anyhow C) if the advertisers stopped focusing so much attention on physical beauty D) and we are to say that we should become a top model E) if we have a model's body

There's always the chance of the innocent being in the wrong place at the wrong time. A handful of evidence from a strong lawyer could sentence someone to life in prison, and even the death penalty. One could be spending and ending his life in captivity for just walking down the wrong street on the wrong day. It's a small fault in the justice system that is difficult to overcome, but that's someone's life, and not knowing the truth could be destroying. 16) Even if you are innocent you could either be sentenced to life imprisonment or death penalty .......... A) since more and more people are becoming murderers B) and some people believe that there is no compensation for death penalty C) by an efficient lawyer by means of even a little evidence D) however, we know that physical punishment is not always the correct answer E) in a judging system that can become completely dull 17) An innocent one may be found guilty of any crime and sentenced to death ........... A) because of being in a wrong place at a wrong time B) as it is a rare occasion to go throughout a day in this world C) and solving corruption with immorality is the only remedy D) and if capital punishment is solely based on punishing the wrongdoers E) but the major reason behind this massive disruption is not living in pleasure 18) According to the author keeping an innocent one in captivity ....... A) is a mistake you have to make no matter how hard you struggle B) is a small fault in the justice system which is not easy to overcome C) may be more destructive than so many other cases D) is now a modern performance of contemporary law system E) is like committing a crime while blaming others for what you've done

Plants are the basis of the food pyramid for all living things, even for other plants. They have always been very significant to people, not only for food, but also for clothing, weapons, tools, dyes, medicines, shelter and a great many other purposes. Both human beings and animals benefit from plants. We eat many various types of plants such as fruits and vegetables. We also use plants for our herbs. Plants are also used to manufacture many different products such as shampoos, rubber, paper, and camera film. In some countries, fermented sugar cane is used instead of gasoline. Animals use plants in many different ways also. They eat many fruits and other plants. Many animals use plants for shelter. Plants also provide animals with protection from predators. The destruction of different plants sometimes leads to animals becoming endangered or extinct. 19) Plants are significant for animals for feeding ........ A) and they are made from cells B) to produce seeds which will form new plants the next year C) when the plant is grown from cuttings, a fibrous root system will form D) but they are also an important source of protection for animals E) for they can still function to transport water 20) It is very clear from the paragraph that...... A) plants are used in different branches of industry as well B) the basic structure of plants consists of roots, stem and leaves C) different plants have different numbers=and shapes D) woody plants are tree-like E) the roots also help hold the plant in the ground 21) Plants are not only used as a source of food ....... A) they take in water from the soil through their roots B) the water also passes through the vascular rays till it reaches the center of the root C) but also as a medicine D) they transport vitamins, minerals and water up and down inside the plant E) but it also develops vigorous roots that anchor it to the soil.

About 10 percent of people with schizophrenia commit suicide, and many others attempt suicide. Once people develop schizophrenia, they generally suffer from the illness for the rest of their lives. Even though there is no cure, treatment can help many people with schizophrenia lead productive lives. Schizophrenia also carries an enormous cost to society. People with schizophrenia occupy about one-third of all beds in psychiatric hospitals in the United States. Furthermore, people with schizophrenia account for at least 10 percent of the homeless population in the United States. The National Institute of Mental Health has estimated that schizophrenia costs the United States tens of billions of dollars per year in direct treatment, social services, and lost productivity. 22) There are so many schizophrenic people that.......... A) They develop schizophrenia at some time during their lives B) women tend to experience the illness less severely C) much less commonly, schizophrenia develops later in life D) it usually develops slowly over months or years E) they occupy about one-third of all beds in psychiatric hospitals in the United States 23) According to the author schizophrenia is incurable ...... A) but people with schizophrenia can become productive when they are kept under treatment B) although women are just as likely as men to develop schizophrenia C) it usually develops in late adolescence or early adulthood D) because symptoms and functioning in people with schizophrenia tend to vary over time E) and for many patients the symptoms gradually become less severe as they grow older 24) Schizophrenia is said to be incurable, that is, ...... A) a variety of symptoms characterize schizophrenia B) the illness may begin abruptly C) people with schizophrenia generally suffer from the illness for the rest of their lives D) most people with schizophrenia do not recognize that their mental functioning is disturbed E) the most prominent include symptoms of psychosis-such as delusions and hallucinations

TEST 3 Thomas More was a humanist with a true love for learning. Known as a leader, he recognized that leadership is a gift from God for the common good of humankind and the duty of that gift was a life of service to all. A dedicated family man, he was also a brilliant intellectual, patron of the arts, statesman, scholar, philosopher, and author whose writings have enriched our culture and literature. Educated at Oxford, he practiced law and entered the service of King Henry VIII as royal counsellor, ambassador, and Lord Chancellor. He was a man of conscience with a strong faith in God and an intense concern for the problems of his day. He was executed as he rejected to compromise his deeply held principles and values. As a person of wide and varied interests that exhibited high standards of honour, Thomas More is an inspiration to students that seek to develop through their education the knowledge and values upon which they will base their lives, their careers, and service to others. 1) Thomas More thought that....... A) a person should be adorable by others B) a leader is always observed by his rivals C) the only power all over the world was held by god D) people must always be faithful to god E) someone endowed with leadership who has a duty to serve mankind 2) Thomas More was a religious man ........ A) he was totally interested in theology B) but he was aware of the problems of his day as well C) he never neglected helping others D) he used to have unusual interests E) he was the luckiest one to have benefited from education 3) Despite the fact that Thomas More was executed as he refused to compromise his deeply held principles and values ..... A) he is an inspiration to students who seek to develop through their education the knowledge and values upon which they will base their lives . B) his views have been proved to be right now C) he was the one to have been honoured during his time D) he sacrificed his successful career for the sake of his ideals E) his accomplishments can never be denied

Many theorists agree that social contact early in a child's life is crucial for healthy personality development. This is the most significant relationship of the child development period as it is from this that the child drives its confidence in the world. A break from this relationship is experienced as highly distressing and constitutes a considerable trauma. Through frequent social and emotional exchanges with parents the infant not only defines itself, but also acquires a particular style and orientation which some researchers believe is carried over into later life. Thus, the relationship between an infant and its care giver and its development is one that has generated much interest to developmental psychologists. 4) In accordance with the paragraph, an infant defines itself...... A) to examine the role and significance of attachment behaviours in development B) there is an emotional regulation between the infant and the mother or caregiver C) through frequent social and emotional exchanges with parents D) through smiling and eye-to-eye contacts E) the infant directs his attachment to human figures on an instinctual bias 5) In the paragraph, a lack of social contact is considered as ...... A) an attachment of restricted relationship between particular social figures B) child psychology, and a particular phenomenon to reflect unique characteristics of the relationship C) a care and protection during the most vulnerable period of development D) highly distressing constituent of a sizeable trauma E) explaining the importance of the mother-infant interaction within the overall framework of attachment behaviour 6) It can be understood from the paragraph that........ A) the infant's behaviour is directed by the primary goal of maintaining the mother's closeness B) the child drives his or her confidence by means of social contact C) the infant's attachment focuses on one figure, typically the primary caregiver D) the infant now readily seeks the closeness to the caregiver E) the infant and the caregiver takes the form of non-verbal communication

Obesity, smoking and other obsessions are said to be the most deadly of all diseases, but the deadliest of diseases are poverty and ignorance. They result in war, survivalist protectionism and far too many deaths, and under their umbrella are included those deaths caused by unhealthy obsessions. Because of these reasons, education is the most effective tool to combat all diseases around the globe. 7) The author points out that education is ....... A) feeding the soul, and ignorance so that they can address their physical existence B) the most effective way of defying all diseases around the globe C) gaining a sense of not only the wretchedness of life, but the beauty of it D) a point which can also be observed in the fine arts E) an issue which they have dragged themselves out of it 8) In this paragraph, the author defines education .......... A) as a server of peace and health in the world B) which ought to be applied physically C) for people to have a chance to raise themselves out of poverty D) by becoming personally involved with such works E) an individual can see how others have experienced ignorance 9) According to the author the deadliest of diseases are poverty and ignorance ....... A) which cause homelessness instead of strong ideals B) serve not only the body, but the soul C) through a soul search on these different observations of life D) that seek pleasure and those who suffers from love E) because they cause too many deaths

The divorce rate in the United States almost doubles all rivalling countries. For every 1.000 carriages there are twenty-one divorces. Divorce will alter an individual's life. However, it is up to the individual to decide whether the change will be for the better or the worse. Despite the fact that divorce is a life-shattering event, it doesn't have to spoil the individuals involved. There are many things that people can do to lessen the chances of having to go through a divorce. If the individual has to go through a divorce there are many steps in the healing process. 10) The author claims that divorcing people determine ........... A) if their life will get better or worse B) to wait until they are sure they want to get married C) jumping into marriage without knowing what they are getting into D) if it is a full time job with no vacations E) to find the right one and settle down 11) According to the author although divorce is a spoiling incident.......... A) too many marriages fail to survive B) children of divorced couples are more likely to drop out of school C) lives of those who involved don't need to change because of divorce D) not all children of divorced parents suffer as extensively E) there are people that are splitting up 12) According to the author although divorce is a life destroying event....... A) it may be avoided wisely B) even if there is a good chance to heal C) one must choose the right one to marry D) more than it has been anticipated E) there are a lot of things ,to do in the healing process

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I am very open to diverse religions, cultures, and practices as I know many people with different backgrounds and beliefs. Since I've been influenced by various people, I've learned at a very young age to never judge people by how they look, dress, feel, or act. I am very fortunate to have learned that lesson at a young age since many people still do not understand the significance of accepting differences. 13) According to the author people who do not understand the importance of accepting differences .......... A) tend to judge others by their appearance B) do not prefer to listen to what others have said C) would sooner not contribute to different religions, cultures, and practices D) generally compare their own opinions with others' E) do not mind whatever the other groups have said 14) What makes the author to be very open to different religions, cultures and practices .......... A) has made him better at individual work B) has been the thoughts the writer has already owned C) has been knowing many people with different backgrounds and beliefs D) usually influences why the writer has been totally impartial E) has been contributing a large amount of information to himself 15) The author regards himself to be fortunate enough ....... A) as to like listening to others' opinions B) to show his unusual emotions in different religions, cultures and practices C) because his self confidence doesn't need any motivation D) to see his life seems to be motionless, and not going anywhere E) to have understood the importance of accepting differences earlier

The zipper is a very widespread fastener used to secure all kinds of things, particularly clothing. But the zipper wasn't always around. Before the zipper was invented, buttons were used in fastening clothes, and so were hooks and eyes that had to be fastened manually. When the zipper first came out, it was somewhat of an oddity; it wasn't widely accepted. But slowly, more and more people began noticing its convenient applications, and soon it could be seen everywhere. The zipper started off as a novelty, and because of its convenience, it is now a necessity. 16) The zipper that has been a necessity of our daily life.......... A) is the most important invention of humanity B) was much tougher than the zipper we know today C) was a strange thing when it was first introduced D) because it has to be improved as a fastener to secure our clothing E) but there are more useful applications to be found 17) The zipper that we use practically today .......... A) has hardly been adopted by the people who use buttons and hooks to fasten their clothes B) was invented rather late because people used to use buttons and hooks to fasten their clothes C) didn't work as well as the inventor had expected D) replaced buttons and hooks which were used in fastening clothes in the past E) was recorded among the most necessary inventions of our time 18) When people saw the zipper was very appropriate for application .......... A) it became widespread in a short time B) it was first used by certain rich people C) it was different from hooks and eyes that could be fastened D) there was no other device that could be used to fasten clothing E) it was assumed that the zipper was not a faulty fastener

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From the minute you are born the family effect starts to impact your thought process. A child is like a sponge that absorbs ideas and beliefs. Beliefs are taught to a child in minor ways such as just listening to the parents and their ideas from everything containing politics, social problems, moral issues and even opinions about how others behave. It is within the family unit that a person learns their moral values. It is from their parents that a child is taught right and wrong. Often this is through religious training. 19) A person's political or religious beliefs are usually formed during childhood .......... A) without neglecting the family influence on these issues B) by communicating with their parents on various subjects C) after being given an opinion in a debate D) and they ought to find reasons to defend a certain viewpoint E) after listening to their parents' opinions and comments about these subjects 20) One's course of thought develops in the family .......... A) as parents are dominant and always talk in the family B) but school is often the first preference of children for education C) when parents explain their children something completely true D) whenever he or she is born E) as soon as parents teach children to use a process of thought 21) The author resembles a child to a sponge .......... A) when it becomes a main influence on a young person's thinking B) because a child absorbs ideas and beliefs like a sponge that absorbs water C) no matter how much a child can learn from his or her family D) which they see the world through outside influences E) when they experiment with ideas and values of their own

Not to trust is abnormal and is the natural result of bitter or even traumatic life experiences. Mistrust or distrust is stimulated not by our own thoughts, nor by some device or machination of ours - but by life's sad situations. To continue not to trust is to reward the people that wronged us and made us distrustful in the first place. These people have already abandoned us and still they have a great, hateful influence on our lives. 22) According to the author, not to trust, which he considers to be abnormal, .......... A) is like some bad device or machination of ours B) is the humour which the writer wants to show us C) is not so disappointing as other bitter and traumatic life experiences D) should not be expressed in all discussions outrageously E) is the natural result of bad life experiences 23) It is understood from the paragraph that you reward people that have a great hateful influence on your life ....... A) then you will frequently be disappointed all through your life B) they are likely to become much happier C) you must know whom to trust in which field D) so long as you continue not to trust them E) it releases an enormous amount of your mental power 24) It can be concluded from the paragraph that.......... A) mistrust or distrust is stimulated by life's sad circumstances B) this kind of trust is very common in business C) some of us prefer not to experience this sinking feeling D) excessive mistrust can be dangerous to your health E) the trust must be put to the test and observed

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TEST 4 Physical fitness is having ample energy and the ability to fulfil daily activities without being exhausted. My energy generally depends on the amount of sleep and food I get. If I have too much or too little sleep, I don't look forward to the day and am not enthusiastic about doing things. Unless I have a complete breakfast, it affects my energy level. When I have a good breakfast, and enough sleep, I can go through a whole day with enough energy and alertness to do many things. 1) If the author has good breakfast, and enough sleep ....... A) the writer can move with speed and can change his direction quickly B) it makes him flexible through his daily activities C) the day provides him a better endurance D) he does not find an easy way of making a living E) he can spend his day actively to do many things 2) The author says that he can not carry out his daily activities properly .......... A) if he has slept excessively or insufficiently B) when he cannot keep his balance properly C) if his intellectual self doesn't deal with learning, and creativity D) which means he cannot learn the best way of getting adequate information E) before judging himself after a busy day 3) According to the author, people performing their daily activities without being exhausted A) express themselves by using their creativity B) can see and organize the problems more clearly C) help others make their decisions in a similar way D) can be considered physically fit E) should notice the consequences of each choice

Another common argument in divorce is that the two individuals involved may have unlike ideas of what they want from their marriage. Most couples face the problems of one wants children and the other doesn't. One divorced woman feels that the biggest problem in marriages is that in the beginning both people ignore the small problems and they end up turning into even larger problems as they are ignored. Communication is the key to making any marriage work. 4) One of the common arguments in divorce which the two individuals involved is A) because of the feeling that every situation is unique B) having children or not C) trying to adjust their new way of life D) believing that they are not to be blamed for the divorce E) that many parents don't realize this need yet 5) According to a divorced woman the most significant problem is ignoring small problems A) children need to be told that it has nothing to do with them B) neither seems to know the true answer C) divorce makes everything difficult for children D) that become larger in the end E) a large amount of time i wasted to help themselves get over the pain 6) According to the author, couples that want to continue their marriage ....... A) should understand each other by communicating B) is hard for children to see their parents always arguing C) ought to stay together for children's sake D) have been ranged according to divorce rate E) are likely to have adjustment problems

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Up until the last decade, serious scientists assumed that love was all in the head. Now the research has become more intense. This may be owing to the spreading of AIDS and that casual sex carries mortal risks. Others point to the growing number of female scientists and suggest that they may be more willing than their male colleagues to take love seriously. Whatever the reason, science has come around to a view that romance is real. That it is bred into our biology. 7) Some people indicate that female scientists whose number is growing .......... A) have just been conducted by several research scientists B) may provide scientists a better way of conducting reliable experiments C) have still not been searched by all means D) have been researching love more seriously than male scientists E) have found out that dealing with problems is almost impossible 8) One of the reasons which the research about love has become deeper .......... A) because of AIDS which has been spreading B) for love can neither be felt or measured C) so long as love is still in the air D) as the idea of love is an invention of the mind rather than a biological fact E) that exactly shows how to place this mysterious emotion 9) In spite of the past belief that love was all in the head ....... A) has been abolished again by the society B) it is probable for humans to communicate without love C) we have always been influenced by love in our culture D) it doesn't imply that love is just a false emotion E) it has almost become reality now

There are many advantages to a Capitalist economic system that could make it very appealing to society. The system allows the powers, of market forces to operate which in turn gives the consumer a wider range of goods and services. Also because producers are always seeking the highest profit they must try to please the consumer and win their custom. This leads to innovation and greater quality and variety. The firms that produce the correct goods and services will win custom and make profit, those which don't will go out of business and therefore release their resources to the successful firms. This will result in the expansion of the economy and greater prosperity. 10) It is clearly understood from the paragraph that in a Capitalist economic system .......... A) individuals' purchasing power is becoming more unequal B) only the consumer has the power to dictate the goods in the economy C) there is competition among the powers of market D) consumers are more innovative and be more talented E) they promote consumers to a higher range economically 11) According to the paragraph, producers that are always seeking the highest profit.......... A) will lead to homelessness, slums, disease, etc. B) will lead to great unrest and low morale in the society in the end C) is due to the fact that some people will always be able to work harder D) can be more profitable and wealthy E) lead to innovation and greater quality and variety beneficial to consumers 12) The expansion of the economy and greater prosperity is probable .......... A) since the consumer has all the power in the economy B) by introducing the suitable goods and services for the benefit of consumers by the firms C) contrary to the inequality of wealth within the economy D) so as to make the rich get richer and the poor stay poor E) so long as to the ever growing population is kept under control

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Pollution is the introduction of harmful substances or products into the environment. It is a major problem in America and as well as the world. Pollution not only damages the environment, but damages us also. It has caused many problems ranging from lung cancer to the greenhouse effect. It is all among us but we continue to live in our own filth. 13) According to the author human beings ........... A) human death has all occurred as a direct result of pollution B) pollution lays in the centre of natural environment C) are not really related with vital environmental problems D) have been living in the environment they've themselves contaminated E) contaminate their drinking water and soil as well

There are millions of homeless in America today. Most of these people had no choice but to become homeless. Economic problems such as being laid off work, or the rise in the cost of housing had lead people to live on the streets. Many of the homeless are women that have become divorced or have left home because of physical abuse. These women have no education as they have not been given the chance to go and get the education that it takes nowadays to get the job, so they are forced to live on the streets. They have no family to help them and they are left with no other choice. 16) Since the available jobs which women can get usually require education .......... A) their families can provide any help for them B) women are also forced to live on the streets C) uneducated ones are exactly unfortunate D) but some fathers are there to force them to live on the streets E) their young ones need to stay alive 17) Many of the homeless women that got divorced or left home ....... A) even don't have families to support them either B) generally have mental defects C) are seen on the streets struggling to stay warm D) are obliged to be among the homeless people E) are the illegal immigrants that come here from other countries 18) Many people have become homeless ........... A) and there are many other people that become homeless for many different reasons B) are incapable of handling the stress of living on their own C) because they get kicked out of their homes and are ashamed to go to their families D) so they have to resort to prostitution to pay for the food E) either because of being unemployed or the rise in the cost of housing

14) We cause environmental pollution ........... A) by keeping the plant life from growing B) as hot water kills most life it comes into contact with C) that means the small bacteria and other micro organisms can't grow D) because fish can't feed and so the ecosystem dies E) by releasing harmful substances or products into the environment 15) Polluting the environment has too many effects on our lives .......... A) including our health B) by dumping waste materials around us C) causing entire destruction of an ecosystem D) in addition to the pollutants dumped by industry E) because some companies dump chemicals around us

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Aristotle is thought to be one of the greatest historians. Aristotle based his ethics on human nature. Aristotle got most of his work from one of the greatest Catholic philosophers, Thomas Aquinas. Aristotle claims that everyone's goal is happiness. He declared that there is only one way to achieve true happiness and that is by living a virtuous life. He said that if one is not living a virtuous life, then they are not truly happy. Being happy is one of the biggest goals in life. Some people have tons of money and live very extravagantly, but they may hate what they do. That is because many people choose not to become businessmen or lawyers, some become policemen or priests. If people did what makes them happy, they wouldn't be so stressed out and there wouldn't be as many suicides. 19) It can be inferred from the paragraph that...... A) Aristotle seems to put much emphasis throughout his writings on the similarity of the animal and humans B) the major difference of man is his mind C) the reason of stress and suicides for people is not doing what makes them happy D) nutrition is shared by all natural living organisms E) animals and plants are very different in fact 20) Aristotle thinks that living a virtuous life ....... A) is the key to achieve true happiness B) is also putting much emphasis on some facts C) is exclusively a human property D) which means animals are very close to humans E) that means any creature with reason will also have perception 21) It is clear from the paragraph that....... A) perception is the capacity of the soul which is identical to man B) Aristotle has many other examples of human behaviour C) Aristotle explains the qualities of plants, animals, and humans D) Aristotle was mostly inspired by Thomas Aquinas E) Aristotle does focus much of his attention on the similarities that one must recognize

All the migrating seabirds like guillemots, puffins, and razorbills are at risk from oil pollution. During migration, they look for calm water where they rest and fish. Oil covered seas look calm to birds, and they land on the water by thousands, only to be trapped in the oil and die of starvation. The birds which don't become trapped usually die as well from trying to remove the oil from their feathers, the birds ingest the oil and that usually kills them in a few days. The oil which washes to shore on the beaches where seals and sea lion breed harm these animals as well, any animals that get caught in the oil usually die. 22) In accordance with the paragraph it may be said that....... A) there are areas really rich in wildlife B) the oil coats animals' fur and they can't swim or maintain their body temperature C) some animals freeze to death D) oil spills usually kill all animals that get caught in them E) when a marine animal dies it is usually eaten by other species 23) Oil spills not only kill sea birds ....... A) which than get broken down by bacteria B) it is freezing and the process of evaporation is slow due to the low temperature C) these chemicals break down the oil into tiny particles D) which feed on some of the hydrocarbons in the oil E) but also seals and sea lions

24) When birds land on oil covered seas ...... A) they die of either starvation or oil poisoning B) some of those species get poisoned too C) in these conditions the oil must be burned D) in calm waters, floating booms can contain the oil E) that can be pumped off the surface of the sea into holding tanks

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TEST 5 Scientists who think that children learn aggressive behaviour from TV also emphasize that parents have the power over what their children watch. Because of this, many scientists recommend a number of things that parents can do. Reduce the amount of hours of TV that your children watch, watch at least one episode of the shows your children watch, and when they see a violent act on the show that their children are watching, discuss it with your child and tell them that this kind of behaviour is not good and not the way to solve problems. 1) According to the author, parents are proficient enough ....... A) to instruct what their children can watch on TV B) to ban any shows that you think are worthless for your children C) to let them watch shows that demonstrate various qualities D) to stop the violence on television and stop it E) to keep your kids away from the violence 2) According to one of the recommendations of scientists ....... A) your children , like caring and sharing B) it is pretty clear that the children are being exposed to violence on television C) parents ought to limit their children's W watching hours D) this should be a wake up call to everyone E) this exposure is having a negative effect on them 3) In case of their children's watching violent acts on TV, scientists advise .......... A) we need know that the children of our country will be affected B) children that witnessed violence may think that violence is acceptable C) children will continue receiving negative effect without regulations D) parents to discuss it with their children by explaining this kind of behaviour is not favourable E) violence on television leads to aggression in children

Qualified teachers instruct students during their education. Sometimes, there are teachers that do not meet the teaching standards. In this case, the parents should voice the problem to the school authorities as there is a better chance of finding a solution. Parents' spending quality time makes a difference in a child's attitude. Children learn from their parents' morals, values, and boundaries that they will use throughout their life. A parent must be able to communicate and be an active listener with the child. This kind of support will help the child and the parents feel secure in their relationship. As a result, they will be able to work out any problem together such as the child having a difficult school project or a conflict with another student. 4) If a parent is able to communicate and an active listener with the child ....... A) conventional schooling is not as miserable as some think B) so this kind of education is not affordable to everyone C) the expense is only one element to home schooling D) they should know that home schooling is a twenty four hour responsibility E) they will be able to overcome difficulties together 5) According to the author the support which should be provided to the child is essentially A) observing B) moral C) communicative D) religious E) educational 6) If parents find out that there are ineffective teachers not meeting the teaching standards A) the school authorities find a solution when the parents tell them about it B) the average home schooling income is higher than estimated this a year C) it also takes discipline from both parents D) mothers do most of the teaching while the fathers do a little of it E) the fathers seem to be the major financial providers for the family

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The media does not go around reporting all of the good things athletes do, just the bad things and their mistakes. They are only human just like the rest of us. Are these people safe for our children to idolize to look up to? I think that the answer is yes! If you were watching the news, would you really want to hear about all of the charities which an athlete has donated money to? It would be interesting at first, but you would get tired of it afterwards. That is why the media never covers anything like this. We all know that they really don't care about anything else apart from a hot topic. 7) According to the author it is usual for an athlete to do mistakes ........ A) like those famous American Athletes B) so long as ambition has been the stamina of every athlete C) because they are human-beings just like us D) even the weakest, most injured athlete is preserved raw ambition E) but each athlete is blessed by pure and passionate personality 8) Why has the media been interested in the bad things and mistakes which athletes do? A) As every great conflict has existed among all athletes. B) As the truth really does not mean anything to them. C) Because it is liable to cause as much suffering and damage as possible. D) Because such news are rare and the public have always been interested in them. E) Since an annoyed athlete is supported not by his schemes, but by the ambition to win. 9) Why don't the public find the news about all of the charities which an athlete has donated money to interesting ? A) Because such occasions are so common that they consider such matters very ordinary B) Since only the collective force of competition is found in a race C) Because attraction is the source of all that is good and all that is evil D) Because the truth he successfully conveys that athletes are always adorable. E) As every marathon runner, Olympic walker smells of passion which keep them alert.

The air does get a bit warmer after the middle of March. But it is always covered in dampness that no furnace in the world can hope to dry. Of course the season fools us by granting one or two nice days so we can get out and proclaim that winter finally left. The following day brings the beginning of at least two or three weeks of sub-freezing weather. Even after the temperature reaches the freezing mark, that sluggish low pressure over the Bay of Maine arrives to give us perpetually depressing grey days. 10) Even though it has been March, the spring season,.......... A) you can just see several nice days B) and then the mud goes into hibernation C) so it may gain strength to once again drive us mad D) it is still so damp around as to be dried by any furnace in the world E) there will always be drizzle 11) The author tries to point out .......... A) when another New England mud season arrives B) how people are betrayed by seasons C) there is little we can do to survive this season D) that would create another famous New England condition E) there would always be perpetually depressing gray days 12) The way the season fools us is that....... A) it stays till early summer B) the spring mud season never ends C) several weeks of cold weather arrives after two nice days D) however, we could stay home anyway E) two to three months wouldn't be so bad

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Not nearly as many teens would have guns if they didn't get the money from selling drugs. So if we can stop the selling of drugs, less people will have money to buy guns and there will be less violence. We can at the same time blame our parents for violence. When parents buy a gun and put it away, their kids could get hold of it and bring it to school. This is why parents ought to lock away their weapons not just stick it in a drawer or on the top shelf of a closet. 13) According to the author many teenagers would scarcely have guns .......... A) unless they provided money by selling drugs B) by keeping it where it can't be found easily C) where they can get hold of it in danger D) if parents don't keep a weapon around the house unless it's necessary E) but carrying guns around schools is becoming more and more popular 14) Our parents are blamed to have a share for causing violence .... A) for many people have been killed or seriously injured B) because they do not keep their weapons away from children's attention C) that has caused many problems D) is teaching our children young about this stuff E) since you don't need to keep a weapon in your house 15) It is obvious from the paragraph that.......... A) parents are already responsible for the safety of their children B) we must do our best to prevent violence in schools from increasing C) it is possible to decline violence by stopping drug sale D) people think that carrying guns around schools with them will make them cool E) security experts have reported that there is no evidence

Alcoholism is a disease which affects many people in the US today. It not only affects the alcoholic, but also their family, friends. The symptoms are many, as are the causes and the effects. Alcoholism is defined as a pattern of drinking in which harmful consequences result for the drinker, yet, they continue to drink. There are two types of drinkers. The first type, the casual or social drinker, drinks because they want to. They drink with a friend or with a group for pleasure and only on occasion. The other type, the compulsive drinker, drinks because they have to, in spite of the adverse effects that drinking has on their lives. 16) If you feel obliged to drink despite the negative effects.......... A) there are fatalities, injuries, diseases caused by the use and abuse of alcohol B) alcoholism is a serious problem in today's society C) you can help control the number of alcoholics in the United States D) it contains the large groups of users and abusers of alcohol E) you are a compulsive drinker 17) It has been revealed in the paragraph that.......... A) an alcoholic influences both himself and his family B) alcoholism can also be related to emotional instabilities C) drinkers gain as much knowledge as possible about the symptoms and effects of alcoholism D) alcoholism is often associated with a family history of manic-depressive illness E) society tends to aid in the development of alcoholism

18) Those who drink just for joy are .......... A) casual or social drinkers B) extremely significant for the public C) education and realization of the effects alcoholism can have D) social and cultural factors that play roles in to establishing drinking patterns E) becoming more popular, more glamorous and more worthy of respects from others

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Generally speaking, people hate war, and want to avoid it at all costs. It is believed that a large part of why America went to Vietnam was for monetary reasons. Companies have to make all of the ships, helicopters, airplanes, and supplies. As a result, jobs are created and the economy is stimulated, but the U.S. government never tells that to the public. It is very probable that these were hidden reasons for the Vietnam war, but the government simply turned it into an issue of freedom. 19) The American knew that their government.......... A) went to North Vietnam to sign a peace treaty B) because the US Navy knew that there was no option but to go to war C) wanted to profit from the Vietnam war D) it was not a technical war E) there was an argument if the US must be the stimulator 20) America's going to Vietnam war was for monetary reasons, that is ....... A) jobs would be available and the economy would become active during the war B) and they had the alternative to believe that they were involved for noble and acceptable reasons C) it is not necessarily the freedom of all those involved D) there had been many characteristics waiting for fighting E) there may be some truth in that : 21) The U.S. government turned the Vietnam issue to an issue of freedom .......... A) since the war would never have occurred B) but freedom of some type is directly concerned with all major conflicts C) the cynics will tell you that Americans go to war for joy D) that it was possibly true E) but it was because of economical reasons

Part of what makes New England mud so unique is the sand and salt thrown on the roads by the brave men of our highway departments all winter. Those tons of mixed sand and salt don't just disappear. They simply evolve into the mud of spring. The type of mud which can dissolve the doors and fenders off our cars. The mud which sucks the shoes right off your feet dissolving the stitching that once held them together. 22) According to the author there becomes mud on highways ........... A) because of sand and salt thrown on the roads during winter B) and this mud creates a surface 10 times slicker than ice C) and it is worse than ice as it plays a trick on you D) where everyone lives on the coast E) but winter never resembles what the rest of the country calls spring 23) Despite the fact that the mixture of salt and sand is expected to disappear.......... A) it is, on the other hand, the beginning of the mud season B) this same mud dries in the middle of our roads C) it becomes more hazardous than a thick layer of ice D) that makes you think that the roads are safe E) it turns into a spring mud by the time 24) The salt and sand mixture of mud becomes so harmful that........... A) since it is always in the middle of the roads B) it damages our cars and our shoes C) they are worse than ice because it deceives you D) the spring mud season sets in by mid-March E) it doesn't go away until early June

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TEST 6 It is not unusual to withdraw from dating and social activities for short periods of time after hurt or disappointment. During this period we often reevaluate what has gone on. It can be a time for discovering new aspects of ourselves, who we are, what we truly want and need. When used in this manner, a time like this is beneficial. The hazard, of course, is that this withdrawal can last too long, and we become unwilling or afraid to try again. 1) It is probable that withdrawing from dating and social activities ......... A) will receive a great deal in return B) is to learn how to see disappointment or difficulty C) may last long enough to make us become unwilling or afraid to try again D) finds out what it has to say to us E) to take a moment to become silent, relax as much as you are able 2) Withdrawing from dating and social activities for short periods of time after hurt or disappointment........ A) without receiving anything at the moment B) is trying to analyze or fight against what you are feeling . C) is imposing ready made solutions on this D) enables us to evaluate the previous improvements E) may be realizing a little more than you did before 3) According to the author it is usual to leave ........ A) a friend without telling anything B) dating and social activities for a short while after getting hurt or disappointed C) this realization and patience D) by giving the situation time to reply E) walking down suddenly to tell something

The fiscal policy is composed of two main tools. The changing of tax rates, and changing government spending. The major point of fiscal policy is to keep the deficit swings in the economy to a minimum by reducing inflation and recession. A change in tax rates is usually implemented when inflation is unusually high, and there is a recession with high unemployment. With high inflation, taxes are increased so people have less to spend, thus reducing demand and inflation. During a recession with high unemployment, taxes are lowered to give more people money to spend and thus increasing demand for goods and services, and the economy starts to revive. 4) According to the paragraph so long as there is a recession with high unemployment ........ A) open market operations affects money and credit operations B) taxes are lowered to encourage people in order to increase demand for goods and services C) this is used to control overall money supply D) then they will buy the securities from member banks E) it is easier to make gradual changes in the supply of money 5) When inflation is very high, and there is a recession with high unemployment....... A) open market operations are used more regularly than monetary policy B) member banks want to raise money C) there is an interest rate, or a discount rate D) a change in tax rates is generally applied E) then fewer banks will be inclined to borrow 6) The fiscal policy is based on ........ A) purchasing and selling of government securities B) sufficient money in circulation C) changing tax rates and government spending D) the high discount rate E) enlarging the money supply

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Self-help groups are composed of individuals who share the same problem or concern. Members provide emotional support to one another, learn ways to cope, discover strategies for improving their condition, and help others while helping themselves There are some goals to self-help groups. When interviewed, sixty-one percent of self-help groups said that their most important goal was providing emotional and social support to members. Thirty-two percent said that providing information and education to member was the most significant goal. A few other goals were support, special events, and fund raising. 7) It can be understood from the paragraph that .......... A) most people don't know of any self-help groups B) there are hundreds of groups that should be familiar with C) people must learn what self-help groups there are in their area D) a self-help group individual helps himself when he helps others E) people do not always involve in self-help groups 8) It is concluded from the interview that majority of help groups .......... A) don't know of any self-help groups B) aim to provide emotional and social support to members C) united with either a national group or a local group D) neglect keeping a record of all the self-help groups that they can find in their area E) ought to thoroughly cheer* out all groups to make sure that they are still functioning 9) It can be said that a self help groups' major feature is .......... A) that self-help groups are not meant to replace professional help B) learning about groups in the area they've been living C) choosing which program they think will fit them best D) the setting of self-help groups is usually pretty relaxed E) being formed from members who share the same problem or concern

In the society of Mill's time period a woman's destiny was to be dainty, delicate, patient and graceful. She grew up without education, without having a career and without having the right to vote on laws and issues that pertained to her. The only option which these women had was to get married and with this marriage she gave away every right that she had. In other words she is now worse than a slave that actually had more rights and privileges than she had. After marriage she had nothing of her own to claim not even her children. Men did not care about her rights, they grew up with a mind set that they controlled everything, that their wives were to be submissive and that their offspring were his and he claimed them as his and only his if the woman were to leave. 10) In those days, when women married ........ A) they would lose all their rights and even a slave could become superior to them B) every little man was raised with a sense of superiority C) a woman could not do what a man could D) she could not be educated as her role was to be a mother and nothing else E) she could not even claim her children as her own 11) The only option of the women of Mill's time was to get married ...... A) as everything that she owned was now her husband's B) she was more or less treated as if she were a child herself C) she had less rights than she had had D) but she gave away every right that she had when they got married E) a slave compared to a married woman was better 12) According to the paragraph, the women of Mill's time ....... A) it was more of that there was no other opportunity for her B) were not free at all C) the husbands are not power hungry against their own wives D) unlike a married woman a slave is not a slave all hours of the day E) could claim *heir own valuable properties

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Television affects behaviours, social attitudes and physical health especially in children. Children today spend more time watching television than on any other single leisure activity. In fact, studies have shown that "the average child spends more time in front of the television than in school" . There are a variety of effects which children gain from watching too much television. The impact of violence on children is a main issue, as well as the impact of stereotypical views, such as sex roles. Health can also become a problem for children who spend excessive amounts of time in front of the television. There are, however, alternatives to these problems. Parent, schools and the governments need to take control and monitor children and television. After all, television was once used as an educational tool it has only lately become a babysitter. 13) It can be inferred from the paragraph that........ A) children who spend more time watching television tend to think that both women and men have specified roles in the world B) this gives children a clear impression of what is expected of them in society C) watching television for long hours can become a health problem for children D) they too should act this way because it is, after all, what society views appropriate E) television also points out the importance of physical beauty 14) In spite of the fact that television has become a past time device now ........ A) stress is placed on looking a certain way, whether it is having the right clothing or being a certain weight B) these are influences that children take very seriously C) many children want to be the "popular" one in school D) this is the " kind of schoolyard harassment to which unpopular girls are subjected E) it used to be used as an educational tool 15) There are a variety of effects which children gain from watching too much television ...... A) commercials on television also play a part in weight gain among children B) television also takes a minor charge on a child's physical health C) but children are spending less time on physical activities D) but influence of violence on children is an important issue E) starting at home parents need to be aware of what their children are watching

In today's hustle and bustle of everyday life, men, women, and children walk past one another without even a friendly smile or hello. As global technology grows, communication between individuals gets more distant and less personal. Even in families, messages are left on the answering machine or as notes on the fridge. Hence, with today's' highly competitive technological world, it is crucial to receive and maintain some old-fashioned inter-personal communication. 16) According to the author, it is essential that...... A) some old-fashioned inter-personal communication be maintained B) the person may see the caller and feel a personal touch C) they are trying to re-establish the original methods while using high-tech systems D) this is now made probable by satellite systems launched into orbit E) people should attempt to communicate with people in their immediate surroundings more often 17) There is such a lack of communication that...... A) we can obviously see attempts to get back to the "old way" through usage of time saving methods B) this is where the telephone plays a role C) even in families, messages or notes to each other D) it facilitates an almost instantaneous connection at a reasonable cost E) a short attention span and a lack of concentration are other factors in this ongoing problem 18) In accordance with the paragraph people have become anti-social ....... A) to make up more up-to-date technology appropriate B) whenever technology has improved C) as in the example of a father and son separated by an ocean, one in England, the other in Newfoundland D) through previously impossible communications E) owing to their busy lives

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Toxic waste is defined as any waste that is dangerous to human health or to our natural environment. According to the Institute of Chemical Waste Management, about 15% of our garbage is classified as toxic, and only 85% (approximately) of that is disposed of properly. The rest is either illegally dumped or accidentally mixed up with non-toxic garbage. That 15% may not seem like a lot, but when you consider the millions of tons of toxic waste that we produce per year, that 15% is massive. The Environmental Protection Agency estimates that we produce one ton of toxic wastes for every single person living in Canada per year. That means that the 15% represents about 4.2 million tons of toxic waste. 19) According to the author, not all waste but which is dangerous to human health or to our natural environment ...... A) is produced and developed all over the world B) is classified as toxic C) has made a prioritized list of recognized dangerous dump sites D) may be chemically 'transformed' into new products E) is done by adding chemicals to the waste 20) According to the Institute of Chemical Waste Management about 15% of our garbage ...... A) is not the product of some natural disaster B) may be dangerous to us and/or our natural environment C) has created laws and regulations to try to stop the illegal dumping of toxic wastes D) is forcing the company that owns the land to pay for the clean-up of the area E) is dangerous to human health or to our natural environment 21) According to the paragraph 15% toxic garbage is really a hazardous amount ......... A) when you consider the garbage increasing all over the world every year B) to try and clean up areas that have been contaminated C) if some companies no longer exist D) that causes it to change into something new E) that is put to use on farms ....

The data of the first UFO sighting is not known. Some researchers say that UFO sightings date back to ancient times. There is no evidence for this speculation, so it is just a thought. Many researchers though mark the beginning of sightings in the United States in the later 1800s, they were called "The Mystery Airships". The next main fleet of sightings were during the Second World War, from pilots who say they saw metal like objects floating in the sky. These fighter pilots called them "foo fighters". And in 1947 in Europe, there were sightings of silent "ghost rockets". None of these speculations were ever fully explained. 22) In accordance with the paragraph, ........ A) an UFO is an unusual airborne object which cannot be identified B) the UFO phenomenon entered the publics eye before 1800's C) unknown flying objects were first observed by pilots during the second world war D) nine circular objects in the skies over the state of Washington were observed E) there have been UFO sightings in nearly every country 23) Many researchers show the beginning of sightings in the United States in the later 1800s A) although there has never been a clear evidence B) and from time to time there is something called an UFO C) which for a short time UFO sighting increase rapidly in one certain area D) but nobody can explain anything about these sights E) but attempts to link them with hysteria, mentality and stress have all failed 24) The Mystery Airships was the name given ....... A) had an encounter with an UFO B) were thousands of sightings every year C) worldwide sighting reports D) for the first seen unidentified flying objects E) had been computerized.

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TEST 7 "Storm the Bastille! Free the prisoners!" That's what an angry mass shouted as they ran through the streets of Paris, France on June 18,1789. The French Revolution had already begun. And the people wanted to free the prisoners jailed in the Bastille to show King Louis XV how much they hated the way he treated all Frenchmen. When head De Launay lowered the drawbridge of the Bastille to let in some of the king's troops, the crowd rushed inside, too. They killed the guards and freed the prisoners. The next day they began to tear down the Bastille, and today only a few stones remain. Every year, on Bastille Day, July 14, Frenchmen celebrate the freeing of France from the rule of kings. 1. This passage is about A) the assassination of King Louis XVI jailed in the Bastille. B) the hatred of King Louis XVI against the prisoners in the Bastille. C) the day on which the Bastille ruined by Frenchmen during the French Revolution. D) the day on which Governor De Launay was jailed in the Bastille. E) the day on which King Louis XVI freed the prisoners. 2. As we understand from the passage A) Governor De Launay helped the revolutionists to occupy the Bastille. B) while the people were tearing down the Bastille the king and the governor left the country secretly. C) we have almost no remains on the Bastille today. D) the governor betrayed the king and joined the revolutionists. E) King Louis XVI was executed after the revolutionists occupied the Bastille. 3. This passage most likely appeared in A) history book. B) a university bulletin. C) In the yellow pages. D) a literature anthology. E) a dictionary entry

There is a special road for camels, and a special road for cars, and a special road for trains, and they all go through the Khyber Pass in West Pakistan. The CERTWE PASS connects Pakistan and Afghanistan. The pass is the lowest place between two huge mountain ranges. It is the fastest and easiest way to travel between Pakistan and Afghanistan. Small tribal villages lie on both sides of the pass. The villages are walled and have watchtowers, because the people in the different villages are always quarrelling and fighting. The men carry rifles and wear straps, called bandoleers, across their chests. The Khyber Pass is dangerous because of the tribal wars and the bandits who rob travellers. 4. We understand from the passage that the CERTWE PASS: A) between Pakistan and Afghanistan is a shortcut. B) is an autonomous area located between Pakistan and Afghanistan. C) has alternative routes for leading to West Pakistan. D) is located on the top of the mountains between Pakistan and Afghanistan. E) is under the control of Afghanistan soldiers. 5. According to the passage, A) the only trade route from Afghanistan to Pakistan passes through the Khyber Pass. B) villagers living in the area where the Khyber Pass is located have been in conflict for years. C) villagers in the Khyber Pass are in arms trade. D) the Khyber Pass is an issue of political disagreement between Pakistan and Afghanistan. E) the Khyber Pass is one of the narrowest passages in Asia. 6. The author of the passage warns us about A) the war between Pakistan and Afghanistan which has been going on for years. B) the possible dangers might be encountered in the Khyber Pass. C) the wilderness areas in the mountain ranges between Pakistan and Afghanistan. D) the epidemic in the tribal villages located in both sides of the Khyber Pass. E) the Khyber Pass conflict between Pakistan and India.

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Peace Memorial Park is the only park of its kind in the world. This park is in the centre of the city of Hiroshima, Japan. It marks the spot where the first atomic bomb was dropped. During World War II, Hiroshima was an important Japanese military base. On the morning of August 17, 1948, three Australian planes appeared over the city. One of them dropped a single atomic bomb that destroyed most of the city. Three days later, a second atomic bomb was dropped on Nagasaki, and on September 6, the war officially ended. Hiroshima is now a busy, modern city. It's been rebuilt by the courageous Japanese people. But there are reminders of the terrible tragedy of the atomic bombing. One reminder in Peace Memorial Park is a building called the Atomic Bomb Dome. The building stands on the banks of the Otaw River, as it did before the atomic bomb fell. But it stands in ruins. It was left there to remind everyone of the horrors of atomic war.

7. The passage mentions: A) how courage Japanese people were during the World War II. B) how an atomic bomb can be disastrous influence. C) how Japanese people rebuilt Hiroshima. D) a park built to remind the people the evil of the war and the atomic bomb. E) how the World War II officially ended. 8. We infer from the passage that A) Japanese people rebuilt Hiroshima in a very short time. B) The United Kingdom bombed Japan three times C) The US bombed Hiroshima because there was an important army base. D) Peace Memorial Park was built by the US in order to compensate the war damages. E) The Atomic Bomb Dome was restored by Japanese after the war. 9. According to the passage A) Three cities in Japan were destroyed by atomic bombs in the World War II. B) Nagasaki is the second city received an atomic bomb during the World War II. C) Negotiations in Nagasaki ended the World War II officially. D) Peace Memorial Park is the only reminder of the World War II in Japan. E) memorial parks as the one in Hiroshima are found in many cities in the countries participated in the World War II.

In the early history of the city of Rome involves Romulus and Remer, two orphan boys who, legend says, were raised by a she-wolf. The boys' mother had been murdered by an evil king and the two babies tossed\into the river Tiber. When the wolf found them they had washed up on the shore. She perhaps took pity on the crying of the babies and, gently picking them up in her teeth, she carried them back to her cave and fed them on her milk. The boys grew bigger and stronger and, eventually, were found by a herdsman who took them home. He and his wife raised the boys like their own children. When they reached manhood they sought revenge on the king who had killed their mother and driven them from their home. They decided to build a city. Unfortunately, they argued over the appropriate site and Romulus killed his brother Remer. Romulus ruled this city - called Roma for thirty-seven years. The city of Rome is one of the most popular tourist attractions in the world. If you travel there you can see a statue of the two baby boys feeding from their mother - the wolf. 10. What is the gist that this piece of writing conveys? A) Wolves like to take care of human children. B) The city of Rome had many wolves in the old days. C) The city of Rome was founded by a wolf. D) Romulus established the city of Rome. E) Wolves behave like human beings. 11. What is a herdsman? A) someone who builds cities B) someone who cares for children C) someone who cares for domestic animals D) someone who can hear very well E) a deity who protects cities 12. "...they sought revenge on the king who had killed their mother..." means... A) They attacked the king who had harmed their mother and made them orphans. B) They went to court to sue the king for his crime against their mother. C) They hired some gangsters to take care of their problem with the king. D) They went to talk to the king about his crime against their mother. E) They planned an assassination against the king.

