MICROPROCESSOR BASED SOLAR TRACKING SYSTEM USING STEPPER MOTOR

Jyotirmay Gadewadikar B. E. Final Year (Electronics), S.G.S. Institute of Tech. & Science, Indore

This project uses a stepper motor to control the position of solar energy collectors, using Intel 8085 mp . The software includes the positioning of collectors through stepper motor & data acquisition and processing in Microprocessor. OPTICAL SENSING AND PROCESSING : LDR ( Light Dependent Resistance) is used as a sensor for generating an electric signal proportional to intensity of light falling on it. LDR is mounted at the focus of reflector which is directly mounted on solar energy collectors.
+ Vcc 10 K LDR LM 324 IK SL 100 GND R1 = 18

GND

STEPPER MOTOR AND ITS DRIVING CIRCUIT The stepper motor requires that its stator windings should be energized in a programmed sequence to cause the motor to run in a given direction and with a required speed.

L.D.R. SIGNAL PROCESSING CIRCUIT

Hardware design can be categorized into two parts (a) Logic sequence generating circuit
+5V 16 7 CLOCK 14 4 1 9 DOWN/UP 5 1 ENABLE 7 7486 3 2 Q Q 11 LOAD +5V 14 A B 1 3 2

(b) Driving Circuitry

DRIVER CIRCUIT

4 8

TO GREEN +5V 14 1 3 2 4 7404 TO BLUE TO ORANGE

TO RED

LOGIC SEQUENCER CIRCUIT

Interfacing With Microprocessor

Vcc EXPANDER PORT ONE B7 B7 A D C 8 0 9 TO LDR. CIRCUIT

B0

D0 A B C START ALE OE EOC

C0

CLK

C7

GND.

A7

A0

EXPANDER PORT TWO

C7

GND.

C1

MODE CLK. GND. TO MOTOR DRIVER

THE TRACKING SOFTWARE

MAIN PROGRAM
START
LOAD M WITH 9200 LOCATION FOR STORING O/P OF ADC. LOAD 9240 WITH 004 INITIALIZE 8255 A AND 8255 B SELECT ANALOG INPUT CHANNEL ZERO JUMP TO SUBROUTINE MAKE OE LINE OF ADC LOW TO ENABLE OUTPUT LINES READ DIGITAL O/P AT PORT B OF 8255 B AND STORE IT INTO ACC. TRANSFER CONTENT OF ACC. INTO REG. D (NEW VALUE) LOAD CONTENT OF M INTO ACC. ACC. CONTAINS PREVIOUS VALUE YES INCREASE M LOCATION BY ONE

LOAD REG H WITH PRESET MIN. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SUCCESSIVE VALUES OF ADC. SET THE CARRY TO ONE

NO

MOVE CONTENTS OF C INTO ACC.

YES NO LOAD ACC. WITH THE CONTENT OF LOCATION M MOVE CONTENT OF ACC. TO D REG

END

YES

NO MOVE CONTENT OF REG D INTO ACC. MOVE CONTENT OF LOCATION M FROM ACC.

GO TO REVERSE MOTOR ROTATE

M : MEMORY LOCATION DENOTED BY REG. PAIR BC

SUBROUTINE
START

FORWARD MOTOR ROTATE

START
LOAD THE REG. H WITH 00H

REVERSE MOTOR ROTATE

START
LOAD THE REG. H WITH OO4

DISABLE THE OUT PUT ENABLE OE OF ADC

MAKE P1C1 LINE OF 8255 A HIGH FOR COUNT DOWN MODE MAKE P1C0 LINE OF 8225 A HIGH DELAY OF 0.125 SECONDS

CALL FORWARD MOTOR ROTATE

MAKE P1C1 LINE OF 8255A LOW FOR COUNT UP MODE

DELAY OF 0.125 SECONDS

MAKE ALE AND START LINES OF ADC HIGH

MAKE P1C0 LINE OF 8255 A LOW

MAKE P1C0 PICO LINE OF 8255A LOW

DELAY OF 0.125 SECONDS

DELAY OF 0.125 SECONDS

INCREMENT REG. H BY ONE LOAD A WITH 04H

MAKE START LINE LOW

INCREMENT REG. H BY ONE

READ THE LINE P2C6 (EOC) LINE OF ADC

YES

NO

DELAY OF 5 MINUTES READ THE ADC READ THE DIGITAL O/P OF PORT B OF 8255 B AND STORE IN A

LOAD A WITH 04 H

NO

YES

TRANSFER THE CONTENTS OF A TO MEM. LOCATION POINTED BY BC

NO

YES JUMP TO THE INSTURCTION NEXT TO THE SUBROUTINE CALL INSTRUCTION IN MAIN PROG.

