Basic Thermodynamics

Syllabus

BASIC THERMODYNAMICS Module 1: Fundamental Concepts & Definitions (5) Thermodynamics: Terminology; definition and scope, microscopic and macroscopic approaches. Engineering Thermodynamics: Definition, some practical applications of engineering thermodynamics. System (closed system) and Control Volume (open system); Characteristics of system boundary and control surface; surroundings; fixed, moving and imaginary boundaries, examples. Thermodynamic state, state point, identification of a state through properties; definition and units, intensive and extensive various property diagrams, path and process, quasi-static process, cyclic and non-cyclic processes; Restrained and unrestrained processes; Thermodynamic equilibrium; definition, mechanical equilibrium; diathermic wall, thermal equilibrium, chemical equilibrium. Zeroth law of thermodynamics. Temperature as an important property. Module 2: Work and Heat (5) Mechanics definition of work and its limitations. Thermodynamic definition of work and heat, examples, sign convention. Displacement works at part of a system boundary and at whole of a system boundary, expressions for displacement works in various processes through p-v diagrams. Shaft work and Electrical work. Other types of work. Examples and practical applications. Module 3: First Law of Thermodynamics (5) Statement of the First law of thermodynamics for a cycle, derivation of the First law of processes, energy, internal energy as a property, components of energy, thermodynamic distinction between energy and work; concept of enthalpy, definitions of specific heats at constant volume and at constant pressure. Extension of the First law to control volume; steady state-steady flow energy equation, important applications such as flow in a nozzle, throttling, adiabatic mixing etc., analysis of unsteady processes, case studies. Module 4: Pure Substances & Steam Tables and Ideal & Real Gases (5) Ideal and perfect gases: Differences between perfect, ideal and real gases, equation of state, evaluation of properties of perfect and ideal gases. Real Gases: Introduction. Van der Waals Equation of state, Van der Waals constants in terms of critical properties, law of corresponding states, compressibility factor; compressibility chart, and other equations of state (cubic and higher orders). Pure Substances: Definition of a pure substance, phase of a substance, triple point and critical points, sub-cooled liquid, saturated liquid, vapor pressure, two-phase mixture of liquid and vapor, saturated vapor and superheated vapor states of a pure substance with water as example. Representation of pure substance properties on p-T and p-V diagrams, detailed treatment of properties of steam for industrial and scientific use (IAPWS-97, 95) Module 5: Basics of Energy conversion cycles (3) Devices converting heat to work and vice versa in a thermodynamic cycle Thermal reservoirs. Heat engine and a heat pump; schematic representation and efficiency and coefficient of performance. Carnot cycle.

K. Srinivasan/IISc, Bangalore

V1/17-5-04/1

Basic Thermodynamics

Syllabus

Module 6: Second Law of Thermodynamics (5) Identifications of directions of occurrences of natural processes, Offshoot of II law from the I. Kelvin-Planck statement of the Second law of Thermodynamic; Clasius's statement of Second law of Thermodynamic; Equivalence of the two statements; Definition of Reversibility, examples of reversible and irreversible processes; factors that make a process irreversible, reversible heat engines; Evolution of Thermodynamic temperature scale. Module 7: Entropy (5) Clasius inequality; statement, proof, application to a reversible cycle. (QR/T) as independent of the path. Entropy; definition, a property, principle of increase of entropy, entropy as a quantitative test for irreversibility, calculation of entropy, role of T-s diagrams, representation of heat, Tds relations, Available and unavailable energy. Module 8: Availability and Irreversibility (2) Maximum work, maximum useful work for a system and a control volume, availability of a system and a steadily flowing stream, irreversibility. Second law efficiency.

K. Srinivasan/IISc, Bangalore

V1/17-5-04/2

Basic Thermodynamics

Syllabus

Lecture Plan Module

Learning Units

Hours per topic

Total Hours
5

1. Fundamental Concepts & Definitions

2. Work and Heat

3. First Law of Thermodynamics

4. Pure Substances &

1. Thermodynamics; Terminology; definition and scope, Microscopic and Macroscopic approaches. Engineering Thermodynamics; Definition, some practical applications of engineering thermodynamics. 2. System (closed system) and Control Volume (open system); Characteristics of system boundary and control surface; surroundings; fixed, moving and imaginary boundaries, examples. 3. Thermodynamic state, state point, identification of a state through properties; definition and units, intensive and extensive various property diagrams, 4. Path and process, quasi-static process, cyclic and noncyclic processes; Restrained and unrestrained processes; 5. Thermodynamic equilibrium; definition, mechanical equilibrium; diathermic wall, thermal equilibrium, chemical equilibrium. Zeroth law of thermodynamics, Temperature as an important property. 6. Mechanics definition of work and its limitations. Thermodynamic definition of work and heat; examples, sign convention. 7. Displacement work; at part of a system boundary, at whole of a system boundary, 8. Expressions for displacement work in various processes through p-v diagrams. 9. Shaft work; Electrical work. Other types of work, examples of practical applications 10. Statement of the First law of thermodynamics for a cycle, derivation of the First law of processes, 11. Energy, internal energy as a property, components of energy, thermodynamic distinction between energy and work; concept of enthalpy, definitions of specific heats at constant volume and at constant pressure. 12. Extension of the First law to control volume; steady state-steady flow energy equation, 13. Important applications such as flow in a nozzle, throttling, and adiabatic mixing etc. analysis of unsteady processes, case studies. 14. Differences between perfect, ideal and real gases. Equation of state. Evaluation of properties of perfect and ideal gases

1 5 2 1 1 1 1 5

1 2

K. Srinivasan/IISc, Bangalore

V1/17-5-04/3

Basic Thermodynamics Steam Tables and Ideal & Real Gases 15. Introduction. Van der Waals Equation of state, Van der Waal's constants in terms of critical properties, law of corresponding states, compressibility factor; compressibility chart. Other equations of state (cubic and higher order) 16. Definition of a pure substance, phase of a substance, triple point and critical points. Sub-cooled liquid, saturated liquid, vapour pressure, two phase mixture of liquid and vapour, saturated vapour and superheated vapour states of a pure substance 17. Representation of pure substance properties on p-T and p-V diagrams, Detailed treatment of properties of steam for industrial and scientific use (IAPWS-97, 95) 18. Devices converting heat to work and vice versa in a thermodynamic cycle, thermal reservoirs. heat engine and a heat pump 19. Schematic representation and efficiency and coefficient of performance. Carnot cycle. 20. Identifications of directions of occurrences of natural processes, Offshoot of II law from the Ist. KelvinPlanck statement of the Second law of Thermodynamic; 21. Clasius's statement of Second law of Thermodynamic; Equivalence of the two statements; 22. Definition of Reversibility, examples of reversible and irreversible processes; factors that make a process irreversible, 23. Reversible heat engines; Evolution of Thermodynamic temperature scale. 24. Clasius inequality; statement, proof, application to a 25. reversible cycle. (QR/T) as independent of the path. Entropy; definition, a property, principle of increase of entropy, entropy as a quantitative test for irreversibility, Calculation of entropy, role of T-s diagrams, representation of heat quantities; Revisit to 1st law Tds relations, Available and unavailable energy. Maximum work, maximum useful work for a system and a control volume, 1

Syllabus 5

5. Basics of Energy conversion cycles

1 3 2 2

6. Second Law of Thermodynamics

5 1 1

1 1 5 1

7. Entropy

26. 27. 28.

2 1 1

8. Availability and Irreversibility

29. Availability of a system and a steadily flowing stream, irreversibility. Second law efficiency

K. Srinivasan/IISc, Bangalore

V1/17-5-04/4