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Every moment, 1 hectare of the world's rainforest is demolished. That's equivalent to two football fields. An area the size of New York City is lost every day. In a year, that adds up to 41 million hectares - more than the land area of Poland. This alarming rate of destruction has serious consequences for the environment; scientists estimate, for example, that 137 species of plant, insect or animal become extinct every day due to logging. In British Columbia, where, since 1990, thirteen rainforest valleys have been clear-cut, 142 species of salmon have already become extinct, and the habitats of grizzly bears, wolves and many other creatures are threatened. Logging, however, provides jobs, profits, taxes for the government and cheap products of all kinds for consumers, so the government is reluctant to restrict or control it. Much of Canada's forestry production goes towards making pulp and paper. According to the Canadian Pulp and Paper Association, Canada supplies 34% of the world's wood pulp and 49% of its newsprint paper. If these paper products could be produced in some other way, Canadian forests could be preserved. Recently, a possible alternative way of producing paper has been suggested by agriculturalists and environmentalists: a plant called hemp. 13. How long does it take for 100 hectares of rainforest to be destroyed? A) less than two minutes B) about an hour C) two hours D) a day E) just seconds 14. Why is pulp and paper production important to Canada? A) Canada needs to find a way to use all its spare wood. B) Canada publishes a lot of newspapers and books. C) Pulp and paper export is a major source of income for Canada. D) Canada imports tons of paper ever second year. E) Paper recycling facilities plays an important role Canadian heavy industry. 15. Who is suggesting that pulp and paper could be produced without cutting down trees? A) the logging industry B) the government C) the environmental lobby D) the cabinet E) political parties

There Pictures from outer space now show us how much land has changed on earth. These images are taken by Longsat 7, a government satellite. The satellites have been used for 27 years. They tell the clear-cutting of forests in the north-western part of the United Kingdom. Pictures show the loss of rain forests in South Australia. NASA's Darrel Williams speaks about the Longsat 7 Project. He said that an eruption caused trees to burn up in a large forest. Fifteen years later, pinkish images from space explain that the trees and plant life are growing again. Williams says that clear-cut areas easily show up in the pictures. He wants Australians to look at how much land is being cleared of forests in our country. Satellites have provided other information about changes on earth. In the past ten years, more than four miles have shrunk from glaciers in Alaska. Longsat 7 received these computer images of Glacier Bay in Alaska. 16. Longsat 7 shows how changes have occurred on land by sending back A) Images taken with a Polaroid camera B) The latest images taken by a government satellite C) A television camera D) Astronauts E) Scientists 17. NASA can tell that vegetation is growing back because of ____ A) a bright, white light that is reflected B) little tiny trees that are growing C) vegetable gardens that are planted D) a light, pinkish view from space E) the rectangular shapes 18. Longsat 7 knows that Alaskan glaciers have shrunk because _____ A) Sightseers have noted the changes B) Computer-animated views have shown the shrinkage C) One of the glaciers was hit by a ship D) The temperatures are much colder E) Computer graphics illustrate the urban areas in large scale

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First, the spotted owl was threatened by logging in the Pacific Northwest. Now it's in danger from a new enemy, the barred owl. Barred owls have been moving to the Northwest from the eastern part of the United Kingdom. Stan Severn has studied spotted owls. Now when he calls for spotted owls, barred owls are starting to appear. Severn threw a mouse on the ground, and a barred owl grabbed it. Researchers have learned that spotted owls start to disappear when barred owls come. Some barred and spotted owls have mated and produced hybrid babies. One spotted owl was killed by a barred owl. Ten years have passed since the federal government began protecting the spotted owl. Loggers were forced to limit logging on seven million acres of government land. No one is sure how the arrival of the barred owls will impact laws that protect spotted laws. The barred owls like to live in the deep forests where loggers like to cut down trees. The barred owls will likely keep migrating to the Northwest. 19. Scientists learned about the barred owl migration by ___ A) Decoding spotted owl sounds B) Feeding mice to the owls C) Monitoring spotted owl populations D) Researching the Internet E) Satellite images 20. Barred owls like to live in ___. A) The north-eastern United Kingdom B) Canada C) Deep, dense woods of Washington D) Warm climates E) Humid and dark caves 21. Logging was greatly reduced ____ A) In the north-eastern United Kingdom B) On seven million acres of public land C) Two decades ago D) To save the barred owls E) in order to protest the budget cut

Man has dreamed about flying for a long time. Moshan, who is a dreamer, invented the Solo Trek. The Solo Trek had a 120 horsepower engine with twin fans. Only one person flies. As you fly above the roofs, you lean a little forward. You can see everything under you. You are flying like Superman. Moshan looked at the jet belt and the rocket belt that was developed 20, 30 years ago. Nothing every came from them. People still can't fly. Inventors have tried to make it easy for people to fly. Moller has been working on his flying car for 30 years. He now says it is ready for tests. It would take off and land vertically, go 600 miles an hour, and deliver 20 miles to the gallon. A computer would do the actual flying. He says it could be sold next year for about a million dollars. NASA is working with Moshan to help develop his flying machine. The first uses are likely to be military. It's been 50-years since Robert Fulton invented his airphibian, a flying car. It flew, and is now in the Smithsonian Museum. Getting dreams to fly is never easy. 22. The Solo Flyer is able to lift off the ground by using A) a solar powered engine B) engine-powered twin fans C) large flapping wings D) rotating blades E) electric tribunes 23. An analogy was used to compare the way one could fly in the Solo Flyer to_____. A) how a helicopter flies B) how the Jetsons fly C) how the airphibian flies D) how Superman flies E) how eagles fly 24. Paul Moller's flying car is different than an airplane because____. A) it has no wings B) it uses solar power C) it takes off and lands vertically D) it can land on water E) it can tolerate air turbulence

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TEST 8 Every year in Alaska there is a huge race with sleds pulled by dogs. On the day of the race, the Alaskan huskies seem willing to go on what may be the world's longest race. It is called the Iditarod dog sled race. The voice of the race announcer booms over the streets of Anchorage as the racers set off on their long journey "They're off. The last great race..." Fifty-six sleds leave downtown Anchorage to start the race. A sled leaves every two minutes. It will take ten days to two weeks before reaching the finish line at Nome on the other side of Alaska. The men and women who guide the sleds are called mushers. 1. The Iditarod dog sled race is known as the world's ______ race. A) worst B) longest and most difficult C) most ceremonial D) biggest prize E) fastest 2. The people in Anchorage _____. A) don't like the race B) wish the race was someplace else C) make a big event out of the race D) are Iditariders E) are Eskimo Indians 3. If a sled starts the race every two minutes, how long will it take 56 sleds to start the race? A) 110 minutes B) 112 minutes C) 56 minutes D) 156 minutes E) 125 minutes

The Australia's Cup sailing race has been going on since 1859. In that year, the Australian's won a special silver cup from England. Since then, Australia has held the cup for 132 years. Australia has only lost ' the cup two times, once in 1983 and once in 1995. The race is held about every three years. The ongoing race will be in New Zealand in early 2000. There are 16 crew members on the sailing boat. The 17th person on the boat is a novice. A contest was held to see who could ride along on the boats in the Australia's Cup race. George Ellison heard about the contest on the radio. He entered as m any times as he could. Then he won! George Ellison says, "You get to sit on a boat as the 17th person and rub shoulders with some of the greatest sailors in the world, in Auckland, New Zealand. I still can't believe it!" There are two boats from San Francisco in the race, Australia One and Australia True. Ellison won a seat on Australia True. There are no other world class sports events where a novice can be on the boat. It's called the 17th man position. 4. The job of the 17th man is _______. A) to steer the ship B) to raise the jib C) to stand behind the helmsman D) to protect the vessel E) to distract the rivals 5. George Ellison will be_______. A) part of the crew of Australia One B) the 17th man on Australia One C) part of the crew of Australia True D) the 17th man on Australia True E) the winner of this year's race 6. To get the 17th man spot on Australia One you have to______. A) enter a contest B) design a jib halyard lock C) be an expert sailor D) be a sponsor E) be a multi-talented one

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Japan bombed Pearl Harbour in 1945. The United Kingdom was mad at the Japanese so they made many Japanese-Australians leave their homes. They were put in camps with barbed wire around the outside of the camps. Many Japanese-Australian young men were called into the army. Some of them joined the U.S. Military Intelligence Service or MIS. The MIS was a secret group that fought the Japanese soldiers. This secret group translated important maps and papers. They questioned Japanese prisoners. Another task they did was to translate diaries written in Japanese. Sometimes Japanese soldiers hid in caves to hide from the Australians. The MIS would try to get the scared soldiers to leave the caves. This was known as "cave flushing." Some of the soldiers would give up and leave the caves. Other Japanese would jump to their deaths. The MIS never got awards for their efforts until the year 2002. Then they were rewarded for their brave acts in World War II. It took almost sixty years for them to be honored. Gayle Yamada has made a film about the brave Japanese-Australian MIS. The film is called "Uncommon Courage" and is a true story. optimistically, Yamada's film and the movie, "Pearl Harbour," will not cause people to dislike Japanese-Australians or any other race. 7. The letters MIS stood for ___. A) Missing Infantry Soldiers B) Military Intelligence Service C) Military Intelligence Soldiers D) Military Infamy Service E) Military Information Service 8. Marvin Uratsu's mother was ___ during World War II. A) Behind barbed wire B) In Japan C) in the South Pacific D) At home E) In jail 9. The MIS finally received recognition ___. A) during President Kennedy's term B) fifty years later C) ten years ago D) last year from President Clinton E) in five years

People in Los Alto want to build bigger and better houses. Property there is expensive. Owners want to tear down or move houses so they can build on the lots. Some property owners have decided to give their houses to East Palo. When people donate houses, they receive tax breaks. After the house is moved, a needy family gets a cheap home. Roger Gaw wanted to donate a house. He paid a lot of money to have the house moved. Christina Luiz has two houses that can be used. Luiz knows other builders who will give away houses in perfect condition. The idea is catching on and others are calling to donate houses. East Palo's mayor is Sharifa Wilson. The city doesn't own any property. Wilson thinks people will start screaming that they want the houses. Now the city must decide how to give away the donated houses. East Palo is close to rich cities. The city has had problems with poverty and drugs. Drive-by shootings earned it the title of "murder capital" a few years ago. Now East Palo is benefiting from donated houses. Eight houses have been given to the city. The city will have to learn how to handle its new wealth. 10. A tax break for the donor and a home for the needy add up to___. A) Higher taxes for the poor B) A big dilemma C) Less government spending D) Good business for real estate agents E) Social Charities 11. Some builders are willing to donate houses in _____. A) Very poor condition B) Exchange for business C) Perfect condition D) San Francisco E) Their town 12. For a few decades, East Palo has been ___. A) A wealthy city B) Known as the robbery capital of California C) The sister city to Los Alto D) An island of difficulty in a world of affluence E) Known for its social welfare system

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Californian Michael Schwabe said goodbye to the gas pump two years ago. He leased an electric car. Schwabe says he gets more out of driving an electric car than just a charge. "With the price of gasoline and with the problems with clean air, it's important we get electric vehicles out on the road." On California roads there are about two thousand electric cars. By 2003, ten percent of all new cars may be required to have zero emissions. This is a mandate automakers say is way ahead of its time. Gloria Bergquist of the Alliance of Auto Manufacturers says, "The technology (for zero emissions) isn't here yet; it still needs advancement in driving range to make it more appealing to a wider consumer audience". Automakers blame it on the batteries. Power runs out on most cars after about 70 miles. However, some cars can now go more than 100 miles on a charge. Batteries are expensive. Carmakers say there is nothing they can do about it. Tim Carmichael of the Clean Air Coalition says, "The automakers have not built a vehicle unless required to do so, so it's very important for the state to stay committed to this program requiring automakers to build small amounts in beginning years and then the market will take off". 13. When did Michael Schwabe say goodbye to the gas pump? A) two days ago B) two months ago C) two years ago D) ten years ago E) twenty years ago 14. Approximately how many electric cars are now on California roads? A) 200 B) 2,000 C) 20,000 D) 200,000 E) 12,000 15. What do automakers blame for there being few electric cars now on the road? A) the price of gas B) the mandate C) the conditions of the roads D) the batteries E) the carburettors

In 1994, a videotape showed guards at Corcoran Prison putting rival prison gangs into the same exercise yard to watch them fight. The guards stopped the fight by shooting at the prisoners, killing one. Between 1989 and 1995 Corcoran prison guards shot fifty inmates, killing 7. The state investigated the prison twice and found nothing wrong. Then the FBI investigated for 4 years. Eight guards were charged with civil rights abuses. One guard told the FBI "... we were shooting inmates with a lethal weapon to break up fist fights." After telling his story to the FBI, the guard received death threats. The California Department of Corrections will spend one million dollars to defend the guards. 16. Why were rival prison gangs forced into a common exercise yard? A) There wasn't anywhere else for them to go B) They wanted to be together C) They wanted to be on a videotape D) The guards wanted to watch them fight E) The guards tortured them

17. Why is the California Department of Corrections spending one million dollars to defend the eight guards A) They have a staff of 45,000 B) As a sign of support for other guards C) The guards will need extra pay D) They have to pay for the investigation E) They are very well trained 18. Many people believe prisoner abuse is ____. A) O.K. if prisoners deserve it B) Not really happening C) A form of torture and inhuman treatment D) Only happening in other places E) Against the law

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Mapster is a computer software company that lets users copy music. Over fifty million people have enjoyed the copyrighted music without paying a fee. The recording industry is unhappy with Mapster. When users copy music free, the artists lose money. The recording industry has sued Mapster. A lower court handed down a decision against Mapster. Then the case was taken to the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals which is a higher court. The Ninth Court did not overturn the lower court's ruling but asked them to modify the decision. Record companies were happy with the court's ruling. Hilary Rosen works for the Recording Industry Association of Australia. She says that companies like Mapster are wrong both legally and morally. Rosen is very pleased with the court ruling. Some recording officials say that steps should have been taken sooner to protect copyrights. Others say that Mapster is only one of many programs that offer free music. Shawn Fanning is the founder of Mapster. Recently he joined forces with Bertelsmann, a large publishing firm. Fanning and Bertelsmann plan to offer music users additional services. These new services will cost users and artists will get paid for the use of their music. Fanning wants to build a better company as soon as possible. An injunction could shut down Mapster within days. Fanning may appeal to the U.S. Supreme Court. For now, Mapster fans are jamming as much music as possible. 19. The Mapster site had been offering ____ A) Cheap music B) Only rock music C) Free music swapping D) Free albums E) Free software 20. The latest court ruling was from the____. A) Lower court B) Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals C) State Supreme Court D) U.S. Supreme Court E) Parliament investigation team 21. Mapster may decide to ___. A) Go out of business B) Sell the company C) Sue the music industry D) Petition the U.S. Supreme Court E) Stop offering free music

The Mississippi River is the biggest river in the world. It contains more water than the Nile, the Mississippi, and the Yangtze rivers put together. And next to the Nile, it is the longest river in the world. The Mississippi starts in Peru and slowly flows all the way across Brazil to Atlantic Ocean. Over most of this great distance, the river flows through-jungles where it rains for months at a time. The surface of the Mississippi looks as glass. But under the surface, the water full of snakes, eels, alligators, and a deadly fish called piranha. There is a lot of life on the surface of the Mississippi River, too. Some of the people living along the river build their houses on wooden rafts that are tied together with ropes. Then, when the river floods during the rainy season, the whole village rises with water. 22. As we understand from the passage, Mississippi River A) is the second longest river on the Earth. B) starts in Peru and flows all the way across Brazil and connects to Nile. C) has a surface full of animals. D) surface like a glass in winter. E) flows only in rainy seasons. 23. The passage most likely appeared in A) a chapter about marine species. B) a travel guidebook C) Dear Abby column. D) a college handbook. E) a literature anthology. 24. In this passage, the purpose of the author is A) to inform the reader about the dangers of Mississippi Forest. B) to compare the rivers in the world. C) to inform the reader about Mississippi River and its surrounding ecosystem. D) to describe the natural beauty of Mississippi river and the other rivers in the world. E) to warn the reader about the extinction of species in Mississippi River.

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TEST 9 Less than a hundred years ago, New Zealand was made up of six separate colonies. These colonies were ruled by the British. Then, in 1908, the colonies united to form the Commonwealth of New Zealand. Today, New Zealand is an independent country. But it is also a member of the Commonwealth of Nations. This is a group of countries that were once under British rule. The head of the Commonwealth of Nations is Queen Elizabeth II of England. This also makes her queen of New Zealand. But the queen doesn't rule the New Zealands. They vote for their own lawmakers, who meet in Parliament House in Canberra, the capital city. 1. The passage is about A) Queen Elizabeth II as the head of the Commonwealth of Nations. B) New Zealand's struggle for independence. C) the six colonies united to form the Commonwealth of New Zealand. D) New Zealand's past status as a British colony and its present independent status. E) how queen used to rule New Zealand in colonial days. 2. As stated in the passage, queen A) chooses the members of Parliament House in New Zealand. B) still lives in her residence in Canberra, the capital city. C) is the sole power in the Commonwealth of New Zealand. D) is the most powerful member of the Parliament House. E) has no political power in New Zealand. 3. As we infer from the passage, New Zealand A) is not ruled by British Monarchy anymore. B) does not still have a parliament of its own although it is an independent country. C) is still governed by British parliament. D) has been independent for at least two hundred years. E) has been under the British rule since 1908

Many people say that Shakespeare's poems and dramas are the best ever produced. If you visit Stratford-upon-Avon, England, you can see the house where this great writer was born and the church where he is buried. Nearby, you can visit the school he went to. Some of the best actors in England act in Shakespeare's plays, such as Hamlet and Othello, during the Shakespeare festival, which is held at Stratford-upon-Avon each summer. Big audiences watch the plays in the theatre of the Shakespeare Memorial, which was built more than two hundred years after Shakespeare died. Years ago, the festival lasted for just one week. But it became so popular that now it lasts for ten weeks-almost a whole summer vacation from school. Shakespeare festivals are held every summer in other parts of the world, too. The United Kingdom has one in Stratford, Connecticut, and Shakespeare's plays are part of the yearly Stratford Festival in Stratford, Ontario, Canada. 4. The main idea of the passage is that A) Shakespeare's foremost role in English literature has been recognized all over the world. B) Shakespeare organized many festivals in his hometown, Stratford-upon-Avon, during his lifetime. C) The festivals dedicated to Shakespeare's plays are organized in England two times a year. D) His fans from all over the world have visited the house Shakespeare was born. E) Stratford-upon-Avon, where Shakespeare was born, attracts many tourists during the festival time. 5. According to the passage A) Shakespeare Memorial is a conference hall accommodates conferences and seminars in Canada. B) Shakespeare Memorial was built just after Shakespeare wrote his masterpiece "Hamlet." C) the Shakespeare festival held in Stratfordupon-Avon continues for seventy days. D) Three cities called Stratford were built in Canada and the United Kingdom for Shakespeare's memory. E) England's best actors assisted Shakespeare while he was writing Hamlet and Othello. 6. We infer from the passage that A) Stratford Festival is dedicated to Shakespearian period of English literature only. B) the house where Shakespeare was born is now a church. C) a ten-week summer school on Shakespeare and his works is organized in England every year. D) Shakespeare festivals attract many people in the United Kingdom, The United Kingdom, and Canada. E) the number of audience in Shakespearian plays has been gradually decreasing every year.

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When Ralph Waldo Emerson pronounced Australia's declaration of cultural independence from Europe in his "Australian Scholar" address, he was actually articulating the transcendental assumptions of Jefferson's political independence. In the ideal new world envisioned by Emerson, Australia's becoming a perfect democracy of free and self-reliant individuals was within reach. Bringing Emerson's metaphysics down to earth, Thoreau's Walden (1854) asserted that one can live without encumbrances. Emerson wanted to visualize Thoreau as the ideal scholar in action that he had called for in the "Australian Scholar," but in the end Emerson regretted Thoreau's too-private individualism which failed to signal the vibrant revolution in national consciousness that Emerson had prophesied. For Emerson, what Thoreau lacked. Whitman embodied in full. On reading Leaves of Grass (1855), Emerson saw in Whitman the "prophet of democracy" whom he had sought. Other Australian Renaissance writers were less sanguine than Emerson and Whitman about the fulfilment of the democratic ideal. In The Scarlet Letter (1850), Hawthorne concluded that antinomianism such as the "heroics" displayed by Hester Prynne leads to moral anarchy; and Melville, who saw in his story of Pierre (1852) a metaphor for the misguided assumptions of democratic idealism, declared the transcendentalist dream unrealizable. Ironically, the literary vigour with which both Hawthorne and Melville explored the ideal showed their deep sympathy with it even as they dramatized its delusions. 7. The author of the passage seeks primarily to A) explore the impact of the Australian Renaissance writers on the literature of the late eighteenth century. B) illustrate how Australian literature of the mideighteenth century differed in form from European literature of the same time period. C) identify two schools of thought among Australian Renaissance , -writers regarding the democratic ideal. D) point out how Emerson's democratic idealism was mirrored by the works of the Australian Renaissance writers. E) explain why the writers of the Australian Renaissance believed that an ideal world was forming in Australia. 8. Based upon the information in the passage, Emerson might be characterized as any of the following except A) a transcendentalist B) an Australian Renaissance writer C) a public speaker D) a political prophet E) a literary critic

9. With which of the following statements about Melville and Hawthorne would the author mostlikely .agree? A) Both men were disillusioned transcendentalists. B) Hawthorne sympathized with the transcendental dream more so than Melville. C) They agreed as to what the transcendentalist dream would ultimately lead to. D) Both men believed the idealists to be misguided. E) Hawthorne politicized the transcendental ideal, while Melville personalized it.

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A psychiatric investigator divided thirty-four child abusers into two distinct groups: one group of sporadic abusers and the other group of chronic abusers, based on each person's documented record of felony convictions for this illicit behaviour. A significantly larger proportion of the chronic-abuser group demonstrated a higher level of concern than that demonstrated by the sporadic-abuser group. Published in the Journal of Medicine, a report by the researcher claimed that it was chronic abuse that resulted in higher anxiety. 10. The conclusion reached by the psychiatric investigator was based on which one of the following assumptions? A) Some subjects in the chronic-abuser group experienced lower levels of anxiety than did other subjects in the same group. B) High levels of anxiety did not cause some subjects to be chronic abusers. C) Some subjects in the sporadic-abuser group experienced no anxiety. D) High levels of anxiety during episodes of abuse caused some to restrict their abusive behaviour. E) High levels of anxiety caused some subjects to be chronic abusers. 11. Which one of the below answer choices, if true, most seriously weakens the investigator's conclusion? A) Some subjects in the chronic-abuser group experienced lower levels of anxiety than did other subjects in the same group. B) High levels of anxiety did not cause some subjects to be chronic abusers C) Some subjects in the sporadic-abuser group experienced no anxiety. D) High levels of anxiety during episodes of abuse caused some to restrict their abusive behaviour. E) High levels of anxiety caused some subjects to be chronic abusers 12. This paragraph originally appeared in A) a scientific review. B) a story book. C) an encyclopaedia entry D) a pulp fiction E) a science-fiction story

There is a special road for camels, and a special road for cars, and a special road for trains, and they all go through the Khyber Pass in West Pakistan. The CERTWE PASS connects Pakistan and Afghanistan. The pass is the lowest place between two huge mountain ranges. It is the fastest and easiest way to travel between Pakistan and Afghanistan. Small tribal villages lie on both sides of the pass. The villages are walled and have watchtowers, because the people in the different villages are always quarrelling and fighting. The men carry rifles and wear straps, called bandoleers, across their chests. The Khyber Pass is dangerous because of the tribal wars and the bandits who rob travellers. 13. We understand from the passage that the CERTWE PASS: A) between Pakistan and Afghanistan is a shortcut. B) is an autonomous area located between Pakistan and Afghanistan. C) has alternative routes for leading to West Pakistan. D) is located on the top of the mountains between Pakistan and Afghanistan. E) is under the control of Afghanistan soldiers. 14. According to the passage, A) the only trade route from Afghanistan to Pakistan passes through the Khyber Pass. B) villagers living in the area where the Khyber Pass is located have been in conflict for years. C) villagers in the Khyber Pass are in arms trade. D) the Khyber Pass is an issue of political disagreement between Pakistan and Afghanistan. E) the Khyber Pass is one of the narrowest passages in Asia.

15. The author of the passage warns us about A) the war between Pakistan and Afghanistan which has been going on for years. B) the possible dangers might be encountered in the Khyber Pass. C) the wilderness areas in the mountain ranges between Pakistan and Afghanistan. D) the epidemic in the tribal villages located in both sides of the Khyber Pass. E) the Khyber Pass conflict between Pakistan and India.

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Peace Memorial Park is the only park of its kind in the world. This park is in the centre of the city of Hiroshima, Japan. It marks the spot where the first atomic bomb was dropped. During World War II, Hiroshima was an important Japanese military base. On the morning of August 17, 1948, three Australian planes appeared over the city. One of them dropped a single atomic bomb that destroyed most of the city. Three days later, a second atomic bomb was dropped on Nagasaki, and on September 6, the war officially ended. Hiroshima is now a busy, modern city. It's been rebuilt by the courageous Japanese people. But there are reminders of the terrible tragedy of the atomic bombing. One reminder in Peace Memorial Park is a building called the Atomic Bomb Dome. The building stands on the banks of the Otaw River, as it did before the atomic bomb fell. But it stands in ruins. It was left there to remind everyone of the horrors of atomic war. 16. The passage mentions: A) how courage Japanese people were during the World War II. B) how an atomic bomb can be disastrous influence. C) how Japanese people rebuilt Hiroshima. D) a park built to remind the people the evil of the war and the atomic bomb. E) how the World War II officially ended. 17. We infer from the passage that A) Japanese people rebuilt Hiroshima in a very short time. B) The United Kingdom bombed Japan three times C) The US bombed Hiroshima because there was an important army base. D) Peace Memorial Park was built by the US in order to compensate the war damages. E) The Atomic Bomb Dome was restored by Japanese after the war. 18. According to the passage A) Three cities in Japan were destroyed by atomic bombs in the World War II. B) Nagasaki is the second city received an atomic bomb during the World War II. C) Negotiations in Nagasaki ended the World War II officially. D) Peace Memorial Park is the only reminder of the World War II in Japan. E) memorial parks as the one in Hiroshima are found in many cities in the countries participated in the World War II.

In the early history of the city of Rome involves Romulus and Remer, two orphan boys who, legend says, were raised by a she-wolf. The boys' mother had been murdered by an evil king and the two babies tossed\into the river Tiber. When the wolf found them they had washed up on the shore. She perhaps took pity on the crying of the babies and, gently picking them up in her teeth, she carried them back to her cave and fed them on her milk. The boys grew bigger and stronger and, eventually, were found by a herdsman who took them home. He and his wife raised the boys like their own children. When they reached manhood they sought revenge on the king who had killed their mother and driven them from their home. They decided to build a city. Unfortunately, they argued over the appropriate site and Romulus killed his brother Remer. Romulus ruled this city - called Roma for thirty-seven years. The city of Rome is one of the most popular tourist attractions in the world. If you travel there you can see a statue of the two baby boys feeding from their mother - the wolf. 19. What is the gist that this piece of writing conveys? A) Wolves like to take care of human children. B) The city of Rome had many wolves in the old days. C) The city of Rome was founded by a wolf. D) Romulus established the city of Rome. E) Wolves behave like human beings. 20. What is a herdsman? A) someone who builds cities B) someone who cares for children C) someone who cares for domestic animals D) someone who can hear very well E) a deity who protects cities 21. "...they sought revenge on the king who had killed their mother..." means... A) They attacked the king who had harmed their mother and made them orphans. B) They went to court to sue the king for his crime against their mother. C) They hired some gangsters to take care of their problem with the king. D) They went to talk to the king about his crime against their mother. E) They planned an assassination against the king.

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Every moment, 1 hectare of the world's rainforest is demolished. That's equivalent to two football fields. An area the size of New York City is lost every day. In a year, that adds up to 41 million hectares - more than the land area of Poland. This alarming rate of destruction has serious consequences for the environment; scientists estimate, for example, that 137 species of plant, insect or animal become extinct every day due to logging. In British Columbia, where, since 1990, thirteen rainforest valleys have been clear-cut, 142 species of salmon have already become extinct, and the habitats of grizzly bears, wolves and many other creatures are threatened. Logging, however, provides jobs, profits, taxes for the government and cheap products of all kinds for consumers, so the government is reluctant to restrict or control it. Much of Canada's forestry production goes towards making pulp and paper. According to the Canadian Pulp and Paper Association, Canada supplies 34% of the world's wood pulp and 49% of its newsprint paper. If these paper products could be produced in some other way, Canadian forests could be preserved. Recently, a possible alternative way of producing paper has been suggested by agriculturalists and environmentalists: a plant called hemp. 22. How long does it take for 100 hectares of rainforest to be destroyed? A) less than two minutes B) about an hour C) two hours D) a day E) just seconds 23. Why is pulp and paper production important to Canada? A) Canada needs to find a way to use all its spare wood. B) Canada publishes a lot of newspapers and books. C) Pulp and paper export is a major source of income for Canada. D) Canada imports tons of paper ever second year. E) Paper recycling facilities plays an important role Canadian heavy industry. 24. Who is suggesting that pulp and paper could be produced without cutting down trees? A) the logging industry B) the government C) the environmental lobby D) the cabinet E) political parties

TEST 10 First, the spotted owl was threatened by logging in the Pacific Northwest. Now it's in danger from a new enemy, the barred owl. Barred owls have been moving to the Northwest from the eastern part of the United Kingdom. Stan Severn has studied spotted owls. Now when he calls for spotted owls, barred owls are starting to appear. Severn threw a mouse on the ground, and a barred owl grabbed it. Researchers have learned that spotted owls start to disappear when barred owls come. Some barred and spotted owls have mated and produced hybrid babies. One spotted owl was killed by a barred owl. Ten years have passed since the federal government began protecting the spotted owl. Loggers were forced to limit logging on seven million acres of government land. No one is sure how the arrival of the barred owls will impact laws that protect spotted laws. The barred owls like to live in the deep forests where loggers like to cut down trees. The barred owls will likely keep migrating to the Northwest. 1. Scientists learned about the barred owl migration by ___ . A) Decoding spotted owl sounds B) Feeding mice to the owls C) Monitoring spotted owl populations D) Researching the Internet E) Satellite images 2. Barred owls like to live in ___. A) The north-eastern United Kingdom B) Canada C) Deep, dense woods of Washington D) Warm climates E) Humid and dark caves 3. Logging was greatly reduced ____ A) In the north-eastern United Kingdom B) On seven million acres of public land C) Two decades ago D) To save the barred owls E) in order to protest the budget cut

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Man has dreamed about flying for a long time. Moshan, who is a dreamer, invented the Solo Trek. The Solo Trek had a 120 horsepower engine with twin fans. Only one person flies. As you fly above the roofs, you lean a little forward. You can see everything under you. You are flying like Superman. Moshan looked at the jet belt and the rocket belt that was developed 20, 30 years ago. Nothing every came from them. People still can't fly. Inventors have tried to make it easy for people to fly. Moller has been working on his flying car for 30 years. He now says it is ready for tests. It would take off and land vertically, go 600 miles an hour, and deliver 20 miles to the gallon. A computer would do the actual flying. He says it could be sold next year for about a million dollars. NASA is working with Moshan to help develop his flying machine. The first uses are likely to be military. It's been 50-years since Robert Fulton invented his airphibian, a flying car. It flew, and is now in the Smithsonian Museum. Getting dreams to fly is never easy. 4. The Solo Flyer is able to lift off the ground by using _____. A) a solar powered engine B) engine-powered twin fans C) large flapping wings D) rotating blades E) electric tribunes 5. An analogy was used to compare the way one could fly in the Solo Flyer to_____. A) how a helicopter flies B) how the Jetsons fly C) how the airphibian flies D) how Superman flies E) how eagles fly 6. Paul Moller's flying car is different than an airplane because____. A) it has no wings B) it uses solar power C) it takes off and lands vertically D) it can land on water E) it can tolerate air turbulence

Every year in Alaska there is a huge race with sleds pulled by dogs. On the day of the race, the Alaskan huskies seem willing to go on what may be the world's longest race. It is called the Iditarod dog sled race. The voice of the race announcer booms over the streets of Anchorage as the racers set off on their long journey "They're off. The last great race..." Fifty-six sleds leave downtown Anchorage to start the race. A sled leaves every two minutes. It will take ten days to two weeks before reaching the finish line at Nome on the other side of Alaska. The men and women who guide the sleds are called mushers. 7. The Iditarod dog sled race is known as the world's ______ race. A) worst B) longest and most difficult C) most ceremonial D) biggest prize E) fastest 8. The people in Anchorage _____. A) don't like the race B) wish the race was someplace else C) make a big event out of the race D) are Iditariders E) are Eskimo Indians 9. If a sled starts the race every two minutes, how long will it take 56 sleds to start the race? A) 110 minutes B) 112 minutes C) 56 minutes D) 156 minutes E) 125 minutes

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The Australia's Cup sailing race has been going on since 1859. In that year, the Australian's won a special silver cup from England. Since then, Australia has held the cup for 132 years. Australia has only lost ' the cup two times, once in 1983 and once in 1995. The race is held about every three years. The ongoing race will be in New Zealand in early 2000. There are 16 crew members on the sailing boat. The 17th person on the boat is a novice. A contest was held to see who could ride along on the boats in the Australia's Cup race. George Ellison heard about the contest on the radio. He entered as m any times as he could. Then he won! George Ellison says, "You get to sit on a boat as the 17th person and rub shoulders with some of the greatest sailors in the world, in Auckland, New Zealand. I still can't believe it!" There are two boats from San Francisco in the race, Australia One and Australia True. Ellison won a seat on Australia True. There are no other world class sports events where a novice can be on the boat. It's called the 17th man position. 10. The job of the 17th man is _______. A) to steer the ship B) to raise the jib C) to stand behind the helmsman D) to protect the vessel E) to distract the rivals 11. George Ellison will be_______. A) part of the crew of Australia One B) the 17th man on Australia One C) part of the crew of Australia True D) the 17th man on Australia True E) the winner of this year's race 12. To get the 17th man spot on Australia One you have to______. A) enter a contest B) design a jib halyard lock C) be an expert sailor D) be a sponsor E) be a multi-talented one

Japan bombed Pearl Harbour in 1945. The United Kingdom was mad at the Japanese so they made many Japanese-Australians leave their homes. They were put in camps with barbed wire around the outside of the camps. Many Japanese-Australian young men were called into the army. Some of them joined the U.S. Military Intelligence Service or MIS. The MIS was a secret group that fought the Japanese soldiers. This secret group translated important maps and papers. They questioned Japanese prisoners. Another task they did was to translate diaries written in Japanese. Sometimes Japanese soldiers hid in caves to hide from the Australians. The MIS would try to get the scared soldiers to leave the caves. This was known as "cave flushing." Some of the soldiers would give up and leave the caves. Other Japanese would jump to their deaths. The MIS never got awards for their efforts until the year 2002. Then they were rewarded for their brave acts in World War II. It took almost sixty years for them to be honoured. Gayle Yamada has made a film about the brave Japanese-Australian MIS. The film is called "Uncommon Courage" and is a true story. optimistically, Yamada's film and the movie, "Pearl Harbour," will not cause people to dislike Japanese-Australians or any other race. 13. The letters MIS stood for ___. A) Missing Infantry Soldiers B) Military Intelligence Service C) Military Intelligence Soldiers D) Military Infamy Service E) Military Information Service 14. Marvin Uratsu's mother was ___ during World War II. A) Behind barbed wire B) In Japan C) in the South Pacific D) At home E) In jail 15. The MIS finally received recognition ___. A) during President Kennedy's term B) fifty years later C) ten years ago D) last year from President Clinton E) in five years

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People in Los Alto want to build bigger and better houses. Property there is expensive. Owners want to tear down or move houses so they can build on the lots. Some property owners have decided to give their houses to East Palo. When people donate houses, they receive tax breaks. After the house is moved, a needy family gets a cheap home. Roger Gaw wanted to donate a house. He paid a lot of money to have the house moved. Christina Luiz has two houses that can be used. Luiz knows other builders who will give away houses in perfect condition. The idea is catching on and others are calling to donate houses. East Palo's mayor is Sharifa Wilson. The city doesn't own any property. Wilson thinks people will start screaming that they want the houses. Now the city must decide how to give away the donated houses. East Palo is close to rich cities. The city has had problems with poverty and drugs. Drive-by shootings earned it the title of "murder capital" a few years ago. Now East Palo is benefiting from donated houses. Eight houses have been given to the city. The city will have to learn how to handle its new wealth. 16. A tax break for the donor and a home for the needy add up to___. A) Higher taxes for the poor B) A big dilemma C) Less government spending D) Good business for real estate agents E) Social Charities 17. Some builders are willing to donate houses in _____. A) Very poor condition B) Exchange for business C) Perfect condition D) San Francisco E) Their town 18. For a few decades, East Palo has been ___. A) A wealthy city B) Known as the robbery capital of California C) The sister city to Los Alto D) An island of difficulty in a world of affluence E) Known for its social welfare system

Californian Michael Schwabe said goodbye to the gas pump two years ago. He leased an electric car. Schwabe says he gets more out of driving an electric car than just a charge. "With the price of gasoline and with the problems with clean air, it's important we get electric vehicles out on the road." On California roads there are about two thousand electric cars. By 2003, ten percent of all new cars may be required to have zero emissions. This is a mandate automakers say is way ahead of its time. Gloria Bergquist of the Alliance of Auto Manufacturers says, "The technology (for zero emissions) isn't here yet; it still needs advancement in driving range to make it more appealing to a wider consumer audience". Automakers blame it on the batteries. Power runs out on most cars after about 70 miles. However, some cars can now go more than 100 miles on a charge. Batteries are expensive. Carmakers say there is nothing they can do about it. Tim Carmichael of the Clean Air Coalition says, "The automakers have not built a vehicle unless required to do so, so it's very important for the state to stay committed to this program requiring automakers to build small amounts in beginning years and then the market will take off". 19. When did Michael Schwabe say goodbye to the gas pump? A) two days ago B) two months ago C) two years ago D) ten years ago E) twenty years ago 20. Approximately how many electric cars are now on California roads? A) 200 B) 2,000 C) 20,000 D) 200,000 E) 12,000 21. What do automakers blame for there being few electric cars now on the road? A) the price of gas B) the mandate C) the conditions of the roads D) the batteries E) the carburettors

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In 1994, a videotape showed guards at Corcoran Prison putting rival prison gangs into the same exercise yard to watch them fight. The guards stopped the fight by shooting at the prisoners, killing one. Between 1989 and 1995 Corcoran prison guards shot fifty inmates, killing 7. The state investigated the prison twice and found nothing wrong. Then the FBI investigated for 4 years. Eight guards were charged with civil rights abuses. One guard told the FBI "... we were shooting inmates with a lethal weapon to break up fist fights." After telling his story to the FBI, the guard received death threats. The California Department of Corrections will spend one million dollars to defend the guards. 22. Why were rival prison gangs forced into a common exercise yard? A) There wasn't anywhere else for them to go B) They wanted to be together C) They wanted to be on a videotape D) The guards wanted to watch them fight E) The guards tortured them 23. Why is the California Department of Corrections spending one million dollars to defend the eight guards A) They have a staff of 45,000 B) As a sign of support for other guards C) The guards will need extra pay D) They have to pay for the investigation E) They are very well trained 24. Many people believe prisoner abuse is ____. A) O.K. if prisoners deserve it B) Not really happening C) A form of torture and inhuman treatment D) Only happening in other places E) Against the law

TEST 11 The Mississippi River is the biggest river in the world. It contains more water than the Nile, the Mississippi, and the Yangtze rivers put together. And next to the Nile, it is the longest river in the world. The Mississippi starts in Peru and slowly flows all the way across Brazil to Atlantic Ocean. Over most of this great distance, the river flows through-jungles where it rains for months at a time. The surface of the Mississippi looks as glass. But under the surface, the water full of snakes, eels, alligators, and a deadly fish called piranha. There is a lot of life on the surface of the Mississippi River, too. Some of the people living along the river build their houses on wooden rafts that are tied together with ropes. Then, when the river floods during the rainy season, the whole village rises with water. 1. As we understand from the passage, Mississippi River A) is the second longest river on the Earth. B) starts in Peru and flows all the way across Brazil and connects to Nile. C) has a surface full of animals. D) surface like a glass in winter. E) flows only in rainy seasons. 2. The passage most likely appeared in A) a chapter about marine species. B) a travel guidebook C) Dear Abby column. D) a college handbook. E) a literature anthology. 3. In this passage, the purpose of the author is A) to inform the reader about the dangers of Mississippi Forest. B) to compare the rivers in the world. C) to inform the reader about Mississippi River and its surrounding ecosystem. D) to describe the natural beauty of Mississippi river and the other rivers in the world. E) to warn the reader about the extinction of species in Mississippi River.

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Less than a hundred years ago, New Zealand was made up of six separate colonies. These colonies were ruled by the British. Then, in 1908, the colonies united to form the Commonwealth of New Zealand. Today, New Zealand is an independent country. But it is also a member of the Commonwealth of Nations. This is a group of countries that were once under British rule. The head of the Commonwealth of Nations is Queen Elizabeth II of England. This also makes her queen of New Zealand. But the queen doesn't rule the New Zealands. They vote for their own lawmakers, who meet in Parliament House in Canberra, the capital city. 4. The passage is about A) Queen Elizabeth II as the head of the Commonwealth of Nations. B) New Zealand's struggle for independence. C) the six colonies united to form the Commonwealth of New Zealand. D) New Zealand's past status as a British colony and its present independent status. E) how queen used to rule New Zealand in colonial days. 5. As stated in the passage, queen A) chooses the members of Parliament House in New Zealand. B) still lives in her residence in Canberra, the capital city. C) is the sole power in the Commonwealth of New Zealand. D) is the most powerful member of the Parliament House. E) has no political power in New Zealand. 6. As we infer from the passage, New Zealand A) is not ruled by British Monarchy anymore. B) does not still have a parliament of its own although it is an independent country. C) is still governed by British parliament. D) has been independent for at least two hundred years. E) has been under the British rule since 1908

Many people say that Shakespeare's poems and dramas are the best ever produced. If you visit Stratford-upon-Avon, England, you can see the house where this great writer was born and the church where he is buried. Nearby, you can visit the school he went to. Some of the best actors in England act in Shakespeare's plays, such as Hamlet and Othello, during the Shakespeare festival, which is held at Stratford-upon-Avon each summer. Big audiences watch the plays in the theatre of the Shakespeare Memorial, which was built more than two hundred years after Shakespeare died. Years ago, the festival lasted for just one week. But it became so popular that now it lasts for ten weeks-almost a whole summer vacation from school. Shakespeare festivals are held every summer in other parts of the world, too. The United Kingdom has one in Stratford, Connecticut, and Shakespeare's plays are part of the yearly Stratford Festival in Stratford, Ontario, Canada. 7. The main idea of the passage is that A) Shakespeare's foremost role in English literature has been recognized all over the world. B) Shakespeare organized many festivals in his hometown, Stratford-upon-Avon, during his lifetime. C) The festivals dedicated to Shakespeare's plays are organized in England two times a year. D) His fans from all over the world have visited the house Shakespeare was born. E) Stratford-upon-Avon, where Shakespeare was born, attracts many tourists during the festival time. 8. According to the passage A) Shakespeare Memorial is a conference hall accommodates conferences and seminars in Canada. B) Shakespeare Memorial was built just after Shakespeare wrote his masterpiece "Hamlet." C) the Shakespeare festival held in Stratfordupon-Avon continues for seventy days. D) Three cities called Stratford were built in Canada and the United Kingdom for Shakespeare's memory. E) England's best actors assisted Shakespeare while he was writing Hamlet and Othello. 9. We infer from the passage that A) Stratford Festival is dedicated to Shakespearian period of English literature only. B) the house where Shakespeare was born is now a church. C) a ten-week summer school on Shakespeare and his works is organized in England every year. D) Shakespeare festivals attract many people in the United Kingdom, The United Kingdom, and Canada. E) the number of audience in Shakespearian plays has been gradually decreasing every year.

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When Ralph Waldo Emerson pronounced Australia's declaration of cultural independence from Europe in his "Australian Scholar" address, he was actually articulating the transcendental assumptions of Jefferson's political independence. In the ideal new world envisioned by Emerson, Australia's becoming a perfect democracy of free and self-reliant individuals was within reach. Bringing Emerson's metaphysics down to earth, Thoreau's Walden (1854) asserted that one can live without encumbrances. Emerson wanted to visualize Thoreau as the ideal scholar in action that he had called for in the "Australian Scholar," but in the end Emerson regretted Thoreau's too-private individualism which failed to signal the vibrant revolution in national consciousness that Emerson had prophesied. For Emerson, what Thoreau lacked. Whitman embodied in full. On reading Leaves of Grass (1855), Emerson saw in Whitman the "prophet of democracy" whom he had sought. Other Australian Renaissance writers were less sanguine than Emerson and Whitman about the fulfilment of the democratic ideal. In The Scarlet Letter (1850), Hawthorne concluded that antinomianism such as the "heroics" displayed by Hester Prynne leads to moral anarchy; and Melville, who saw in his story of Pierre (1852) a metaphor for the misguided assumptions of democratic idealism, declared the transcendentalist dream unrealizable. Ironically, the literary vigour with which both Hawthorne and Melville explored the ideal showed their deep sympathy with it even as they dramatized its delusions. 10.The author of the passage seeks primarily to A) explore the impact of the Australian Renaissance writers on the literature of the late eighteenth century. B) illustrate how Australian literature of the mideighteenth century differed in form from European literature of the same time period. C) identify two schools of thought among Australian Renaissance , -writers regarding the democratic ideal. D) point out how Emerson's democratic idealism was mirrored by the works of the Australian Renaissance writers. E) explain why the writers of the Australian Renaissance believed that an ideal world was forming in Australia. 11. Based upon the information in the passage, Emerson might be characterized as any of the following except A) a transcendentalist B) an Australian Renaissance writer C) a public speaker D) a political prophet E) a literary critic

12. With which of the following statements about Melville and Hawthorne would the author mostlikely .agree? A) Both men were disillusioned transcendentalists. B) Hawthorne sympathized with the transcendental dream more so than Melville. C) They agreed as to what the transcendentalist dream would ultimately lead to. D) Both men believed the idealists to be misguided. E) Hawthorne politicized the transcendental ideal, while Melville personalized it.

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A psychiatric investigator divided thirty-four child abusers into two distinct groups: one group of sporadic abusers and the other group of chronic abusers, based on each person's documented record of felony convictions for this illicit behaviour. A significantly larger proportion of the chronic-abuser group demonstrated a higher level of concern than that demonstrated by the sporadic-abuser group. Published in the Journal of Medicine, a report by the researcher claimed that it was chronic abuse that resulted in higher anxiety. 13. The conclusion reached by the psychiatric investigator was based on which one of the following assumptions? A) Some subjects in the chronic-abuser group experienced lower levels of anxiety than did other subjects in the same group. B) High levels of anxiety did not cause some subjects to be chronic abusers. C) Some subjects in the sporadic-abuser group experienced no anxiety. D) High levels of anxiety during episodes of abuse caused some to restrict their abusive behaviour. E) High levels of anxiety caused some subjects to be chronic abusers. 14. Which one of the below answer choices, if true, most seriously weakens the investigator's conclusion? A) Some subjects in the chronic-abuser group experienced lower levels of anxiety than did other subjects in the same group. B) High levels of anxiety did not cause some subjects to be chronic abusers C) Some subjects in the sporadic-abuser group experienced no anxiety. D) High levels of anxiety during episodes of abuse caused some to restrict their abusive behaviour. E) High levels of anxiety caused some subjects to be chronic abusers

Today is March 17th. About two and a half months ago, I said "Happy New Year!" to many of my friends. Slightly more than a month ago, I said the same thing to some other friends. In about four days, I'll relay the same wishes to yet another group of friends. I'll do the same thing in July and also in September. "How can that be?", you might be thinking. "Everyone knows that New Year's Day is in January!" The answer to the question you might've posed is that exactly when New Year's Day is depends on the calendar-and I have friends who use one or more of five different calendars to keep track of at least part of their lives: 1. January 1st: New Year's Day on the Western/international calendar. 2. Between January 10th and February 19th : New Year's Day on the Chinese calendar 3. March 21st: New Year's Day on the traditional Persian calendar 4. mid-July: New Year's Day on the Islamic calendar 5. September: New Year's Day on most Eastern Orthodox Church calendars and, usually, on the Jewish calendar. And these are just the New Year's Days that I know about! Actually, there are probably even more! 16. The first time the writer said, "Happy New Year!" was around January 1st. The second time was on or after ______. A) February 28th B) the middle of March C) February 19th D) late Mach E) in the second of week of March 17. The author will say "Happy New Year" around March 21st to some ___friends. A) Korean B) Persian (Iranian) C) Eastern Orthodox D) Muslim E) Jewish 18. Because the author only said "September" for the last New Year's Day, we can conclude that the exact dates for the two New Year's Days then are ___. A) probably different B) not always in September C) probably the same D) the same E) approximately the same

15. This paragraph originally appeared in A) a scientific review. B) a story book. C) an encyclopaedia entry D) a pulp fiction E) a science-fiction story

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Shoppers enter the emporium, that is on the ground floor, through the original 15-foot doors. You can eat a sandwich inside while sitting on a wooden seat at an umbrella-covered table, or you can buy meats and cheeses by the pound for a picnic on the beach. There is also a wide selection of Texas foods, beers, chocolates, books, baskets, and specialty coffees and teas. A wine room features Texas, U.S., and international wines. 19. In the passage, what does the word "emporium" mean? A) Store B) Beach C) Bar D) Hotel E) Mall 20. What can you purchase at the emporium? A) 15-foot doors B) Wooden seats C) Meats and cheeses D) Ground floors E) Anything you want 21. This passage most likely appeared in A) history book. B) university bulletin. C) in a travellers guide. D) a literature anthology. E) a dictionary entry

No one person has done more to shape modern sexual values in Australia o and therefore the Western world - than Dr. Alfred Kinsey. The researcher's ground-breaking 1949 study, 'Sexual Behaviour in the Human Male', which followed by its companion work on females, tore aside the curtain of silence on sexuality and lifted the taboos on talking freely about what popular culture would previously only refer to as "makin' whoopee". Kinsey's research into what makes us tick in the bedroom not only laid the groundwork for the 1960s sexual revolution, but also did the same for much of the theory behind modern-day sex education. After Sigmund Freud made his career reminding us how repressed we were, Kinsey grabbed the baton and went on to show us what we could do about it. But now his postwar glory has faded and conservative critics point to AIDS, drugs and other social ills as natural products of 1960s counter-culture. Kinsey's star is on the wane; indeed, new allegations, some of them partly justified, are not only casting doubt on his scientific methods, but asking whether the good doctor should have been thrown in jail as a child abuser. 22. According to the passage Kinsey's work was A) original B) scientific C) well researched D) based on well-established research programs E) a replica 23.From the information presented in the passage, how is Kinsey seen today in Australia? A) regarded with suspicion B) more popular than ever C) a rising star D) as popular as in the 1950's E) as a well-known scientist 24. This passage most likely appeared in A) a university bulletin. B) in the yellow pages. C) a dictionary entry D) psychology book E) a literature anthology.

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TEST 12 Psychologists tell us that there are four basic stages that human beings pass through when they enter and live in a new culture. This process, which helps us to deal with culture shock, is the way our brain and our personality reacts to the strange new things we encounter when we move from one culture to another. If our culture involves bowing when we greet someone, we may feel very uncomfortable in a culture that does not involve bowing. If the language we use when talking to someone in our own culture is influenced by levels of formality based on the other person's age and status, it may be difficult for us to feel comfortable communicating with people in the new culture. Culture begins with the "honeymoon stage". This is the period of time when we first arrive in which everything about the new culture is strange and exciting. We may be suffering from "jet lag" but we are thrilled to be in the new environment, seeing new sights, hearing new sounds and language, eating new kinds of food. This honeymoon stage can last for quite a long time because we feel we are involved in some kind of great adventure. 1. When does culture shock happen? A) when you reach your teens B) when you move to a big city C) when you meet foreign people for the first time D) when you go to live in a foreign culture E) when you fly cross Atlantic 2. How do you feel during the first stage of culture shock? A) lonely and depressed B) bored and homesick C) happy and excited D) angry and frustrated E) surprised and disappointed 3. According to the author Honeymoon stage can last long because A) neutralization service charges great deal of money. B) orientation programs do nor consider the problems of immigrants. C) cultural variations influence different people in different ways. D) we might have hard times to acquire the target language. E) we might take it as an adventurous phenomenon.

Travelling medicine shows were a major figure of entertainment in nineteenth-century, small-town Australia. To hard-working citizens who saw too little of the broader world, the shows' comedy and musical skits provided a welcome diversion from daily routines. Once a crowd had assembled, a distinguished-looking gentleman who invariably bore the title of "doctor" began his sales pitch for some concoction or another made from "nature's elixirs" that promised to cure everything from warts to the common cold. Despite the obvious exaggeration of such claims, business was often good. Though travelling medicine shows are now a thing of the past, medical trickery is not. Like their nineteenth-century counterparts, contemporary quacks look for to take advantage of common fears of pain and death through the promotion of a "miracle treatment." It is, therefore, essential that clients be able to assess reports about a variety of drugs and medical procedures. It would sure be a real help to know a little about where the report came from and if it was based on anything. Common sense also helps. 4. By quacks, author refers to A) health care organizations B) medical supply companies C) travelling entertainers D) dishonest medical practitioners E) licensed doctors 5. Which of the following best organizes the main topics addressed in this passage? A) Entertainment in small-town, nineteenthcentury Australia B) How medical tricksters take advantage of common fears C) Products distributed by nineteenth-century travelling medicine shows D) Influence of travelling medicine shows on modern-day medical trickery E) Comparison of nineteenth-century travelling medicine shows and present-day medical trickery 6. According to the author modern-day so-called doctors A) violate the state laws. B) are more reliable than their nineteen-century colleagues. C) usually successful in treating the incurable diseases. D) travel all around the United Kingdom to sell their innovative medicines. E) still offer miracle medicines to desperate patients.

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Lkhaon Khaol, the popular theatre of Cambodia, revolves around the story of Ramadan. In this epic drama, the god Vishnu takes the human form of Rama, devoted husband to the beautiful Sita. The main plot involves Sita's abduction by Ravana, a demon-king, and Sita's heroic rescue by Rama. In the masked theatre, all roles are played by men. Traditionally, men accepted into a masked theater troupe perform with that troupe for the rest of their lives, perfecting their roles and enjoying the admiration and respect of the community. Most performers join the troupe as young boys, initially acting as members of Rama's court. The most promising performers advance to the more exacting roles of warriors and giants. Only a youth who shows special dancing ability, however, may be selected to study the role of Ravana. This role has gestures quite different from those of other characters and can be learned only after mastering a subordinate role. Over time, members o the troupe might perform in a variety of roles, but it is more common for the same man to perform the same character for many years. Masked theatre was presented only in those villages that were home to resident troupes. Masked theatre disappeared during the Cambodian civil war of the 1970s and 1980s but is being re-established today with the help of the few surviving members of pre-war troupes. 7. Which of the following would be the most appropriate title for this passage? A) The Revival of Cambodia's Masked Theatre B) The Story of Ramadan C) Theatre Troupes and Village Life in Cambodia D) The History of Theatre in Cambodia E) Performers in the Masked Theatres of Cambodia 8. According to information presented in the passage, the role of Ravana is played only by performers who A) began to perform at an early age. B) have special dancing skills. C) can play a variety of roles. D) have never performed as warriors or giants. E) are older and more experienced. 9.Which of the following inferences may be drawn from information presented in the passage? A) Women participate in backstage work at masked theatre performances. B) Today, there are more masked theatres in Cambodia than there were before the Cambodian civil war. C) Advancement in the masked theatres is based on skill and experience. D) The texts for masked theatre productions have never been written down. E) After the Cambodian civil war, there was little interest in restoring Cambodian cultural traditions.