RETURN

GO TO SUBROUTINE

MICROPROCESSOR BASED FIBRE OPTIC PRESSURE SENSOR

Jyotirmay Gadewadikar, Department of Electronics, Shri Vaishnav Institute of Technology & Science, Indore. The system works on the principle of micro bending of optical fibres. Low cost, constructional simplicity, versatility and microcomputer compatibility are some of the important features of the proposed device. The design of the instrument involves a fibre optic sensor, hardware and software parts.

Principal of Operation:
Loss of optical signal inside the fibre when pressure is applied on the surface of a monomode optical fibre is known as microbending losses. Microbending loss for monomode fibres is related by expression. ~ wo2+4p p = 0,1,2..n, n being a positive integer. wo = Spot Size, = Attenuation coefficient.

Hardware design details:

Sensor : The sensor used for pressure measurement is based on microbending principle. The sensor has 2 ft. long fiber of 50 micrometer core diameter. The Fibre is placed between two corrugated surfaces, out of which the upper one is movable and the lower is fixed. Optical power is taken from a 6.0 V drywell torch bulb and is given to the core of the fibre. On application of continuous physical pressure varying from .02 Kg/cm2 to 20 Kg/cm2 on the upper surface, the fibre undergoes a proportional microbending resulting into losses and attenuation of the optical signal. A pin photodiode(SI 100S) acts as photo detector at the receiving end of the fibre. Signal Conditioner : Signal from photo detector is amplified through a DC Amplifier using OPAMP 741. The analog amplified output needs to be converted to Digital Signal before it is applied to a Microprocessor which is done through ADC 0809. Microprocessor Interfacing Circuit: ADC is interfaced with an 8 bit Intel 8085 mP via a programmable peripheral interface( Intel IC 8255). Clock for ADC is taken from mP after manipulation using a monolithic decade counter ( IC 7490). Pressure Indication Circuit : ICMAN74A, a common Cathode display Chip is used for automatic display. The circuit includes a LED decoder/driver IC 74LS48P to interface the 7 Segment display with the I/O IC 8255.
1M 1M
6 216 O/E + 5V D.C. 1 5 2 3 6 7 EDC PC3 PC2 PC1 PC0 WR RESET 7 11 10 10 6 22 23 24 25 36 35 PORT CUPPER PORT CLOWER
10 8 6 5 4 2 15

Software: Software design proceeds

21 20 IC 2 19 18 17 15 14 8 DIGITAL DATA IC 4 14 . . . . . . 27 INTEL 8085 UP

+5V D.C. 16 PB 0 PB 1 PB 2 PB 3 7 1 2 6 8
13 12 11 10 9 14 15

VCC +

IC 5

IC 1 IC 2 IC 3 IC 4 IC 5 IC 6

: : : : : :

7490 MONOLITHIC COUNTER ADC 0809 OPAMP A741 INTEL 8255 PPI 74LS48P DECODER / DRIVER MAN 74A 7-SEG. DISPLAY

3 9

IC 6

26 6 5

with the following steps 1. Control word is defined as 98H (Port A, B, Cupper, Clower defined as the i/p port in mode 0, o/p port in mode 0,i/p port, o/p port resp.) 2. Control word is read from the input bus lines if MODE is high and WRITE is low. 3. After the control word has been written into the control register, the display data is written into memory with each successive negative going WRITE pulse. 4. After all 8 digit memory locations have been written addnl transitions of WRITE are ignored. Pressure data converted into binary codes and subsequently into Hex-decimal

numbers and are stored into a look up table. 5. The data received from the online sensor is compared with prestored look up table. 6. Display subroutine is called.
Pressure V/S AMP. OUTPUT
6 5

RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS:

The developed instrument was subjected to different magnitude of applied pressure, it is observed that output of amplifier decreases almost linearly in accordance with applied pressure, the system can be used for measuring static as well as dynamic loads.

Amplifier o/p (Volts)

4 3 2 1 0 -5

Ap p lied P r es s u r e ( K g/cm 2 )

10

15

20

25

A. I. - A REALITY JYOTIRMAY GADEWADIKAR B.E. IV Year Electronics S. G. S. Institute of Technology & Science, Indore ABSTRACT The Computers have invaded into every walk of life. Almost in every other situation computers are being used as an indispensable tool. The problem / processes which are complex in nature, involve number of inter-dependent variables & nonlinearities which can be solved to some extent with the help of Micro-Processors based systems/controllers. However, they are insufficient to the extent that they fail to generate any control signal in situations which are not defined or unknown under such circumstances, A.I. seems to resolve the problems in a much effective way. Today A.I. has been used in disciplines like Military, Space, Medicine and Process Industry where conventional methods do not give sufficient precision & are therefore not suitable. This Paper is concerned with the application of Artificial Intelligence in such fields where A.I. is realized in a much effective way. COLD ROLLING MILL AUTOMATION L. P. Halway (D ept. Manager), Jyotirmay Gadewadik ar(Sr. Officer) C R M Complex, Tata Steel ABSTRACT India n Steel industry is employing new information technology solutions as a part of facility re vamp ing programme to meet the challenges of the twenty-first century. The information technology reaches obsolescence much before the manufacturing technology it supports. Hence it is extremely important to employ IT architecture which would protect investment, allowincremental development and scalability, and ensure lower cost of ownership. This presentation makes an attempt to primarily address issues related to computerization and automation and explain an IT architecture classifying into Four Levels of Automation that can sustain the IT requirement for a long period. L evel 4 L evel 3 L evel 2 L evel 1 Sales & Distribution, manufacturing Planning, Financials, costing Transportation Production Planning & Control, Quality Control, Energy management, Conditioning Monitoring, Process MIS Material Tracking, Process Optimization, SCADA. Direct control Through PLC, RTU etc. Plant maintenance,

