Chapter #21: The Furnace of the Civil War Big Picture Themes 1.

. The North thought they could win in a quick war. After they lost at Bull Run, the quickvictory approach seemed to have been a mistake. A northern loss on the Peninsula at Richmond reinforced that this would be a long war. 2. The South started the war winning. Turning point battles, which the North won, took place at (a) Antietam just before Lincolns Emancipation Proclamation, (b) Gettysburg which effectively broke the Souths back, and (c) Vicksburg which helped the North control the Mississippi River. 3. Lincoln won a hard-fought reelection in 1864. He did so by starting the Union Party made of Republicans and pro-war Democrats and on the simplicity of the slogan, You dont change horses midstream. 4. General Sherman marched across Georgia and the South and reaped destruction. And the South began to lose battle after battle. These events drove the South to surrender at Appomattox Courthouse. IDENTIFICATIONS Draft riots of 1863 Draft riots of 1863 were riots started by mobs of Irish working-class men and women who loathed the idea of being drafted to fight a war on behalf of slaves who, once freed, would compete with them for jobs. Charles Frances Adam Charles Frances Adam was the U.S. minister to England during the Civil war who kept the pressure on the British government to pay for destroyed shipping. Sherman's March Shermans March was to destroy everything in path and to discourage southerners from fighting further. As he marched down Georgia, Shermans troop inflicted heavy damage to the southern society. Clement L. Vallandigham Clement L. Vallandigham was an anti-war Democrat who criticized Lincoln as a dictator. He was arrested and exiled to the south. As a prominent copperhead who was an ex-congreassman from Ohio, he demanded an end to the war. Andrew Johnson Andrew Johnson was a War Democrat during the Civil War and was nominated as Abraham Lincolns Vice President in order to gain the support of War Democrats in the Border States. However as a southerner, his views were totally different to those of Lincoln.

John Wilkes Booth John Wilkes Booth was a famous Southern actor who assassinated Lincoln at Fords Theatre 5 days after the War was over. C.S.S. Alabama C.S.S Alabama was a Confederate commerce-raider, which escaped to the Portuguese Azores, and there took on weapons and a crew from two British ships that followed it. Although flying the Confederate flag, it was manned by British navy and never entered Confederate ports. National Banking Act National Banking Act was a U.S. federal law that established a system of national charters for banks (The United States national banks). They encouraged development of a national currency based on bank holdings of U.S. Treasury securities, the so-called National Bank Notes. Union Party Union Party was created to support Abraham Lincoln get reelected for his second term of presidency. The Republican Party joined with the War Democrats to gain the votes of War Democrats in the Border States. GUIDED READING Bull Run Ends the "Ninety Day War Know: Bull Run, Stonewall Jackson 1. What effect did the Battle of Bull Run have on North and South? For South, victory was worse than defeat for the South, because it inflated an already dangerous overconfidence. Many of the Southern soldiers promptly deserted and southern enlistments fell off sharply. Defeat was better than victory for the Union, because it dispelled all illusions of a quick and easy war and caused the Northerners to take the matter seriously. It also set the stage for a war that would be waged not merely for the cause of Union but also, eventually, for the abolitionist ideal of emancipation. "Tardy George" McClellan and the Peninsula Campaign Know: George McClellan, Peninsula Campaign, Robert E. Lee, "Jeb" Stuart, Seven Days' Battles, Anaconda Plan 2. Describe the grand strategy of the North for winning the war. The Northern military plan had six components: first, slowly suffocate the South by blockading its coasts; second, liberate the slaves and hence undermine the very economic foundations of the Old South; third, cut the confederacy in half by seizing control of the Mississippi River; fourth, chop the Confederacy to pieces by sending troops through Georgia and the Carolinas; fifth, decapitate it by capturing its capital at Richmond; and lastly, try everywhere to engage the enemys main strength and to grind it into submission.

