Module 1: Mathematics PartA : PERCENTAGE

Introduction:The word 'per cent' means per hundred. Thus, 19 per cent means, 19 parts out of 100 parts. This can also be written as 19/100, therefore, per cent is a fraction whose denominator is 100. Example 1 :Express 3/4 in rate per cent Required rate per cent = 3/4 x 100% = 75% Example 2: 8% can be converted to a fraction as 8/100 Example 3: To find out 25% of 500 Solution 3: Required value=25% of 500=(25/100)*500=125 Let us consider a number N, 25% of N = (25/100)*N = N/4 (value) Example 4: 9% of what number is 36 Solution 4: the required number (base number) = 36/9% (36/9) * 100 = 400 Example 5: If 30% of a number is 48 then what is 70% of the number? Solution 5: Here, unitary method can be used to save the time. 30%

CONVERTING A PERCENTAGE INTO DECIMALS 67% may be converted into decimals as 0.67, because 67/100 = 0.67 8% can be written as 0.08 253% can be written as 2.53 0.25% may be converted into decimals as 0.0025 CONVERTING A DECIMAL INTO A PERCENTAGE 0.45 may be expressed as 45% 0.032 is equivalent to 3.2%, 1.7 is equivalent to 170% EFFECT OF PERCENTAGE CHANGE

ON ANY NUMBER If any number is increased by X%, then new number = original number x (100+ X)/ 100 or = original number x (1 + decimal equivalent of X %). Similarly, if any number (quantity) is decreased by X %, then new number (quantity) = original number x (100- X)/ 100 or = original number x (1 - decimal equivalent of X%). Example 8: The present salary of A is Rs 3,000. This will be increased by 15% in the next year. What will be the increased salary of A? Solution8:The increased salary = 3000 (1 + 0.15) or 3000 x ((100 + 15)/ 100) = 3000 x 1.15 = Rs 3450. If a number is changed by x%, then it is changed again by y%, then net percentage change = x+y+(xy/100) If x or y indicates decrease in percentage, then put a -ve sign before x or y, otherwise positive sign remains. Example 9: If a number is increased by 12% and then decreased by 18% then find the net percentage change in number Solution 9: Using the formula net % change = x + y + xy/100 x=12 y=-18 net % change in area =12-18+((12)* -(18))/100 = 8.16 Application of the Formula: net % change in product = x + y +xy/100 Example 10: If the length of rectangle increases by 30% and the breadth decreases by 12%, then find the % change in the area of the rectangle.

30%--> 48 1%--->48/30 70%=(48/30)*70=112 Hence, the required value is 112

Example 6: If 40% of the number exceeds 25% of it by 54. Find the number. Solution 6: Using the formula any value/its rate % of number = number (i.e. base number) 54/(40-25)%=number number=(54/(40-25))*100=360 required number=360 Example 7: To find '30 is what per cent of 150' or 'what percentage of 150 is 30 ? Solution 7: We find here that 150 is the basis of comparison and hence 150 will be in the denominator. The required percentage = (30 / 150)* 100 = 20%.

Solution 10: Since, length x breadth = area we get net % change in product = x + y + xy/100 where x = 30, y = -12 net % change in area = 30 - 12 + (30*-12)/100=18-3.6=+14.4 It implies that there is 14.4% increase in the area of the rectangle. To Keep the Product of Two Variable Quantities Fixed Put net % change in product = 0, x+y+xy/100=0 y = -(x/(100+x))*100, -ve sign shows decrease, from the above derivation, we thus find that if one A increases by x%, then B decreases by (x/(100+x))*100% and if A decreases by x% then putting (-) x, in place of x, we find that the other quantity B increases by ((x/(100-x))/100%. Example 11: If the price of coffee is increased by 10%, then by how much percentage must a house wife reduce her consumption, to have no extra expenditure? Solution 11: Since price x consumption = expenditure and expenditure has to be kept fixed so, when the price increases by 10%, the %reduction in consumption =(10/(100+10))*100=9 1/11% RATE CHANGE AND CHANGE IN QUANTITY AVAILABLE FOR FIXED EXPENDITURE Example 12: A reduction of 25% in the price of sugar enables the person to get 10 kg more on a purchase for Rs 600. Find the reduced rate of sugar. Solution 12: Let the original rate = Rs X per kg. Since, there is a rate reduction of 25%, so, New rate (or reduced rate) = (1 - 0.25) X = 0.75 X = 3X/4 Expenditure = Rs 600. (Expenditure/X)+change in quantity available = Expenditure/New rate (600/X+10)=600/(3X/4) (600/x)(4/3-1)=100 x=20 therefore reduced rate =3x/4=3/4*20=Rs 15/kg. % EXCESS OR % SHORTNESS If A exceeds B by x%, B is less than A by x/(100+x)* 100%. Similarly, if A is less than B by x%, then B is more than A by x/(100-x) *100%