T ata Steel is in the process of implementation of a complex IT and automatic solution for its new CRM at Jamshedpur. The new plant is integrated with its hot strip mill. So is its new information system, called CRMIS. There are many design trade-offs to ( i) (ii) Use the existing IT set-up and Implement best-of-breed new te chnology solutions for the new plant.

T his presentation addresses the information architecture in the context of a steel plant, particularly, CRM. Implementation of the manufacturing applications and integration of th e plant applications along with the Supply chain and Customer relationship management solutions are th e biggest challenges to the Information System departments of all steel plants at present.

CPU Design. Abstract: Control, ALU and External Memory Block description, performance verification using VHDL and RTL synthesis tools. Control block handles the state machine for the memory interface and ALU functions.

A CPU (cpu.vhd) consists of 2 sub-blocks: 1. CONTROL (control.vhd) 2. ARITHMETIC (alu.vhd)

MEMORY
256 x 16

An external memory model is supplied in memory.vhd

CPU CONTROL ALU

The CPU performs the following operations: Idle, Add, Subtract, AND, NOT, Load memory to Register, Store register to memory, and Jump. (See next page.) The ALU contains an 8 word by 16 bit register file and handles the arithmetic and logical operations. The selection of which register words the operation is performed on comes from the instruction source1, source2, and destination fields. For example if an addition operation with source1=0 and source2=5 and the destination=1, then the register words 0 and 5 are added together and the result placed in register 1. The control block handles the state machine for the memory interface and ALU functions. The control will handle all memory read, write, and chip select control outputs. The Load command will take a word from external memory, addressed by a field in the instruction word, and store it in a word of the 8x16 register block, indexed by the destination register. These Load operations allow the internal registers to be filled before ALU operations are performed. The instructions are loaded from the external memory. The control block keeps track of the external memory instruction address. The Store instruction will take a word from the internal register block and store it in external memory. A Jump instruction will change the memory instruction address. Instruction format INSTR(15 downto 0): 15 14 13 12 11 10 09 08 07 06 05 04 03 02 01 00 <- OP -> <-DEST-> <-SRC1-> <-SRC2-> <--- MEM ADDRESS -----> OP = INSTR(15 downto 13) : 000 => IDLE -- ALU does nothing, control gets next Instr. 001 => ADD -- Reg(DEST) <= Reg(SRC1) + Reg(SRC2) 010 => SUB -- Reg(DEST) <= Reg(SRC1) - Reg(SRC2) 011 => AND -- Reg(DEST) <= Reg(SRC1) AND Reg(SRC2) 100 => NOT -- Reg(DEST) <= NOT Reg(SRC1) 101 => LD -- Reg(DEST) <= MEM(INSTR(7 downto 0)) 110 => STO -- MEM(INSTR(7 downto 0) <= Reg(DEST);111 => JMP -- InstrReg <= INSTR(7 downto 0)

CPU Design CPU_TB

MEMORY

Clk Reset

CPU

Addr

Data

CONTROL ALU
PC

IR

State_r

Control

RF AMPLIFIER DESIGN Jyotirmay Gadewadikar Graduate Student, University of Texas at Arlington Abstract : A 1 GHz RF Amplifier has been designed using NPN BJT. Amplifier is unconditionally stable in the given frequency range achieving the required gain, harmonic balance analysis is performed using a large signal input power source. The objective of this project is to design a Stable Class A power amplifier using a BJT and meeting the following specifications. Transistor Biasing: Amplifier: VCC : 8 Volts. Center Frequency: 1GHz. IC : 3 mA. Gain: 7dB < G < 8dB. VCE :3V. Bandwidth: 400 MHz. The Transistor model is required to include the package Stable Range: 600 MHz to 6 GHz. parasitics along with the raw device model. Input and Output Impedances: 50 W. Software Tools: The software used for this project is HP-ADS (Advanced Design System) developed by Agilent Technologies Inc.

Figure1: Designed Amplifier Circuit

Figure 2: Gain and Stability factor