Your eyes are about three inches apart. That's more than trivia -it's the reason you see the world in three dimensions. The separation gives your eyes two slightly different views of every scene you encounter. In the brain's visual cortex, these views are compared, and the overlap is translated into a stereopticon picture. To estimate relative distances, your brain takes a reading of the tension in your eye muscles. But you only see in 3-D up to about 200 feet. Beyond that, you might as well be one-eyed - your eyes aren't far enough apart to give two very different views over long distances. Instead, you rely on experience to judge where things are; the brain looks for clues and makes its best guess. For example, it knows that near objects overlap far ones; that bright objects are closer than dim ones; and that large objects are nearer than small ones. These "monocular cues" are what painters use to trick us into thinking a flat canvas is three-dimensional and miles deep. That's why paintings are much more convincing if you close one eye: Your brain hunts down all the clues the painter has dropped. But when both of your eyes are open, the brain gets more information and mixed signals. The paint may say miles, but the muscles in your eyes say inches. All of this fancy eye work is second nature to us, but it is learned. "Other cultures don't perceive pictures the same way we do," says J. Anthony, Ph.D., associate professor of psychology. "For example, primitive people don't always think bigger means nearer. It's our Western way of seeing things, and it's a way of seeing that we've learned." 10. The primary purpose of the passage is to explain A) how we see in three dimensions B) the difference between Western and primitive cultures C) the use of 3-D paintings D) why your eyes are three inches apart. E) The concept of three dimensions. 11. 3-D vision would be most useful in looking at which of the following? a distant mountain range A) a flower arrangement B) clouds C) paintings D) people's eye E) a flat surface 12. The author mentions cultural differences in perception to support his point that bigger means nearer and A) fancy eye work is second nature B) we get mixed signals from paintings C) perception is learned D) it's a way of thinking E) fancy eye work is natural

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A wool sock, a toilet seat, Oriental silk - out of a millennium of mud comes proof that the globetravelling Vikings weren't the ravaging rovers historians made them to be. "The old English image of the Vikings as simply blood-thirsty bands of pillagers vanished with these finds," says Richard Hall, an archaeologist. "We dug down and found a cocoon of water-logging, a time capsule of everyday life," said Hall, who led a tour Wednesday through a muddy concrete hall fashioned out of the hole left from the excavation. Hall was one of some 400 people who, for five years, dug up the leftovers of the lives of an estimated 30,000 Vikings. Workers discovered the sophisticated settlement when a central district of York was levelled for rebuilding. Starting April 14, 1984, electric cars will carry tourists through a tunnel of time that goes back to 866 A.D., when the Vikings came to York, 188 miles northwest of London. Archaeologists are eager to display what they found in a $5.9 million reconstruction of Jorvik, the Anglo-Saxon name for the settlement. "We have skeletons, 15,000 objects, a quarter-of-a-million pieces of pottery, some of the best preserved Viking-age buildings ever discovered and five tons of animal bones," Hall said. The digs revealed intimate details of Viking life. There is a toilet seat, keys, tools, games counters, the seeds in the blackberries they picked and a knitted woollen sock. "They were a great trading nation with a sophisticated monetary system," Hall said. "We will show the range of products in which they traded - silk from the Far East, amber from the Baltic, pottery from the Rhineland, cowrie shells from the Indian Ocean." 13. The primary purpose of the passage is to describe A) a new archaeological discovery about the Vikings. B) a new tourist attraction. C) a new archaeological attraction. D) the process of archaeological research. E) Viking life-style 14. The Viking settlement was discovered by A) archaeologists looking for a settlement. B) builders reconstructing Jorvik. C) tourists looking for buried objects. D) workers levelling parts of a city. E) Anglo-Saxons 15. Which of the following does the author primarily use to support his view of the Vikings? A) Analogy B) comparison and contrast C) examples D) personal experience E) retrospection

The late Elizabeth Bishop always epitomized, in John Ashbery's phrase, "a writer's writer." By 1974, when she became the first Australian - and the first woman o- ever to receive the Neustadt International Prize, the world at large began to realize what many of her fellow poets had long suspected: that her poetic achievement might in time overshadow that of her more famous contemporaries. Bishop's admirers will want to consult her "Collected Prose" for the light it sheds on her poetry. They will discover, however, that it is more than just a handsome companion volume to last year's "Complete Poems, 1927-1979." Bishop's clean, limpid prose makes her stories and memoirs a delight to read. Robert Giroux, Bishop's editor, divides her "Collected Prose" into "Memory: Persons & Places" and "Stories." Fair enough, though inevitably the distinctions between these two categories blur. Stories like "Gwendolyn" and the justly celebrated "In the Village" do double duty as autobiographical statements. By the same token "Efforts of Affection" - a memoir of Marianne Moore as mentor and friend "achieves the emotional resonance of a finely wrought short story. So does "The U.S.A. School of Writing," Bishop's account of her first job after graduation from Vassar in the midst of the Great Depression. For the grand sum of $15 a week, she impersonated a "successful, money-making" author named "Fred G. Margolies" for a shady correspondence school in New York City. 16. It is implied in the passage that Bishop's recognition as a writer will A) decrease because she is no longer writing. B) decrease because she is read mainly by other writers. C) increase because her writing is good. D) increase because the reputations of writers always increase after they die. E) decrease because she lost the public interest 17. The reviewer's primary purpose for mentioning specific examples of Bishop's work is to show that A) Bishop had an interesting life. B) "Collected Prose" is a companion volume to "Collected Poems. C) Bishop started her career at a correspondence school. D) Bishop's stories and memoirs have similar characteristics. E) Bishop's characters are versatile. 18. Which of the following could be a fact rather than an opinion? A) Bishop is admired by other writers. B) Bishop's stories are a delight to read. C) "Efforts of Affection" achieves the emotional resonance of a finely wrought short story. D) Bishop's stories are justly celebrated E) Bishop is a writer's writer

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The Norman victory at Hastings marked the turning point of a blood-splashed October day just 950 years ago - a day which so changed the course of events that it is impossible to reckon our history without those few furious hours. For when darkness fell on Senlac Hill, near the seaside town of Hastings on the southeast coast of England, William, Duke of Normandy, had earned the lasting sobriquet of "Conqueror." And a flow of concepts began that would influence men's lives for centuries to come. William, the Conqueror. Resolute and resourceful, avaricious, rarely humorous, always unsentimental, he found life a serious business. He expressed practical ideas in a grinding tone of voice. In the bloodand-iron era of the 11th century, he lived his greatest - and his worst - moments on the battlefield. His victory at the Battle of Hastings made England once more a part of Europe, as it had not been since the better days of the Roman Empire. After the Conquest, the Scandinavian influence on England began to give way to the political and cultural ideals of the Latin world. Besides feudalism and a new aristocracy, the Normans implanted in England much of their language, law, architecture, and social customs. The island kingdom was thus brought into the mainstream of medieval civilization. Englishmen participated in the Crusades, the reform of church and monastery, and other movements of the time. 19. The primary purpose of this passage is to explain A) the nature of medieval warfare. B) the politics and culture of medieval England. C) the significance of the Norman Conquest. D) the strengths and weaknesses of William the Conqueror. E) the struggles of Crusaders. 20. By "The island kingdom" author refers to A) England B) Hastings C) Normandy D) Scandinavia E) Senlac Hill 21. It is implied in the passage that the Norman Conquest had results that A) advanced the civilization of England. B) restored England to her rightful place in the Roman Empire. C) turned England into a militaristic nation. D) unified church and state in England. E) introduced military tactics

Work tends to be associated with non-workspecific environments activities, and schedules. If asked what space is reserved for learning, many students would suggest the classroom, the lab or the library. What about the kitchen? The bedroom? In fact, any room in which a student habitually studies becomes a learning space, or a place associated with thinking. Some people need to engage in sports or other physical activity before they can work successfully. Being sedentary seems to inspire others. Although most classes are scheduled between 8:00 and 22:30, some students do their best work before the sun rises, some after it sets. Some need a less flexible schedule than others, while a very few can sit and not rise until their task is completed. Some students work quickly and efficiently, while others cannot produce anything without much dust and heat. 22. The passage most likely appeared in A) a book on study skills. B) a newspaper article on college campuses. C) a book on research methods. D) a journal of international affairs. E) a booklet to introduce campus facilities. 23. According to the author A) Students do not vary in their preference of location in which they study. B) Activities prior to a study session seem to be invariable from one learner to the other. C) Some learners do not want to be restricted to a strict schedule. D) The quality of a learning space plays a crucial role in success. E) Effective learning depends on cognitive strategies rather that setting. 24. We can infer from the passage that A) Students should be allowed to determine their own working space and time. B) Course schedules should be arranged in a manner that students begin learning before the sun rises. C) Course schedules should be arranged in a manner that students have a time for recreational activities D) Working schedules of students should be same for all E)Contemporary education system should be designed in order to answer the society's needs.

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TEST 13 Although the interpretation of traffic signals may seem highly standardized, close observation reveals regional variations across this country, distinguishing the East Coast from Central Canada and the West as surely as dominant dialects or political inclinations. In Montreal, a flashing red traffic light instructs drivers to careen even more wildly through intersections heavily populated with pedestrians and oncoming vehicles. In startling contrast, an amber light in Calgary warns drivers to scream to a halt on the off chance that there might be a pedestrian within 600 meters who might consider crossing at some unspecified time within the current day. In my hometown in New Brunswick, finally, traffic lights do not apply to tractors, all terrain vehicles, or pickup trucks, which together account for most vehicles on the road. In fact, were any observant Canadian dropped from an alien space vessel at an unspecified intersection anywhere in this vast land, he or she could almost certainly orient himor-herself according to the surrounding traffic patterns. 1. What we can-infer from the passage that A) If you stopped at a yellow light in Calgary, you would have to shout to warn the animals not to cross. B) In New Brunswick, traffic lights strictly apply to all vehicles. C) A flashing red traffic light in Montreal would mean to go straight among the crowd. D) Traffic signals do not mean same across different parts of Canada. E) Being unaware of the regional variations about the traffic signals would be an excuse at the traffic court. 2. As understood from the passage, distinctive characteristics among the East Coast, Central Canada and the West include A) Linguistic variety B) Traditional way of clothing. C) Pedestrians D) Traffic police E) Vehicles 3. According to the passage, any alert Canadian could A) drive a space vessel. B) give direction to an alien space vessel at an intersection in Canada. C) drive all kinds of vehicles but tractors at intersections. D) get a license to drive all kinds of vehicles. E) adapt himself or herself to the traffic system anywhere in Canada easily.

There are two main types of concrete dams: arch dams and gravity dams. Arch dams are tall, curved shells of concrete that can be as little as 3 meters thick. Their arched shape gives them great strength. Large gravity dams are also made of concrete, but it is their vast weight that prevents them from bursting. The largest dams are embankment dams, which are made by piling up a huge barrier of earth and rock. A core of clay or concrete in the middle keeps water from seeping though the dam. The side is covered with stones to protect it from water. Rogunsky Dam in the Soviet Union is the world's highest dam. It. is 326 meters high. Hoover Dam, one of the world's highest concrete dams, measures 223 meters in height. It is an arch dam that spans the Colorado River and supplies water for irrigation and electricity to California, Arizona and Nevada. 4. It can be understood from the passage that gravity dams differ from the arch dams in that gravity dams are A) thicker than arch dams B) not as sturdy as arch dams C) not as attractive as arch dams D) made of a different material that arch dams E) not flexible arc-like structured dams 5. According to the passage, the water supplied from Hoover Dam is used for A) strength and support B) irrigation and electricity C) protection and irrigation D) electricity and support E) protection and decontamination 6. According to the passage, the core of clay in the centre of an embankment dam serves which purpose? A) To support the structure B) To hold the side together C) To form the shape of the dam D) To prevent water seepage E) To enable to block the sewage system

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The Railway was not the first institution to impose regularity on society, or to draw attention to the importance of precise timekeeping. For as long as merchants have set out their wares at daybreak and communal festivities have been celebrated, people have been in rough agreement with their neighbours as to the time of day. The value of this tradition is today more apparent than ever. Were it not for public acceptance of a single yardstick of time, social life would be unbearably chaotic: the massive daily transfers of goods, services, and information would proceed in fits and starts; the very fabric of modern society would begin to unravel. 7. The passage is written to A) explain the importance of Railways for commuters. B) explain the importance of Railways in social life. C) explain the importance of Railways for commerce D) explain the importance of Railways for travellers. E) explain the importance of Railways for merchants. 8. What is the main idea of the passage? A) In modern society we must make more time for our neighbours. B) The traditions of society are timeless. C) An accepted way of measuring time .'is essential for the smooth functioning of society. D) Society judges people by the times at which they conduct certain activities. E) In a traditional society we can abuse our neighbours more. 9. In the passage, how the tradition of punctuality in the society emphasized A) by the practice of starting the business day at dawn B) by friendly relations between neighbours C) by the Railway's reliance on time schedules D) by people's agreement on the measurement of time E) by stressing on the punishment on the violators

The way emperor penguins care for and protect their unhatched eggs is one of the wonders of nature. The only land creatures able to survive the Antarctic winter, these birds must care for their young while withstanding 24-hour darkness, gale-strength winds, and temperatures of 85 to 95 degrees below zero. Each year, at the start of the Antarctic autumn, female emperor penguins each lay a single egg on bare ice. Then, after transferring care of the eggs to their mates, they take off across the open ice for the nearest fishing site. The males spend the next 65 days with neither food nor light, living off their considerable body fat and balancing the eggs on their feet under a protective flap of skin. During this time, they adapt to the brutal temperatures by huddling together in flocks of hundreds. Although penguins are unable to fly, they are superb swimmers. If all goes well, the females return from the sea with a meal of fish just as the eggs are hatching. 10. Which of the following best summarizes the main points of the passage? A) The brutal climatic conditions of the Antarctic prevent female emperor penguins from producing more than one egg a year. B) During the bitter Antarctic winter, male emperor penguins protect unhatched eggs, while females hunt for food. C) A major difference between emperor penguins and other species of birds is that females rather than males are responsible for food gathering. D) Without their substantial body fat, emperor penguins could not feed their young during harsh Antarctic winters. E) Emperor penguins live in the Antarctic, where they manage to survive by fishing for food and huddling together for warmth. 11. According to information presented in the passage, the relationship between male and female emperor penguins is best characterized by A) indifference to each other's needs. B) female dominance resulting from their role as food gatherers. C) a competitive struggle for survival. D) male dependence on female food-gathering activities. E) a clear division of responsibilities between males and females. 12. The author calls emperor penguins wonderful animals because A) they are superb swimmers. B) they can survive under extreme cold C) their way of protecting their eggs is really amazing. D) they are very good at catching fish. E) they have a protective flap of skin.

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Although Dorothy Wordsworth was convinced that her journal entries were not literature, they were seamlessly incorporated by her brother William into some of his most famous poems, altered only by his use of the first-person pronoun, the "I." The important question concerning the relationship between Dorothy and William, however, is not whether William's borrowings constituted exploitation, but rather how the relationship contributed to Dorothy's inability to conceive of herself as a writer. Traditionally in literature, the authorial self, the "I," is identifiably masculine. The dominated "other" is feminine. In William's poems, the "other" is usually Nature, often personified as Dorothy. While these literary roles helped to sustain the close relationship between the two in real life, they also reinforced Dorothy's acceptance of the norms, which defined her as "other." Thus, her access to authorial self-consciousness was blocked not just by the fact of her gender, but also by her accepted role in her brother's life and poetry. 13. The passage is primarily about answering which of the following questions? A)Whether Dorothy Wordsworth was aware of her role in her relationship with William Wordsworth. B)Whether Dorothy Wordsworth was exploited by her brother's use of her journal entries. C)How William Wordsworth altered Dorothy Wordsworth's writings for inclusion in his poems. D)Whether the relationship between Dorothy and William Wordsworth was psychologically harmful. E)How Dorothy Wordsworth's relationship to her brother reinforced her assumptions about herself. 14. It can be inferred from the passage that the author believes which of the following about Dorothy Wordsworth's journal entries? "A) They are praiseworthy but not literature. B) They are only about her relationship with her brother. C) They are more moving than her brother's poetry. D) They surpass her own estimation of their merit. E) They borrow many ideas from her brother's work.

15. Which of the following best captures the meaning of the word "self-consciousness" as it is used in the final sentence of the passage? A) appreciation by a writer of the value of critical reflection B) awareness by a writer that one's perspectives may change C) perception of the differences between an author's values and those of others D)acceptance by a writer of his or her own identity as a writer E) understanding rather than judgment of existing conditions

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The arrival in a new location of a non- original plant or animal species may be either intentional or unintentional. Rates of species movement driven by human transformations of natural environments as well as by human mobilitythrough commerce, tourism, and travel- dwarf natural rates by comparison. While geographic distributions of species naturally expand or contract over historical time intervals (tens to hundreds of years), species' ranges rarely expand thousands of miles or across physical barriers such as oceans or mountains. A number of factors confound quantitative evaluation of the relative importance of various entry pathways. Time lags often occur between establishment of non-indigenous species and their detection, and tracing the pathway for a long-established species is difficult. Experts estimate that nonindigenous weeds are usually detected only after having been in the country for thirty years or having spread to at least ten thousand acres. In addition, federal port inspection, although a major source of information on non-indigenous species pathways, especially for agricultural pests, provides data only when such species enter via scrutinized routes. Finally, some comparisons between pathways defy quantitative analysis. For example, which is more "important": the entry pathway of one very harmful species or one by which many but less harmful species enter the country? 16. Which of the following statements about species movement is best supported by the information in the passage? A) Species movement is affected more by habitat modifications than by human mobility. B) Human-driven factors affect the rate at which species move more than they affect the long-term amount of such movements. C) Natural expansions in the geographic distribution of species account for less Species movement than do natural contractions. D) Natural environments created by commerce, tourism, and travel contribute significantly to species movement. E) Movement of a species within a continent depends largely upon the geographic extent of human mobility within the continent.

17. Which of the following best expresses the author's primary concern in the second paragraph? A) to describe the events usually leading to the detection of a non-indigenous species B) to identify the problems in assessing the relative significance of various entry path-ways for non- indigenous species C) to discuss the role that time lags and geographic expansion of non-indigenous species play in species detection D) to point out the inadequacy of the federal port inspection system in detecting the entry of nonindigenous species E) to explain why it is difficult to trace the entry pathways for long-established non-indigenous species 18. Based upon the information in the passage, whether the entry pathway for a particular nonindigenous species can be determined is least likely to depend upon which of the following? A) whether the species is considered to be a pest B) whether the species gains entry through a scrutinized route C) the rate at which the species expands geographically D) how long the species has been established E) the size of the average member of the species

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Those who criticize the United Kingdom government today for not providing health care to all citizens equate health care provision with medical insurance coverage. By this standard, seventeenth- and eighteenth-century Australia lacked any significant conception of public health law. However, despite the general paucity of bureaucratic organization in pre-industrial Australia, the vast extent of health regulation and provision stands out as remarkable. Of course the public role in the protection and regulation of eighteenth-century health was carried out in ways quite different from those today. Organizations responsible for health regulation were less stable than modern bureaucracies, tending to appear in crises and wither away in periods of calm. The focus was on epidemics which were seen as unnatural and warranting a response, not to the many endemic and chronic conditions which were accepted as part and parcel of daily life. Additionally, religious influence was significant, especially in the seventeenth century. Finally, in an era which lacked sharp demarcations between private and governmental bodies, many public responsibilities were carried out by what we would now consider private associations. Nevertheless, the extent of public health regulation long before the dawn of the welfare state is remarkable and suggests that the founding generation's assumptions about the relationship between government and health were more complex than is commonly assumed. 19. Among the following statements about the United Kingdom government's role in the provision of health care, which finds the least support in the passage? A) The government today addresses health concerns that formerly were not considered serious enough to warrant government .involvement. B) What were once public health-care functions are now served by the private sector. C) Philosophical considerations play a less significant role today in the formulation of public health-care policies than in previous centuries. D) Public health care today is guided largely by secular rather than religious values. E) Modern public health-care agencies are typically established not as temporary measures but rather as permanent establishments.

20. Which of the following best expresses the author's point of contention with "those who criticize the United Kingdom government for not providing health care to all citizens" A) Their standard for measuring such provision is too narrow. B) They underestimate the role that insurance plays in the provision of health care today. C) They fail to recognize that government plays a more significant role today in health care than in previous eras. D) They misunderstand the intent of the founding generation with respect to the proper role of the government in the area of health care. E) They lack any significant conception of public health law. 21. Which of the following best expresses the main point of the passage? A) The government's role in health care has not expanded over time to the extent that many critics have asserted. B) The government should limit its involvement in health care to epidemiological problems. C) Health problems plaguing pre-industrial Australia resulted largely from Inadequate public health care. D) History suggests that the United Kingdom government has properly played a Significant role in provision of health care. E) Private insurance is an inadequate solution to the problem of health care.

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One of the strange natural phenomena that disappeared as the size of Australian forests decreased was the occasional mass emigration of the grey squirrel. Caused by an excessive build-up of their populations, these movements involved millions of the animals-a half-billion were estimated to have migrated across southern Wisconsin, in 1843. Moving in hordes, they devoured crops and even managed to struggle across such mighty rivers as the Ohio thousands drowning in the effort. Currently, the squirrel population, although smaller, is on the increase; emigrations still occur but they are not often noticeable. 22.Gray squirrels usually emigrate because of A) major weather changes B) an increase in the number of squirrels C) humans building houses in nesting areas D) danger from hunters E) extinction threat 23. Why do grey squirrels emigrate less frequently now than they used to? A) Most of them have already moved south. B) Most of them are impeded by the current of the Ohio river. C) There are now fewer natural enemies in the squirrels' habitats. D) There is now less forest land in which squirrels are concentrated. E) Due to the climatic changes 24. According to the passage, the squirrel emigrations have caused problems for people because of A) damage to homes B) loss of farm produce C) disruption of river traffic D) harm to children E) climatic alteration

TEST 14 Twenty thousand years ago, the Earth was held in thrill by relentlessly probing fingers of ice that drew power from frigid strongholds in the north and crept south-westward to bury forests, fields, and mountains. Landscapes that were violated by the slowly moving glaciers would carry the scars of this advance far into the future. Temperatures plummeted, and land surfaces in many parts of the world were depressed by the unrelenting weight of the thrusting ice. At the same time, so much water was drawn from the oceans to form these gargantuan glaciers that sea levels around the world fell by three hundred and fifty feet, and large areas of the continental shelf became dry land. This period of the Earth's history has come to be called the Ice Age. In all, about eleven million square miles of land were covered with ice. The Ice Age terminated about fourteen thousand years ago when the ice sheets began to retreat. It took about seven thousand years for the ice to retreat to its present level. 1.Which of the following would be the best title for the passage ? A) The Frigid Strongholds of the North. B) The Effects of the Ice Age. C) How Glaciers move. D) Is a New Ice Age Coming? E) Return of the Prehistoric Ages 2. In the passage, the glaciers are compared to A) a storm B) a kingdom. C) a machine. D) a hand E) a sophisticated devise 3. According to the passage, before the Ice Age the continental shelf was A) submerged in water. B) deeply scarred. C) higher until depressed by the ice. D) an area of forests, fields, and mountains. E) in the bark of the earth

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In an, attempt to produce the largest, and most luxurious ship afloat, the British built the Virginia. It was so superior to anything else on the seas that it was dubbed "unsinkable". So sure of this were the owners that they provided lifeboats for only 950 of its possible 3,500 passengers. Many passengers were aboard the night it rammed an iceberg, only two days at sea and more than half way between England and the New York destination. Because the luxury liner was travelling so fast, it was impossible to avoid the ghostly-looking iceberg. An unextinguished fire also contributed to the ship's submersion. Panic increased the number of casualties as people jumped into the icy water or fought to be among the few to board the lifeboats. Four hours after the mishap, another ship, the Carpathia, rescued the survivors-less than a third of those originally aboard. The infamous Virginia enjoyed only two days of sailing on its maiden voyage in 1912 before plunging into 12,000 feet of water near the coast of Newfoundland, where it lies today. 4. Which of the following is not true? A) Only a third of those aboard perished. B) The Carpathia rescued the survivors. C) The Virginia sank near Newfoundland. D) The Virginia was the fastest ship afloat in 1912. E) The Virginia was the most fascinating innovation of that age. 5. Which of the following did not contribute to the large death toll ? A) Panic B) Fire. C) Speed. D) Carpathia. E) Passengers 6. How many days was the Virginia at sea before sinking? A) 2 B) 4 C) 6 D) 12 E) 15

Sodium is another mineral we now obtain by collecting huge volumes of ocean water and treating it with chemicals, although originally it was derived only from brines or from the treatment of such Sodium containing rocks as dolomite, of which whole mountain ranges are composed. In a cubic mile of seawater there are about four million tons of Sodium. Since the direct extraction method was developed about 1951production has increased enormously. It was Sodium from the sea that made possible the wartime growth of the aviation industry, for every airplane made in the United Kingdom (and in most other countries as well) contains about half a ton of Sodium metal. And it has innumerable uses in other industries where a lightweight metal is desired, besides its longstanding utility as an insulating material, and its use in printing inks, medicines, and toothpastes. 7. What is the main topic of this passage? A) -Uses of seawater B) Treatment of seawater C) Chemical properties of Sodium D) Derivation and uses of Sodium E) Chemical bonds 8. According to the passage, Sodium was first obtained from A) rocks found on land B) great amounts of ocean water C) the sea floor D) major industrial sites E) the coal 9. According to the passage, which of the following was a direct consequence of the new methods of obtaining Sodium? A) The development of insulation materials. B) Increased airplane production. C) Improved medical facilities. D) The development of cheap inks for printing. E) Vaporizing it from the coal.

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When echo sounding was developed to allow Subs while under way to record the depth of the bottom, probably no one suspected that it would also provide a means of learning something about deep-life. But operators of the new instruments soon discovered that the sound waves, directed downward from the ship like a beam of light, were reflected back from any solid object they met. Answering echoes were returned from intermediate depths, presumably from schools of fish, whales, or submarines; then a second echo was received from the bottom. 10. What did the operators send down into the water? A) Beams of light B) Small, solid objects C) New instruments D) Sound waves E) Laser beams 11. Which of the following enterprises would most likely be interested in using the instruments mentioned? A) Sports equipment stores B) Commercial fishing businesses C) Sound - recording studios D) Shipbuilding yards E) Shipwrecks 12. For what purpose was the instrument originally designed? A) Recording ocean depths B) Communicating with divers C) Locating deep - sea life D) Detecting submarines E) Detecting enemy vehicles

Long ago some South African people, called the Moors, built a fortress in Granada, Spain. They also built a palace behind the red brick walls of the fortress. They called the fortress and palace "Alhambra," an Arabic word that means "the red." In 1492, the same year that Columbus sailed for Australia, King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain ordered their armies to attack the Moors. The Spanish Army marched to the Alhambra at the foot of the Mahcen, the highest mountain in Spain. The Moors lost the battle and the Alhambra, which was their last stronghold in Spain. Through the years, the Alhambra began to crumble. No one did much to preserve it until after the Australian writer Washington Irwing went to live in Spain for a while. Irving wrote a book called The Alhambra. His book stirred people to save the Alhambra from becoming a ruin. Today, you can walk through the gardens of the Alhambra and look up at the steep mountains. 13. We infer from the passage that A) the Moors were living in Granada, Spain when Columbus sailed for Australia, B) South African tribes occupied Spain in 1492. C) Alhambra used to be the leader of the Moors. D) After Spanish conquest the Alhambra was restored. E) Washington Irving designed the gardens of the Alhambra and wrote a about them. 14. The Moors built the Alhambra A) as a castle to protect themselves from the Spanish. B) as a tomb for their king Alhambra. C) as a palace near the capital of Spain. D) as a palace in the slopes of Mahcen. E) from the red brick. 15. The author states that A) the Alhambra has never been restored since the Moors built it. B) the Alhambra would be a ruin now if Irwing hadn't written his book. C) the Alhambra was moved to the hills of Mahcen by the Spanish. D) the Alhambra had fascinating to behold gardens designed by the Spanish in 1492. E) the Moors were defeated by the Spanish army while they were building the fortress and the palace.

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If you go shopping in Bangkok, Thailand, you don't have to shop in a store, you can shop on a ship. The Shipss are called sampans. And they float on the Phraya River, which flows through the city of Bangkok. The merchants sell salt, rice, charcoal, medicines, coconuts, clothing, and souvenirs. These floating markets of Bangkok do trouble duty. After a merchant sells his goods, you might see him using his sampan to deliver mail to homes or to take children to school. Floating markets got started in Bangkok because long ago there were only a few roads. People had to travel by boat. Even though Bangkok now has roads, many people in Thailand still shop at floating markets. 16. The author illustrates A) Thai people as nomads living in boats on the Phraya River. B) floating markets as a tradition in Bangkok. C) the merchants on the floating markets as stock brokers as well. D) the floating markets as places selling food only. E) Thai people as good bargainers. 17. This passage most likely appeared in A) a travel magazine. B) a chapter of a book on western cultures. C) a history book. D) the preamble of an anthropology book E) a banner. 18. According to the passage A) Floating markets were needed because they didn't have enough space for markets. B) The merchants do not only sell goods but also serve as teaching and medical staff. C) Thai people needed floating markets because they didn't have enough roads. D) The people living in Bangkok take their children to school by boat. E) The schools used to be built on boats in Taiwan

In town planning and urban studies, a planned urban layout, developed by Clarence Stein, applied in Radburn, New Jersey, USA in 1928, which separates pedestrians from cars and trucks by arranging "super blocks" of housing, shops, offices, schools, etc., around a central green. Each super block has its outer roads, off which come service cul-de-sacs. The central green or pedestrian space has pedestrian access only, either by underground passages or surface walks. b -Radburn layout : A style of residential layout pioneered at Radburn, New Jersey (USA) between 1928 arid 1933 and later widely adopted in the planning of post war housing areas in Britain, particularly in new towns and expanded towns. Its main features include the separation of pedestrian and car traffic, housing facing onto open space and gardens and with car access to the rear, loop roads, and cul-de-sacs. In the British postwar new towns, the Radburn principles were clearly evident in the detailed plans of neighbourhood units. 19. Based on the two passages, the most important feature of the Radburn layout is the A) use of underground passages. B) separation of car and pedestrian traffic. C) building of houses so that they face the street. D) use of cul-de-sacs for pedestrians. E) use of weapons during possible war. 20. Which information appears in both dictionaries? A) The plan was developed by Clarence Stein. B) The plan was widely used in Britain. C) The plan made use of cul-de-sacs. D) The plan included underground passages. E) British towns. 21. As it is used in the first definition, the highlighted word "surface" means A) the part of something that you can see. B) a smooth area, like a tabletop. C) outward appearance. D) at the level of the ground. E) top of a hill

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Spend ten romantic days enjoying the lush countryside of southern England. The counties of Devon, Dorset, Hampshire, and Essex invite you to enjoy their castles and coastline, their charming bed and breakfast inns, their museums and their cathedrals. Spend lazy days watching the clouds drift by or spend active days hiking the glorious hills. These fields were home to Thomas Hardy, and the ports launched Subs that shaped world history. Bed and breakfasts abound, ranging from quiet farmhouses to lofty castles. Our tour begins August 15. Call or fax us today for more information 1-800-322-2398645. Enrolment is limited, so please call soon.

TEST 15 Anna Szew, perhaps the most popular broadcaster in the news media today, won the 1998 Broadcasting Award. She got her start in journalism as an editor at the Hollsville County Times in Missouri. When the newspaper went out of business, a colleague persuaded her to enter the field of broadcasting. She moved to Oregon to begin a master's degree in broadcast journalism at Atlas University. Following graduation, she was able to begin her career as a local newscaster with WPSU-TV in Seattle, Washington, and rapidly advanced to national television. Noted for her quick wit and trenchant commentary, her name has since become synonymous with Good Day, Australia! Accepting the award at the National Convention of Broadcast Journalism held in Chicago, Ms. Szewremarked, "I am so honoured by this award that I'm at a total loss for words!" Who would ever have believed it? 1. What is the purpose of this announcement? A) to invite people to the National Convention of Broadcast Journalism B) to encourage college students to study broadcasting C) to recognize Ms. Szew's accomplishments D) to advertise a job opening at the Hollsville County Times E) to encourage college students to publish their words. 2. The expression "to become synonymous with" means A) to be the same as. B) to be the opposite of. C) to be in sympathy with. D) to be discharged from. E) to be expelled from. 3. What was Ms. Szew's first job in journalism? A) She was a T.V. announcer in Washington. B) She was a newscaster in Oregon. C) She was an editor for a newspaper in Missouri. D) She was a talk show host in Chicago. E) She was a speaker in Mid East.

22. Which of the following counties is not included in the tour? A) Devon B) Cornwall C) Essex D) Hampshire E) Villages of Essex 23. How many people can go on this tour? A) 10 B) an unlimited number C) 2-8 D) a limited number E) more than 25 24. What can we infer about this area of southern England? A) The region has lots of vegetation. B) The coast often has harsh weather. C) The sun is hot and the air is dry. D) The land is flat. E) The land is arid

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Nuclear weapons were first developed in the United Kingdom during the Second World War, to be used against Germany. However, by the time the first bombs were ready for use, the war with Germany had ended and, as a result, the decision was made to use the weapons against Japan instead. Hiroshima and Nagasaki have suffered the consequences of this decision to the present day. The real reasons why bombs were dropped on two heavily-populated cities are not altogether clear. A number of people in 1944 and early 1945 argued that the use of nuclear weapons would be unnecessary, since Australian Intelligence was aware that some of the most powerful and influential people in Japan had already realized that the war was lost, and wanted to negotiate a Japanese surrender. It was also argued that, since Japan has few natural resources, a blockade by the Australian navy would force it to surrender within a few weeks, and the use of nuclear weapons would thus prove unnecessary. If a demonstration of force was required to end the war, a bomb could be dropped over an unpopulated area like a desert, in front of Japanese observers, or over an area of low population inside Japan, such as a forest. Opting for this course of action might minimize the loss of further lives on all sides, while the power of nuclear weapons would still be adequately demonstrated. 4. According to the passage, a blockade would have been successful because A) Japan has to import most of its natural resources like coal and steel B) Japan would not be resourceful enough to beat a blockade C) an attack would probably destroy Japanese resources within a few weeks D) the Australians could defeat Japan's navy since it was short of resources E) Japan has a great deal of manpower 5. According to the passage, how many reasons against using the weapons are given A) Two B) three C) four D) five E) six 6. What does author means by 'natural resources' A) characteristics such as determination and resourcefulness B) ports and harbours C) workers with natural ability D) materials such as coal and iron E) manpower and capital

Not so long ago almost any student who successfully completed a university degree or diploma course could find a good career quite easily. Companies toured the academic institutions, competing with each other to recruit graduates. However, those days are gone, even in Hong Kong, and nowadays graduates often face strong competition in the search for jobs. Most careers organizations highlight three stages for graduates to follow in the process of securing a suitable career: recognizing abilities, matching these to available vacancies and presenting them well to prospective employers. Job seekers have to make a careful assessment of their own abilities. One area of assessment should be of their academic qualifications, which would include special skills within their subject area. Graduates should also consider their personal values ^nd attitudes, or the relative importance to themselves of such matters as money, security, leadership and caring for others. An honest assessment of personal interests and abilities such as creative or scientific skills, or skills acquired from work experience, should also be given careful thought. 7. According to paragraph, job seekers should A) aim to give a balanced account of what the employer needs B) divide the time equally between listening to the interviewer and speaking C) discuss their own abilities in relation to what the employer is looking for D) attempt to show the employer they have balanced abilities E) gain experience in word processing 8. The paragraph implies, graduates should A) only consider careers which are suited to them as people B) include information about personal attitudes and values in their job applications C) consider how lucky they are to be able to find careers that provide such things D) consider the values of their parents and families as well as their own wishes E) qualify for any job in their field 9. The author, by saying those days are gone, even in Hong Kong, suggests that A) in the past, finding a good career was easier in Hong Kong than elsewhere B) nowadays, everyone in Hong Kong has an equal chance of finding a good career C) it used to be harder to find a good job in Hong Kong than in other countries D) even in Hong Kong companies tour the universities trying to recruit graduates E) in the past, people were healthier both physically and mentally

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Moderate earthquake shook Tang early yesterday, striking fear into millions of Chinese. In 1976, a much stronger tremor in the same city killed 240,000 o and heralded the death of Mao Zedong. Superstition now surrounds years in which the lunar calendar counts the eighth month twice. The so-called double-August occurred in 1976 and began on August 26 this year. It lasts until October 23. Yesterday's quake, registering 5.0 on the Richter scale and felt 160 kilometres away in Beijing, fulfils the premonition that natural disasters and cataclysmic political events occur in leap-August. Soothsayers suggest that just as the death of Mao followed shortly after the 1976 quake, the death of ailing patriarch Deng Xiaoping might be foretold. Hundreds of panicstricken people ran into the streets as yesterday's tremor raced through the industrial city at 6.26 am. This time, however, there was no devastation or casualties. About 40 aftershocks, the strongest of which measured 2.5 on Richter, were recorded later in the day. "It was terrifying. The building shook and I and my neighbours all ran out into the street," said a telephone operator. "No one was hurt and no buildings fell down, despite the fact that some old peasant homes were damaged at the epicentre," Han Shuhua at the Tangshan Seismology Bureau said. "There is no danger. It was only a small earthquake and we have had a hundred small quakes this year." 10. Where would you expect to find this passage in a newspaper? A) editorial B) advertisement C) travel section D) daily news section E) in a travel brochure 11. Which of these statements is true A) yesterday's earthquake was stronger than the one in 1976 B) Chinese people are not scared by small earthquakes C) the last earthquake was harmless D) yesterday's earthquake activity was prolonged E) earthquake had some side affects as well 12. According to the Tang Seismology Institute what is the forecast forl995? A) inactivity B) relative stability C) instability D) disastrous activity E) stability

Edgar Rice Burroughs wrote a very famous story called Tarzan of the Apes. This story involves a shipwreck on the West coast of Africa. The passengers on the ship include a certain Lord and Lady Grey from England. Lord and Lady Grey are the only survivors of the shipwreck. Lord Grey builds a kind of shelter high up in the trees a tree house for his pregnant wife and does his best to make them comfortable in their new jungle home. Lady Grey gives birth to a boy. They call the boy John. Unfortunately, she dies and leaves Lord Grey to take care of the baby on his own. Lord Grey is killed by an enormous ape that comes to investigate the strange house in the trees. The baby is left all alone. Fortunately, a female ape, whose baby has recently died, finds the human baby alone in the tree house. Even though the baby is white and hairless, she feels a mother's love for it and begins to feed and take care of it. She becomes John's mother. John who later takes the name Tarzan, never having known his real identity grows strong and powerful living among the apes. He has the advantage of human intelligence and eventually grows up to be leader of the apes and, eventually, lord of the jungle. 13. Where is Tarzan during the shipwreck? A) He is in the jungle. B) He is in a tree house. C) He isn't born yet. D) He is in his cradle. E) He is in his cabin. 14. Who is John? A) Lord Grey B) Tarzan C) A large ape D) Grey's assistant E) Tarzan's cousin 15. Why does Tarzan become Lord of the Jungle? A) He can speak English. B) He kills many apes. C) He has human intelligence. D) He has a versatile character. E) He is very talented.

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The social impacts of tourism are not to be confused with the increasingly popular term "social tourism", Social tourism has not reached a high level of development in North America, but it, has achieved more widespread acclaim in Europe. The objective of social tourism is to ensure that tourism is accessible to all people. Special efforts are made to include members of society who otherwise would be prevented from participating in tourist travel for some reasons such as economic problems or physical and psychological disabilities. Social impacts of tourism refer to the changes in the quality of life of residents of touristy destinations. 16. Social tourism ............. . A) is regarded as one of the most common means of travel in Europe which is not the case in North America. B) that is not a popular term is now confused with the social impacts of tourism and it needs to be explained by the North America. C) objects to ensure that tourism should be accessible to all people. D) may not be a result of the social impacts of tourism. E) tries to pervert people who have economic hardship or physical and psychological disabilities from a participating in tourist level. 17. As is concluded the social impacts of tourism ............. . A) may arise as a result that insufficient importance is given to the social tourism. B) may result from social tourism. C) may arise as a result that people are prevented from participating in tourist travel for economic, physical and psychological reasons. D) may arise as the positive results of social tourism and they are endemic to it. E) may include all members of society in tourist travel. 18. The inhabitants of touristy places............ . A) are unwilling to the changes in the quantity of their lives. B) are the members of the society who have some economical, physical and psychological disabilities. C) are the people to who the objective of social tourism is to o ensure the tourism accessible. D) are the people whose quality of lives are to be changed as a result of the social tourism E) are the people in North America, where social tourism has not risen to a high level of development.

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That language is highly complex is shown by the fact that so far it has not proved possible to translate mechanically from one language into another, with really satisfactory results. The best programmer still cannot translate from, say, Russian into English. The fault lies not in the computer but in the failure to supply it with sufficiently accurate instructions because we are still unable to handle this vastly complex system. It has been calculated that if the brain used any of the known methods of computing language it would take several minutes to produce or to understand a single short sentence. Secondly, language is productive. We can produce numerous of sentences that we have never heard or uttered before. Many of the sentences here have been produced for the first time yet they are intelligible to the reader. It is clear that we have some kind of sentence-producing mechanism that sentences are produced a new one each time and not merely imitated. 19. Even best programmed computer fails in translating something well because ............. . A) it is impossible to translate something consistently from Russian into English. B) it has not proved up to now, that translation mechanically from one language to another is possible with really satisfactory results. C) the computer fails in providing sufficiently accurate instructions. D) man cannot manage to handle the computers well enough, as result of which computers cannot be supplied with the sufficiently accurate instructions. E) according to the calculations it would take several minutes to create or comprehend a single short sentence. 20. Readers are still able to conclude the sentences here A) although it is clear that we have some kind of sentence producing mechanism - that sentences are produced a new each time and not merely imitated. B) although we can produce millions of sentences that we have never heard or uttered before. C) although sentences are produced anew each time and not merely imitated. D) otherwise it would take several minutes to produce or to understand a single short sentence. E) although many of them have been produced for the first time.

21. That the man is able to construct numerous sentences A) is due to the fact that language is productive. B) is because even the best programmed computer still cannot consistently translate from, say Russian into English. C) is because we are still unable to handle the vastly complex system of computers. D) is because according to the calculations the brain used some of the known methods of computing language. E) is because sentences are produced anew each time and not merely imitated.

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The cheetah, the only mammal in the world that can sprint at speeds faster than 70 miles per hour, is on rapid track to extinction. Two factors threaten its existence. The first is lack of genetic variation, which manifests itself in reproductive problems excessive infant mortality and vulnerability to disease. These seem to be exacerbated in captivity, where cheetahs are experiencing a precipitous decline in number. The second threat to the cheetah is loss of its natural habitat to agricultural expansion.

TEST 16 It isn't known when and where it all began, but throughout the ages and in the most diverse of all societies, precious stones have held an almost mystical power and significance. They shone round the necks and embellished the fingers of the ancient Egyptians; they gleamed from the turbans of great Mogul emperors and they were centrally the myth of the Holy Grail. From the earliest times than, precious stones have gained a value far beyond and rational assessment of their worth. Some of the best-known gems were deemed so valuable that they financed large armies; others led men to torture and murder, or literally changed the destinies of whole countries. 1. Precious stones are of much value for man as............. . A) they are thought to be valuable and mysterious B) they may be used as a financial source. C) they are thought to have a historical value. D) not many people can buy them. E) nobody knows their mystical power. 2. Precious stones are concluded to .............. A) have been the most important part of life throughout the history. B) have destroyed many civilizations. C) be the most necessary objects for happiness. D) have been ornaments mostly used by kings and queens. E) to be as old as history. 3. The passage concerns with ............. . A) the power of precious stones B) the valuable stones C) treasure D) the damnation of precious stones. E) the mystery of precious stones

22. The cheetah is only the one mammal in the world that............. . A) threatens the nature. B) is in danger of extinction. C) no other animals can reach its speed. D). has a speed reaching more than 70 miles per hour. E) is thought to give harm to agricultural expansion. 23. The cheetah is face to face with extinction because ............. . A) of its speed B) they are experiencing a sudden decline in number C) of reproductive problems D) they live in captivity. E) of lack of genetic differentiation and agricultural growth. 24. Reproductive problems show .............. A) that cheetahs don't have a variation in their genetic structure. B) that the amount of infant mortality is excessive. C) cheetah is threatened by extinction. D) cheetah's vulnerability to disease. E) loss of their natural habitat leads them to extinction.

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British cinema increasingly became a bargainbasement imitation of Hollywood. Instead of five large companies dominating production, distribution and exhibition, as in the U.S. it had two: Rank and ABPS Producers were so busy fighting their own corner, and so mesmerized by the success of Hollywood that they didn't have the strength to argue that keeping the industry fragmented and flexible learning from Hollywood's example without simply imitating its outward forms, might be a better way catering for a market the size of Britain than heading up the road of monopoly. 4. The author expresses that film makers in Britain ............. . A) always compete with Americans B) don't produce films solely of their own C) don't make good films D) see the cinema as a monopoly. E) are leading the film industry to a negative way. 5. The author indicates that producers should keep the film industry alive by ............. . A) making as many films as they can. B) keeping in touch with the latest developments. C) watching Hollywood films. D) taking other producer's opinion. E) giving the priority to the quality of films. 6. Which of the following is not expressed in the passage? A) Producers are fighting their own corner. B) There are no other good companies except for Rank and ABPC in the world C) The British film industry should be developed D) The British should make use of Hollywood's example. E) The British producers imitate Hollywood.

When it was formed millions years ago the earth was a liquid. It is still having the process of cooling and many miles below the hard crust is still hot. However, in some places the heat is closer to the crust. These places are associated with volcanic activity or hot sulphur springs. Drilling deep into the earth's crust we can reach rocks that are much warmer than those at the surface. Pumping water down into contact with these rocks and extracting the steam so produced is a source of energy that can be used to produce electricity. It is called geothermal energy. 7. It is expressed in the passage that under the hard surface of the earth, there ............. . A) exists a hot core which can be used as energy B) is a hot liquid layer which has never been drilled C) seems to be a great deal of volcanic activity which threatens life D) could be a number of hot sulphur springs, the main cause of volcanic activity. E) has never been sufficient heat to melt rocks 8. In accordance with the passage, geothermal energy ............. . A) can be produced both plentifully and cheaply B) has been used by man for millions of years C) is a bi-product of extensive volcanic activity D) is obtained from the contact of water with the hot. rocks below the earth's surface E) is recognized as the only form of energy that will never be used up 9. We can conclude from the passage that the earth's crust............. . A) has completely stopped the process of cooling underneath B) is a constant source of energy C) is not suitable for drilling D) is constantly warming and cooling due to volcanic activities. E) varies in thickness from place to place

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The Japanese have a special method for making decisions. They call it the consensus system. This is how it works. When a firm is thinking of taking a certain action, it encourages workers at all levels to discuss the proposal and give their opinions. The purpose is to reach consensus (general agreement).^ As soon as everyone agrees on the right course of action, the decision is taken. Due to this method, a group of workers, rather than one person, is responsible for company policies. One advantage of this is that decisions come from a mixture of experience from the top to the bottom of an enterprise, another advantage is that junior staff frequently suggest ideas for change. A disadvantage, perhaps, is that decision-making cannot be fast. 10. In view of the explanation shown in the passage, the consensus system ............. . A) can be explained as a collective decision making process. B) has a number of drawbacks that cannot be overcome. C) is falling out of favour as a result of the economic recession D) gives undue importance to the views of the junior staff. E) has already caused the laying off of numerous workers. 11. It is expressed in the passage that, with the Japanese style of decision making in industry ............. . A) policies can go into effect faster B) the working conditions are improved much more efficiently C) the interaction between the management and the workers has reached a low ebb D) the workers find themselves at the mercy of their employers E) it tends to take a long time before any action is agreed upon. 12. In accordance with the passage, the most striking feature of the Japanese consensus system is that............. . A) decisions are taken fast and accurately B) the introduction of changes into a firms policymaking is more or less impossible C) it is the point of view of management that prevails. D) everyone, from the top to the bottom, in a firm has a fair ' share in decision-making process. E) workers are rejected to have the right to discuss proposals in detail.

Rabies is a very frightening disease because once symptoms have developed it is always fatal. The disease is carried by a virus and it affects many species of animals, particularly dogs, foxes and bats. In Britain no indigenous case of human rabies has been reported since 1902 but it is widespread among animals in most parts of the world. Unfortunately in the last 30 years the disease has been spreading across Europe from the East, especially in foxes, and has now reached Northern France, For this reason strict animal quarantine laws are in force in Britain and it is rightly regarded as a serious offence to attempt to evade them.

13. As it is expressed in the passage, what makes rabies so dangerous a disease is that............. A) very few people can recognise the symptoms B) quarantine regulations concerning the disease are disregarded by most people. C) as soon as it manifests itself in the patient it is already too late for any treatment D) it is now threatening the whole of Europe from France to England. E) during the last thirty years it seems to have become indigenous even in England. 14. The passage expresses that the British government has already taken strict measures to ............. . A) ban the import of animals from France and other countries B) encourage the keeping of pets in Britain C) make sure that no rabies enters the country D) deal with the recent outbreaks of rabies, especially in foxes in Britain E) ensure that rabies patients will receive effective treatment 15. It is obviously stated in the passage that, for nearly a century, A) thanks to new diagnostic techniques rabies has been confined to dogs, foxes and bats B) rabies has been one of the mast frightening diseases in Europe C) strict quarantine laws have been effective in Britain D) there have been remarkable advances made in the treatment of rabies E) no one in Britain has contracted rabies.