The War at Sea Know: Blockade, Continuous Voyage, Merrimac, Monitor 3. What was questionable about the blockade practices of the North? Why did Britain honor the blockade anyway? Blockade-running was risky but profitable, as the growing scarcity of Southern goods drove prices skyward. The low-lying craft would take on cargoes of arms brought in by tramp steamers from Britain, leave with fraudulent papers for Canada, and then return a few days later with a cargo of cotton. The risks were great, but the profits would amount to 700 percent and more for lucky gamblers. The Pivotal Point: Antietam 4. Why was the battle of Antietam "...probably the most decisive of the Civil War?" The battle of Antietam was the one battle that Confederacy army ever got close to winning the war. The British and French governments were on the verge of diplomatic mediation, a form of interference sure to be angrily resented by the North. Bloody Antietam was also the long-awaited victory for Lincoln to launch his Emancipation Proclamation, which turned the war into a moral crusade. A Proclamation Without Emancipation Know: Emancipation Proclamation, Butternut Region 7. The Emancipation Proclamation had important consequences. Explain. The Emancipation Proclamation had important consequences, which was the public reaction. Some people thought the proclamation was fit. However, many northerners, especially in the Butternut regions of the Old Northwest and the Border States, felt that he had gone too far. Many Union soldiers from the Border States were fighting for the Union, not for the slavery. Thus the Proclamation seemed to hurt Lincolns presidency. However, working classes of Europe thought that slavery was finally over and supported Lincolns administration. Gradually the diplomatic position of the Union improved, while Confederates moral position diminished. Blacks Battle Bondage Know: Frederick Douglass, 54th Massachusetts, Fort Pillow 8. African-Americans were critical in helping the North win the Civil War. Assess. In Union, African-American soldiers participating in about 500 engagements received 22 Congressional Medals of Honors, the highest military award. In the South, fear of slave insurrection necessitated Confederate home guards keeping many eligible young white men from the front. Although they stopped short of violent uprising, slaves contributed powerfully to the collapse of slavery and the disintegration of the antebellum Southern way of life. Lee's Last Lunge at Gettysburg Know: Ambrose Burnside, Joe Hooker, George Meade, Gettysburg, Pickett's Charge, Gettysburg Address 9. Why was Gettysburg a significant battle? The Battle of Gettysburg was Confederates last chance to win the war. However, the victory went to Lincoln and he refused to allow the Confederate peace mission to pass through Union lines.

The War in the West Know: Ulysses S. Grant, Fort Henry, Fort Donnelson, Shiloh, David Farragut, Vicksburg 10. Describe General Grant as a man and a general. General Grant was a mediocre student from West Point, who was stationed at isolated frontier posts. This caused him to drink. He failed at various business ventures and when war came, he worked at his fathers leather store. He was short, stooped, awkward, stubblebearded, and sloppy in dress. He managed with some difficulty to secure a colonelcy in the volunteers. From then on, his military experience, combined with his boldness, resourcefulness, and tenacity, catapulted him to higher rank. Sherman Scorches Georgia Know: William T. Sherman, March to the Sea 11. How did Sherman attempt to demoralize the South? Sherman and his army cut a 60 mile swath of destruction through Georgia. They burned buildings, leaving only the blackened chimneys. They tore up railroad rails, heated them red-hot and twisted them. They bayoneted family portraits and ran off with valuable souvenirs. One of his major purposes was to destroy supplies destined for the confederate army and to weaken the morale of the men at the front by waging war on their homes. The Politics of War Know: War Democrats, Peace Democrats, Copperheads, Clement L. Vallandingham 12. Describe Lincolns political difficulties during the war. Factions within Lincolns own party, distrusting his ability or doubting his commitment to abolition, sought to tie his hands or even remove him from office. Especially burdensome to Lincoln was the creation of the Congressional Committee on the Conduct of the War, formed in late 1861. It was dominated by radical Republicans who resented the expansion of presidential power in wartime and who pressed Lincoln zealously on emancipation. The Election of 1864 Know: Andrew Johnson, George McClellan, Mobile, Atlanta 14. What factors contributed to Lincoln's electoral victory? At first, Lincolns reelection seemed to fail, but the atmosphere of loom was changed electrically as balloting day neared, by a succession of Northern victories. Also, at election time, many Northern soldiers were furloughed home to support Lincoln at the polls. Grant Outlasts Lee Know: The Wilderness, Cold Harbor, Grant the Butcher, Richmond, Appomattox Courthouse 15. What strategy did Grant use to defeat Lee's army? Grant realized that he could trade two Union men for one Confederate and still beat the enemy. He proposed to fight the war on the line of Cold Harbor even if it takes all summer.

The Martyrdom of Lincoln Know: Ford's Theater, John Wilkes Boothe 16. Was Lincoln's death good or bad for the South? Explain. Lincolns death was at first celebrated by ex-Confederate soldiers and some Southern civilians and northern Copperheads. However, as time wore on, increasing numbers of Southerners perceived that Lincolns death was a calamity for them. Belatedly they recognized that his kindliness and moderation would have been the most effective shields between them and vindictive treatment by the victors. The Aftermath of the Nightmare Know: Lost Cause 17. What was the legacy of the Civil War? The preservation of democratic ideals, though not an officially announced war aim, was subconsciously one of the major objectives of the North. Victory for Union arms also provided inspiration to the champions of democracy and liberalism the world over. The great English reform Bill of 1867, under which Britain became a true political democracy, was passed two years after the Civil War ended. American democracy had proved itself, and its success was an additional argument used by the disfranchised British masses in securing similar blessings for them. Varying Viewpoints: What Were the Consequences of the Civil War? 18. Do you agree with those historians who say that the importance of the Civil War has been exaggerated? Why or Why not? I do not think the importance of the Civil War was exaggerated, because of the fact that this war is the only war where American citizens fought against their own brother. Southern economy was devastated due to this war, which required a long period of rebuilding and restorations.