What Is Politics?
What Is Politics?
What Is Politics?
in terms of purpose:
empirical theory
normative theory
in terms of scope:
lower-range theories
midrange theories (e.g. democracy, nationalism)
grand theories (paradagims, utopias, ideologies)
Ideologies
• provide logically related empirical statements about social life
• provide a coherent system of values about how social life should be
• Help us in the study of political ideas:
1. directly relevant to actual political practices
2. provide an intellectual history of ideas
3. grounds politics in true ideas
• Have their own accomplishments and limitations
Ideologies of the 19th century
• classical liberalism
• traditional conservatism
• Anarchism
• Marxism
Ideologies of the 20th century
• Comprehensiveness
• Coherence
• Empirical validity
• Critical insightfulness
Criteria for political attractiveness
• Historical impact
• Public appeal
• Compatibility with political ideals
• Compatibility with ethical ideas
Substantive Political Principles
• Structure
• Citizenship
• Rulers
• Authority
• Justice
• Change
Philosophical bases
• Human nature
• Society
• Ontology
• Epistemology
•Political bases
Problems
goals