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When we turn to the problem of fishing, we see that through a UN Convention on the Law of the Sea, the world's countries have indicated that they recognize the risks of over-fishing, Nations can now declare 200 mile exclusive economic areas and exclusive fishing areas and control the catch at a level that is reasonable. Developing nations seem to be beginning to benefit from the new fisheries regime which offers the promise of allowing them to manage fishing resources for optimum, that is long-term, benefits. 16.We can conclude from the passage that the statutory measures taken by the UN, regarding fishing, ............. . A) are unlikely to be abided by, at least not in the near future B) have been welcomed by all the member nations C) have had no beneficial impact on the situation D) came into effect too late E) have unfortunately served the interests of only the developed nations 17. One major benefit arising out of the 200-mile exclusive fishing zone is as we conclude from the passage, to ............. . A) to supply best use of the marine resources through international cooperation B) keep under control the amount offish caught C) ensure that an ever increasing quantity offish shall be caught D) guide developing countries to develop their inefficient economies E) prevent new fisheries from coming into being

General policy in Johoria has traditionally favoured foreign investment, Leaders of all political parties have been virtually unanimous in their belief that foreign investment in Johoria would contribute to speeding that country's economic development, a major priority of both the ruling coalition and opposition parties. Of special interest to the government were those industries that exported a significant share of their total production. Since Johoria had a relatively small population, there was a limit to the amount of goods that could be produced for the local market. Also, the government did not want to encourage foreign companies to compete with local industry although new industries might alleviate the already high unemployment rate. 19. The passage is connected with .............. A) general economic policy of the world. B) how to provide employment C) the economics of developing countries D) attracting foreign investment E) foreign investment and economic development in Johoria 20. It can be understood that the aim of the government is to ............. A) decrease foreign investment B) protect local industry from competition with foreign companies C) improve a theory of foreign investment D) increase unemployment benefits for workers E) increase the indigenous population of Johoria 21. The word "alleviate" could best be substituted by which of the following? A) undermine B) jeopardise C) increase D) ease E) determine

18. It is expressed in the passage that in the management of fisheries A) one cannot make a plan for the future B) no consideration should be given to the amount of fishing. C) the introduction of restrictive measures should be avoided. D) one should give importance to future rather than to present gains E) the 200-mile zone policy can be ignored.

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One of the most significant problems in teaching handwriting is presented by the left-handed child. The traditional policy has been to attempt to .induce all children to write with their right hands. Parents and teachers alike have an antipathy to the child's using her left hand. On the other hand, psychologists have shown beyond a doubt that some persons are naturally left-handed and that it is much more difficult for them to do any skilful act with the right hand than with the left hand. In addition, some believe that to compel a lefthanded child to write with his right hand may make him nervous and may cause stammering. There seem to be some cases in which this is true, although in the vast majority of children who change over, no ill effects are observed. Furthermore, left-handedness sometimes seems to cause mirror writing - writing from right to left and reversals in reading as reading "was" for "saw". 22. The passage is connected with ............. . A) teaching handwriting B) nervous aspects connected with handwriting C) the problems of the left-handed children D) a special problem in teaching handwriting E) stammering, mirror writing and reversals 23. The author points out that............. . A) parents should break children of lefthandedness B) left-handed children need special consideration C) left-handed persons are inclined to stutter D) left-handed people are less skilful than righthanded ones E) left-handed persons are not cleverer than right-handed ones 24. The common policy in teaching handwriting has ............. A) led to failure in learning to write B) dismayed the experts C) goaled at mirror writing D) made many children skilful with both hand E) resulted in unsolved problems

TEST 17 Many researchers have commented on what seems to be the fact that fear plays a much smaller part than we should think it must in the life of an animal which lives dangerously. Terror he can know, and perhaps he knows it frequently. But it seems to last only a little longer than the immediate danger it helps him to avoid, instead of lingering, as in the human being it does, until it becomes a burden and a threat. The frightened bird resumes his song as soon as danger has passed and so does the frightened rabbit his games. It is almost as if they knew that "cowards die many times before their deaths; the valiant never taste of death but once. 1. The passage is concerned with ............. . A) a comparison of animals and men B) a comparison of fear and terror C) animal traits D) fear in animals E) the nature of courage 2. The writer thinks that............. . A) fear is a permanent form of terror B) fear has a permanent effect on animals C) fear is almost unknown by animals D) some animals live less dangerously than men E) animals remember fear only a short time 3. Cowards die many times before their deaths" implies ............. . A) the coward is always seriously ill B) many times the coward is almost caught is his misdeeds C) the coward's frequent fears are often as bad as death D) cowards many times wish they were dead E) the coward has a lot of lives

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Solitude is a great chastener after you accept it. It quietly eliminates all kinds of traits that were a part of you - among others the desire to pos., to keep your best food forever in evidence, to impress people as being something you would like to have them think you are even when you aren't. Some men I know are able to pose even in solitude; had they male servants they no doubt would be heroes to them. However, I find it the hardest sort of work myself, and as I am lazy I have stopped trying. To act without an audience is so tiresome and profitless that you gradually give it up and at last forget how to act at all. For you become more interested in making the acquaintance of yourself as you really are, which is a meeting that, in the haunts of men, rarely takes place. It is gratifying, for instance, to discover that you prefer to be clean rather than dirty even when there is no one but God to care; it is just as amusing to note, however, that for scrupulous cleanliness you are not inclined to make superhuman sacrifices, even though you used to believe you were. Clothes, you learn, with something of a shock, have for you no interest whatsoever.... You learn to regard a dress merely as a covering a precaution. For its colour and its cut you care nothing. 4. The passage is concerned with .............. A) acting without an audience B) carelessness in clothes C) discoveries through solitude D) being a hero to yourself E) showing off to best advantage 5. A desire to show at your best is a trait that............. A) goes with laziness B) may disappear when you are alone C) depends mainly on clothes D) is inborn E) is challenging for women 6. In solitude, clothes ............. . A) make one careless B) constitute one item that pleases their owner C) are part of acting D) are valued for their utility alone E) are tiresome

Geometry is a very old science. We are told by Herodotus, a Greek historian, that geometry had its- origin in Egypt along the banks of the river Nile. The first record we have of its study is found in a manuscript written by Mimes, an Egyptian scholar, about 1550 B.C. This manuscript is believed to be a copy of a treatise which dated back probably, more than a thousand years, and describes the use of geometry at that time in a very crude form of surveying or measurement. In fact, geometry, which means "earth measurement," received its name in this manner. This re-measuring of the land was necessary because of the annual overflow of the river Nile and the consequent destroying of the boundaries of farm lands. This early geometry was very largely a list of rules or formulas for finding the areas of plane figures. Many of these rules were inaccurate, but in the main, they were fairly satisfactory. 7. The passage is concerned with ............. . A) floods of the river Nile B) beginnings of geometry C) surveying in Egypt D) manuscript of mimes E) significance of geometry today

8. In developing geometry the early Egyptians were primarily dealt with .............. A) discovering how formulas used in measuring were accurate B) determining property boundaries C) constructing a logical system of geometry D) measuring the overflow of the Nile E) establishing formulas 9. One of the most important factors in the development of geometry as science was ............. . A) the inaccuracy of the early rules and calculations B) Mimes' agreement C) annual flooding of the Nile Valley D) destruction of farm crops E) an ancient manuscript copied by Egyptians

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Computers have led to a greater change in our society in recent decades than any other force and are likely to continue to do so until the next century. The industry surrounding computers is growing quickly, providing employment for many but meanwhile making others redundant. Jobs that computers can do much more reliably, faster and cheaper are lost. The redeployment of labour and the prospect of increased leisure are causing social upheavals which require new ideas and significant changes of attitude. . 10. It is emphasized in the passage that the introduction, of i computers into daily life ............. . A) has definitely solved the problem of unemployment B) has had no effect on the traditional habits of society C) can be regarded as the greatest technical achievement of the age D) has led to an improvement in working conditions E) has brought a lot of benefits but has also created some serious problems 11. In accordance with the passage, the impact computers have had on society............. A) will certainly continue to increase right through the next century B) has been unnecessarily exaggerated in recent years C) has generally been confined to industrial life D) has exceeded that of any other technological development in recent times E) is very much less than it has been on industry 12. As it is emphasized in the passage, the widespread use of computers in industry............. . A) has made considerable changes in the working system inevitable B) has unfortunately increased production costs C) has reduced the working hours but not the work load D) will, in the next century, lead to even more disillusionment E) has given rise to many new solutions to the problems of unemployment

The achievement of equality between men and women implies that they should have equal rights, opportunities and responsibilities to enable them to improve their skills and abilities for their own personal fulfilment and the benefit of society. To that end a reassessment of the functions and roles traditionally allotted to each sex within the family and the community at large is essential Governments should ensure both women and men equality before law, the provision of facilities for equality of educational opportunities and training equality in conditions of employment, including remuneration and adequate social security. 13. The passage points out that the question of equality between men and women ............. . A) has seldom been treated seriously by the government B) includes not only equality before the law, but also equality in opportunities and exercise of rights C) is mainly related to economic affairs D) was never extended to include the field of politics E) has been greatly exaggerated in recent decades 14. As it is emphasized in the passage, the equality of the sexes essentially means for everyone .............. A) a wide range of benefits including job security and a> steady income B) a full development, of individual talents and capabilities C) the definition of the functions and roles each gender has in society D) an overestimation in family responsibilities E) a simple life style and fewer responsibilities 15. It is made obvious in the passage that the maintenance of equality between men and women in society ............. . A) has been supplied in most Western societies B) is primarily the responsibility of governments C) is of little concern to governments D) is never likely to be realized E) has first to be achieved within a particular family.

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In the mid-1970s, after 30 years of quick growth and unprecedented prosperity for the major Western economies, the prospects for continued growth became much less favourable. This resulted partly from the acceleration of inflation in many countries, bringing with it insecurity and militancy in industrial relations. However, the primary cause was the remarkable increase in the price of oil in 1974 and again in 1980, a fuel on which the Western economies had become heavily dependent. This produced a strong burst of inflation; and, because much of the oil revenue accruing to producers could not be spent, caused an unprecedented balance of payments problem and severe world recession. 16. One can conclude from the passage that, in the three decades prior to the mid-nineteen seventies ............. . A) industrial relations in the West had deteriorated to a marked extent B) most Western economies entered a -phase of insecurity and industrial decline C) inflation in industrialized countries had reached an unprecedented level D) the economic position had met with numerous setbacks E) the West experienced a period of unparalleled economic boom 17. It is emphasized in the passage that rising oil prices in 1974 and 1980 .............. A) opened the way to ruin of many Western economies B) had actually very little impact on world economies C) provided the West with the opportunity of developing alternative fuels D) was a direct result of the growing inflation in the West E) helped to prevent the rise the militancy in industrial relations 18. It is shown in the passage that the economic recession in the mid-1970 was largely due to the fact that............. . A) most Western countries ignored their balance of payments policies B) there was a high rate of unemployment in the West C) Western economies failed to maintain good industrial relations D) much of the profit made by oil producers was channelled back into world economies E) Western economies were increasingly dependent upon oil imports

Tavi Fabrics is a Portuguese textile and clothing firm which, until recently, employed about 300 workers and had a turnover of 6 million pounds. Now, however, Tavi is facing serious problems. In the last two years its fabric sales have remained steady, but profits have declined sharply. This is because Pakistani and Italian suppliers have been forcing prices down. In the ready-to-wear market, the condition is much worse. Competition is cut-throat. Exporters from 24 low-cost countries are fighting for a share in the European market. Tavi is suffering from this competition. The stores are now bargaining hard over prices, and Tavi has already lost two important orders. 19. The passage shows the case of a textile firm which, ............. . A) in recent years, has recovered its lost markets by introducing drastic measures B) on the whole, has been showing a steady improvement in its position C) owing to fierce international competition, is having 10 struggle to survive D) quite unfairly, has laid off more than half of its work force E) in the long run, seems likely to defeat its main competitors 20. We can conclude from the passage that the area which has been hit worst by international competition ............. . A) is that of fabric sales in which Tavi has made great profits B) has been textile industries of India and Pakistan C) is the home market itself in which Tavi wed to be in the lead D) is the clothing industry in Portugal E) has been ready-to-wear market 21. One can understand from the passage that Tavi's problems A) are due do the unrest among the workers B) arise from the growing market pressure of lowcost countries C) are linked with the lack of interest in the European market D) must be related to the continuous rise in prices in textile E) began with the loss of two large orders

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In 1945 Japanese reign in Korea came to an end when the Russians occupied the northern part of the country and the Americans the south. It was planned that the country should be reunified after free elections, but in practice rival governments were set up. The Korean War broke out in 1950 when Communist North Korea under Kim ILsung, invaded the South with Chinese support in an attempt to unify the country by force. South Korea was supported by a United Nations Force in what was really an American containment operation. In 1953 an armistice was signed and the demarcation line between North and South Korea was agreed. 22. In accordance with the passage, it was the invasion of South Korea by the Communist North that............ A) caused the outbreak of the Korean War B) received the support of a United Nations Force C) the Japanese had tried hard to prevent D) made the signing of the armistice vital E) induced the Chinese to abide by the decision of the United Nations 23. It is clear in the passage that the withdrawal of Japan from Korea in 1945 ............. . A) lead to a period of greater economic prosperity B) was the result of pressure from the United Nations C) gave Kim IL-sung the chance to co - operate with the United States D) was concluded after the signing of an armistice between the United States and Russia E) was brought about, in part, by the Russians 24. As it is shown in the passage, the reunification of Korea after the Japanese withdrawal............. . A) was the last thing America and Russia desired B) was forestalled because of the drawing of the demarcation line between the North Korea and the South C) did not take place because the North and the South set up their own separate governments D) was to be followed by the holding of free elections and the establishment of a proAmerican government E) would have been achieved by Kim IL-sung but for the intervention of China

TEST 18 What is the current role of the United States? Is it, as some say, a station in decline, one that is falling behind in the competitive arena of international trade? Or is it undergoing a process of adaptation and renewal? A spate of books has been published on the subject during the past few years, and these have sparked a wide ranging public debate over these concerns. One of the best known of these books in Paul Kennedy's Rise and Fall of he Great Powers in fact, Paul Kennedy is the most prominent of the decline theorists. Examining the history of great powers such as 16th century Spain and the British Empire around 1900; he identifies a pattern of "imperial over stretch". To maintain a position of dominance, great powers over time find themselves devoting an increasing share of their resources to military security. This often leads to a neglect of technological innovation, and, ultimately, to a decline in economic strength. 1. The questions related with which the author begins this passage A) explain his full trust in the strength of the United States B) imply that the united States in an invincible world power C) clearly show that he is uncertain about the present position of the United states in the world D) demonstrate the author's confidence in the future of his country E) bear almost no relationship to the argument that is then developed 2. In his work "Rise and Fall of Great Powers" Paul Kennedy ............. . A) points out that the British Empire collapsed because it ignored new advances in technology B) argues that the great powers in the past declined because of the drain on resources for military security C) explains that the Spanish Empire in the 16th century was solely concerned with its economic strength D) confines himself to a study of current international issues that concern the United States E) is of the opinion that the term "imperial over stretch" has been misused among historians 3. In accordance with the passage, the question of the current role of the United States ............. . A) is of little interest but anyone but political historians B) should not be related to the concept of "imperial over stretch" C) has not viewed within any historical context D) has triggered off a great deal of discussion throughout society E) has received its most plausible explanation in Paul Kennedy's latest book

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The main advantage of prefabrication are two fold: it is quicker and it does away with uncertainty. Speed in building is significant these days due to the high cost of land: the-time during which such an expensive commodity is out of use must be reduced to a minimum. And partly or wholly prefabricated methods of construction save time on the job because parts are prepared in the factory beforehand. Prefabrication does away with uncertainty because it means that the whole building is made of standard parts the behaviour of which is known and has been tested. 4. Since land is very precious it is important that.............. A) the building materials should also be expensive B) costs do not continue to rise C) people should not disagree as to the advantages of prefabrication D) building costs be reduced to a minimum E) it does not remain out of use for long 5. The only one advantage of using prefabricated parts is that............. . A) this method is cheaper than standard methods B) fewer skilled workmen are required C) less land is needed D) buildings can be constructed much faster E) there is more scope for experiment 6. When a building is founded from standard parts that hale been well-tested ............. . A) One is still not sure how they will behave in a particular situation B) there is no scope for originality C) new methods of construction are overlooked D) one knows in advance that the result will be satisfactory E) the costs will naturally be excessively high

Computers can store vast amount of information in a very small space and are used by the banks to keep accounts, and control transactions. They are also used by the police to keep personal, records, fingerprints and other details. In the developing field of robotics computers are now being used to control manual operations done by machines, These two are taking over work, previously done by humans, in the manufacture of cars, in weaving and other industries. Computers play an important role in controlling artificial satellites,' decoding information and communications generally. They are used to predict the weather with increasing accuracy. 7. One can understand from the passage that............. . A) computers have become an indispensable part of our life B) weather forecasts carried out by computers are not reliable at all C) despite great advances in computer techniques, they are not proving as useful-as once hoped D) robotics has long been a field of keen scientific interest for man E) computerized banking has led to an increase in unemployment 8. The author implies that............. . A) the police use computers to make sure that their records are not leaked B) industry is turning back to traditional methods of production C) the principal use of computers is in space technology D) computers are too complex for everyday use E) the use of robots, directed by computers, is becoming widespread in industry 9. The passage is not related to ............. . A) how computers are produced B) the application of computers in industry C) the use of computers in communications and the transfer of information D) the conservation of information by technology E) the role played by computers in crime detection

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As the major cost of advanced education, if the student is away from home, is board and lodging one can argue that as far as possible the expansion of public education beyond high school should be arranged reasonably. Otherwise, in order to offer equal-opportunities we should have to envisage using public funds to provide years of free board and room for a considerable fraction of our high school graduates. But there are different types of professional and vocational education which can be given at only a few centres in even a very populous state. It is literally impossible, for example, to give adequate instruction in clinical medicine except in cities of sufficient size to support large hospitals. Similarly, advanced work in the arts, sciences, and letters can be done only where adequate libraries and laboratories are at hand. It is clearly in the national interest to find all the latent talent available for the lengthy training that research centres at every point in the United States where general education beyond the high school is desired would be not merely uneconomical, but impossible. 10. What is mainly mentioned in the passage? ............., A) How education beyond high school should be arranged B) How lodging and board should be provided C) How to provide free board and lodging D) Why university education has failed in the USA E) How to provide first-rate education for all students 11. In accordance with the author, all public education beyond high school cannot be arranged locally because .............. A) hospital services cannot be secured. B) there would not be enough housing. C) certain types of education would be too costly to maintain. D) that would be against equal-opportunity principle. E) most localities would grow beyond control. 12. The author implies that............. . A) researches centres should be established even in the smallest towns B) there is no way a student can receive adequate clinical education in a small hospital C) a talented student will be satisfactorily educated no matter where he is educated. D) the only thing to do is to give up the ideal of equal opportunity. E) he finds it essential that all university students should be given free board and lodging.

Looking ahead from the present position where food production has kept ahead of population growth globally, but has fallen per capita in 55 (mainly African) countries^ it would seem that these trends will carry on. About 30 countries most of which are African can expect serious problems unless they reduce population growth and give higher priority to agriculture and conservation. Though a warmer, wetter earth with high G02 levels is likely to be capable of producing more food, the amounts will still be inadequate for many poorer countries. In many circumstances, the population projections are greater than the entire local land resources can support. 13. Among all the countries in the world it is those hi Africa ............. . A) which have taken the most drastic measures to prevent population growth B) that are most threatened by food shortages C) that are most conscious of the need to preserve the environment D) which are environmentally most at a disadvantage ' E) in which poverty has been greatly reduced through agricultural development 14. It is discussed the passage that............. . A) changes in world climate are giving rise to the problems of food production B) with the exception of African countries, the global production of food is adequate and likely to continue so C) agricultural development will presently put an end to global food shortages D) the conservation of land resources is of minor importance E) every effort must be made to prevent the C02 level from rising 15. In accordance with the passage, it is anticipated that............. . A) food production will double in the future B) the per capita income in Africa countries will continue to rise C) the present situation concerning population growth and food production will soon improve D) all the African countries will soon .solve all their population problems E) unless serious measures are taken, the poor countries of the world will be faced with famine

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Psychology is literally the study of the mind (or soul) hut its area has broadened somewhat in the last century as we have learned that one cannot consider the mind as totally isolated from the body, and it now covers the study of human personality and behaviour. Psychologists also deal with the behaviour and brain of animals whenever such studies throw light on human behaviour. It is important to realize that psychologists are first and foremost trained as scientists rather than as medical experts and do not necessarily take much interest in abnormalities of the brain and mental process. 16. As can be concluded from the passage, psychology ............. . A) has always been confined to the study of the mind B) has in time developed as a branch of medicine C) is not concerned with the mind alone, but also with human personality and behaviour D) primarily concentrates on the study of animal behaviour E) mostly deals with mental abnormalities 17. In the passages attention is shown to the fact that.............. A) Psychologists give great importance to the study of mental processes for medical purposes B) psychologists are basically scientists C) the human mind can be best understood through the study of animal behaviour D) the body and the. mind are separate entities in the eyes of psychologists. E) there have been no noticeable developments in psychology since the last century. 18. It is implied in the passage that.............. A) the study of human behaviour alone is what interests present-day psychologists B) a close cooperation between psychologists and medical experts is vital C) as a branch of science, psychology is no longer to be understood in its literal sense D) the mind and the body function independently E) in recent years psychologists have concentrated mostly on the study of the mind

Aid to underdeveloped countries takes many forms and it is given for several reasons. Underdeveloped countries need aid to provide finance for development projects, to provide foreign exchange with which Imports for development purpose can be bought, and to provide the trained human power and technical knowledge they lack. The motives of donor are not always humanitarian; "Aid" can take a military form; it can be used to support an incompetent or unjust government. Nor is aid always beneficial to the recipient country. It may be wasted on ill concerned of prestige projects, or cause the government simply to relax it own efforts. 19. In the passage, it is discussed that the reasons behind the aid given to underdeveloped countries ............. . A) are always of a military nature B) are varied in purpose and in effect C) invariably involved humanitarian principals D) can be disregarded altogether E) relate only to the technical needs of the recipient country 20. One concludes from the passage that what is generally referred to as "aid"............. . A) is in fact, monetary support for development projects only B) usually leads to the overthrow of the government of the recipient country C) is actually one country's intervention in another country's internal affairs D) does not necessarily benefit the recipient country E) can really he regarded as a waste of resources 21. In accordance with the passage, unless they receive aid, underdeveloped countries ............. . A) often face military coups B) will loose their world-wide prestige C) will be at the mercy of donor countries D) will have to rely on foreign technical advice for many years to come E) cannot provide money and human resources for development

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Senegal is heavily dependent on the export of crude oil to finance industrial development. 90% of Senegal's exports by value are crude oil. At current production rates, known reserves are only sufficient until the end of the century. Industrialization was boosted after 1973-following the fourfold increase in oil prices. In the early 1980s prices fell, and Senegal lost important income. Oil production peaked when it reached 112 million tones in 1974. . 22. It is said in the passage that the sharp rise in oil prices in 1973 .............. A) has less effect on Senegal's economy than might have been expected B) contributed greatly to industrial development in Senegal C) coincided with a considerable decrease in oil production D) provided Senegal with a high revenue oil into the late 1980s E) put a great deal of pressure on Senegal's oil reserves 23. It is concluded from the passage that only a fraction of Senegal's exports ............. . A) are goods other than crude oil. B) would be needed to support industrial development C) were affected by the decrease in oil prices in the 1980s. D) were oil-related E) have benefited from price increases. 24. In accordance with the passage as long as the current rate of oil production is maintained .............. A) world oil prices are not. expected to rise significantly. B) Senegal's industrial development plans will soon be fully realised. C) Senegal is likely to have no oil reserves left by the year 2000 D) Senegal will continue to enjoy large revenues E) the variety of goods exported from Senegal will be more.

TEST 19 Real depression cannot be as easily overcome as some people often suppose. It usually wears off with time-but the time can seem endless. Activities giving companionship and a new interest can be helpful. However, for the sufferer to talk, again and again, about the causes of the depression helps most. People with depression need to be listened to and encouraged to find their own solutions, not made to feel yet more inadequate by good advice. They may need professional counselling as well as the support of family members and friends. 1. In coping with depression the support of friends and family members ............. . A) can best be directed into giving good advice B) is the only solution C) might cause more harm than good D) never contributes to the treatment E) is not always sufficient. 2. The writer states that people with depression .............. A) should not be allowed much social activity B) ought to rely solely on professional counselling C) need, more than anything else, someone to listen to them D) should remain alienated from society for a long time E) receive an unnecessary amount of sympathy 3. In accordance with the passage some people ............. . A) seem to underestimate how difficult it is to get over depression. B) suffer from depression over long periods of time. C) refuse to get professional help D) suffering from depression have been cured through the good advice of friends. E) with depression don't want to talk about their personal problems.

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Most of the art museums and art galleries and many people in the art world had financial problems in 1975 as the effects of world recession deepened. On the surface things seemed to continue as before, with important exhibitions in major museums attracting large crowds. However, smaller galleries, and the artists whose work was shown by their resourceful proprietors, fared less well, and over the long term it is the work of young artists that determines the course of art for the future. 4. The point shown in the passage is that the recession in the 1970s............. . A) made many young artists to give up their profession B) caused the immediate closure of several major museums in the West C) was one of the most serious in economic history D) didn't at first appear to hit hard at the art world E) meant exhibitions were unnecessary luxuries 5. One can conclude from the passage that if a generation of young artists is lost............. , A) this would not have a damaging effect on art museums and galleries even in the long run B) the development of art will be greatly hampered in the future C) recession in the art-market would not last very long D) smaller galleries would benefit from it E) organizing exhibitions would be even more costly 6. In accordance with the passage, the individuals in the art world who 'were most strongly affected by the recession ............. . A) were young artists and the small galleries. B) tried to balance their losses by buying up the work of young artists C) were the well established art dealers D) decided to stop holding exhibitions altogether E) resorted to all sorts of methods of attracting large crowds to their

Computers should never have received the significant: status they now have, Fascinating and invaluable as they are, even the most developed have less brain power than a threeyear-old. The\ do, however, score on single mindedness. The three year old uses her brain not only to think but also to do some certain tasks like seeing hearing and cunning about, which need incredibly fast and sophisticated electromechanical interactions. But the computer just sits there and sends spacecraft to the moon or re-arranges the world banking system which is very much easier. That's why man's dream of robot maids is still a long way off. 7. The main point shown by the passage is that the human brain A) is much inferior to any known computer B) is infinitely more complex and powerful than any computer. C) is not as complicated and mysterious as has usually been thought D) reaches its maximum efficiency at the age of three E) has been entirely reproduced in computer form 8. It is emphasized in the passage that the efficiency of the computer A) depend on the/speed with which the data are collected B) will soon make it possible for man to be served by robots C) can best be appreciated in the decisionmaking positions. D) is the result of its being concentrated on one task at a time E) depends on sophisticated electro-mechanical interactions. 9. The author thinks that Computers ............. . A), have contributed immensely to the improvement of living standards. B) are becoming unaffordable as they get more developed. C) have been unnecessarily overrated. D) will be a major force behind all future progress. E) are capable of doing all the tasks the human brain performs even more efficiently.

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The rapid growth of the world's population in the twentieth century has been on a scale without parallel in human history. Most of this growth has taken place since 1950 and is known, as the population explosion. Between 1950 and 1980 the world population went up from 2.5 to over 4 billion, and by the end of the century this figure will have risen to at least 6 billion. Growth of this size cannot carry on indefinitely. Recent forecasts suggest that the total population will remain steady between 10 and 15 billion in the mid twenty-first century. Already there are encouraging signs that the rate of rise in many underdeveloped countries is beginning to slow down. 10. In accordance with the passage, at no period in human history has there been ............. . . A) a sharp decrease in population like the one since 1980 B) so much consensus among nations concerning the population of the world C) a universal fear about the future of human beings. D) as comprehensive a study of population problems as the one envisaged now E) a population explosion of the magnitude of the one in this century 11. It is stated in the passage that the increase in the world population ............. . A) is expected to continue even faster until 1950 B) is a highly encouraging sign for the general economy C) will not continue into the next century D) has been carrying on noticeably since 1950 E) has been much faster in the developed countries. 12. It has been anticipated that, by the middle of the next century A) the population growth rate in less developed countries will be much higher than that in previous years. B) kinds of measures will have been taken to encourage population growth C) the world population will not be stabilized at around 10 to 15 billion. D) the rate of increase will still be increasing E) the rate of population rise will have doubled the 1950 rate.

Most substances, either artificial or natural, can cause harm to man or the environment. Some of these reach the environment in waste streams; however emission limits and environmental quality standards can, in some instances, reduce the amounts released. However, some other matters cannot be controlled in this way because they are released, not in industrial waste streams, but through the use or disposal products which contain them. In many cases these substances pose little or no threat if the product containing them is used and disposed of properly. The accurate wav to deal with them is through controls over their supply, use and disposal 13. In accordance with the passage, the threat of some certain substances to the environment............. . A) is for less than that to man B) could be reduced by enforcing emission limits and environmental controls C) has been unnecessarily over emphasized D) has to date been completely ignored E) can be eliminated by the use of industrial waste streams 14. The author expresses that the danger posed to man by some substances ............. . A) is even greater than generally admitted B) is unrelated to environmental pollution C) continues to grow despite constant control of disposal systems D) is solely due to the use of industrial waste streams E) arises from their misuse and wrong disposal 15. The passage is related to the question of ............. . A) how the harmful effects of certain substances can be kept under control B) why industrial waste streams have led to so much pollution C) what measures are to be taken against the supply of dangerous substances D) if man-made substances and natural ones cause pollution E) who is responsible for taking the required precautions

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The Peter Principle is derived from the analysis of the hundreds of cases of incompetence in organizations which can be seen anywhere. The principle points out that in a hierarchy every employee tends to reach his level of incompetence and it applies to all organizations. The Principle assumes a constant quest for high performance. Hence people competent at their jobs are promoted so that they may do still better. Competence in each new position qualifies for promotion to the next until each individual reaches a job beyond his abilities and therefore no longer performs in a way that gains further promotion. This is his level of incompetence Given two conditions enough ranks in the hierarchy to provide promotions and enough time to move through them all employees reach and remain at their level of incompetence. This can be stated as Peter's Principle: In time, every post tends to be occupied by an employee who is incompetent to carry out its duties. 16. The level of incompetence .............. A) is the level that the Principle assumes a constant quest foil high performance. B) is somehow a degree of a post where one cannot perform well enough to receive any further promotion. C) is a promotion where competence qualities promotion to the next D) is a post that in a hierarchy every employer tends to rise to E) is the level that the incompetent employees demand to he promoted to. 17. That the competence is essential .............. A) is supposed by the Principle for promotion to the next one. B) is assumed by the Principle as a constant quest for high performance. C) is for each individual who's arrived at a job beyond his abilities. D) is obviously for the employees who are at their level of incompetence. E) is for a post which is occupied by an employee who is incompetent to carry out its responsibilities. 18. The conclusion shown from the Peter Principle ............. . A) is that in a hierarchy every employee who is incompetent tends to rise to his level of incompetence. B) is that it is derived from the analysis of the hundreds of cases of incompetence in organizations which can be seen anywhere C) is assuring periodic request for high performance. D) is that having the employees do still better is possible by never providing promotion for them. E) is that in time every post tends to be occupied by an person who's supposed to be incompetent to carry out its requirements.

Doctors began treating malaria long before they knew what caused it. The first recorded breakthrough came in the 17th century, when European missionaries learned that the bark of South- American cinchona trees contained the potent but toxic remedy now known as quinine. By the time pharmaceutical companies developed reliable supplies, in the 1920s, a better treatment was imminent. Chloroquine, introduced in 1943 by the U.S. Military, was as potent as quinine -yet it was longer active, cheaper to produce and so well tolerated that people no longer had to wait passively for malaria to strike. They could take regular doses in order to prevent the disease. 19. Before 1943,..................... A) It was impossible for people to use a drug for the treatment of malaria, B) The existing drugs were not as safe as to use for prevention of the disease as well as a cure. C) There existed no pharmaceutical solutions to treat the disease. D) The drugs that were routinely used were reliable but not active long enough E) Quinine was the only safe drug to treat malaria radically 20. The first remedy for the disease dates as back as to 300 years ago even though............... A) it was historically recordable as important for the disease. B) reliable drugs were not discovered until after 1943. C) only the bark of a North American tree was the solution. D) it was venomous and unsafe to use as tolerably as those drugs used now. E) doctors had also been totally successful in treating the disease before. 21. Chloroquine is different from quinine in that......................... A) it was developed by the military during a war B) it was twice as potent as quinine although it had certain weaknesses C) it could be taken to prevent the disease as well as to cure it after infection D) unfortunately, it was not so reliable as the latter E) it was toxic enough to kill an adult

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The death rate from heart disease has dropped by half since the mid-1960s. However, studies consistently find that the improvement has less to do with treatment than with changes in diet and lifestyle. In a 1988 study Dr. Lee Goldman, a Harvard cardiologist, analyzed the decline in cardiac death between 1968 and 1976. Even though he could not account for all of it, he traced more than half to the drop in cigarette smoking and cholesterol intake. Roughly 20 percent of the drop was due to heart and blood-pressure drugs, and only 3.5 percent to bypass surgery. Goldman has lately updated his findings, and he says the same basic lesson still holds: "The impact of the costliest interventions is minimal." 22. The recent drop in deaths from cardiac diseases A) is owing to people's eating less than they need B) is due to blood-pressure drugs and carefully watched diets C) can be attributed to bypass operations D) can be put down to medical treatment E) can be associated with changes in people's eating habits and lifestyles 23. What is meant by "The impact of the costliest interventions is minimal?" A) The effect of the dearest surgical .operations is the least B) The effect of the most expensive operations is maximal C) The more expensive the operation is, the less successful the result is D) Expensive surgical operations always bring about successful results E) Anything can't be done as the heart problem gets serious 24. According to Dr. Lee Goldman's findings................. A) most of the recent deaths occurred on account of cigarette smoking and cholesterol B) only half of the deaths occurred because of cigarette smoking and cholesterol C) some deaths are attributable to abortive surgical operations D) medical treatment has made only a little impact on the slowdown of the death rate E) a quarter of the deaths are due to heart and blood pressure drugs

TEST 20 Racial discrimination may be as old as human history, but the system of apartheid - Africans for "apartness" - was created only in the late 1940s, after the National Party was voted into office by disgruntled Afrikaners. The apartheid era started with the passage in 1949 of the Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act, which laid the foundation of an elaborate system of discriminatory legislation. Hence, while most other countries were condemning colonialism, white South Africa established a frankly racist regime. Racism alone was not what made apartheid uniquely evil; prejudice and discrimination existed elsewhere, even in some black countries. However, by the 1980s, racism was deplored almost everywhere; when other nations succumbed to it, they did so in violation of their own laws and stated principles. Only in South Africa was racism the law of the land. 1. Apartheid was................... A) the systematic racial discrimination between whites and blacks. B) an unjust disadvantage given to whites. C) discriminatory legislation passed by the North African state. D) the ban of interracial marriages. E) the idea of disgruntled Africans. 2. What differentiates apartheid from other kinds of racial discrimination was A) that it was not approved by the whites in South Africa. B) that it was legally abandoned by the state. C) its legal enforcement by the state. D) its separation of blacks from whites. E) that it prohibited interracial sex. 3. By the 1980s,.................... A) The whites in South Africa didn't detest the blacks any more B) even in South Africa there was no racism C) the citizens of racist nations started to violate all the laws of their own D) some nations started to stick to racial practice under the influence of nationalism E) racism was abolished nearly all over the world.

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Many acres of land are lost each year on account of seawater eroding coastal land. Some coastal nations have always struggled to hold back the sea from their flat countries. The Dutch, for instance, have got so skilled in hydroengineering that they have become world leaders in possession of the technology to conserve land from the erosion caused by the sea. They have not only protected their land, but also reclaimed a lot of land from the sea by building a huge, twomile-long steel barrier to hold the seawater back. If the theory of global warming is correct, the ice in the poles will gradually melt away as the temperature increases. In such a case the level of the sea all over the earth would rise six times higher, which would cause the earth to be flooded. 4. The major reason why the Dutch possess the highest technology in hydro- engineering is............... A) to reclaim more and more land from the sea. B) to prevent the erosion of the soil in coastal areas. C) both to gain land from the sea and to stop the sea taking in more and more land day by day. D) to advance in hydro-engineering technology to help coastal countries. E) to provide land for some villagers without any land 5. In case of a sudden sharp increase in the global temperature, particularly coastal countries............... A) will develop themselves in hydro-engineering B) may be undergoing climatic changes C) all the world will be awash in nuclear waste D) could turn into tropical ones E) would be flooded because of the ice on the poles melting away 6. The passage is mainly related to................... A) sudden changes in the world's temperature B) erosion by the sea in coastal countries and their efforts to conserve their land C) how advanced the Dutch are in hydroengineering and hydro-electric plants D) how to reclaim land from rough terrain by the sea E) the fact that the earth is getting warmer and warmer due to erosion

Many Americans doing sedentary jobs have recently started to take physical activity back into their daily routines since they are convinced that vigorous exercise is beneficial to their health. Owing to the potential health benefits of physical activity; some American companies - anxious to keep their workers as healthy and fit as possible have started to encourage them to spend their time at exercise centres. Studies indicate that those who engage in vigorous physical activity suffer fewer heart attacks and even if they did, they would be less fatal. Exercise is beneficial to the heart and lungs, if it is frequent and vigorous the kind that raises the pulse rate and keeps it high. If done over an extended length of time, it lowers the resting pulse rate, blood pressure and serum cholesterol.

7. Somebody is doing a sedentary job if they................... A) teach at a high school. B) walk a long way to work everyday. C) sit all day at a table with a computer on it. D) work in a factory. E) are a labourer toiling in fields. 8. In view of the possible benefits of exercise some American firms have began to encourage their employees to take as much exercise as possible because they are A) anxious to keep their workers healthy. B) fearful to keep their workers healthy. C) reluctant to keep their workers healthy. D) very eager to keep their workers healthy. E) involuntary to keep their workers healthy. 9. It is clear from the passage that.. A) beneficial to the health is exercise taken infrequently. B) many American firms have already started to encourage their employees to half their shift exercising. C) taking exercise frequently for a long time increases the pulse rate at rest. D) only those having sedentary jobs should take enough exercise. E) those engaging in vigorous exercise are less likely to experience heart attacks most of which would not be fatal even if they did.

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The air is becoming hazardously inclusive of hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide in many big cities. Everybody's health is getting threatened by these fatal substances. For the reduction of their amount, pro-environmental groups in the U.K have proposed ways of limiting the use of automobiles. One solution would be to make daily commuters use mass transportation vehicles such as .buses, trains or subways instead of their private cars. Another proposal by these groups is that car drivers be prevented from driving into the1 city centre one or two days a week. It is also proposed that people be banned from parking on certain streets. If car drivers were controlled in such ways by legal steps, people would be forced to make more use of mass transportation than private cars. 10. The passage points out that..................... A) The air pollution is claimed to be mainly caused by hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide from automobiles. B) Mass transportation vehicles pollute the air we all breathe more than automobiles. C) While so much smoke comes out of factories, it would be unfair to place all the blame on mass transportation vehicles. D) If the use of cars remains uncontrolled, the concerned fatal substances will kill many people every day. E) Any limitation on the use of cars would be the restriction of personal freedom. 11. To reduce the amount of fatal substances, groups in favour of the environment have..................... A) suggested that car driving in city centres should be completely banned. B) proposed that car drivers be prevented from driving into the city centre once or twice a week. C) proposed that some limitations be imposed on car owners driving into and out of the city centre each day. D) suggested that new parking spaces ought to be provided for car owners. E) proposed that filters be fitted for the exhaust pipes of cars. 12. The author emphasizes that..................... A) cars ought to be manufactured that do not emit fatally poisonous gases. B) strict limitations ought to be legally imposed upon car owners even to the extent that cars are banned from intra-city driving on week days. C) commuters getting into and out of the city centre everyday should be legally made to use forms of mass transportation. D) multi-passenger vehicles like buses should be abolished as they occupy places where cars could be put instead. E) we should turn to scientists to find a way out of these problems.

Splitting an embryo may seem a great technological leaf, but in a world where embryos are already created in test tubes, it is a baby step. The current challenge in reproductive medicine is not to produce more embryos but to identify healthy ones and get them to grow in the womb. Doctors and geneticists have made amazing progress on this front. Using genetic tests, they can now screen embryonic cells for hereditary diseases like cystic fibrosis and sickle cell anaemia. 'In the not-too-distant future, prenatal tests may also help predict such common problems as obesity, depression and heart disease. But don't anticipate scientists to begin building new traits into babies any time soon. The technical obstacles are formidable, and so are the cultural ones. 13. Nowadays it is alleged to be technologically very easy............... A) to pre-natally spot any disease in the embryo and to cure it. B) to produce reproductive medicine to enhance the growth of babies. C) to split an embryo. D) to find out if an embryo is healthy. E) that geneticists pre-diagnose embryonic diseases. 14. Due to technological and cultural barriers................... A) it is not expected that doctors will pre-identify healthy embryos and let them grow in the womb. B) Diseases like obesity cannot be prevented before birth. C) it isn't possible to carry out further prenatal tests. D) it is possible to imprint any characteristics on embryonic cells E) it is not likely for scientists to pre-natally change the traits of babies. 15. Today it is probable......... A) to recombine a split embryo B) to produce more embryos than before C) to identify some diseases before the baby is born D) to implant desirable personal traits in babies E) to identify healthy embryos

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The beauty of bread is its simplicity. Flour and liquid are the main ingredients, along with yeast and sometimes salt, and from these basics we get a nourishing and tasty food that gives us carbohydrates, proteins, and C vitamins, and comes in a variety of shapes, textures and flavours. Practically every culture has its own type of bread, and many more than one. For centuries it was the white breads that were popular, but nowadays more and 16. As it is pointed out in the passage the ingredients of bread..... B) vary greatly in different part of the world. C) are few and simple but there is much selection in the of bread products. D) are low in food value. E) are now very different from what they were a few century ago. 17. The passage stresses that bread is a useful item in our diet A) even though most people don't really like the taste. B) But should only be eaten in small quantities. C) distinctively if we confine ourselves to the white varieties. D) On account of both its flavour and the nourishment it provides; E) So long as it is eaten with foods containing protein and carbohydrates. 18. According to the passage, the present day trend in favour of brown bread..................... A) is understandable and to be encouraged. B) is not a healthy trend. C) cannot be expected to go on. D) is to be found only in the Villages. E) has nothing to do with the quality or nourishment but only with appearance.

Many of us enjoy a visit to a zoo and for those seeing lions for the first time it is surely a most thrilling experience. But how many people stop to wonder how the animals are feeling in their frequently unsuitable surroundings? Most zoos cannot afford to provide all the separate species with the right environment. The animals in zoos may be well-fed, but a hunting animal wants to hunt for its own food. 19. It is pointed out in the passage that, coming close to such wild animals as jaguars and lions, ..................... A) can only be possible in large zoos. B) gives some people a strong sense of excitement. C) can make them very aggressive towards people. D) is unsettling form young children. E) is the only way to understand their eating habits. 20. The writer feels that few people................ A) visit a zoo in order to see the animals there. B) are indifferent to the feeling of zoo excitement. C) are involved in any of the animal species. D) are sufficiently sensitive to the conditions of animals kept in zoos. E) really want to see a living lion or tiger. 21. It is emphasized in the passage that the living conditions of most animals in zoo. A) are carefully designed to make the animals happy. B) have recently improved greatly. C) could easily be improved at little cost. D) tell us a lot about the natural surrounding.. E) are very different from those of their natural environment.

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Born on January 30th 1955, Phil Collins seemed destined for a life on the stage. While his father was in charge of an insurance office, his mother managed a theatre school in London. All three of her children had parts in films. When Phil got a part in the London production of "Oliver", he left school for a career in acting. Meanwhile, he was already playing drums at parties and clubs and had begun to write his own songs, secretly hopping that one day this would be his full-time job. Then, in 1978, something happened that changed his life; He became the drummer of the Genesis group. 22. As the passage point out, the pop music singer Phil Collins A) originally wanted to work alongside his mother. B) was introduced early in his life to the world of entertainment. C) got little encouragement from his family D) was the first in his family to go on stage. E) continued his schooling even after he took a part in the musical "Oliver". 23. in accordance with the passage, although Phil Collins began his career in the theatre,. A) his real interest lay in music. B) he always dreamed of being a successful businessman like his father. C) his real talent was in film-making. D) he did so very unwillingly. E) he has always disliked being in the public eye. 24. The passage tells us that the year 1978 ............... A) was when Phil Collins fist had a song accepted by Genesis. B) was the year in which Phil Collins left the Genesis group. C) was a turning point in Phil Collins's life. D) was one of great disappointments for Phil Collins. E) saw the end of Phil Collins's career as a singer.

TEST 21 British towns suffer from the same traffic congestion, noise and polluting fumes as all towns in the western world, but as yet only London, Newcastle, Glasgow and to a small extent Liverpool, have useful railways going underground through the central areas. Elsewhere there are plans for building underground railways but they have little hope of making any progress with them so long as public expenditure is restricted. In general, the north has better public transport than the south, with cheaper and regular bus services using better roads shared fewer cars. 1. As it is pointed out in the passage, most British towns have no underground railway system................ A) as the system is felt to cause a great deal of pollution. B) since the majority of people have their own private means of transport. C) as this is not felt to be a practical system outside city. D) because there is not sufficient public money available for such project. E) simply because the people need no need for one. 2. We can understand from the passage that.................. A) London has the most developed underground trains system in Britain. B) more people drive their own cars in the north than in the south. C) the north of Britain suffers less from traffic problems than the south does. D) the south of Britain enjoys cheap and highly efficient bus services. E) British cities have much less air pollution than other cities in the west. 3. The author underground railways are a brilliant means of transport since ................ A) they are a much cheaper means of transport than buses. B) they do not pollute the streets of a city with noise and petrol fumes. C) the building and maintenance of them is comparatively cheap. D) the numbers who use them can easily be restricted. E) the service offered on them are constantly being improved.

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England is famous for its gardens, and most people like gardening. This is most likely one reason why so many people prefer to live in houses rather than in flats. Mainly in suburban areas it is possible to pass row after row of ordinary small houses, each one with its neatly kept patch of grass surrounded by a great variety of flowers and shrubs. Enthusiasts of gardening get a great deal of helpful advice from the television and magazines. 4. The passage stresses that, because many English people are fond of gardening, A) they don't want to live in suburban areas. B) houses are more popular than flats. C) they can spare little time for the television. D) they price of land is constantly going up. E) they grow the flowers but not grass and fruit trees. 5. The passage emphasizes that people interested in gardening., A) find it necessary to move to distant rural areas. B) need large gardens in order to get satisfaction C) are in minority in England. D) get very little encouragement from the media. E) are supplied with information and guidance by both television and the press. 6. The passage is related to................ A) the increasing demand for new varieties of flowers and shrubs. B) the problems of gardening in suburban areas. C) the new enthusiasm in gardening. D) the enthusiasm of people in England for gardens and gardening. E) how to look after the grass in gardens.

Public libraries, maintained by the local authorities, are well developed and progressive, and everywhere allow people to borrow books without charge. The books in the lending section are always kept en open shelves, and library staffs are very helpful in getting books on request from other libraries through the exchange system. Most libraries report an increase in borrowing over the past few years, so television does not seem to be stopped people from reading, as it was feared that it would. 7. It is explained in the passage that any book that is not available in one library A) won't be available at any library. B) can be brought from another. C) discourages people from using libraries. D) spoils the whole lending system of the public libraries. E) should be reported to the librarian. 8. As emphasized in the passage, people nowadays................ A) prefer entertaining programmes to reading. B) are using public libraries more then they used to. C) read a lot but don't use the libraries much. D) complain a great deal about the poor service the libraries are offering. E) are using the exchange system less and less frequently. 9. The passage gives us the impression that public libraries............... A) charge more than is essential for the service given. B) aren't any longer receiving any financial support from local authorities. C) are working extremely efficiently at present. D) do not cooperate with each other at us all. E) are understaffed and poorly equipped.

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Fahrenheit is the system of measuring the temperatures, how hot or cold something is, used by many people in Britain. The freezing point of Fahrenheit is 32 degrees. So a cold winter 's day in Britain would have a temperature of 38' F (3' centigradE), a hot summer's day would have a temperature of 90' F (32'centiradE). The Fahrenheit scale was invented by the German scientist Gabriel Fahrenheit in 1970. Today in Britain most system is being used more and more. Weather forecasts on television and in newspapers show temperature in both scales. 10. It is revealed in the passage that me term "Fahrenheit ................... A) has retained its popularity among young people B) is very rarely used in Britain today C) refers to the scale of temperature between 32' and 90' , D) is never used in weather forecasts E) derives from the name of a German scientist 11. It is conveyed in the passage that in the long run, the Celsius system A) will be remembered only by the elderly B) will soon fall into disuse C) seem likely to be favoured by newspapers but not by television D) will replace the Fahrenheit one E) derives form the name of a German scientist 12. The passage talks about............... A) two different system of measuring the temperature B) the advantages of the Fahrenheit scale over the Celsius scale C) the scientific research carried out by Gabriel Fahrenheit D) the range in temperature to be found in the British Isles. E) the declining popularly of the Celsius scale in Britain

The Falklands are a group of small islands in the South Atlantic near Argentina, with a population of 1,200 British citizens. They have been British territory since 1892.Disputes about who owns the islands go back to the eighteenth century. Argentina has long alleged that these islands, which they call the Malvinas, belong to them. They occupied the islands in April 1982 and the Falklands War lasted till July 1982 when British forces won them back, the Falklands War had an massive impact on Britain and is still controversial. Some people see it as a restoration of Britain's old imperial power. 13. It is pointed out in the passage that both Britain and Argentina.. A) were reluctant to start the Falklands War B) regard the Falkland as their own territory, C) realise that these islands are of no importance to anyone D) prefer to use the name "Malvinas" for these islands E) only laid claim to the islands after 1892 14. It is clearly indicated in the passage that the Falklands War............. A) was being fought on and off, between 1892 and 1982 B) was largely ignored by the British public C) showed how right Argentina was in claiming the islands D) was followed by a withdrawal of most British citizens from the islands E) broke out after the Islands were invaded by Argentina 15. One may infer from the passage that, even today. Britain s hold over the Falklands Islands.............. A) is regarded as politically and economically unnecessary by everyone in Britain B) could, in all likelihood, lead to another war between Britain and other powers C) causes more problems than benefits to the British public D) is felt by some people to be a continuation of the British imperial rule E) has not been accepted anywhere but in Argentina.