Example 13: If the income of Santa is more than that of Banta by 25%, then by how much percentage Banta's income is less than that of Santa? Solution: 13 Banta=25/(100+25)*100% Therefore income of Banta is 20% less than of Santa. Evaluate your grasp: 1. A number 'A' exceeds 'B' by 25%. By what per cent is 'B' short of 'A'? 2. The daily wage is increased by 15 %, and a person now gets Rs 23 per day. What was his daily wage before the increase? 3. The ratio of number of boys and girls in a school is 3 : 2 if 20% of the boys and 25% of the girls are holding scholarship, find the % of school students who hold scholarship. 4. A reduction of Rs 2 per kg enables a man to purchase 4 kg more sugar for Rs 16. Find the original price of sugar. 5. From a man's salary, 10% is deducted on tax, 20% of the rest is spent on education, and 25% of the rest is spent on food. After all these expenditures, he is left with Rs 2,700. Find his salary. 6. Increase 200 by 60% 7. Decrease 200 by 40 % 8. The weight of a sand bag is 40 kg. In a hurry, it was weighed as 40.8 kg. Find the error percentage. 9. If X is 20% less than Y,then find: x/y = ? 10. If 2 1/2%( 2 and a half percent) of the weight of a table is 0.2 kg, then what will be 120% of it? 11. Find 0.02% of 6500 12. 7/8 is what % of 144? 13. If the price of 1 Kg of cornflakes is increased by 25%, the increase is Rs 10. Find the new price of the cornflakes per kg? 14. If A is more than B by 10%, then find A/B. 15. 12 is 25% of 20% of what? 16. Express 7x/y in terms of percentage. Answers: Question No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Correct Answer: 20 20 22% Rs 4 per kg. Rs 5000 320 120 2% Question No. 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Correct Answer: 4/5 9.6 kg 13/10 0.607% Rs 50 11/10 240 700x/y

Part B:

Solved Examples:

Profit, Loss and Discount

Example5: By selling a horse for Rs 455, a man loses 9%. If he sells it for Rs 555, what would be his gain or loss per cent? Solution5: S1/(100 + X1)=S2/(100 + X2) 455/(100+(-9))=555/(100+X2) .:X2=+11%. [( + )ve sign indicates it is gain.] The man has a gain of 11 %. Example6: If a merchant estimates his profit as 20% of the selling price, what is his real profit per cent? Solution6: Real profit is that which is calculated on CP Profit %=% profit on SP/(100-% profit on SP)*100 =20/(100-20)*100=25% NB: Real % profit is always more than the % profit on S.P. Example7: How much per cent above the cost price should a shopkeeper mark his goods so as to earn a profit of 26% after allowing a discount of 10% on the marked price? Solution7: Marked price* (1 - % discount) = Cost price (1+ % gain) [M = Marked price, C = Cost price] M *(100 - d) = C* (100 + g) M *(100 - 10) = C *(100 + 26) M =126/ 90 C = 1.4 C = (1 + 0.4) C i.e. M is + 0.4 or 40% above C Marked price is 40% above the cost price. Example8: A vendor sells 10 apples for a pound gaining thereby 40%. How many apples did he buy for a pound? Solution8: Always the unit price is to be put. i.e. Sale price for 1 apple = 1/10 % x = (SP/CP - 1) * 100. 40 = [1/10C- 1] * 100 1/10C = 40/100 + 1 = 14/10 C = 1/14. So, he bought 14 apples per pound. Example9: A man sold two watches for Rs 1000 each. On one he gains 25% and on the other, 20% loss. Find how much % does he gain or lose in the whole transaction? Solution9: Here, S1= S2, Overall % gain or loss ={1-[2*(100+X1)* (100+X2)]/[(100+X1) +(100+X2)]} * 100 % ={1-[2*(100+25)*(100-20)]/[(100 + 25) + (100 - 20) ]}*100% =[1-(2 * 125 * 80)/205] * 100 =100/41 % .:The man had 2 (18/41) % loss in the whole transaction. Example10: A cloth merchant says that due to slump in the market, he sells the cloth at 10% loss; but he uses a false metre-scale and actually gains 15%. Find the actual length of the scale. Solution10: Here cost price is not equal to selling price because he sells the cloth at 10% loss. (100 + G) / (100+x) = True Scale/ False Scale Here, overall gain G = 15% and loss x = -10%

