Fundamentals of THERMAL-FLUID SCIENCES

THIRD EDITION

YUNUS A. CENGEL

ROBERT H. TURNER
Department of Mechanical

JOHN M. CIMBALA

Me Graw Hill

Higher Education

Boston Burr Ridge, IL Dubuque, IA Madison, Wl New York San Francisco St. Louis Bangkok Bogota Caracas Kuala Lumpur Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan Montreal New Delhi Santiago Seoul Singapore Sydney Taipei Toronto

CONTENTS

Preface xv Nomenclature xxiii

CHAPTER THREE
ONE
1 ENERGY, ENERGY TRANSFER, AND GENERAL ENERGY ANALYSIS 5 9 3-1 3-2 3-3 3-4 3-5 3-6 3-7 3-8 Introduction 60 Forms of Energy 61 Energy Transfer by Heat 68 Energy Transfer by Work 70 Mechanical Forms of Work 74 The First Law of Thermodynamics 78 Energy Conversion Efficiencies 86 Energy and Environment 94
Summary 100 References and Suggested Readings 100 Problems 101

CHAPTER

INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW 1-1 1 -2 1-3 1 -4 1-5 1-6

Introduction to Thermal-Fluid Sciences Thermodynamics and Energy 3 Heat Transfer 5 Fluid Mechanics 6 Importance of Dimensions and Units * Problem-Solving Technique 13
Summary 18 References and Suggested Readings 18 Problems 18

PART1 THERMODYNAMICS 2 1 C H A P T E R F O U R

CHAPTER TWO
INTRODUCTION AND BASIC CONCEPTS 2-1 2-2 2-3 2-4 2-5 2-6 2-7 2-8 Systems and Control Volumes 24 Properties of a System 25 Density and Specific Gravity 26 State and Equilibrium 27 Processes and Cycles 28 Temperature and the Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics 30 Pressure 35 Pressure Measurement Devices 39
Summary 47 * References and Suggested Readings 48 Problems 48

PROPERTIES OF PURE SUBSTANCES 111

23

4-1 4-2 4-3

4-5 4-6 4-7 4-8

Pure Substance 112 Phases of a Pure Substance 112 Phase-Change Processes of Pure Substances 113 Property Diagrams for Phase-Change Processes 118 Property Tables 126 The Ideal-Gas Equation of State 137 Compressibility FactorA Measure of Deviation from Ideal-Gas Behavior 139 Other Equations of State 144
Summary 149 References and Suggested Readings 150 Problems 150

Fundamentals of Thermal-Fluid Scitnces

CHAPTER

FIVE
159

ENERGY ANALYSIS OF CLOSED SYSTEMS 5-1 5-2 5-3 5-4 5-5 Moving Boundary Work 160 Energy Balance for Closed Systems 167 Specific Heats 172 Internal Energy, Enthalpy, and Specific Heats of Ideal Gases 174 Internal Energy, Enthalpy, and Specific Heats of Solids and Liquids 183
Summary 187 References and Suggested Readings Problems 188 188

7-9 The Thermodynamic Temperature Scale 277 7-10 The Carnot Heat Engine 279 7-11 The Carnot Refrigerator and Heat Pump 283
Summary 285 References and Suggested Readings Problems 286 286

CHAPTER
ENTROPY 8-1 8-2 8-3 8-4 8-5 8-6 8-7 8-8 8-9 8-10 8-11 8-12 297

EIGHT

CHAPTER

SIX

MASS AND ENERGY ANALYSIS OF CONTROL VOLUMES 201 6-1 6-2 6-3 6-4 6-5 Conservation of Mass 202 Flow Work and the Energy of a Flowing Fluid 208 Energy Analysis of Steady-Flow Systems 212 Some Steady-Flow Engineering Devices 215 Energy Analysis of Unsteady-Flow Processes 228
Summary 234 References and Suggested Readings Problems 235 235

Entropy 298 The Increase of Entropy Principle 301 Entropy Change of Pure Substances 305 Isentropic Processes 309 Property Diagrams Involving Entropy 310 What is Entropy? 312 The T ds Relations 316 Entropy Change of Liquids and Solids 317 The Entropy Change of Ideal Gases 320 Reversible Steady-Flow Work 328 Minimizing the Compressor Work 332 Isentropic Efficiencies of Steady-Flow Devices 336 8-13 Entropy Balance 343
Summary 354 References and Suggested Readings Problems 356 355

CHAPTER

SEVEN
253

PART 2 FLUID MECHANICS

373

THE SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS 7-1 7-2 7-3 7-4 7-5 7-6 7-7 7-8 Introduction to the Second Law 254 Thermal Energy Reservoirs 255 Heat Engines 256 Refrigerators and Heat F*umps 261 Perpetual-Motion Machines 267 Reversible and Irreversible Processes 270 The Carnot Cycle 273 The Carnot Principles 275