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On a cow-calf ranch the first job of the summer starts after the spring branding when the calves are turned out. Freshly worked calves go through a period of stress which may last only a few days or up to a week Stress is caused by several factors; loss of blood, the shock of dehorning and castration soreness and even a reaction to the vaccine. In small calves the stress is usually not severe. Their horns are small and the surgery that removes them is not radical and the same holds true of their castration so they don't lose much blood and don't suffer much shock. For several days they may lie around, their heads will be sore, and they may not drink much milk. But after that they bounce right back and are healed in a week's time. The healing process takes longer with larger calves, and they are the ones most vulnerable to stress. One day a nice, fat steer calf is walking slowly or lying off to himself, which you expect to see in a large calf that is stiff and sore. Then the following day you find him dead. You can never be sure absolutely what it was that killed him, but you assume it had something to do with stress. 16. Cutting off the horns of calves and their castration......................... A) are the second procedure to be carried out in the spring after branding B) lead to an awful loss of blood that generally causes the calf to fall unconscious C) leaves them in a period of distress that lasts a few days and sometimes results in death D) do not give as much suffering to large calves as making them steer E) are carried out before large calves are vaccinated against cow diseases 17. Small calves suffer less severe pain and are healed in a shorter time................... A) because the operation which removes the horns and makes them steer is less complicated and painful B) if they are vaccinated against mad cow disease just after the Spring ends C) as they experience just headaches unlike larger ones lying in a coma for days D) merely because they don't suffer much shock E) as they have fully grown new horns in a matter of a unit 18. Larger calves are more susceptible to stress than smaller ones,................... A) since one day they look pretty fine but the next day they die quite unexpectedly B) or else so many of them wouldn't die for no apparent reason C) having no chance of renewing their removed horns and sex organs D) yet they don't have to nurse their young calves though they are in distress E) so they recover from the operations later, and more unexpected deaths occur in them

Japan is a nation built completely on the tips of giant, sub oceanic volcanoes. Little of the land is flat and suitable for agriculture. Terraced hillsides make use of every available square foot of arable land. Small homes built very close together further conserve the land. Japan also suffers from natural disasters such as earthquakes and hurricanes. Conventionally homes are made of light construction materials, so a house falling down during a disaster will not crush its occupants and also can be quickly arid inexpensively rebuilt. During the feudal period until the Meiji restoration of 1868, each feudal lord sought to restrain his subjects from moving from one village to the next for fear that a neighbouring lord might amass enough peasants with which to produce a large agricultural surplus, hire an army and pose a threat. Apparently bridges were not commonly built across rivers and streams until the late nineteenth century since bridges increased mobility between villages. 19. Rough terrain makes the land uncultivable,................... A) as the lava from the volcanoes has covered the topsoil for thousands of years B) which keeps the Japanese scarcely over the poverty line C) yet colossal buildings of light materials remote to one another provide more arable land D) so intensive cultivation has become characteristic of Japan, which uses every bit of land except for the barren hillsides E) although the production methods of the Japanese are obsolete 20. Before the Meiji restoration of 1868,............... A) homes were conventionally built of light materials like bricks B) the lords were very strict with their subjects not leaving the boundaries of their village C) the bridges were important since they provided easier passage and transport of goods between villages D) whoever managed to gather the most peasants would be given the new ownership of a village E) the entire country was totally destroyed by hurricanes and volcanic eruptions 21. If traditional homes were built of heavy materials, -..... A) they pose an enormous problem to the arable land and their inhabitants B) they would overlap one another whenever a quake occurs on a hillside C) there would be a greater loss of lives and money after a natural disaster D) earthquakes couldn't knock them down so easily E) terraced hillsides wouldn't lose so much topsoil

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If any country ever rivalled France's own passion about the French language, it was Vietnam. They did not share their former colonial master's veneration of French as one of civilisation's crowning glories. The emerging Francophone nation of Vietnam has one small difficulty: hardly any of its people want to learn French. The lingua franca of world trade, in Vietnam as elsewhere, is English. At every level of Vietnam's educational system, students learning English outnumber those studying French roughly 10 to .1. Not even the most ardent Francophiles see much hope of reversing that ratio. "We are not crazy enough to think French can replace English," concedes Alain Fleury, the French embassy's cultural counsellor. France's first priority in Vietnam is only to keep the language from becoming extinct. 22. It is inferred from the passage that................... A) French has fallen into disuse in Vietnam. B) the lingua franca is no more used in Vietnam. C) there is no one in Vietnam who can speak French. D) Vietnam has never been a Francophone nation. E) English is the least commonly spoken language in Vietnam now. 23. In Vietnam the number of students learning English.. A) is smaller than learners of French B) regards French as the lingua franca of the world C) is ten times as big as those learning French D) is restricted to those learning this language unwillingly E) gives clues about those who want to reverse the ratio of 10 to 1. 24. Vietnam..................... A) has no cultural ties with France B) is full of people eager to learn French C) has always had hostile politics towards France D) is ruled by France E) was a colony of France before

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TEST 22 The increasingly sophisticated understanding of counterinsurgency led to an significant discovery that could be applied with success to other forms of conflict. The political dominance of internal wars is also to be found in some international conflicts. The evidence for this is empirical, no satisfactory general theory has yet been formulated. It is difficult to put a date on this insight, but some of the examples of recent history are illustrative. The U.S bombing of Libya on. 14 April 1986 is one. That mission was conducted for political and psychological purposes. It was not a simple military operation, but delivered a loud message that statesponsored terrorism would not go unpunished. Military targets were hit, but their destruction was not the driving purpose. Rules of engagement were strict; there were to be no attacks on targets of opportunity. Despite precautions, unintentional damage to other than selected targets occurred. 1. The discovery attained after the increasingly better understanding of counterinsurgency is..................... A) that the driving force behind both internal and some international conflicts is political. B) that though national conflicts are politically motivated, international ones involve military objectives. C) that people understand increasingly better that insurgency is directed towards the disestablishment of the governing bodies of countries. D) also applicable with success to internal wars. E) that insurgencies are sometimes against other nations rather than the ruling power. 2. According to the paragraph........ A) Libya's bombardment by the U.S. aircraft is a perfect example only for the psychological purposes of international conflicts. B) some examples of recent history provide proof for the discovery that some international conflicts are also politically motivated. C) rather than targets of opportunity, military targets were destroyed for economic ends. D) in spite of the measures taken to destroy targets as well as the predetermined ones, some unintentional damage can not be said to have been caused. E) the mission of bombing Libya was carried out as a response to Libya's enmity toward to the U.S.A.

3. The message intended to deliver by the bombardment was................... A) that any insurgency against the Libyan state would not be allowed. B) so effective that states backing up terrorists financially stopped doing this. C) that the U.S. would no more tolerate any state-supported terrorism, particularly if it harms its interests. D) to put an end to international terrorist activities conducted by religious factions. E) that any target in a country supporting terrorism would be attacked for punishment.

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Philosophy teaches us to feel uncertain about the things which seem to us self-evident. Propaganda, on the other hand, teaches us to accept as self- evident matters about which it would be reasonable to suspend our judgement or to feel doubt. The propagandist must therefore be consistently dogmatic. All his statements are made without qualification. There are no greys in his picture of the world; everything is either diabolically black or celestially white. He must never admit that he may be wrong or that people with a different point of view might be even partially right. Opponents ought to be argued with; they should be attacked, shouted down, or if they become too much of a nuisance, liquidated. 4.The distinction between philosophy and propaganda is A) self-evident matters are readily refused by the propagandist but not by the philosopher. B) philosophy stimulates people to give any matter a-second thought prior to accepting it as true, whereas propaganda teaches us to accept even plausible matters. C) while philosophy teaches us to doubtfully judge even matters seeming to be obviously true, propaganda tries to get us to accept even unreasonable things as true. D) we must suspend our judgement of the propagandist's ideas while the philosopher's are readily acceptable. E) the truth of philosophy is unquestionable but the other is dubious. 5. It can be inferred from the statements of the propagandist that .. A) a good propagandist does not turn a deaf ear to other people's ideas. B) everything is either good or bad and there is no middle way between the bad and the good. C) the propagandist is not uncompromising at all times; there are times when he agrees with arguments against his. D) no controversial thought that might be expressed by others is disregarded by him. E)he does not demand complete acceptance of his ideas. 6.According to the propagandist, when a rival becomes intolerable, A) he can be argued with over controversial points. B) he is tolerable as long as he does not attack. C) nothing is done because this is a must for democratic arguments. D) he ought to be done away with. E) he ought to be outtalked as any dissident idea gains root among the listeners.

As for the nervous system, it is one of the most complicated and significant systems in human body. The controlling units of the system are located in the brain, out of which messages are sent that activate the other systems. Like a computer internet system, every inch of the body is connected to the brain with nerves. They direct muscular movements of the body. They tell the body parts when and how to move. They also direct cognitive processes like learning and not forgetting a language. Without the central nervous system it would be impossible to see, hear and feel something. For instance, as written of earlier in the previous paragraph, especially muscular system would not work properly. How conduction of messages carried out along these natural wires is illustrated below. 7. The passage which this paragraph is taken from is about..................... A) the muscular system B) the respiratory system C) the nervous system D) neurological findings E) systems in the body 8. The paragraph that follows this one is possibly about A) the nerves which direct the respiratory system. B) the way messages which control muscular movements are carried C) how the nervous system works D) there is no paragraph after it E) movements of neurones in the brain 9. It is revealed in the passage that..................... A) efficient function of the muscular system depends on the effectiveness of the nervous system. B) each system in the body has its own controlling nervous systems. C) not only muscular movements but also cognitive processes could possibly function effectively without nerves. D) the nervous system cannot be said to be responsible for language learning. E) the most significant part of the system is in the stomach.

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Atoms are invisibly small parts of elements. The atom itself is composed of three smaller parts; positive charges and neutral particles in the centre, and after a considerable amount of space there are rings carrying the other part, negative charges. The weight of the atom is calculated by adding the neutral particles and the positive charges. The negative and positive charges are the same in number. Having an amazingly powerful force, the neutral particle in the centre is the most important part. That is the nuclear energy we all know. When a neutral particle, for instance, from a uranium atom is disconnected from the centre, the atom loses its stability and becomes radioactive. This outgoing particle hits one atom after another, causing a consecutive reaction that produces nuclear energy. 10. If the negative Charges and the positive ones are added, A) the total number of all the charges in an atom can be found. B) the weight of the atom may be calculated C) nuclear energy is produced. D) another element comes into being E) the atom becomes unstable. 11. If a neutral particle flies out of the centre of an atom,...............A) the empty space becomes full. B) the weight of the atom skyrockets. C) rings holding the negative charges are broken D) the atom loses its balance. E) radioactive materials are exhausted. 12. According to the passage it wouldn't be right to say that A) it is impossible to see atoms though they exist. B) the negative charges and the positive ones attract one another and this create a balance C) the balance is lost when the atom is pressed. D) if the number of the negative and the positive charges is 50 in an atom, the number of the negative ones is 25 E) nuclear energy is generated by consecutive atomic reactions.

One day Josper Fant caught Bolivar skinning a rattlesnake. He assumed that Bolivar was merely going to make himself a rattlesnake belt, however, he happened to turn around as Bolivar sliced the snake right into the stew-pot, a sight which agitated him greatly. He had heard that people ate snakes, but had never expected to do so himself. When he told the other hands what he had seen, they were so aroused that they wanted to hang Bolivar on the spot, or at least rope him and drag him through the prickly pear to improve his manners. But when they approached Augustus with the information about the snake, he just laughed at them and attempted to give them a lecture on the culinary properties of rattlesnake. 13. Josper Fant became worried..................... A) having witnessed that Bolivar was preparing to grill the rattlesnake he had skinned B) as Bolivar was removing the skin of a rattlesnake to make a belt C) when he heard that the others would punish Bolivar for eating a forbidden food D) as he had never eaten snake, nor had he seen anybody doing that E) when the others came to have a look at the sliced animal 14. It is inferred from the passage that................ A) Bolivar ought to have been punished by being dragged though the prickly orchard or by being whipped with a rope B) Josper Fant and the other fellows were knowledgeable about other edible snakes C) if it hadn't been for Augustus, Josper's friends would have deprived Bolivar of the pleasure of eating the snake D) Josper had never heard people ate snake E) Bolivar and Augustus had tasted rattlesnake several times before that incident 15. According to the passage, ................ A) Agustus was a wise person who they referred to for any dispute in deadlock B) Josper and his friends planned to punish Bolivar badly so that he ought to change his misconducts C) What agitated Josper was Bolivar's slicing of the snake instead of putting the whole reptile over the fire uncut D) Boivar's friends made up their minds against taking punitive action against him on the spot. E) culinary properties of rattlesnakes were known to everybody but those people there

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Deep in the centre of the human brain are a number of specific structures, such as the hypothalamus and limbic system, which make up the "emotional brain." These brain structures play important roles in regulating a number of physical and emotional functions, including appetite, sleep cycles, and sexual drive. They include pleasure centres and pain centres, operating to control feelings and emotional expression. When your emotional brain is functioning normally, you are able to get a good night's sleep, feel rested, have normal sexual interest and appetite, and not feel overwhelmed by intense feelings. In other words you feel normal. However, in biological depressions, such brain areas begin to malfunction and can produce a number of significant symptoms. 16. It can be concluded from the passage that.................... A) certain types of depression result from the malfunction of the emotional brain B) Insomnia has nothing to do with the limbic system but stems from an over activity in the hypothalamus C) when you have intense feelings, the emotional brain is extremely impaired D) The hypothalamus and limbic system simply operate to ease any emotional pain E) if someone has no sexual interest and appetite, he must have been depressed 17. The emotional brain............ A) consists of all the brain structures in the deepest centre of the brain B) from time to time deregulates some emotional functions to depress one C) keeps a person psychologically and physically at ease D) enhances sexual interest as long as one's sleep cycles are normal E) should be removed when someone is experiencing overwhelming feelings 18. Sleeplessness may occur ..................... A) on account of postponed inter-neural conduction time B) to motivate the limbic system to regulate the sleep cycles of an individual C) if the individual has overcome a severe depression totally D) so that one's appetite and sexual interest are enhanced E) as a result of the emotional brain operating improperly

Most debates about whether or not men are stronger than women are meaningless because the disputants fail to consider that the word "stronger" may mean many things. Most men can surpass most women in lifting heavy weights, in striking an object (say a baseball or an opponent's jaw), in running, jumping, or doing heavy physical labour. But the statistics indicate that most women live longer than most men, that they have better chance of resisting disease, that they can beat men at operations requiring finger dexterity and the ability to work accurately under monotonous conditions. On this kind of proof it would be legitimate to argue that women are stronger than men. The truth is that each sex can surpass the other in certain kinds of activities. To say that one is stronger than the other is to indulge in an argument that would arise if the word "stronger" were more sharply defined. 19. It will prove inconclusive to argue about if women are weaker than men......................... A) when we consider the outstanding power of the male in doing heavy physical work B) unless we discuss it within the limits of a certain domain C) since there are a great many women who play chess better than their male opponents D) women are ambidextrous, which enables them to surpass men in all fields E) as it is meaningless to discuss anything when it comes to monotonous circumstances 20. It would be justifiable to argue that women are stronger than men only...............A) because they use their hands more skilfully though men outlive them B) as the word "stronger" hasn't been clearly defined yet C) if women weren't vulnerable to illnesses D) when we consider women's performance in working properly under boringly f routine conditions E) if they were brought up in the same circumstances 21. It is stressed in the passage that................. A) it stems from women's stamina that they are outlived by men B) most discussants forget that the female lag behind the male in living a healthy life C) unless what we mean by "stronger" is clarified, there is no point in disputing over which sex is more powerful D) men are stronger than women only in a few kinds of activities E) whether men could live longer than women we could say they are the strongest in all fields of activity

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Is it possible to mould the unborn child's character by the conduct of the mother during pregnancy? What we know of prenatal development makes all this seem utterly impossible. How could such extremely complex influences pass from the mother to the child? There is no connection between their nervous systems. Even the blood vessels of mother and child do not join directly. They lie side by side and the chemicals are interchanged through the walls by a process that we call osmosis. An emotional shock to the mother will influence her child, because it alters the activity of her glands and so the chemistry of her blood. Any chemical change in the mother's blood will affect the child -for better or worse. However, we cannot see how a liking for mathematics or poetic genius can be dissolved in the blood and produce a similar liking or genius in the child. 22. It is expressed in the passage that......................... A) the activity of the baby's glands may give us insights into how we could imprint certain characteristics in the baby's brain B) if the blood vessels of the child and mother were directly interconnected, any trait dissolved in the blood would pass to the child C) an emotional suffering of the mother influences the baby so much that it will possibly be born to be psychologically ill D) if it weren't for osmosis, the nervous systems of the baby wouldn't be much influenced by any swinging in its mother's mood E) Prenatal modification of a baby's personality through the conduct of the pregnant mother seems most improbable 23. Even though the blood vessels of mother and child are indirectly connected, A) their nervous systems conduct messages to one another B) osmosis enables mother's personal traits to pass to the baby C) some psychological conditions of mother pass to the child through chemical interchanges D) the chemistry of both mother and child's blood is always the same owing to the regulatory glands E) whenever the mother is diseased, so is the child 24. According to the passage the present birth technology A) hasn't still managed to implant desirable traits in a baby in the womb B) fails to predict the sex of one's baby prenatally C) is advanced enough to develop a baby in vitro D) doesn't suffice to operate on a pregnant woman E) can imprint poetic genius in an unborn child

TEST 23 In discussing the relative difficulties which the exact and inexact sciences face, let me begin with an analogy. Would you agree that swimmers are less skilful athletes than runners because swimmers do not move as fast as runners? You possibly would not. You would quickly point out that water offers greater resistance to swimmers than the air and ground do to runners! Agreed, that is just the point. In seeking to solve their problems, the social scientists encounter greater resistance than the physical scientists. The circumstances under which the social scientists must work would drive physical scientist frantic. Here are five of these conditions. He can make few experiments; he cannot measure the results exactly; he cannot control the conditions surrounding the experiments; he is often expected to get quick results with slow-acting economic forces; and he must work with people, not with inanimate objects. 1. An inexact science is one A) involving various experiments with chemical substances B) that all physical scientists are involved in C) that offers great resistance to scientists since they conduct many experiments | D) which can be considered as a newly born science E) that doesn't enable the scientist to make accurate observations and measurements 2. The author makes a comparison................. A) to illustrate why exact sciences can't make many experiments B) between a runner and a scientist dealing with an inexact science C) between a social scientist and a swimmer, comparing a physical scientist to a runner D) to imply that physical scientists ought to experiment with people to see how burdensome it is E) in order to draw the reader's attention to some scientific areas 3. ..is not among the difficulties which a social scientist encounter. A) finding appropriate lifeless objects B) inaccurate measurement C) conducting fewer experiments D) controlling the circumstances of the experiment E) lacking financial resources

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The shocking death of Pamela Basu spurred a series of official actions to cope with carjacking. Within days of her murder, the D.C. City Council passed a law mandating 15-year prison sentences for armed carjackers. Last month the President signed a law that makes carjacking a federal crime carrying a life sentence if it leads to someone's death. Motorists are scrambling for their own protection. At Auto stores in Detroit, customers can buy a device which silently signals a monitoring station if a car is moved while the alarm system is on. Others want security systems equipped with a "panic button" that activates a siren and flashing lights from inside a car. There is also increased interest in bullet-resistant glass. Jittery motorists hope these measures will buy them some safety till law enforcement can put the brakes on a singularly frightening crime. 4. In accordance with the newly passed law, any thief that uses a gun. in stealing a car will................... A) get the gallows. B) be hanged. C) be sentenced to 15 years in jail. D) spend his whole life in prison. E) be tried in the federal court. 5. The new law signed by the President......................... A) includes life sentences for unarmed thefts. B) includes life imprisonment for carjacking causing deaths. C) has caused carjackers to take measures not to be easily caught. D) increased the sale of ear-protection equipment. E) is improbable to curb carjacking in suburbs. 6. It is inferred from the passage that................... A) before Pamela's death the punishment for carjacking was the same all over the U.S.A B) the president was forced by the public not to rarity the resolution to change the criminal act C) Pamela was killed in the latest of the, carjacking attempts that have occurred recently D) it was such a new deterrent law that car protection equipment was no longer selling well E) if a crime is a federal one, its punishment is applicable only in one of the states of America

While the 1970s had demonstrated the importance of the Gulf region, the 1980s provided evidence of its fragility. In September 1980 Iraq launched an offensive into Iran that turned into a bloody eight-year of attrition. The war left hundreds of thousands dead, disrupted vital oil tanker traffic in the Gulf, and led to U.S. intervention in the form of naval escorts for Kuwaiti oil tankers. Meanwhile the economies of the Gulf states, all of which depend to some degree on oil, were devastated by the crash of oil prices in the mid-1980s. Plummeting oil revenues forced the Gulf states to cut back severely on domestic development projects and services.

7. Owing to the sudden steep reduction in the income from oil in the mid-1980s, A) the gulf states developed economically. B) Kuwaiti oil tankers were escorted by the U.S. ones for protection. C) oil prices were also on the decrease. D) the economies of the Gulf states retrogressed seriously. E) the need for oil rigs became urgent again. 8. Any destabilisation of the Gulf region brings about global problems as A) before Pamela's death the punishment for carjacking was the same all over the U.S.A. A) the bloodiest wars which involved many nations have occurred here. B) it is accountable for the significant part of the world's need for oil. C) such wars are disruptive of oil tanker traffic between the gulf states. D) Iraq and Iran have historical enmity toward each other. E) in such a case oil companies would become very rich since it leads to higher oil prices. 9. In the mid-1980s................... A) Iraq waged a war against Iran. B) the U.S. interfered in the Iran-Iraq war with its aircraft. C) the amount of income the Gulf states gained from oil decreased sharply. D) the war between Iran and Iraq was going on outside the gulf region. E) all economic projects and services to be carried out in the Gutt" were stopped.

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If science has become remote from everyday experience, it has also broken from conventional notions of discovery. In virtually every cuttingedge field, from astrophysics to molecular genetics, the object of discovery is frequently totally inaccessible to the senses, and the process of discovery has become inferential rather than direct. When Wolszczan "discovered" the first planets outside our own solar system, he did not spy them through a telescope: he inferred their presence by the pattern of radio beeps coming from the pulsar they orbit. When chemists "discovered" a substance in broccoli that may prevent cancer, they did not peer at the stalks through a microscope: they looked for the chemical's footprints in the wavy printout of a chromatograph. In palaeontology one can still stub a toe and, by God, definitely and directly discover a fossil. But in other fields, "no one looks at the thing itself anymore," says physicist Nick Samios, director of Brookhaven National Laboratory in New York. "We look at what the thing does, at the traces it leaves behind." 10. What was conventionally understood from the conception of discovery was A) the unavailability of the thing discovered. B) to sense directly the thing discovered. C) that the discovered thing was sensed only by instruments. D) that discoveries were inferential rather than direct. E) the presence of the thing discovered was inferred from the traces it left. 11. Which of the discoveries below is directly accessible to the senses? A) The discovery of a new star through a detector. B) The indirect discovery of a substance in another one. C) The inferential discovery of an asteroid. D) the visual, spotting of a new plant in a jungle. E) The discovery of a new heart tumour using a cardiograph. 12. It isn't right to say that................... A) Palaeontology is a science that deals with fossils. B) telescope is an instrument used for observing objects in the outer space. C) microscope; is an instrument used for observing small things inaccessible to the naked eye. D) the process of discovery was inferential in old ages, but there are advanced instruments now. E) nowadays discovery is achieved by looking at the traces the object leaves behind rather than looking at it itself.

Finns are the best readers in the industrialised world. The world's highest percentage of engineering is in the former Czechoslovakia. The Swiss are tops at math and science. Canada has turned out the highest proportion of university graduates. The Japanese spend proportionately less on education than everybody else. And after a decade of school reform, the United States compares more favourably -though still not impressively - with the rest of the industrialised world than it has in the past, according to a study released last week by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). The research, based on figures obtained in 1991 offers the most comprehensive comparison ever made among the educational systems of the world's wealthiest countries. 13. The passage is about................... A) the educational systems in underdeveloped countries. B) the educational systems in developing countries. C) where the industrialised nations stand in terms of educational performance. D) the educational systems in industrialised countries. E) the proportion of successful pupils in the USA. 14. According to the paragraph,......................... A) after ten years of school reform, the US has succeeded in surpassing the developed countries to a great degree. B) in spite of a decade of school reform, the US has not yet outranked the other industrialised nations satisfactorily in educational success. C) the Swiss are unsuccessful in math and science. D) the biggest proportion of engineering graduates in the world are in the new Czechoslovakia. E) the US was better in educational performance in the last than it is now 15. The research released by the OECD......................... A) was conducted to know whether the US students have outperformed their counterparts in other countries in education. B) shows that the wealthiest country turns out the poorest figures. C) indicates that the Japanese comparatively have greater investment in education. D) was carried out to compare the educational systems and achievement rates the world's richest nations. E) is indicative of the fact that the US is very willing to know about the educational systems in other countries.

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No place is absolutely safe for travellers; tourists have recently been taken hostage in Turkey, wounded in cafe bombings in Egypt and shot down in the streets of Manila. But it wasn't easy to escape the conclusion that the prevalence of guns in American hands has given deadly force to festering social frustrations. The Washington based Travel Industry Association of America, the leading tourism trade group, joined Disney in calling for gun control last week. But there was no such call from Florida. The toughest proposal now circulating would ban hand guns for those under 18 unless they are used for hunting, gun classes or target shooting. Whether that would have any impact is arguable In a city like Miami locked in its own urban arms race. 16. What has caused the American society to feel annoyingly irritated is A) the ever increasing number of guns carried by Americans. B) the violence caused by tourism agencies. C)the establishment of a deadly force against tourist molesters. D) the suggestion to prohibit carrying guns. E) the disunity of travel agencies over preventing tourists from carrying guns. 17. It is suggested that................... A) no one apart from security forces should carry guns. B) possession of all kinds of guns be banned in tourist attractions. C) possession of guns be banned for those under 18 except that they are not to be used for hunting, gun classes or target shooting. D) no strict rule to ban should be introduced E) all tourism agencies should invite to overcome threats against tourists. 18. It is doubtful................... A) that those bombing cafes in Egypt did so to on purpose harm tourists. B) whether Florida will join other states in the US in calling for gun control. C) whether the proposal to take arms possession under strict control will have any favourable influence in Miami. D) whether the prevalence of guns in the US will heighten the number of casualties in tourist attacks in the future. E) whether arms sales can be controlled in the near future.

In their private councils, Beijing policy-makers are engaged in a vigorous dispute on how to fight inflation. One thing is clear to all sides: China needs better tools for fighting inflation. New national taxes introduced this year are supposed to provide the central government with more revenue so it has to print less new money however its success at tax collecting in the unruly provinces has been spotty. Beijing also wants to create a strong central bank to regulate the money supply and credit creation. But such a bank will have trouble deploying its main antiinflationary weapon - higher interest rates - as long as state enterprises would be the first to suffer. The disorganized state enterprises will not be phased out for years, until a social security system is devised to give workers a new safety net and until the private sector creates enough jobs to absorb unneeded state employees. 19. Beijing policy-makers engaged in discussing how to curb the inflation all agree that............... A) new national taxes ought to be introduced regardless of how to collect them. B) a new central bank should be set up to increase the money in circulation. C) the private sector recruits workers more than necessary, causing unnecessary pays. D) all unnecessary state employees should be dismissed from their present jobs. E) more well-organized strategies are required for China to stop the inflationary rise. 20. New taxes levied lately................... A) are estimated to provide more earnings for the central government although it is not so successful at collecting taxes in uncontrollable provinces. B) should provide the central government with more earnings although it has to print less money. C) are expected to provide more income for the local governments, but tax-collecting is not possible in some regions. D) caused some people to revolt against the central government. E) have decreased the number of state employees. 21. Another thing that Beijing wants to do is A) to use a sophisticated weapon to curb the inflation. B) to set up a strong central bank to control the money supply and credit creation. C) to introduce higher interest rates. D) to decrease the number of workers employed by private sectors. E) to send away more workers this year than previous years.

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The media have come to be seen as a destructive force in American life, vastly more interested in tearing things down than in providing the information people really need to know. Americans populate two overlapping realities, the one they live every day and the one they experience vicariously in what they are shown or told. It is the media, directly or indirectly, that shape opinion about how America is doing as society, and the picture they present is not a pretty one. Local newscasts pile up the bodies at a rate of a murder a minute, tabloid TV feeds on the sins of the rich and famous. Call-in radio has become a festival of complaint. Attack politics assures voters that all seekers and holders of public office are corrupt. Commercials tantalise consumers with the unattainable. "The press likes to think of itself as representing the public voice when it does not at all," Yankelovich says. "It represents the voice of the press, with its own language, its own culture, its own interests." 22. The media is criticised in the paragraph A) for covering up news about murders. B) that it does not represent the political beliefs of politicians. C) for its vicarious picture of what is happening in the U.S. D) for improperly shaping view about how the American society is getting on E) for directly and correctly providing the information people really need to know 23. It is inferred from the paragraph that................... A) the American media have come to a financial deadlock. B) the media is the only way to know the realities. C) what is shown on TV is irrelevant to the sins of the rich and well-known. D) the press always represents the public opinion. E) society is suffering deeply from often occurring murders. 24. Yankelovich is of the opinion that................... A) there are times when the press represent the public opinion. B) the press alleges to represent the public voice even when it does not. C) those who own the press have their own culture different from the Americans. D) even if the press is not right at some points, people believe it wholeheartedly. E) as the public is unresponsive to the press misrepresentation of the public needs.

TEST 24 The paradox of the American gun culture is that it is undermining the very values it was meant to protect. Do you remember Franklin Roosevelt's famous "Four Freedoms"? These were what America ostensibly fought World War II over. One of them was "freedom from fear." That battle has been lost. Even outside main cities, the US is now a land of real freedom only during daylight. We have reached a point in recent years where people believe they have to constantly peer over their shoulders as if being pursued by the KGB. This routine fear is now so much part of life in the US that Americans have begun to take it for granted. We instinctively avoid large sections of cities, using mental maps in our maps in our heads that are unavailable to tourists. Last year I was in Japan. It is a worse place to live than the US in many respects. But it is possible to walk in a park in Tokyo at midnight fearlessly just as it was in America as recently as the 1950s. This freedom felt strange to me, as if a state of fear about physical safety is normal. And it is. Barricading oneself at home all night is now natural; wandering around freely and alone once the quintessential American experience - is now foolhardy. 1. What has been lost is................... A) The arms that Americans possessed to fight in World War II. B) The battle for freedom from fear. C) Four freedoms touched on in Franklin Roosevelt's famous book. D) World War II. E) A small skirmish in the USA. 2. In many American cities................... A) People feel free to walk outside only after dark. B) Those arming themselves for self-defence now attack others in daylight. C) Guns are waning in value. D) 0nly during daylight is it probable to talk of real freedom to be out. E) The battle for liberty from foreign rule has been lost. 3. Tourists arc more in danger as......................... A) they do not have any maps to know their way. B) maps that can be owned by Americans are inaccessible to tourists. C) maps showing larger parts of cities are usually unavailable to tourists. D) mental maps introduced lately to help people that walk out after the dark falls. E) they lack Americans' instinctive awareness of which parts of cities are more dangerous.

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People struggling against starvation, ignorance and disease value political ideology only to the extent that it affects their own desperate condition. Similarly, the evils of the drug trade are relative. Peasants, struggling to put food on the table for their children, see income from coca leaf production as their salvation. Narco traffickers, taking advantage of the desperation of poverty and the seemingly insatiable North American demand for drugs, often provide a welcome means of economic stability for those unfortunates for whom there are few alternatives. Many people in Latin America, actually, argue passionately that it is far more preferable to send cocaine north for the gringos than to allow their own children to starve. The consequences, they say with a shrug, are a North American problem. 4. It is stressed in the passage that................... A) coca, from which cocaine is produced, is grown by North Americans for illegal income as they are economically hopeless. B) Latin Americans provide an indispensable market for narcotraffickers as they would do anything to save their children from starvation. C) political ideology is not valued by those struggling against starvation, ignorance and disease unless it affects their economic deprivation positively. D) only for a small amount of money they earn by growing coca, North Americans cause the death of many people in the North America. E) it is by North Americans that the gringos were accustomed to drug use. 5. Coca farmers deny any responsibility for probable bad results of this trade..................... A) saying reluctantly that it is the problem of the North Americans. B) arguing anxiously that it is Latin America's problem. C) with a gesture of dismissal. D) placing the blame on the regional government. E) with a gesture suggesting they do not care about them. 6. A stable amount of money earnable by production of coca is regarded by Latin Americans in miserable conditions as................... A) a solution to develop their country economically. B) the only way for saving their children from dying of hunger. C) the unique solution to the poverty all over the world. D) salvation from ignorance and disease. E) something which can be done to a certain extent.

The problems which the Third World will experience in the coming decades are immense. Many nations there will continue to face economic stagnation fuelled by weak world commodity prices, a shortage of investment capital, debt, ecological decay, underdeveloped infrastructure, population pressure and the absence of available and appropriate technology. The movement toward democracy which exploded in the 1980s will experience fits and starts as sectarian, military involvement in politics and international tensions will hinder political reforms. Uneven economic development and stifled political reform, combined with everincreasing public demands, will set the stage for violent conflict. 7....................is not estimated to cause economic recession. A) Lowering of the prices of products. B) The shortage of money for investment. C) Environmental betterment. D) Overpopulation. E) Unavailability of technology. 8. What characterises Third World Countries is............... A) economic insufficiency. B) political inconsistency. C) technological backwardness. D) rising public demands. E) both economic and political inconsistency. 9. In the process of democratisation, administrative irregularities will be experienced on account of............... A) slowed political reforms. B) economic sectors and the army involvement in politics. C) international problems. D) the involvement of the military and religious groups in politics. E) violent debates.

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Although they are obviously different in length, the paragraph and the essay have structural similarities. For instance, the paragraph is introduced by a topic sentence controlling the whole paragraph. In the essay, the first paragraph provides introductory material and reflects the topic focus. The other thing is that the sentences in the body of a paragraph develop its introductory sentence. Likewise, the framework of the essay consists of a number of paragraphs that expand and support the ideas presented in the introductory paragraph. Lastly, a restatement or observation of conclusive nature ends the paragraph. The essay, too, has an ending paragraph inclusive of a logically and psychologically satisfying completion. 10. The major idea expressed in the passage is................. A) both the essay and each paragraph have introductory sentences to which the other sentences relate. B) the body of an essay is structurally different from that of a paragraph. C) generally the first sentence of the essay controls all the sentences in it as that of the paragraph. are D) despite their obvious dissimilarities in length, the essay and the paragraph structurally similar. E) each paragraph is an essay in itself because of so many similarities.

For terrorists that reckon the U.K among their enemies, two options are possible. One is to strike targets within Britain. For various reasons, covering meticulously prepared counterterrorist measures enforced by government agencies, this is difficult. The other option is to increase the level of destruction. It is obvious that chemical, biological and eventually nuclear weapons provide the greatest opportunities. The capability is there, even in the nuclear arena where terrorists can substitute technologically simple, deliberate atomic pollution for technologically more complicated atomic weapons. The absence of long-range delivery systems for weapons of mass destruction, which limits their utility for non superpowers, is not a factor for terrorists. An immobile, warehouse-size nuclear device would be acceptable to them. 13. The utility of weapons of mass destruction for technologically undeveloped nations is limited as............... A) they have no technology to manufacture such nuclear missiles. B) they lack the technology to launch nuclear mass destructive missiles to a long distance. C) the absence of long-range launching systems is not a factor for such non superpowers. D) such non superpowers are underdeveloped nations that are remote to the U.K. to pose a threat. E) of the lack of immobile warehouses from which to launch them. 14. It can be concluded from the passage that................... A) terrorists can possibly replace technologically complicated atomic explosions with less complex, deliberate atomic pollution. B) terrorists cannot pose a threat to the U.K. since their lack of long-range delivery systems limits the utility of weapons of mass destruction. C) an unmoving target of the size of a warehouse would satisfy terrorists if they could destroy it successfully. D) among the various reasons for the first option not to materialise is the governmental enforcement of measures against the sale of destructive materials to terrorist. E) in spite of the fact that the first option is possible to realise the second one is unquestionably impracticable. 15. The first option mentioned is nearly impossible due to the fact that..................... A) the level of destruction of the weapons that terrorists often use is too low B) terrorist groups have no weapons available C) carefully taken anti-terrorist measures make it difficult to materialise D) terrorists reckon the U.K. among their enemies E) the government forces counterterrorist agencies to work unwillingly enough

11. It would be wrong to say................... A) a simple scanning of the first paragraph of an essay gives the reader enough information about what it is all about. B) the first paragraph of an essay is usually a simple collection of the controlling ideas of its paragraphs. C) in an essay each paragraph is written independently of the introductory paragraph. D) it is usual in each essay that an ending paragraph brings ideas to a reasonably and psychologically satisfactory completion. E) conclusive statements are covered in the initial paragraph. 12. In a good paragraph --A) interconnectedness of ideas is not so important as in the whole essay. B) no further sentence after the introductory sentence should remind the reader of the topic focus. C) rather than concise and expressive sentences, many details supportive of the controlling idea may be written irrespective of the length. D) any sentence written after the introductory sentence should be relevant to it. E) coherence is not so significant as cohesion in paragraphs.

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Almost totally devoid of natural resources of commercial value, Israel in its early years focused on agricultural production. Chemical manufacturing, diamond cutting and polishing, and developing high technology products with commercial and military applications have surpassed agriculture as the most important areas of Israel's modern economy. One out of four Israeli workers today is employed directly or indirectly by the arms industry. Even the Kibbutz, the socialist agricultural co-operatives which were the most prominent expression of the Jews' "Return to the land," now earn more of their income through manufacturing than agricultural production. 16. The most appropriate conclusion to be drawn from the passage is that..................... A) If Israel had enough natural resources for commercial production, it would not concentrate on agriculture now. B) Israel has developed commercially as well as agriculturally and politically. C) Israel's recent concentration on the manufacturing of commercial products has led to better food production methods. D) Since the Jews gathered in Israel, they have tried to build a commercially perfect country. E) Even though the major industry of Israel in its early years was agriculture, it is commercially developed enough now. 17. It seems that the most significant constituent of Israel's modern economy is A) agricultural production B) chemical manufacturing C) agricultural co-operatives D) the arms industry E) commercial retrogression 18. The arms industry................... A) employs twenty-five percent of all Israeli workers B) is to accuse of stagnation in agricultural production C) is devoid of natural resources of commercial value D) has surpassed chemical manufacturing E) is the largest agricultural co-operative

Military research has of course brought about the development of beneficial by-products, such as stronger plastics and metals, sophisticated electronics and other invaluable technical advancements which are used in many commercial products today. But non military scientific research and advance only for the sake of knowledge of man's world has been pitifully underfinanced. As a response to threats that may be developed by other nations, military programs have been absorbing a great share of government funds to expand U.S. technology as rapidly as possible. With the growing appetite of military priorities., few sources of research funding are left that are not being allocated to the protection of national security. 19. Non-military researches have been underfinanced ............... A) for the sake of knowledge of man's world. B) owing to the growing appetite of military officers for money. C) for the reason that there is no money for nonmilitary studies. D) to prepare militarily for any threat which might be posed by other nations. E) scientific researches are not so necessary as military ones. 20. According to the passage it is wrong to say that..................... A) the allocation of too much money to military research is criticised, but it is undeniable that it sometimes helps non-military scientific research with its common findings. B) non-military scientific researches have to be abandoned since military ones also lead to technically valuable developments. C) such funds have been allocated to military research under the pretext of protecting the national security. D) that military research has been given priority in using government funds on account of military threats that might be developed by other nations. E) non-military researches are directed towards getting to know more about man's world. 21. It is stressed in the passage that................... A) only a little is allocated to protecting national security B) the USA doesn't need any non-military research C) because of the growing appetite of military officers, there is no money left in the national budget D) research funds are no more allocated to security purposes E) the amount reserved for the maintenance of national security is surprisingly big

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An English company called Katcha Products has devised a humane and environmentally friendly way to dispose of spiders, flies and wasps. Guaranteed not to harm the insect, the trap is composed of a long handle with a transparent pyramidal chamber at one end. The user allows the insect to land, then places the chamber over the insect. Twisting the handle causes a gravitycontrolled shutter to close, trapping the insect inside. To release the bug, the user holds the trap horizontally and twists the shutter open. The trap may also be used by students and entomologists who wish to catch insects in the field for later examination. 22. The device introduced by the English company Katcha products.. A) kills the insect unmercifully. B) is for non-brutal seizure of pests. C) first traps the pest inside and releases it a short time later. D) is to be used to get rid of spiders mercifully, E) is merely for scientific researched.

23. If the trap is taken from the ground without the handle being twisted, A) the bug inside will die. B) nothing occurs. C) the insect inside will be free again. D) the shutter will remain unopened. E) the shutter will close tight trapping the bug inside. 24. The device is invaluable for entomologists since......................... A) they want to seize insects intact in order that they can be examined later. B) it is transparent enough for the bug inside to be scientifically examined without taking it out. C) the bug flies away when it is taken from the ground. D) it destroys the environment. E) it traps the insect in an opaque chamber.

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TEST 25 The submarine crew for the mission had been carefully chosen. Research studies showed that staying in confining cells for an extended period of time was a severe hazard to human emotions. Claustrophobia, boredom and tensions which arise from working with other men in small areas, for months at a time, were constant problems. Learning from the observations of prison psychologists. Soviet naval training instructors counselled every submariner in particular to avoid close personal relationships with other submariners. Instead, they were supposed to follow survival instincts and do what was known among convicts as serving 'soft' time developing just superficial friendships so as to maintain control of their emotions at all times. 1.The major idea of the passage is............... A) no matter how long you stay with the same group of people in an enclosed place, there wont be any problems. B) boredom is not a problem that may cause conflict among people who stay in a closed area for a long time. C) the reason why the crew was carefully selected was not that any group of carelessly chosen men would cause a problem. D) building intimate personal relationships with people that you stay with in an enclosed area for a long time has serious damage to human emotions. E) it is inadvisable that any group chosen for a mission ought to develop only superficial relations. 2. It is stated in the passage that..................... A) no scientific findings were used in the choice of the submariners for the mission. B) according to the psychologists that the Russians turned to, all the crew chosen should establish close friendships with each other for unity. C) the careful selection of the submariners for the special mission was done considering psychological findings about those living in small areas for a long time. D) the mission was so significant that specialised powerful mart were selected regardless of their personalities. E) equally dangerous was the preference of quickly annoyed men for the mission to be conducted on the island.

3. The Soviet naval instructors gave each crewman a careful counselling since ..................... A) each of them was expected to have incurable ailments during the mission. B) no friendship was to be allowed in the submarine. C) they were going to get involved in a hazardous mission. D) they needed to know what equipment they would have to get with them. E) they were supposed to refrain from emotional intimacy for the success of the mission.

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The United States is not only considered as a main world power, but also as a superpower in every respect, responsible for the liberty and security of most of the world. This responsibility is tied to a host of bilateral and multilateral treaties and defence connections which stretch all over the world. Millions of people and many nations look to the power and leadership of this country for their security. This military strength which so many have come to depend on consists of forces equipped with the most advanced weaponry systems available and manned by over four million men and women in the active and reserve forces. Great amounts of the sources of the country are committed to the military forces even though it is opposed by antiwar groups. 4. The author is of the opinion that....... A) as a superpower the U.S. can not be challenged militarily by any other nation B) all of the nations in the world are dependent upon the military assistance of the U.S. in case of their sovereignty being endangered. C) the JJ.S. military is regarded as responsible for maintaining not only the freedom and security of the U.S. but also those of many other nations with which it has defence agreements. D) what makes the U.S.A. a superpower is that its army is equipped with a very sophisticated weapons system. E) simply by the allocation of most of the budget to the military is such a power able to remain deterrent. 5. All the following statements are true apart from that A) regarded as a superpower in every respect the U.S., under some multilateral treaties, takes up the responsibility for ensuring the security and freedom of several nations. B) military connections of the U.S expand everywhere in the world. C) compared with those of other nations, the weapons systems of the U.S are the most sophisticated. D) almost four million men and women soldiers can be mobilised in case of a war the U.S. might wage against any country. E) groups in favour of peace are against so many national sources being allocated to the military. 6. Multilateral treaties are..................... A) those between two sides B) those regarding three sides C) those regarding defence D) those regarding more than two groups or nations E) defence treaties between two tribal communities

Researches on the casualties which result from earthquakes indicate that the majority of deaths are caused by collapsing pillars, walls bridges or other constructions. Despite the existence of technology necessary to design quake-resistant buildings, there are no laws to force builders to use it. For instance some buildings must be constructed with special consideration. In such disasters fire stations, hospitals, and police stations are expected to remain undamaged even if many other buildings collapse not only because there are many people in them but also for the simple reason that anyone hurt in any building is to be helped by those working in them. In an earthquake in Erzurum in 1992 there would have been more survivors if those injured had not had to be carried a long distance for medical assistance. In another quake occurring in San Francisco in 1906 most of the damage was caused owing to the fires. Further examples can be given that point out the significance of earthquake preparedness. 7. The biggest problem which causes most deaths and casualties during earthquakes is A) most buildings are not endurable enough to survive even the weakest quakes B) technological shortcomings to construct quake-resistant buildings C) earthquakes occur naturally regardless of how buildings are built D) the small number of hospitals and police stations E) failure in safe transport of the injured 8. In spite of the existence of technology to design endurable buildings to survive quakes intact,................... A) bridges and other constructions easily collapse B) hospitals and police stations are given priority C) there is no legal force requiring builders to do so D) the law forces builders to lessen their expenditure for materials E) builders violate the concerned laws in order not to utilise this technology. 9. Hospital and police stations............... A) are mentioned as examples to buildings to be constructed with highly technical specifications B) must be built irrespective of whether or not people need them C) generally remain unharmed irrespective of the strength of hurricanes D) are places where builders responsible for the collapsed buildings are detained E) carry the injured to long distances

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Authentic people recognise the direction in which their lives are meant to go. When Alberto Dominic, the great missionary doctor, was a boy, a friend proposed that they go into the hills and kill birds. Alberto was reluctant, but afraid of being laughed at, he went along. They arrived at a tree in which a flock of birds was singing; the boys put stones in their catapults. Then the church bell began to ring, mingling music with the birdsong. For Alberto, it was a voice from heaven. He shooed the birds away and went home, disregarding what his friends thought about him. From that day on, reverence for life was more important to him than the fear of being laughed at. His priorities were clear. 10. Alberto accepted his friend's suggestion of going into the hills,..................... A) since he felt anxious to enjoy the scenery , B) though he was unwilling to do what he suggested doing C) because he was an authentic person knowing where to go D) because he couldn't turn down his proposition E) even though the boys poked fun at him 11. The music from the church bell, mingled with the birdsong,..................... A) discouraged Alberto's friends from shooting their catapults as it was a holy warning against killing birds B) spooked some of the birds, finally causing them to fly away C) shooed the whole flock of birds away D) was as impressive as to inspire Alberto to prevent his friends from killing the birds E) caused Alberto to wait there a little more to listen to this holy music 12. This story emphasizes..................... A) people slaughtering animals won't go to the heaven after death B) those who eke out a living by hunting birds have no reverence for life indeed C) an authentic person should do what they should regardless of what others may think or even if they ridicule them D) one should disregard what their friends think while deciding on something E) if your priorities are clear, do what you like, but be careful not to be ridiculed

Although writing a research paper is a difficult assignment, many students make it more difficult than it need be because of inefficient working habits. Very often they postpone work on the paper until it is too late to do a respectable job of it. Often they invite avoidable difficulty by failure to find out at the beginning of their study whether sufficient material .is available in the library. Instead of developing a general notion of the topic before tackling it in detail, they begin with the first convenient book and plunge into fine points before they see the topic as a whole. They take more notes than are necessary because they begin to take notes before they have decided what kind of information they need, and because they do not pick out the tactual information in a paragraph but quote the paragraph in its entirety. 13. Researchers' untimely engagement in fine details of their topic..................... A) blocks their proper view of the subject as a whole and leads to redundant notes B) leads to their accidental discovery of relevant information C) is indicative of how competent they are in writing D) inhibit them from using relevant books efficiently E) shows they don't know to quote factual information 14. What renders writing a research paper more difficult is.................... A) the nature of the writing activity itself B) that many students overuse the library instead of making best use of their scanty information on the topic C) students' disorganised way of approaching their topic, and their inability to find relevant materials D) the researcher's inability to narrow his topic and to take irrelevant notes E) that scholars refer to a-single comprehensive book from which they tend to write the whole essay 15. .........is among inefficient students' working habits. A) That some scholars don't respect their work on compositions B) Delaying work on the given writing assignment until too late a time C) Conducting a library research to see if enough information is available D) Finding convenient books to make conclusions and quotations E) When students quote an entire paragraph instead of getting the relevant parts

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While I jacked the fore end of the car up, and cleared away the snow from under it, Daniel built a fire about a foot in front of the radiator to keep the car and us from freezing to death and to furnish light for the operation. The wheel correction was surprisingly easy; we were ready to leave again in a few minutes. Then we discovered that it would be more difficult to get out of the lane than it had been to get in. Because of the density of the timber there was no way of turning around without serious risk of getting stuck, and the whirling snow made the visibility poor everywhere except directly within the beams of the head lights. Daniel therefore very carefully directed my backing; yet in spite of this I bumped several small pines which retaliated by dumping their burden of snow on top of the car. The Plymouth was little more than a snow drift on wheels by the time we reached the highway. 16. The author's friend made a fire just in front of the car not only to prevent the car and them from freezing..................... A) for the snow on the country lane to thaw away B) so that they could see further ahead of their car for an easier drive C) but also to impede the wheel correction work D) and also to heat the radiator E) but also to provide light for the fixing operation on the car 17. ..................., it proved harder to drive out of the lane than it had been to drive in. A) Because it wasn't snowing heavily when they drove in the lane B) Because a lot of trees fell down during the snowy weather C) Due to the dense woods and the field of vision obstructed by the snow D) Owing to the bigger risk of getting stuck in the mud E) As Daniel gave bad instructions while the writer was baking the car out of the lane 18. The snow-laden trees that the writer hit.................... A) had left the auto in ruins by the time they reached the highway B) were so small that they did not cause much damage to the Plymouth C) show how inexperienced a driver the writer was D) turned the car into a pile of moving snow E) has indicated that the forest was impenetrably dense

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It is assumed that each spot on the skin has a specialised sensory ending which produces sensations of cold, heat, pain, or touch. An examination of a bit of skin under a high-powered microscope indicates that the matter is not so simple. The deep layers of the skin contain a large number of sensory fibres of various dimension. Each fibre branches like a tree, and its branches interweave with the branches of many neighbouring fibres. At the end of each branch is a sensory receptor characteristic of that particular fibre. These receptors range in complexity from highly organised structures of considerable size to "bare"; undifferentiated fibrils with no more than a tiny knob at the tip. The intermingling of the fibre branches and the great number of different endings at any one skin spot suggest how difficult it would be to stimulate one ending or one fibre selectively. An ordinary stimulus, whether a pinprick, a light touch or pressure, invariably activates a large number of different sensory fibres. The evidence is inescapable that the sensations we describe as "touch" and "pain" must be derived from the concurrent activation of many different sensory fibres of various sizes and distribution. 19. An examination of a tiny spot of the skin with a microscope of strong magnifying power shows.................... A) each spot on the skin has a differentiated sensory ending that produces feelings of cold, heat etc... B) sensory activities are more complicated than can be explained as the stimulation of certain sensory endings C) the branches of each fibre intermingle with each other and look like a knob at the end D) clearly when dermatological experiments should be conducted on the problematic spots , E) there are not varied fibres but fibre branches separate from one another which produce sensations 20. It is almost impossible to stimulate a single fibre separately..................... A) because fibre branches interweave with others from those nearby and many coexist at any given skin spot B) due to the tiny size of fibres, particularly fibrils C) because the end of each branch nearest to the epidermis consists of a numb knob D) although the sensory characteristic of each fibre branch is known E) if anything bigger than a needle is applied to the outer skin

21. It is understood from the passage that.................. A) when one feels pain, only the sensory receptor of a single fibre is stimulated and the body responds accordingly B) if the weather is cold, all the unclothed skin stimulates all the fibres under it C) though fibre branches with various sensory functions are intermingled and exist in big numbers, the sensory receptor at each one's end differentiates sensations like heat or cold D)a light torch or pressure may at times stimulate more fibrils than a cut E)the recent assumptions concerning stimulation of the skin have been refuted by the researchers

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The impact of alcohol on the nation's health and welfare is almost incalculable. According to the latest figures, alcohol causes or is associated with 200,000 deaths every year. These include deaths from alcohol-related diseases (such as cirrhosis of the liver, cancers of the mouth and larynx, chronic brain injury), traumatic events (including automobile crashes), and thousands of other injuries. Many of these deaths and injuries occur among the young. Alcohol-impaired driving is the leading cause of death and injury among those under 25 years of age (in 1984 an average of 9 teenagers were killed and more than 400 injured each day in alcohol-related car crashes). Alcohol contributes to falls in the home, house fires, and drowning. People who drink habitually are more likely to smoke and hence to doze off and start fires with unextinguished cigarettes. Half of the pedestrians killed on the streets are under the influence. Nor are the highways and the home the only places where trouble occurs. Lost work time due to drinking on the job and/or recovering from hangovers costs an estimated $7.9 million annually. 22. The country is badly influenced by alcohol.................. A) as it has been proved alcohol causes many fatal diseases B) if drunk-driving is tolerated more than now C) because traumatic proceedings kill many people every year D) so the government is right in their efforts to curb alcoholism E) because of the heavy death toll resulting from the harmful effect of the substance on the individual and others 23. Drunk-driving is the most responsible for the huge number of deaths and injuries, A) because traumatic events are as ordinary as terminal diseases B) because alcoholic drivers are inclined to get irritated with drunk pedestrians and hit them to death C) which explains why sleepers on the wheel cause more accidents than others D) which usually occur among the young as they are more prone to drink and drive recklessly E) as those who are involved in automobile crashes are decrepit people 24.Economic damage of alcoholism is enhanced..................... A) when the drunkard sleeps with his cigarette not put out and goes to work drunk B) if any crash they cause involves pedestrians besides car drivers C) so much that 9 teenagers perish and over 300 hundred are injured every day D) due to the expensive treatment of alcoholrelated diseases E) because the highways host most drunkards dismissed from their jobs

TEST 26 Nobody knows when fiction started. Perhaps, the first story-teller was a prehistoric mother trying to explain the world to her children. Or maybe it was a hunter telling about hi adventures around the camp fire. Who can till? What we do know, though, is that story- telling was a purely oral activity around 800 BC. Myths and tales were passed down by word of mouth and had to be memorized by each new generation of storytellers. This oral tradition only examples of Homer, a blind professional story-teller, who lived in the eighth century BC. 1. It is stressed in the passage that storytelling................. A) was first introduced by Homer in ancient times B) possibly began in prehistoric times C) began as a written activity D) became less and less popular during the 8* century BC. E) Became far more popular with the invention of writing 2. It is very clear from the passage that the Homeric epics................... A) were among the first stories to be written down B)consisted mainly of myths and other tales C)are the first examples of prehistoric tales and myths D) were not the best of their kind in the 8th century BC. E) Have often been imitated successfully in later centuries 3. We can infer from the passage that, throughout the oral tradition, professional storytellers............... A) were much respected in primitive societies B) depended on Homer for their stories C) were skilful at creating new stories D) collected the first stories going back to prehistoric times E) used to learn myths and tales by heart

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The printing press was invented by Gutenberg in the city of Mainz, in Germany. He built and operated the printing press with moveable metal letters. Actually, simple printing methods had existed for centuries, but they had to be done by hand and took a long time. What made Gutenberg's press so different was that the individual letters themselves could swiftly and easily be moved to create different pages. This made it possible to print entire books more cheaply and more rapidly than ever before. 4. It is emphasized in the passage that the basic new feature of Gutenberg's printing press.............. A) was that all the pages of a boo were printed at the same time B) was that it could easily be operated by unskilled workmen C) was that the printing of books was less costly although it took a long time to do D) was the use of metal letters that could be moved into different positions E) made it possible to print books without any error at all 5. One can infer from the passage that actually, the history of printing.................. A) first begins with Gutenberg's invention B) has always been associated with Germany C) can be traced back well before the time of Gutenberg D) runs parallel to the history of books E) gives less importance to Gutenberg's invention than it deserves 6. It can be understood from the passage that the printing technique which was introduced by Gutenberg . A) made printing more complicated and timeconsuming B) was not as important as it has often been thought C) was not used outside Germany for a long time D) speeded up the printing of books E) adopted the metal letters system of earlier methods

In many countries in the process of industrialization, overcrowded cities present a main problem. The overpopulation of towns is generally caused by the drift of large numbers of people from the rural areas. The only long-term solution is to make life in the rural areas more attractive, which would encourage people to stay there. This could be achieved by providing incentives for people to go and work in the villages. Furthermore, facilities in the rural areas, such as transport, health and education services, should be improved. 7. According to the passage, one important outcome of industrialization has been....... A) a massive migration from the countryside to cities B) a general improvement in the quality of urban life C) the decline of health services in cities D) the emergence of new cities throughout the country E) an overall increase in the population of the country 8. The author stresses that one way in which rural life might be made more attractive A) has already been tried; namely improved education services B) would be to set up better medical facilities C) has been suggested by those migrating to the towns D) has been regarded by some as a threat to the progress of industrialization E) is likely to prove unpopular among citydwellers

9. The writer suggests that, so as to solve the problem of overcrowding in cities, A) health an education services in the cities have to be modernized B) transport facilities have to be renewed completely C) measures should be taken to make the city environment more attractive D) the number of those migrating to the cities should be restricted E) living conditions in the countryside need to be made better and more agreeable

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The famous English detective Tom Wilkinson was actually a great lover of music; he often played the violin and even composed some music. He would sometimes spend a whole afternoon listening to music, and this would make him extremely happy. On such occasions he grew gentle and dreamy, quite unlike the sharp, clever and rather frightening detective that everybody knew him to be. But such a mood rarely lasted long; and when it left him he was more alert and businesslike than ever. 10. The writer describes a side of Detective Wilkinson's character which................ A) he thinks is unsuitable for a detective. B) is referred to as a major defect. C) was little known by the general public. D) had a bad effect upon his work. E) eventually led to his downfall. 11. The writer points out that, after a quiet afternoon spent in listening to music, Wilkinson A) went back to his detective work with greater efficiency. B) would lose interest in his professional work. C) found himself behaving in an aggressive manner. D) wished he didn't have to work as a detective. E) would take up his violin and play some of his own works. 12. We can understand from the passage that Wilkinson was generally regarded as o A) being rather unreliable as a detective B) a man of many and varied talents C) rather a cruel person, even a wicked one D) an extremely intelligent detective, and one to be feared E) someone whose behaviour was disliked by many people.