Example1: By selling an article for Rs 450, a man loses 25%. At what price should he sell in order to gain 25%? Solution1: S1/(100 + x1)=S2/(100 + x2) (S1and S2 are two selling prices) 450/(100 + ( - 25)) = S2/(100 + 25) .: S2 = 750. [(-)ve sign indicates loss] He sells the article at Rs 750. Example2: The cost price of 25 articles is equal to the selling price of 20 articles. Find the gain %. Solution2: As per question, 25 * CP = 20 * SP SP/CP = 25/20 % gain = (SP/CP - 1) * 100 (25/20 - 1) * 100 = 25 % There is 25% gain in the transaction. Example3: A person sells 36 oranges per rupee and suffers a loss of 4%. Find how many oranges per rupee to be sold to have a gain of 8%? Solution3: Always find the unit price, i.e. for one orange. Here, Sale price per orange = Rs 1/36=S1 S1/(100+x1)=S2/(100+x2) (1/36)/(100+(-4)) =S2/(100+8)

.:S2=1/32 He sells 32 oranges per rupee.

Example4: A shopkeeper purchases 10 kg of rice at Rs 600 and sells at a loss as much the selling price of 2 kg of rice. Find the sale rate of rice/kg. Solution4: Let Selling price be Rs x /kg. Loss = C.P. -S.P. 2*x=600-10*x .: x = Rs 50 per kg. (Since loss of 2 kg of SP. of rice) Hence the Selling price of rice is Rs 50 per kg.

[(-)ve sign for loss.] Let false scale length = x cm (100+15)/( 100-10) =100/x x = 90/115 * 100 = 78.25 cm. .: Actual length of scale is 78.25 cm instead of 1 metre. Example11: A man sells a book at a profit of 20%. If he had bought it at 20% less and sold it for Rs 18 less, he would have gained 25%. Find the cost price of the book. Solution 11: Assume the cost price of the book = Rs 100 It sells at 20 % profit. .: SP =100 * 1.2 = 120 If he bought it at 20% less, i.e CP= Rs 80 and sells at 25 % profit then, SP=80 * 1.25 = 100 So, S1 - S2 = Rs 20 when cost price is . Rs 100 but S1-S2 =Rs 18, so, the cost price is Rs 90 Hence, the cost price of the book is Rs 90. Example12: What profit percent is made by a farmer selling eggs at a certain price if by selling at 3/4 of that price there may be a loss of 10%? Solution 12: 3/4 (SP) = 90 % of CP .: S.P. = 120% of CP .:The eggs been sold at a profit of (120 - 100), i.e 20%. Example13: By selling 66 metres of cloth, I gain the selling price of 22 metres. Find the gain percent. Solution13: Here Gain = sell price of 22 metres = x (say) % gain = x/(N-x)*100 %, where x=22 and N = 66 % gain =22/( 66 - 22) * 100 % = 50 %. Practice Questions: 1. A man sold his book for Rs 891, thereby gaining 1/10 of its cost price. The cost price is: 2. A shopkeeper earns a profit of 12% on selling a book at 10% discount on the printed price. The ratio of the cost price and printed price is: 3. A shopkeeper increased the price of a product by 50% from its cost but had to sell at a 50% discount. The shopkeepers loss was: 4. A shopkeeper purchased a electric heater marked at Rs 200 at successive discounts of 10% and 15% respectively. He spent Rs 7 on packaging and sold it at Rs 200. Find his gain %. 5. The cost price of 20 pencils is equal to the selling price of 25 pencils. The loss % in the transaction is: Ans Key: 1. Rs 810 2. 45:56 3. 25% 4. 25 5. 20