C H A P T E R

N I N E 375

INTRODUCTION TO FLUID MECHANICS 9-1 9-2 9-3 9-4 9-5

The No-Slip Condition 376 Classification of Fluid Flows 377 A Brief History of Fluid Mechanics 381 Vapor Pressure and Cavitation 384 Compressibility and Speed of Sound 385

Contents
9-6 9-7 Viscosity 388 Surface Tension and Capillary Effect 391
Summary 396 References and Suggested Readings Problems 397 396

XI

CHAPTER

THIRTEEN

MOMENTUM ANALYSIS OF FLOW SYSTEMS 4 9 3

13-1 1 3-2 1 3-3 13-4 1 3-5 Newton's Laws 494 Choosing a Control Volume 495 Forces Acting on a Control Volume 496 The Linear Momentum Equation 498 Review of Rotational Motion and Angular Momentum 509 13-6 The Angular Momentum Equation 511
Summary 519 References and Suggested Readings 520 Problems 520

CHAPTER TEN FLUID STATICS 4 0 3

10-1 Introduction 404 1 0-2 Hydrostatic Forces on Submerged Plane Surfaces 404 1 0-3 Hydrostatic Forces on Submerged Curved Surfaces 409 10-4 Buoyancy and Stability 412
Summary 418 References and Suggested Readings Problems 419 419

CHAPTER FOURTEEN INTERNAL FLOW 5 3 1

14-1 14-2 14-3 1 4-4 14-5 14-6 14-7 Introduction 532 Laminar and Turbulent Flows 533 The Entrance Region 535 Laminar Flow in Pipes 537 Turbulent Flow in Pipes 544 Minor Losses 552 Piping Networks and Pump Selection 559
Summary 568 References and Suggested Readings Problems 570 569

CHAPTER ELEVEN FLUID KINEMATICS 4 2 5

11-1 11-2 11-3 1 1-4 Lagrangian and Eulerian Descriptions 426 Flow Patterns and Flow Visualization 431 Vorticity and Rotationality 437 The Reynolds Transport Theorem 441
Summary 445 References and Suggested Readings 446 Problems 446

CHAPTER FIFTEEN EXTERNAL FLOW: DRAG AND LIFT 5 7 9

15-1 15-2 1 5-3 1 5-4 15-5 1 5-6 15-7 Introduction 580 Drag and Lift 581 Friction and Pressure Drag 584 Drag Coefficients of Common Geometries 588 Parallel Flow Over Flat Plates 595 Flow Over Cylinders and Spheres 600 Lift 604
Summary 612 References and Suggested Readings Problems 614 613

CHAPTER TWELVE BERNOULLI AND ENERGY EQUATIONS 4 5 5

12-1 12-2 12-3 1 2-4 Mechanical Energy and Efficiency 456 The Bernoulli Equation 460 General Energy Equation 471 Energy Analysis of Steady Flows 476
Summary 483 References and Suggested Readings Problems 484 484

xii

Fundamentals of Thermal-Fluid Sciences CHAPTER NINETEEN FORCED CONVECTION 7 7 7

19-1 19-2 19-3 1 9-4 1 9-5 19-6 19-7 19-8 Physical Mechanism of Convection 778 Thermal Boundary Layer 781 Parallel Flow Over Flat Plates 782 Flow Across Cylinders and Spheres 789 General Considerations for Pipe Flow 794 General Thermal Analysis 798 Laminar Flow in Tubes 803 Turbulent Flow in Tubes 808
Summary 815 References and Suggested Readings 816 Problems 817

PART 3 HEAT TRANSFER 6 2 3

C H A P T E R S I X T E E N

MECHANISMS OF HEAT TRANSFER 625 16-1 16-2 16-3 16-4 16-5 Introduction 626 Conduction 626 Convection 634 Radiation 635 Simultaneous Heat Transfer Mechanisms 638
Summary 643 References and Suggested Readings 644 Problems 644

CHAPTER SEVENTEEN STEADY HEAT CONDUCTION 6 5 3

Steady Heat Conduction in Plane Walls 654 17-2 Thermal Contact Resistance 664 17-3 Generalized Thermal Resistance Networks 669 17*-4 Heat Conduction in Cylinders and Spheres 672 Critical Radius of Insulation 678 Heat Transfer from Finned Surfaces 681 Heat Transfer in Common Configurations 696
Summary 701 References and Suggested Readings 703 Problems 703

CHAPTER TWENTY NATURAL CONVECTION 8 3 3

20-1 Physical Mechanism of Natural Convection 834 20-2 Equation of Motion and the Grashof Number 837 20-3 Natural Convection Over Surfaces 840 20-4 Natural Convection from Finned Surfaces and PCBs 847 20-5 Natural Convection Inside Enclosures 851
Summary 861 References and Suggested Readings 862 Problems 863