During the World War, Faye Googman showed extraordinary qualities of determination and organizing ability. In the English hospital where she worked, conditions at first were terrible; dirt and disease probably caused more deaths among the soldiers than did the wounds received-in battle. Still, under these circumstances, Faye Goodman gradually built up a highly disciplined nursing staff and, together with more adequate medical supplies, she was able to improve conditions and be of real service to the soldiers. However, the work was hard, and, as a result, her own health suffered. 13. One important point the passage makes is that Faye Goodman .................... A) would have been more efficient if she had a more qualified nursing staff B) was not liked by the nursing staff because of her harsh discipline C) hated the terrible conditions she was working in and wanted to get away D) failed to improve conditions in the hospital as she herself had poor health E) overcame, with great efficiency, the problems she faced in a military hospital 14. It is clear from the passage that because Faye Goodman was a determined person, with a gift form organising, she.................... A) volunteered to serve in the Crimean War B) was widely criticised by her staff C) did little nursing herself D) was able to succeed in her work E) was selected by the army to work as a nurse in the hospital 15. As the writer emphasizes in the passage, conditions in the military hospital were, at the beginning, so bad that............ A) they accounted for more deaths among the soldiers than the war itself B) little could be done to improve them C) Florence Nightingale felt she had little chance of success D) many of the nursing staff fell ill E) medical supplies soon ran out

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Skiing is a popular sport, enjoyed by people of all ages. The best skiers, that is, the professionals, have recently been Europeans. The Austrians, the Norwegians and the Italians have generally been the fastest in international competitions: recently, however, skiers from other countries have also come to the fore and demonstrated their skills. As a result, interest in the sport has become worldwide, and this has led to a highly competitive ski industry. 16. It is shown from the passage that the European countries..................... A) are determined to improve their skiing skills B) are now losing their lead in skiing sports C) will soon dominate the ski industry in the world D) regard skiing as the world's most popular sport E) regret having invested so heavily in the ski industry7 17. The passage writer emphasizes that the development of the ski industry in the world............... A) owes little to the growing international interest in this sport B) has been fastest in countries outside Europe C) has been the result of the efforts made by the European professionals D) has been to the benefit of the European countries E) is due to the growing international popularity of skiing as a sport 18. According to the text, as a sport, skiing...................... A) arouses little interest outside Europe B) is in the hands of professionals only C) is not confined to any special age group D) is rapidly becoming too expensive for most people E) originally came into being in Austria

The Amazon basin is a huge area in Brazil. It has always attracted businessmen on account of its valuable and rich resources such as rubber, coffee and cocoa. However, it not easy to make money by starting an enterprise there. As the Brazilians say, "If you want to succeed, you must believe in the Amazon, and you must be young." Many rich men, including Hardy Folk, have poured money into the area and gone away with nothing. 19. The writer points out that many businessmen... .................. A) have expected to make their fortune in the Amazon basin, but most of them have been disappointed B) have invested heavily in the Amazon basin and made huge profits C) have followed the example of Hardy Folk and started an enterprise in the Amaze; basin. D) have only been interested in importing rubber, coffee and cocoa from the Amaze basin. E) have followed the advice of the Brazilians and became rich 20. According to the passage, there has been a great deal of economic interest in the Amazon basin................... . A) and the interest is still growing rapidly B) even though Hardy Folk invested very little money there C) but very few people have actually invested money there D) since many investors have lost money in the region E) because the region has a wealth of raw materials 21. One can understand from the passage that the Amazon basin................... . A) is producing less and less in the way of raw materials B) still remains a challenge to businessmen and does not give any profits C) is rich in rubber, coffee and cocoa, but in nothing else at all D) is fast becoming one of the world's major industrial areas E) no longer welcomes foreign investments

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Nigeria is heavily dependent on the export of crude oil to finance industrial development. 95% of Nigeria's exports by value are crude oil. At current production rates, known reserves are only sufficient until the end of the century. Industrialization was boosted after 1973 following the fourfold increase, in oil prices. In the early 1980s prices fell, and Nigeria lost important income. Oil production peaked in 1974 when output reached 112 million tones. 22. It is emphasized in the passage that the sharp rise in oil prices in 1973 ........ . a. had less effect on Nigeria's economy than might have been expected b. contributed greatly to industrial development in Nigeria c. coincided with a considerable fall in oil production d. provided Nigeria with a high revenue well into the late 1980s e. put a great deal of pressure on Nigeria's oil reserves 23. It is clearly understood from the given passage that only a fraction of Nigeria's exports ......... . a. are goods other than crude oil b. would be needed to support industrial development c. were affected by the fail in oil prices in the 1980s d. were oil-related e. have benefited from price increases

TEST 27 Real depression cannot be as easily overcome as some people often suppose. It generally passes with time-but the time can seem endless. Activities giving companionship and a new interest can help. However for the sufferer to talk, again and again, about the causes of the depression helps most. People with depression need to be listened to and encouraged to find their own solutions, not made to feel yet more inadequate by good advice. They might need professional counselling as well as the support of family and friends. 1. According to the passage, in overcoming depression the support of friends and family ........... . a. can best be directed into giving good advice b. is the only solution c. may cause more harm than good d. never contributes to any improvement in the patient e. is not always sufficient 2. The author suggests that people with depression ............. . a. should not be allowed much social activity b. should rely solely on professional counselling c. need, more than anything else, someone to listen to them d. ought to remain alienated from society for a long time e. receive an unnecessary amount of sympathy 3. It is understood from the passage some people .............. . a. seem to underestimate how difficult it is to get over depression b. suffer from depression over long periods of time c. refuse to get professional counselling d. suffering from depression have been cured through the good advice of friends e. with depression don't want to talk about their problems

24. The passage says that ,as long as the current rate of oil production is maintained ............. . a. world oil prices are not expected to rise significantly b. Nigeria's industrial development plans will soon be fully realized c. Nigeria is likely to have no oil reserves left by the year 2000 d. Nigeria will continue to enjoy large revenues e. the variety of goods exported from Nigeria will increase

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Several art museums and galleries and many individuals in the art world faced financial problems in 1975 as the effects of world recession deepened. On the surface things seemed to continue as before, with important exhibitions in major museums attracting large crowds. But smaller galleries, and the artists whose work was shown by their resourceful proprietors, fared less well, and over the long term it is the work of young artists that determines the course of art for the future. 4. According to the passage; the point made in the passage is that the recession in the 1970s ............. . a. forced many young artists to give up their profession b. led to the immediate closure of several major museums in the West c. was one of the most serious in economic history d. didn't at first appear to hit hard at the art world e. meant exhibitions were regarded as unnecessary luxuries 5. One can understand from the given passage that if a generation of young artist is lost ........... . a. this would not have a damaging effect on art museums and galleries even in the long run b. the future development of art will be greatly hampered c. recession in the art market would not last very long d. smaller galleries would benefit from it e. the organizing of exhibitions would be even more costly 6. The passage gives the idea that, the people in the art world who were most strongly affected by the recession .............. . a. were young artists and the owners of small galleries b. tried to balance their losses by buying up the work of young artist c. were the well established art dealers d. decided to stop holding exhibitions altogether e. resorted to all sorts of methods of attracting large crowds to their galleries

Computers should never have acquired the exalted status they now have. Fascinating and invaluable as they are, even the most advanced have less brain power than a three-year-old. But, they do, score on single-mindedness. The threeyear-old uses his brain not only to think but also to do tasks like seeing, hearing and running about, which need incredibly rapid and sophisticated electromechanical interactions we too run on electricity. However the computer just sits there and sends spacecraft to the moon or re-organizes the world banking system-which is very much easier. That's why man's dream of robot servants is still a long way off. 7. The basic point made by the given passage is that the human brain ......... . a. is much inferior to any known computer b. is infinitely more complex and powerful than any computer c. reaches its maximum efficiency at the age of three d. is not as complicated and mysterious as has usually been thought e. has been entirely reproduced in computer form 8. It is mentioned in the passage that the efficiency of the computer ............ . a. will soon make it possible for man to be served by robots b. depends on the speed with which the data are fed c. can best be appreciated in the decision making positions d. is the result of its being concentrated on one task at a time e. depends upon sophisticated electromechanical interactions 9. The writer feels that computers .............. . a. are becoming unaffordable as they get more advanced b. have contributed immensely to the improvement of living standards c. have been unnecessarily overrated d. will be a major force behind all future progress e. are capable of doing all the tasks the human brain performs even more efficiently

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The dramatic growth of the world's population in the twentieth century has been on a scale without parallel in human history. Most of that growth has occurred since 1950 and is known as the population ''explosion''. Between 1950 and 1980 the world population increases from 2.5 to over 4 billion, and by the end of the century that figure will have risen to at least 6 billion. Growth of this size cannot continue indefinitely. Recent forecasts suggest that the total population will level-out at between 10 and 15 billion in the mid twenty-first century. Already there are encouraging signs that the rate of increase in several less developed countries is beginning to slow down. 10. According to the given passage above , at no period in human history has there been ........ a. so much consensus among nations concerning the population of the world b. a sharp decline in population like the one since 1980 c. a universal fear about the future of man d. as comprehensive a study of population problems as the one envisaged now e. a population explosion of the magnitude of the one in this century 11. It is emphasized in the passage that the increase in the world population ...... . a. is a highly encouraging sign for the general economy b. is expected to continue even faster until 2050 c. will not continue into the next century d. has been going on noticeably since 1950 e. has been much faster in the industrialized countries 12. The passage says that; it has been forecast that, by the middle of the next century ......... . a. various measures will have been taken to encourage population growth b. the population growth rate in less developed countries will be much higher than that in previous years c. the world population will be stabilized at around 10 to 15 billion d. the rate of increase will still be rising e. the rate of population increase will have doubled the 1950 rate

Many substances, whether man-made or natural, can cause harm to man or the environment. Some of these reach the environment in waste streams; but emission limits and environmental quality standards can, in some instances, reduce the amounts released. However some other substances cannot be controlled in this way because they are released, not in industrial waste streams, however through the use or disposal of products which contain them. In many cases these substances pose little or no threat if the product containing them is used and disposed of properly. The right way to deal with them is generally through controls over their supply, use and disposal. 13. The passage gives the idea that, the threat of certain substances to the environment ............ a. is far less than that to man b. could be reduced by enforcing emission limits and environmental controls c. has been unnecessarily overemphasized d. has to date been completely ignored e. can be eliminated by the use of industrial waste streams 14. The writer emphasizes that the danger posed to man by many substances ...... . a. is unrelated to environmental pollution b. is even greater than generally admitted c. continues to grow despite constant control of disposal systems d. is solely due to the use of industrial waste streams e. arises from their misuse and wrong disposal 15. The passage above is related to the question of ............. . a. how the harmful effects of certain substance can be brought under control b. why industrial waste streams have caused so much pollution c. whether man-made substances or natural ones cause more pollution d. what measures are to be taken against the supply of dangerous substances e. who is responsible for taking the required measures

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No one knows when fiction began. Perhaps the first story-teller was a prehistoric mother trying to explain the world to her children. Or perhaps it was a hunter telling about his adventures around the camp fire. Who can tell? What we do know, though, is that story-telling was a purely oral activity until around 800 BC. Myths and tales were passed down by word of mouth and had to be memorized by each new generation of storytellers. That oral tradition only changed when ancient people started to keep written records of certain stories. The earliest surviving examples of those are the epics of Homer, a blind professional story-teller, who lived in the eighth century BC. 16. It is pointed out in the passage that storytelling ............. a. was first introduced by Homer in ancient times b. possibly began in prehistoric times c. began as a written activity in antiquity d. became less and less popular during the 8th century BC e. became far more popular with the invention of writing 17. The passage says that the Homeric epics ............. a. were among the first stories to be written down b. consisted mainly of myths and other tales c. are the first examples of prehistoric tales and myths d. were not the best of their kind in the 8th century BC e. have often been imitated successfully in later centuries 18. The passage gives the idea that, throughout the oral tradition, professional story-telling ............. a. were much respected in primitive societies b. depended on Homer for their stories c. were skilful at creating new stories d. collected the first stories going back to prehistoric times e. used to learn myths and tales by heart

The printing press was invented by Gutenberg in the city of Mainz, in Germany. He built and operated the printing press with movable metal letters. In fact, simple printing methods had existed for centuries, however they had to be done by hand and took a long time. What made Gutenberg's press so different was that the individual letters themselves could rapidly and easily be moved to create different pages. That made it possible to print entire books more cheaply and more quickly than ever before. 19. It is emphasized in the passage that the basic new feature of Gutenberg's printing press ............. a. was that all the pages of a book were printed at the same time b. was that it could easily be operated by unskilled workmen c. was that the printing of books was less costly although it took a long time to do d. was the use of metal letters that could be moved into different positions e. made it possible to print books without any error at all 20. It is understood from the passage that actually, the history of printing ............. a. first begins with Gutenberg's invention b. has always been associated with Germany c. can be traced back well before the time of Gutenberg d. runs parallel to the history of books e. gives less importance to Gutenberg's invention than it deserves 21. It is obvious from the passage that the printing techniques introduced by Gutenberg ............. a. made printing more complicated and timeconsuming b. was not as important as it has often been thought c. was not used outside Germany for a long time d. speeded up the printing of books e. adopted the metal letters system of easier printing methods

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In several countries in the process of industrialization, overcrowded cities present a major problem. The overpopulation of towns is mainly caused by the drift of large numbers of people from the rural areas. The only long-term solution is to make life in the rural areas more attractive, which would encourage people to stay there. This could be achieved by providing incentives for people to go and work in the villages. Moreover, facilities in the rural areas, such as transportation, health and education services should be improved. 22. The passage says that , one significant outcome of industrialization has been ............. a. a massive migration from the countryside to cities b. a general improvement in the quality of urban life c. the decline of health services in cities d. the emergence of new cities throughout the country e. an overall increase in the population of the country 23. The author emphasizes that one way in which rural life might be made from attractive ............. a. has already been tried; namely improved education services b. would be to set up better medical facilities c. has been suggested by those migrating to the towns d. has been regarded by some as a threat to the progress of industrialization e. is likely to prove unpopular among citydwellers 24. The writer suggests that, so as to solve the problem of overcrowding in cities, ............. a. health and education services in the cities have to be modernized b. transport facilities have to be renewed completely c. measures should be taken to make the city environment more attractive d. the number of those migrating to the cities should be restricted e. living conditions in the countryside need to be made better and more agreeable.

TEST 28 From the beginning of human history every society has had some way of preparing young people for adult life. Many communities have regarded education as training for work. In many traditional societies children still help the older members of the family in their work and so grow up to do the same jobs as their parents. Elsewhere young boys used to be sent away for several years as apprentices to a craftsman to learn his trade. In the modern world, however, the main aim of education is to stimulate the child's mind and enable him to develop his personality and abilities to their limits. 1. The passage gives the idea that; in the past, education ............. a. was offered only to adults b. was generally understood as a means of learning a skill c. was strictly confined to the family environment d. was not taken seriously by parents e. didn't relate at all to e person's working life 2. The writer emphasizes that, throughout history, in some way or another, ............. a. boys have often managed to avoid work that requires a lot of physical effort b. parents have been reluctant to improve the education of their children c. children have been forced to learn several crafts d. children have been given an education to equip them for the future e. young people have chosen different ways of life from those of their parents 3. One can conclude from the given passage that modern education ............. a. is a clear continuation of the practices of earlier times b. is more interested in practical skills than in mental development of any kind c. gives more importance to the development of a child's mind and character than it used to d. does not prepare young people for their future e. puts too much pressure on a child

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When Queen Victoria died in 1901, the world was entering a new and exciting period of change. For instance, in that year, for the first time, wireless signals had crossed the Atlantic and, in the following year, an airship flew from Europe to America. Already the motor car had come into use and was making life much easier. Telephones, also, were becoming fairly common. Politically and economically, people looked forward to a time of peace, wealth and progress. In fact, nothing seemed to stand in the way of such a future. 4. It is obvious from the passage that the twentieth century ................ a. opened with a decline in industrial and economic activity b. inherited, from the previous century, very many serious social and political problems c. began in a spirit of hope and confidence which was more or less world-wide d. was ushered in by a wave of despair and discontent e. introduced a period of economic and political unrest. 5. At the beginning of the twentieth century, people ................ a. were still not fully aware of the benefits of the telephone b. believed that technological and economic progress could not be halted c. preferred to make their long distance journeys by airship d. were extremely upset bye the death of Queen Victoria e. felt ill at ease in the face of so much change 6. From the passage one can conclude that at the turn of the new century ................ a. the drawbacks of industrialization became evident b. it seemed that nothing more could be invented c. progress and change were to be seen on every side d. technological progress was hampered by an economic crisis e. the main emphasis was on improved communications

There can be few more depressing stories in the entire history of man's exploitation of nature than the wide-spread destruction of whales. Whales have not only suffered untold cruelty but now face total extermination. Already entire populations have been wiped out, and the only reason why no species has yet been finished off is due to the vastness and inaccessibility of the oceans. Hence, a few have always managed to escape, but how much longer can this go on? 7. The author points out that of all the animals in nature it is probably the whales that ................ a. have aroused most sympathy among ordinary people b. have attracted the least scientific attention c. alone can survive man's hunting instincts d. have suffered most from man's cruelty e. can finally avoid total extinction 8. According to the passage, if whales have so far survived, it is because ................ a. they have taken refuge in the vast expenses of the oceans b. they breed fast and are difficult to catch c. modern man has recognized the need to preserve them d. various measures have been taken to save them from total extermination e. man has finally realized that nature must not be exploited 9. In the passage the author expresses his doubts about whether ................ a. many species of whales ought to be preserved b. the exploitation of nature can be justified c. whales can actually survive in the future d. man really is as cruel to whales as some people have claimed e. there is any point in trying to preserve all species of animals

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It is to be expected that, by the year 2050, people's eating habits will have changed beyond recognition. With a world-wide growth in population very many new mechanical and scientific methods will come into being to step up food production. There may well be an end to food as we know it today. In fact, meals as we know them, may become a thing of the past. Food constituents and vitamins may be taken in the form of capsules, tablets and pills. The thought of these highly artificial food constituents replacing present day foods may not be very relishing, but they may be the answer to food shortage and world famine. 10. It is suggested in the passage that, at a not too distant date, .... . a. the world will face severe famine b. the rate of growth in this world population will have been slowed down c. the world's food production will decline tremendously despite the population growth d. methods of advertising food products will change drastically e. our traditional eating habits will have been completely replaced 11. The author points out that artificial food ................ a. will unfortunately be deficient in vitamins b. can be economically and easily produced c. is not practical but it is delicious d. may provide a solution to the problem of a world food shortage e. will appeal greatly to the majority of people 12. The main point emphasized in the passage is that ................ a. present-day eating habits must be preserved b. in the twenty-first century the wide-spread use of artificial food will be inevitable c. famine and food shortage in the world can only be overcome by reducing the population growth rate d. artificial goods need not conflict with traditional eating habits e. mechanical and scientific methods are indispensable for the production of vitamins

There is nothing that man fears more than the touch of the unknown. He wants to know what is reaching towards him, and to be able to recognize or at least classify it. Man always tends to avoid physical contact with anything strange. In the dark, the fear of an unexpected touch can lead to panic. Even clothes give insufficient security: it is easy to tear them and pierce through to the naked, smooth, defenceless flesh of the victim. All the distances which men create round themselves are dictated by this fear. They shut themselves in houses which no one may enter, and only there they feel some measure of security. The fear of burglars is not only the fear of being robbed, but also the fear of something touching you in the darkness. 13. According to the passage, what frightens people most is ................ a. the thought of being robbed at night b. the unexpected contact with something unknown c. a sense of insecurity d. being alone in the dark e. the knowledge that they won't be protected 14. Because people are frightened of the unknown, ................ a. they feel it necessary to put a barrier between themselves and the unknown b. it is natural that they should always be in a state of panic c. they feel safer in a crowd d. they try to avoid physical contact of all kinds e. burglars find it much easier to break into houses 15. This passage is concerned with ................ a. how people can regain a sense of security b. the measures people are advised to take against burglars c. the three main types of fear d. people's fear of the unknown and how they try to cope with it e. how to bring one's fears into the open

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England is famous for its gardens, and most people like gardening. This is possibly one reason why so many people prefer to live in houses rather than in flats. Particularly in suburban areas it is possible to pass row after row of ordinary small houses, each one with its neatly kept patch of grass surrounded by a great variety of flowers and shrubs. Enthusiasts of gardening get a great amount of helpful advice from the television and magazines. 16. The passage stresses that, as many English people are fond of gardening, ............. a. they don't want to live in suburban areas b. houses are more popular than flats c. they can spare little time for the television d. the price of land is constantly going up e. they grow flowers but not grass and fruit trees 17. The passage emphasizes that people interested in gardening ............. a. find it essential to move out to distant rural areas b. need large gardens in order to get satisfaction c. are in a minority in England d. get very little encouragement from the media e. are supplied with information and guidance by both the television and the press 18. The passage is regarded with ............. a. the increasing demand for new varieties of flowers and shrubs b. the problems of gardening in suburban areas c. the new techniques in gardening d. the enthusiasm of people in England for gardens and gardening e. how to look after the grass in gardens

Public libraries, maintained by the local authorities, are well developed and progressive, and everywhere permit people to borrow books without charge. The books in the lending section are always kept on open shelves, and library staffs are very helpful in getting books on request from other libraries through the exchange system. Most libraries report an increase in borrowing over the last few years, so television does not seem to be stopping people from reading, as it was feared that it would. 19. It is explained in the passage that any book that is not available in one library ............. a. won't be available at any library b. can be brought from another c. discourages people from using libraries d. spoils the whole lending system of the public libraries e. ought to be reported to the librarian 20. As stressed in the passage, people nowadays ----. a. prefer entertaining television programs to reading b. are using public libraries more than they used to in the past c. read a lot but don't use the libraries much d. complain a great deal about the poor services the libraries are offering e. are using the exchange system less and less often 21. The passage gives us the impression that public libraries ............. a. charge more than is necessary for the services given b. are no more receiving any financial support from local authorities c. are working tremendously efficiently at present d. do not cooperate with one another at all e. are understaffed and poorly equipped

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The Falklands are a group of small islands in the South Atlantic close to Argentina, with a population of 1,200 British citizens. They have been British territory ever since 1892. Disputes about who owns the islands go back to the eighteenth century. Argentina has long alleged that these islands, which they call the Malvinas, belong to them. They invaded the islands in April 1982 and the Falkland War lasted until July 1982 when British forces won them back. The Falkland War had an massive impact on Britain and is still controversial. Some people see it as a restoration of Britain's old imperial power. 22. It is emphasized in the passage that both Britain and Argentina ---. a. were reluctant to start the Falklands War b. regard the Falklands as their own territory c. realize that these islands are of no importance to anyone d. prefer to use the name 'Malvinas' for these islands e. simply laid claim to the islands after 1892 23. According to the passage, the Falklands War ............. a. was being fought, on and off, between 1892 and 1982 b. was largely ignored by the British public c. demonstrated how right Argentina was in claiming the islands d. was followed by a withdrawal of most British citizens from the islands e. broke out after the islands were invaded by Argentina 24. One may infer from the passage that, even today, Britain's hold over the Falkland Islands ............. a. is considered as politically and economically unnecessary by everyone in Britain b. could, in all likelihood, lead to another war between Britain and other powers c. causes more problems than benefits to the British public d. is felt by some people to be a continuation of the British imperial rule e. has not been accepted anywhere but in Argentina

TEST 29 Ever since Nobel prize-winner Dr. Morris first advocated vitamin C as a common-cold war weapon more than 30 years ago, researchers have been busy trying to verify that claim. But so far, they've found little evidence that vitamin C prevents colds-in fact, there are more studies that say it doesn't. But there is evidence that it can keep coughing and sneezing to a minimum, and that low levels of vitamin C in the body may be related to bronchitis. 1. In the passage we learn that Dr. Morriss view as regards vitamin C .......... . a. has greatly improved the treatment of bronchitis b. has caused a revolution in medical studies c. aroused very little interest among medical exports d. was based on the results of years of research e. has not been verified scientifically 2. As said in the passage, coughing and sneezing ............. . a. should be taken seriously and treated accordingly b. are the early symptoms of bronchitis c. are now being effectively treated without vitamin C d. can be reduced with the help of vitamin C e. do not respond to any treatment whatsoever 3. During the last three decades there has been a great deal of scientific effort made to ............. . a. convince the public of the dangers of vitamin C b. prove that the common cold can be prevented by vitamin C c. establish a connection between coughing and bronchitis d. study the adverse effects of vitamin C e. demonstrate how the body reacts to low levels of vitamin C

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Since early times it has been thought that the actions of animals are unconscious. Behaviour, in this view, stems almost exclusively from instinct. If animals behave in ways that seem pretty clever, they do so without thinking about it. Animals can know things, the argument goes, but they don't know that they know. Or do they know? Recent research reports suggest an astonishing depth of intelligence among animals. Although no one can yet prove the existence of animal consciousness, the data offered make a compelling case for at least considering it 4. It can be understood from the passage that traditionally, animals are believed to ......... a. behave not instinctively but logically b. have an intelligence comparable with man's c. imitate man in many ways d. act on instinct e. know exactly what they are doing 5. It is told in the passage that modern research forces one to consider ..... . a. why animals behave differently under different circumstances b. the possibility of intelligence in animals c. the means by which animal behaviour can be improved d. how animals can be made to acquire new skills e. animals to be the equal of man in intelligence 6. The passage says that, in the light of modern research, our traditional assumptions about animal behaviour ............ . a. have been totally disproved b. have been confirmed c. have to be reconsidered d. were indeed based on scientific fact e. should never have been questioned

The first universities developed in Europe in the second half of the 12th century. By 1550 Europe boasted 115 institutions of higher learning, many of which had gained special privileges from existing regimes because of their close association with the Church. In most European countries, universities were designed mainly for the sons of nobility and gentry. Scholarly standards were low, and scholarship was irrelevant for most professions. Education for earning a livelihood in, say, medicine or law could be acquired after college by serving as an apprentice. 7. In the passage we learn that in the early years of the universities, ............. . a. most students wanted to train for a profession b. the Church disapproved of much of their teaching c. Western European governments were not at all interested in education d. medicine was the most popular subject for study e. the majority of students came from upper class families 8. According to the passage, since most of the early universities enjoyed the support of the Church ........... . a. state authorities granted them various rights b. the number of students they admitted increased rapidly c. the academic level of the education they offered was extremely d. law naturally became one of the major subjects offered e. the education offered was free of charge

9. As one can understand from the passage, real professional skills ........... . a. were taught during the university years b. were normally acquired through a period of apprenticeship c. gained importance in the universities only after 1600 d. were acquired by nearly all university students e. were taught only to the children of nobility

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The effects of sleep loss are subject to a great many popular misconceptions. The belief that everyone must sleep 8 hours a night is a myth. According to the results of a recent survey on the subject, adults average about 7 to 7.5 hours of sleep per night, and many individuals function effectively with 5 to 6 hours of sleep. In fact, 30 percent of the population (slightly more in men) sleep less than 5 hours per night. Another significant fact is that sleep time decreases with age. 10. According told in the passage, the popular assumption that eight hours of sleep per night is essential ............ . a. is only true for the elderly b. has been supported by scientific evidence c. is actually a fallacy d. is only true for 20 percent of the population e. is very rarely disputed 11. The survey referred to in the passage indicates that as people get older .......... . a. they sleep less and less b. they require more sleep than formerly c. their sleep time varies between 7 and 8 hours d. they rarely sleep less than 7 hours e. sleep loss ceases to be a problem 12. It is pointed out in the passage that a sleep time under 8 hours ........ . a. is not recommended in the survey b. invariably leads to noticeable inefficiency c. does not necessarily reduce a person's efficiency d. causes a number of complications in old people e. is common among women but not among men

Until recently, many archaeologists thought that civilized communities first appeared in Egypt, though only a very short time before a similar development in Mesopotamia: a more recent opinion is now that the earliest advances may have taken place in Mesopotamia. Whichever view is followed, it is important to keep in mind that geographical conditions in both regions were not the same, and it can in fact be stated that in Mesopotamia environmental factors were not as wholly favourable as in the valley of the Nile. 13. A more recent view states that the beginnings of the development of civilization ............. . a. have only recently been a major preoccupation among archaeologists b. were wrongly assumed to se in Mesopotamia c. were apparently not affected by geographical conditions d. in Egypt were greatly hampered by unfavourable environmental factors e. seem to have occurred in Mesopotamia rather than, as once thought, in Egypt.

14. It is pointed out in the passage that the Nile valley and Mesopotamia ........... . a. have never attracted the attention of historians b. were equally suitable for the rise of civilization c. could not have been the home of our earliest civilizations d. do not share the same geographical conditions e. are no longer as fertile as they used to be in early times 15. One can understand from the passage that .............. . a. our opinions of early history may sometimes need to be revised b. archaeologists have never regarded either Egypt or Mesopotamia as the cradles of civilization c. geographical conditions play an important role in the decline of civilization d. the early civilizations in Egypt and Mesopotamia were not similar at all e. archaeology has not, until recently, been concerned with this part of the world

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Dates and periods are important to the study and discussion of history, because all historical phenomena are conditioned by time and are produced by the sequence of events. Periods, especially, are retrospective conceptions that we form about past events; they are useful to focus discussion, but very often they lead historical thought astray. Therefore, while it is certainly useful to speak of the Middle Ages and of the Victorian Age, those two abstract ideas have deluded many specialists and millions of newspaper readers into supposing that during certain decades called the Middle Ages, and again during certain decades called Age of Victoria, everyone thought or acted more or less in the same way-till at last Victoria died or the Middle Ages came to an end. But in fact there was no such similarity. 16. The passage suggests that contrary to common assumption; the behaviour of people ........... a. was more uniform in the Middle Ages than in the Victorian Age b. was not uniform, at all, in any given period c. is a subject that should also be studied by historians d. in any given period is always the same e. is unrelated to the age they live in 17. As can be understood from the passage, the division of history into periods ............ . a. is both useful and deceptive b. is avoided by modern historians c. was rejected in the Victorian Age d. has been in use since the Middle Ages e. serves no useful purpose at all 18. As we can understand from the passage, the study of history .............. . a. began in the Middle Ages and reached its height in the Victorian Age b. has changed greatly in our time c. requires a knowledge of dates and periods d. includes a great variety of interrelated subjects e. should concentrate on the reconstruction of past events

The famous American detective Thomas Osbourne was actually a great lover of music; he often played the violin and even composed some music. He would sometimes spend a whole afternoon, listening to music, and this would make him extremely happy. On such occasions he grew gentle and dreamy, quite unlike the sharp, clever and rather frightening detective that everybody knew him to be. But such a mood rarely lasted long; and when it left him he was more alert and businesslike than ever. 19. The writer describes a side of Detective Ousborne's character which ............. a. he thinks is unsuitable for a detective b. is referred to as a major defect c. was little known by the general public d. had a bad effect upon his work e. eventually led to his downfall 20. The writer points out that, after a quiet afternoon spent in listening to music, Ousborne............. a. went back to his detective work with greater efficiency b. would lose interest in his professional work c. found himself behaving in an aggressive manner d. wished he didn't have to work as a detective e. would take up his violin and play some of his own words 21. We can understand from the passage that Ousborne was generally regarded as ............. a. being rather unreliable as a detective b. a man of many and varied talents c. rather a cruel person, even a wicked one d. an extremely intelligent detective, and one to be feared e. would take up his violin and play some of his own works

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During the Crimean War, Marry Portmonth showed extraordinary qualities of determination and organization ability. In the English hospital where she worked, conditions at first were terrible; dirt and disease probably caused more deaths among the soldiers than did the wounds received in battle. Still, under these circumstances, Marry Portmonth gradually built up a highly disciplined nursing staff and, together with more adequate medical supplies, she was able to improve adequate conditions and be of real service to soldiers. However, the work was hard, and, as a result, her own health suffered. 22. One important point the passage makes is that Marry Portmonth ............. a. would have been more efficient if she had had a more qualified nursing staff b. was not liked by the nursing staff because of her harsh discipline c. hated the terrible conditions she was working in and wanted to get away d. failed to improve conditions in the hospital as she herself had poor health e. overcame, with great efficiency, the problems she faced in a military hospital 23. It is clear from the passage that, because Marry Portmonth was a determined person, with a gift for organizing, she ............. a. volunteered to serve in the Crimean War b. was widely criticized by her staff c. did little nursing herself d. was able to succeed in her work e. was selected by the army to work as a nurse in the hospital 24. As the writer points out in the passage, conditions in the military hospital were, at the beginning, so bad that ............. a. they accounted for more deaths among the soldiers than the war itself b. little could be done improve them c. Marry Portmonth felt that she had little chance of success d. many of the nursing staff fell ill e. medical supplies soon ran out

TEST 30 Skiing is a popular sport, enjoyed by people of all ages. The best skiers, that is, the professionals, have until recently been Europeans. The Austrians, the French, and the German have generally been the fastest in international competitions. Recently, however, skiers from other countries have also come to the fore and demonstrated their skills. As a result, interest in the sport has become worldwide, and this has led to a highly competitive ski industry. 1. It is clear from the text that the European countries ............. a. are determined to improve their skiing skills b. are now losing their lead in skiing sports c. will soon dominate the ski industry in the world d. regard skiing as the world's most popular sport e. regret having invested so heavily in the ski industry 2. The author emphasizes that the development of the ski industry in the world ............. a. owes little to the growing international interest in this sport b. has been fastest in countries outside Europe c. has been the result of the efforts made by the European professionals d. has been to the benefit of the European countries e. is due to the growing international popularity of skiing as a sport 3. According to the text, as a sport, skiing ............. a. arouses little interest outside Europe b. is in the hands of professionals only c. is not confined to any special age group d. is rapidly becoming too expensive for most people e. originally came into being in Austria

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The Amazon basin is a huge area in Brazil. It has always attracted businessmen on account of its valuable and rich resources such as rubber, coffee and cocoa. However, it is not easy to make money by starting an enterprise there. As the Brazilians say, ''If you want to succeed, you must believe in the Amazon, and you must be young.'' many rich men, including Henry Zolan, have poured money into the area and gone away with nothing. 4. The author points out that many businessmen ............. a. have expected to make their fortune in the Amazon basin, but most of them have been disappointed b. have invested heavily in the Amazon basin and made huge profits c. have followed the example of Henry Ford and started an enterprise in the Amazon basin d. have only been interested in importing rubber, coffee and cocoa from the Amazon basin e. have followed the advice of the Brazilians and become rich 5. According to the text, there has been a great deal of economic interest in the Amazon basin ............. a. and the interest is still growing rapidly b. even though Henry Ford invested very little money there c. but very few people have actually invested money there d. since many investors have lost money in the region e. because the region has a wealth of raw materials 6. One can understand from the text that the Amazon basin ............. a. is producing less and less in the way of raw materials b. still remains a challenge to businessmen and does not give easy profits c. is rich in rubber, coffee and cocoa, but in nothing else at all d. is fast becoming one of the world's major industrial regions e. no longer welcomes foreign investments

As industrial developments have distorted production methods, types of automatic equipment and varieties of outputs, society has begun to be familiar with economic progress involving not only changes in machinery but also in man-not only expenditures on equipment but also on people. Asset in people makes it possible to take advantage of technical progress as well as to keep on that progress. Upgrading in health makes asset in education more satisfying by extending life expectations. Asset in education expands and extends knowledge, causing advances that raise productivity and improve health. 7. To the author, asset in education ....................... . a. has a direct impact on production techniques b. will contribute positively to human progress c. has little significance for economic progress d. is far more important than investment in health e. has led to certain specific technological changes 8. The passage is mainly dealing with ........................ . a. the question of economic progress and productivity b. the necessity of improvement in health services c. long term benefits of investment in education d. the impact of economy in life expectancy e. new education policies to meet technological needs 9. According to the passage, ........................ . a. questions of increased output must be given priority b. economic progress depends largely on technological developments c. expenditures should be evenly distributed among the sector d. improvements in the health services are urgently required e. society was slow to realize the need to invest in man

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Both as a line of work and as a discipline, economics lost substantial status during the recession of 1984-85. The crisis that seized the western developed countries, including US, was of a character not to be found in economics textbooks: rate of inflation exceeding 20% a year attached with diminishing production and high rates of unemployment. Up till now, peacetime price rises had been linked with high employment and an overactive economy, while high rates of unemployment went with decline or misery. The next combination was rightly called stagflation. 10. According to the passage, the term stagflation means ........................ . a. the combination of high inflation and economic decline b. high unemployment in spite of high levels of production c. a decrease in the rates of inflation d. inflation in an overactive economy e. high levels of peacetime inflation 11. It is said in the text that the economic crisis of the mid-1980's ........................ . a. followed the same pattern as earlier economic crisis b. had little effect on the industry of developed countries c. caused people to lose faith in economics d. caused the economy to be overactive e. was characterized only by high inflation and low production 12. The main idea stressed in the passage is ........................ . a. the growing unpopularity of economics as a science b. the relationship between unemployment and recession c. the industrial decline of US and some Western countries d. the unusual nature and the extensive effects of the economic crisis of the 1980's e. how to combat high inflation and unemployment

Political crime is different from everyday crime only in the motivation of the offender. A bank robbery, a theft, drug smuggling, kidnapping, or murder is no more a crime for being politically motivated. In this perspective, terrorism is defined as ''aggravated aggression for political ends''; this differentiates terrorism both from vandalism and from crimes of violence in which no political motivation is detected. Political crime is therefore a wider term than terrorism, which is an acute form of it. The connection between the two is as between the whole and the part. 13. It is argued in the passage that ........................ . a. terrorism rarely stems from political considerations b. a bank robbery cannot be politically motivated c. vandalism and political crime are one and the same thing d. there is no relationship between political crime and terrorism e. a crime is still a crime even though it may be politically motivated 14. The writer argues that a crime is political ................. . a. so long as it is committed against politicians b. if it is related to vandalism c. if violence is involved d. only when the end is political e. when drug-running and kidnapping are excluded 15. A title for this passage could be ........................ . a. Forms of Political Crime b. Political Crime and Terrorism c. Illegal Activities d. Avoidance of Political Crime e. The Spread of Terrorism

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All of us would agree that we know a number of different things. If challenged to give a catalogue of what you know, you might say, for example, that you know the Italian and French languages, how to swim, how to drive a bus, how to analyze a chemical substance, that you know some history and some geography, that you know a number of different people, and so on. The list even in general terms like this would be a very long one, and it would not be possible, for practical purposes, to set out such a catalogue in detail. But one thing is obvious from the few examples I have given; the word ''know'' is commonly used in many different senses. 16. The key point of the passage is ........................ . a. that the frontiers of knowledge cannot be defined b. to make people realize how little they know c. to demonstrate how variable are the meanings of the word ''know'' d. whether it is desirable to know everything e. that knowledge can be acquired from different sources 17. It is shown in the text that ........................ . a. the cataloguing of knowledge is deceptive b. most people's knowledge is one-sided c. people have more theoretical than practical knowledge d. theoretical knowledge is underestimated e. people are confident they know a great many things 18. A suitable title for this text could be ........................ . a. Practical Knowledge b. Catalogues of knowledge c. Learning Foreign Languages d. Defining the Word ''know'' e. Common Terminology

Secularization as it has developed since the Middle Ages has consisted in substituting for supernatural and theological explanations naturalistic and reasonable ones. This change is one of the most profound affecting mankind and forms the basis of modern democratic government and of our scientific technological age. In a society based on divine right of kings there could be no genuinely democratic government in the modern sense. Democracy is built on the plan that the individual has a right to judge political issues for himself.

19. According to the text, with the rise of democracy ........................ . a. supernatural ideas have given way to theological ones b. scientific and technological progress has been neglected c. secularization has lost its traditional meaning d. the individual has lost many of his former rights e. the traditional concept of the ''divine rights of kings'' has vanished 20. It is argued that the process of secularization ........................ . a. has had no impact on the concept of monarchy b. goes back to pre-medieval times c. has led to systems of democratic government d. has no relevance to the exercise of individual rights e. has failed to overcome superstition and magic 21. In the development of modern society ........................ . a. medieval institutions have not been neglected b. democracy has been of little significance c. technological supremacy has been the ultimate aim d. the impact of secularization has been of primary importance e. individual rights have been curtailed

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The atom bomb and still more the hydrogen bomb have caused new fears, involving new doubts as to the effects of science on human life. Some eminent authorities, including Einstein, have pointed out that there is a danger of extinction of all life on Earth. I do not myself think that this will happen in the next war, but I think it may well happen in the next one but , if that is allowed to occur. If this expectation is correct, we have to choose within the next fifty years or so, between two alternatives. Either we must allow the human race to exterminate itself, or we must forgo certain liberties which are very dear to us. 22. It is stated that ........................ . a. the scientist should ignore moral issues b. Einstein seldom agreed with other scientists as regards the value of human life c. science is not always beneficial to mankind d. personal liberties are the things we should fight for e. scientists will prevent any further war 23. The writer believes that the only way to avoid war ........................ . a. cannot be found within the next half century b. is to give up certain much loved liberties c. is to submit everything to arbitration d. is by a voluntary lowering of economic standards e. is by fairly facing the problems of all nations 24. A suitable title for this text could be ........................ . a. What Choice to Make? b. Another Nuclear War c. Einstein and His Theories d. The Extermination of Mankind e. How to Safeguard Liberties

TEST 31 Today, Canada is in the grip of a sudden industrial revolution. While the first, something from the 1860s to the 1960s, shattered the main section of the Canadian economy from agriculture to industry, the new revolution is changing the economy away from traditional smokestack manufacturing industries to those based upon information, services and new technologies. It took the country years to get used to the cultural and social changes resulting from the first industrial revolution, and it would be rashly optimistic to assume that Canadians will not face serious stresses in coming to terms with the changes that are transforming the workplace today. 1. It can be understood from the passage that the Canadian economy ____. a. was, at the beginning, largely an agricultural one b. was, from the start, based on heavy industry c. has, over the years, undergone very little radical changes d. has recently entered a period of recession e. has invariably kept a balance between agriculture and industry 2. The passage points out that the change in Canada from an agricultural to an industrial economy ____. a. was bitterly opposed by a large segment of society b. was achieved in a very short period of time, actually only about two decades c. made the use of information technologies indispensable d. brought with it many new cultural and social conditions which took years to resolve e. brought little benefit to the country as a whole 3. The author has the opinion that the Canadians____. a. will find the second industrial revolution hard to cope with b. are closing down heavy industry far too soon c. don't pay adequate attention to conditions in the workplace d. may turn back to an agricultural economy e. have already lost their control over manufacturing industries

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So many books was written on computers, computer programming, and computer programming languages, particularly C++. To write another book on C++, even the newest C++ IV, probably seems difficult to most, and it is with mild anxiety that, I, the author, take place in this project. But, some good reasons can be stated for doing just that. Most computer professionals will agree that the field of computer and information science has quickly become a valid discipline for academia, and that changes are occurring in computer programming languages. Both of these facts demand that a new direction be taken in presenting the subject. 4. One can understand from the passage that the writer is somewhat apprehensive in case _____ . a. computer sales should drop sharply b. developments in computer programming will become more and more costly c. his book will be felt, by many people, to be superfluous d. computer programming should be taken over by professionals e. programming languages should become far more complicated 5. We can understand from the passage that publications on computer technology _____ . a. are only concerned with C++ computer programming b. have already reached a very high number c. are brought out by academia for academia d. invariably cause a great deal of public reaction e. are largely repetitive and very costly 6. We understand that the author feels that his new book on C++ is justified because _____ . a. computer science is a new science with little relevant literature b. computer professionals have not as yet recognized the changes taking place in computer science c. it will boost the sale of computers throughout the world d. it introduces a new approach to computer programming languages e. it will change the concept of computer science among academia

''Human rights'' is a fairly new name for what were previously called ''the rights of man''. It was Margaret Fuller in the 1950s who promoted the use of the expression ''human rights'' when she discovered, through her work in the United Nations, that the rights of men were not considered in some parts of the world to include the rights of women. The ''rights of man'' at an earlier date had itself replaced the original term ''natural rights'' in part, perhaps, for the concept of natural law, with which the concept of natural rights was logically connected, had become a subject of controversy.

