What Is Politics?

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What is politics?

• Conflict, cooperation or both?


What is political theory?
1) Distinctive fatures of political theory
– generalization
– validity

2) Forms of political theory:

in terms of purpose:
empirical theory
normative theory

in terms of scope:
lower-range theories
midrange theories (e.g. democracy, nationalism)
grand theories (paradagims, utopias, ideologies)
Ideologies
• provide logically related empirical statements about social life
• provide a coherent system of values about how social life should be
• Help us in the study of political ideas:
1. directly relevant to actual political practices
2. provide an intellectual history of ideas
3. grounds politics in true ideas
• Have their own accomplishments and limitations
Ideologies of the 19th century

• classical liberalism
• traditional conservatism
• Anarchism
• Marxism
Ideologies of the 20th century

• Fascism and Nazism


• Contemporary liberalism
• Contemporary conservatism
• Democratic socialism and communism
• Fundamentalism
• Environmentalism
• Feminism
Evaluating Ideologies
• Destutt de Tracy (1754-1836): ideologies generate
political truth

• Karl Mannheim (1929):


1. all ideologies are influenced by their historical and
social conditions, and contain partial truth
2. there are criteria fro rightness and wrongness of
ideologies
Criteria for intellectual attractiveness

• Comprehensiveness
• Coherence
• Empirical validity
• Critical insightfulness
Criteria for political attractiveness

• Historical impact
• Public appeal
• Compatibility with political ideals
• Compatibility with ethical ideas
Substantive Political Principles
• Structure
• Citizenship
• Rulers
• Authority
• Justice
• Change
Philosophical bases
• Human nature
• Society
• Ontology
• Epistemology

•Political bases
Problems
goals

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