CHAPTER EIGHTEEN TRANSIENT HEAT CONDUCTION 7 2 3

1 Lumped System Analysis 724 Transient Heat Conduction in Large Plane Walls, Long Cylinders, and Spheres with Spatial Effects 730 Transient Heat Conduction in Semi-Infinite Solids 746 Transient Heat Conduction in Multidimensional Systems 754
Summary 762 References and Suggested Readings 763 Problems 764

CHAPTER TWENTY-ONE RADIATION HEAT TRANSFER 8 7 5

21-1 21-2 21-3 21-4 21-5 21-6 21-7 Introduction 876 Thermal Radiation 877 Blackbody Radiation 879 Radiative Properties 885 The View Factor 893 Radiation Heat Transfer: Black Surfaces 907 Radiation Heat Transfer: Diffuse, Gray Surfaces 909
Summary 922 References and Suggested Readings 924 Problems 924

Contents CHAPTER TWENTY-TWO HEAT EXCHANGERS 9 3 5

22-1 22-2 22-3 22-4 Types of Heat Exchangers 936 The Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient 938 Analysis of Heat Exchangers 946 The Log Mean Temperature Difference Method 948 22-5 The Effectiveness-NTU Method 957 22-6 Selection of Heat Exchangers 968
Summary 971 References and Suggested Readings 972 Problems 973

xiii

APPENDIX 1 PROPERTY TABLES AND CHARTS (SI UNITS) 987

Table A-1 Molar mass, gas constant, and critical-point properties 988 Table A-2 Ideal-gas specific heats of various common gases 989 Table A-3 Properties of common liquids, solids, and foods 992 Table A-4 Saturated waterTemperature table 994 Table A-5 Saturated waterPressure table 996 Table A-6 Superheated water 998 Table A-7 Compressed liquid water 1002 Table A-8 Saturated ice-water vapor 1003 Figure A-9 T-s diagram for water 1004 Figure A-10 Mollier diagram for water 1005 Table A-11 Saturated refrigerant-134a Temperature table 1006 Table A-12 Saturated refrigerant-134a Pressure table 1008 Table A-13 Superheated refrigerant-134a 1009 Figure A-14 P-h diagram for refrigerant-134a 1011 Table A-15 Properties of saturated water 1012 Table A-16 Properties of saturated refrigerant-134a 1013

Ta b I e A-17 Properties of saturated ammonia 1014 Ta b I e A-18 Properties of saturated propane 1015 Table A-19 Properties of liquids 1016 Table A-20 Properties of liquid metals 1017 Ta b I e A-2 1 Ideal-gas properties of air 1018 Table A-22 Properties of air at 1 atm pressure 1020 Table A-23 Properties of gases at 1 atm pressure 1021 Table A-24 Properties of solid metals 1023 Table A-25 Properties of solid non-metals 1026 Table A-26 Emissivities of surfaces 1027 Figure A-27 The Moody Chart 1029 Figure A-28 Nelson-Obert generalized compressibility chart 1030

APPENDIX 2 PROPERTY TABLES AND CHARTS (ENGLISH UNITS) 1031

Table A-1 E Table A-2E Table A-3E Table A-4E Table A-5E Table A-6E Table A-7E Table A-8E Figure A-9E Figure A-10E Table A-11E Table A-12E Table A-13E Figure A-14E Table A-15E Molar mass, gas constant, and critical-point properties 1032 Ideal-gas specific heats of various common gases 1033 Properties of common liquids, solids, and foods 1036 Saturated waterTemperature table 1038 Saturated waterPressure table 1040 Superheated water 1042 Compressed liquid water 1046 Saturated icewater vapor 1047 T-s diagram for water 1048 Mollier diagram for water 1049 Saturated refrigerant-134a Temperature table 1050 S aturated refrigerant-134a Pressure table 1051 Superheated refrigerant-134a 1052 P-h diagram for refrigerant-134a 1054 Properties of saturated water 1055

xiv

Fundamentals of Thermal-Fluid Sciences

Table A-22E Properties of air at 1 atm pressure 1063 Table A-23E Properties of gases at 1 atm pressure 1064 Ta b I e A-24E Properties of solid metals 1066 Table A-25E Properties of solid non-metals 1068
Index 1069

Ta b le A-16 E Properties of saturated refrigerant-134a 1056 Table A-17E Properties of saturated ammonia 1057 Table A-18E Properties of saturated propane 1058 Table A-19E Properties of liquids 1059 Table A-20E Properties of liquid metals 1060 Ta b I e A-21E Ideal-gas properties of air 1061