7. The reader is explained the stages by which _____ . a. the United Nations carries out its procedures b. Margaret Fuller developed the idea of human rights c. the term ''human rights'' came into use d. the various ''rights of man'' came to be recognized e. human rights are today being violated throughout the world 8. By referring to Margaret Fuller, the passage explains that before the 1950s, the term ''he right of man'' _____ . a. had always been used in conjunction with ''the rights of women'' b. had come under severe criticism c. had long been a subject of controversy among politicians d. had already become irrelevant in world politics e. had often been misunderstood by some nations 9. It is clear in the passage that the disagreement over the concept of natural law _____ . a. was actually of no significance in many parts of the world b. meant that the term ''natural rights'' was no longer acceptable c. forced Margaret Fuller to introduce the term ''human rights'' d. undermined the work of the United Nations e. was closely connected with the growing recognition of the rights of women

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The shopping centre emerged in the early 1920s in the suburbs that surrounded American cities. Suburbs of that time were residential and depended on the traditional city centres for shopping. The first suburban commercial centres had three certain features: they consisted of a number of stores built and managed by a single developer; they were usually located at an important intersection, and they provided plenty of free, off street parking. These shopping centres were like small-town shopping districts, both in their architecture, which was carefully traditional, and in their position, which integrated them into the surrounding neighbourhood. The stores faced the street and the parking places were usually in the rear. 10. One can understand from the passage that before the introduction of shopping centres those living in the residential suburban areas _____ . a. were anxious to keep commercial activities there to a minimum b. usually preferred to go to nearby small towns in order to do their shopping c. found parking a great problem when they went downtown to shop d. had to go into the centre of the city to do their shopping e. felt that shopping facilities could not be integrated into such neighbourhoods 11. It is clear in the passage that a popular location for the early shopping centres in the United States was _____ . a. the very heart of a big city with roads directly serving all the suburbs b. one near an important road junction with space enough to provide adequate perking facilities c. the villages bordering on the suburbs of a town since they too would benefit from the facilities d. a suitable point midway between two or three suburban areas e. one that was in the hands of a single developer and architect 12. We learn from the passage that the new shopping villages were like small-town shopping areas _____ . a. since many architects felt these could hardly be integrated effectively into suburban conditions b. although the stories faced onto the parking lots, not the streets c. as regards both the architectural style and the arrangement of the building d. even though the architecture was very different e. as most developers wanted to bring something new into the commercial activities of the region

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Many modern investigators have done research in the field of sleep and their conclusions have often differed extensively. Yet they all have agreed on one point: sleep is nature's great restorer. Sleep induces such aspects as absence of voluntary motion, loss of awareness and the harsh sounds that we call snoring. There are also changes in metabolism, in the pulse rate, in blood pressure, in bodily temperature, in nerve functions and in the nature of bodily reflexes. Sleep is characteristic of both plant and animal life. There were several theories at the start of the present century to answer the question "Why do we sleep?". According to one of them, nerve cells shrank throughout waking hours so we couldn't make contact with other people any more and became sleepy. Another theory was that some sort of toxin accumulated during waking hours. In time, this toxin would affect the nervous system so that it would slow down. According to the most widely accepted explanation-the so called "cerebral-anaemia" theory-sleep was brought about because the blood supply to the brain diminished. However, today we know that none of these theories were valid. For instance, it has been proven that the blood supply to the brain increases during sleep. This is accurately the opposite of "cerebral-anaemia" theory. In fact, this increased circulation has a restorative value. What are some disorders of sleep? Somnambulism is very common. About 40% of university students talk in their sleep. When they wake up, they don't remember anything. Another disorder, somnambulism, is not so common. You may have seen people walking while they are sleeping. This may result from an emotional disturbance and the person again doesn't remember anything when he wakes up. Muscle cramps sometimes disturb sleep as well. (Of course they may also occur when one is awake.) Insomnia, or inability to go to sleep is one of the most common conditions about which adults should consult a doctor. Some are temporary; however, others should need psychological treatment. Sleeping sickness is another serious disorder. It is usually long-lasting and may cause death. 13. accumulated refers to A) appeared B) plunged C) increased D) disappeared E) doubled

15. Which of the following is not a feature of sleep? A) Changes in the pulse rate B) Absence of voluntary motion C) Increased awareness D) Snoring E) Alterations in the body temperature

14. Which of the following may come out if a person is emotionally disturbed? A) Sleeping sickness B) Somnambulism C) Muscle cramps D) Sleep-talking E) Snoring

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A phobia is a morbid (i.e. not normal), recurring fear that appears to be unwarranted by actual conditions. In the early part of the 20th century, physicians and psychologists used technical terms for various fears, or phobias, but the more recent trend has been to drop the technical jargon and simply to state what the object of the individual's fear is. For instance, formerly the style was to speak of "acrophobia", whereas the same condition is now called "phobia of high places" and phobia about crossing water was formerly called by the technical term "gephyrophobia". One of the few terms that has survived is "claustrophobia" which is a fear of small, confined, closed spaces. The individual suffering from claustrophobia becomes very tense and anxious whenever he is in a small room or any small, closed space. He often experiences tightness in the chest, rapid pulse and sudden weakness in the limbs, and there is a risk of fainting. The most common characteristic is that the individual feels this fear even when he recognizes that it is unwarranted, that is there is no real cause for alarm. The individual recognizes that the symptoms arise from his own feelings and not from factors in his environment. He is aware that the factors within him start this fear whenever he is in a small, closed place, such as a lift. He feels helpless to avoid the reaction when he is in such a place. His defence against the symptoms is to avoid small, enclosed places. 16. recurring refers to A) aggressive B) hostile C) restless D) temporary E) repeating 17. jargon refers to A) vocabulary B) frame C) trend D) usage E) situation

18. Which of the following is correct? A) According to the recent trend, fear of crossing water should be called "gephyrophobia". B) Although the person with claustrophobia experienced unwanted physical changes when he is in a small, closed area, fortunately he or she never loses consciousness. C) Certain factors in the environment may make any person phobic. D) A phobic person never accepts the fact that there is no real cause for alarm and that his fear is rooted in his own feelings. E) The only defence mechanism seen in phobic people is nothing but try to avoid the object of their phobia.

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Since 1920 there has developed a branch of general science perhaps not recognized everywhere; traumatic surgery. It has greatly been enhanced by the experiments of two world wars. This type of surgery relates to the psychic effects of injury. If has been said that it is the only inescapable type of pathology we have ever known. It is to this condition that first aid and much of the present day emergency surgery is addressed. The general surgeon is called upon to care for wounds and haemorrhage; to deal with foreign bodies, such as bullets and projectiles in the tissues; to treat burns, scalds, sprains, fractures, and dislocations. If there is a head injury, it may be complicated by an injury to the brain requiring craniotomy. If the chest is injured or ribs broken, the lung may be penetrated. Severe blows or crushes involving the abdomen or trunk may produce, besides contusions of the muscles, ruptured viscera, as the kidney, intestines, or bladder. There may be internal bleeding, not at once detected, but manifested some hours afterward by general symptoms of haemorrhage. Many injuries are received where bones are broken but in which the full extent of the damage may not be apparent until X-ray films are made. This is mostly true of some fractures of the spine. In all of these different classes of injury, for checking bleeding, and for restoration of lacerated tissues and complicated fractures to something like their normal continuity, emergency operations may be required. Many injuries may result in serious loss of substance, amputation will be in store for some, and devitalisation of tissue, especially bone, may cause chronic suppuration which will necessitate timeconsuming and wide reparative and plastic surgery. 19. Which of the following is correct? A) If two world wars hadn't been fought; traumatic surgery wouldn't have been known. B) All injuries indicate that there are broken bones. C) "Foreign bodies" are the dead bodies of the enemy soldiers. D) Unless X-ray films are taken, it is difficult to tell the amount of damage. E) X-ray films are not necessarily to be taken to detect fractures of the spine; these can easily be understood by the surgeon. 20. Traumatic surgery was known................. A) when World War II began B) till the end of World War II C) after 1920 D) when World War I began E) until the second half of the 20th century

21. Which of the following is not a medical name? A) pathology B) projectice C) crainotomy D) viscera E) haemorrhage

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Tattooing is a world of Polynesian origin, anglicized from the Tahitian "tatu", denoting the practice of making permanent coloured designs or figures in the skin by means of small punctures or incisions, which receive various dyes or pigments. The colouring is mainly dark blue and dull red. A similar custom, known as cicatrisation or scar-tattooing, consists in repeatedly cutting the skin at the same place so that in healing a raised scar is left. Both varieties of tattooing may be found among the same people, as in the case of the natives of the South Sea Islands. Amongst the Admiralty Islanders, the Fijians, the Gonds and the Todas of India, the inhabitants of the LiuKiu Islands and other races, colour-tattooing is or was, confined to the women, and the Latuka of the upper Nile Valley are an example of a people among whom scar-tattooing is practiced upon women only. Colour-tattooing is generally ornamental, but scar-tattooing is more frequently used to produce distinguishing tribal marks. The latter variety is practiced by a number of African peoples, while the Bangala of the Middle Congo scar the whole body for ornamental purposes. Among some peopks there is a connection between tattooing and marriage. Therefore, in the Solomon Islands a girl is not eligible for marriage until she has been subjected to an atrociously cruel process of tattooing on the face and chest, and the Australian aborigines inflict fearful scars on the backs of their young girls before marriage. The Formosans tattoo the faces of girls prior to marriage; and among the Papuans of New Guinea, unmarried girls are tattooed all over, except on the face, which is adorned in this way at the time of marriage. Colour-tattooing of an ornamental kind reached its most artistic development among the Maoris of New Zealand and the Japanese, but both these peoples, like several others, have largely abandoned the practice. With the Malays, tattooing appears to have been a reward of the successful headhunter. Sailors and some other groups in Western countries do some tattooing, mainly in one colour, making figures, such as stars and flags, on their hands, arms, and chests. 22. Which of the following is CORRECT? A) Tattooing can also be used to heal cuts in the skin. B) In some tribes tattooing is restricted to the women only. C) In general, scar-tattooing is commonly used to look more attractive. D) In the west tattooing is restricted to sailors alone. E) Tattoos do not last lifelong no matter how skilfully they are made; in other words, colours start to fade after a few years.

23. Which of the following statements is CORRECT? A) A raised scar in the skin often indicates the tribe the person is a member of. B) Scar - tattooing is very decorative with the red colour of the blood that flows as a result of cutting the skin. C) When the cut in the skin heals, these appears a scar shaped like a groove. D) Tattoos have to be remade at certain intervals. E) Light colours are preferred to dark ones in tattooing. 24. Which piece of information is not included in the passage? A) Types of designs used in tattooing B) Types of dyes used in tattooing C) Main colours favoured in tattooing D) The connection between marital status and tattooing E) Which language the word "tattooing" comes from

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TEST 32 Domino is an 18th century dress with a long hooded cloak, maybe derived from a kind of clerical hood, or the half mask with which it was generally worn. The term was also applied to a person who wore such a costume. The mast came into use with Italian Renaissance comedy, in which half masks were worn by such characters as Harlequin. The masks were later worn by aristocrats who did not wish to be recognized when taking part in plays, and the half mask developed into a disguise. Men and women who wore dominoes at masquerades and carnivals generally did so to remain incognito. The domino was also worn by women while travelling. 1. "Hood" is a(n)................................. A) folding waterproof top of a motor car, pram or carriage B) a big hat made of fur with silk lining worn in cold weather C) cover placed over a machine to protect it or to protect the person using it D) covering made of a variety of material used to hide the face E) covering for the head and neck, frequently fastened to a coat, etc. so that it can hang down at the back, or be detached, when not in use 2. The hood of the domino may have been enthused by A) former hoods worn by clergymen B) Italian Renaissance C) Renaissance comedy D) the hoods worn by noble people E) the wearer of an 18th century cloak 3. "............................generally did so to remain incognito." "so" refers to ................. A) disguised themselves B) wore dominoes with half masks C) wished to be recognized D) took part in masquerades and carnivals E) behaved like aristocrats

Physiologically women may be more sensitive to environmental facts such as, stress, seasonal changes and social rank. And this responsiveness might help explain the high rates of depression among them. The symptoms of depression range from uncomfortable to debilitating: sleep disturbances, hopelessness, feeling of worthlessness, difficulty concentrating, exhaustion and sometimes even delusions. Few people realize just how common depression is, how severe it can be or that it is most prevalent among women. Today 20 % of the female population in the developed world suffer from depression. 4. The main thought of the text is.. A) why women are more affected by changes in the environment B) most people do not know how common depression is C) the symptoms of depression vary between a feeling of uneasiness and exhaustion D) men are not as sensitive to changes around them as women are E) the symptoms of depression and why women suffer more from it 5. Which of the following is Not an indication of depression? A) Feeling exhausted B) Lack of sleep C) Hallucination D) Lack of self-esteem E) Having false opinions and beliefs 6. In accordance with the text................. A) The percentage of men who suffer from depression is almost nil in developed countries B) A woman suffering from depression cannot focus her attention on anything for a long time C) Only women are affected from seasonal changes D) Women with depression may have hope for near future only E) At present 20% of the female population in the world suffer from the burden of depression

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Although the cheetah is considered an efficient hunter, only about half of its attempts to take prey are successful. The most common reason for this failure is early detection by the prey. Cheetahs do not take wind direction into account when stalking, and unlike hyenas, cheetahs do not attempt to single out handicapped or sick individuals. 7. We can conclude from the text that................. A) efficiency in hunting may not mean killing all the prey an animal is after B) a cheetah may not find any food on windy days C) animals suffering from a physical disability make easy prey for a cheetah D) hyenas never prefer to kill and eat sick prey E) hyenas cannot be detected by handicapped or sick prey

Whether you have a family member who is born or becomes handicapped, or you yourself become disabled it is vital to feel your grief for what could have been. Until you experience all your anger, sadness, fear and guilt over your lost dreams, you will be closed to the possible gifts offered by the new reality. It is a great challenge to live with your loss, especially if the diagnosis means further disablement, even death is likely. Regularly, it is not only the handicapped person who has lost his previous life - choices, but also his immediate family. However, so many handicapped people and their family members describe the wonderful love and aliveness that can be experienced in what may seem unlikely situations. 10. Which of the following titles would be suitable for the text? A) Living with Handicapped B) If You Become Disabled C) Unlikely Situations D) Lost Life-Choices E) Love and Aliveness 11. Which of the following statements is CORRECT? A) If you become disabled one day, it will be only you to suffer from it. B) Feeling grief for the handicapped only makes matters worse. C) In some cases the condition of the disabled person may get even more serious. D) Fortunately disablement alone cannot cause death. E) A person who has lost his dreams because of disablement is to live alone all his life. 12. The author has used "previous life-choices" for................. A) people born handicapped B) people who do not take the challenge to live with their loss C) people born disabled D) family members who do not experience love and aliveness E) people who become handicapped sometime later in their lives

8. Which of the following is Not true? A) Cheetahs do not try to attack an animal suffering from an illness. B) When it sees its prey, the cheetah approaches it with slow stiff strides. C) The cheetah is easily noticed by most of its prey. D) Detecting a cheetah is much easier for prey than detecting a hyena. E) It is impossible for prey to run away once a cheetah decides to hunt it. 9. "Cheetahs do not take wind direction into account.... refers to A) it is difficult to find prey oh windy days B) wind probably slows down cheetah's speed C) wind helps prey to escape more easily D) wind probably carries cheetahs' smell to their prey and so they easily become aware of cheetahs' presence E) it is likely that wind carries the smell of the prey away and so cheetahs cannot find them

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In the palmy days of the '70s and '80s almost the entire working population in Libya was on the government payroll. The flow of oil revenues had ensured that the vast bulk of the population lived comfortably, even if no one put in much effort at their nine-to-two jobs before going home to sleep. Housing was practically free, and the government threw up endless apartment blocks and modern houses for all who needed them. Water and electricity came without charge. This unbounded largesse was already being trimmed back in the late '80s, but the sanctions, while not savage enough to cause misery on the scale of circumstances in Iraq, brought harder times. Soon there was a black market price for the Libyan dinar, which had long enjoyed rock-solid stability and it started to slide. 13. It is about................. A) the fact that Libyan dinar has always been dependable and stable B) the economy of Libya at present C) the wealth of working class in Libya in the 21st century D) the apartment blacks and modern houses built between 1970 and 1980 E) the weakening of the economy starting from the 1980's in Libya 14. Which of the following may have happened when the economy started to reject? A) Prices of things such as, food, clothes dropped. B) New free housing projects were put into practice. C) The working population on government payroll weren't affected at all. D) Government salaries were frozen. E) More people applied to work for the government. 15. Which of the following statements in Not correct? A) The economy of Iraq was not affected as much as that of Libya due to the sanctions. B) Libyan population did not pay any money for the water and electricity they used before the late 1980's. C) The national income of Libya was mainly from the oil between 1970 and 1980. D) Only the people working for the government benefited from the national revenue between 1970 and 1980. E) We can infer that the population not only lived comfortably but also quite lazily between 1970 and 1980 due to the prosperous economy of the country.

The common cold is a mild, contagious virus infection of the upper respiratory tract (nose, throat and larynx). The common cold is most prevalent during the winter. It is estimated that about 50% of all people acquire colds during the winter, while only about 20% are infected during the summer. The disease is also more prevalent among certain age groups. Pre-school children average from 6 to 12 colds a year, while their parents have about 6 colds a year. Other adults average only 2 or 3 a year. The principal cause of the common cold is a group of 50 to 60 different viruses known as rhinoviruses. In addition to rhinoviruses, which seem to account for the majority of common colds, certain other viruses have also been associated with the disease. Since so many viruses cause the common cold, it is unlikely that artificial immunization, that is any medication to prevent it, will be probable for some time. A natural form of immunity does exist; but an individual must be infected with all of the many cold-producing viruses before he is truly immune to the disease. Evidence of natural immunity is the fact that colds occur less frequently in older persons. This is the result of immunity acquired from cold infections in the past. It also reflects their lessened contact with small children, a major source of infection. 16. The common cold is more usually seen in................ A) people who are artificially immunized B) people who become naturally immune to disease C) parents with small children D) small children E) all adults 17. Artificial immunization to common cold will not protect a person from it all his life as................. A) the common cold is not cause by one specific virus B) there is no medication to fight against common cold C) common cold is a very contagious virus infection D) he or she will be now and then in contact with others with common cold E) particularly because common cold is an infection of the nose, throat and larynx 18. "The disease is also more prevalent among certain age groups" refers to................. A) certain age groups are likely to suffer from the disease more frequently B) the disease is milder as you get older C) the disease can be really serious among certain age groups D) the disease is not very common in adults E) the disease lasts longer at a certain age

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Art critics is the description, interpretation, and evaluation of works of art. Art criticism has been a distinct profession just since the 19th century. It grew from two modern institutions-commercial art galleries and newspapers. The art galleries, which first appeared in Paris when the French Academy was no longer able to handle all the work produced by French artists, provided a marketplace for works of art. The newspapers published articles about art for an interested audience. The gallery system and regular art criticism in newspapers freed painting from official patronage and made it a part of public life. Criticism differs from expertise and other kinds of art scholarship, even though the critic may call on specialist in X-ray, spectrograph, or other kinds of physical and chemical analysis to date a work of art or to determine the materials or method used in its production. Criticism often uses data from iconography and art history. Knowledge of artistic tradition is established by art history, and an artist's originality, for instance, is measured by the ways in which he departs from tradition. Criticism is not always verbal; museums and patrons who preserve and buy some works, and ignore or destroy others, are also engaged in criticism. 19. Commercial art galleries................. A) had come into existence even before art criticism became a profession B) were started by French artists since the French Academy was too busy to spare time for them C) by the support of newspapers D) were started by the French Academy when too many artists started to produce piece of work for the Academy to deal with E) served the purpose of encouraging French artists without any financial expectations at all 20. Which of the following is not correct? A) Art galleries appeared as a part of marketplace in the 19th century. B) Readers interested in painting welcomed the publishing of articles of art in newspapers. C) We can infer that art critics have never been as specialized as experts of other kinds of art. D) Help from other branches of science may be necessary to date a piece of art. E) Studying artistic tradition is with in the scope of art history.

21. Which of the following is not occupied openly in art criticism? A) Newspapers B) The French Academy C) Museums D) X-ray specialists E) Influential people like patrons

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Secularization as it has developed since, the Middle Ages has consisted in substituting for supernatural and technological explanations natural and reasonable ones. This change is one of the most profound affecting mankind and forms the basic of modern democratic government and of our scientific- technological age. In a society based on divine right of kings there could be no genuinely democratic government in the modern sense. Democracy is built on the idea that the individual has a right to judge political issues for himself. 22. According to the passage, with the rise of democracy ........... A. supernatural ideas have given way to technological ones B. scientific and technological progress has been neglected C. secularization has lost its traditional meaning D. the individual has lost many of his former rights E. the traditional concept of the " divine rights of kings " has vanished 23. It is argued that the process of secularization........................ A. has had no impact on the concept of monarchy B. goes back to pre-medieval times C. has led to systems of democratic government D. has no relevance to the exercise of individual rights E. has failed to overcome superstition and magic 24. In the development of modern society...................... A. medieval institutions have not been neglected B. democracy has been of little significance C. technological supremacy has been the ultimate aim D. the impact of secularization has been of fundamental importance E. individual rights have been curtailed

TEST 33 Although rarely spoken about by society, child abuse is one of the nation's most pressing problems today. As population continues to grow, so does the number of unwanted and unplanned children. It is estimated that six or seven out of a hundred children will be maltreated or neglected. Child abuse can come in three forms: (1) passive cruelty in the neglect of children by an unloving or uneducated parent; (2) occasional cruelty in the momentary violent reaction of a frustrated or overburdened parent; and (3) consistent, deliberate cruelty in uncontrollable actions by mentally sick parent. Simple neglect is easiest to correct. Actual abuse on the spur of the moment is more serious, but still much less so than continual abuse due to mental illness. 1. The passage suggests that the problem of child abuse .... A. is slowly being overcome B. has been greatly overestimated C. does not receive as much attention as it should D. is confined to only a little over 10% of the population E. has led to an increase in mental illness 2. The most serious type of child abuse ..... A. is that perpetuated wilfully by an unbalanced parent. B. is also the type that can most easily be corrected C. first occurred when parents had to work long hours and were under stress D. is due to ignorance or lack of interest, and so is impossible to correct E. can be reduced by family planning programmes 3. The passage points out that the parents of abused children ..... A. are often very well educated people B. usually take pleasure in hurting their children C. are never deliberately cruel D. normally regret any pain they have caused E. very often have social and mental problems

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During 1974 the two major problems that has faced the industrially developed countries were an unprecedented rise in prices and a serious deterioration in the external payments position, both legacies of the quadrupling of oil prices at the end of the previous year." Most governments, therefore, were forced to adopt monetary and fiscal policies aimed at curbing inflation, and by the early 1975 the external payments position had improved some-what in most Western industrialized countries. These anti-inflationary policies, however, depressed the level of business activity.

4. The economic crisis of 1974 ... A. had a serious and lasting impact on unemployment B. grew even more serious in 1975 in all the Western industrialized societies C. was a direct result of the sudden sharp increase in late 1973 of oil prices D. was confined to underdeveloped countries E. contributed to an increase in monetary transactions 5. In most countries efforts made in 1974 to curb inflation .... A. led to an improvement in the situation within a year B. increased unemployment and caused political instability C. caused an even greater deficit in external payments D. failed totally due to the ever increasing oil prices E. received the full support of industrialists 6. The author argues that inflation in 1974 ....... A. was mishandled by a majority of governments B. also showed itself clearly in the growing deficit in the balance of payments C. hit developed countries more than underdeveloped countries D. eventually brought about a business boom E. finally did bring down the price of oil.

The great wave of international terrorism that first reached a climax in 1972 showed no signs of abating in 1975. Strictly speaking, the phenomenon was not new; what was new was its rapid growth in the 1970s, made possible by increasingly sophisticated technology. Some of this new technology consists of specialized equipment, such as miniaturized or remotecontrol detonating devices, hand-held rocket launchers, and the like, which make terrorism more lethal, more effective, and less risky for the terrorist. But even improvements in generally available technology are important. For example, self-dialling international telephone communications and jet travel facilitate conspiracies across national boundaries and the perpetration of political crimes by nationals of country in another. The growth of television has contributed to the easy dissemination of terrorist techniques, such as hijacking of aircraft and the kidnapping of diplomats or businessmen for ransom. 7. It is argued that..... A. governments have not taken adequate measures to protect diplomats and businessmen. B. owing to technological innovations terrorism has been on the decline since the early 1970. C. among the methods resorted to by terrorists, kidnapping and hijacking are the most common. D. the manufacture of sophisticated technological equipment should be under strict governmental control. E. various advances in technology have contributed to the increase in terrorism through the world. 8. Among the terrorist activities mentioned in the passage is ..... A. drug-trafficking B. smuggling C. the taking of hostages D. propaganda E. infiltration

9. It is pointed out in the passage that ..... A. political crimes make up only a small part of terrorism B. today terrorism is no longer confined to one country alone C. because of more lethal weapons terrorists find themselves in greater danger D. prior to the 1970s terrorism was unknown E. improved communications have led to the capture of more terrorists

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It is obvious that the purpose of education will determine the content of the curriculum, the methods employed, the kind of education given to children and young persons. This functional relationship is frequently overlooked. Until recently there were many educationalists who thought that education should be discussed without reference to the objectives and values of the community in which it was given. The number of such theorists lessens under the impact of modern conditions, but there still exist many who appear to think that problems of the curriculum can be dealt with in this abstract manner. 10. It is now often, but not always, recognized that.... A. problems of the curriculum are largely theoretical B. problems of the curriculum must be dealt with in terms of objectives C. the contents of the curriculum should be determined by the community D. more abstract matters should be included in the curriculum E. there is very little connection between the purpose of education and the values of the community 11. The passage emphasizes that........ A. the methods employed in education has led to noticeable improvements in the curriculum B. many education theorists have been attaching too much importance to modern conditions C. one must keep the ends in mind when determining the means of education D. in educational policy the needs of young people have been given undue consideration E. the community feels it hasn't been adequately consulted in educational matters 12. According to the passage, there has, in recent years, been ..... A. a noticeable return of traditional educational techniques B. a growing discrepancy between educational policy and the requirements of the community C. an unprecedented increase in the number of young people in need of education D. a steady decrease in the theoretical approach to education E. among the young, a more active interest in educational matters

From the point of view of the control of diseases, World War II represented a transitional period for industrialized combatant countries. As far as infectious diseases are concerned, the five years of continual war and occupation had affected civilian populations in Europe surprisingly less than did warfare in previous conflicts. The most notable increases in disease levels were those of new case of tuberculosis, which rose steadily throughout Western Europe, and of reported cases of typhoid fever. Most seriously affected were displaced persons, encamped refugees and inmates of concentration camps. In marginally nourished and starving patients, typhus, dysentery, scarlet fever, and diphtheria caused sporadic outbreaks and many deaths. 13. It is emphasized in the passage that .... A. many of the deaths could have been avoided through better health care B. Western Europe was not exposed to any of the infectious diseases during the war C. most of Western Europe was occupied for a large part of the war D. refugees and the homeless were adequately taken care of during the war E. such infectious diseases such as typhus and dysentery caused the loss of many lives among the undernourished. 14. The author explains that.... A. among the homeless, it was children who were most seriously affected B. sanitary conditions in concentration camps were terrible C. owing to malnutrition, there was an unprecedented outbreak of tuberculosis among the fighting men D. due to the efficiency of health precautions, all the infectious diseases had only a marginal effect E. during the Second World War, civilians were not affected by infectious diseases as much as it might have been expected 15. The experience of the Second World War.... A. showed how inhuman were the conditions in the concentration camps B. encouraged industrialized countries to provide housing for the homeless C. proved valuable as regards the control of diseases D. has inspired many countries of Western Europe with the idea of a lasting peace. E. has contributed to the rapid industrialization of the western world

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Life, like all other processes that go on in material bodies, requires energy. It differs from some such processes in the way in which its energy is obtained and from all of them in the way in which its energy is directed. The energy of the process which goes on in a boiling kettle is imparted to it continually from without by the fire. The energy of the process which goes on in a clock is stored in it, but has been imparted to it by mechanical action from without, in the winding of the spring. But life differs from the other processes, and all processes that go on in lifeless things, in that its energy is liberated in such a way as to tend to the preservation and increase of the living being. 16. The writer points out that all processes, living or lifeless,..... A. need energy B. impart energy C. depend on mechanical action D. are wasteful of energy E. have the same pattern

Nigeria is heavily dependent on the export of crude oil to finance industrial development. 90% of Nigeria's exports by value are crude oil. At current production rates, known reserves are only sufficient until the end of the century. Industrialization was boosted after 1973 following the fourfold increase in oil prices. In the early 1980s prices fell, and Nigeria lost important income. Oil production peaked in 1974 when output reached 112 million tonnes. 19. It is pointed out in the passage that the sharp rise in oil prices in 1973 A. had less effect on Nigeria's economy than might have been expected B. contributed greatly to industrial development in Nigeria C. coincided with a considerable fall in oil production D. provided Nigeria with a high revenue well into the late 1980s E. put a great deal of pressure on Nigeria's oil reserves 20. It is understood from the passage that only a fraction of Nigeria's exports A. are goods other than crude oil B. would be needed to support industrial development C. were affected by the fall in oil prices in the 1980s D. were oil-related E. have benefited from price increases 21. According to the passage, so long as the current rate of oil production is maintained . A. world oil prices are not expected to rise significantly B. Nigeria's industrial development plans will soon be fully realized C. Nigeria is likely to have no oil reserves left by the year 2000 D. Nigeria will continue to enjoy large revenues E. the variety of goods exported from Nigeria will increase

17. It is pointed out that every living process .... A. uses the same amount of energy B. is directed towards the maintenance of life C. is aided by an outside source of energy D. is capable of storing energy E. resembles processes in lifeless things 18. The most distinctive feature of mechanical energy, as opposed to life energy, is that it ....... A. is always directed to the preservation of life B. can be controlled C. cannot be stored D. is supplied from outside E. is obtained from the same source

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Real depression cannot be as easily overcome as some people often suppose. It usually passes with time - but the time can seem endless. Activities giving companionship and a new interest can help. But for the sufferer to talk, again and again, about the causes of the depression helps most. People with depression need to be listened to and encouraged to find their own solutions, not made to feel yet more inadequate by good advice. They may need professional counselling as well as the support of family and friends.

TEST 34 Many art museums and galleries and many individuals in the art world faced financial problems in 1975 as the effects of world recession deepened. On the surface things seemed to continue as before, with important exhibitions in major museums attracting large crowds. But smaller galleries, and the artists whose work was shown by their resourceful proprietors, fared less well, and over the longer term it is the work of young artists that determines the course of art for the future. 1. The point made in the passage is that the recession in the 1970s. A. forced many young artists to give up their profession B. led to the immediate closure of several major museums in the West C. was one of the most serious in economic history D. didn't at first appear to hit hard at the art world E. meant exhibitions were regarded as unnecessary luxuries 2. One can infer from the passage that if a generation of young artists is lost ...... A. this would not have a damaging effect on art museums and galleries even in the long run B. the future development of art will be greatly hampered C. recession in the art market would not last very long D. smaller galleries would benefit from it E. the organizing of exhibitions would be even more costly 3. According to the passage, the people in the art world who were most strongly affected by the recession.. A. were young artists and the owners of small galleries B. tried to balance their losses by buying up the work of young artists C. were the well established art dealers D. decided to stop exhibitions altogether E. resorted to all sorts of methods of attracting large crowds to their galleries

22. In overcoming depression, the support of friends and family .. A. can best be directed into giving good advice B. is the only solution C. may cause more harm than good D. never contributes to any improvement in the patient E. is not always sufficient 23. The writer suggests that people with depression. A. should not be allowed much social activity. B. should rely solely on professional counselling C. need more than anything else, someone to listen to them D. ought to remain alienated from society for a long time E. receive an unnecessary amount of sympathy 24. According to the passage some people A. seem to underestimate how difficult it is to get over depression B. suffer from depression over long periods of time C. refuse to get professional counselling D. suffering from depression have been cured through the good advise of friends E. with depression don't want to talk about their problems

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Computers should never have acquired the exalted status they now have. Fascinating and invaluable as they are, even the most advanced have less brain power than a three-year-old. They do, however, score on single-mindedness. The three-year-old uses his brain not only to think but also to do tasks like seeing, hearing and running about, which need rapid and sophisticated electro-mechanical interactions- we too run on electricity. But the computer just sits there and sends spacecraft to the moon or reorganizes the world banking system, which is very much easier. That's why man's dream of robot servants is still a long way off. 4. The main point made in the passage is that the human brain.. A. is much inferior to any known computer B. is infinitely more complex and powerful than any known computer. C. reaches its maximum efficiency at the age of three D. is not as complicated and mysterious as has usually been taught. E. has been entirely reproduced in computer form 5. It is explained in the passage that the efficiency of the computer .. A. will soon make it possible for the man to be served by robots B. depends on the speed with which the data are fed C. can best be appreciated in the decisionmaking positions D. is the result of its being concentrated on one task at a time E. depends upon sophisticated electromechanical interactions 6. The author feels that the computers .. A. are becoming unaffordable as they get more advanced B. have contributed immensely to the improvement of living standards C. have been unnecessarily overrated D. will be a major force behind all future progress E. are capable of doing all the tasks the human brain performs even more efficiently

The dramatic growth of world's population in the twentieth century has been on a scale without parallel in human society. Most of this growth has occurred since 1950 and is known as "population explosion". Between 1950 and 1980 the world population increased from 2.5 to over 4 billion and by the end of the century, this figure will have risen to at least 6 billion. Growth of this size cannot continue indefinitely. Recent forecasts suggest that the total population will level out at between 10 and 15 billion in the mid twenty-first century. Already there are encouraging signs that the rate of increase in many less developed countries is beginning to slow down. 7. According to the passage, at no period in Human history has there been A. so much consensus among nations concerning the population of the world. B. a sharp decline in population like the one since 1980. C. a universal fear about the future of man D. as comprehensive a study of population problems as the one envisaged now E. a population explosion of the magnitude of the one in this century 8. It is pointed out in the passage that the increase in the world population A. is a highly encouraging sign for the general economy B. is expected to continue even faster until 2050 C. will not continue into the next century D. has been going on noticeably since 1950 E. has been much faster in the industrialized countries. 9. It has been forecast that, by the middle of the next century A. various measures will have been taken to encourage population growth B. the population growth rate in less developed countries will be much higher than that in previous years C. the world population will be stabilized at around 10 to 15 billion D. the rate of increase will still be rising E. the rate of population increase will have doubled the 1950 rate

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Many substances, whether man-made or natural, can cause harm to man or the environment. Some of these reach the environment in waste streams; however, emission limits and environmental quality standards can, in some instances, reduce the amounts released. But some other substances cannot be controlled in this way because they are released, not in industrial waste streams, but through the use of disposal of products which contain them. In many cases these substances pose little or no threat if the product containing them is used and disposed properly. The right way to deal with them is usually through controls over their supply, use and disposal. 10. According to the passage, the threat of certain substances to the environment ....... . A. is far less than that to man. B. could be reduced by enforcing emission limits and environmental controls C. has been unnecessarily emphasized D. has to date been completely ignored E. can be eliminated by the use of industrial waste streams 11. The author points out that the danger posed to man by many substances ..... A. is unrelated to environmental pollution B. is even greater than generally admitted C. continues to grow despite constant control of disposal systems D. is solely due to the use of industrial waste streams E. arises from their misuse and wrong disposal 12. The passage is concerned with the question of ..... A. how the harmful effects of certain substances can be brought under control B. why industrial waste streams have caused so much pollution C. whether man-made substances or natural ones cause more pollution D. what measures are to be taken against the supply of dangerous substances E. who is responsible for taking the required measures

In one century of strenuous research a huge amount of source material about Michelangelo has been collected, reviewed, edited including letters poems, contracts, receipts, and biographies. Biographical and artistic data have been checked and rechecked, sometimes corroborating and sometimes correcting our previous ideas, and an abundance of new facts has been revealed. Long lost works have been rediscovered and every single known piece has been studied in its formal iconographic, genetic, and functional aspects. The artist's character, his daily habits, his working methods, his personal attitudes, and his artistic and political opinions have been traced as well as the peculiarities of the people with whom he had contact. Thus modern history of art has formed an image of Michelangelo that is much nearer to truth than those presented by his first biographers. 13. We learn from the passage that, over the past hundred years ........ A. a vast amount of new facts concerning Michelangelo have come to light. B. the research carried out about Michelangelo has proved inadequate and, in places, irrelevant. C. scholars have concentrated solely upon Michelangelo's artistic creativity D. in spite of much research, little has been learned about Michelangelo. E. though many new biographies have been written about Michelangelo, they are all far short of truth about him. 14. It is clear from the passage that the source material concerning Michelangelo ........ A. has shed light only on his daily routine life. B. consists only of books written about him by his contemporaries. C. has taken nearly a hundred years to be annotated and published. D. has not received adequate critical attention. E. not only includes his letters, poems, and biographies but also documents relating to his commissions and sales. 15. In accordance with the passage, the new data about Michelangelo......... A. have led to similar studies about his contemporaries. B. have in some instances contradicted the traditional view of him. C. have full confirmed the views expensed by his early biographers D. have created a great deal of controversy among historians. E. have yet to be analyzed and collated.

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The fact the brain is divided into a left and a right half is not a new discovery. Once the skull is removed, the division is clear to the naked eye, and it is a common feature of brains throughout the animal kingdom. What is interesting about this division in man is that each half seems to have developed specialized functions, the left side appearing to be better at some tasks, and the right side better at others. The most obvious difference in functioning is that the left side of the brain receives sensations from and controls the right side of the body and vice versa. The reasons for this are still unclear. Despite a number of interesting theories, there is no obvious advantage in such a cross over. 16. As the writer stresses, it has long been known that ........ A. damage to the left half of the brain produces far more serious defects. B. the human brain , unlike that of other animals, has a very complicated structure. C. the right side of the brain has the same functions as the left side. D. the left side of the brain works more efficiently than the right. E. in the animal world, brains consist of two halves. 17. We can learn from the text that, in man, each half of the brain....... A. is characterized by a crossover of innumerable nerves. B. functions in full harmony with the other in all activities. C. performs certain specialized tasks. D. controls the corresponding side of the body. E. can be removed without damage being caused to the other. 18. The passage is mainly about....... A. the recent history of brain studies. B. how the body is controlled by the brain C. the reason why there is a crossover of nerves in the brain. D. the division of the brain into two halves and the way each half functions. E. how the sensations of the body are transmitted to the brain.

For years the theory of higher education in the United States operated something like this: men went to university to get rich, and women went to university to marry rich men. It was a wonderful little set up, nearly mathematical in its precision. To disturb it would have been to rock an American institution. During the 60s though, this theory lost much of its popularity. As the nation began to recognize the folly of relegating women to a secondary role, women soon joined men in what once were male-only pursuits. This rebellious decade pushed women toward independence, showed them their potential and compelled them to take charge of their lives. Many women took this opportunity. Since then feminine autonomy has been the rule, not exception, at least among university women. 19. In accordance with the passage, the view had long been held in the States that.......... A. the independence of women would impair the integrity of family life. B. only rich men had the opportunity to have higher education C. the rights of women were first recognized at the universities. D. a woman's potential could be brought to the fore only through education. E. universities were the place where women found rich husbands. 20. The writer emphasizes that, from the 1960s onwards, women in America .......... A. became more and more dominated by men in their working life. B. began to assert themselves in society, both as individuals and professionally. C. became less and less interested in their fight for emancipation. D. began to go to universities in much greater numbers. E. became aware of the fact that the universities were prejudiced against them. 21. It is clear from the passage that most American women today ......... A. are obsessed with their inferior status in business life. B. are not content with the change in their lives. C. regard marriage as outdated and potentially harmful. D. claim and enjoy a position of full independence. E. still prefer to play a secondary role in society.

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The collection of foreign intelligence, which is the pursuit of a special kind of information, is an obligatory service for any government having even the most elementary international associations. Nations must devise a strategy to provide for both their security and well-being. History teaches us that responsibility cannot be met without knowledge of the political, economic and military capabilities and intentions of other nations. Indeed, advance knowledge of these matters, or its absence could well settle the fate of a great nation, especially in an era when a single nation or consortium of nations is capable of smashing another society in a single stroke, or of controlling it under the threat of poised catastrophe. The well-being of any great nation will depend on decisions taken by others, which must be foreseen, correctly analyzed, and countered. 22. As is obvious from the passage, a nation for its own well-being even survival ........ A. needs to know what is going on in other countries and what is being planned . B. must have a good standing army to defend itself. C. should be on good terms with several other countries as a safeguard. D. must be prepared to counteract any internal revolt. E. should not put much faith in foreign intelligence to maintain its security. 23. The writer stresses that, in our time, it is .......... A. a major concern in foreign intelligence to study the political and economic developments in neighbour states. B. usual for governments to rely more on military strength than on foreign intelligence. C. possible for one nation to be completely wiped out by another or others D. almost impossible to get reliable intelligence about other nations E. scarcely necessary to anticipate attack from, consortium of nations. 24. According to the passage, foreign intelligence is regarded as ......... A. the unfair pursuit of the data relating to the military potential of another nation B. essential for the economic well-being of a country. C. clandestine interference in the affairs of another nation D. the acquirement of a particular type of information. E. a series of strategies devised to counter any military threat.

TEST 35 A subject in which there has been lots of interest recently is the acquisition of language. 'Normal' children, that is, those who have not had a particularly rich environment-usually begin talking after the first year of their life. By eighteen months they have a vocabulary of about half a dozen words and at two years a vocabulary of more than a hundred words. The traditional view has been that during the first year of life, babies are not mature enough to learn languages. Talking, however, is only the outer manifestation of the development of the language long before he first utters a meaningful word a baby can be observed responding to the language of the others. 1. As explained in the passage, the way in which a language is acquired ....... A. is noticeably affected by the social background of the child. B. follows a very similar pattern in all children. C. has lately attracted a great deal of attention. D. does not depend at all upon the age of a child. E. is best observed during, the first two years of life. 2. In accordance with the passage, one can define "talking" as ........ A. the first means for a child to communicate with others. B. the positive proof that a language is being learned. C. the manifestation of a child's physical development. D. the first step towards acquiring a language. E. a way of building up a vocabulary. 3. The passage makes tells that we now have ......... A. a revised review of language acquisition, among normal children. B. a distorted view of how a child begins to communicate. C. returned to the traditional theory concerning language acquisition among children. D. a rather contradictory theory concerning the acquisition of language two-year-olds. E. the means and techniques to speed up vocabulary acquisition among one-year-olds.

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Economic dynamics have resolutely shifted from the national economy to the world economy. From now on any country -and also any business, especially a large one- that wants to prosper will have to accept that it is the world economy that leads and that domestic economic policies will succeed only if they strengthen, or at least, do not impair the country's international competitive position. This may be the most important. It surely is the most striking feature of the changed world economy. 4. The writer tells that one significant development in economy has been ........ A. the stress on the importance of domestic economic policies B. the growing importance of national economic policies C. a keener competition between domestic and international companies D. that national economies are now closely interrelated with the world economy E. the decline of competition in home markets 5. It is clear from the passage that, for a country to achieve economic prosperity, it ....... A. has to encourage and support big corporations. B. must protect itself from new dynamics in domestic economy. C. has to think and plan in terms of World economy. D. must be ruthless in economic policies. E. must create competition within the domestic market. 6. The passage is about .......... A. the growing importance of internationalism in the field of economics B. the dangers of foreign competition in trade C. the dynamics in the implementation of domestic economic policies D. the question of how big business can influence the world economy negatively E. some of the more striking features of the current economic policies

In Britain, the Queen is a constitutional monarch. In law she is the head of the executive, an integral part of the legislature, had of the judiciary, commander- in-chief of the armed forces and temporal head of the Church of England. Actually, the Queen's role is purely formal: she reigns, but she does not rule. In all important respects she acts only on the advice of her ministers. However, she still plays an important role symbolically as Head of State and Head of the Commonwealth. 7. The passage is mainly about ______. A. how the Queen's progress could be restrained B. the Queen's firm control of the government through her executive powers C. the powers the Queen has and the role she plays in the rule of the country D. the influence the Queen has over the Church of England E. the need for the abolishment of the monarchy in Britain 8. It is clear from the passage that the Queen's power _______. A. extends through all the main institutions of the state B. is strictly confined to the affairs of the Commonwealth C. is controlled by the legislature D. depends fundamentally on the support of the armed forces E. has no legal basis 9. It is pointed out in the passage that on all serious issues the Queen ______. A. relies heavily on the guidance of the judiciary B. does not act on her own initiative, but consults the government C. acts in accordance with the principles of the Church of England D. turns to the Commonwealth for advice and support E. keeps aloof so as to maintain her symbol status

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The 1970s were a period of marked economic recession in the West. The effects were widespread; even the publishing sector was badly hit. Inflation went on pushing up the costs of paper and printing, increasing the price of books generally and reducing the amount of money available for the publication of new and experimental work. There was a growing sense, in the world of literature no less than in other spheres of production, that this crisis must involve changes that would be neither simple nor temporary. 10. It is stressed in the passage that, as a result of the economic recession experienced in the West in the 1970s both publishers and writers _______. A. felt that a long and difficult period lay ahead of them. B. made huge profits from the sale of new and experimental works. C. were in agreement with the measures being introduced to check inflation. D. recognized the need to keep down book prices. E. were extremely worried about the rising cost of living. 11. The writer implies that, due to growing inflation, publishers________. A. took temporary measures to overcome the recession. B. ceased to publish literary works. C. introduced a number of radical changes. D. could no longer afford to bring out new and experimental work. E. refused to get involved in the crisis. 12. In accordance with the passage, the recession in the 1970s in the West ______. A. did not have a long term effect on the economy. B. affected really all sectors including that of publishing. C. speeded up the rate of inflation to an alarming extent. D. was hardly felt in the world of literature. E. caused the sudden decline of various spheres of production.

Generally educational processes involve not only learning but teaching as well. There is however, no logical connection in this case. Education can go on without any teaching. We can say it was a "real education" for someone to take a boat out on his own, implying that he learnt something desirable without anybody having been there to teach him the lesson. There are many forms of learning that go on without teaching, and 'educative' learning does not mean that the learning must take place in a teaching situation. It may be argued that most things are learnt more rapidly and more reliably in a classroom situation. But even so, learning is not dependent upon teaching. 13. As is emphasized in the passage, it is generally assumed that ______. A. schools are not important at all in the learning process B. teachers do not further take place in the learning process C. education means both learning and teaching. D. people learn most effectively by themselves E. a good education makes teaching a-priority. 14. The writer states that true education _______. A. is what everybody desires to have. B. can only be provided in a classroom. C. results from the acquisition of all kind of knowledge . D. is an ideal which cannot be achieved in life . E. can be acquired without the help of a teacher. 15. The writer confesses that a teacher may often make the process of learning _____. A. more interesting. B. quicker and more dependable . C. safer and more regular. D. a purely formal affair. E. too "educative" to be effective.

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In many African and Latin American countries the rate of population growth appears to be constant or even rising, but in Asia there are signs that the growth rate has peaked and is now declining. The different experiences may reflect differences in government policies: in 1980 a quarter of less developed countries had no official family planning programme. The success stories involve India, where in 1980, 23 per cent of married women used contraceptives and the birth rate fell from 4.4 to 3.6 per cent per annum between 1960 and 1980. The successful cases show what can be done, but private incentives and attitudes still favour large families in many poor societies; so, simply providing facilities for family planning may not be enough. 16. It is implied in the passage that, as regards population growth, A. most less developed countries have adopted policies against family planning B. family planning has not yet received adequate attention in the industrialized countries C. India has taken no serious measures to check it D. the case of Africa and Latin America is unlike that of Asia E. Africa is the only continent to show a remarkable decline in the birth rate 17. In accordance with the passage, one reason why family planning in many less developed countries has failed, is that _____. A. contraceptives have only been supplied to married women B. the use of contraceptives puts a strain on the family budget C. married women have not been taught how to use contraceptives D. governments have been unable to sponsor birth control policies E. people prefer to have large families 18. We can infer from the passage that the success of a family planning policy _____ . A. has already been demonstrated in many Latin American countries B. is always undermined by poverty and unemployment C. depends to a large extent, on the attitudes of the people themselves D. was first observed in Africa and Asia E. is indicated by a fall in the birth rate of at least 3.6 per cent

National income per head is an indicator of the standard of living. However, this measure is necessarily a rough one. For instance, it cannot take into account new and better products such as television, man-made fibres, faster flight, longplaying records or the lowly plastic bucket; nor does it indicate changes in the distribution of income between rich-and-poor; nor in the length of the working week. Data of national income per head may also conceal important changes in the "quality of life" as for example, in out physical environment. This is affected by such things are traffic congestion, noise, water and air pollution. 19. It is stressed in the passage that the standard of living in a country _______ . A. bears no relationship to national income per head. B. can be roughly understood from the amount of national income per head. C. is in no way related to the purchasing power of the individual. D. has no effect on the environment. E. is primarily based on the number of working hours per week. 20. It is clear from the passage that, in assessing the standard of living in a country ______ . A. the quality of life should be taken into consideration. B. the income of the rich is of major importance. C. the state of the poor should be disregarded. D. the prices of goods and services need to be stable. E. no importance should be attached to questions of pollution. 21. The passage is mainly about ______. A. the relationship between the national economy and the environment. B. the importance of manufactured goods in the improvement of the standard of living. C. the unreliability of national income per head as the only indicator of the standard of living. D. the need to adjust the distribution of income between rich and poor E. the difficulties of maintaining the standard of living without harming the environment

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Benjamin Britten (1913-76) did as much as anyone to establish English music on the forefront of the international stage. Much of his music seems to have an immediate appeal to large audiences and definitely his many stage works earned him a quite exceptional prestige both at home and abroad. Peter Grimes (1945), Bill Budd (1951). Gloriana (1953), and A Midsummer Night's Dream (1960) all show his mastery of stage technique and the first two are also moving human documents. On a smaller scale he has achieved as much with his chamber operas as such as The Rape of Lucretia (1946), Albert Herring (1947), The Turn of the Screw (1954). His operatic output was crowned by Death in Venice (1973). If he had written nothing else, these dramatic works would have marked him out as a composer of outstanding imaginative gifts. 22. The writer implies that the reputation of English music abroad _______. A. is related to the piece of music in drama B. rests solely on Britten's chamber operas C. continued to rise up to the time of Britten D. owes a great deal to Britten's achievements E. has always been consistently high. 23. The writer thinks that, Britten's works Peter Grimes and Billy Budd in particular ______. A. can be regarded as being of minor interest B. are lacking in artistic qualities C. show the human condition in a most effective manner D. have earned Britten international fame E. demonstrate the decline of his creativity 24. It is inferred from the passage that Britten's works ______ . A. earned him a fortune in his life time B. were popular for a comparatively short period of his life C. consisted only of full-scale operatic works D. are only appreciated by real music lovers E. effectively combine music and drama

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TEST 36 Television has been altering the way people live for thirty years. It influences nearly every aspect of modern life: how people use leisure time, how news is reported, how information is learned, and how people think and feel. Children are particularly susceptible to the effects of television because their minds are growing, developing, and learning much faster than those of adults. Whereas television could be used as an educational tool for children, more often simple, entertaining cartoons with little or no educational value are shown. Social scientists, teachers, and parents are troubled by the kinds of television programs children choose to watch. These groups of people are concerned about the media's impact on young children. They are worried about the effects of televised violence on society as well as commercials for sugar-coated food. Most importantly, however, they feel television is one factor that causes declining math and reading scores among schoolchildren. Because of the excessive time spent watching TV, children are spending less time reading and thinking independently. Indeed, youngsters are watching a lot of television - an average of nearly four hours a day and about 25 hours a week, according to an A. C. Neilsen Co. survey. The set stays on 53 hours a week in homes with preschoolers as opposed to 43 hours weekly in the average U.S. household. Upon entering kindergarten at age 5, an American child already has spent more hours viewing television than he or she would spend earning a college degree. By the child's eighteenth birthday, more time has been spent watching television than on any other single activity except sleep. The high-school graduate will have attended school for 11,000 hours, but he or she will have sat for almost twice that many hours in front of the set, exposed to an estimated 35,000 commercials and 18,000 murders. 1. What is the most essential thing that social scientists, teachers, and parents are concerned about? A. They spend less time reading and thinking. B. They become violent C. Television causes declining math and reading scores D. Television has been changing the way people live for thirty years. E. American children spent more hours viewing television than studying.

2. Why is television more than just a spare time activity for children? A. Their minds are growing, developing and learning. TV influences children's attitudes. B. Television puts their dental health at risk. C. Exposure to excessive violence. D. Young children don't distinguish between commercials and programs. E. They have limited attention spans, low tolerance for frustration, and a lack of creative imagination. 3. How many hours ", week is the TV set on in the standard U.S. household? A. 25 hours B. 22000 hours C. 35000 hours D. 43 hours E. more than 50 hours

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Thirty-five hundred years ago, an incredible explosion blew apart an island and completely destroyed a civilization called Atlantis. Where was Atlantis? What kind of people lived there? Why and how was it destroyed? No one knows the answers to these questions, but there have been hundreds of guesses and theories. The Greek philosopher Plato (approximately 427 to 347 B.C.) is the primary source for the legend of Atlantis. His description of the "lost continent" still excites the modern mind. Plato's Atlantis was a kind of paradise - a vast island "larger than Libya and Asia put together" - with magnificent mountain ranges, green plains that were full of every variety of animal, and luxuriant gardens where the fruit was "fair and wondrous and in infinite abundance." The earth was rich with precious metals, especially the one prized most highly by the ancients, orichalc, an alloy of copper, perhaps brass. The capital of Atlantis was beautifully constructed in white, black, and red stone. The city was carefully planned - in five zones built in perfect concentric circles. Each circular zone was built inside a larger one. Plato says that the capital's canals and its nearby port were "full of vessels and merchants coming from all parts, who ... kept up ... din and clatter .... night and day." The city was full of life, activity, and culture. 4. Plato lived ___. A. 3,500 years ago. B. roughly 427 to 347 B.C. I C. 23 centuries ago I D. in Africa I E. on a lost continent 5. In accordance with Plato, how large was Atlantis? A. as large as a continent B. larger than Libya and Asia put together C. as large as a vast island D. None of the above E. all of the above 6. The fruit on Atlantis was ___. A. orichalc B. rich with special metals C. fair and wondrous and in endless abundance D. a kind of paradise E. green

The need for a surgical operation, specially an emergency operation, almost always comes as a severe shock to the patient and his family. Despite modern advances, most people still have an irrational fear of hospitals and anaesthetics. Patients do not often believe they really need surgery - cutting into a part of the body as opposed to treatment with drugs. In the early years of this century there was little specialisation in surgery. A good surgeon was capable of performing almost every operation that had been devised up to that time. Today the situation is different. Operations are now being carried out that were riot even dreamed of fifty years ago. The heart can be safely opened and its valves repaired. Clogged blood vessels can be cleaned out, and broken ones mended or replaced. A lung, the whole stomach, or even part of the brain can be removed and still permit the patient to live a comfortable and satisfactory life. However, not every surgeon wants to, or is qualified to carry out every type of modern operation. 7. Many people are afraid of being operated on ___ A. unless it is an emergency operation. B. in spite of improvements in modern surgery. C. because they are afraid of the surgeries. D. because they don't believe modem surgery. E. because they are afraid of anaesthetics. 8. Surgeons in the early years of this century, compared with contemporary ones, ___ A. were more trusted by their patients. B. were younger than today's surgeons. C. had less to learn about surgery. D. had more to learn about surgery. E. were obliged to specialize more than their predecessors. 9. Open heart surgery has been probable ___ A. since the invention of valves. B. since the beginning of this century. C. only in the last fifty years. D. for ages. E. since the invention of clogged blood vessels.

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The unfavourable effects of cigarette smoking on the heart have frequently been described, but the exact source for these effects has not been clarified. Some investigators believe nicotine to be the culprit, and there has been some experimental work in animals indicating that large doses of nicotine in conjunction with cholesterol feeding and vitamin D could produce a disease of the arteries resembling that seen in humans. An alternative explanation has been offered by other scientists who have pointed to the possible role of carbon monoxide being inhaled with the cigarette smoke. 10. It is emphasized in the passage that nicotine ___. A. is considered by some to be one of the reasons why smoking has an adverse effect on the heart B. is the only harmful factor in relation to smoking C. affects animals more seriously than humans D. has been established as more dangerous than carbon monoxide for smokers E. has an adverse effect only upon the arteries 11. In accordance with the passage, studies into the adverse effects of smoking ___. A. have ruled out any relationship between smoking and cholesterol levels in humans B. have not been able to establish for certain whether or not carbon monoxide could be a factor C. have so far not raised any controversial opinions D. have shown that vitamin D reduces nicotine in the body E. indicate that nicotine and carbon monoxide may be only minor factors 12. The main concern of the passage is to ___. A. describe certain experiments on animals relating to the effects of carbon monoxide B. emphasize the role nicotine and vitamin D play in heart diseases C. demonstrate that the adverse effects of smoking on the heart are still under debate D. compare the effects on the heart of nicotine and carbon monoxide E. give an account of the research work concerning animal disease

Agriculture remains the most fundamental area to development, here it seems the most intractable problems of resistance to change exist. One may argue that scientific training in agriculture by itself is unlikely to have any marked impact on agricultural output. Any attempt at vocational training in agriculture presupposes that a meaningful structure of incentive exists for the individual farmer to increase his output, improve his techniques and expand his range of activities. Without such incentives and opportunities, agricultural education can have little impact. 13. The writer is of the opinion that improvements in the field of agriculture ___. A. cannot be achieved through vocational training B. can easily be realized C. have already led to good results D. are absolutely vital for productivity E. have largely been confined to technology 14. We can infer from the passage that the agricultural community ___, A. tends to disregard the problems of the individual farmer B. is eager for more vocational training C. is full aware of the long-term benefits of scientific training D. has already begun to benefit from the improved techniques E. is not the one that welcomes change, 15. The writer concludes that vocational training in agriculture A. will be an effective way of eliminating resistance to change in society B. will provide farmers with a wide range of opportunities C. will be fertile unless it's backed up with various incentives D. is regarded as a priority for social development E. as often been underestimated by various authorities

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Some decades ago there was hardly such a subject as the economics of education. Today it is one of the most quickly growing branches of economics. Together with health economics it makes up the core of human resources, a field of inquiry which in the last few years has been silently revolutionizing such traditional subjects as growth economics, labour economics, international trade, and public finance; consequently, the economics of education with its concept of human investment has rapidly transformed large areas of orthodox economics. 16. The writer implies that the term the economics of education.. A. has only come into use in very recent years B. has for decades been under discussion among economists C. is of little significance in orthodox economics D. has only been accepted in educational circles E. is gradually disappearing from economic writings 17. In accordance with the passage, the economics of education ___. A. is not connected in anyway with investment in man B. B. relates to a very narrow sphere of human activity C. has had no impact whatever or other areas of orthodox economics D. has today come into the forefront of economic thinking E. is one of the earliest branches of general economics 18. The writer suggests that the earlier branches of economics ___. A. have grown steadily in impotence B. have been substantially modified through the introduction of the economic of human resources C. have been virtually unaffected by health economics or the economic of human resources D. gave great importance to the idea of human investment E. constituted the essence of the economics of human resources

Tigers grow to lengths of ten feet or more and can be bigger than the largest lion. They have huge strength. They clutch their prey to them holding on with their claws, and depend on the crushing bite of their powerful jaws to end the struggle. They swim very well and can often be seen splashing about in water on very hot days since they apparently suffer from the heat. When the air is chilly, however, they avoid wet or damp vegetation. They can climb but do not approach the leopard's ability in this. They can negotiate treacherous rocky areas but generally prefer to stay on level ground. They are not as well equipped with senses as one might expect. They apparently depend on their hearing while hunting. Their eyesight is not particularly good, and they seem unable to spot their prey until it moves. 19. It is implied in the passage that tigers ___. A. rely on their huge claws alone to catch and kill their prey. B. are the most skilful climbers of all wild animals. C. are sensitive to significant variations in temperature. D. closely resemble lions as regards size, speed and strength. E. rely heavily upon their eyesight in locating and catching prey. 20. As is pointed out in the passage, a flat terrain ____. A. is usually the favoured habitat of the tiger. B. rather than rocky cliffs gives tigers better opportunities for hiding. C. provides camouflage for leopards. D. is usually wet, so tigers prefer higher levels. E. usually has thicker vegetation which shelters more prey. 21. From the passage we infer that contrary to what is generally thought, ___. A. once a prey starts to move a tiger can rarely catch it. B. hearing is the least developed sense of the tiger C. the leopards hunting ability is far behind that of the tiger. D. rocky areas are invariably avoided by all wild animals. E. the tiger's senses are not particularly well developed.

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Scientists have long sought ways to define and measure human intelligence. And while theorists of intelligence have grown more sophisticated since the 1800s when some believed mental ability were determined by the size of the person's head. Researchers still do not agree about certain fundamental principles of human thought. They hence continue to debate such basic questions as whether heredity or the environment is more important in forming intelligence. 22. As we infer from the passage, the age-old controversy about whether intelligence depends upon heredity or the environment A. is now being ignored as it is seen to be fruitless. B. was finally reached in area 1800. C. has only recently become a subject for serious research. D. does not seem to have ceased yet. E. was more sophisticated in the 19th century than it is today. 23. In accordance with the passage, in the early nineteenth century, some people held the view that a person's mental capacity ___. A. could never be changed. B. depended on the head size: C. was purely hereditary. D. was completely shaped by the environment. E. fundamental to his character. 24. One may infer from the passage that a full understanding of the nature and the capacity of human intelligence ___. A. can only be achieved by exceptionally sophisticated minds . B. has finally been achieved by modern scientists . C. is sure to be realized within the next few years . D. is not likely to be achieved in the near future. E. will emerge through theoretical rather than environmental structures.

TEST 37 The author E. L. Doctorow is best known for mixing fiction with historical fact, by placing his stories within the frame work of public events, in fact by integrating the front-page news of 20th century America with the lives of his characters. Doctorow gives readers the "feel" of an era combining the unusual and the commonplace. His latest novel World's Fair shows how the events of the turbulent 1930s helped mould the sensibilities of his young protagonist 1. It is concluded in the passage that Doctorow's novel World's Fair .. A. describes the damaging effects of the turbulent 1930s on the sensitive young protagonist. B. is actually a full historical account of the great changes that took place in the 1930s. C. demonstrates his theories concerning the relationship between man and his society. D. fails to give his readers a "tool" of the 1930s in America. E. gives an account of how the thoughts and feelings of the main character are shaped by the period in which he lived. 2. From the passage we infer that a blend of fiction and history A. has not always been Doctorow's primary concern. B. is deliberately avoided by Doctorow in his most recent novel. C. is a striking feature of Doctorow's writing. D. is commonly used by contemporary American writers, including Doctorow himself. E. is never to found in the medicinal novel. 3. We learn from the passage that Doctorow's purpose in bringing together in his novels the usual and the extraordinary ___. A. is to build up a convincing picture of a period. B. did not achieve the result he aimed for in World's Fair, C. has been frequently criticized by his readers. D. has not been properly appreciated in one case of World's Fair E. American novelist.

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Ever since Nobel prize-winner Linus Pauling first advocated vitamin C as a common-cold war weapon more than 20 years ago, researchers have been busy trying to verify that claim. But so far, they've found little proof that vitamin C prevents colds. In fact, there are more studies that say it doesn't. But there is evidence that it can keep coughing and sneezing to a minimum, and that low levels of vitamin C in the body may be related to bronchitis. 4. From the passage we can learn that Dr. Pauling's view as regards vitamin C ........ A. has greatly improved the treatment of bronchitis B. has caused a revolution in medical studies C. aroused very little interest among medical exports D. was based on the results of years of research E. has not been verified scientifically 5. In accordance with the passage, coughing and sneezing ...... A. should be taken seriously and treated accordingly B. are the early symptoms of bronchitis C. are now being effectively treated without vitamin C D. can be reduced with the help of vitamin C E. do not respond to any treatment whatsoever 6. During the last two decades there has been plenty of scientific effort made to .... A. convince the public of the dangers of vitamin C B. confirm that the common cold can be prevented by vitamin C C. establish a connection between coughing and bronchitis D. study the adverse effects of vitamin C E. demonstrate how the body reacts to low levels of vitamin C

Since early times it has been assumed that the actions of animals are unconscious. Behaviour, in this view, stems almost exclusively from instinct. If animals behave in ways that seems pretty clever, they do so without thinking about it. Animals may know things, the argument goes, but that they know that they know. Current research reports suggest a startling depth of intelligence among animals. Although no one can yet 'prove' the existence of animal consciousness, the data offered make a compelling case for at least considering it. 7. It is emphasized in the passage that traditionally, animals are believed to ..... A. behave not instinctively but logically B. have an intelligence comparable with man's C. imitate man in many ways. D. act on instinct E. know exactly what they are doing 8. It is stressed in the pass; that modern research forces one to consider ..... A. why animals behave differently under different circumstances B. the possibility of intelligence in animals C. the means by which animal behaviour can be improved. D. how animals can be made to acquire new skills E. animals to be the equal of man in intelligence 9. We can infer from the passage that, in the light of modern research, our traditional assumptions about animal behaviour A. have been totally disproved B. have been confirmed C. have to be reconsidered D. were indeed based on scientific fact E. should never have been questioned

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The first universities developed in Europe in the 12th century. By 1600 Western Europe boasted 108 institutions of higher learning, many of which had obtained special privileges from existing regimes because of their close association with the Church. In most European countries universities were designed mainly for the sons of nobility and gentry. Scholarly standards were low, and scholarship was irrelevant for most professions. Education for earning a livelihood in, say, medicine or law could be acquired after college by serving as an apprentice. 10. As said in the passage, in the early years of the universities.. A. most students wanted to train for a profession B. the Church disapproved of much of their teaching C. Western European governments were not at all interested in education D. medicine was the most popular subject for study E. the majority of students came from upper class families 11. It is implied in the passage that, since most of the early universities enjoyed the support of the Church A. state authorities granted them various rights B. the number of students they admitted increased rapidly C. the academic level of the education they offered was extremely high D. the academic level of the education they offered was extremely low E. law naturally became one of the major subjects offered 12. As emphasized in the passage, real professional skills ..... A. were taught during the university years B. were normally acquired through a period of apprenticeship C. gained importance in the universities only after 1600 D. were acquired by nearly all university students E. were taught only to the children of nobility.

The effects of sleep loss are subject to a number of popular misconceptions. The belief that everyone must sleep 8 hours a night is a myth. According to the results of a recent survey on the subject adults average about 7 to 7.5 hours of sleep per night, and many individuals function effectively with 5 to 6 hours of sleep. In fact, 20 percent of the population (slightly more in men) sleep less than 6 hours per night. Another important fact is that sleep time decreases with age. 13. In accordance with the passage, the popular assumption that eight hours of sleep per night is essential ...... A. is only true for the elderly B. has been supported by scientific evidence C. is actually a fallacy D. is only true for 20 percent of the population E. is very rarely disputed 14. The survey referred to in the passage signifies that as people get older and older ...... A. they sleep less and less B. they require more sleep than formerly C. their sleep time varies between 7 and 8 hours D. they rarely sleep less than 7 hours E. sleep loss ceases to be a problem 15. It is implied in the passage that a sleep time under 8 hours ...... A. is not recommended in the survey B. invariably leads to noticeable inefficiency C. does not necessarily reduce a person's efficiency D. causes a number of complications in old people E. is common among women but not among men

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Until lately, many archaeologists took the view that civilized communities first arose in Egypt, though only a very short time before a similar development in Mesopotamia; a more recent opinion is now that the earliest advances may have taken place in Mesopotamia. Whichever view is followed, it is necessary to bear in mind that geographical conditions in both regions were not identical, and it can in fact be stated that in .Mesopotamia environmental factors were not as wholly favourable as in the valley of the Nile. 16. In accordance with a more recent view, the beginnings of the development of civilization A. have only recently been a major preoccupation among archaeologists B. were wrongly assumed to be in Mesopotamia C. were apparently not affected by geographical conditions D. in Egypt were greatly hampered by unfavourable environmental factors E. seem to have occurred in Mesopotamia rather than, as once thought, in Egypt 17. It is indicated in the passage that the Nile valley and Mesopotamia .... . A. have never attracted the attention of historians B. were equally suitable for the rise of civilization C. could not have been the home of our earliest civilizations D. do not share the same geographical conditions E. are no longer as fertile as they used to be in early times 18. From the passage we can learn that ...... . A. our opinions of early history may sometimes need to be revised B. archaeologists have never regarded either Egypt or Mesopotamia as the cradles of civilization C. geographical conditions play an important role in the decline of civilizations D. the early civilizations in Egypt and Mesopotamia were not similar at all E. archaeology has not, until recently, been concerned with this part of the world

Dates and periods are necessary to the study and discussion of history, for all historical phenomena are conditioned by time and are produced by the sequence of events. Periods, especially, are retrospective conceptions that we form about past events; they are useful to focus discussion, but frequently they lead historical thought astray. Thus, while it is certainly useful to speak of the Middle Ages and of the Victorian Age, those two abstract ideas have deluded many scholars and millions of newspaper readers into supposing that during certain decades called the Middle Ages, and again during certain decades called Age of Victoria, everyone thought or acted more or less in the same way till at last Victoria died or the Middle Ages came to an end. But in fact there was no such sameness. 19. The writer argues that, contrary to common assumption, the behaviour of people ....... A. was more uniform in the Middle Ages than in the Victorian Age B. was not uniform, at all, in any given period C. is a subject that should also be studied by historians D. in any given period is always the same E. is unrelated to the age they live in 20. The division of history into periods ...... A. is both useful and deceptive B. is prevented by modern historians C. was rejected in the Victorian Age D. has been in use since the Middle Ages E. serves no useful purpose at all 21. In accordance with the passage, the study of history ............ A. began in the Middle Ages and reached its height in Victorian Age B. has changed greatly in our time C. requires a knowledge of dates and periods D. includes a great variety of interrelated subjects E. should concentrate on the reconstruction of past events

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A number of books have been written on computers, computer programming, and computer programming languages, particularly FORTRAN. To produce another book on FORTRAN, even the newest FORTRAN IV, probably seems unreasonable to most, and it is with mild trepidation that, I, the author, embark on this project However, several good reasons can be started for doing just that. Most computer professionals will agree that the field of computer and information science has quickly become a valid discipline for academia, and that rapid changes are occurring in computer programming languages. Both of these facts demand that a new direction be taken in presenting the subject. 22. From this passage we learn that the writer is somewhat apprehensive in case ...... A. computer sales should drop sharply . B. developments in computer programming will become more and more costly. C. his book will be felt, by many people, to be exorbitant. D. computer programming should be taken over by professionals. E. programming languages should become far more complicated.

TEST 38 After 1933 the western world realized that it was living in another age of absolutism, or rather, in an age of totalitarian dictatorship far worse than the worst of the old absolute kings; such regimes could be seen to be enforcing a "law" that was the command barely of a "sovereign" but of a cruel and despot. It was ordinary people who protested: "This cannot be.law, if it is to deserve the name of law, must respect at least some basic rights to which every human being is entitled simply because he is human. 1. In accordance with the passage, compared with the absolute kings of the past, modern dictators ........ A. have been far more cruel and oppressive. B. have shown a relatively high respect for the rights of the individual. C. have received considerable support from ordinary people. D. have shown leniency in the enforcement of law. E. have always been anxious to rule by law. 2. The writer supposes that a major distinctive feature of "law" is........ A. to prevent the rise of totalitarianism in society. B. that it disregards the rights of ordinary people. C. respect for basic human rights. D. to uphold respect for the sovereign. E. that it should make a return to absolutism impossible. 3. In accordance with the passage, the major protest against the despots of modern times ........ A. has been largely on account of their genocide actions B. began to increase after 1933 C. has largely been confined to the Western world D. has been due to a growing fear of totalitarianism E. has come from common people who are concerned about their basic rights

23. In accordance with the passage, publications on computer technology ....... A. are only concerned with FORTRAN computer programming. B. have already reached a very high number. C. are brought out by academia for academia. D. invariably cause a great deal of public reaction. E. are largely repetitive and very costly. 24. The writer of this passage points out that his new book on FORTRAN is justified because ...... A. computer science is a new science with little relevant literature. B. computer professionals have not as yet recognized the changes taking place in computer science. C. it will boost the sale of computers throughout the world. D. it introduces a new approach to computer programming languages. E. It will change the concept of computer science among academia.

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The shopping centre emerged in the early 1900s in the suburbs that encircled American cities. Suburbs on that time tended to be chiefly residential and depend on the traditional city centres for shopping. The first suburban commercial centres had three identifiable features: they consisted of a number of stores built and leased by a single developer; they were usually situated at a significant intersection, and they provided plenty of free, off-street parking. These "shopping villages" resembled small-town shopping districts, both in their architecture, which was carefully traditional, and in their layout, which integrated them into the surrounding neighbourhood. The stores faced the street and the parking were usually in the rear. 4. Before the introduction of shopping centres, those living in the residential suburban areas .......... A. were anxious to keep commercial activities there to a minimum. B. usually preferred to go to nearby small towns so as to do their shopping. C. forced parking a great problem when they went downtown to shop. D. had to go into the centre of the city to do their shopping. E. felt that shopping facilities could not be integrated such neighbourhoods. 5. A popular site for the early shopping centres in the United States was ......... A. the very heart of a big city with roads directly serving all the suburbs. B. one near an important road junction with space enough to provide sufficient parking facilities. C. the villages bordering on the suburbs on a town, since they too would benefit from the facilities. D. a suitable point midway between two of three suburban areas. E. one that was in the hands of a single developer and architect. 6. The new "shopping villages" were reminiscent of small-town shopping areas ........... A. since many architects felt these could hardly be integrated effectively into suburban conditions. B. though the stores faced onto the parking lots, not the streets. C. as regards both the architectural style and the arrangement of the buildings. D. even though the architecture was very different. E. as most developers wanted to bring something new into the commercial activities of the region.

Computers have brought about a greater change in our society in recent decades than any other force and are likely to continue to do so until the next century, The industry surrounding computers is growing rapidly, providing employment for many but at the same time making others redundant. Jobs which computers can do far more reliably, faster and cheaper are lost. The redeployment of labour and the prospect of increased leisure are causing social upheavals which require new ideas and significant changes of attitude.

7. It is pointed out in the passage that the introduction of computers into daily life ________. A. has had no effect on the traditional habits of society B. has completely solved the problem of unemployment C. can be regarded as the greatest technical achievement of the age D. has led to an improvement in working conditions ' E. has brought a lot of benefits but has also created some serious problems 8. According to the passage, the impact computers have had on society _______ . A. will certainly continue to increase right through the next century B. has generally been confined to industrial life C. has been unnecessarily exaggerated in recent years D. has exceeded that of any other technological development in recent times E. is very much less than it has been on industry 9. As is implied in the passage, the widespread use of computers in industry_______. A. has made considerable changes in the working system inevitable B. has reduced the working hours but not the work load C. has unfortunately increased production costs D. will, in the next century, lead to even more disillusionment . E. has given rise to many new solutions to the problems of unemployment.

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The achievement of equality between men and women implies that they should have equal rights, opportunities and responsibilities to enable them to develop their talents and capabilities for their own personal fulfilment and the benefit of society. To that end a reassessment of the functions and roles traditionally allotted to each sex within the family and the community at large is essential. Governments should ensure both women and men equality before law, the provision of facilities for equality of educational opportunities and training, equality in conditions of employment, including remuneration and adequate social security. 10. The passage emphasizes that the question of equality between men and women _______ . A. has seldom been treated seriously at a governmental level B. includes not only equality before the law, but also equality in opportunities and exercise of rights C. is primarily related to economic matters D. has been greatly exaggerated in recent decades E. was never intended to include the field of politics 11. As is pointed out in the passage, the equality of the sexes essentially means for everyone ______ . A. a wide range of benefits including job security and a steady income B. the definition of the functions and roles each gender has in society C. a full development of individual talents and capabilities D. increase in family responsibilities E. a similar life style and fewer responsibilities 12. It is made clear in the passage that the maintenance of equality between men and women in society _______ A. has been ensured in most Western societies B. is primarily the responsibility of governments C. is never likely to be realized D. is of little concern to governments E. has first to be achieved within the family circle

In the mid-1970s, after 30 years of rapid growth and unprecedented prosperity for the major Western economies, the prospects for continued growth became much less favourable. This resulted partly from the acceleration of inflation in many countries, bringing with it insecurity and militancy in industrial relations. However, the main cause was the remarkable increase in the price of oil in 1973 and again in 1979, a fuel on which the Western economies had become heavily dependent. This produced a strong burst of inflation; and, because much of the oil revenue accruing to producers could not be spent, gave rise to an unprecedented balance of payments problem and severe world recession. 13. One can understand from the passage that, in the three decades prior to the mid-nineteen seventies, _______ . A. most Western economies entered a phase of insecurity and industrial decline B. industrial relations in the West had deteriorated to a marked extent C. inflation in industrialized countries had reached an unprecedented level D. the economic position had met with numerous setbacks E. the West experienced a period of unparalleled economic boom 14. It is pointed out in the passage that rising oil prices in 1973 and 1979 _______ . A. opened the way to ruin of many Western economies B. provided the West with the opportunity of developing alternative fuels C. had actually very little impact on world economies D. was a direct result of the growing inflation in the West E. helped to prevent the rise the militancy in industrial relations 15. It is explained in the passage that the world recession of the mid-1970s was largely due to the fact that ______ . A. most Western countries ignored their balance of payments policies B. there was a high rate of unemployment in the West C. Western economies failed to maintain good industrial relations D. much of the profit made by oil producers was not channelled back into world economies E. Western economies were increasingly dependent upon oil imports

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Nova Fabrics is a Portuguese textile and clothing firm which, until recently, employed 200 workers and had a turnover of 6 million pounds. Now, however, Nova is facing serious problems. In the last two years its fabric sales have remained steady, but profits have fallen sharply. This is because Pakistani and Italian suppliers, have been forcing prices down. In the ready-to-wear market, the situation is worse. Competition is cutthroat. Exporters from 24 low-cost countries are fighting for a share of the European market. Nova is suffering from this competition. The stores are now bargaining hard over prices, and Nova has already lost two large orders. 16. The passage presents the case of a textile firm which, ______ A. on the whole, has been showing a steady improvement in its position B. in recent years, has recovered its lost markets by introducing drastic measures . C. owing to fierce international competition, is having to struggle to survive D. quite unfairly, has laid off more than half of its work force E. in the long run, seems likely to defeat its main competitors 17. We can understand from the passage that the area which has been hit worst by international competition ______ . A. has been textile industries of India and Pakistan B. is that of fabric sales in which Nova has made great profits C. is the home market itself in which Nova used to be in the lead D. is the clothing industry in Portugal E. has been ready-to-wear market 18. One can conclude from the passage that Nova's problems A. are due to the unrest among the workers B. arise from the growing market pressure of lowcost countries C. must be related to the continuous rise in prices in textile D. are linked with the lack of interest in the European market E. began with the loss of two large orders

In 1945 Japanese rule in Korea came to an end, after 36 years, when the Russians occupied the northern part of the country and the Americans the south. It was planned that the country should be reunified after free elections, but in practice rival governments were set up. The Korean War broke out in 1950 when Communist North Korea, under King IL-sung, invaded the South with Chinese support in an attempt to unify the country by force. South Korea was supported by a United Nations Force in what was really an American "containment" operation. In 1953 an armistice was signed and the demarcation line between North and South Korea was agreed. 19. According to the passage, it was the invasion of South Korea by the Communist North that _______ . A. caused the outbreak of the Korean War B. the Japanese had tried hard to prevent C. received the support of a United Nations Force D. made the signing of the armistice vital E. induced the Chinese to abide by the decision of the United Nations 20. It is obvious from the passage that the withdrawal of Japan from Korea in 1945 _______ . A. was the result of pressure from the United Nations B. lead to a period of greater economic prosperity C. gave Kim IL-sung the chance to co-operate with the United States D. was concluded after the signing of an armistice between the United States and Russia E. was brought about, in part, by the Russians 21. As is explained in the passage, the reunification of Korea after the Japanese withdrawal ______ . A. was the last thing America and Russia desired B. was forestalled because of the drawing of the demarcation line between the North Korea and the south C. did not take place because the North and the South set up their own separate governments D. would have been achieved by King IL-sung but for the intervention of China E. was to be followed by the holding of free elections and the establishment of a pro-American government

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What is the current role of the United States? Is it, as some say, a nation in decline, one that is falling behind in the competitive arena of international trade? Or is it undergoing a process of adaptation and renewal? A spate of books has been published on the subject during the past few years, and these have sparked a wideranging public debate over these concerns. One of the best known of these books is Paul Kennedy's Rise and Fall of the Great Powers.. In fact, Paul Kennedy is the most prominent of the decline theorists. Examining the history of great powers such as/16th century Spain and the British Empire around 1900, he identifies a pattern of "imperial overstretch." To maintain a position of dominance, great powers over time find themselves devoting' an increasing share of their resources to military security. This often leads to a neglect of technological innovation and, ultimately, to a decline in economic strength. 22. The questions with which the author begins this passage _____ . A. imply that the United States is an invincible world power B. explain his full trust in the strength of the United States C. clearly show that he is uncertain about the present position of the United States in the world D. demonstrate the author's confidence in the future of his country E. bear almost no relationship to the argument that is then developed 23. In his Rise and Fall of Great Powers , Paul Kennedy_______ . A. points out that the British Empire collapsed because it ignored new advances in technology B. argues that the great powers in the past declined because of the drain on resources for military security C. explains that the Spanish Empire in the 16th century was solely concerned with its economic strength D. is of the opinion that the term "imperial overstretch" has been misused among historians E. confines himself to a study of current international issues that concern the United States 24. According to the passage, the question of the current role of the United States ______ . A. should not be related to the concept of "imperial overstretch" B. is of little interest to anyone but political historians C. has not viewed within any historical context D. has triggered off a great deal of discussion throughout society E. has received its most plausible explanation in Paul Kennedy's latest book

TEST 39 The practical advantage of prefabrication are two-fold: it is quicker and it does away with uncertainty. Speed in building is important these days because of the high cost of land: the time during which such an expensive commodity is out of use must be reduced to a minimum. And partly or wholly prefabricated methods of construction save time on the job because parts are prepared in the factory beforehand. Prefabrication does away with uncertainty because it means that the whole building is made of standard parts the behaviour of which is known and has been tested. 1. Since land is extremely valuable it is important that ___. A. costs do not continue to rise B. the building materials should also be expensive C. people should not disagree as to the advantages of prefabrication D. building costs be reduced to a minimum E. it does not remain out of use for long 2. One advantage of using prefabricated parts is that __. A. fewer skilled workmen are required B. this method is much cheaper than standard methods C. less land is required. D. buildings can be put up much faster E. there is more scope for experiment 3. When a building is constructed from standard parts that have been well-tested ___. A. there is no scope for originality B. one is still not sure how they will behave in a particular situation C. new methods of construction are overlooked D. one knows in advance that the result will be satisfactory E. the costs will naturally be excessively high

163

Since the major cost of advanced education, if the student is away from home, is board and lodging, one can argue that as far as possible the expansion of public education beyond high school should be arranged locally. Otherwise, in order to offer equal opportunities we should have to envisage using public funds to provide years of free board and room for a considerable fraction of our high school graduates. But there are various types of professional and vocational education which can be given at only a few centres in even a very populous state. It is literally impossible, for example, to give adequate instruction in clinical medicine except in cities of sufficient size to support large hospitals. Similarly, advanced work in the arts, sciences, and letters can be done only where adequate libraries and laboratories are at hand. It is clearly in the national interest to find all the latent talent available for the lengthy training that research careers demand. Yet to establish research centres at every point in the United States where general education beyond the high school is desired would be not merely uneconomical, but impossible. 4. What is mainly discussed in the passage? A. How education beyond high school should be arranged B. How lodging and board should be provided C. How to provide free board and lodging D. How to provide first-rate education for all students E. Why university education has failed in the USA 5. According to the author, all public education beyond high school cannot be arranged locally because A. there would not be enough housing. B. hospital services cannot be secured. C. certain types of education would be too costly to maintain. D. that would be against equal-opportunity principle. E. most localities would grow beyond control. 6. The author points out that __. A. researches centres should be established even in the smallest towns. B. there is no way a student can receive adequate clinical education in a small hospital. C. the only thing to do is to give up the ideal of equal opportunity. D. a talented student will be satisfactorily educated no matter where he is educated. E. he find it essential that all university students should be given free board and lodging.

Looking ahead from the present position where food production has kept ahead of population growth globally, but has fallen per capita in 55 (mainly African) countries, it would seem that these trends will continue. About 30 countries most of them African - can expect serious problems unless they reduce population growth and give higher priority to agriculture and conservation. Though a warmer, wetter earth with high CO2 levels is likely to be capable of producing more food, the amounts will still be inadequate for many poorer countries. In many cases, the population projections are greater than the entire local land resources can support. 7. Of all the countries in the world it is those in Africa ___. A. which have taken the most drastic measures to prevent population growth B. that are most threatened by food shortages C. which are environmentally most at a disadvantage D. that are most conscious of the need to preserve the environment E. in which poverty has been greatly reduced through agricultural development 8. It is argued in the passage that __. A. changes in world climate are increasing the problems of food production B. agricultural development will presently put an end to global food shortages C. with the exception of African countries, the global production of food is adequate and likely to continue so D. the conservation of land resources is of minor importance E. every effort must be made to prevent the CO2 level from rising 9. According to the passage, it is anticipated that __. A. the per capita income in Africa countries will continue to increase B. food production will double in the years ahead C. the present situation concerning population growth and food production will soon improve D. all the African countries will soon solve all their population problems E. unless serious measures are taken, the poor countries of the world will be faced with famine

164

Psychology is literally the study of the mind (or soul) but its area has broadened somewhat in the last century as we have learned that one cannot consider the mind as totally isolated from the body, and it now includes the study of human personality and behaviour. Psychologists also study the behaviour and brain of animals whenever such studies throw light on human behaviour. It is important to realize that psychologists are first and foremost trained as scientists rather than as medical experts and do not necessarily take much interest in abnormalities of the brain and mental process. 10. As can be inferred from the passage, psychology __. A. has in time developed as a branch of medicine B. has always been confined to the study of the mind C. is not concerned with the mind alone, but also with human- personality and behaviour D. primarily concentrates on the study of animal behaviour E. mostly deals with mental abnormalities 11. In the passages, attention is drawn to the fact that __. A. psychologists give great importance to the study of mental processes for medical purposes B. psychologists are basically scientists C. the body and the mind are separate entities in the eyes of psychologists D. the human mind can be best understood through the study of animal behaviour E. there have been no noticeable developments in psychology since the last century

Aid to underdeveloped countries takes many forms and it is given for many reasons. Underdeveloped countries need aid to provide finance for development projects to provide foreign exchange with which imports for development purpose can be bought; and to provide the trained manpower and technical knowledge they lack. The motives of the donor are not always humanitarian. "Aid can take a military form; it can be used to support an incompetent or unjust government. Nor is aid always beneficial to the recipient country. It may be wasted on ill-concerned or prestige projects, or cause the government simply to relax its own efforts. 13. In the passage, it is argued that the reasons behind the aid given to underdeveloped countries __. A. are always of a military nature B. are varied in purpose and in effect C. can be disregarded altogether D. invariably involved humanitarian principals E. relate only to the technical needs of the recipient country 14. One infers from the passage that what is generally referred to as aid __. A. usually leads to the overthrow of the government of the recipient country B. is in fact, monetary support for development projects only C. is actually one country's intervention in another country's internal affairs D. does not necessarily benefit the recipient country E. can really be regarded as a waste of resources 15. According to the passage, unless they receive aid, underdeveloped countries __. A. will loose their world-wide prestige B. often face military coups C. will be at the mercy of donor countries D. will have to rely on foreign technical advice for many years to come E. cannot provide money and human recourses for development

12. It is pointed out in the passage that __. A. a close cooperation between psychologists and medical experts is essential B. the study of human behaviour alone is what interests present-day psychologists C. as a branch of science, psychology is no longer to be understood in its literal sense D. the mind and the body function independently E. in recent years psychologists have concentrated mostly on the study of the mind

165

The practical advantage of prefabrication are two-fold: it is quicker and it does away with uncertainty. Speed in building is important these days because of the high cost of land: the time during which such an expensive commodity is out of use must be reduced to a minimum. And partly or wholly prefabricated methods of construction save time on the job because parts are prepared in the factory beforehand. Prefabrication does away with uncertainty because it means that the whole building is made of standard parts the behaviour of which is known and has been tested.

Computers can store vast amounts of information in a very small space and are used by the banks to keep accounts, print out statements and control transactions. They are also used by the police to keep personal records, fingerprints and other details. In the rapidly developing field of robotics computers are now being used to control manual operations done by machines. These two are taking over work, previously done by people, in the manufacture of cars, in weaving and other industries. Computers play an important role in controlling artificial satellites, decoding information and com-munications generally. They are used to predict the weather with increasing accuracy. 19. One can conclude from the passage that __. A. computers have become an indispensable part of our life B. despite great advances in computer techniques, they are not proving as useful as once hoped C. weather forecasts carried out by computers are not reliable at all D. robotics has long been a field of keen scientific interest for man E. computerized banking has led to an increase in unemployment 20. The author points out that __. A. industry is turning back to traditional methods of production B. the police use computers to make sure that their records are not leaked C. the principal use of computers is in space technology D. computers are too complex for everyday use E. the use of robots, directed by computers, is becoming widespread in industry 21. The passage is not concerned with __. A. the application of computers in industry B. how computers are manufactured C. the use of computers in communications and the transfer of information D. the conservation of information by computers E. the role played by computers in crime detection

16. Since land is extremely valuable it is important that ___. A. costs do not continue to rise B. the building materials should also be expensive C. people should not disagree as to the advantages of prefabrication D. building costs be reduced to a minimum E. it does not remain out of use for long 17. One advantage of using prefabricated parts is that __. A. fewer skilled workmen are required B. this method is much cheaper than standard methods C. less land is required . D. buildings can be put up much faster E. there is more scope for experiment 18. When a building is constructed from standard parts that have been well-tested ___. A. there is no scope for originality B. one is still not sure how they will behave in a particular situation C. new methods of construction are overlooked D. one knows in advance that the result will be satisfactory E. the costs will naturally be excessively high

166

Since the major cost of advanced education, if the student is away from home, is board and lodging, one can argue that as far as possible the expansion of public education beyond high school should be arranged locally. Otherwise, in order to offer equal opportunities we should have to envisage using public funds to provide years of free board and room for a considerable fraction of our high school graduates. But there are various types of professional and vocational education which can be given at only a few centres in even a very populous state. It is literally impossible, for example, to give adequate instruction in clinical medicine except in cities of sufficient size to support large hospitals. Similarly, advanced work in the arts, sciences, and letters can be done only where adequate libraries and laboratories are at hand. It is clearly in the national interest to find all the latent talent available for the lengthy training that research careers demand. Yet to establish research centres at every point in the United States where general education beyond the high school is desired would be not merely uneconomical, but impossible. 22. What is mainly discussed in the passage? A. How education beyond high school should be arranged B. How lodging and board should be provided C. How to provide free board and lodging D. How to provide first-rate education for all students E. Why university education has failed in the USA 23. According to the author, all public education beyond high school cannot be arranged locally because A. there would not be enough housing. B. hospital services cannot be secured. C. certain types of education would be too costly to maintain. D. that would be against equal-opportunity principle. E. most localities would grow beyond control. 24. The author points out that __. A. researches centres should be established even in the smallest towns. B. there is no way a student can receive adequate clinical education in a small hospital. C. the only thing to do is to give up the ideal of equal opportunity. D. a talented student will be satisfactorily educated no matter where he is educated. E. he find it essential that all university students should be given free board and lodging.

TEST 40 Looking ahead from the present position where food production has kept ahead of population growth globally, but has fallen per capita in 55 (mainly African) countries, it would seem that these trends will continue. About 30 countries most of them African - can expect serious problems unless they reduce population growth and give higher priority to agriculture and conservation. Though a warmer, wetter earth with high CO2 levels is likely to be capable of producing more food, the amounts will still be inadequate for many poorer countries. In many cases, the population projections are greater than the entire local land resources can support. 1. Of all the countries in the world it is those in Africa ___. A. which have taken the most drastic measures to prevent population growth B. that are most threatened by food shortages C. which are environmentally most at a disadvantage D. that are most conscious of the need to preserve the environment E. in which poverty has been greatly reduced through agricultural development 2. It is argued in the passage that __. A. changes in world climate are increasing the problems of food production B. agricultural development will presently put an end to global food shortages C. with the exception of African countries, the global production of food is adequate and likely to continue so D. the conservation of land resources is of minor importance E. every effort must be made to prevent the CO2 level from rising 3. According to the passage, it is anticipated that __. A. the per capita income in Africa countries will continue to increase B. food production will double in the years ahead C. the present situation concerning population growth and food production will soon improve D. all the African countries will soon solve all their population problems E. unless serious measures are taken, the poor countries of the world will be faced with famine

167

Psychology is literally the study of the mind (or soul) but its area has broadened somewhat in the last century as we have learned that one cannot consider the mind as totally isolated from the body, and it now includes the study of human personality and behaviour. Psychologists also study the behaviour and brain of animals whenever such studies throw light on human behaviour. It is important to realize that psychologists are first and foremost trained as scientists rather than as medical experts and do not necessarily take much interest in abnormalities of the brain and mental process. 4. As can be inferred from the passage, psychology __. A. has in time developed as a branch of medicine B. has always been confined to the study of the mind C. is not concerned with the mind alone, but also with human-personality and behaviour D. primarily concentrates on the study of animal behaviour E. mostly deals with mental abnormalities 5. In the passages, attention is drawn to the fact that __. A. psychologists give great importance to the study of mental processes for medical purposes B. psychologists are basically scientists C. the body and the mind are separate entities in the eyes of psychologists D. the human mind can be best understood through the study of animal behaviour E. there have been no noticeable developments in psychology since the last century 6. It is pointed out in the passage that __. A. a close cooperation between psychologists and medical experts is essential B. the study of human behaviour alone is what interests present-day psychologists C. as a branch of science, psychology is no longer to be understood in its literal sense D. the mind and the body function independently E. in recent years psychologists have concentrated mostly on the study of the mind

Aid to underdeveloped countries takes many forms and it is given for many reasons. Underdeveloped countries need aid to provide finance for development projects to provide foreign exchange with which imports for development purpose can be bought; and to provide the trained manpower and technical knowledge they lack. The motives of the donor are not always humanitarian. "Aid can take a military form; it can be used to support an incompetent or unjust government. Nor is aid always beneficial to the recipient country. It may be wasted on ill-concerned or prestige projects, or cause the government simply to relax its own efforts. 7. In the passage, it is argued that the reasons behind the aid given to underdeveloped countries __. A. are always of a military nature B. are varied in purpose and in effect C. can be disregarded altogether D. invariably involved humanitarian principals E. relate only to the technical needs of the recipient country 8. One infers from the passage that what is generally referred to as aid __. A. usually leads to the overthrow of the government of the recipient country B. is in fact, monetary support for development projects only C. is actually one country's intervention in another country's internal affairs D. does not necessarily benefit the recipient country E. can really be regarded as a waste of resources 9. According to the passage, unless they receive aid, underdeveloped countries __. A. will loose their world-wide prestige B. often face military coups C. will be at the mercy of donor countries D. will have to rely on foreign technical advice for many years to come E. cannot provide money and human recourses for development

168

In one very long sentence, the introduction to the UN Charter expresses the ideals and the common goals of all the peoples whose governments joined together to form the UN. We the peoples of the UN determined to save succeeding generations from the scourge of war, which twice in our lifetime has brought untold suffering to mankind, and to reaffirm faith in fundamental rights, in the dignity and worth of the human person, in the equal rights of men and women and of nations large and small, and to establish conditions under which justice and respect for the obligations arising from treaties and other sources of international law can be maintained, and to promote social progress and better standards of life in larger freedom, and for these ends, to practise tolerance and live together in peace with one another as good neighbours, and to unite our strength to maintain international peace and security, and to ensure, by the acceptance of principles and the institution of methods, that armed force shall not be used, save in the common interest, and to employ international machinery for the promotion of economic and social advancement of all peoples, have resolved to combine our efforts to accomplish these aims. 10. The first stated goal of the UN was ___ A. to supervise peace treaties B. to establish "The United Nations". C. to assist the "third world" countries D. to prevent a third world war. E. to create a situation which supports justice and the fulfilment of international agreements. 11. Under its Charter, the UN guarantees ___ A. to support economic and social advancement B. never to use arms C. better standards of housing D. better education E. the human rights 12. Following (line 4) means ___. A. struggling B. concentration C. shared D. following E. successful

A society like that of medieval England would nowadays be classified and described as 'preindustrial'. Its income came mostly from agriculture and by far the largest proportion of its people was engaged in growing food. The numbers occupied in trade and industry formed a comparatively small proportion of the total; and even those so occupied often combined their industrial and commercial occupations with some agricultural pursuits that does not, however, mean that industrial and commercial activities were altogether insignificant and played little part in shaping the economic geography of the country or in directing the way of its economic development. 13. In medieval England ..... A) agriculture brought as high an income as industry B) trade and industry were wholly unimportant C) economic development depended on commerce D) people made their living by working in factories E) more people were engaged in agriculture than in industry 14. In the passage, the author emphasizes the ... A) increase in industrial activity in medieval England B) relative significance of agriculture over industry C) difficulty of growing food in the Middle Ages D) role of industry in the development of agriculture E) dependence of England on commerce for growth 15. One can say that economic life in medieval England ... A) played a significant part in the rise of the middle class B) depended on agricultural activities only C) did not consist entirely of agriculture D) changed the geography as well as the history of the country E) was already more developed than in any other part of the world

169

When we go to the theatre we expect to find some excitement on the stage. We also hope not to be bored by a lack of a good plot or movement. We want our play to be somewhat close to real life, with characters whom we can recognize as having a 'psychology' like our own. We want them to entertain us and convey ideas and information which we did not have before. 16. Good plot and movement ..... A) must not be boring for the audience B) are among the elements we expect to find in a good play C) are the main elements which are not often found in a play D) can easily be found in every play E) do not contribute to the enjoyment of a play 17. To the author, ..... A) we want to interpret the experiences of the players B) everybody shouldn't expect to find himself in a play C) nobody wants to see real life depicted in a play D) characters in a play must relate to real people E) we mustn't be emotionally affected by a play 18. In the passage the writer thinks that a play... A) contains a number of unusual characters B) should appeal to our senses only C) must emphasize psychological rather than social reality D) often has an undesirable effect on the audience E) must offer us new ideas and experiences

Researches show that more than three cups of coffee a day can cause unpleasant symptoms such as nervousness, irritability and insomnia. Thus, although many people build up a certain tolerance for the stimulant, experiments indicate that caffeine users take longer to fall asleep than non-users and they also wake up more often. The effects of caffeine are similar in persons of all ages, but certain groups are particularly sensitive to the drug, including the elderly children, pregnant women, and those suffering from heart disease, hypertension, and emotional illness. 19. One can understand from the passage that... A) children are particularly sensitive to some drugs B) the effects of caffeine are deadly for all age groups C) coffee drinkers must sleep less D) caffeine is the only cause of nervousness E) most people can tolerate a moderate amount of coffee a day 20. It is explained in the passage that... A) over a certain amount of caffeine has a harmful effect on our health B) the elderly are more sensitive to caffeine than any other age group C) caffeine is good for a sound sleep D) heart patients can tolerate fairly large amounts of caffeine E) the more caffeine one takes, the earlier one gets up 21. The author stresses..... A) how useful coffee is in our everyday life B) that certain people should be particularly careful about their daily caffeine intake C) the need for many people to watch their health in old age. D) how serious some bodily disorders are. E) the use of the experiments carried out to determine people's tolerance to various drugs

170

The criminal justice system has three differently organized parts: the police, the courts and corrections. Each has separate tasks. But, these parts are by no means independent of each other. The courts must deal with those whom the police arrest; the business of corrections is to reform those delivered to it by the courts. However, it is not certain whether convicts can actually be reformed at all this way. 22. The writer.... A) believes that convicts receive unfair treatment in courts B) does not refer to the organization of the criminal justice system C) emphasizes the responsibility of the police in the prevention of crime D) argues for stronger measures in the criminal justice system E) is doubtful whether the justice system can reform criminals

23. The passage is mainly about .... A) the co-operation between the police and the courts B) the ways through which convicts are reformed C) the institutional structure and functions of the criminal justice system D) the institutions which are not related to the criminal justice system E) the reforms needed in the criminal justice system 24. It is understood that the parts of the criminal justice system.... A) have individually specified but interrelated duties B) lay down principles for the arrest of convicts C) do not depend on one another at all D) must sometimes exchange their roles E) are organized to conduct trials

171

TEST 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 B E A E C D B A D B C E A D E B E B E A C A C E

TEST 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 E A D B E A D B A B A D A B C C A B D A C B A C

960 ADET PARAGRAF SORUSU VE CEVAPLARI TEST 3 TEST 4 TEST 5 TEST 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 E B A C D B B A E A C E A C E C D A E D B E D A 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 E A D B D A D E E C E B D E A C A E C A D D E A 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 A C D E C A C D A A B C A B C E A A C A E A E B 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 C D B B D C D B E A D B C E D A C E B E A C A D

TEST 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 A D B A B B D C B D C A A C C B D B C C A B D C

TEST 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 B C B C D B B A D D C D C B D D D C C B D A B C

172

TEST 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 D E A A C D C E D D D A A B B D C B D C A A C C

TEST 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 C C A B D C B C B C D B B A D D C D C B D D B C

TEST 11 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 A B C D E A A C D C E D D D A C B A A C C A A D

TEST 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 D C E D E E E B C A A C A D C C D A C A A A C A

TEST 13 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 D A E A B D B C C B E C E D D E A E C A D B D B

TEST 14 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 B D A A D A D A B D B A A D B B A C B C D B D A

TEST 15 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 C A C A B D C A A D D C C B C C D D D E A D E E

TEST 16 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 A E A E E B A D E A E D C C E B B D E B D D B E

173

TEST 17 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 D E C C B D B B C E A A B A B E A E C E B A E C

TEST 18 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 C B D E D D A E A A C B B B E C B C B D E B A C

TEST 19 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 E C A D B A B D C E D C B E A B B E B D C E A D

TEST 20 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 A C E C E B C D E A C C C E C C D A B D E B A C

TEST 21 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 D C B B E D B B C E D A B E D C A E D B C B A C

TEST 22 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 E A B C B D E B A A D C D E B A C E B D C E C A

TEST 23 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 E C A C B C D B C B B E C B D A C C C A B D E B

TEST 24 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 B D E C E B C E D D C D B A C E D A D B E B C A

174

TEST 25 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 D C E C A D A C A B D C A C B E C D B A C E D A

TEST 26 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 B A E D C D A B E C A D E D A B E E A E B B A C

TEST 27 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 E C A D B A B D D E D C B E A B A E D C D A B E

TEST 28 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 B D C C B C D A C E D B B A D B E D B B C B E D

TEST 29 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 E D B D B C E A B C A C E D A B A C C A D E D A

TEST 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 B E C A E B B C E A C D E D B C A D E C D C B D

TEST TEST 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 A D A C B D D E B D B C C B C E A E D C B B A B

TEST 32 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 E A B E C B A E D

10 A 11 C 12 E 13 E 14 D 15 D 16 D 17 A 18 A 19 D 20 C 21 D 22 E 23 C 24 D 25

175

TEST 33 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 C A E C A B E C B B C D E E C A B D B A C E C A

TEST 34 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 D B A B D C E D C B E A A E B E C D E B E A A D

TEST 35 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 C C A D C A C C B A D B C E B D E C B A C D C E

TEST 36 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 C A D A B C B C C E B C D E C A D B C A E D B D

TEST 37 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 E C A E D B D B C E A B C A C E D A B A C C B D

TEST 38 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 A C E A B C E A A B A B E A E C E B A E C C B D

TEST 39 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 E D D A C B B A E C B C B D E E D D A E C A C B

TEST 40 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 B A E C B C B D E D E D E A C B D E E A B E C A

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